Introduction: Somatization symptoms are the obvious physical symptoms without unexplained physical cause. The aim of present study is to examine the relation of psychological variables (alexithymia, negative affect, traumatic events and personality disorder) with somatization symptom in nurses of Ahvaz hospitals. Materials & methods: this study is a correlational research. The statistical population included 283 nurses who were selected by multi-stage sampling method. Pearson correlation and regression tests have been used to test the hypotheses. Findings: Results illustrated that there is a significant relation between alexithymia, negative affect, and traumatic events, personality disorders (antisocial, paranoid histrionic and avoidance) with somatization. Also regression results showed that alexithymia, negative affect, traumatic events and personality disorder (avoidance) were the best predictor of somatization symptoms. Discussion &Conclusion: Results support from relation between alexithymia, negative affect, traumatic events and personality disorders with somatization symptoms.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a survey-based study performed on Italian SMEs in the "hotel, restaurant, café" (HORECA) sector, aimed at investigating the relationship between pro-environmental strategies and competitiveness and how such strategies can be exploited to outperform competitors. Design/methodology/approach – The survey involved 317 Italian SMEs. Regression models have been developed to analyze the causal relationship between three dimensions of competitiveness (competitive advantage over competitors, customer satisfaction and employees' motivation), and environmental practices that can be adopted by HORECA SMEs. Findings – Top management commitment emerges as a key driver of competitiveness, confirming the strategic relevance of a sound approach to sustainability also in SMEs operating in the tourism sector. Moreover, actions aimed at investing in green food products (e.g. organic food) and awareness campaigns emerge as strong predictors of good business performance. Finally, at managerial level, entrepreneurs and owners evaluate the implementation of internal sustainability monitoring systems as a relevant support to increase their competitive performance. Research limitations/implications – Since the results are limited to Italian HORECA businesses, a cross-country comparison could represent a potential improvement of the research. Moreover, since the sector is characterized by the predominance of small and micro firms, specific attention should be devoted to the role played by entrepreneurs' personal values in shaping business strategies. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the relationship between SMEs in the tourism sector and the environmental dimension analyzing the link between the adoption of "green" practices and the competitive performance. The results suggest that customer involvement represents an essential pre-requisite to turn sustainability into an opportunity of market distinctiveness and stress the strategic role of the implementation of performance monitoring systems.


: The biological effects of asbestos and glass fibers on lymphocytes in vitro were investigated. Blastoid transformation and beta 2 microglobulin production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) induced by phytohemagglutinin were inhibited by Canadian chrysotile B (Standard sample of the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer; UICC standard sample) but it was not the case for crocidolite (UICC standard sample) and small and large glass fibers (John Manville, Canada). Cytotoxic activities of natural killer and killer cells of PBL were investigated using K562 cells and Chang liver cells as target cells respectively. Chrysotile inhibited the both activities but crocidolite and two kind of glass fibers not. In regard to release of lactic dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase from mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to mineral fibers, chrysotile showed more effective reaction compared to crocidolite and amosite (UICC standard sample), on the other hand large glass fiber showed the similar reaction to chrysotile but small glass fiber and milled amosite did not induce any more enzymatic release than the control. In addition to chemical compositions of mineral fibers, the morphological characteristics were also discussed in relation to their biological effects.


This paper analyzes the craftsmen perception of dual apprenticeship in Benin. The introduction of dual apprenticeship in technical vocational education and training system has established new structural arrangements in the apprenticeship system. The apprentices must leave the workshop for one day of theoretical instructions and practical knowledge. By assessing how this alternative system of apprenticeship is perceived, this research adopted a qualitative method. It was conducted in Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi and Parakou with the collaboration of the master craftsmen including staff members of professional associations, apprentices, trainers and heads of the vocational training centers. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling technique were applied to select them. In total, 66 participants have been interviewed. Data collection was carried out through life-history and individual semi-structured interview. Among the adopter categories, the research identified another category called business users to describe the training centers that recruit their apprentices. Apprentices who participate in the program are motivated by curiosity and by explicit knowledge from vocational training centers. Master craftsmen are satisfied with the program because of the formal certificates given to the apprentices after the training completion.


Farms are advised to be entrepreneurial, but empirical research showing that an entrepreneurial proclivity (EP) of farmers results in better performance is scant. This research will test empirically whether an EP contributes to the performance of farms. We provide a model with hypotheses about the relationship between EP and performance, which is tested for a sample of Dutch and Slovenian farmers. We find that EP has a universal positive influence on performance and performance expectations of farmers in The Netherlands and in Slovenia. The influence of the underlying dimension of EP, i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking, on performance are mixed and context specific


Persistent systems allow data to be manipulated in a manner independent of its location. In distributed persistent systems this location independence principle is extended to include data on other machines. The introduction of this principle raises new problems regarding naming and consistency that the Grasshopper project is attempting to solve. The Grasshopper system allows entities within the system to both move between nodes, and simultaneously exist at multiple nodes. This paper discusses the naming scheme and network message protocols used by the Grasshopper network. It is shown that the protocols adopted allow entities to move between nodes and to be simultaneously accessed on multiple nodes while still maintaining the causal ordering of messages delivered to the entities.


Performance Measurements, sometimes also called 'Key Performance Indicators', are
becoming more and more frequently used in different kinds of operations, especially
within manufacturing. The management of Performance Measures is sometimes referred
to as 'Performance Measurement System', which is something practically all
companies have in some form. Though, using Performance Measurements in early
production development phases, before the actual production have started, is less
common and little literature within this area currently exists.
The field that this thesis aims to investigate is the following; Management of Performance
Measurements during early production development phases, with the purpose
of providing one or several frameworks in order to secure alignment between the
organisation, corporate strategies and Performance Measurements, including suggestions
of how to improve present state.
This thesis has been performed through a single-case study at Volvo Cars Corporation
in Gothenburg, Torslanda. The case has been carried out at the department
'Body In White', a function which develops the production processes and lines of the
body plants. The study underwent three major phases: Orientational, Exploratory
and Deliverables in order to fully understand the root cause problems and answer
the defined research questions. The data gathering strategy was to conduct both
a top-down and bottom-up analysis approach, which was mainly done through 26
semi-structured interviews at Torslanda as well as observations.
The thesis has resulted in an extensive definition of the Performance Measurement
Systems in early production development phase, including purpose mapping and
improvement areas, and solutions and interventions of identified problems. This includes
a new suggestion of a Performance Measurement System and two frameworks:
a model for connecting KPIs with Operational Excellence in early production development
phases, and a model for KPI identification related to high-level strategies
and objectives.
Developed solutions are expected to bring better clarity, understanding and an increased
level of alignment for Performance Measurement Systems in early production
development phases in the automotive industry.


We demonstrate that the South Pole kilometre-scale neutrino observatory IceCube can detect multi-TeV gamma rays continuously over a large fraction of the southern sky. While not as sensitive as pointing atmospheric Cerenkov telescopes, IceCube can roughly match the sensitivity of Milagro. Also, IceCube is complementary to Milagro because it will observe, without interruption, a relatively poorly studied fraction of the southern sky. The information which IceCube must record to function as a gamma ray observatory is only the directions and possibly energies of down-going muons.


Conflict theories suggest that groups lacking access to the political process, such as racial minorities, may resort to violence to achieve their goals and protest against injustice perpetuated by the state. Given their visibility, police officers may be particularly vulnerable to striking out by politically excluded groups; however, no research of which we are aware has examined how racial demographics within police departments, relative to the communities served, impacts violence against officers. Drawing on the racial threat perspective, we hypothesized that jurisdictions where the police are less representative of the community served would experience a greater number of assaults against police. FINDINGS indicate that while population size and aggravated assault rates are strongly predictive of assaults against police, the relationship between minority representation and assaults against police is not consistent with expectations: as the representation ratio increases within departments, so too does the number of assaults on police. Language: en


The use of portfolio matrices has been of great popularity since their first outing in the 1960's. However, recent criticisms have been leveled at their inaccuracy and inability to include flexibility. As such, this working paper proposes the use of the Family Portfolio Matrix, designed to consider many of the criticisms aimed at portfolio matrices, yet still being flexible in its use and application. The model is one which has been developed, and a methodology for its' testing and further development is included within the paper. It is not immune from criticism, and will still be open to some of the inabilities associated with portfolio analysis. However, in creating a model which is designed to be easily accessible to all, the Family Portfolio Matrix aims to draw in new visitors to strategic analysis and provide an insight into the benefits such analysis provides.


This paper presents a case study of three different five bit multidimensional constellations using Orthogonal Chaotic Vector Shift Keying (OCVSK); a two dimensional chaotic QPSK equivalent scheme (QCSK), a spherical Triakis Icosahedral scheme and a five dimensional hypercubic constellation. The optimal duration for each signal chip within the scheme is determined, in the light of the perceived noise within the channel, and the results are presented. The conclusion drawn is that the higher the dimension of the scheme and the consequential simplicity of the structure, the greater the noise rejection.


Mignolo's essay responds to the mission statement published in the summer 2013 issue of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The essay asks: How could a journal based in the United States "decenter" itself? Can CSSAAME transcend and transgress scholarly restrictions and publish essays and statements that, rather than following scholarly norms, are made with the force and the demands of the public sphere? If "regions are sources of theory," Mignolo claims, the regions should be responsible for using the journal to articulate their views and needs rather than mediating the views and needs of Western scholarship.


