ABSTRACT The spatial distance (gap) between map symbols can have a great impact on their discriminability, however, there is little empirical evidence to establish spatial and attribute thresholds. In this paper, we examine the effect of the spatial gap in discriminability of color hue and value, that is, we conducted an online study to obtain performance metrics; then an eye-tracking study to understand participants' strategies and cognitive processes. Participants completed two experimental tasks (compare two areas and decide if their color is the same; and compare three areas and rank them from the lightest to the darkest). The color distances and the spatial distances were strictly controlled for the compared areas. Our analyses confirmed that, overall, increasing the gap between colors has a consistent negative impact on the ability to differentiate them with both sequential and qualitative schemes. Furthermore, we observed that sequential schemes require larger color distances than qualitative schemes for discriminability. Finally, our results suggested that for qualitative colors, the largest tested color distance ∆E00 = 10 yields considerably higher levels of accuracy in color discrimination (even when the spatial gap between the two colors is large), thus we recommend ∆E00 = 10 to practicing cartographers and other information visualization designers.


A frequent task in hydrogeology, environmental or engineering geology to detect fractured zones within compact rocks. The problem can easily be handled in the case of outcrops. But a complex approach is necessary when the basement is covered with conductive overburden. Penetration depth, resolution power and efficiency are the main aspects when deciding the methodology. The poster presents an example of the integrated application of electromagnetic (EM: VLF, EM-31, Protem) and direct current (DC) methods. According to the geological model, there is a varying thickness of low resistivity sediments above the resistive basement. Fractured zones are supposed to be within the compact basement. The tasks were on one side to detect the thickness of the overburden and on the other side to delineate the covered fractured zones within the basement. The resistivity of the covering sediments varied between a few 10 - 100 ohmm. The resistivity contrast between the basement and the overlying sediments is at least twice. The tectonic/fractured zones could be followed as resistivity lows.


ABSTRACT This study analyses the European Union's (EU's) citizenship regime as a demoi-cratic institution. It explores the effect of supranational citizenship on subjective legitimacy and focuses particularly on special access to the political system that is granted to moving EU citizens. The first section critically reviews the EU's citizenship regime as a model of gradual citizenship. Based on that, the second section examines the effects of EU citizenship status on subjective legitimacy, measured as political efficacy and satisfaction with democracy. It is argued that gradual political membership fosters political efficacy and satisfaction with democracy in national political systems. The empirical study examines perceptional differences at the most aggregate level and tests them against factors at the individual and contextual levels. The results provide evidence for the postulated effects on efficacy and point to the importance of domestic policies regulating access to the political system for the effects on efficacy and satisfaction with democracy.


A method is described for receiving a multicast in user devices in a network issuing a request to join a multicast group, identifying multicast data packets associated with the multicast group, monitoring transmissions of the multicast data packets to determine whether the identified multicast data packets are being transmitted in an already established unicast session and establishing a unicast session and processing multicast data packets if an already established unicast session does not exist. A method is described for receiving a multicast transmission in user devices in a network establishing a unicast session with a dedicated terminal, identifying multicast data packets associated with a multicast group, monitoring transmissions of the multicast data packets and processing the multicast data packets by the dedicated terminal. Additonally, an apparatus is described for accepting a request to join a multicast group, for identifying multicast data packets associated with the multicast group, establishing a unicast session, for encapsulating said multicast data packets in a unicast frame and for forwarding the unicast frame via the unicast session.


Research is all about writing, but most PhD programs don't teach students how to produce the writing needed to get a PhD, publish research, or win fellowships and grants. Plus, the academic environment can feel as cold and harsh as the South Pole. But just as penguins form social huddles to survive the Antarctic winter, researchers can form writing groups to help them learn how to write more, write better and be happier in academia. The Writing Workshop tells you everything you need to know about forming and running a successful writing group, and provides invaluable tips on how to become better at and more comfortable with academic writing. Written by a professor of Cognitive Sciences at the University of California, this friendly guide is aimed at early-career researchers such as PhD students, postdoctoral scholars and new faculty members. Chapter topics include: How to form and run a writing workshop; how to plan research and writing projects over the long (one to five years) medium (ten to fifteen weeks) and short (one week) terms; how to establish and maintain a regular daily(ish) writing practice; how to write a literature review, research article, funding proposal or presentation; and how to revise for clarity at the document, paragraph, sentence and word levels. There are templates to help students set writing goals and log their writing practice, plus in-class exercises to help writers learn to hear the difference between effective and ineffective writing. Running through the book is the theme of well-being, and the idea that creativity comes from self-compassion rather than self-punishment. Writing is not only a way of producing scholarly output, but also a way of thinking, learning and generating new ideas. A regular writing practice grounded in a supportive community is something that every early-career scholar deserves and, with this book, it's something every early-career scholar can have.


Abstract. Planning and operations in urban spaces are strongly affected by human mobility behavior. A better understanding of individual mobility is key to improve transportation systems and to guide the allocation of public space. Previous studies have discovered statistical laws of travel distances, but the topology of movement between places has received little attention. We propose to employ network modelling methods to analyze the effect of spatial and context attributes on individual movement patterns. The perspective of mobility as a network allows to explicitly regard dyadic dependencies of sequential location visits. Here, we consider two methods developed for social networks and provide a formulation of mobility networks to justify their applicability. First, we use the Multiple Regression Quadratic Assignment Procedure to test hypotheses on the influence of location attributes on mobility behavior. Secondly, Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models are applied to model the evolution of mobility networks over time. As a proof-of-concept study, we transform data from one GNSS-based and one check-in based dataset into mobility networks and present results from both methods. We find relations that appear for a majority of samples and thus seem inherent to mobility networks. The differences between individuals and the available datasets are further quantified and discussed. We conclude that the transfer of network modeling methods is an interesting opportunity to study network-related phenomena in geographic information science.


Numerical simulations are performed for the two-dimensional magneto-convective transport of Cu–H2O nanofluid in a vertical lid-driven square cavity in the presence of a heat-conducting and rotating circular cylinder. The left wall of the cavity is allowed to translate at a constant velocity in the vertically upward direction. Both left and right walls are maintained at isothermal but different temperatures. The top and bottom walls of the enclosure are thermally insulated. At the central region of the cavity is a heat-conducting circular cylinder which can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise. A constant horizontal magnetic field of amplitude B0 is applied perpendicular to the vertical walls. The nanofluid is electrically conducting, while the solid walls are considered electrically insulated. Simulations are performed for various controlling parameters, such as Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 10), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50), dimensionless rotational speed of the cylinder (Ω = ±1), and nanoparticle concentration (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.3), while Reynolds number based on lid velocity is fixed at a specific value (Re = 100). The flow and thermal fields are found to be susceptible to changes in the magnetic field and mixed convective strength, as well as nanoparticle concentration. However, the direction of cylinder rotation is observed to have little or no influence quantitatively on global hydrodynamic and thermal parameters.


Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that aims at making objects in the world to be connected through Internet. IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is considered as one of the common protocol stack suite for IoT applications. The 6LoWPAN network is implemented on the top of IEEE 802.15.4 standard in order to alleviate the challenges of connecting resource constrained objects to the Internet. In such a network, nodes are competing to send their sensed data as high as possible in a selfish way. However, high network data traffic degrades network performance and quality of service aspects, e.g., data sending rate, network latency and reliability, and energy consumption. In this paper, we formulate the sending rate adjustments as a non-cooperative game where each node is modeled as a player in the game and demands high data sending rate in a selfish way. The basic idea of our scheme is to adjust the data sending rate according to the preferences of nodes to send high data rate, the quality of data in terms of similarity, and nodes priorities in the targeted IoT application. We then prove the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium before computing the optimal sending rate using Lagrange multipliers and KarushKuhnTucker (KKT) conditions. We called our game-based scheme ThingsGame. We validate and evaluate ThingsGame scheme in the IoT operating system Contiki OS using Cooja simulator. Simulation results show that ThingsGame improves significantly network performance in terms of overall throughput, energy consumption, number of lost packets, as compared to the Selfish way scheme.


The atomic volume of crystalline elements is largely determined by the packing density of atoms in the respective modification. The determination of packing density is improved by assuming that the atomic distances depend on bond valences according to Pauling's equation. With the additional assumption of equal valence in different modifications, the experimental atomic volume of an element in any given structure is reduced to its volume in close-packed structures, e.g. f.c.c. The ratio of this reduced atomic volume and the experimental atomic volume is a measure of packing density. Reduced atomic volumes of C, Si, Ge, P, As, S and Se, as calculated from different modifications, correspond in most cases to within less than +/-1% for each element, even if calculated from extremely different structures like diamond and buckminsterfullerene in the case of carbon, or from numerous modifications of sulfur with annular molecules of different sizes. Exceptions (graphite, white phosphorus, tin and selenium) indicate deviating valences.


