This paper charts the critical role of 'air rights' in the transformation of Nalasopara in Vasai Virar—a peri-urban area in the north-western periphery of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region—from a 'dormitory town' to a municipal corporation in 2009. I suggest that state policy framed around the rhetoric of 'housing for the poor' and a profits-oriented private-enterprise-driven housing construction sector combined to transform globally deployed urban planning tools and protocols—floor area ratio (FAR) and transferable development rights (TDR)—into a local narrative in Mumbai's periphery. I focus on a short-lived and recently aborted rental housing scheme and outline the technologies undergirding the commodification of built-space. The unprecedented demand for cheap housing produces both a market for unauthorised construction and an overheated trade in speculative real estate which spawns a 'virtual'—and vertical—built-space that is a characteristic feature of the rapidly developing peripheries of Asian cities. I propose that the legal and political processes that fuel Vasai Virar's 'spectral' housing commoditises the right to build vertically and produces, in its wake, airscapes—a distinctive urban imaginary. The impressive trade in TDR, that is, the right to build vertically, and the state's continued subsidies for 'affordable urban housing' projects combine to produce dubious schemes in Vasai Virar that restructure the value of land and generate a new market topography built on the 'primitive accumulation' and trade in air rights.


Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume depletion syndrome is due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through lesions of the dural sac at the level of the cranial base or of the spine. When past medical history is negative for recent trauma or surgery, the term spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is used. SIH is characterized clinically by orthostatic headache, neck pain, nausea, emesis, horizontal diplopia, tinnitus, plugged ear, hearing difficulties, blurring of vision, facial numbness, and upper limb radicular symptoms. In SIH, brain and cervical MR scans show a diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement that ends at the site of CSF leakage. The application of epidural blood patches has been proposed as an effective therapy for SIH. Here we describe a case of SIH with very unusual headache features; the patient reported a paradoxical pattern of postural headache provoked by clinostatic position. The CSF leakage was identified at the convexity of the skull and headache disappeared following treatment with fluid, analgesics and steroids.


This article reviews publications with the goal of understanding the role of hydrophobic copolymers added to size-press starch as a means to make paper products more resistant to penetration by aqueous fluids. The underlying technology is considered, including background related to starch, size-press equipment, and various hydrophobic copolymers and latex products that have been evaluated. The resulting hydrophobization of the paper has been reported to depend not only on the dosage of the hydrophobic additive, but also on its molecular mass and ionic form. The mechanism appears to rely on an ability of starch to serve as a temporary host for hydrophobic compounds in aqueous solution. It has been proposed that hydrophobic copolymers added with size press starch tend to migrate to the air interface during drying of the starch film, thus allowing the low-energy functional groups, such as styrene or alkyl chains, to face outwards. Further research is needed to address various mechanistic questions. There may be opportunities to further raise the performance of this type of technology as practiced within paper production factories.


A growing body of research indicates that the limit in instant conscious awareness, or the unit of access, for some object features such as color, orientation, and direction of motion is more than one. In four experiments we explored the roles of processing efficiency and selection history in shape perception. Two targets, which were geometric shapes (less efficient) or alphabet letters (more efficient), were shown simultaneously or sequentially. The task was to judge whether a test probe matched one of the targets. In different experiments, the two types of trials were presented in separate blocks, interleaved couplets, or randomly within the same block during testing but regrouped in data analyses such that the same type of trials was either repeated or not repeated. Accuracy was higher in the sequential than simultaneous trials for geometric shapes, but not for upright letters, when the same trial type was blocked or in the repeated condition. These results suggest that processing efficiency and selection history both play a role in the unit of access in shape perception. They also underscore the flexibility of the visual system, which uses different factors to maximize conscious visual perception at a given time.


Primary synovial sarcomas of the heart are aggressive and extremely rare tumors. Only thirteen cases have been reported previously. We report the fourteenth case and review the previous ones. Our patient is a 45 year-old man who presented with congestive heart failure, which was related to a right atrial pedunculated tumor. The tumor was resected completely and the patient has remained disease-free after 5 years. The histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry study confirmed the diagnosis. Thirteen cases are reported in the literature (11 men, 2 women) with a median age of 37.38 years (13 to 53 years). Most of the tumors occur in the right side (in 8 cases) particularly in the right atrium (in 5 cases). Ten patients died, seven within one year of diagnosis. However, in our case, the patient is still alive and free of disease.


OBJECTIVE
This article evaluates prediction of HbA(1c) during an 18-month randomized trial of intensive therapy (IT) versus usual care (UC) for type 1 diabetes in 142 youth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients received a composite score for self-management competence (SMC) that combined standardized scores on baseline measures of diabetes knowledge, treatment adherence, and quality of health care interactions. They were categorized by tertiles split into low, moderate, and high SMC levels.

RESULTS
IT yielded very similar mean HbA(1c) levels in all three SMC groups. However, in UC patients, HbA(1c) increased markedly for low-SMC youth but not for moderate- and high-SMC youth during the trial. Compared with the mean HbA(1c) of their UC counterparts, low-SMC patients realized greater glycemic benefit from IT than did the moderate- or high-SMC youth. Baseline SMC was more strongly correlated with HbA(1c) for UC than IT.

CONCLUSIONS
All three SMC groups realized similar glycemic benefits from IT. The mean HbA(1c) levels of low-SMC patients in the UC group increased markedly over 18 months, whereas HbA(1c) levels of low-SMC patients in the IT group did not differ significantly from that of moderate- and high-SMC patients. Relative to their UC counterparts, low-SMC patients derived greater glycemic benefit from IT than did moderate- or high-SMC youth. SMC may be more critical to the success of UC than IT. Perhaps more importantly, patients should not be denied access to IT on the basis of limited competence in diabetes self-management.


The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe acute respiratory disease and systemic dysfunction that may eventually lead to the death of the patients. After MERS-CoV was first diagnosed in the South Korea, in May 2015, it affected 186 individuals and claimed 37 lives in short span of time (case fatality rate = 19.9%). Compared to MERS-CoV in the Middle East, MERS-CoV in South Korea appeared to be more transmissible, and induced multiple human-to-human transmission. These knowledge gaps caused the failure of early prevention, and disseminated MERS-CoV brought out a great loss of lives and economy. The MERS-CoV outbreak revealed the potential weakness of public health system in South Korea, and promoted the reestablishment of preventive strategies for imported infectious diseases. In these regards, we analyzed the potential for additional import of re-emerged and emerging infectious diseases, such as dengue fever, malaria, chikungunya fever and hepatitis A, from Africa or South-East Asia. Then we suggest the investment expansion and the administration of global networks for effective research and control for newly or re-emerged infectious diseases. In conclusion, it is required to expect and prepare for the surveillance of the importation of foreign pathogens, and constitute the internal collaborative systems for rapid detection and risk communication. In addition, we should take an active part in the global networks to perform rapid preparedness and control for re-emerged or emerging infectious diseases.


Determining the concentration of glucose in vivo by near-infrared spectroscopy is complicated by the effects of optical changes caused by fluctuations in temperature, tissue water content and the concentration of other analytes. Mie theory and Monte Carlo computer simulation of light transport in optically absorbing and scattering media were used to investigate the magnitude of the changes in diffuse reflectance and transmittance from changes in glucose. Similarly, the possible interference in the glucose measurement from the other tissue parameters have been assessed and found to be significant.


ABSTRACT In relation to the Food and Agriculture Organization's 2002 Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems project, increasing attention has been devoted to agricultural heritage and tourism in China, especially since 2006. Based on an analysis of English and Chinese literature, this paper reviews agricultural heritage and related tourism development in China. The findings suggest that tourism development modes, tourism resource exploration, tourism impacts, and community participation are the most common research topics in this subfield. Research that reveals a deeper understanding of agricultural heritage systems is uncommon, which may result in low levels of community participation and incorrect heritage management approaches in agricultural heritage areas. Problems in the field of agricultural heritage tourism, the unique features of this form of tourism and the enthusiasm for, and insufficiency of, tourism research in China on this topic are discussed based on our analysis. Obviously, more efforts are needed to understand agricultural heritage tourism better by combining valuable international experience with traditional local practices to realize the goal of balancing conservation and tourism development.


Traceability codes are identifiable parent property (IPP) codes with the additional requirement that the Hamming distance can be used to trace a parent of a word. Traceability codes can be used for constructing digital fingerprints in order to deter users from illegally copying digital data. We construct a class of traceability codes and determine the exact parameters of some of the codes in this class.


