The small solar thermal power plant is being developed with funding from EU Horizon 2020 Program . The plant is configured around a 2 -kWel Organic Rankine Cycle turbine and solar field, made of Fresnel mirrors. The solar field is used to heat thermal oil to the temperature of about 240 oC. This thermal energy is used to run the Organic Rankine Cycle turbine and the heat rejected in its condenser (about 18 -kWth) is utilized for hot water production and living space heating. The plant is equipped with a latent heat thermal storage to extend its operation by about 4 hours during the evening building occupancy period. The phase change material used is Solar salt with the mel ting/solidification point at about 220 oC. The total mass of the PCM is about 3, 800 kg and the thermal storage capacity is about 100 kWh. The operation of the plant is monitored by a central controller unit. The main components of the plant are being manufactured and laboratory tested with the aim to assemble the plant at the demonstration site, located in Catalonia, Spain. At the first stage of investigations the ORC turbine will be directly integrated with the solar filed to evaluate their joint performance. During the second stage of tests, the Latent Heat Thermal Storage will be incorporated into the plant and its performance during the charging and discharging processes will be investigated. It is planned that the continuous filed tests of the whole plant will be performed during the 2018 2019 period.


Treatment of di-tert-butylthioketene S-oxide (5 a) with Lawesson reagent at room temperature resulted in the formation of 3,3-di-tert-butylthiirane-2-thione (4 a) in high yield. The oxidation of 4 a with mCPBA (mCPBA=m-chloroperbenzioc acid) gave 3,3-di-tert-butylthiirane-2-thione S-oxide (6) almost quantitatively. The reactions of 4 a with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and benzyne afforded dimethyl 2-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentan-3-ylidene)-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarboxylate (13) and 2-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentan-3-ylidene)benzo[d][1,3]dithiole (15), respectively, in high yields, suggesting that 4 a is an excellent 1,3-dipole. The reaction of 4 a with ethylenebis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (16) gave dithiolato-platinum complex (22) in high yield. The structure of 22 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.


In this Article, I analyze the emergence of LPO in India, as well as the ethical considerations raised for firms that offshore legal work. I focus on India, where the industry has evolved most rapidly, for two reasons. First, as a result of British colonization, many Indian workers speak English fluently, thereby facilitating an East-West synergy more easily than other countries. Second, India utilizes a common law system similar to what is practiced in the United States and Britain (a result of British colonization).Since the subject of LPO has been, as of yet, relatively unexplored by legal scholars, Parts II and III are provided as an extended background on the evolution of LPO, and can be read independently of the analysis of the ethical issues contained in Part IV. Part II examines the emergence of LPO in India, placing it in the context of a larger trend of globalization and offshoring. Part III looks at LPO as an industry, evaluating several studies that predict widely disparate rates of growth over the next decade.Readers already familiar with the LPO industry can proceed directly to Part IV, which takes the "business of law" focus explored in Parts II and III, and places it back into the context of the "profession of law." Part IV considers LPO in conjunction with the fiduciary duties unique to the legal profession, considerations that do not arise when other industries consider sending their work offshore. Part IV analyzes the five major ethical/professional conduct issues raised by LPO: (1) unauthorized practice of law by non-lawyers; (2) conflicts of interest; (3) client confidentiality; (4) client disclosure and consent; and (5) billing issues related to outsourcing. Each of these ethical considerations is examined using three sources of authority: the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, the Formal Opinions issued by the ABA Committee on related subjects, and the recent opinion on LPO issued by the NYC Bar. In Part V, this Article assesses the efficacy of the Model Rules as applied to LPO and concludes that the present Rules are ill-equipped to deal with the unique issues posed by this new development in the "business of law."


In this paper, I provide a critical review of modern finance theorisation and practice since the 1970s and their role in the exponential growth of adverse anthropogenic processes and outcomes since then. The Anthropocene as a geological epoch has come to be defined in terms of the variability within the Earth systems' operations as measured through various markers such as surface temperatures and CO2 emissions. These variations are argued to be generated by human activity; characterized by catastrophic processes and outcomes such as famines, floods and extinctions; and beyond any previous natural variability. While the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch is marked by human activity, the role of contemporary financial scholarship and practice in this new epoch of constant environmental degradation and crises has been overlooked. The convergence of modern finance theory and practice since the 1970s has provided a scientifically legitimized core driver for the deregulation and integration of national financial systems. In this contemporary financial integration period, modern finance theory and practice have relied on elegant mathematical models of the parsimonious theories on human rationality and market behaviour. While this has been key to their success in shaping the actual financial systems and their functions in the contemporary era of transnational politics, economies and markets, it has also sustained and generated externalities or overflows in the form of individual and systemic financial failures and adverse anthropogenic process and outcomes such as climate change and soil degradation. Although modern finance theory and practice are capable of generating alternative organisings to alleviate the anthropogenic processes and outcomes (i.e., socially and environmentally responsible investing and abatement/elimination markets), these alternatives and the theory and practice are prone to suffer from the self sabotaging innovativeness or creative self-destruction of global financial capitalism.