The traditional definition of anaphora in purely co-textual terms as a relation between two co-occurring expressions is in wide currency in theoretical and descriptive studies of the phenomenon. Indeed, it is currently adopted in on-line psycholinguistic experiments on the interpretation of anaphors, and is the basis for all computational approaches to automatic anaphor resolution (see Mitkov, 2002). Under this conception, the anaphor, a referentially-dependent expression type, requires "saturation" by an appropriate referentially-autonomous, lexically-based expression --the antecedent-- in order to achieve full sense and reference. However, this definition needs to be re-examined in the light of the ways in which real texts operate and are understood, where the resulting picture is rather different. The article aims to show that the co-textual conception is misconceived, and that anaphora is essentially an integrative, discourse-creating procedure involving a three-way relationship between an "antecedent trigger", an anaphoric predication, and a salient discourse representation of a situation. It is shown that it is only in terms of a dynamic interaction amongst the interdependent dimensions of text and discourse, as well as context, that the true complexity of anaphoric reference may be satisfactorily described. The article is intended as a contribution to the broader debate which has been going on within the pages of this journal and elsewhere between the formalist and the functionalist accounts of language structure and use.


This dissertation reports a series of experiments undertaken to determine new uses for gas-phase cluster ions by investigation of their formation and thermochemistry. Clusters of ions and neutrals can be formed from electrospray ionization of peptides, amino acids, metals, and metal complexes in solution, resulting in varied chemical distributions including both homogeneous analyte clusters and heterogeneous clusters, such as hydrated metal ions. Large hydrated ions are ideal chemical thermometers, which can be used to measure the adiabatic internal energy deposition from a gas-phase reaction simply by determining the change in mass resulting from the evaporation of water from the cluster ion. Ideally, each of these waters removes a discrete amount of energy - approximately the energy of two hydrogen bonds, or 10 kcal/mol - resulting in a ladder or scale of measured energies for a given reaction, as well as a width for the energy distribution imparted to the ion during the reaction. These robust and adjustable nanocalorimeters are introduced here and used to determine the thermochemistry of one-electron recombination reactions with metal ions and ion complexes. These results have key implications for the magnitude and character of the energy deposition in electron capture dissociation, a fundamental technique in top-down proteomics. Of further interest is the fact that these nanocalorimetry measurements should become more comparable to bulk measurements made in solution as cluster ion size increases. Initial experiments using these gas-phase measurements to obtain bulk values, such as the absolute value of the standard hydrogen electrode, that are not measureable in solution-phase electrochemistry are demonstrated. Additionally, clusters of ions formed from a mixture of analyte components should be, in principle, indicative of the stoichiometry of the mixture if they are formed statistically. Here, statistical analyses of cluster ion distributions are used to obtain reasonably accurate and rapid measurements of peptide and amino acid molar fractions in solution mixtures over a three order of magnitude range in lieu of traditional standards. These measurements are not possible using individual ions, due to differences in ionization and detection efficiency of the discrete analytes which cause preferential enhancement or suppression of mixture components. However, within a cluster composed primarily of like components, i.e., a clustering agent, these differences become small, and mixtures of peptides and amino acids containing up to ten components are quantified. Taken together, these experiments reveal a robust series of applications for cluster ions previously regarded as a detriment to the efficient formation of ions.


The design process of a microprocessor requires representative workloads to steer the search process toward an optimum design point for the target application domain. However, considering a broad set of workloads to cover the large space of potential workloads is infeasible given how time-consuming design space exploration typically is. Hence, it is crucial to select a small yet representative set of workloads, which leads to a shorter design cycle while yielding a (near) optimal design. Prior work has mostly looked into selecting representative benchmarks; however, limited attention was given to the selection of benchmark inputs and how this affects workload representativeness during design space exploration. Using a set of 1,000 inputs for a number of embedded benchmarks and a design space with around 1,700 design points, we find that selecting a single or three random input(s) per benchmark potentially (in a worst-case scenario) leads to a suboptimal design that is 56% and 33% off, on average, relative to the optimal design in our design space in terms of Energy-Delay Product (EDP). We then propose and evaluate a number of methods for selecting representative inputs and show that we can find the optimum design point with as few as three inputs.


BACKGROUND
Analysis of immediate early gene expression in brain is a common contemporary method for mapping changes in neuronal activation with cellular resolution. This method has been applied previously in models of involuntary alcohol exposure. In this study, immunohistochemical expression analysis of immediate early genes c-fos, fosB, and zif268 was performed in brain of C57BL/6J mice after voluntary alcohol consumption.

METHODS
Mice were trained to consume 10% ethanol/10% sucrose, using a 30-min limited-access paradigm. Animals consumed approximately 1.5 g/kg of ethanol per session. Control animals consumed 10% sucrose solution. Gene expression was determined in half of the animals 1.5 hr after the drinking session. Gene expression in the remaining animals was determined after 0.5 hr of restraint stress, which is known to elevate expression of immediate early genes in many brain regions. Analysis of the stressed animals was also performed 1.5 hr after the drinking session.

RESULTS
Blood alcohol concentrations were significantly reduced in animals exposed to restraint stress. However, stressed mice showed the greatest alcohol-induced changes in gene expression. Specifically, animals consuming ethanol/sucrose with subsequent exposure to restraint stress had lower c-Fos expression in the CA3 region of hippocampus, and higher c-Fos expression in nucleus accumbens than mice exposed to restraint stress after drinking the sucrose solution. Consumption of the ethanol/sucrose solution also significantly reduced FosB expression in the basolateral amygdala and lateral hypothalamus, and Zif268 expression in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of stressed animals.

CONCLUSIONS
These data confirm previous observations showing selective effects of alcohol administration on immediate early gene expression. Furthermore, the effects of voluntary alcohol self-administration on immediate early gene expression differ from involuntary alcohol exposure and suggest several brain regions as substrates for alcohol consumption.


The polarization behavior of elastic scattering at 1473 nm is analyzed from a silicon microsphere on an optical fiber half-coupler. The 0.27 nm angular mode spacing of the resonances correlates well with the optical size of the silicon sphere. The spectral linewidths of the resonances are on the order of 10−3  nm, which corresponds to quality factors on the order of 106. The transverse magnetically polarized elastic scattering signal has higher resonance to modulation depth and background ratio than the transverse electrically polarized elastic scattering signal and is suitable for high-resolution optical filtering applications such as optical monitoring and sensing.


The paper discusses methods for the synthesis of bys-quaternary ammonium salts containing fragment menthol. A study of the bactericidal activity of the compounds synthesized in a series of strains bakteria and fungi. The dependence of the bactericidal activity of the carbon chain length and type of the ammonium salt. Among the studies found connections substance with a high bactericidal activity.


Animal and human studies support a role for apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. We examined the relationship of APOA5 −1131T>C and S19W with lipid subfractions and progression of atherosclerosis in the Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial. Compared with −1131TT men (n = 242), carriers of the −1131C allele (n = 54) had significantly higher total TG (P = 0.03), reflected in significantly increased VLDL mass [higher VLDL-TG, VLDL-cholesterol, VLDL-protein, and surface lipids (all P < 0.05)]. Because apoB levels were unaffected by genotype, this suggests an increase in VLDL size and not number. Compared with 19SS men (n = 268), 19W carriers (n = 44) had higher intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)-TG, IDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04), and IDL-surface components [free cholesterol (P = 0.005) and phospholipids (P = 0.017)] but not protein content, suggesting an increase in IDL lipid enrichment resulting in an increase in IDL size. 19W carriers also showed a trend toward increased progression of atherogenesis, as measured by change in average diameter of segments (−0.46 ± 0.011 mm compared with −0.016 ± 0.006 mm) in 19SS men (P = 0.08). There was no effect of genotype on the response of these parameters to gemfibrozil treatment. These results shed new light on the role of APOA5 variants in TG metabolism and coronary heart disease risk.


The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of volume overload on cardiac gene expression and the possible role of angiotensin AT1 receptor in such expression. Cardiac volume overload was prepared by abdominal aortocaval shunt in rats. Rats with aortocaval shunt were treated with 1) vehicle, 2) an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist, CS-866 (10 mg/kg/d), or 3) an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, temocapril (10 mg/kg/d), for 7 days. Cardiac tissue mRNA was measured by Northern blot analysis with specific probes. Aortocaval shunt not only caused cardiac hypertrophy but also upregulated the gene expression of atrial natriuretic polypeptide, collagen III, and downregulated Ca(2+)-ATPase expression in the left ventricle. These changes were prevented by treatment with CS-866, while temocapril failed to normalize left ventricular Ca(2+)-ATPase expression. Unlike the left ventricle, the significant downregulation of alpha-myosin heavy chain and transforming growth factor-beta 3 by aortocaval shunt was observed in the right ventricle, and CS-866 normalized this decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta 3. The left and right atria showed increased expression of collagen type I as well as of collagen type III and atrial natriuretic polypeptide, and these increases were more effectively prevented by CS-866 than by temocapril. Thus, the effects of cardiac volume overload on cardiac performance-related gene expression differ between the ventricles and atria. Our results suggest that AT1 receptor partially contributed to volume overload-induced changes in cardiac gene expression and that AT1 receptor antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have different effects in this model of cardiac hypertrophy.