A clear visualization of the operative field is of critical importance in endoscopic surgery. During surgery the endoscope lens can get fouled by body fluids (eg, blood), ground substance, rinsing fluid, bone dust, or smoke plumes, resulting in visual impairment. As a result, surgeons spend part of the procedure on intermittent cleaning of the endoscope lens. Current cleaning methods that rely on manual wiping or a lens irrigation system are still far from ideal, leading to longer procedure times, dirtying of the surgical site, and reduced visual acuity, potentially reducing patient safety. With the goal of finding a solution to these issues, a literature review was conducted to identify and categorize existing techniques capable of achieving optically clean surfaces, and to show which techniques can potentially be implemented in surgical practice. The review found that the most promising method for achieving surface cleanliness consists of a hybrid solution, namely, that of a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating on the endoscope lens and the use of the existing lens irrigation system.


The hypothalamus and brain neurons orchestrate the secretion and nuclear transfer of PTMS which is neuroprotective against aging-related disorders. This study reports that parathymosin (PTMS) is secreted by hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells (htNSC) to inhibit senescence of recipient cells such as fibroblasts. Upon release, PTMS is rapidly transferred into the nuclei of various cell types, including neuronal GT1-7 cells and different peripheral cells, and it is effectively transferred into neuronal nuclei in various brain regions in vivo. Notably, brain neurons also produce and release PTMS, and because neuronal populations are large, they are important for maintaining PTMS in the cerebrospinal fluid which is further transferable into the blood. Compared with several other brain regions, the hypothalamus is stronger for long-distance PTMS transfer, supporting a key hypothalamic role in this function. In physiology, aging is associated with declines in PTMS production and transfer in the brain, and ptms knockdown in the hypothalamus versus hippocampus were studied showing different contributions to neurobehavioral physiology. In conclusion, the brain is an endocrine organ through secretion and nuclear transfer of PTMS, and the hypothalamus–brain orchestration of this function is protective in physiology and counteractive against aging-related disorders.


In order to investigate the pathogenic mechanism responsible for liver injury associated with chronic alcoholism, we studied the effects of different dietary vitamin E levels in chronically ethanol (EtOH)-fed rats on the activity and mRNA regulation of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) enzyme. Evidence is accumulating that intermediates of oxygen reduction may in fact be associated with the development of alcoholic liver disease. Since low vitamin E liver content seems to potentiate EtOH-linked oxidative stress, we studied the effect of EtOH treatment in livers from rats fed a diet deficient or supplemented with vitamin E. Chronic EtOH feeding enhanced hepatic consumption of vitamin E in both groups of EtOH-treated animals, irrespectively of the vitamin E level of the basal diet and the effect was observed in both the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. Both EtOH-fed groups exhibited increased MnSOD gene expression, while the enzyme activity was enhanced only in the vitamin E-deprived group of EtOH-treated animals. The significant increase in manganese liver content found only in this last group could explain the rise of enzyme activity. In fact, in the absence of a parallel increase of the prosthetic ion manganese, MnSOD mRNA induction was not accompanied by a higher enzymatic activity. These findings support the role of oxidative alteration in the EtOH-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in which MnSOD response might represent a primary defence mechanism against the damaging effect of oxygen radical species.


REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY
Obtaining magnetic resonance images of the inner hoof wall tissue at the microscopic level would enable early accurate diagnosis of laminitis and therefore more effective therapy.

OBJECTIVES
To optimise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in order to obtain the highest possible resolution of the structures beneath the equine hoof wall.

METHODS
Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) was performed in front feet from 6 cadaver horses using T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE-T2), and T1-weighted gradient echo (GRE-T1) sequences.

RESULTS
In T2 weighted FSE images most of the stratum medium showed no signal, however the coronary, terminal and sole papillae were visible. The stratum lamellatum was clearly visible and primary epidermal lamellae could be differentiated from dermal lamellae.

CONCLUSION
Most structures beneath the hoof wall were differentiated. Conventional scanners for diagnostic MRI in horses are low or high field. However this study used ultra-high field scanners currently not available for clinical use. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) increases as a function of field strength. An increase of spatial resolution of the image results in a decreased S/N. S/N can also be improved with better coils and the resolution of high field MRI scanners will increase as technology develops and surface array coils become more readily available.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
Although MR images with microscopic resolution were obtained ex vivo, this study demonstrates the potential for detection of lamellar pathology as it occurs. Early recognition of the development of laminitis to instigate effective therapy at an earlier stage and may improve the outcome for laminitic horses. Clinical MR is now readily available at 3 T, while 4 T, 7 T and 9 T systems are being used for human whole body applications.


Effective clustering algorithms are indispensable in order to solve the scalability problem in vehicular ad hoc networks. Although current existing clustering algorithms show increased cluster stability under some certain traffic scenarios, it is still hard to address which clustering metric performs the best. In this paper, we propose a unified framework of clustering approach (UFC), composed of three important parts: 1) neighbor sampling; 2) backoff-based cluster head selection; and 3) backup cluster head based cluster maintenance. Three mobility-based clustering metrics, including vehicle relative position, relative velocity, and link lifetime, are considered in our approach under different traffic scenarios. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of UFC with parameters optimization is presented. Extensive comparison results among UFC, lowest-ID, and VMaSC algorithms demonstrate that our clustering approach performs high cluster stability, especially under high dynamic traffic scenarios.


Sequential co-polypeptides containing L-isoleucine and L-methionine or L-alanine (Met-Ile-Met)n, (Ala-Ile-Ala)n, (Ala-Ala-Ile-Ala)n, and (Ala-Ile-He-Ala)N have been synthesized by polycondensation of peptide N-hydroxysuccinimide (ONSu) esters with corresponding sequences of amino acids. The tripeptide ONSu esters were prepared by the conventional stepwise method for peptide synthesis, while the tetrapeptide ONSu esters were synthesized by a so-called 'back-up procedure' from the tripeptide ONSu esters. The sequential co-polypeptides with the α-helical conformation showed a common far-i.r. band near 453 cm–1, the strength of which changed in accordance with a change in the proportion of L-isoleucine in the polypeptides. Thus, the band at near 453 cm–1 was assigned to that characteristic of L-isoleucine in a peptide with an α-helical conformation.


This paper discusses a type of turbulence in a uniform stream which is next to isotropic turbulence in order of simplicity. Instead of spherical symmetry, or isotropy, axially symmetical turbulence possesses symmetry about an axis which in practice is usually the direction of mean flow. The analysis is developed with the aid of invariant theory, as suggested by a previous paper by Robertson. The form of the fundamental velocity correlation is obtained, and scales of axisymmetric turbulence are defined. The results of greatest practical interest concern the time rates of change of the mean squares of the lateral and longitudinal velocity components. The rates of change involve two terms, the first representing viscous dissipation, and the second representing a transfer of energy from one component to the other due to the finite correlation between the velocity and pressure at neighbouring points. The effect of the velocity-pressure correlation is to bring the two velocity components towards equality, while the effect of the viscous dissipation will only be towards equality if an inequality between the curvatures at the origin of two particular velocity correlation coefficient curves, both of which are measurable, is obeyed. The rates of change of the mean squares of the vorticity components are also obtained.


This note (RE-279) represents the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's preliminary review of the new performance-related allocation criteria used by the Bank. It is confined almost exclusively to a methodological review of the allocative criteria and to a comparative analysis of the approaches used elsewhere for the performance-based allocation of scarce resources. This report discusses the evolution of allocation criteria within the Bank's methodology for allocating concessional resources. The report also analyzes the distributional impact of the new performance-based methodology and compares the Bank's criteria with the most important alternative criteria used to allocate aid: those developed by the International Development Association (IDA), of the World Bank. In addition, a methodological discussion of the Bank's framework is presented along with conclusions and recommendations.


Thrombocytopenic purpura developed in a 14-year-old boy with Alexander's disease; he died. The proximity of Rosenthal fibers to small vessels in the brain, the presence of perivascular lymphocytes in the brain, and the presence of complement in renal arterioles suggest that the Rosenthal fibers could have injured the endothelium-basement membrane resulting in an immune response triggering the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.


This study focuses on embedded realisation of adaptive vision algorithms, and illustrates the challenges using mixture of Gaussian (MoG) background subtraction. MoG is a frequently used adaptive vision kernel, for example, for surveillance applications. It involves massive computation and communication demands, which renders a software approach infeasible considering a 1 W power budget. To address these challenges, the authors employ a systematic system-level design approach and first analyse the demands at high-level, explore opportunities for bandwidth reduction, and derive a customised system-level specification. Based on the system-level exploration, this study then proposes a communication-centric architecture template that simplifies implementing embedded adaptive vision algorithms. To achieve high efficiency, they propose to separate steaming and algorithm-intrinsic traffic. This allows customising the traffic handling based on role of the data, as well as simplifying interconnecting multiple heterogeneous nodes. The authors demonstrate the benefits of traffic separation and the communication-centric architecture template based on MoG. They realise MoG on the Zynq-7000 SoC processing 1080p 30 Hz stream in real-time. The MoG processing kernel consists of 77 pipeline stages operating at 148.5 MHz. The authors' solution is more than 600 × faster than an ARM Cortex-A9 with 666 MHz. It only consumes 151 mW of on-chip power operating in real-time.