European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an economically important edible nut producing species, which ranked sixth in world tree nut production in 2016. European hazelnut production in the United States is primarily limited to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, and currently nonexistent in the eastern United States because of the presence of a devastating endemic disease, eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. The primary commercial means of control of EFB to date is through the development and planting of genetically resistant european hazelnut cultivars, with an R-gene introduced from the obsolete, late-shedding pollinizer 'Gasaway'. Although the 'Gasaway' resistance source provides protection against EFB in the Pacific northwestern United States (PNW), recent reports have shown that it is not effective in parts of the eastern United States. This may be in part because the identification and selection of 'Gasaway' and 'Gasaway'-derived cultivars occurred in an environment (PNW) with limited genetic diversity of A. anomala. The objectives of the current research were to develop a genetic linkage map using double digestion restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) markers associated with EFB resistance from the resistant selection Rutgers H3R07P25 from southern Russia. A mapping population composed of 119 seedling trees was evaluated in a geographic location (New Jersey) where the EFB fungus is endemic, exhibits high disease pressure, and has a high level of genetic diversity. The completed genetic linkage map included a total of 2217 markers and spanned a total genetic distance of 1383.4 cM, with an average marker spacing of 0.65 cM. A single QTL region associated with EFB resistance from H3R07P25 was located on european hazelnut linkage group (LG) 2 and was responsible for 72.8% of the phenotypic variation observed in the study. Based on its LG placement, origin, and disease response in the field, this resistance source is different from the 'Gasaway' source located on LG6. The current results, in combination with results from previous research, indicate that the H3R07P25 source is likely exhibiting resistance to a broader range of naturally occurring A. anomala isolates. As such, H3R07P25 will be important for the development of new european hazelnut germplasm that combines EFB resistance from multiple sources in a gene pyramiding approach. Identification of EFB resistance in high disease pressure environments representing a diversity of A. anomala populations is likely a requirement for identifying plants expressing durable EFB resistance, which is a precursor to the development of a commercially viable european hazelnut industry in the eastern United States.


The environmental demands on the marine industry are getting tougher. At the start of the year 2015 the maximum permitted sulphur content in ships exhaust gas are lowered. Exhaust emissions from marine vessels are regulated by MARPOL. The regulation generally states that the maximum sulphur content in marine fuels will be lowered from 1,0 % to 0,1 %. This applies for vessels that operate within a Sulphur Emission Control Area.
The purpose of this study is to chart the potential of methanol as a marine fuel within the North European Sulphur Emission Control Area. To achieve this, a series of sub-questions has been constructed. The sub-questions are answered with a literature study, an electronic survey and by two interviews.
The results of this study indicate that the preconditions for the development of methanol propulsion are in progress. The engine-manufacturers can supply several different types of methanol powered engines. IMO (International Maritime Organization) is currently working on a regulatory framework which will cover the use of methanol aboard merchant vessels. According to the electronic survey and the two interviews there is a small certain interest to invest in methanol-propulsion. The current price of methanol is relatively high but according to the interviews this is expected to fall in a near future.


Reports the results of surveys of Antarctic cruise ship passengers on the 'Akademik Ioffe' who undertook their Antarctic journey in January 2003. The prime purposes of the surveys were to determine the socio-economic profile of these travellers, evaluate the importance of Antarctic wildlife for their travel, their attitude to Antarctic wildlife conservation as well as environmental issues involving Antarctica, both prior to their tourist visit to Antarctica and following it. This paper reports on the socio-economic profile of respondents, their willingness to pay for their Antarctic trip, and their knowledge of Antarctica. The comparative importance of Antarctic wildlife as a factor motivating respondents to undertake their journey is assessed and the evaluation of travellers following their Antarctic visit is considered. The relative importance of different Antarctic wildlife species is taken into account as well as Antarctic attractions other than wildlife. The attitudes of respondents to several environmental issues involving Antarctica, (eg. the commercial use of its natural resources and global environmental change impacting on Antarctica) are canvassed and summarised. In conclusion, the relevance of the survey results for Antarctic conservation are discussed. Particular attention is given to the question of whether Antarctic tourism favours or threatens Antarctic nature conservation.


The aim of the study was to assess the management of INR therapeutic range as an estimate for achieving therapeutic outcome and estimate sub/supra-therapeutic INR's among physician versus pharmacist-led clinics. Articles were searched in: PubMed, Cochrane, Springer, Science Direct, and Wiley. The search was limited to the English language from 2010 to 2016. The inclusion criteria of the articles keywords such as warfarin, management, pharmacist, physician, therapy, clinic, and anticoagulation were used and GRACE guideline was used to assess the quality of these research articles. A total of 1050 articles were found with the relative subject, after excluding the duplicates more than 50% have been excluded, following the title and reviewing the abstract another 133 (12.67%) were ruled out, and 6 studies were included in the systematic review. In multiple studies pharmacist-Led coagulant clinic showed better outcomes with warfarin anticoagulant therapy. Patients exhibits high satisfaction levels and least warfarin induced complications in comparison with those results obtained with physician-led clinic. It is found that patients-oriented care has not been reported in the retrieved literature, which might open a room for researcher to determine the impact of services provided by pharmacists on individual patient-centered outcomes.


While a plethora of research exists on relationships ideals and sex, and how these factors affect important relationship outcomes (i.e. relationship dissolution), there has yet to be an investigation into the existence or importance of sexual ideals. The current study seeks to assess whether sexual ideals affect important relationship outcomes. Specifically, will a greater mismatch in sexual ideals result in a higher likelihood of perceived relationship dissolution? It was predicted that couples that exhibit less of a match in their sexual ideals would be more likely to perceive their relationship to dissolve, and it was further predicted that this effect would be moderated by individuals' implicit theory of relationships. To assess such, 207 romantic couples completed a Sexual Ideals Questionnaire, the Destiny and Growth Belief Questionnaire, and the Marital Status Inventory-Brief in order to investigate the effect of mismatched sexual ideals on relationship outcomes. It was predicted that those who hold growth beliefs would be less affected by a mismatch in sexual ideals than those who hold destiny beliefs. Using a linear-mixed model, it was found that a mismatch in sexual ideals did significantly predict a higher likelihood of perceived relationship dissolution, however this effect was not significantly moderated by implicit relationship beliefs.


This study was conducted in Maninjau Lake, West Sumatera from April 1998 to Febru¬ary 1999. The objective of this study is: (1) to estimate the relation between aquaculture of production and its biological performance, economics as well as physical system,  (2) to know which inputs are most important determinants of total output, (3) to identify the level of input efficiency. Data were collected by RRA and Survey using Semi-Structure Interview methods, and also from record keeping form of producers. The unconstrained Cobb Douglass production function was applied to estimate its relationship, and 8 explanatory variables con¬sist of biological inputs, economical inputs and physical inputs were hypothesized to explain the production yields. This study shows that F-value and R2 or coefficient of determination were highly significant of the 8 independent variables, only 5 variables have the expected positive sign and rest of them result negative sign. T- test shows that 6 explanatory variables are significant in explain during the output. The highest contribution and the most important deter¬minants of the total output are specific growth rate of biomass, stocking density and feed. The inputs of specific growth rate of biomas, stocking density and feeding labor for the fish fed should be increased to maximize profit, while reducing other inputs.  Keywords: Bioeconomics, common carp, gloating net cage, Maninjau Lake.


The relationship between research and learning and teaching represents what has been described as amongst the most intellectually tangled, managerially complex and politically contentious issues in mass higher education (Scott, 2005, p 53). Despite this, arguments that in order to achieve high quality scholarly outcomes, university teachers need to adopt an approach to teaching similar to that of research (founded upon academic rigour and evidence), has long been discussed in the literature. However, the practicalities of promoting an empirical and evidence-based approach to teaching in engineering education make dealing with the research / teaching nexus a somewhat challenging proposition. Using a phenomenographic approach, bringing together and applying the findings of a mixed methodological study, the workshop will adopt an activity based, interactive approach to encourage staff to consider the challenges and benefits of adopting an evidence-based approach to learning and teaching through the utilisation of research to inform their own practice.


Background & Aim: Content analysis was used first in communication sciences. Today, it is frequently used in media analysis. In other sciences such as nursing, researchers apply this method in their studies. Material & Method: In spite of the importance of this method in nursing research, there was not enough Persian material on the subject. Therefore, this review study was conducted to clarify and describe definitions, classifications, principles and conceptual bases of content analysis. Persian and Enghlish foreign articles and books were used in this review study. Results: Most scholars believe that content analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words or concepts within texts or sets of texts. Some categorize it as a data analysis technique. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, and historical documents. Using content analysis, researchers analyze the presence of meanings and relationships of such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part. Conclusion: Content analysis can be used in both quantitative and qualitative researches.


History of the rise of the pathology service in the system of the military-medical service of the Red Army is described and the arguments in favour of its necessity in the fighting troops are presented. The characterization of the goals of such a service is given, notably: an evaluation of the work of the military-medical establishments on the basis of a summarized clinico-anatomical analysis of pathology data, this allowing the heads of the military-medical service a rapid elimination of organizational and therapeutic-diagnostic defects of various stages of medical evacuation and improvement of the activity of the therapeutic evacuation centres; establishing the causes of death of the persons wounded or struck in the battles and evaluating the significance of the type, time, volume and shortcomings of the treatment in the fatal issue; studying the pathology of the war trauma, regeneration, the pathogenesis of infectious complications and influence on their development and course of the treatment, etc. The organizational structure of the service, its branches (front and army laboratories of pathology, department of pathology of big hospitals) working under the guidance of the Central Laboratory of Pathology (CLP), is described. The documents which were the basis of the work of these laboratories are characterized. An important merit of M.F. Glazunov and N. A. Krayevsky--chiefs of the CLP--in the organization and guidance, both practical and scientific, is noted. The main results of the activity of the service are briefly characterized.