There has been much recent concern about the
effects of pollution on the environment and inhabitants
of Cumbria: the Lake District has been identified as an
area at risk from 'acid rain'; the west coast of Cumbria
is nationally known for elevated levels of radioactive
wastes; tourists are damaging the fabric of the remote
areas they come to enjoy; some of the lakes receive
large loads of effluents; the list is a large and growing
one.
In 1985, the Merlewood Research Station of the
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology hosted a meeting at
Grange-over-Sands, and invited specialist speakers to
address a general audience on aspects of pollution
problems facing Cumbria. The speakers were chosen
to provide views of pollution in Cumbria from several
viewpoints, with the expectation that much of the
available evidence and data would be presented. The
audience contained local people, councillors, industrialists
and environmentalists, and anyone with an interest
in the environment in Cumbria was welcomed.
The evidence presented at that meeting is published
here, and we are grateful to the authors for their
contributions. However, the Natural Environment Research
Council, of which ITE is a component institute,
cannot accept responsibility for the views expressed in
this volume; they are solely those of the authors, and
in publishing them ITE is simply providing a forum for
those views to be expressed. An assessment of the
extent of the problems is left to the reader, and I hope
that this volume will prove to be informative and,
above all, thought-provoking.


We investigated the postprandial thermic effect of chicken and its mechanisms in rats. A chicken diet showed a strong thermic effect after consumption, and the removal of fat induced more rapid and stronger thermogenesis. Although thermogenesis induced by a purified chicken protein diet was also strong, the thermic reaction was not so rapid and a remarkable rise of peripheral temperatures was not observed. Defatted chicken and purified chicken protein activated the thyroid hormone system and up-regulated rate-limiting enzyme genes of glucose metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the liver. Moreover, chicken protein up-regulated the mRNA expression of a rate-limiting enzyme of hepatic lipid metabolism. It is possible that the mechanisms by which body temperature is raised are different between chicken protein and defatted chicken. On the other hand, it is possible that chicken fat suppressed the expression of energy metabolism-related genes that was induced by the consumption of lean chicken. As a result, a rise of postprandial body temperature might not have been induced after consumption of chicken fat. These results suggest that the consumption of lean chicken activates the thyroid hormone system and hepatic energy metabolism and consequently induces the postprandial thermic effect of chicken.


There has been growing on big data since last decade for discovering useful trends or patterns that are used in diagnosis and decision making. Intelligent decision support system an automated judgment that supports decision making is composed of human and computer interaction to help in decision making accuracy. Also multi-agent systems (MAS) are collections of independent intelligent entities that collaborate in the joint resolution of a complex problem. Multi-agent intelligent decision support systems can be used to solve large-scale convention problem. This paper is a survey of the recent research in multi-agent and intelligent decision support systems to support for classification problems. The purpose of the survey described in this paper is the development of a novel large-scale hybrid medical diagnosis system based on Multi-agent Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS) for distributed database.


The checklist approach has the same potential to save lives and prevent morbidity in medicine that it did in aviation over 70 years ago by ensuring that simple standards are applied for every patient, every time.1

Healthcare safety activists have looked to checklists to solve a myriad of problems, particularly with the current iteration of checklists that have been imported from aviation. Large-scale implementations with conflicting outcomes suggest that these tools are not as simple or effective as hoped. Scholars debating the efficacy of checklist implementation in healthcare have identified important reasons for varying results: that success requires complex, cultural and organisational change efforts, not just the checklist itself2; that results may be confounded by a mix of the technical and socioadaptive elements,3 and that local contexts may either augment or undermine the implementation's outcomes.4

When ideas are translated from one industry to another, the assumptions underlying the original concepts may be lost or diluted. As checklists are increasingly imposed through a variety of professional and regulatory mandates in North America,5 Europe6 and elsewhere,7 perhaps it is time to review the fundamental principles of checklist use, including why they might work and how we can implement them better.

Aviation checklists are designed for modern aircraft that are complicated, not complex; it is usually possible to define a single process path that offers optimum performance for each flight condition. These process paths are flight tested, endorsed (with minor modifications) by airlines when they purchase a new aircraft type, and published in procedural manuals and checklists. There are two categories of checklist used in the cockpit: normal and non-normal (or emergency) procedures.

### Normal procedures

Normal checklists are completed whenever the aircraft configuration needs to be altered as part of an everyday flight. There are differing approaches to …


Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme on anxiety and depressive symptoms, general fatigue and burden in informal caregivers of patients with COPD. We also evaluated the baseline characteristics of both patients and caregivers that contributed to the change in caregiver's outcomes after PR. Methods In this retrospective study, patients with COPD were referred to an 8-week home-based PR programme consisting of a weekly supervised 90-min session. Informal caregivers were invited to participate in PR according to the patient's preference and its availability. Caregivers received educational support, behavioural therapies and self-management strategies using the same methods as for patients. Burden, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and general fatigue of caregivers were assessed at baseline and at the end of PR. Results 241 patients with COPD and 138 (57.3%) caregivers were included. The majority of the caregivers were women (70.5%) and spouses (90.3%) and had at least three comorbidities (57.3%). A large proportion of caregivers showed baseline high burden, anxiety symptoms and abnormal fatigue (40%, 40% and 45%, respectively). Burden, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and general fatigue of informal caregivers were all improved after PR (p<0.05). Long-term oxygen therapy and/or noninvasive ventilation, coronaropathy and/or peripheral arterial disease and a higher baseline modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea scale score in patients with COPD were associated with a decrease in caregiver's burden after PR. Conclusion A large proportion of caregivers of patients with COPD showed anxiety symptoms, fatigue and a high burden. These outcomes were improved by integrating the caregiver into a home-based PR programme. Integrating the caregivers of patients with COPD in a personalised home-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme is effective for improving their burden, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and general fatigue https://bit.ly/3BsANGh


The accelerated development in Grid and peer-to-peer computing has positioned them as promising next generation computing platforms. They enable the creation of Virtual Enterprises (VE) for sharing resources distributed across the world. However, resource management, application development and usage models in these environments is a complex undertaking. This is due to the geographic distribution of resources that are owned by different organizations. The resource owners of each of these resources have different usage or access policies and cost models, and varying loads and availability. In order to address complex resource management issues, we have proposed a computational economy framework for resource allocation and for regulating supply and demand in Grid computing environments. The framework provides mechanisms for optimizing resource provider and consumer objective functions through trading and brokering services. In a real world market, there exist various economic models for setting the price for goods based on supply-and-demand and their value to the user. They include commodity market, posted price, tenders and auctions. In this paper, we discuss the use of these models for interaction between Grid components in deciding resource value and the necessary infrastructure to realize them. In addition to normal services offered by Grid computing systems, we need an infrastructure to support interaction protocols, allocation mechanisms, currency, secure banking, and enforcement services. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usage of some of these economic models in resource brokering through Nimrod/G deadline and cost-based scheduling for two different optimization strategies on the World Wide Grid (WWG) testbed.


This thesis describes how families in two villages in remote rural Ethiopia feed their young children, how they explain their practice and decisions, and how they see their role in the possibility for positive change. Though severe food shortages have decreased, stunting in young children, a consequence of chronic malnutrition, is a common problem in this region. Stunting is persistent in spite of the ongoing health education and intervention programmes focussing on the health and nutrition of children under five years of age, and is considered a significant risk factor for diminished childhood and adult health, learning capacity and productivity. Within the disciplinary tradition of qualitative research my study is positioned in nutritional anthropology. I used ethnographic methods during a 12-month period spent in the field. Household observations, semi-structured interviews and group discussions were the main sources of primary data, which was collected in 51 households and from 24 informants, selected through criteria sampling, in multiple engagements with most participants. The study found a food culture rich in culinary traditions and social meaning. Nonetheless, the young children's, and indeed the families' dietary diversity was low, and above all animal-source foods were scarce. Regular periodic food shortages in most years resulted in reduced quantity of food and a further deterioration of its diversity. In addition to the limitations of smallholder farming livelihoods, which formed the economic foundation of the vast majority of local families, cultural priorities drew on the constrained resources of the households. In general the children's caregivers were aware of the nutritional inadequacy of the diet and had adequate knowledge of how it could be improved. While they maintained that poverty was the main reason for the shortcomings in the quality and quantity of food, they also recognised that amending or changing some customs and behaviours, which impacted on children's nutritional security, was within the domain of their decisions. I argue that caregivers have reasonable understanding of the connection between health and nutrition, and that changes in livelihood and cultural practices could lead to improved nutritional outcomes. Beside the large-scale programmes of the Government of Ethiopia and international and local NGOs aimed at agricultural productivity and population health, there are opportunities for small projects, tailored to the context, to support local and innovative solutions in the realms of food culture and livelihoods.


The phrase 'the object of history' may mean all sorts of things. In this article, a distinction is made between object1, the object of study for historians, and object2, the goal or purpose of the study of history. Within object2, a distinction is made between a goal intrinsic to the study of history (object2in) and an extrinsic goal (object2ex), the latter being what the study of history should contribute to society (or anything else outside itself). The main point of the article, which is illustrated by a discussion of the work of R. G. Collingwood, E. H. Carr, and G. R. Elton, is that in the work of historians and philosophers of history, these kinds of 'object of history' are usually (closely) connected. If they are not, something is wrong. That does not mean, however, that historians or even philosophers of history are always aware of these connections. For that reason, the distinctions made in this article provide a useful analytical tool for historians and theorists of history alike.