The growth of non-polar AlGaN digital alloy (DA) is achieved by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy using GaN microwire m-facets as the template. This AlGaN DA consisting of five periods of two monolayer-thick layers of GaN and AlGaN (approximately 50% Al-content) is integrated into the middle of an n-p GaN/AlGaN junction to design core-shell wire- μLED. The optical emission of the active zone investigated by 5 K cathodoluminescence is consistent with the AlGaN bulk alloy behavior. Several contributions from 295 to 310 nm are attributed to the lesser thickness and/or composition fluctuations of AlGaN DA. Single-wire μLED is fabricated using a lithography process, and I–V measurements confirm a diode rectifying behavior. Room temperature UV electroluminescence originating from m-plane AlGaN DA is accomplished at 310 nm.


Resumen The diet of the endangered Tehuantepec jackrabbit, Lepus flavigularis , was studied during the dry and rainy seasons in 2007, in a lowland area in the southeastern Oaxaca, Mexico. Faecal pellets of L. flavigularis were collected at regular intervals from four selected sites. Microhistological techniques were employed to analyze the pellets. The epidermal fragments were identified by comparison with a reference collection of plant species. Grass species occurred in high percentage in all samples of faecal pellets (66.7%). The diet of the Tehuantepec jackrabbit is rich in species (18 species in total) and is similar in number and proportion of species consumed during dry and rainy season. This study provides the first results on the Tehuantepec jackrabbit diet. The strategies of conservation of the Tehuantepec jackrabbit and their habitat must consider activities such as the control of fires and a suitable grassland management that does not reduce plant diversity.


We extended the technique of frequency-domain fluorometry to an upper frequency limit of 2000 MHz. This was accomplished by using the harmonic content of a laser pulse train (3.76 MHz, 5 ps) from a synchronously pumped and cavity-dumped dye laser. We used a microchannel plate photomultiplier as the detector to obtain the 2-GHz bandwidth. This new instrument was used to examine tyrosine intensity and anisotropy decays from peptides and proteins. These initial data sets demonstrate that triply exponential tyrosine intensity decays are easily recoverable, even if the mean decay time is less than 1 ns. Importantly, the extended frequency range provides good resolution of rapid and/or multiexponential tyrosine anisotropy decays. Correlation times as short as 15 ps have been recovered for indole, with an uncertainty of +/- 3 ps. We recovered a doubly exponential anisotropy decay of oxytoxin (29 and 454 ps), which probably reflects torsional motions of the phenol ring and overall rotational diffusion, respectively. Also, a 40-ps component was found in the anisotropy decay of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, which may be due to rapid torsional motions of the tyrosine residues and/or energy transfer among these residues. The rapid component has an amplitude of 0.05, which is about 16% of the total anisotropy. The availability of 2-GHz frequency-domain data extends the measurable time scale for fluorescence to overlap with that of molecular dynamics calculations.


This study uses an integrated pedagogical tool for knowledge learning as an on-line tool for flipped classroom activities and as an off-line capability training tool. Theoretically, the Experiential Learning Cycle (ELC) plays a critical role in promoting students learning effectiveness and performance. However, a dearth of research has applied M-learning and flipped classroom in combination with the ELC stages such as concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation to examine the knowledge and ability learning outcomes for students. This study integrates the On line to Off line (O2O) classroom development and usage derived from the four stages of ELC based on on-line knowledge learning and off-line ability training in Microeconomics courses. The results revealed significant improvements in students learning outcomes after O2O mode was implemented. In comparison with traditional teaching methods, not only does O2O teaching significantly improve the students' learning result of professional knowledge, but O2O teaching also significantly enhanced the capabilities of the students. Furthermore, this study reports the findings from major activities of each ELC stage in O2O classroom practice along with the mapping of on-line learning and off-line training included in the aforementioned stages. Finally, the study provides pedagogical implications and future research directions.


Abstract:Storytelling is not just a human practice, but a practice that reflects the physical and cognitive make-up of human beings. This is the intuition at the core of Monika Fludernik's notion of "experientiality." One of the upshots of this idea is that narrative struggles to come to terms with realities (such as natural evolution or geological history) that are not human-scale. In light of recent discussions in posthumanism and ecocriticism, one may ask if and how narrative can overcome this anthropocentric bias. This essay addresses this question through a close reading of Kurt Vonnegut's Galápagos (1985), a novel set a million years into the future, when humanity has evolved into a radically different species. The essay explores formal strategies and affective impact of Vonnegut's novel, using it as a springboard to rethink narrative's experientiality in the face of a more-than-human vantage point.


w-mp Whether fluoxetine (FX) is effective in the treatment of anxious depression is still debated. In the present study. after one week of placebo (single blind). 142 outpatients affected by major depression with relevant anxiety and agitation were randomly assigned (double blind) to either FX (20 rng/day) (n. 67) or amitriptyline (AM) (daily dose: 115 -1- 39.2 mg) (n. 75) for a period of 10 weeks. Between groups. the mean score of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) was significantly different only after 3 weeks of treatment (AM 14.72 5.7 vs FX 17.3 6.2 (p = 0.02). whereas at the end of the trial it was similar (AM 8.15 + 6.9; FX 8.96 f 6.6). At each visit, no significant difference between groups was found regarding the scores of the HRSD items "psychic anxiety". 'somatic anxiety", "agitation". Furthermore, the FIX treatment did not increase the scores of the items 'suicide", 'psychic anxiety", "somatic anxiety", 'agitation" and "insomnia". These findings suggest that patients affected by major depression with anxiety and/or agitation were effectively and safely treated with FX without increasing risks.


Abstract: With the rise of hearables and the advantages of using in-ear microphones with intraaural devices, accessibility to an in-ear speech database in adverse conditions is essential. Speech captured inside the occluded ear is limited in its frequency bandwidth and has an amplified low frequency content. In addition, occluding the ear canal affects speech production, especially in noisy environments. These changes to speech production have a detrimental effect on speech-based algorithms. Yet, to the authors' knowledge, there are no speech databases that account for these changes. This paper presents a Speech-in-EAR (SpEAR) database, of speech captured inside an occluded ear in noise and in quiet. The database is bilingual (in French and in English) and is intended to aid researchers in developing algorithms for intra-aural devices utilizing in-ear microphones.


The short-term stability of measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart period, and salivary cortisol and the relation of these variables to one another and to measures of social competence in kindergartners were examined. Physiological measures were collected during multiple individual sessions with 30 kindergarten children, ages 5 to 6 years. Three sessions were scheduled at 2-week intervals and included a negative affect task as a challenge. Cardiovascular and cortisol responses to the challenge were assessed. Results indicated that baseline measures of RSA and heart period were stable across time. Baseline cortisol levels were not stable. The change in RSA in response to a task that elicited emotional responses was not stable over time. Consistent with findings observed in adults and older children, changes in RSA were related to the cortisol response. Children who increased cortisol over the course of Session 1 exhibited larger decreases in RSA than children who did not show increased cortisol levels. In addition, the children who had larger decreases in RSA had higher ratings of sociability on the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory. Greater decreases in heart period during the task were associated with lower ratings of shyness. The relation of RSA measures to ratings of social competence supports the Polyvagal Theory (Porges, 1995, 2001), which suggests that the ability to engage and disengage with objects and people in one's environment, necessary for social competence, is related to the regulation of vagal control of the heart.


Today, every business depends on Information Technology (IT) for the efficient service delivery and cost-effective application of technological resources. Modern technologies are being adopted to overcome business pressure, streamline existing procedures and service delivery cost-efficiency for maximising profit due to the increase in global competition and shifts in the customer expectations.  Cloud computing (CC) is an Internet-centric computing service that utilises and provides IT services to organisations through the provisioning of resources through the Internet using web-centric software and gadgets without the assistance of any private IT architecture within the firm. Cloud based interactive mobile learning platform is the result of such exploration and this practice of learning is improving with the time. New technologies such as smart mobile devices, Cloud computing and wireless connectivity are opening new opportunities of learning for students.  Thus, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the main factors affecting the adoption of Cloud based interactive mobile learning for the Australian Higher Education sector. In this research, a survey data collection technique with existing students using Mobile application for learning and also a literature review process were conducted.  Research outcome shows that the use of Artificial intelligence and Machine learning can make learning more efficient and these technologies need to be integrated in applications designed for Australian Higher Education sector.  It is expected that the research outcome will help interactive mobile application developers and higher education providers to better understand the requirements of students while providing an interactive learning platform for them.


The results of comparative analysis of some nonlinear dispersive models of shallow water are presented. The aim is to find their individual properties relevant for the numerical solution of some model problems of long wave transformation over submerged obstacles The study considers basic properties of the listed models and their numerical implementation. Computations are obtained compared with the analytical solution and experimental data. Attention is primarily focused on the models suggested by Peregrine (1967); Zheleznyak and Pelinovsky (1985); Kim, Reid, Whitakcr (1988): Fedotova and Pashkova (1997). Also classical equations of shallow water are considered in both linear and nonlinear approximations.