There is a growing evidence describing a decline in adaptive homeostasis in aging-related diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), many of which are characterized by the appearance of non-native protein aggregates. One signaling pathway that allows cell adaptation is the integrated stress response (ISR), which senses stress stimuli through four kinases. ISR activation promotes translational arrest through the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and the induction of a gene expression program to restore cellular homeostasis. However, depending on the stimulus, ISR can also induce cell death. One of the ISR sensors is the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase R (PKR)], initially described as a viral infection sensor, and now a growing evidence supports a role for PKR on CNS physiology. PKR has been largely involved in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological process. Here, we reviewed the antecedents supporting the role of PKR on the efficiency of synaptic transmission and cognition. Then, we review PKR's contribution to AD and discuss the possible participation of PKR as a player in the neurodegenerative process involved in aging-related pathologies affecting the CNS.


The summer call-count survey is a common method used as an index of abundance for male northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). Typically, abundance estimates have limited use and transference to other analyses because they lack estimates of detection and availability. Incorporating availability into abundance estimates has not been common because of the difficulty in attaining an availability estimate. We monitored the calling rates of radio-marked northern bobwhites, April–July, to ascertain the proportion of males available for detection within biweekly periods to attain a direct measure of availability. We measured daily and seasonal peaks in calling rates and investigated potential parameters that may influence the calling rate. We used a 5-min survey period and observed a mean calling rate of 0.40, which increased to 0.493 when a 10-min survey period was used. The biweekly calling rates were similar during May and June, but were significantly lower in April and July. Daily call rates within the 4-hr survey time period were consistent for May and June, but were more variable in July. Incorporating availability estimates into standard distance sampling procedures allowed us to produce more robust estimates of summer bobwhite density. Little is known about the variability of male bobwhite calling rates regionally or at different densities and we encourage other researchers to attain availability estimates from other landscapes and population densities. Citation: Wellendorf, S. D., and W. E. Palmer. 2012. Calling rates of male bobwhites during summer in north Florida. Proceedings of the National Quail Symposium 7:137.


Traditionally positioned at the top of the hierarchy of visibility, police are being incorporated into the surveillant assemblage as a result of the proliferation of citizen cameras and viral footage of misconduct. As they struggle with their new visibility, many departments have turned to body worn video (BWV) as a solution. These devices record from a first-person perspective, giving police the opportunity to present their point-of-view.

By discrediting external footage and positioning their own as 'official' police are able to manage their visibility strategically, establishing a privileged position within the assemblage. The creation of technologically extended officers with superior claims to truth gives police the opportunity to shape narratives.

A consequence of these embodied devices is that officers are turned into collectors of visual evidence, tasked with ensuring the camera is interpreting the situation appropriately in the moment. This new responsibility forces officers to adopt the logic of their cameras.


Food insecurity—the economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food—is high on the agenda. In Europe, estimates from Eurostat in 2020 show that 7% of households with children are food insecure. There is a worry that the corresponding figures for 2021 may be even higher as the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased unemployment and economic uncertainty, processes that likely exacerbate food insecurity. 4 The fact that so many children experience insecure access to food is important in its own right, but food insecurity is also associated with longterm adverse outcomes related to, for example, education and nutrition. 6 In a timely new study, Men et al examine the association between food insecurity and mental health problems among children and young adults. Using largescale Canadian survey data on more than 55 000 individuals, they document that food insecurity is associated with worse mental health, and that the association is graded with more severe food insecurity associated with progressively worse health. The study includes overall measures of mental health, but also more specific measures related to depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation. Beyond the immediate relevance of the topic, Men et al address dimensions of disadvantage that go beyond standard measures of socioeconomic status such as income and poverty, and it is also interesting to see such patterns in a country with universal healthcare and a safety net meant to buffer some of the disadvantages of poor income. Men et al also found a strong association between food insecurity and risk of mental health problems, net of household income and other socioeconomic factors. This highlights an additional point: even though childhood food insecurity is closely linked to poverty, food insecurity may be high even among families above poverty thresholds. Men and colleagues mention social disorganisation within the family as a potential explanation of why the relationship between household insecurity and mental health exists even after controlling for income. Other factors, such as high cost of living in certain areas (ie, large cities), may make it difficult to get by even with a decent income. As such geography may be a relevant factor. Parental unemployment and other abrupt changes such as divorce, or disability among family members, are additional factors that could contribute to food insecurity. Importantly, these risk factors are much more likely to affect lowincome families. Even among those entitled to benefits, there might be delays in receiving these, with consequences for a family's food security. Typically, family poverty is often measured annually, but such aggregated measures might not capture the income volatility experienced by many lowincome families. A key limitation of the study is the crosssectional nature of the data, which makes the interpretation open to reverse causation. For example, prior research has revealed a plethora of factors that predict food insecurity, such as mother's health, substance abuse, family instability and immigrant background. Thus, the path from food insecurity to mental health might not be as straightforward as we might expect, as there could be other factors—often less easily measured— that account for part of the association. However, the authors acknowledge this, and one study can only do so much. Instead, future research should also apply (quasi)experimental approaches to get closer to causal estimates. Future research could also benefit from a comparative perspective. The rate of food insecurity varies considerably across countries, but we know less about whether the consequences of food insecurity for children and youth also differ across countries. Previous research has shown that the relationship between parental income and children's adult attainments and intergenerational mobility varies across countries, with less adverse consequences in more egalitarian and universal welfare states. For the current topic, the primary goal of welfare states should be to limit the prevalence of food insecurity among children. However, it is important to know whether welfare states also cushion the negative repercussions among those children who still face insecure access to food while growing up.


The International Berriasian Working Group (ISCS) suggested primary and secondary marker "datums" to fix the basal Berriasian boundary and thus to define the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (Wimbledon et al., 2011, 2013). Two primary markers Calpionella , as well as calcareous nannoplankton, are practically unknown in the Boreal Realm. Testing and calibration of these markers, as well as of fossils of radiolarians and other signals, in the most complete sections, were declared as an important task for the near future. In the Tethys, the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary based on radiolarians falls inside zone UAZ 13 of Baumgartner et al. (1995), whereas in the palaeo-Pacific it corresponds to the boundary between zones 4 and 5 of Pessagno et al. (2009), and in boreal Siberia it probably falls between the biohorizons of Parvicingula haeckeli and P. khabakovi . The radiolarian events at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the boreal successions of Russia can be proposed to be used as an additional biomarker to help develop new integrated boundary criteria. Thus, as the first appearance of the zonal species Calpionella alpina , which defines the Jurassic and Cretaceous boundary, coincides with the first occurrence of the calcareous dinocyst zonal species Stomiosphaerina proxima (Rehakova, 2000), it is logical to propose a calcareous dinoflagellate, widely represented in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Bazhenovo Formation of Siberia, as a secondary marker


Aim: To evaluate the transverse discrepancy in Class II div 2 malocclusion and normal occlusion. Also to test the hypothesis that models with class II div 2 malocclusions may have mean maxillary arch widths significantly smaller than those with normal occlusion. Thus the proposed study will generate interest among the orthodontists for further study over the transverse discrepancy of our patients and guide them to establish effective treatment strategy and their management.
Materials and Methods : Cross sectional comparative study was carried out Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics of Dhaka Dental College & Hospital, Dhaka with 100 sample was included in this study.
Results: Maxillary intercanine, interfirst premolar and interfirst molar widths between normal occlusions and class II div 2 malocclusions were statistically significant.Maxillary measurements of class II div 2 malocclusion were smaller than normal occlusion. Mandibular intercanine, interfirst premolar and interfirst molar widths between Class II div 2 malocclusion and normal occlusions were statistically significant.
Conclusion: This study helps in determining possible differences in the dental arch widths of Bangladeshi people in Class II-2 adults compared to adults with normal occlusion may be an important aid in further understanding of dentoalveolar characteristics of these conditions, as well as improving their management.
Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, April 2017; Vol-7 (1-2), P.27-30


In the samples of Sb proper doping Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system, the content of the high temperature phase (110K phase) is obviously much higher than that of the Sb-free samples'. Sb has a function of accelerating the formation of the high Tc phase. For the nominal composition of Bi2-xSbxSr2Ca2.5Cu3.7Oy x = 0.1 is most beneficial to the formation of the high Tc phase, After quenching in liquid nitrogen and annealing at low teperatures, it is found that the low Tc phase (80K phase) is firstly formed when the samples are sintered at 865℃, then the low Tc phase changes to the high Tc phase, until all materials become the high Tc phase eventually. The value of Tc increases continuously with time lasting. If annealed at lower em-perature, the high Tc phase will change to the low Tc phase. Based on this discovering, after sintering at high temperature, for a long time, fast cooling to a low temperature, annealing for some time, then naturally cooling to room temperature, we have successfully prepared the high Tc single phase superconductor with zero resistance temperature 113K.