In all vertebrates, the secondary palate arises as bilateral outgrowths from the maxillary processes. In birds and most reptiles, these palatal shelves grow initially horizontally, but do not fuse with each other resulting in physiological cleft palate. In crocodilians, shelf fusion occurs resulting in an intact secondary palate. Mammalian palatal shelves initially grow vertically down the side of the tongue, but elevate at a precise time to a horizontal position above the dorsum of the tongue and fuse with each other to form an intact palate. Palatal shelf-elevation is the result of an intrinsic shelf elevating force, chiefly generated by the progressive accumulation and hydration of hyaluronic acid. In all vertebrates the nasal epithelium differentiates into pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells and the oral epithelia differentiates into stratified squamous cells, but the medial edge epithelial (MEE) phenotype differs in different groups. In mammals, the MEE of opposing shelves adhere to each other to form an epithelial seam which then disrupts by cell death and cell migration into the mesenchyme accompanied by an epitheliomesenchymal transformation. In birds, the MEE keratinize resulting in cleft palate whereas, in alligators, the MEE migrate onto the nasal aspect of the palate. In all vertebrates, this regional, temporal and species-specific epithelial differentiation is specified by the underlying mesenchyme. Signalling of this interaction is complex but involves both extracellular matrix and soluble factors e.g. minor collagen types, tenascin, EGF, TGF alpha, TGF beta, PDGF, FGF. These soluble growth factors have a biphasic effect: directly on the epithelia and on the mesenchyme where they stimulate or inhibit cell division and synthesis of specific extracellular matrix molecules. The extracellular matrix molecules (and bound growth factors) synthesized by the mesenchymal cells may then directly affect the epithelium. These signals cause differential gene expression via second messenger systems e.g. cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, pH, pI etc. Molecular markers for nasal, medial and oral epithelial cell differentiation include the types of cytokeratin intermediate filaments and specific cell surface molecules recognized by monoclonal antibodies: the genes for such molecules are probably expressed in response to mesenchymal signals. Using such an approach, it is possible to go from a morphological description of palate development to a cellular analysis of the mechanisms involved and then to identification of candidate genes that may be important for screening and diagnosis of cleft palate.


In international surveys, Sweden is considered to be the locus classicus for gender mainstreaming. At a macro level, the picture is clear, as government directives include specific goals for gender equality and the expectation that public agencies will mainstream gender into their core business. At a micro level, the situation is more complex. Formal governance meets with gendered norms and cultures that are equally strong, but informal, driving forces among civil servants. The question raised here is how the management control system functions under the pressure of mainstreaming gender. With an interpretive approach, research has been conducted to disclose constructions that tend to enable or to hamper gender equality in the practice of management control at a micro level. The evidence stems from a case study of the Swedish Road Administration and the Swedish National Rail Administration. Interviews, observations of meetings, and close reading of documents furnish this paper with data covering the years 2002–2007 with regard to a policy goal of a gender-equal transport system. Applying a gender perspective together with a sociological institutional perspective makes gendered rules, norms, and culture visible. The results show how management control is involved in integration of gender by assimilation and by decoupling, obstructing transformative gender mainstreaming. The administration is busy keeping up the appearance of fulfilling the goal, legitimizing its activities by reporting relative fulfillment in accordance with the rules of the control system, regardless of the relevance connected to the norms of gender equality. The management control system perpetuates a culture in which reliability lies in measurability; therefore, the goal of gender equality results in a quantitative perspective on women and men instead of a qualitative gender perspective on the transport system.


In response to market ideology permeating the education system, an appeal has been made to the notion of Bildung to understand better what (higher) education should be about. Traditionally, it denotes a process of becoming human through which individuals can develop their capacities and talents in a harmonious way by relating to cultural sources. Worldwide, empirical research on Bildung is extremely scarce, and the picture of how lecturers at universities of applied science understand their task to contribute to students' moral education is very fragmented. An online survey was filled out by employees (n = 686) of ten different institutes of a large Dutch university of applied science. Students' formation turned out to be part of their task perceptions, and was largely understood in terms of stimulating critical thinking and inquiring attitudes. The majority claimed to stimulate Bildung by being a role model and by incorporating it in their daily lessons. Lecturers experienced a packed curriculum, a focus on testing and assessment, and a poor institutional vision on Bildung as obstacles to act on their perceptions. The article ends with a discussion of the (limited) power of the Bildung tradition for universities of applied sciences today.


Biomedical applications of body area networks (BANs) are evolving, where taking periodic medical readings of patients via means wireless technologies at home or in the office will aid physicians to periodically supervise the patient's medical status without having to see the patient. Thus, one important objective of BANs is to provide the doctor with the medical readings that can be collected electronically without being in close proximity to the patient. This is done through the measurement of the patient's physiological signals via means of wearable sensors. This paper investigates wireless BAN cooperation via actual measurements of human movement kinematics and electrocardiogram (ECG), which are believed to provide patients with easy healthcare for continuous health-monitoring. The collected information will be processed using specially designed software, which in turn will enable the patient to send a full medical chart to the physician's electronic device. In this way, physicians will have the ability to monitor their patients more efficiently.


In the design of the ceramic capacitor, high capacitance, temperature stability, and high operating voltage must be balanced against the failure mechanisms of degradation. Cold sintering is used to develop dense BaTiO3 – poly (p‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) nanocomposites with PPO throughout the grain boundary microstructure. To obtain the desired PPO distribution, a process is introduced that distributes the polymers on the BaTiO3 powders prior to the cold sintering process. With the cold sintering enabled by a Ba(OH)2·8H2O transient phase, theoretical densities ≈95% could be obtained at a sintering temperature ≈225 °C with up to 15 vol% PPO content. The rationale is to influence the local electric field distribution within the dielectric, to maximize resistivity (1013–1014 Ω cm) and degradation resistance, minimize temperature dependence of permittivity, and minimize the field dependent permittivity. All these properties are investigated as a function of the volume fraction of PPO. The magnitude of the permittivity follows a logarithmic mixing law: 1460 to 680 for the nanocomposite with 5 to 15 vol% PPO content, respectively, at room temperature. The BaTiO3‐PPO composite dielectrics are contrasted under accelerated lifetime testing conditions, noting superior resistance toward degradation kinetics, indicating an important breakthrough opportunity towards the development of high reliability dielectrics.


Abstract A case with complete paralysis of the deltoid muscle with irreperable axillary nerve lesion was treated with a functional muscle transfer. The latissimus dorsi muscle was preparated as an island flap, turned over and sutured to the trapezius at one side and to the original deltoid insertion on the humerus at the other side. Function and cosmesis were excellent.


This dissertation consists of a novel entitled Skinning the Deer: A Love Story. Alternating between the landscapes of New Mexico and rural Maine, the novel examines the life of tortured lesbian Hannah Huff and the brutal excision of her glorious wings—those magical appendages she grew in secret—the two downy white miracles she believed would be her ticket out of Monkstown, Maine, a desperate landscape of backwoods trailers, dogs, and family members, where her only interactions are either detached or violent. While the novel alternates between Hannah as an adult and Hannah as a child, it is first and foremost a coming-of-age story and a journey into the past to reclaim lost innocence. Inspired by the works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Dorothy Allison, and Salman Rushdie, Skinning the Deer weaves together magical realism, trauma narrative, and myth; it is a novel about sexuality, betrayal, and what we sacrifice for redemption.


Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a deubiquitylating
enzyme which is proposed as a potential therapeutic target in
neurodegeneration, cancer, and liver and lung fibrosis. Herein we report the
discovery of the most potent and selective UCHL1 probe (IMP-1710) to date based
on a covalent inhibitor scaffold and apply this probe to identify and quantify
target proteins in intact human cells. IMP-1710 stereoselectively labels the
catalytic cysteine of UCHL1 at low nanomolar concentration in cells, and we
show that a previously claimed UCHL1 inhibitor (LDN-57444) fails to engage
UCHL1 in cells. We further demonstrate that potent UCHL1 inhibitors block
pro-fibrotic responses in a cellular model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,
supporting a potential therapeutic role for UCHL1 inhibition and providing a
basis for future therapeutic development of selective UCHL1 inhibitors.


Background: Hepatitis C virus infection affects more than 170 million people worldwide and is frequently associated with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. No protective vaccine is yet available and the current standard of care, consisting of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin, has limited efficacy. Ribavirin is a key component of any effective anti-HCV regimen. However, accumulation of ribavirin in the red cell compartment not only reduces drug efficacy as a result of diversion to extra-hepatic sites but also produces haemolytic anaemia which can lead to dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment. Lipid or polymer based nanoparticles can be used to deliver therapeutic agents, such as drugs or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directly to their site of action. We therefore elected to develop new antiviral strategies based on the targeted delivery of ribavirin to hepatocytes, coupled with the identification of new therapeutic targets. In order to inform the rational use of direct intracellular delivery of ribavirin, we enquired whether variation in expression of the ribavirin transporter may determine drug uptake and permit the identification of individuals who would benefit from these alternative approaches to treatment.