Methane global concentration has more than doubled since the pre-industrial times. This increase is generally caused by the anthropogenic activities like the massive use and extraction of fossil fuel, rice paddies agriculture and emissions from landfills.
Space observations are very useful to monitor and quantify methane concentration in the atmosphere, in order to improve our knowledge of its sources, sinks, transport and trends.
Since 2002 global methane total-columns mixing ratois from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartographY (SCIAMACHY) on board ENVISAT was the first space-borne sensitive to methane in the boundary layer. However the communication with the instrument was lost in April 2012.
Since January 2009 methane columns retrievals have been available also from the Thermal And Near Infrared Sensor for carbon Observations-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS), on-board the GOSAT satellite. In this study, we used measurements in the short wave infrared radiation (SWIR) from TANSO-FTS covering 5 years, from January 2010 to December 2014 to estimate global methane fluxes by inverse modeling, using the PYVAR-LMDZ model. We present here the results of global and regional methane budget, and its inter-annual variability during this period.


Periodic wound debridement promotes healing in chronic wounds. Low-frequency ultrasonic debridement (LFUD) is a promising adjunct to wound care, which offers relatively painless debridement and bacterial biofilm destruction. We performed LFUD on 17 patients over 8 months, with a minimum follow-up of 3 months. Nine of the wounds (53%) healed primarily or with the aid of a skin graft. Six additional patients (35%) experienced a wound-size reduction of at least 50%. The remaining 2 patients (12%), one with sickle cell anemia and one with a venous stasis ulcer, had reductions in wound area of 20%-30%. None of the patients required initiation of antibiotic treatment after starting LFUD. LFUD has had an early favorable experience in our institution. Further randomized clinical studies are required to better define the mechanism of action and the patient populations most appropriate for this modality.


The research explores the effect of modified Edge Couple Split Ring Resonator (EC-SRR) on the wideband microstrip patch antenna. Firstly, there are three different size of the EC-SRR, namely larger EC-SRR, normal EC-SRR and smaller EC-SRR had been structured first before located into the patch antenna. After that, a simple microstrip patch antenna of Design A had been simulated using the CST Microwave Studio software. Then, the addition of different number of modified EC-SRR on the side and above side of the patch. Beside the basic design of Design A, three different stages of addition of SRR are considered in this research. Design B, Design C and Design D consist of SRR addition at the edges, sides and above of patch. The wideband antenna resonates between 2.08 GHz to 3.45 GHz of frequency with – 24.271 dB of return loss at resonant frequency of 3.11 GHz. At 2.4 GHz of WLAN application, the return loss is – 15.154 dB. Design D shows the increment of the bandwidth compare all designs with 1.372 GHz (from 2.077 GHz 3.449 GHz) compare with Design A with only 0.645 GHz (from 2.307 GHz to 2.952 GHz).


The Rietveld-internal standard method for Bragg-Brentano reflection geometry (θ/2θ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns is implemented to determine the amorphous phase content. The effect of some minor phases on quantitative accuracy is assessed. The numerical simulation analysis of errors and the related corrections are discussed. The results reveal that high purity of crystalline phases in the standard must be strictly ensured. The minor amorphous or non-quantified crystalline phases exert significant effect on the quantitative accuracy, even with less than 2 wt% if ignored. The error levels are evaluated by numerical simulation analysis and the corresponding error-accepted zone is suggested. To eliminate such error, a corrected equation is proposed. When the adding standard happens to be present in sample, it should be also carefully dealt with even in low amounts. Based on that ignorance, the absolute and relative error equations (ΔAE, ΔRE) are derived, as proposed. The conditions for high quantitative accuracy of original equation is strictly satisfied with a lower amount of standard phase present in sample, less than 2 wt%, and a higher dosage of internal standard, larger than 20 wt%. The corrected equation to eliminate such quantitative error is suggested.


This work represents a further contribution to reporting experimental activities carried out on a modern Wankel rotary engine. Specifically, in this study, the firing performance of the Advanced Innovative Engineering 225CS engine is analysed. Preliminary presentations of the experimental and measurement setup and a motoring analysis were extensively covered in Part I and II of this suite of papers while the current work presents the combustion analysis of the firing indicated pressure cycles collected through the bespoke combustion analyser software developed within the project. With the Wankel rotary engine gaining popularity again due to its potential as a range extender for battery electric vehicles, the aim of this work was mainly to analyse the fuel consumption together with the overall efficiency and the emissions at different engine speeds and loads as per classic steady-state engine testing. The characteristic curves of power and torque thus derived from the experimental measurements are reported while further deductions on combustion phenomena are then drawn from an analysis of the indicated pressure cycles. Specifically, parameters such as the rate of heat release, the net heat release, the IMEP and the indicated instantaneous torque are assessed. Further considerations are drawn on the overall mechanical efficiency relying on the IMEP computed from the indicated pressure cycles and the BMEP inferred from the torqued measured experimentally under steady-state conditions. Furthermore, the effects of the combustion on the internal pressure of the Self-Pressurizing Air-Rotor-Cooling System employed are evaluated in addition to parameters such as the Coefficient of Variation of the IMEP for the evaluation of the cycleto-cycle combustion quality and engine regularity. Finally, the postprocessed data represent an update to the historical literature on Wankel rotary engines. In addition, it can be used for the development and validation of numerical models for such engines hence allowing investigation by means of simulations of the effect on efficiency and performance of the rotary engine when employing alternative fuels such as hydrogen in the future.


The purpose was to assess whether various colors across room interiors do, in fact, evoke different moods. Digital images of two imaginary living rooms were used as the experimental settings. For each of the experiments, the rooms' spatial characteristics were fixed, with only the colors changed: either warm, cool, or achromatic colors. As predicted, warm colors tended to produce stronger participant responses when rating the scene on "high arousal," "exciting," and "stimulating." Cool colors tended be associated with "not very arousing," but to be rated higher on "spacious" and "restful." It is generally assumed that cool and achromatic colors evoke calmer and more peaceful emotions. The study's results show that the spatial characteristics of the imaginary spaces themselves affected participants' responses only on measures of "happiness" and "vividness." Lastly, sex differences were also found, with women's ratings generally more positive than those of men.


We present reverberation-mapping (RM) lags and black hole mass measurements using the C ivλ1549 broad emission line from a sample of 348 quasars monitored as a part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey RM Project. Our data span four years of spectroscopic and photometric monitoring for a total baseline of 1300 days, allowing us to measure lags up to ∼750 days in the observed frame (this corresponds to a rest-frame lag of ∼300 days in a quasar at z = 1.5 and ∼190 days at z = 3). We report significant time delays between the continuum and the C ivλ1549 emission line in 48 quasars, with an estimated false-positive detection rate of 10%. Our analysis of marginal lag measurements indicates that there are on the order of ∼100 additional lags that should be recoverable by adding more years of data from the program. We use our measurements to calculate black hole masses and fit an updated C iv radius–luminosity relationship. Our results significantly increase the sample of quasars with C iv RM results, with the quasars spanning two orders of magnitude in luminosity toward the high-luminosity end of the C iv radius–luminosity relation. In addition, these quasars are located at some of the highest redshifts (z ≈ 1.4–2.8) of quasars with black hole masses measured with RM. This work constitutes the first large sample of C iv RM measurements in more than a dozen quasars, demonstrating the utility of multiobject RM campaigns.


Lung tumor tracking for radiotherapy requires real-time, multiple-step ahead forecasting of a quasi-periodic time series recording instantaneous tumor locations. We introduce a location-mixture autoregressive (LMAR) process that admits multimodal conditional distributions, fast approximate inference using the EM algorithm and accurate multiple-step ahead predictive distributions. LMAR outperforms several commonly used methods in terms of out-of-sample prediction accuracy using clinical data from lung tumor patients. With its superior predictive performance and real-time computation, the LMAR model could be effectively implemented for use in current tumor tracking systems.


Three experiments were conducted to replicate and extend Helmholtz's observation indicating vergence hysteresis. The two stimuli were presented dichoptically to the eyes in the mirror :stereoscope and moved temporalward or nasalward. Helmholtz's finding was confirmed in Experi ment 1, in which the critical separations were measured for the stimuli divergently moving temporalward when fusion of their images was abruptly broken (breakaway point) and when fusion was re-established (refusion point) for the stimuli moving nasalward. In Experiment 2, in which only the stimulus for one eye moved temporalward while the stimulus for the other eye was stationary, the breakaway point of the moving stimulus was found to be linearly dependent on the position of the stationary stimulus. Experiment 3 showed that, in the asymmetric divergent tracking as in Experiment 2, the change of the perceived visual direction of the fused image was smaller than the angular magnitude of the movement of the tracking eye. These results were discussed as evidence indicating the sensory and motor connection of the two eyes.