We propose, for the first time, aromatic polyazomethines applied in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) as tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene-sulfonic acid copolymer (PFSA) membrane modifiers. Two types of polyazomethines were selected to impregnate pristine PFSA membranes; one with bibenzimidazole groups (25Bo-BABPI) and the second with thiophene rings (2252Th-DMB). In addition, these composite membranes were doped using imidazole (Im) to increase the proton conductivity. The success of the impregnation process of all modified membranes has been confirmed based on FTIR spectroscopy. From the water sorption analysis performed, the obtained PFSA composite membranes were found to be thermally stable (TGA, DTG results) and revealed lower dependency on water, which served as an advantage. The typical membranes used were activated in boiling deionized water, then in 3.75% H2O2, and finally in boiling 0.2 M H2SO4. Moreover, both polyazomethines were oxidized with FeCl3 to check their chemical oxidation abilities. Single PEMFCs assembled using polyazomethine composite membranes were characterized by improved performance, increase in the maximum power density by two folds, higher proton conductivity and larger electrochemical surface area of catalyst in comparison to reference samples. The maximum power density of 231 mW cm−2 at the current density of 637 mA cm−2 was detected for PFSA–25Bo-BABPI membrane. In accordance with the experiments carried out, polyazomethines have positive influence on PEMFCs' overall electrochemical properties. All membranes were tested by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX to analyze their morphology.


The use of Material Requirement Planning (MRP) and the evaluation of raw materials using Computer to aid the planning of a job shop have been undertaken. Raw Material Planning (MRP) models and computer programme (Visual Basic) to automatically generate the result was developed. A typical job shop industry was used to test the validity of the model and computer programme developed. It is found readily useful in a developed and developing countries where the situation prevails. The result shows an improvement upon the vigorous manual method used in the time part, and minimizes the service level to the firm's customer and investment in inventory.


Abstract Peat mass movements are relatively common in Ireland and potentially highly damaging. They are usually triggered by heavy rainfall but occasionally wind farm construction or other construction activities also cause significant peat slope failures. In August 2008, heavy rainfall in northwestern Ireland triggered several landslides near Geevagh, Co. Sligo, mostly involving peat-covered hillslopes, and a large peat flow occurred a few days later at the site of a new wind farm near Tralee, Co. Kerry. All were inspected very soon after they occurred to obtain visual evidence of site characteristics and conditions as little changed as possible from the time of failure. This paper reports the nature and implications of the landslides and highlights some of the difficulties of assessing potential landslide hazards from Irish blanket bogs.


We estimated phylogenetic relationships among species of the bee genus Diadasia, a group of new world, specialist bees. We sequenced approximately 2 kb of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II and tRNA leucine and approximately 1 kb of the nuclear gene elongation factor 1-alpha for 24 North American Diadasia species, 4 South American species, and five outgroup genera. Parsimony analyses of the two data sets were highly congruent. A combined analysis produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis that supported the monophyly of Diadasia, but not that of traditional subgenera: Diadasia s. str. was paraphyletic in all analyses. With one exception, the North and South American species formed separate clades, supporting previous hypotheses that two lineages of Diadasia have dispersed from South to North America: a more recent dispersal of D. ochracea and an older dispersal of the ancestor to all other North American species. Different species of Diadasia specialize on pollen from at least five different plant families; the phylogeny presented here, along with known host affinities, indicates that host-switching has been rare.


Complementary therapies in both music and murottal therapy are beleaved effective because the songs and Quranic verses can have a therapeutic effect through the mind and physiology of human. This study was to identify differences influence of murotal therapy and music therapy in lowering blood pressure, This study used a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest approach design. The sample used in this study were 30 respondents who are divided into 2 intervention groups, group 1used murottal and group 2 terpy murottal used music therapy in hypertensive patients in Kepuh village of used Rw 04 and 05 Palimanan Cirebon sampling technique cluster rondom sampling. Statistical tests using t test. Results of data analysis showed there is significantdifferencebetweenthebloodpressureaftermurottaltherapywiththeblood pressure after music therapy in hypertensive patients, whith p value 0,001. Age and genderfactorsareconsideredhaveinfluenceinloweringbloodpressureaftermurottal therapy. The results of this study are expected to be the basis of complementary therapies and can be implemented as independent and innovative interventions in the nursing care of patients with hypertension.


Johannine ethics is a problematic area for scholarship but recently there has been a breakthrough. In this new era of Johannine ethics, the present study examines the concept of moral transformation. The argument is that the Johannine writings present a moral narrative world where a moral God saves immoral people by bringing them into his moral world. When people live in God's moral world their character and conduct are shaped in accordance with the moral beliefs, values and norms of the divine reality. In order to model and promote the envisaged morality among his readers, John presents various characters, whose characteristics and behaviour might be either emulated or avoided.


This paper presents a novel, highly compact capacitive shunt RF MEMS switch. In the presented configuration interdigitation of signal lines with actuation electrodes is considered. The compactness has been achieved further by incorporating HfO2 a high -k dielectric material in place of traditionally used SiO2. The capacitive overlap area reduces by 70% , leading to the overall reduction of about 15% in the switch size. Switch with HfO2 optimized for X band shows -56.78 dB isolation and 0.058 dB insertion loss at 10 GHz as compared to the -40.8 dB isolation, -0.1 dB insertion loss for the switch with SiO2. Significant improvement in switching time is also observed. Pull-in voltage of 5.6V is obtained at a gap of 1um between bridge and transmission line. The compact switch can be useful for the future communication applications.


In recent years a significant development of BASN (Body Area Sensor Networks) as a special subclass of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) has emerged. These networks have enabled a rapid development of telemedicine systems, which provide remote monitoring of patients and their vital parameters. The article gives a short overview of the BASN networks. Furthermore, a general system architecture of telemedicine systems is proposed. The proposed architecture includes a local sensory area, a communication network area and an institutional network area. It also provides the security and privacy of patient-related data. Next, the article surveys some existing telemedicine systems. Finally, some current problems are explained and the directions for the future development of the telemedicine systems are given.


CONTEXT AND PURPOSE
The University Hospital of Lausanne has been deploying the patient's electronic record since 2010. In 2014, it was time to abandon the nursing paper documentation file. This represented a user base of 4,000 people to train and accompany during the change process.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
We developed the concept of an event as a support for nursing documentation, an empirical process. This project explored a combination of different strategies to improve the quality of care. Research limitations. It is not a research, the concept was new and a theoretical framework was developed. Unfortunately, there was no evaluation undertaken to measure the impact on the users.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Today the use of an event helps the nurses to document complex situations and to guarantee the continuity of information. For the future, the question or plan? is to expand the concept to Doctors and other caregivers.


Reducing herbicide rates can reduce production costs and the potential for carryover injury in subsequent crops, but may also compromise residual weed control. When used at the highest recommended rates (0.35 kg ai/ha), fomesafen may cause carryover injury on sweet corn. One of the most valuable attributes of fomesafen use in snap and dry beans is control of common ragweed. Field experiments were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2002 to investigate both the residual ragweed control from fomesafen at 0.09, 0.18, and 0.36 kg ai/ha and the potential for a second application to extend the duration of residual control, while reducing the total amount applied per season. Results were significantly affected by weather conditions. In a very wet year (2000), with the greatest ragweed pressure, a single application of fomesafen at 0.20 kg/ha was predicted to provide at least 90% control of ragweed throughout snap and dry bean seasons. In the driest year (1999), 0.09 kg ai/ha provided greater than 90% control for the same period. Regardless of whether a single or double application was made, the total amount of fomesafen required per season was less than the manufacturer's recommended rate. Compared with making a single application, two low-rate applications did not reduce the total fomesafen rate required per season. To help insure at least 90% control of ragweed throughout the snap and dry bean seasons a grower should apply 0.20 kg ai/ha early in the season. Lower rates may be used, but in wet seasons, a second application may be needed to prevent yield loss or interference of ragweed with mechanical harvesting. Nomenclature: Fomesafen, common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBEL, bean (snap or dry), Phaseolus vulgaris L, sweet corn, Zea mays


Leptin, an adipocyte‐derived cytokine, crosses the blood–brain barrier to act on many regions of the central nervous system (CNS). It participates in the regulation of energy balance, inflammatory processes, immune regulation, synaptic formation, memory condensation, and neurotrophic activities. This review focuses on the newly identified actions of leptin on astrocytes. We first summarize the distribution of leptin receptors in the brain, with a focus on the hypothalamus, where the leptin receptor is known to mediate essential feeding suppression activities, and on the hippocampus, where leptin facilitates memory, reduces neurodegeneration, and plays a dual role in seizures. We will then discuss regulation of the nonneuronal leptin system in obesity. Its relationship with neuronal leptin signaling is illustrated by in vitro assays in primary astrocyte culture and by in vivo studies on mice after pretreatment with a glial metabolic inhibitor or after cell‐specific deletion of intracellular signaling leptin receptors. Overall, the glial leptin system shows robust regulation and plays an essential role in obesity. Strategies to manipulate this nonneuronal leptin signaling may have major clinical impact.