Aims: The aims of this study were to:

• identify host proteins involved in virus replication

• demonstrate reduction of viral replication by modulation of host gene expression

• develop and test a nanoparticle based system for the delivery of therapeutic molecules, including siRNAs either alone or in combination with ribavirin.

• assess the relationship between ribavirin uptake by primary human hepatocytes and expression of ribavirin receptors

Methods: A subgenomic HCV replicon system was established to study the virus-host relationship and identify host proteins supporting viral replication by using stealth siRNA. Viral RNAs were in vitro transcribed and transfected into Huh7 cells and expression assessed using engineered GFP as a reporter gene. siRNAs were co-transfected with viral RNAs using a nucleofector. Modulation of host gene expression was measured by both quantitative RT-PCR and protein blotting. Liposomal nanoparticles containing ApoB-100 duplexes were supplied by Lipoxen. Primary human hepatocytes were isolated by a modified two step collagenase perfusion method and cultured on collagen coated plates. HPLC and real time PCR conditions were used to measure and correlate drug uptake and receptor expression respectively. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) gene was analysed by direct sequencing.

Results: A JFH1 (HCV genotype 2a) virus based subgenomic replicon system was successfully established. Using this model system, host proteins VAP-A and STAT3 were shown to positively regulate virus replication while ACTN1 had no effect. Liposomes failed to deliver either siRNA targeted at apoB-100 or ribavirin and this was found to be due to structural instability of the delivery vehicle. In contrast, fluorescently labelled liposomes were stable and could be taken up by human hepatocyte cell lines under optimised conditions. A protocol capable of efficient isolation and culture of hepatocytes from human donor was validated. Data from primary human hepatocytes show that ENT1 expression was highly variable in different sets of primary livers and correlated strongly with ribavirin uptake. Strikingly, Huh7 cells did not take up ribavirin despite expressing wild type ENT1. It was also found that interferon alpha does not modulate ENT1 expression and therefore ribavirin uptake, suggesting it to be a highly unlikely mode of synergism between the two drugs.

Conclusion: Modulation of host proteins VAP-A and STAT3 inhibited viral replication, confirming that host genes can be used as a potential target to inhibit viral replication. Liposomes used in this study were, however, found to be ineffective vehicles for the delivery of ribavirin or siRNA, as the majority of drug leaked before cellular uptake. Polymer based nanoparticles are currently being assessed for antiviral drug delivery. Variation in ENT1 expression may account for differences in response rate in patients receiving anti-HCV therapy. Results in the Huh 7 cell line suggest that, while ENT1 is necessary, other factors are also required to mediate ribavirin uptake.


The aim of this study was to describe the information and support needs of women who have primary relatives with breast cancer. The Information and Support Needs Questionnaire (ISNQ) was developed and revised from previous qualitative and pilot studies. The ISNQ addressed concepts of the importance of, and the degree to which, 29 information and support needs related to breast cancer had been met. The study sample consisted of 261 community-residing women who had mothers, sisters, or a mother and sister(s) with breast cancer. Data were collected using a mailed survey. In addition to the ISNQ, additional items addressed family and health history, breast self-care practices, perception of the impact of the relative's breast cancer and other variables. Also included were established and well-validated measures of anxiety and depression. The findings document women's priority information and support needs. The information need most frequently identified as very important was information about personal risk of breast cancer. Other highly rated needs addressed risk factors for breast cancer and early detection measures. Generally, the women perceived that their information and support needs were not well met. These findings illuminate needs of women for more information and support when they have close family relatives with breast cancer and opportunities for primary care providers to assist women in addressing their needs.


The importance of new effective agents for breast cancer chemoprevention is highlighted by the fact that to date tamoxifen and raloxifene administration has not been completely accepted to reduce breast cancer risk, mostly because they are both associated with rare but serious toxic effects. Moreover, while SERMs and aromatase inhibitors do prevent the development of many ER-positive breast cancers, these drugs do not reduce the risk of ER-negative breast cancer. These results show that new approaches are needed also for the prevention of the latter. Phytochemicals present in fruits, vegetables, wine, and some medical herbs, especially botanical polyphenolic antioxidants, have received increasing attention in the last decade as potential chemopreventive agents for different human cancers. However, so far there is a limited knowledge of the processes regulating the absorption of phytochemicals (and/or their metabolites) into the body, and how they reach their biological target. In spite of epidemiological studies and scientific evidences supporting the beneficial role of phytochemicals in blocking cancer initiation and progression, the trials have though failed to yield predicted results in randomized intervention studies. Treatment in a window of opportunity (WOP) before surgery may improve clinical benefits and represents a very useful tool in selecting new chemopreventive agents against breast cancer. With this approach we will be able to study the kinetics of phytochemicals on the target organ as well as the effect on cell proliferation and other biomarkers by comparing the difference between pre- and post-treatment specimens. In the present pilot pre-surgical trial, we will study the bioavailability of two natural products formulated in a phosphatydilcholine complex, Greenselect® Phytosome® (a standardized caffeine-free green tea extract) and Siliphos® (the polyphenolic flavonoid silybin isolated from milk thistle) in breast cancer tissue. Ten histologically confirmed primary breast cancer patients will receive Greenselect® Phytosome® 300 mg / day and ten patients will receive Siliphos® 2.8 g / day for four weeks before surgery. The primary endpoint is to assess the concentration of the active ingredients and their metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in plasma, tumor and surrounding non-neoplastic tissues. The study may provide important information for the development of future phase II clinical trials, specifically designed to explore the possible role of these two natural products in breast carcinogenesis. Moreover, the study will help to understand the biology and mechanisms of action of these potential chemopreventive agents. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A58.


Voice over IP "VoIP" is a form of voice speech that uses data networks, for transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks to transmit voice signals. The signal is correctly encoded at one end of the communication channel, sent as packets through the data network, then decoded at the receiving end and transformed back into a voice signal. It has a potential and offering a choice to the traditional telephony systems due to its high resource utilization and cost efficiency. Meanwhile, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) have become an ever present networking technology that has been deployed around the world. Driven by these two popular technologies, Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) has been promising as an infrastructure to provide low-cost wireless voice services. However, wireless technology was not designed to support voice transmission and recently enhancing its service quality is one of the main issues to be solved. Several metrics such as delay, jitter, and packet loss have impact on the QoS of VoIP. Minimizing total transmission delay, jitter and packet loss would maximize transmission throughput thus improving quality of service. In this research a VoIP transmission algorithm would be designed to reduce transmission delay in order to increase quality of service of VoIP. This research work is aimed to utilize IP protocols and provide a method to improve VoIP performance.


Substorms are a highly variable process, which can occur as an isolated event or as part of a sequence of multiple substorms (compound substorms). In this study we identify how the low‐energy population of the ring current and subsequent energization varies for isolated substorms compared to the first substorm of a compound event. Using observations of H+ and O+ ions (1 eV to 50 keV) from the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron instrument onboard Van Allen Probe A, we determine the energy content of the ring current in L‐MLT space. We observe that the ring current energy content is significantly enhanced during compound substorms as compared to isolated substorms by ∼20–30%. Furthermore, we observe a significantly larger magnitude of energization (by ∼40–50%) following the onset of compound substorms relative to isolated substorms. Analysis suggests that the differences predominantly arise due to a sustained enhancement in dayside driving associated with compound substorms compared to isolated substorms. The strong solar wind driving prior to onset results in important differences in the time history of the magnetosphere, generating significantly different ring current conditions and responses to substorms. The observations reveal information about the substorm injected population and the transport of the plasma in the inner magnetosphere.


SrTiO3 integration on crystallographic oriented (100), (110), and (111) epitaxial germanium (Ge) exhibits a potential for a new class of nanoscale transistors. Germanium is attractive due to its superior transport properties while SrTiO3 (STO) is promising due to its high relative permittivity, both being critical parameters for next-generation low-voltage and low-leakage metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. The sharp heterointerface between STO and each crystallographically oriented Ge layer, studied by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, as well as band offset parameters at each heterojunction offers a significant advancement for designing a new generation of ferroelectric-germanium based multifunctional devices. Moreover, STO, when used as an interlayer between metal and n-type (4 × 10(18) cm(-3)) epitaxial Ge in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures, showed a 1000 times increase in current density as well as a decrease in specific contact resistance. Furthermore, the inclusion of STO on n-Ge demonstrated the first experimental findings of the MIS behavior of STO on n-Ge.


Title of Thesis: THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF BENZOIC ACID OR PROPYL PARABEN TREATMENT COMBINED WITH UV-A LIGHT ON ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 Qiao Ding, Master of Science, 2017 Thesis Directed By: Assistant Professor, Dr. Rohan Tikekar, Department of Nutrition and Food Science The antimicrobial effect of the combined UV-A light and benzoic acid (BA) or propyl paraben (PP) treatment was evaluated using Escherichia Coli O157:H7. Factors affecting the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments were examined through various microbial and biochemical approaches. A combined 15 mM BA and UV-A treatment exhibited more than 5 log (CFU/mL) reduction in antimicrobial activity via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage and decreasing intracellular pH. Similarly, the combined 3 mM PP and UV-A treatment also caused more than 5 log reduction contributed by membrane damage. UV-A and BA treatment was also found to be effective in a scaled-up, continuous system, while a combined UV-A and PP was able to significantly reduce the likelihood of crosscontamination in simulated fresh produce washing study. The findings from this study have revealed the potential for the combined treatments that help to improve the safety and quality of fresh produce.