The link between export performance and exchange rate policy has been attracting attention from policymakers, academics, and practitioners for some time, particularly for emerging countries. It has been recently claimed that implementing a policy that devalues the currency in Vietnam is an important factor for enhancing its export performance. However, it is also argued that such a policy could result in the harmful consequence of exchange rate volatility. This study analyzes the link between exchange rate devaluation, volatility, and export performance. The analysis focuses on the manufacturing sector and 10 of its subsectors that were engaged in the export of goods between Vietnam and 26 key export partners during the 2000–2015 period. Potential factors that could affect this relationship, such as the global financial crisis, Vietnam's participation in the World Trade Organization, or even the export partners' geographic structures, are also accounted for in the model. The findings confirm that a strategy that depreciates Vietnam's currency appears to enhance manufacturing exports in the short run, whereas the resulting exchange rate volatility has clear negative effects in the long run. The impact of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing subsectors depends on two factors, namely, (i) the type of export and (ii) the export destination. Policy implications emerging from these conclusions are presented.


Summary The final continental break-up between Greenland and Norway which took place during the late Palaeocene/early Eocene was accompanied by extensive subaerial volcanism along parts of the plate boundary lasting for about 3 My. Subsequent subsidence and change to normal seafloor spreading have left behind marginal highs partly underlain by seaward-dipping reflector sequences composed of basaltic extrusives. We propose a model in which the formation of the marginal highs and the emplacement of the dipping series are related to the crustal configuration prior to the early Cainozoic plate break-up, causing an initial uplift if the rifting occurs within much thinned continental crust. This forms a 'volcanic' type rifted margin characterized by a small amount of crustal extension compared with a 'normal' margin segment that has experienced a large amount of extension and rapid initial subsidence. Recent drilling of the Vøring marginal high suggests that the plate boundary volcanism and the N Atlantic Volcanic Province may be manifestations of the same regional volcanic surge.


A riveting inquiry into black history and American racism published here for the first time, Race and Revolution is a work of radiant insight and bold logic. Astonishingly advanced for its time, the document was originally drafted in 1933 as Communism and the Negro and was by far the most comprehensive statement on race produced by the Left Opposition, the dissenting Communist tendency led by Leon Trotsky. Race and Revolution places the black struggle for freedom and equality at the heart of American history. Racial oppression, Shachtman argues, can be comprehended only within the totality of social and class relations.The document culminates in a devastating polemic against the Communist Party's call for a Black Belt state in the American South. A clarifying introduction by Christopher Phelps explains the document's historical genesis, compares it to the views of Trotsky and C. L. R. James, and evaluates it in light of subsequent theoretical and historical developments.


SIR,-We had already proposed to do just what Dr Ann Cartwright has suggested in her letter (4 February, p 298), not as an alternative but in addition to the leaflet for parents. Our third objective is to establish a national counselling service composed of lay and professional counsellors. This should answer Mr Peter Diggory's point raised in his letter in the same issue (p 298). We hope the influence of this leaflet for parents will sensitise the hospital staff to try and work out what best to do in each particular instance, be it to see and hold or not to see and hold a grossly abnormal baby and whether to let the hospital or the parents carry out the funeral DAVID MORRIS Convener, National Stillbirth Study Group


Millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless technologies are expected to become key enablers of multi-gigabit wireless access in next-generation cellular and local area networks. Due to unfavorable radio propagation, mmWave systems will exploit large-scale MIMO and adaptive antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver to realize sufficient link margin. Unfortunately, power and cost requirements in mmWave radio frontends make the use of fully-digital beamforming very challenging. In this paper, we focus on hybrid analog-digital beamforming and address two relevant aspects of the initial access procedure at mmWave frequencies. First, we propose a beam training protocol which effectively accelerates the link establishment by exploiting the ability of mobile users to simultaneously receive from multiple directions. Second, we deal with practical constraints of mmWave transceivers and propose a novel, geometric approach to synthesize multi-beamwidth beam patterns that can be leveraged for simultaneous multi-direction scanning. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid codebooks are able to shape beam patterns very close to those attained by a fully-digital beamforming architecture, yet require lower complexity hardware compared with the state of the art. Furthermore, the reduced duration of the beam training phase, in turn enabled by the multi-beam characteristics of our hybrid codebooks, provides a 25% to 70% increase in spectral efficiency compared to existing sequential scanning strategies.