Abstract Iconic words are supposed to exhibit imitative relationships between their linguistic forms and their referents. Many studies have worked to pinpoint sound-to-meaning correspondences for ideophones from different languages. The correspondence patterns show similarities across languages, but what makes such language-specific correspondences universal, as iconicity claims to be, remains unclear. This could be due to a lack of consensus on how to describe and test the perceptuo-motor affordances that make an iconic word feel imitative to speakers. We created and analysed a database of 1,860 ideophones across 13 languages, and found that seven articulatory features, physiologically accessible to all spoken language users, pattern according to semantic features of ideophones. Our findings pave the way for future research to utilize articulatory properties as a means to test and explain how iconicity is encoded in spoken language. The perspective taken here fits in with ongoing research of embodiment, motivation, and iconicity research, three major strands of research within Cognitive Linguistics. The results support that there is a degree of unity between the concepts of imitative communication and the spoken forms through cross-domain mappings, which involve physical articulatory movement.


Today's energy production is changing from scheduled to intermittent generation due to the increasing energy injection from renewable sources. This alteration requires flexibility in energy generation and demand. Electric heat pumps and thermal storages were found to have a large potential to provide demand flexibility which is analysed in this work. A three-fold method is set up to generate thermal load profiles, to simulate heat pump pools and to assess heat pump flexibility. The thermal profile generation based on a combination of physical and behavioural models is successfully validated against measurement data. A randomised system sizing procedure was implemented for the simulation of heat pump pools. The parameter randomisation yields correct seasonal performance factors, full load hours and average operation cycles per day compared to 87 monitored systems. The flexibility assessment analysis the electric load deviation of representative heat pump pool in response to 5 different on / off signals. The flexibility is induced by the capacity of thermal storages and analysed by four parameters. Generally, on signals are more powerful than off signals. A generic assessment by the ambient temperature yield that the flexibility is highest for heating days and the activated additional space heating storage: Superheating of the storage to the maximal temperature provides a flexible energy of more than 400 kWh per 100 heat pumps in a temperature range between -10 and +13 °C.


The report presents the overall findings of Investing in Creativity: A Study of the Support Structure for U.S. Artists. A major contribution of the study is a new comprehensive framework for analysis and action, which views the support structure for artists in the U.S. as a system made up of six key dimensions of the environment in which an artist works. This builds on previous and ongoing Urban Institute work to measure characteristics of place that make a culturally vibrant community. The study provides information on the status of various dimensions of the artists' support structure--both nationally and in specific sites.


The global net emissions of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), fluorinated gases, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), remain substantially high, despite concerted efforts to reduce them. Thermal treatment of solid waste contributes at least 2.8–4% of the GHG in part due to increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and inefficient treatment processes, such as incineration and landfill. Thermal treatment processes, such as gasification and pyrolysis, are valuable ways to convert solid materials, such as wastes into syngas, liquids, and chars, for power generation, fuels, or for the bioremediation of soils. Subcoal™ is a commercial product based on paper and plastics from the source segregated waste that is not readily recyclable and that would otherwise potentially find its way in to landfills. This paper looks at the kinetic parameters associated with this product in pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion conditions for consideration as a fuel for power generation or as a reductant in the blast furnace ironmaking process. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) in Nitrogen (N2), CO2, and in air, was used to measure and compare the reaction kinetics. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor A were measured at different heating rates using non-isothermal Ozawa Flynn Wall and (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sonuse (KAS) model-free techniques. The TGA curves showed that the thermal degradation of Subcoal™ comprises three main processes: dehydration, devolatilization, and char and ash formation. In addition, the heating rate drifts the devolatilization temperature to a higher value. Likewise, the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results stated that Tm degradation increased as the heating rate increased. Substantial variance in Ea was noted between the four stages of thermal decomposition of Subcoal™ on both methods. The Ea for gasification reached 200.2 ± 33.6 kJ/mol by OFW and 179.0 ± 31.9 kJ/mol by KAS. Pyrolysis registered Ea values of 161.7 ± 24.7 kJ/mol by OFW and 142.6 ± 23.5 kJ/mol by KAS. Combustion returned the lowest Ea values for both OFW (76.74 ± 15.4 kJ/mol) and KAS (71.0 ± 4.4 kJ/mol). The low Ea values in combustion indicate shorter reaction time for Subcoal™ degradation compared to gasification and pyrolysis. Generally, TGA kinetics analysis using KAS and OFW methods show good consistency in evaluating Arrhenius constants.


A fundamental observation in biology is that mitochondrial function, as measured by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes significantly with age, suggesting a potential mechanistic link between the cellular processes governing longevity and mitochondrial metabolism homeostasis. In addition, it is well established that altered ROS levels are observed in multiple age-related illnesses including carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and cardiac disease, to name just a few. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the primary mitochondrial ROS scavenging enzyme that converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is subsequently converted to water by catalase and other peroxidases. It has recently been shown that MnSOD enzymatic activity is regulated by the reversible acetylation of specific, evolutionarily conserved lysine(s) in the protein. These results, suggest for the first time, that the mitochondria contain bidirectional post-translational signaling networks, similar to that observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and that changes in lysine acetylation alter MnSOD enzymatic activity. In addition, these new results demonstrate that the mitochondrial anti-aging or fidelity / sensing protein, SIRT3, responds to changes in mitochondrial nutrient and/or redox status to alter the enzymatic activity of specific downstream targets, including MnSOD that adjusts and/or maintains ROS levels as well as metabolic homeostatic poise.


Capital in developing countries is a major hindrance to investment, and this accounts for the reason low budget small scale industrial enterprises thrive in many third world countries. This study analysed the structure of capital resources available for investment, turnover and their implication on regional development of Ondo state. The study made use of 353 enterprises whose owners were interviewed. The data collected were analysed using descriptive means. The study discovered that small scale industries in the study area have exceedingly low capital base Over half of proprietors invested less than 50,000 or $322 in their plants and about 27% invested an average of 75 000 or $484. Moreover the study established that the higher the funds invested the more tendencies the plant is located in the urban area of the state and vice versa. The study also established that the major source of capital investment is through personal savings (55.8%) followed by capital obtained from family members which stood at 15% of all proprietors. Turnover of small scale enterprises were also small. About 39% of enterprises had turnover of less than 100 , 000 or $645 per year. The study establish that these were not enough to create enough capital base for sustainable regional development using small scale industries as in many countries of the world.


clinical relevance, because many human cardiopulmonary diseases are characterized by chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, with the ever increasing availability of air travel, clinicians have to be aware of the problems of high altitude and their patients' disease. This book is particularly pleasing to read because the authors have a very engaging and lively style heightened by their many personal experiences in the Andes and have broadened its authority by an extensive reference section at the end of most chapters. These references are particularly valuable for they deal not only with the historical aspect of the subject, but also include recent references of high altitude investigation. As outlined by Sir Cyril Clarke in his foreword, Nature has produced a ready-made experiment for mankind in the environment of Man at High Altitude. The effect of high altitude on the physique of man, on the ventilation/perfusion performance of the lungs, of high altitude on blood rheology, the carotid bodies and the pulmonary vasculature is particularly interesting to read. Actual disease entities produced by high altitude such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary oedema and Monge's disease form instructive chapters. The effect of high altitude on all organ systems is reviewed with particularly good sections on the cardiovascular system and endocrine systems. Chapters on the adaptation and acclimatization to high altitude are relevant to modern medical practice with a further interesting section on athletic performance at moderately high altitudes, as exemplified by the Olympic Games in Mexico City. This book can be highly recommended, not only for the high educational content on the effect of man at high altitude, but also for its pleasing literary style enhanced by the unique personal experiences of the authors. It should be of interest to a wide spectrum of medical readers both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level.


Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a standard universal method of assessing clinical adiposity risk. Several studies have shown that obesity as defined by BMI criteria is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, among Asian Indians there is an increasing incidence of thin-fat phenotype where BMI fails as a clinical risk predictor for diabetes. So, there is a need for alternate clinical adiposity parameters. Objective: To assess the predictive validity of derived clinical adiposity parameters in the assessment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among adults attending a tertiary hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was performed in which 100 diabetic adult men and women attending the diabetic Out Patient Department were enrolled. As a comparison group, 53 non-diabetic adults attending the OPD and other non-diabetic relatives of patients were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist and hip circumference were measured and derived adiposity parameters such as Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio, Waist-Height Ratio, Body Adiposity Index and Conicity Index were calculated. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves was plotted for each adiposity parameter with diabetes status as a dependent variable to assess predictive validity of the adiposity parameters in assessing diabetes risk. Age and gender-segregated analysis were also performed. Results: Waist-Hip ratio cut-off=1.009 (AUC=0.956; 95%CI 0.927-9-0.985) sensitivity=90%, specificity=81.1% had the best predictive ability for diabetes. Body adiposity index cut-off=30.5285; (AUC=0.568 95%CI 0.470-0.665) sensitivity=52%, specificity=50.9% was the least predictive. Waist-Height Ratio cut-off=0.5889 (AUC=0.708; 95%CI 0.624-0.792) sensitivity=62%, specificity=62.3% and Conicity Index cut-off=1.5393 (AUC= 0.692; 95% CI 0.603- 0.781) sensitivity=61%, specificity=60.4% had moderate predictive ability and finally Body Mass Index (BMI) cutoff= 26.25 (AUC=0.585; 95% CI 0.491-0.679) sensitivity=56%, specificity=54.7% had a poor predictive ability. Gender segregated analysis showed that BMI and Body Adiposity Index were poor predictors of diabetes in women. Conclusion: Waist-Hip Ratio has the best predictive validity in the assessment of risk of type 2 diabetes. This must be confirmed using longitudinal studies.