As approximations to the wave functions governing quantum chemical systems become more and more complex, it is becoming increasingly important to devise descriptors that help understand the practical results of those approximations by condensing information in insightful ways. Quantum chemical descriptors that are able to capture the statistical signatures of quantum chemical interactions provide such conceptual building blocks. Central to an understanding of these descriptors is the concept of a "domain occupation number operator," which allows the so‐called "real space" and Hilbert space partitionings to be treated on the same footing. Many of the existing descriptors can be expressed as the (central) densities and density cumulants associated with the domain operators. These densities can be obtained by successive differentiation of generating functions, effectively structuring domain associated densities into hierarchies. Not only do the resulting hierarchies indicate how many of the previously reported descriptors are related, they also show which areas have not yet been explored.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity of five medicinal plants from Northern Mexico against ATCC bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (9183), Staphylococcus aureus (BAA44), Escherichia coli (O157), Enterobacter aerogenes (9180) and Enterobacter cloacae (9235) and eight clinical isolated strains (CI) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sarcina lutea and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methanolic extracts of the leaves were tested against these bacterial strains using diffusion on agar method. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the microorganisms tested. Leucophyllum frutescens showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (CI) and Escherichia coli O157 the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 28.0 and 30.0 g/ml, respectively; Tecoma stans inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (CI) MIC 36.1 g/ml; Fouquieria splendens showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli O157 MIC 25.0 and 27.1 g/ml, respectively, Euphorbia antisyphylitica resulted active against E. aerogenes 9183 and S. aureus (CI) MIC 30.1 and 26.8 g/ml respectively. Acacia farnesiana did not show any antimicrobial activity. With the bioassay of Artemia salina, only the extract of L. frutescens showed toxicity (DL50 de 196.7 g/ml). The dichloromethane soluble fraction of methanolic extract of L. frutescens with bioautography assay revealed three bands in the TLC, showed a broad spectrum activity against S. aureus (IC). This findings could increase scientific knowledge of medicinal plants from North of Mexico with antibacterial properties.


1.Active restoration strategies have been recommended to recover Neotropical savannas in abandoned lands, but no studies have investigated the trajectories and speeds of spontaneous recovery for these systems. Research into the dynamics of degraded savannas is urgently needed to guide restoration decision-making.

2.We analysed the dynamics of secondary savannas in the Brazilian Cerrado by sampling 29 abandoned pastures (time since abandonment ranging from 3 to 25 years) and applying the space-for-time substitution method. We modelled the temporal changes in plant community attributes and estimated the time (years) required for these attributes to match those of two reference ecosystems (three replicates each), old-growth savanna and a forest-type savanna, which had encroached following fire suppression (encroached savanna). We also analysed the plant community composition of the study sites.

3.Our models showed that tree canopy cover, richness and density rapidly increased with time since pasture abandonment, easily surpassing the values of the old-growth savanna (28 years) and reaching the values of encroached savanna 49 years after abandonment. The cover and richness of the ground layer increased at a much slower pace. Since the species in this layer, including the exotic grasses, are shade intolerant, they will be eliminated by canopy closure over time.

4.Up to 25 years after abandonment, secondary savannas continued to lack many (37%) old-growth savanna species, mostly from the ground layer (82% of grasses absent). This period was also not sufficient for the secondary savannas to become floristically similar to the encroached savannas, which are dominated by shade-tolerant tree species.

5.Synthesis and applications. Despite the reported high natural regeneration of Neotropical savanna vegetation, abandoned pastures will not spontaneously return to an old-growth savanna state. Protected from fire and lacking the native ground layer, the end state of secondary savannas will be a low-diversity forest. If restoration goals include the recovery of old-growth savanna biodiversity and structure, interventions are required to prevent woody encroachment and reintroduce native grasses, forbs and shrubs. However, if the desirable endpoint is a low-diversity forest, passive restoration (non-intervention) and fire protection are appropriate.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


A problem of rural women in Latin America is the poor access to economic resources; a solution we propose is to implement a collaborative model, where are used natural resources in the area for production of value added products such as cosmetics products, to improve their living conditions. Objective: This paper concerns the evaluation of the physicochemical stability of hair cosmetics based on natural resources of the Costa Rican flora. Methodology: cosmetic products were developed based on Carica papaya, Ananascomosus, and others from the area, equally developed stability testing at 25 ° C and 40 ° C for six months following the guidelines of ANVISA, and quality control which were adapted for reproduction on the production site. Results: Formulations designed contain at least 80% of natural excipients, but preservatives exclude parabens derivatives or other similar substances, also were quantified their physicochemical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and pH, in different storage conditions during the time of the present study. Using ANOVA, was analyzed the data. Conclusions: the study revealed that the formulations are stable for at least one year under the conditions of no more than 30°C and protected from light packaging, and achieved the respective health registry that allowed the marketing of the product.


The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes that children will have access to potentially dangerous sports equipment regardless of efforts by pediatricians to have all such equipment kept off the market. The latest sports fad to cause an alarming number of injuries to children is skateboarding. Although pediatricians may be unable to prevent the use of skateboards by inexperienced children, they should be aware of the facts related to skateboard injuries and of possible ways to prevent them or decrease their severity.
 INJURIES
 Number of Injuries
 Skateboarding has become an increasingly popular sport. As a result, between 1973 and 1977 there was a 30-fold increase in the number of injuries sustained. In the 12-month period ending June 30, 1977, approximately 106,000 victims sought hospital emergency room treatment for skateboard-related injuries,1 and more than 300,000 injuries are expected to be reported for 1978.
 Patterns of Injuries
 Most of the trauma from skateboard accidents occurs in the 10-to 14-year age group. One third of the injuries are fractures involving the forearm and lower leg. Another third of the injuries are contusions and abrasions. The rest of the injuries are sprains and miscellaneous problems, including head injuries, concussions, skull fractures, and serious intraabdominal trauma (J. E. McDermott, M.D., personal communication)1.2. In the past four years, at least 25 deaths have occurred, usually following a head injury or collision with a motor vehicle. A recent study showed that protective equipment was usually not worn by the victim at the time of the injury.1
 RECOMMENDATIONS
 Education and Training


Results of microbiological official analysis carried out during 2009-2012 for detection of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae in fresh and salted Ricotta cheese marketed in Sardinia, are reported. The aim of this research was to evaluate the presence of contaminants indicators of process hygiene, and the presence of B. cereus, which while not covered in the EC Regulation 2073/05 for this product, it may represent a risk as a potential producer of toxins harmful to the consumer health. Were analyzed a total of 157 samples according to ISO reference. The results indicate a widespread presence of the three types of microorganisms sought: prevalence of B. cereus 53%, 23% Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli 12%. In conclusion, it is desirable the introduction, in the production process, keeping the cold chain to prevent the risk from B. cereus, and improved hygiene of processing plant, equipment and personnel, to reduce recontamination of the product by the Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli.


A multiple micellar pseudophase model of kinetics in aqueous surfactant solutions is described. The model has been developed using the transition state pseudoequilibrium constant approach. The advantage of this approach is that no assumptions are made about the nature of the micelle pseudophases. The kinetics of the reduction of pernonanoic and 3-chloroperbenzoic acids by iodide in SDS, Brij-35 and Triton X-100 are reported. The results are used to obtain the micellar association constants of the peracids and also the apparent (virtual) micellar association constants of the transition states. These are compared with the micellar association constants of the parent acids, obtained by pH titration. The association constants are discussed in terms of micellar catalysis and inhibition. Ratios of association constants indicate the relationship between initial, transition and final states.


With ageing, there is a decline in hormone levels, including oestrogen, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and growth hormone. Replacement of these hormones has been investigated and reviewed in this paper. There are still controversies regarding the benefits and risks of replacement therapy.


This paper examines the hedging effectiveness of the FTSE/ATHEX-20 and FTSE/ATHEX Mid-40 stock index futures contracts in the relatively new and fairly unresearched futures market of Greece. Both in-sample and out-of-sample hedging performances using weekly and daily data are examined, considering both constant and time-varying hedge ratios. Results indicate that time-varying hedging strategies provide incremental risk-reduction benefits in-sample, but under-perform simple constant hedging strategies out-of-sample. Moreover, futures contracts serve effectively their risk management role and compare favourably with results in other international stock index futures markets. Estimation of investor utility functions and corresponding optimal utility maximising hedge ratios yields similar results, in terms of model selection. For the FTSE/ATHEX Mid-40 contracts we identify the existence of speculative components, which lead to utility-maximising hedge ratios, that are different to the minimum variance hedge ratio solutions.


Our goal in this paper is to develop a practical, low-cost method for 3-dimensional volumetric imaging of cellular structures using a common light microscope. We have developed several algorithms that use 2-dimensional images obtained at different focus levels to construct a 3-dimensional image of the object by cleaning other layers' data from focused layer as much as possible. To extract clean raw images with eliminating point spread function's effects we used maximum likelihood and the wavelet based hybrid regularization algorithm. We propose to map this 3D object extracted from deconvoluted images to a virtual space for high resolution viewing. This has the potential of greatly enhancing the viewing process and expose visual information which is otherwise hidden. Furthermore, with 3D models available, the viewing process can be made more interactive allowing the scientists to study the specimens at different angles, cross-sections, zooming in/out, rotating the objects etc.. The results illustrate that 3D object-from-focus imaging of translucent objects can be produced using light microscope and it is possible to effectively map that data to a virtual environment for enhanced user interactions