Robert Adam's London Sir John Soane's Museum, London 30 November 2016–11 March 2017

Readers familiar with Sir John Soane's Museum but who have not visited it in the past few years will be surprised by the significant changes that have been made to this celebrated but necessarily somewhat static house museum. Entry is now through number 12 Lincoln's Inn Fields rather than, as for the past two centuries, through number 13. The front dining room of number 12, which (remodeled by Eva Jiricna Architects) served as the Soane Gallery exhibition space from 1995, is now the museum's shop. The gallery has been transferred to the floor above, where it occupies the space some scholars will remember as the research library set up by Sir John Summerson in 1969–71. This latest remodeling, completed in 2010 by Caruso St John Architects, comprises two rooms, the southern painted out in Soane's version of Pompeian red and the northern in pinky-gray with an orange-and-black striped border, both rooms having extensive fixed wall and freestanding central vitrines.1

Into these modern but appropriately historicizing spaces the Soane Museum's curator of drawings and books, Frances Sands, placed what—perhaps surprisingly—was the first monographic exhibition on Robert Adam's design work for London, the city where he lived from 1758 until his death in 1792 and where he worked for more than 350 different patrons. Given the limited space available, the devotion of much of one wall in the first room …


In this paper, a dynamic (time and temperature dependent) Preisach model is described. In the Preisach plane one uses a double well potential distribution calculated with the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Both static and dynamic interactions for a ultrafine particulate system are taken into account in order to simulate various magnetization processes, such as: field-cooled (FC), zero field-cooled (ZFC), thermo-remanent magnetization (TRM), magnetic relaxation in applied field (MR), and the major hysteresis loop (MHL) as a function of temperature. The results of the simulations are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data obtained for ferromagnetic ultrafine particulate systems.


While advanced collaboration tools are available in the market, feedback from organizations suggests a sub-optimal use and insufficient value leveraged from these tools. Our research focuses on identifying patterns of collaboration among distributed team members by mapping the interaction scenarios and associated goals, task contexts, success factors and constraints of collaboration with the choice of mechanisms used. Based on this analysis and utilizing a Goal Oriented Collaboration Strategy Framework, we analyze the effectiveness of collaboration mechanisms in specific scenarios involving a multi-geo, multi-cultural and multi-organization software development project. We recommend a planning based approach that identifies a basket of collaboration practices and tool features that distributed teams should use to enhance their collaboration effectiveness. We believe this research will not only help distributed software teams to improve their effectiveness but will also provide insights to tool vendors for appropriate tool design.


Abstract In the first decade of the 21st century, efforts to create alternatives to neoliberalism emerged in many parts of Latin America. Social movements across the region took to the streets, occupied abandoned factories, and started to create new democratic spaces, solidarity networks, and social economy initiatives. In one country after another, progressive governments began to take office, promising a break from the past. It was in this context that the new cooperativism emerged in Latin America. In contrast to traditional cooperativism in the region, this new movement emerged as a direct response by workers and communities to the economic and political crisis of the late 1990s, displays stronger horizontal organisation and democratic values, and has deeper connections to surrounding communities. In this paper, we present two case studies that exemplify this new cooperativism: Venezuela's Socialist Production Units and Argentina's Worker-Recuperated Enterprises. Using the framework of social movement learning, we argue that in both these cases participants learn new values and practices, and collectively create prefigurative knowledge that anticipate post-capitalist social relations. This is done through a variety of everyday activities, and in particular, through democratic participation in self-governance. However, this new cooperativism faces important challenges from both the state and market forces, suggesting that their autonomy is subjected to shifting and contested dynamics.


References 1 Lysakowski C, Dumont L, Czarnetzki C, Bertrand D, Tassonyi E, Tramèr MR. The effect of cigarette smoking on the hypnotic efficacy of propofol. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 826–31. 2 Gazdzinski S, Durazzo TC, Jahng G-H, Ezekiel F, Banys P, Meyerhoff DJ. Effects of chronic alcohol dependence and chronic cigarette smoking on cerebral perfusion: a preliminary magnetic resonance study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2006; 30: 947. 3 Sobell LC, Agrawal S, Sobell MB. Utility of liver function tests for screening 'alcohol abusers' who are not severely dependent on alcohol. Substance Use and Misuse 1999; 34: 1723–32.


ABSTRACT. Developmental changes in cystine transport by the canine kidney were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Renal clearance studies indicated that cystine was one of the more incompletely reabsorbed amino acids at birth, but its reabsorption approaches adult levels by 21 days. Concomitantly, cystine uptake by isolated renal cortical tubule fragments from immature dogs was slower than that by renal tubules from adult dogs. Both age groups rapidly metabolized the transported cystine. This metabolism was principally to cysteine, but also small amounts of reduced glutathione were formed from the transported cystine. Concentration dependence studies indicated two transport systems for cystine uptake in both the immature and the adult dog. Both transport systems in the 1-wk-old dog had a somewhat greater affinity for cystine than the corresponding system in the adult, but this was offset by the markedly lower maximal transport rates for these, systems in the 1-wk-old dog. The high affinity system was inhibited by lysine in tubules from both age groups. In the dog, the rise in the tubular reabsorption of cystine with maturation could, in part, be explained by an increase in the number of transport sites for cystine.


The above resonance mode for obtaining and varying permeability in the VHF region is described. In this mode the bias field and RF magnetic field are orthogonal, and the ferrite core is always saturated or close to saturation. The bias field is larger than that required for ferromagnetic resonance. Eleven ferrites were evaluated with respect to operation in this mode. Tests included the determination of Q as a function of permeability, the temperature coefficient of permeability, and the effects of high FtF flux densities on the Q of the ferrite. Application in the above resonance mode results in considerably higher perme- ability and Q values than the conventional approach at frequencies above 50 MHz. In addition, the RF power handling capabilities are substantially increased. TABLE I PROPERTIES OF FERRITE SAMPLES


In higher competitive markets, the suitable supply chain management (particularly, in logistic processes) and the adoption of sustainability programs are strategic points in companies. In this context, no many companies have devoted special attention to the impact of packaging design on logistic efficiency and sustainability. Thus, the integration of logistics and the packaging design has been conceptualized in the term «packaging logistics», particularly emphasizing the operational and organizational repercussions. The core of the concept of packaging logistics is a packaging-focused view, which seeks to integrate the multidisciplinary aspects of packaging (marketing, logistics and environmental) and coordinate the three levels of the packaging system (primary, secondary and tertiary). Authors consider that a greater emphasis should be given to the important strategic connotations to do with packaging design, in many cases this being one of the supports of competitive advantages in the supply chain management from an overall perspective of efficiency and sustainability. With this approach in mind, the design and development of packaging would be structured on four basic cornerstones: the definition of the design requirements, the definition of an appropriate organizational structure for packaging design (internally in the company and externally in the supply chain), the application of «best practices» (in aspects such as palletization, modularity, resizing, standardization of formats and qualities, re-use, recycling …) and, finally, the definition of a system to measure and compare the different packaging alternatives (in terms of materials, dimensions, number of units/pack and «aesthetic» presentation). In this context, the main objective of this paper is to illustrate the application of the «Packaging Logistics» approach at IKEA through the deployment of its four cornerstones. This implementation is one of the pillars of its strategy of sustainability and logistic efficiency. Likewise, the article makes a special emphasis on the impact of the implementation of «best practices» in packaging design, such as the SRPs (Shelf Ready Packaging), the cardboard pallets, the «loading ledge» or the «High Cube» containers. In this line, the paper also illustrates the redesigning and improving of packaging with the description of seven changes implemented in products. With measures such as those outlined throughout this paper the company has improved its occupancy level of transport, in a context of increasing complexity in their supply chain and increased fuel costs. Simultaneously, the company has reduced, not only its CO2 emissions per m3 and km., but also the amount of materials and waste generated by its packaging. The path taken by IKEA in implementing the «packaging logistics» approach, combining logistics efficiency and sustainability («Lean and Green»), could be assimilated and adapted by other companies, regardless of sector or size, as it would contribute to improving their competitiveness through innovation of products and processes within the supply chain. Keywords : Packaging, Sustainability, Logistics, Supply Chain


Pathogenesis-related protein-1a (PR-1a) is a protein of unknown function that is strongly induced during the onset of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco. The expression of PR-1a is under complex regulation that is controlled at least partially by the rate of transcription. In this study, we demonstrated that 661 bp of 5' flanking DNA was sufficient to impart tobacco mosaic virus and salicylic acid inducibility to a reporter gene. The PR-1a promoter did not respond significantly to treatments with either auxin or cytokinin. Experiments with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide indicated that protein synthesis is required for salicylate-dependent mRNA accumulation. At flowering, the PR-1a gene was expressed primarily in the mesophyll and epidermal tissues of the leaf blade and the sepals of the flower. Several artifacts, most importantly ectopic expression in pollen, were associated with the use of the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene.