Hyperglycemia is commonly associated with adverse outcomes especially in patients requiring intensive care unit stay. Data from the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicates that individuals with diabetes appear to be at similar risk for COVID-19 infection to those without diabetes but are more likely to experience increased morbidity and mortality. The proposed hypothesis for hyperglycemia in COVID-19 include insulin resistance, critical illness hyperglycemia (stress- induced hyperglycemia) secondary to high levels of hormones like cortisol and catecholamines that counteract insulin action, acute cytokine storm and pancreatic cell dysfunction. Diabetic patients are more likely to have severe hyperglycemic complications including diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Management of hyperglycemia in COVID-19 is often complicated by use of steroids, prolonged total parenteral or enteral nutrition, frequent acute hyperglycemic events, and restrictions with fluid management due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. While managing hyperglycemia special attention should be paid to mode of insulin delivery, frequency of glucose monitoring based on patient and caregiver safety thereby minimizing exposure and conserving personal protective equipment. In this article we describe the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia, challenges encountered in managing hyperglycemia, and review some potential solutions to address them. Core Tip: Data from the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicates that individuals with diabetes are more likely to experience hyperglycemia related complications including diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. These patients often require hospitalization to intensive care units. In this article we intend to describe the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection, challenges encountered in managing hyperglycemia, and review some potential solutions to address them.


Integrated Light Rail Transit (LRT) System in the capital of Malaysia connects some key districts to historical places, interesting places, business areas and shopping malls are concentrated. The train services are running independently but have interchanges to integrate from one different LRT lines. This may leads the traveler facing difficulty when they are choosing incorrect destination station especially on different LRT lines which contribute to time consuming and high costing. In previous research we already implement the mobile web application architecture where the destination-oriented routes need to be dynamically generated by determining the nearest station according to the specific places. In this paper, we proposed the used of Dijkstra's Algorithms to provide more effective and intelligent shortest path system to provide the solution for traveler to reach the desired destination.


Primary colorectal sarcomas have been defined as a rare and diverse group of mesenchymal cancers distinct from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Primary colorectal sarcomas have been recognized as a distinct entity from GISTs due to the dramatically worse prognosis these sarcomas carry. Also, primary colorectal sarcomas when compared to the more common colorectal adenocarcinoma, demonstrate more aggressive biology, present at a younger age and carry worse outcomes. At this time, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment and adjuvant chemotherapy has an unclear role in treatment of primary colorectal sarcoma. This paper attempts to review the available data regarding primary colorectal sarcomas.


In Alves v LOM Business Solutions (Pty) Ltd (2012 (1) SA 399 (GSJ); [2011] 4 All SA 490 (GSJ)) the plaintiff, who had been indicted for murder, was convicted in the High Court of attempted murder on 13 December 2005. Leave to appeal was granted immediately. The appeal was directed to the full bench of the division and was heard on 29 February 2008, more than two years later. The appeal was successful and the plaintiff's conviction and sentence were set aside on 5 March 2008. The plaintiff claimed that the long interval of time between the granting of the leave to appeal and the hearing thereof should be attributed to the negligence of the defendants in that they failed to ensure that an appeal record was prepared within a reasonable time. He alleged that, as a result of the defendants' breach of their duty, he was incarcerated for about 15 months longer than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances. (The first defendant was a firm responsible for preparing the transcript for his appeal hearing; the second defendant was the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, responsible for the overall administration of justice in the country.) The plaintiff claimed general damages for psychological pain and suffering and special damages for loss of earnings.


1) The anatomy of the autonomic nervous system in teleost fish, amphibia, reptiles, and birds is essentially similar to that seen in mammals. However, a sacral parasympathetic system is not present in teleost fish and urodele amphibians and is only rudimentary in anurans. In cyclostome fish there are no sympathetic chains or segmental sympathetic ganglia and in elasmobranchs there are series of paravertebral ganglia linked by a loose plexus of nerve bundles rather than a compact sympathetic chain, and grey rami are absent.

2) The vagal supply to visceral muscles such as the stomach and lung is primitively nonadrenergic and inhibitory. At some evolutionary stage higher than the Amphibia, the cholinergic excitatory function classically attributed to the vagus has been transferred from the sympathetic to the parasympathetic outflow. This may also be correlated with the switch from primitive sympathetic cholinergic excitatory supply of the viscera to predominantly adrenergic inhibitory control.

3) The primitive parasympathetic innervation of the heart is cholinergic and inhibitory and this has been consistently retained throughout vertebrate evolution. Similarly adrenergic cardioaccelerator fibres appear early in evolution and are retained throughout. Primitively they run together with vagal fibres in the vagosympathetic trunks and only at the reptile level reach the heart by separate nerve trunks, although the presence of a few adrenergic fibres of sympathetic origin still remain in the vagal trunks even in mammals. The presence of special catecholamine-containing cells appears to be a consistent feature of the vertebrate heart.

4) Nerve trunks of the morphologically defined sympathetic nervous system in fish and amphibia consist of predominantly excitatory cholinergic fibres. There are various proportions of adrenergic and cholinergic fibres in sympathetic trunks in reptiles and birds, while in mammals, most, and sometimes all, of the fibres in sympathetic trunks are adrenergic. Thus, there has been an overall trend from cholinergic to adrenergic sympathetic control of visceral and vascular systems.

5) The development of preganglionic adrenergic fibres modulating the activity of nonadrenergic intramural ganglion cells in such organs as gut and bladder is not established until the mammals, although there is some rudimentary development of this kind in reptiles and birds.

6) The presence of intramural adrenergic nerve cells in various organs appears to be an evolutionary development that has taken place independently in many groups (e.g., lizard gut, toad lung, frog bladder). However it has not become established as a major feature of later evolution in mammals; no adrenergic cell bodies have been found in the gut and few in the heart and bladder.

7) The influence of circulating catecholamines released from diffusely clistributed chromaffin cells appears to play a much more significant role in lower, than in higher vertebrates, in which direct nervous control has been developed to a more sophisticated degree. Chromaffin tissue is widespread in cyclostomes and is closely associated with the segmentally arranged sympathetic ganglia in elasmobranchs and to a large extent in teleosts and amphibians.

8) Models have been put forward in this review of the pattern of evolution of the autonomic innervation of various visceral and cardiovascular systems. However it should be emphasised that these models are largely speculative and it is hoped that they will provoke further experimentation in the field which will lead to modification, refutation, and, one hopes, even support of some of the ideas proposed.


In this study, the genus 'Psathyrostachys' Nevski is revised in Turkey. Furthermore multivariate analysis have been carried out in order to understand the delimitation of the taxa of 'Psathyrostachys'. For this reason, 20 quantitative, qualitative and multi-state morphological characters were scored for the accessions representing 10 populations of the genus. The data were subjected to numerical taxonomic analysis. The results showed that the genus is represented by 3 species one of which is new species and the other one is a new record for Turkey. An account of 3 species and 4 subspecies recognized in the genus is given including the genus description, a key for the species as well as the subspecies, species descriptions, flowering times, habitats, altitudes, type citations, distributions, phytogeography and their conservation status. However, three new taxa, namely P. narmanica sp. nov., P. fragilis subsp. artvinense subsp. nov. and P. daghestanica subsp erzurumica subsp. nov. are described and illustrated for the first time.


Phosphorylase kinase was isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle in a state approaching homogeneity as judged by the criteria of ultracentrifugal analysis, ion-exchange chromatography, and antigen-antibody precipitation in agar. The purified enzyme showed four protein-staining components upon acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, termed α, α′, β and γ. A variety of precautions designed to eliminate the possible action of proteases and ensure complete reduction and denaturation of the protein had no influence on the gel pattern. The molecular weights of the four components determined by gel electrophoresis, and supported by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride, following partial separation of the chains by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, were:–α= 145000, α′= 140000, β= 128000 and γ= 45000. The α' component was present only in trace amounts and the evidence suggests it may be derived from the α component. The three subunits α, β, and γ, were found to exist in equimolar quantities by densitometric analysis of acrylamide gels, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, and by carboxymethylation with iodo[14C]acetate, suggesting a minimal binding molecular weight, αβγ, of 318000. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined as 1.28 × 106, demonstrating that phosphorylase kinase is composed of 4.0 αβγ units.