Among adults, higher T predicts lower VAT in men and higher VAT in women, and higher E2 predicts greater SAT in women. The degree to which the association between adiposity and sex steroids is bidirectional is controversial. Using data from a cohort of adolescents, we examined whether sex steroid levels in early puberty influenced VAT and SAT deposition in adolescents. EPOCH participants (n=418, 209 girls and 209 boys) underwent sex steroid measures at visit 1 (mean age 10 years) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of VAT and SAT at visit 1 and visit 2 (mean age 17 years). Using mixed models, we examined whether T and E2 at visit 1 were associated with overall VAT and SAT levels from visit 1 to visit 2. Models adjusted for maternal education and income as well as children's race, pubertal status, caloric intake, physical activity levels, insulin, leptin, and MRI-measured hepatic fat fraction. Among girls, each unit increase in T was associated with a higher overall VAT (0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04, 0.28) and SAT (0.33, 95% CI 0.33, 1.52) levels. Each unit increase in E2 was associated with overall higher SAT (0.56, 95% CI 0.28, 0.83) levels. Among boys, undetectable T was associated with higher VAT (5.12, 95% CI 1.90, 8.36) and lower SAT (-18.85, 95% CI -36.23, -1.46) levels. We conclude that endogenous T and E2 during the pubertal transition significantly influence adolescent adipose tissue deposition in both boys and girls. Future investigations should examine how the use of exogenous sex hormones impacts adipose tissue deposition during this critical period. Additional follow-up is needed to determine how adolescent fat deposition impacts subsequent glucose tolerance in early adulthood. Disclosure C. Kim: Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Apple. K.K. Harrall: None. D.H. Glueck: None. D. Dabelea: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK068001)


Geothermal source is a perspective technology able to use the ground as a thermal sink or heat source. It is one of the energy resources in Iran that can be used with long-term investment. This study provided a new idea to use of this energy for heating and cooling of buildings. Two wells were used for heating and cooling due to the constant temperature of the water in depth of 12 m underground (approximately is equal  to the annual temperature environment during the year). Water flowed in six speeds: 10, 11.5, 13, 16, 29 and 34 lit/min using a hydraulic pump (12 meters hydraulic height and 2 inch diameter) from first well, and after passing through radiator, discharge to other well. The outdoor temperature was 9oC, 40 ° C and 15.5-16 ° C for heating, cooling and well water respectively. An axial fan is used to passing the air in six speeds: 0.5, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4 and 7.4 m/s through the radiator. The results showed that the use of water from this well can reduce the required power about 25% for heating and increase the air temperature from 9 to 25 ° C. Also this system can reduce the required power between 38 to 60% for cooling and decrease the air temperature from 40 to 25 ° C.


There have been over a dozen small books on this subject in the last few years, and now revisions of some of them are appearing. This must mean that there is a tremendous appetite for the subject in a condensed form. Statland has "revised" very little of his book and added three hundred words on salicylate poisoning. The book is fairly good in its theoretical and didactic aspects but could be improved where he attempts to outline treatment of specific patients. The paragraphing, spacing, and sentence structure have been changed a little. An illustration on electrocardiographic changes in hyperkalemia has been reduced in complexity, and another has been added on hypokalemia. Edward E. Mason, M.D.


This thesis treats topics within the area of object recognition. A real-time view matching method has been developed to compute the transformation between two different images of the same scene. This method uses a color based region detector called MSCR and affine transformations of these regions to create affine-invariant patches that are used as input to the SIFT algorithm. A parallel method to compute the SIFT descriptor has been created with relaxed constraints so that the descriptor size and the number of histogram bins can be adjusted. Additionally, a matching step to deduce correspondences and a parallel RANSAC method have been created to estimate the undergone transformation between these descriptors. To achieve real-time performance, the implementation has been targeted to use the parallel nature of the GPU with CUDA as the programming language. Focus has been put on the architecture of the GPU to find the best way to parallelize the different processing steps. CUDA has also been combined with OpenGL to be able to use the hardware accelerated anisotropic sampling method for affine transformations of regions. Parts of the implementation can also be used individually from either Matlab or by using the provided C++ library directly. The method was also evaluated in terms of accuracy and speed. It was shown that our algorithm has similar or better accuracy at finding correspondences than SIFT when the 3D geometry changes are large but we get a slightly worse result on images with flat surfaces.


The production of macrophage activation factor (MAF) by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), head kidney leucocytes was examined after culturing in vitro with extracellular products (ECP) collected from Mycobacterium sp. Cultures of leucocytes were prepared from naive fish, or fish previously vaccinated with either the ECP or with formalin killed whole cell preparations (WC) of the bacterium. The cells were then incubated with the ECP in vitro and the ability of their supernatants to activate macrophages assessed. Macrophages from control fish were incubated with the supernatants, and their ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) measured as an indicator of macrophage activation. Incubation of head kidney macrophages from naive fish directly with 1, 10 or 100 μg mL–1 of ECP for 48 h significantly enhanced macrophage activation compared with control macrophages. Vaccination of fish with either ECP or WC had no significant effect on the respiratory burst of control macrophages 4 weeks post-vaccination. By the eighth week, however, absorbance levels of respiratory burst reflecting both the primary (cells from vaccinated fish cultured in vitro with PBS) and the secondary (cells cultured in vitro with ECP) MAF responses of fish vaccinated with ECP and WC, had peaked and these were significantly different from the non-vaccinated controls. This activity had fallen to levels similar to control fish by week 12 for fish vaccinated with WC.


This paper is mainly concerned about the theoretical argument from Software design, which is based on underwater acoustic remote-control communication system of low-power signal chips and the simulation study on its core algorithms and its implementation on hardware system. Each command needs 125ns to be executed, while the master frequency of this filter is 8MHz, so it cannot deal with the signal processing synchronously. This process can only start after all the code elements are stored, which takes 2 seconds. However, the filter is so economic in energy that this micro-power system is endowed with a broad prospect in remote-control application, where the demand for synchronicity is not high.


During the last decade our concept of what "physical fitness" means has undergone a major change. Traditionally the "physically fit" child was one who had obvious motor (or athletic) abilities, ordinarily defined by such parameters as muscle strength, agility, speed, and power. But the high levels of power, speed, and agility necessary for success in most competitive sports have little or no relevance in the daily lives of most adults. Today, the words "physical fitness" imply optimal functioning of all physiologic systems of the body, particularly the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems.1
 DEFINING PHYSICAL FITNESS
 Physical fitness is now considered to include five components: muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, body composition (ie, degree of fatness), and cardiorespiratory endurance. Good cardiorespiratory endurance may be associated with a lessened chance of disability or death due to cardiovascular disease. Schools in the United States have traditionally emphasized sports such as football and baseball, both of which require agility and skill but are not particularly fitness enhancing. Aerobic activities (eg, activities requiring maintenance of 75% of maximal heart rate for 20 to 25 minutes), if performed at least three times a week, can lead to enhanced cardiorespiratory endurance. This improvement in fitness can be achieved by swimming, running, bicycling, field hockey, aerobic dancing, fast walking, etc.
 SCHOOL PROGRAMS
 Unfortunately, just as the understanding of the importance of health-related physical fitness has become widespread, our ability to direct youth activities toward fitness is being countered by several new pressures: (1) Financial strains may lead public school systems to reduce physical education budgets.


Undercounting is a serious data quality issue that can lead to a directional bias in migration statistics. It may be caused by a lack of legal requirements for reporting migration events between and within countries, or difficulties in enforcing such requirements. The main sources of information on undercounting are the metadata accompanying official statistics and expert opinions. However, metadata related to undercounting are very limited. Similarly, expert opinions may be arbitrary, elicited from few experts who might not know all the details of the migration data shared by different countries, or who might not take into account changes in methodologies or definitions, or retrospective updates of the data after censuses. This paper aims to develop a methodological solution for the assessment of undercounting in international migration data, and has three main objectives. First, the paper provides an overview of the available metadata and expert opinions on undercounting in European migration flows. Second, the study proposes a new, data-driven, year-specific, and duration-of-stay-adjusted approach to classifying undercounting that enables scientists, researchers, policymakers, and other users to combine information from various sources. The proposed methodological solution relies on bilateral migration data provided by Eurostat and the UN, as well as migration data provided directly by some national statistical institutes (NSIs), to compare flows, in the same direction reported by a given country with high-quality data reported by another set of countries. The duration-of-stay correction coefficients are calculated by using an optimization model, or are taken from previous migration models. We construct metadata and expert opinion scores and combine them into a single classification of undercounting. Third, the final outcome is a dynamic classification of undercounting for 32 European countries (2002–2019) that is easily accessible and, flexible, and that allows for changes to the underlying assumption via an online Shiny application.Our findings suggest that the highest level of undercounting in migration data are observed in the new EU member states, particularly in Bulgaria, Latvia, and Romania. However, we also show that for certain periods, there have been notable levels of undercounting in many other European countries, including in those countries that are traditionally assumed to maintain reliable population statistics.


Master's Degree Programme in Human Rights and Democratisation in Latin America and the Caribbean, University of San Martin (Buenos Aires)


Background: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in high tibial osteotomy (HTO) to treat patients with chronic knee instability due to posterolateral corner (PLC), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiencies with concurrent malalignment in the coronal and/or sagittal plane. Purpose: To perform a systematic review of the use of HTO for the treatment of knee ligament instability with concurrent malalignment. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted for the treatment of combined knee ligament instability and malalignment with HTO using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and MEDLINE (1980 to present); the queries were performed in July 2015. Terms searched included the following: high or proximal tibial osteotomy, unstable, instability, laxity, subluxation, tibial slope, and malalignment, in the knee joint. Inclusion criteria were as follows: HTO to treat instability of the knee joint in the sagittal and/or coronal plane, minimum 2-year follow-up with reported outcomes measures, English language, and human studies. Animal, basic science, and cadaveric studies were excluded as well as editorials, reviews, expert opinions, surveys, special topics, letters to the editor, and correspondence. Results: The search resulted in 460 studies. After applying exclusion criteria and removing duplicates, 13 studies were considered. Of the studies reviewed, knee ligament pathologies, previous surgeries, and measurement of knee stability were heterogeneous. However, all studies reported an improvement in knee stability after HTO. Most studies reported improvement in outcome scores. However, other studies did not provide preoperative scores for comparison. Reported complication rates ranged from 0% to 47%. Conclusion: Although HTO has been highly advocated and used in treating patients with ligamentous knee instability, there remains a paucity of high-quality studies. Included studies report improvement of instability as well as relatively high patient satisfaction and rate of return to sports. The heterogeneity of the pathology treated, follow-up time, and outcome measures limit comparison between studies.