The dynamic properties of the model of vibrating screen are obtained using the software Pro/ MECHANICA. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the screen are calculated, and the distribution law of dynamic stress is found out. It shows that the structure design of the screen is reasonable. Under the working conditions designed, its dynamic strength is satisfied. This paper provides engineering estimates of non-linear fracture mechanics parameters for vibrating screen arthropleure cracks, subject to alternate stress and Vibrating. Solutions are given in the form of two different approaches.


This paper comes after 10 years of the previous "Pharmacy in Jordan" review that was published in American Journal of Health System Pharmacy in 2005. The aim of this new article is to highlight the most important achievements that have been made in different sectors of Pharmacy in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This leap involved pharmaceutical industry, education, clinical pharmacy practice, technology and pharmacy others. Technology is now used on a wider scale in governmental health sectors and HAKEEM program is a living example. Many pharmacies currently specially chain pharmacies, utilize various forms of pharmacy management systems with bar-code reading to control point of sales (PoS), inventory and customer relationships. Most chain pharmacies now also keep electronic patient medication records or use software to keep patient prescription data and check drug interactions. Furthermore, chain pharmacies have expanded from just one in 2001 to a total of 56 chains in 2017, with the first drive-through pharmacy in Jordan launched in the same year. The role of the pharmacist in Jordan has shifted gradually, with approximately 24 hospitals out of 106 total hospitals in the country having some established form of clinical pharmacy services.


The recent release of the first draft of the human genome provides an unprecedented opportunity to integrate human genes and their functions in a complete positional context. However, at least three significant technical hurdles remain: first, to assemble a complete and nonredundant human transcript index; second, to accurately place the individual transcript indices on the human genome; and third, to functionally annotate all human genes. Here, we report the extension of the UNIGENE database through the assembly of its sequence clusters into nonredundant sequence contigs. Each resulting consensus was aligned to the human genome draft. A unique location for each transcript within the human genome was determined by the integration of the restriction fingerprint, assembled genomic contig, and radiation hybrid (RH) maps. A total of 59,500 UNIGENE clusters were mapped on the basis of at least three independent criteria as compared with the 30,000 human genes/ESTs currently mapped in Genemap'99. Finally, the extension of the human transcript consensus in this study enabled a greater number of putative functional assignments than the 11,000 annotated entries in UNIGENE. This study reports a draft physical map with annotations for a majority of the human transcripts, called the Human Index of Nonredundant Transcripts (HINT). Such information can be immediately applied to the discovery of new genes and the identification of candidate genes for positional cloning.


Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800–322–4349. The November 2002 monograph topics are adefovir dipivoxil, ximelagatran, agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta, pemetrexed, and emtricitabine. The DUE is on adefovir dipivoxil.


OLESEWSKI, S. A comparison of high school students' learning styles and attitudes toward an adventure unit and a fitness unit. MS in Exercise and Sport Science-Physical Education Teaching, December 2009, 100pp. (lSteffen) The purpose of the study was to compare selected high school students' learning styles and attitudes towards an adventure education unit and a fitness unit. The sample included 34 male and female students from a Midwest high school. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group one (N= 21) participated in a ten class adventure unit followed by a ten class fitness unit. Group two (N= 13) participated in a ten class fitness unit followed by a ten class adventure unit. All of the participants completed Kolb's learning style inventory and a pre-treatment attitude instrument. Upon completion of each treatment, the students' attitudes were assessed via a modified attitude instrument specific to each treatment. The attitude instrument was a modified version of the Adam's Scale survey (Adams, 1963). A one-way ANOVA yielded no significant difference between learning style and student's attitude toward an adventure unit (P=.840) or a fitness unit (P=.617). Teachers should consider ways for all students to develop positive attitudes toward the content being taught in high school physical education classes regardless of individual learning styles. Further research is suggested to support the use of learning styles in the physical education setting.


We have investigated the reversibility of biochemical and physiological changes that occur upon suspension of ejaculated human spermatozoa during in vitro capacitation. Cells were swum up in a simple HEPES-based saline [lacking bicarbonate and bovine serum albumin (BSA)], then resuspended either in supplemented Earle's balanced salt solution (sEBSS) (25 mM bicarbonate) with 0.3% BSA (for in vitro capacitation) or in medium-lacking bicarbonate and/or BSA. Progesterone-induced acrosome reaction (AR) developed during in vitro capacitation (6 h). A progesterone-induced [Ca2+]i signal was detectable in cells maintained in the simple HEPES-based saline, but upon transfer to sEBSS, the response increased three- to four-fold, saturating within <30 min. Serine/threonine phosphorylation saturated within minutes of resuspension, but tyrosine phosphorylation developed over 3 h. Return of cells to non-capacitating conditions caused reversal of all capacitation-dependent changes. The [Ca2+]i signal reverted to its 'uncapacitated' size within <30 min. Protein phosphorylation reversed gradually and could be reinduced (kinetics resembling the first response) upon resuspension in sEBSS. The ability of cells to undergo progesterone-induced AR fell to levels similar to those in uncapacitated cells within 1 h of resuspension in medium not supporting capacitation. Loss of protein phosphorylation occurred only in the absence of both bicarbonate and BSA, but effects on [Ca2+]i signalling and AR could be seen after removal of only one of these factors. We conclude that key events in the capacitation of human spermatozoa are both reversible and repeatable.


In the transition from military rule to democracy, the government of Augusto Pinochet bequeathed to Chile a unique electoral law by which all legislative seats are contested in two-member districts. A key implication of this rule is that in order to secure legislative majorities, coalitions have to put their strongest candidates in the most precarious electoral list positions. This generates a divergence of interests between coalitions and politicians. Chile's largest coalition, the Concertación, has resolved the dilemma by providing appointed posts to unsuccessful congressional candidates who accept personal political risk on the coalition's behalf. This study argues that this insurance system has provided the critical glue to hold the coalition together since Chile's transition to democracy in 1990. Recent changes in the electoral environment could threaten the Concertación's control over the appointed posts that have sustained this informal institution. This could jeopardize the Concertación's cohesion during the process of negotiating coalition candidate lists for the 2005 legislative elections.


This paper describes the experience of a hospital which has introduced a system of computerized management of letters of authorization for healthcare workers to access sensitive health data, through the use of open source software. A new corporate intranet portal was created with access given only to the privacy contacts of each operational unit of the hospital. Once the privacy contact has entered the relevant user authorization, these must be approved first by the Directors of the respective operational units and finally by the privacy officer. The introduction of this system has allowed a systematic approach to the management of authorization for access to health data by hospital staff, regular updating and monitoring of the authorization and the start of a process of digitalization of documents.


We present a method for determining which facial parts (mouth, nose, etc.) best characterize an individual, given a set of that individual's portraits. We introduce a novel distinctiveness analysis of a set of portraits, which leverages the deep features extracted by a pre‐trained face recognition CNN and a hair segmentation FCN, in the context of a weakly supervised metric learning scheme. Our analysis enables the generation of a polarized class activation map (PCAM) for an individual's portrait via a transformation that localizes and amplifies the discriminative regions of the deep feature maps extracted by the aforementioned networks. A user study that we conducted shows that there is a surprisingly good agreement between the face parts that users indicate as characteristic and the face parts automatically selected by our method. We demonstrate a few applications of our method, including determining the most and the least representative portraits among a set of portraits of an individual, and the creation of facial hybrids: portraits that combine the characteristic recognizable facial features of two individuals. Our face characterization analysis is also effective for ranking portraits in order to find an individual's look‐alikes (Doppelgängers).


The modelling of the human thorax and the impedance characteristics of the thorax are presented. A two-dimensional model of the thorax was constructed by using more than four hundred reference points. The input impedance was calculated by solving the Helmholtz equation for zero charge density and low frequencies. Variation in the impedance corresponds to the fluid in the lung and the degree of inflation, which is related to a given degree of pulmonary oedema.


The advent of two-dimensional (2D) organic/inorganic layered and monolayer materials has ushered in an explosion of research to understand the synthesis, underlying physics, and exciting material properties of these materials. The field to date has produced preliminary design rules related to feasible synthesis routes that can be used to design 2D materials with a range of organic ligands and metal linkers. This review seeks to extend these design rules to predict which ligands and metals can be combined, and in what fashion, to control the thermal, mechanical, magnetic, and optoelectronic properties. Furthermore, we review the various synthetic techniques and how these can be modified to enable scalable manufacturing of 2D polymers and materials, and how this highlights the need for defect engineering and advanced characterization capabilities within the field. We conclude by discussing how together these design rules, manufacturing considerations, and characterization tools coalesce to enable new materials, applications, and fundamental insights. Particular emphasis is given to magnetism, electrical properties, and optics. Overall, this review serves as a roadmap and framework for identifying new and exciting material targets, strategies for engineering desirable properties, and conduits to streamline the manufacturing and processing of these exciting materials.The advent of two-dimensional (2D) organic/inorganic layered and monolayer materials has ushered in an explosion of research to understand the synthesis, underlying physics, and exciting material properties of these materials. The field to date has produced preliminary design rules related to feasible synthesis routes that can be used to design 2D materials with a range of organic ligands and metal linkers. This review seeks to extend these design rules to predict which ligands and metals can be combined, and in what fashion, to control the thermal, mechanical, magnetic, and optoelectronic properties. Furthermore, we review the various synthetic techniques and how these can be modified to enable scalable manufacturing of 2D polymers and materials, and how this highlights the need for defect engineering and advanced characterization capabilities within the field. We conclude by discussing how together these design rules, manufacturing considerations, and characterization tools coalesce to enable new materi...