Activation of the enzyme by incubation with adenosine-3′:5′-phosphate-dependent protein kinase, adenosine 3′:5′-phosphate and Mg-ATP, was accompanied by the phosphorylation of one site on the β subunit, although a second site on the α subunit was phosphorylated at a slower rate. Activation of the enzyme by proteolysis resulted from a limited cleavage of the α subunit. The products of proteolytic attack suggest that the α and β subunits may be structurally related. The γ subunit was not phosphorylated, was resistant to proteolysis and distinct from the (α+β) subunits in its amino acid composition. The possible functions of the chains, and the implications of the activation reactions to the nervous and hormonal control of glycogenolysis in vivo are discussed.


Human carboxylesterase 1A1 (hCES1A) is a promising target for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity-associated metabolic diseases. To date, the highly specific and efficacious hCES1A inhibitors are rarely reported. This study aims to find potent and highly specific hCES1A inhibitors from herbs, and to investigate their inhibitory mechanisms. Following large-scale screening of herbal products, Styrax was found to have the most potent hCES1A inhibition activity. After that, a practical bioactivity-guided fractionation coupling with a chemical profiling strategy was used to identify the fractions from Styrax with strong hCES1A inhibition activity and the major constituents in these bioactive fractions were characterized by LC-TOF-MS/MS. The results demonstrated that seven pentacyclic triterpenoid acids (PTAs) in two bioactive fractions from Styrax potently inhibit hCES1A, with IC50 values ranging from 41 nM to 478 nM. Among all the identified PTAs, epibetulinic acid showed the most potent inhibition activity and excellent specificity towards hCES1A. Both inhibition kinetic analyses and in silico analysis suggested that epibetulinic acid potently inhibited hCES1A in a mixed inhibition manner. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that some PTAs in Styrax are potent and highly specific inhibitors of hCES1A and these constituents can be used as promising lead compounds for the development of more efficacious hCES1A inhibitors.


Historically, fund managers and investors making portfolio allocation decisions have considered emerging market equities a separate asset class. More recently, a number of economic, legal, accounting, and financial developments have eroded the root differences between emerging and developed country financial markets. These liberalizations include capital market reforms that have reduced the constraints and limits on foreign portfolio investment. The authors find that empirical evidence strongly supports the view that the world's financial markets are becoming increasingly integrated, and that the integration process encompasses emerging markets. As a result, the idea of a rigid separation between emerging market and developed market pools of investible funds (and adoption of separate performance benchmarks) seems no longer appropriate. Indeed, recent moves by international investors to benchmark their portfolios to MSCI's all–country world index and related world indexes, which include both emerging market and developed market securities, seem a step in this direction.


Objective: This study was designed to develop a reliable and valid measurement tool to diagnose pressure ulcer risk in non-neonatal children staying in intensive care units (ICU).
Methods: Patients hospitalized in the intensive care units comprised the sample of this study conducted in Izmir Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Diseases and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital. In order to determine the items of the scale, the pertinent literature was reviewed, interviews were held with the nurses working in intensive care units, pediatric physicians, physicians in charge of the intensive care units, nurses and nurse educators. Finally, the scale was administered to 333 pediatric patients hospitalized in the intensive care units by nurses working in the intensive care units.
Results: The mean scores obtained from the pressure ulcer risk scale by the patients who developed pressure ulcers (group 1) and the patients who did not were compared (group 2). The difference between the mean scores of the two groups was statistically significant (1th day: U = U=1066.500, p=0.025, 4th day: U=498.500, p=0.000, 10th day: U=586.000, p=0.000).
As result of the ROC analysis, the cut-off point was determined as 18.5 based on the diagnostic index and Youden index values. At this cut-off point, the sensitivity of the scale was 0.82 and its specificity was 0.84. Those who received 18.5 points or more from the pressure ulcer risk scale were considered to have a high risk for developing pressure ulcers. The EAA of the pressure ulcer risk scale was determined as 0.699 (0.555-0.843) for the first day and 0.859 (0.782-0.936) for the fourth day. These values indicated that the scale discriminated at a very good level. Based on the results obtained from the scale, 81.8% of the children were identified to be at high risk for pressure ulcers.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the pressure ulcers risk scale is effective in diagnosing the risk of pressure ulcers. It is recommended that BUCH Pressure Ulcers Risk Scale be used in pediatric clinics.


A vacuolating virus isolated from uninoculated patas monkey kidney cultures was found to be serologically identical with SV40, a virus previously found in association with rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Detection of the patas virus was facilitated when patas cells were exposed to x-ray treatment. Rhesus monkey and human cells were relatively insusceptible to the virus, although it persisted in these cells for a long period of time. Distinct intranuclear inclusions were detected in infected patas cultures 2 to 3 days before cytoplasmic vacuoles were noticeable. Cultures previously infected with PA-57 virus did not affect yields of poliovirus, and doubly infected cells were easily distinguished in stained preparations.


The present invention provides a novel method for producing a lithium mixed metal materials in electrochemical cells. Lithium mixed metal material comprises at least one other metal other than lithium and lithium. The present invention involves the reduction to form a metal phosphate, a metal is reacted with a reducing agent a metal compound, a phosphate compound. The invention also includes a method of manufacturing a lithium metal oxide including reacting a reducing agent with a lithium compound, a metal oxide. The cathode active material, a metal phosphate compound


In order to give a complete picture of the research work being carried out in the laboratories of Imperial Chemical (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd, it is desirable to say something of the origin and development of the organization. For this purpose it is necessary to refer to the beginnings of modern chemotherapy, which derived from the pioneer work in Germany of Ehrlich, the centenary of whose birth is celebrated this year. Much of Ehrlich's work was rendered possible by the existence in Germany of a vigorous dyestuffs industry, which made available not only dyestuffs, but also a whole range of synthetic organic compounds. Moreover, with the development of dyestuffs came a natural urge for the further exploitation of the many types of organic compounds associated with their manufacture, and of the industrial chemical techniques which were being evolved. The early development of chemotherapy was therefore intimately associated with industrial organic chemistry. The development of an organic chemical industry in Britain occurred, unhappily, much later than in Germany. Indeed, it was the first world war which first emphasized the country's deficiency in this respect, and the industry only began to develop its present scope and vigour in the years following the war. In this development, Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd may claim to have played a vital role, and it was perhaps inevitable that a growing desire to develop its potential caused the Company to follow the earlier German pattern in turning its attention to the possibilities of chemotherapy. Mention must particularly be made of the influence of Dr C. J. T. Cronshaw, who played such a prominent part in raising the status and competence of the British dyestuffs industry between the two wars. These achievements rendered possible the entry of the Company into the pharmaceutical industry. Other names associated with the early decisions are those of the late Messrs J. Baddiley and M. Barrowcliff, former Research Directors of the Dyestuffs Division of I.C.I. Ltd, and of Dr H. Hepworth, who until his recent retirement was Managing Director of Imperial Chemical (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd.


Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets. Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.


By reason of their sensitivity, accuracy and non-contact as well as non-destructive characteristics, modern optical methods such as digital speckle shearography have found an increasing interest for NDT applications on factory floors. With new carbon fiber technologies and other lightweight constructions in aircraft and automotive manufacturing, adapted examination designs and especially developed testing methods are necessary. Shearography as a coherent optical method has been widely accepted as a useful NDT tool. It is a robust interferometric method to determine locations with maximum stress on various material structures. However, limitations of this technique can be found in the bulky equipment components, the interpretation of complex shearographic result images and at the work with non-cooperative surfaces such as dark absorber and bright shining reflectors. We report a mobile shearography system that was especially designed for investigations at aircraft and automotive construction sites. It is also useful to find out the current conditions of artworks.


Observations of the unique chemical environment over snow and ice in recent decades, particularly in the polar regions, have stimulated increasing interest in the boundary layer processes that mediate exchanges between the ice/snow interface and the atmosphere. This paper provides a re- view of the underlying concepts and examples from recent field studies in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice sur- faces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP that focus on processes linking halogens to the depletion of boundary layer ozone in coastal environments, mercury transport and deposition, snow photochemistry, and related snow physics. In this con- text, observational approaches, stable boundary layer behav- ior, the effects of a weak or absent diurnal cycle, and trans- port and mixing over the heterogeneous surfaces characteris- tic of coastal ocean environments are of particular relevance.


Sixty-six children between 4.5 and 6 years of age were tested in a resource-allocation game with three different recipients. When the recipient was a friend, children made equitable decisions and shared as much when there was a cost to themselves as when there was no cost. When the recipient was another familiar child who was not a friend, children were less likely to allocate resources to that child. When the recipient was a stranger, children allocated resources as much as with a friend and more than with a nonfriend when there was no cost to themselves. However, when there was a cost to themselves, children treated strangers like nonfriends. These results show that resource-allocation decisions made by young children depend on the recipient. Young children prefer equitable division of resources with friends, treat non-friends less well, and make prosocial moves with strangers when the cost to self is not high.