Research tips and recommended resources for UX Design students and researchers. Find newspaper, magazine and journal articles using Library databases


Abstract This article explores the importance of accessible and focal information in influencing beliefs and attention in a learning-to-forecast laboratory experiment where subjects are incentivized to form accurate expectations about inflation and the output gap. We consider the effects of salient and accessible forecast error information and learning on subjects' forecasting accuracy and heuristics, and on aggregate stability. Experimental evidence indicates that, while there is considerable heterogeneity in the heuristics used, subjects' forecasts can be best described by a constant gain learning model where subjects respond to forecast errors. Salient forecast error information reduces subjects' overreaction to their errors and leads to greater forecast accuracy, coordination of expectations, and macroeconomic stability. The benefits of this focal information are short-lived and diminish with learning.


Executive functions (EF) are an important predictor of later adaptive development. A number of environmental influences, such as parenting, have been suggested as important promoters of EF development. However, behavioural genetic research has demonstrated that many environmental influences could be affected by genetic influences. Therefore, it is important to consider genetic variations when investigating environmental influences on EF development in children. To date, few studies have used genetically informative designs to assess the etiology of EF development during the preschool years, a period of rapid development. As a result, it remains unclear how and to what extent the environmental influences that are not confounded by genetic influences affect EF development during this developmental period. The present study explored EF development during the preschool years using a longitudinal and genetically informative design and a non-Western population. Japanese twins were visited at their homes and individually tested on EF measures at 24, 36, and 48 months of age. Phenotypic correlations and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that EF are less cohesive at 24 months of age and emerge as a common single factor at 36 and 48 months. Additionally, longitudinal and multivariate behavioural genetic analyses indicated that the EF developmental change during this period is promoted by both shared and nonshared environmental influences as well as genetic influences, while EF stability is brought about by shared environments. The present findings elucidated the etiology of EF development during the preschool years and confirmed that this period is an important transitional stage for EF development. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Parents commonly seek clinicians' help for infant crying that they judge to be excessive. To date there is no independent evidence whether such babies actually cry more than average. To assess this, maternal diary and 24 hour audiotape recordings of the crying periods of 16 infants referred for excessive crying were compared with equivalent measures of a normative sample. The overall amounts of crying measured by the two methods were similar. The referred infants cried substantially more over 24 hours and in the afternoon and evening. The difference approached significance in the morning but was insignificant at night time. Some qualifications to the findings are indicated.


Carcinoma of the prostate gland is one of the most common malignancies in males. This study was undertaken to determine which factors predict the course and outcome of patients treated with first line hormonal manipulation. A total of 144 patients with Stage D2 prostate cancer who received androgen deprivation therapy were studied. Pretreatment parameters analyzed were age, performance status, analgesia usage, concurrent disease, histologic differentiation, hemoglobin, leukocyte and platelet count, serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, prostate specific antigen, total and prostatic acid phosphatase, serum testosterone, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone levels, number of metastatic sites and bone scan grade. Only initial serum testosterone (> 10 nmol/l) had a positive impact on response (p = 0.0304), whereas age older than 60 years had a positive impact on time to progression (16 vs. 11 months, p = 0.0414). Both serum testosterone (26 vs. 20 months, p = 0.003), and age (28 vs. 17 months, p = 0.036) had a significant influence on overall survival. Low testosterone, indicating androgen independence, and a younger age, seem to result in a more aggressive disease and a poorer prognosis in advanced prostate cancer.


In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the
elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and
Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and
improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing
sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland
report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem.
Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management,
energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation
compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation,
renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability
involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle
Program.
In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index
were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability
index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the
countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism
for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has
been developed by using result-oriented indicators.
In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental
performance index were compared, 149 countries in 2008 and 163 countries in 2010 were
included in this index.
Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability
index, Turkey


Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) engineered with chimeric antigen receptor (CARs) are a potent immunosuppressive cellular therapy in multiple disease models. To date the majority of CAR Treg studies employed second generation CARs, encoding a CD28 or 4-1BB co-receptor signaling domain and CD3ζ, but it was not known if this CAR design was optimal for Tregs. Using an HLA-A2-specific CAR platform and human Tregs, we compared ten CARs with different co-receptor signaling domains and systematically tested their function. Tregs expressing a CAR encoding wild-type CD28 were markedly superior to all other CARs tested in an in vivo model of graft-versus-host disease. In vitro assays revealed stable expression of Helios and ability to suppress CD80 expression on DCs as key in vitro predictors of in vivo function. This comprehensive study of CAR signaling-domain variants in Tregs can be leveraged to optimize CAR design for use in antigen-specific Treg therapy.