Purpose – This paper aims to examine young Chinese wine consumers' perceptions of the diffused wine information in China, and explore the factors that may influence their perceptions. Design – A positivism paradigm was employed to design the research. Methodology – Quantitative data were collected from a total of 507 young Chinese wine consumers via a self-administered structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and advanced statistics were employed to analyse the collected data. Approach – Respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique. Deductive approach was used to reason data. Research ethics were observed. Findings – Six dimensions (complexity, compatibility, relative advantage, observability, religion and ethics, and trialability diffused wine information) emerged via Principal Component Analysis. Young Chinese wine consumers' perceptions of the diffused wine information were independent of their personal and professional backgrounds. However, consumers with different education levels and religions considered differently the expensiveness of wine to purchase. Their considerations of the expensiveness of wine to purchase were dependent on their awareness of alcoholic friends and family members, age, education levels and gender. Originality of the research – This study is possibly the first of its kind to employ the diffusion of innovation theory to examine young Chinese wine consumers' perceptions.


Chapter Summary: We consider the recent financial crisis as an overlapping sequence of interdependent financial bubbles followed by their collapse. Governments and regulatory agencies have made it a prime goal to moderate future crises. Many attempts at financial, economic and social engineering are plagued by an "illusion of control" typical of complex systems for which we offer some suggestive mathematical models. The "illusion of control" presents a significant challenge to effective resilience engineering. Furthermore, control may not only yield no benefit, but at times may exact perverse new costs. We argue that some markets almost always; almost all markets sometimes; and economies in general are truly "complex systems" in a technical sense; that as such, they are intrinsically characterized by periods of extremity and by abrupt state-transition; that they spend much time in a largely unpredictable state, but on the other enter periods of pre-crisis when they are predictable. In consequence of a system phase (or regime) transition, we argue that the most extreme events—the most influential ones—are susceptible to (probabilistic) prediction. In light of this analysis, we offer a small number of perhaps counter-intuitive suggestions, for example, that many of the present interventions in the "liquidity crisis" are ill-advised and possibly dangerous—e.g., the widespread attempts to artificially stimulate consumption in the absence of precautionary reserves and in the presence of huge liabilities; as an example of real-world, large-scale resilience engineering we suggest that bubble-prediction should be a mainstay of financial regulation.


The use of the term household and the theoretical and empirical meanings attached to it have undergone changes through time. When Home Economics was established as an academic field of study, the household became its primary unit of analysis. In Northern societies, the concept of family gradually began to occupy the limelight, and functions and aspects formerly attributed to the household in studies on the domestic domain began to feature in family studies. Against the backdrop of the second feminist wave and the emergence of consumer society and urban lifestyles, the household was increasingly treated as a unit of consumption only. Such a narrowconceptualization of the household not only limits its application to certain types of societies but also obstructs our view on the ways in which people provide for their food and care needs, cope with deprivation and adversity, and leaves the important role women play in these processes under-exposed. These arguments are developed on the basis of an analysis of the results of 12 recent (2002–2010)Wageningen University PhD research projects in different Asian and African countries. The concepts of family and home emerge in the analysis as well, but are seen as partly overlapping with the concept of household and subsumed under it. On the basis of the results of the analysis and the literature, the paper formulates conclusions about the importance of the household as a unit of analysis and the relevance of a field of study that focuses on households and the domestic domain


This is a critical edition of the unattributed Admiral's Men comedy \(Look\) \(About\) \(You\), first published in 1600. The playtext has been treated according to standard editing practice: spelling and punctuation modernized, scene divisions imposed, and changes to the text collated. Full critical apparatus, including textual commentary and an expository introduction, accompanies the play. This edition views the text as a practical theatrical document, looking to performative and stageable choices first, and to thematic, stylistic, and generic influences second. The introduction is framed as a series of contextual narratives, applying methodologies from attribution and repertory studies to discuss the possibilities of authorship and date of composition. Once situated in its repertorial context (plays written for the performance at the Rose theatre between 1598-1600), the introductory matter interprets adaptation of source texts, verbal influences from contemporary drama and non-dramatic literature, and generic trends to determine a probable date of composition in 1599. The emphasis is on understanding how \(Look\) \(About\) \(You\) interacts within contemporary dramatic works and how it functions as a piece meant for performance. Sections of the introduction examine these more practical aspects through dramaturgical structure, staging conditions, casting and doubling requirements, and an extended editorial practices section.


This year's recipient of the Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award is D. Gary Gilliland of Harvard Medical School.

The Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award, named in honor of the first recipient of this annual award, recognizes the outstanding achievements of an ASCI member in advancing knowledge in a specific field and in mentoring future generations of life science researchers.

The JCI had the opportunity to speak with Gilliland about his scientific achievements and plans for the future.

JCI: How did you feel when you were told that you were being awarded the 2007 Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award?

Gilliland: Extraordinarily honored and humbled. The work of Korsmeyer established the paradigm that identifying the genetic basis of a disease allows you to understand its molecular pathogenesis and thereby develop rational approaches to treat individuals with the disease, and this has inspired much of my own work.

JCI: You are being recognized for your contributions to our understanding of the genetic basis of human hematological malignancies. What do you consider your greatest scientific accomplishment?

Gilliland: I cannot take credit for any single advancement, but I'm most proud of the contributions that my group has made to developing new treatments for cancer, including discovering the genetic basis of hematological malignancies, developing targeted therapies based on these insights, and translating this into phase I/II clinical trials. Perhaps as importantly, we have relayed "bedside-to-bench" responses into an understanding of disease mechanisms. Therefore, I would view our ability for bidirectional translation between the laboratory and the clinic as our most important contribution to cancer medicine.

JCI: When and how did you become interested in hematological malignancies?

Gilliland: At graduate school in UCLA, where I worked with John Collier on bacterial toxins. We became interested in using antibodies to redirect bacterial toxins to cancer cells to destroy them. At the time it had limited applications because of the immune response induced by the antibody-toxin conjugates. However, with the advent of antibodies that more specifically target cancer cells and evade immune recognition, many of the problems we faced have been addressed and such anticancer strategies have shown considerable promise. In any case, my graduate work involved many interactions with clinicians and patients, and this interface with patients dying of cancer compelled me to be involved in translational research in oncology. To be in the best possible position to do this, I felt that it was necessary to go to medical school, and then, during my postdoctoral training, I focused on hematology and oncology. The reason I chose to focus my research on hematological malignancies specifically was largely because studying them was more tractable than studying solid tumors — it was much easier to get samples in sufficient quantities. However, it seems clear now that much of what has been learned about hematological malignancies, such as the idea of leukemia stem cells, will be widely applicable to solid tumors.

JCI: What are your future research plans?

Gilliland: Recently my laboratory has begun studying cancer stem cells in the context of leukemia, and this will be an area of focus in the future. My interest in these cells comes from the fact that although therapeutics such as Gleevec cause long-term remission in individuals with leukemia, they do not cure the individual, and eventually the cancer returns. It is thought that cancer stem cells are resistant to the effects of current therapeutics. Therefore, defining the molecular identity of these cells should lead to therapeutic targets to prevent them reinitiating disease. One potential problem with targeting these stem cells is that we currently have little understanding of how they differ from HSCs, and our initial work has begun investigating the differences between HSCs and leukemia stem cells.

JCI: What are the biggest changes you have seen during your time in research?

Gilliland: The advances in technology have not only changed the way in which we do experiments but also the way we approach science. When I started, experiments were always designed to test a hypothesis, but now technologies such as SNP arrays and high-density epigenetic analysis should allow us to generate testable hypotheses that would have been unthinkable without these sophisticated genome-wide technology platforms. These advances mean that scientists need to be part of large collaborative networks. However, a challenge of this approach in academia is how to promote and reward such team efforts.

JCI: What other contributions to science are you proud of?

Gilliland: What I am more proud of than any of my scientific achievements is that I have had the opportunity to nurture some truly talented young scientists. It has been tremendously rewarding for me to work with absolutely extraordinary physician-scientists. I understand that my most important legacy, more important than any accomplishment I might make as an individual, will be the cadre of young investigators whose development I have supported. This is what Dr. Korsmeyer did for me, and I am honored to be able to do all that I can to pass along Dr. Korsmeyer's support and compassion to others. We would all do well to emulate him.