The aim of this paper is to present a novel distributed genetic algorithm architecture implemented on grid computing by using the G-Lite middleware developed in the EGEE project. Genetic algorithms are known for their capability to solve a wide range of optimization problems and one of the most relevant features of GAs is their structural parallelism that fits well the intrinsically distributed grid architecture. The proposed architecture is based on different specialized autonomous entities able to interact in order to carry out a global optimization task. The interaction is based on exchange of knowledge on the problem and solutions. In this way the main problem can be solved by using many cooperative small entities that can be classified into different specialized families that cover only one aspect of the global problem. The topology is based on archipelagos of islands that interact by chromosomes migrating with a user-definable strategy. Grid has been mainly used in the high performance computing area. The properties of the proposed GAs architecture and its related computing properties have great potential in solving big instances of optimization problems. Furthermore this implementation (distributed genetic algorithms with grid computing) is suitable to solve time consuming problems reducing by executing different instances on many virtual organizations (VOs) according to the grid philosophy. The proposed parallel algorithm has been tested on denoising problems applied to image processing which are known to be time consuming. The paper reports some results about the time performance compared to traditional denoising filter algorithms


In this context statement I research my public works in mathematics education and the impact they had on my practice, my students and my field at both national and international level. The works I am analysing are: The Maths Arcade, Tomorrow's Mathematicians Today Undergraduate Conference, various employability initiatives, and a selection of videos and screencasts designed to improve students' thinking. It includes some of the pedagogical theory that surrounds my works, details the social and political landscape associated with UK higher education, and discusses my motivations. In summary, it investigates the reasons I initiated these activities and answers the question why it is only I that could have done this work.

In analysing my public works I use autoethnography alongside critical reflection, drawing on my own experience of studying for a mathematics degree as a mature student with non-standard entry qualifications. I discuss the problems incurred by adults who have had a speech impediment when younger and the difficulties experienced by first-generation entrants to higher education. This research has shown that the underlying theme behind these initiatives is transition; transition into HE, transition between years and finally transition out of HE.

From my research I conclude that it is not so much the works themselves that are important but the underlying strategies and motivations. For students transitioning from school to university this includes the need to form strong friendships with their peers and to take part in activities that promote good staff/student interactions and communities. For students transitioning between years it includes developing independent learning and problem-solving skills, and for those transitioning into work or further study it includes the need to actively engage in career management. I hope that this research will enable other institutions and academics to initiate similar activities designed to improve the student experience for their cohorts of students.


It is known that propargylic compounds having an ester and a halide at the propargylic positions react with palladium complexes leading to π-propargylpalladium and allenylpalladium complexes, which cause various transformations in the presence of the reactants. The aim of the present study was to develop novel palladium-catalyzed transformations using propargylic compounds. As diastereoselective reactions of propargylic compounds with bis-nucleophiles, we have developed palladium-catalyzed reactions of propargylic carbonates with 2-substituted cyclohexane-1,3-diones, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetates and 2-oxocyclohex-3-enecarboxylates. These processes produce highly substituted cyclic compounds in a highly stereoselective manner. Through our studies on the construction of substituted 2,3-allenols by the reactions of propargylic oxiranes, it has been made clear that palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions occur in the presence of arylboronic acids and terminal alkynes. The processes can be carried out in mild conditions to yield substituted 4-aryl-2,3-allenols in a diastereoselective manner. In our attempt to develop CO2-recycling reactions, we developed a methodology for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by palladium-catalyzed reactions of propargylic carbonates with phenols. Our findings suggested that the process proceeds through a pathway involving decarboxylation-followed fixation of the liberated CO2. Diastereoselective, enantioselective, and enantiospecific construction of cyclic carbonates have been achieved by the application of this methodology.


A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
 For the Degree of Master of Science-Psychology Cognitive and Affective Science


Introduction to Nordic Cultures is an innovative, interdisciplinary introduction to Nordic history, cultures and societies from medieval times to today. The textbook spans the whole Nordic region, covering historical periods from the Viking Age to modern society, and engages with a range of subjects: from runic inscriptions on iron rings and stone monuments, via eighteenth-century scientists, Ibsen's dramas and turn-of-the-century travel, to twentieth-century health films and the welfare state, nature ideology, Greenlandic literature, Nordic Noir, migration, 'new' Scandinavians, and stereotypes of the Nordic. The chapters provide fundamental knowledge and insights into the history and structures of Nordic societies, while constructing critical analyses around specific case studies that help build an informed picture of how societies grow and of the interplay between history, politics, culture, geography and people. Introduction to Nordic Cultures is a tool for understanding issues related to the Nordic region as a whole, offering the reader engaging and stimulating ways of discovering a variety of cultural expressions, historical developments and local preoccupations. The textbook is a valuable resource for undergraduate students of Scandinavian and Nordic studies, as well as students of European history, culture, literature and linguistics.


This paper proposes a comprehensive but tractable model of IEEE 802.11 carrying traffic from a mixture of saturated and unsaturated (Poisson) sources, with potentially different quality-of-service (QoS) parameters, i.e., TXOP limit, CWmin , and CWmax. The model is used to investigate the interaction between these two types of sources, which is particularly useful for systems seeking to achieve load-independent "fair" service differentiation. We show that, when the TXOP limit for unsaturated sources is greater than one packet, batches are distributed as a geometric random variable clipped to TXOP limit. Furthermore, we present asymptotic results for access delay distribution, which indicates that it is infeasible to obtain real-time service in the presence of eight or more saturated sources, regardless of the real-time traffic load, given that all stations use a CWmin of 32.


In this study, embedded chip technology for system-in-a-package (SiP) application using liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate was developed and the reliability issue for embedded structure was evaluated. To this end two test chips with daisy chain joints were used with one copper layer. After assembly, modules were exposed to thermal cycling. The failure was investigated by SEM, and compared with finite element method (FEM) simulation results. Passive components as inductors were also fabricated on the LCP during the embedded technology. Their inductance and quality factors were simulated and discussed.


Numerous lineages of mushroom-forming fungi have been subject to bursts of diversification throughout their evolutionary history, events that can impact our ability to infer well-resolved phylogenies. However, groups that have undergone quick genetic change may have the highest adaptive potential. As the second largest genus of mushroom-forming fungi, Russula provides an excellent model for studying hyper-diversification and processes in evolution that drives it. This study focuses on the morphologically defined group – Russula subsection Roseinae. Species hypotheses based on morphological differentiation and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses are tested in the Roseinae using different applications of the multi-species coalescent model. Based on this combined approach, we recognize fourteen species in Roseinae including the Albida and wholly novel Magnarosea clades. Reconstruction of biogeographic and host association history suggest that parapatric speciation in refugia during glacial cycles of the Pleistocene drove diversification within the Roseinae, which is found to have a Laurasian distribution with an evolutionary origin in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. Finally, we detect jump dispersal at a continental scale that has driven diversification since the most recent glacial cycles.


Although atmospheric evaporative demand mediates water flow and constrains water-use efficiency (WUE) to a large extent, the potential to reduce irrigation demand and improve water productivity by regulating the atmospheric water driving force is highly uncertain. To bridge this gap, water transport in combination with plant productivity was examined in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown at contrasting evaporative demand gradients. Reducing the excessive vapor pressure deficit (VPD) decreased the water flow rate, which reduced irrigation consumption significantly by 16.4%. Reducing excessive evaporative demand moderated plant water stress, as leaf dehydration, hydraulic limitation, and excessive negative water potential were prevented by maintaining water balance in the low-VPD treatment. The moderation of plant water stress by reducing evaporative demand sustained stomatal function for photosynthesis and plant growth, which increased substantially fruit yield and shoot biomass by 20.1% and 18.4%, respectively. From a physiological perspective, a reduction in irrigation demand and an improvement in plant productivity were achieved concomitantly by reducing the excessive VPD. Consequently, WUE based on the criteria of plant biomass and fruit yield was increased significantly by 43.1% and 40.5%, respectively.


Abstract. This work addresses the issue of better considering the heterogeneity of precipitation fields within lumped rainfall-runoff models where only areal mean precipitation is usually used as an input. A method using a Kohonen neural network is proposed for the clustering of precipitation fields. The evaluation and improvement of the performance of a lumped rainfall-runoff model for one-day ahead predictions is then established based on this clustering. Multilayer perceptron neural networks are employed as lumped rainfall-runoff models. The Bas-en-Basset watershed in France, which is equipped with 23 rain gauges with data for a 21-year period, is employed as the application case. The results demonstrate the relevance of the proposed clustering method, which produces groups of precipitation fields that are in agreement with the global climatological features affecting the region, as well as with the topographic constraints of the watershed (i.e., orography). The strengths and weaknesses of the rainfall-runoff models are highlighted by the analysis of their performance vis-a-vis the clustering of precipitation fields. The results also show the capability of multilayer perceptron neural networks to account for the heterogeneity of precipitation, even when built as lumped rainfall-runoff models.