Diseases that are transmitted by arthropod vectors from animal hosts to humans – so called zoonotic vector-borne diseases – have increased in incidence in the last decades. In North America and Europe, tick-borne pathogens cause the majority of vector-borne diseases, including Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. The pathogens causing these diseases are transmitted by tick species within the Ixodes ricinus complex. These are generalist ticks that have a multi-year lifecycle with three active stages, larva, nymph and adult. Each stage passively waits for a vertebrate host by questing in the vegetation. Once a host is encountered these ticks feed on the host for several days sucking blood, after which they detach and moult to the next stage or lay eggs. Although these ticks spend the majority of their life in the vegetation, the availability of hosts is an important determinant of tick densities. In Europe, the Sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) is the most important vector for tick-borne pathogens. These pathogens include Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Borrelia miyamotoi, the causative agent of acute febrile illness and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, the causative agent of neoehrlichiosis. There are several genospecies within the B. burgdorferi s.l. complex, among which B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, B. garinii, B. lusitaniae, B. spielmanii, and B. valaisiana are found in questing ticks and patients in the Netherlands. All of these pathogens are maintained and amplified by vertebrate hosts. Host species differ in their ability to transmit the different pathogens (reservoir competence), as well as in their competence for ticks. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that changes in vertebrate assemblage composition can change tick-borne pathogen dynamics and thereby tick-borne disease risk, where a decrease in host species diversity might lead to an increased disease risk, the so-called dilution effect of host species richness hypothesis. In his thesis, Tim Hofmeester describes his research on the role of different vertebrate host species in maintaining I. ricinus populations and in infecting I. ricinus larvae with different tick-borne pathogens. By performing a systematic review, Hofmeester found that for both mammals and birds, there was a positive correlation between host body mass and tick burden for the different stages. Nymphal burden was positively correlated with infection prevalence with B. burgdorferi s.l. in hosts, which was again positively correlated with the average number of larvae that got infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. while feeding on a host. He also showed that the majority of I. ricinus individuals of the three stages (larva, nymph and adult) feed on only a few vertebrate host species (rodents, thrushes and deer, respectively). Using camera traps, Hofmeester showed that the presence of deer, such as Roe deer and Red deer, was a more important determinant of I. ricinus density than the number of deer available to ticks in twenty forested areas in the Netherlands. Ixodes ricinus densities were significantly reduced after two years of excluding deer by fencing four 0.75 ha forest plots in a forest near Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. Therefore, tick-borne disease risk can be reduced by placing fences around small forested areas with a high recreational pressure. Hofmeester showed that tick burdens on rodents were higher in areas with large numbers of deer, while they were lower in areas with large numbers of carnivores. These differences in tick burden on rodents between areas were strongly correlated to the number of questing nymphs in the vegetation that were infected with tick-borne pathogens that are transmitted by rodents. This implies that changes in vertebrate assemblage can lead to cascading effects on rodent-transmitted tick-borne disease risk, via larval burden on rodents. Furthermore, Hofmeester found that the percentage of ticks infected with a specific pathogen was correlated to the number of animals in an area that could transmit this pathogen, while this percentage decreased with the number of animals that could not transmit this pathogen. These parameters were, however, not correlated to species richness, something that was expected based on the dilution effect of species richness hypothesis. Therefore, there is no support for a dilution effect of species richness on tick-borne pathogens in the Netherlands. In his synthesis, Hofmeester presents a mathematical model in which the importance of spatial behaviour of hosts for tick-borne pathogens is shown and he proclaims the need for the integration of the field of behavioural ecology into disease ecology to better understand the effect of changes in vertebrate assemblages on pathogen prevalence and ultimately, disease risk. The data presented in this thesis show that it is not host diversity but the presence, abundance and behaviour of specific host species that drives tick-borne pathogen dynamics (identity effect). Vertebrate species change their behaviour in the presence or absence of predators and competitors. Hofmeester shows that this, theoretically, can have a major influence on the density of infected nymphs in the vegetation. Therefore, behavioural changes of reservoir-competent hosts should be taken into account when modelling the effect of changes in vertebrate assemblage composition on tick-borne disease risk. The behaviour of vertebrate species in Europe is changing, as multiple species have adapted to human-dominated and fragmented landscapes. The adaptation of small mammals, thrushes and deer to fragmented landscapes might be one of the driving factors behind the increase in tick-borne disease incidence in Europe. A further adaptation of important host species to urbanized landscapes might be expected as these are the safest areas for vertebrate species trying to avoid predation. This might result in an increase in population density of reservoir-competent host species in urban areas with a corresponding increase in tick-borne pathogen prevalence and therefore, tick-borne disease risk. Concluding, our world is changing and as a consequence vertebrate assemblages are also changing. This may lead to changes in I. ricinus density and infection prevalence with tick-borne pathogens. From the studies presented in his thesis Hofmeester concludes that the abundance and behaviour of several host species (e.g., Bank vole, Blackbird, Red deer, Red fox, Roe deer, and Wood mouse) determines tick-borne disease risk. Therefore, studying the drivers of animal abundance and behaviour related to ticks and pathogens will be the next step in better understanding and describing tick-borne disease risk. The ecology of tick-borne pathogens is very complex and targeting vertebrate hosts for intervention strategies will be both inefficient and costly due to the intricate interplay between multiple vertebrate host species. Therefore, Hofmeester concludes that prevention of tick bites is the best way to reduce tick-borne disease incidence.


Background. Although much research has focused on mechanisms of traumatization and factors related to post-trauma psychological functioning in survivors of trauma, there have been few studies of survivors of torture despite the widespread practice of torture in the world. The aim of this study was to examine the role of 'psychological preparedness' for trauma in post-traumatic stress responses in survivors of torture. Method. Thirty-four torture survivors who had no history of political activity, commitment to a political cause or group, or expectations of arrest and torture were compared with 55 tortured political activists, using structured interviews and measures of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results. Compared with tortured political activists, tortured non-activists were subject to relatively less severe torture but showed higher levels of psychopathology. Less psychological preparedness related to greater perceived distress during torture and more severe psychological problems, explaining 4% of the variance in general psychopathology and 9% of the variance in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Conclusions. The study findings lend support to the role of prior immunization to traumatic stress and to unpredictability and uncontrollability of stressors in the effects of traumatization. Further research aimed at identifying the behavioural and cognitive components of psychological preparedness that play a role in traumatization may provide useful insights into effective treatment strategies for survivors of torture.


The need for accurate and unbiased assessment of residential real property has always been important not only to financial institutions lending on or holding such assets but also to municipalities that rely on property taxes as their critical source of revenue. The common methodology for predicting residential property sale price is based on traditional multiple regression in spite of known issues. Machine learning methods have been proposed as an alternative approach but the results are far from satisfactory. A review of existing studies and relevant issues can help researchers better assess the pros and cons of the approaches in this important stream of research and move the field forward. This article provides such a review. In our review, we have noticed that common to both the regression‐based methods and machine learning methods are the use of batch‐mode learning. Thus in addition to providing a review of recent research on batch‐based residential property prediction models, this article also explores a new approach to constructing residential property price prediction models by treating past sale records as an evolving data stream. The results of our study show that the data stream approach outperforms the traditional regression method and demonstrate the potential of data stream methods in improving prediction models for residential property prices.


BACKGROUND
The Next Accreditation System (NAS) increases the focus on educational outcomes and meaningful evaluation of learners. This requires that key clinical faculty develop new assessment formats such as entrustable professional activities (EPAs).

OBJECTIVES
To build and develop milestone-based assessment tools supporting 5 EPAs for a hematology/oncology fellow continuity clinic, and to educate key clinical faculty regarding the Clinical Competency Committee (CCC) and the NAS.

METHODS
Program directors from 2 hematology/oncology fellowship programs developed 5 EPAs for continuity clinic evaluation supported by milestone-based assessment. The program directors met to create a unified CCC charter. Key clinical faculty helped to develop a milestone-based evaluation of fellow continuity clinic through creation of 5 hematology/oncology-specific EPAs. Formal entrustment regarding EPAs was deliberated by the CCC.

RESULTS
A total of 18 fellows were evaluated. Clinical Competency Committee deliberation at each institution took approximately 10 minutes per fellow for discussion and decision regarding entrustment for all 5 EPAs supporting continuity clinic. One-third of postgraduate year (PGY)-4s, 50% of PGY-5s, and 100% of PGY-6s were deemed competent in all 5 EPAs by the CCC.

CONCLUSIONS
All hematology/oncology trainees in San Antonio were evaluated using milestone-based assessment for continuity clinic, and entrustment decisions regarding 5 EPAs were made by the CCC. This project may provide other programs with a sound basis for adoption and further development of the next generation of evaluation tools at their institutions. Entrustable professional activities that are rotation specific should be used as a starting point for linking to the competencies, subcompetencies, and the reporting milestones.