The strong income distributional effects of international trade and the widening wage differential between skilled and unskilled labour in developed countries have been well documented. Consequently, researchers and some policy-makers have argued that increasing sectoral labour mobility and the educational attainment of the population should be a policy priority. This paper looks at the empirical relationships between income inequality, openness, educational attainment and the regulatory framework of tertiary education in OECD countries. Specifically, the objective of the paper is to empirically assess the impact of public versus private investment in university education, tuition fees, educational subsidies and access to student loans on income inequality in a cross-sectional analysis of OECD countries while accounting for their degree of openness to international trade.


Integrated pest management (IPM) is an environmentally friendly technology. IPM is a multifaceted approach to pest management that seeks to minimize negative impacts on the environment. This technique is an important step towards providing healthy, viable food for a growing global population. The focus of this study was to examine the impact of integrated pest management in a rice agroecosystem. Currently, more than 80% of farmers rely on pesticides. IPM methods employed in our study had an impact on the number of healthy tillers and hills and grain weight. The lowest percentage of dead heart (1.03) and white head (2.00) was found in the IPM treated plots. These plots had an average yield of 7.4 tonne/ha. We found that there were significant differences between the treatment and the observed percentage of dead heart, grain weight, and yield. We conclude that IPM practices are an effective strategy for obtaining high rice yields while protecting the environment and creating a more sustainable agroecosystem. Furthermore, the need for ongoing research and training on IPM methods will be essential for creating a sustainable rice agroecosystem.


A Study was made of the ecology of aquatic bryophytes and their accumulation of metals in rivers of northern England. Field surveys and experiments in the field and laboratory examined the effectiveness of bryophytes as monitors of heavy metal pollution. A survey of 105 river sites (10-m reaches) with Rhynchostegium riparioides was carried out, together with a seasonal survey of this species at seven sites, which also included data for two other species. Details of the aquatic bryophytes present, water chemistry and metal concentrations in mosses are given. The ecological ubiquity of Rhynchostegium was described using principal components analysis and discussed in relation to other macrophytes. A biometric study revealed that marked interpopulation differences in gametophytic characters were correlated with water chemistry variables (NH(_4)-N, PO(_4)-P, Cl, Na) indicative of organic pollution. Significant linear regressions were found between accumulation and aqueous concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ba and Pb. A multiple regression of these and other chonical data suggested several factors had significant effects on accumulation. Seasonal effects were largely chemical in nature, rather than a function of the plants themselves. Experiments supported several findings from the surveys. Zinc uptake proceeded more rapidly than loss and was influenced by aqueous Mg, Ca and humic acids, but not PO(_4)-P, NO(_3)-N or Si. Accumulation was greater in tips of Rhynchostegium than Amblystegium riparium or Fontinalis antipyretica. Results indicate that bryophytes are useful as monitors of pollution. Rhynchostegium in particular is recommended for its ecological ubiquity, its presence in a wide range of aqueous metals and greater accumulation. Applications of bryophytes for specific uses are outlined, with recommendations for different situations. A new model, based on slopes of accumulation, is proposed as a predictive tool.


A transdermal drug delivery system of diclofenac sodium was developed for prolonged and controlled release of drug. The designed system essentially based on polymeric dispersion system. To achieve the desired release rate, different combinations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers were used for the preparation of pseudolatex systems. The permeation kinetics of diclofenac sodium from transdermal system through hairless delipidized and lipidized mouse skin was done. The permeation profile and the related kinetic parameters of diclofenac sodium alone and in presence of an enhancer isopropyl myristate at different concentrations were studied. The observed permeation flux, permeation coefficient found to increase in presence of enhancer isopropyl myristate. The effect was found to be the maximum with isopropyl myristate at a concentration of 10 percent. The more pronounced enhancing effect of isopropyl myristate regarding permeability flux, permeation coefficient, diffusion coefficient was attributed with solubility parameter being nearer to the skin lipid solubility parameter and probably due to its passage across the skin barrier through the lipid pathway.


Abstract : VASTG is an interactive graphics program designed specifically for use with the VAST finite element analysis program and it offers both pre-processing features for verification of the input data and post-processing features for interpretation and presentation of results. Numerous improvements have been made. The model verification modules PLOTVI and VASHID were upgraded to permit isoparametric curved beams to be plotted as solids and with eccentricities shown. VASHID was also improved in other respects to gain speed and reduce storage requirements. The load data verification capabilities of PLTV12 were expanded. The deformed model plotting capability utilizing VASHID was generalized to permit rotational degrees of freedom for the thick-thin shell elements to be either global or local. In addition, the automatic visible surface identification capability was extended to displacement and mode shape contours. Scaling on finite element plots was permitted to be automatically defined from element plotting specifications. Provisions were made to save graphics generated for terminal display on file for optional output to hardcopy devices such as laser printers. Furthermore, the capability for switching between graphics mode and alphanumerics mode was improved as well.


Rachel and her brother are extraordinary. She is a spell-maker. He is a destroyer of spells. The High Witch, Heebra, wants Rachel and Eric crushed, and her enemies, the Wizard's, destroyed. A party of witches is dispatched to find the thousands of children with powers like Rachel's, and turn them into a ferocious army. Can Rachel and Eric stop the witches and win the battle between good and evil? The second instalment of the classic Doomspell Trilogy.


More than two years ago Sir Tim Berners-Lee made the pronouncement that 'Journalists need to be data-savvy … but now it's also going to be about poring over data and equipping yourself with the tools to analyse it and picking out what's interesting'. 5This new form of data-driven journalism appears to have been enthusiastically adopted – at least in the rhetoric of news discourse, according to which it is 'rapidly becoming part of the establishment'. This analysis is a preliminary survey of data-based stories being presented in the national news in the UK, and lays the groundwork for an analysis and typology of the forms and formats of data journalism as a media practice. The analysis shows that while superficial data journalism is being practiced, it is limited in scope and format. No evidence was found of a commitment to data projects among the news outlets examined, and only one instance of recourse to the Freedom of Information Act was seen. Most data presented were superficial, and sourced from traditional outlets. Data journalism is practiced as much for its visual appeal as for its investigative qualities, and the overall impact, especially in the tabloid format is as much decorative as informative.


We then explore how autonomous algorithmic assistants affect the legal framework. Some issues challenge the very use of algorithmic assistants: Should the law place an age limit on the use of such algorithms? Should legal limits be placed on their use in certain spheres? Other issues arise from the construction of preferences by algorithms. To wit, in a market in which demand is driven by algorithms, can we necessarily regard the choices made as expressions of user preferences that serve our socio-political goals? Even if the answer is positive—does this new mode of user choice fit current legal assumptions, such as those that apply to the notions of consent or intent? And are our regulatory tools, which seek to ensure that individual consumers can make informed decisions, outmoded? It is therefore essential to determine whether the existing legal framework is sufficiently potent to deal with this brave new world, or whether we need new regulatory tools.

Despite their importance and timeliness, these questions have not been dealt with in depth. This article seeks to fill this void. It proceeds as follows. Part II explores the lure and modes of operation of algorithmic assistants, and how these characteristics may affect human choice. Part III then analyzes the rationales for such choice and explores how these rationales are affected by the employment of autonomous algorithmic assistants. As shown, while some rationales are not harmed—and might even be strengthened— by the use of autonomous algorithmic assistants, others challenge us to reconsider the meaning and the role that choice plays in our lives and to deal with the conflict between the efficient fulfillment of short-term preferences and the long-term ability to form such preferences. Part IV analyzes the implications of these new private orderings on regulation, with a special focus on laws based on assumptions of human autonomous decision-making. We summarize our findings in a short conclusion.


The light output of ten operating microscope illuminators used for eye surgery was measured. The spectral output characteristics of each source were compared to optical radiation safety standards. Exposure of sensitive ocular structures of the patient is discussed. The light sources tested were found to be safe for momentary viewing, and almost all devices sufficiently filtered IR wavelengths to preclude acute thermal bioeffects. The permissible occupational exposure duration was found to range from 2 min to 1 h. Interpretations of these findings to the clinical setting are provided. Light exposure of the retina should be minimized by using the lowest light setting commensurate with the surgical task and making maximal use of off-axis illumination to minimize central retinal (macular) exposure. It is also recommended to use eyecups to shield the retina during final suturing.


Inorganic chemistry is a beautiful, rich, and exciting discipline, but it also has its challenges. This solutions manual for Inorganic Chemistry, Seventh Edition will prove invaluable in meeting those challenges. As you master each chapter in Inorganic Chemistry, having detailed solutions handy allows you to confirm your answers and develop your ability to think through the problem-solving process. Solutions Manual to Accompany Inorganic Chemistry, Seventh Edition features: - Detailed, step-by-step solutions for each of this edition's self-tests and end-of-chapter exercises - Numerous figures created specifically for the solutions, and not found in the main text - References with the end-of-chapter exercises directing you to relevant sections of the textbook to review if the exercise proves challenging to you - Guidelines for selected tutorial problems provide additional literature references for most of the chapters offering additional support


New York City, NY 10038 email@example.com In this paper, we offer general and specific strategies for using activities based on origami to invoke mathematical thinking. Origami refers to the Japanese art of paper folding. Background is given on origami, including the development and critical aspects of the practice of origami in the United States, Next, we indicate how origami can relate to the current goals of K -12 mathematical education. General strategies are described that can be applied to any origami model. The basic strategy is for students to do the teaching. Then we describe in detail a variety of models. The examples include a variety of different computer-based techniques that middle and high school students can use to produce supporting materials for teaching.