The researches show that the buckling of braced frame, remarkably decrease the ductility and energy absorption of the system which lead to use an innovative system called "Drawer Bracing System (DBS)". This innovative system improve the seismic performance of the system through buckling elimination. The Drawer Bracing System (DBS) is a passive energy dissipation device made up of three parallel plates that are connected by some plates which are located at a right angle to the parallel plates and undergo minor axis bending. Energy dissipated through the inelastic behavior of these plates. The parallel plates are designed to remain elastic and to prepare the required strength and stiffness to transfer the load to the energy dissipating component of the system. In contrast to other bracing systems, removing destructive effects of buckling phenomenon is the main advantage of this system. The energy is dissipated with the use of sliding movement of its components. In this paper, the tests are carried out by the authors explain. Besides this, analytical investigation is made and the parameters which affect the buckling behavior of the system are evaluated. The results show that the buckling strength of the system is 3 percent higher and 17 percent lower than the ultimate strength of DBS in tests 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, to prevent the occurrence of buckling in the system, the buckling strength of the parallel plates should be selected larger than the ultimate strength of the system with keeping it safe margin. Review History: Received: 7 July 2015 Revised: 1 August 2016 Accepted: 11 September 2018 Available Online: 16 September 2018


3 Abstract A devastating earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.9 occurred in Wenchuan area of Sichuan Province, China on 12 th May 2008 and caused great casualties and economic damage. This study is aiming to investigate the faulting geometry and motion of the major seismic faults in Longmenshan fault thrust belt that caused this earthquake, based on the surface rupture displacement data measured using differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) and SAR amplitude pixel-offset techniques. The cross-event Japanese ALOS PALSAR data have been used for this study. First, the methodology for recovering the missing data in the decoherence zone of the DInSAR line-of-sight (LOS) surface motion maps was developed. In the area along the seismic fault zone, the coherence between preand post-event SAR images is completely lost because of the earthquake induced violent and chaotic destruction on the land surface and as the result, no surface displacement can be measured using the DInSAR technique. An Adaptive Local Kriging (ALK) technique has then been developed to retrieve the interferometric fringe patterns in the decoherence zone. The novel ALK operating in a multistep approach enables to retrieve and interpolate the values with high fidelity to the original dataset. Thus a map of continuous radar LOS displacement was generated. Then, the horizontal displacement motion maps in ground range and azimuth direction were derived from cross-event SAR amplitude image pairs using advanced sub-pixel offset technique, Phase Correlation based Image Analysis System (PCIAS). Though the ground range pixel-offset is proportional to the LOS displacement, the azimuth pixel-offset data provide extra information of the coseismic motion. Thus the horizontal displacement vector field can be obtained in order to constrain the faulting motions in key areas. Finally, with the constraints of the ALK refined DInSAR data and the horizontal displacement data together with the published seismic focal mechanism solutions, seismic reflection profiles and field observations, forward modelling was proceeded using the Poly3D software to decide the most likely faulting geometry based on the optimal matching between the simulated and the measured surface displacement. In the much disputed Beichuan – Pengguan area, the best fit is achieved only when the Pengguan fault is set as the main fault that intercept the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault at a depth of about 13 kilometres. This geometric relationship between the two faults and the distribution of slip is compatible with them being two adjacent splay faults on a propagating thrust. .


Abstract The question of whether or not grammatical factors can condition or block sound change has been discussed from many perspectives for more than a century without resolution (Melchert, 1975). Here we consider studies of sound change in progress which show that words or phrases that are used frequently in the phonetic environment for change undergo the change before those whose use is less frequent in these contexts. Because words of different categories and with different structures also have different distributions, they may occur preferentially in certain phonetic environments. Thus, some apparent cases of influence by grammatical and lexical factors can be explained by phonetic factors if we expand our notion of phonetic environment to include frequency within the environment for change, which includes the segmental environment as well as factors that affect the degree of prominence a word receives in context.


Abstract. Concerted efforts from national and international partners have scaled up malaria control interventions, including insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, diagnostics, prompt and effective treatment of malaria cases, and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This scale-up warrants an assessment of its health impact to guide future efforts and investments; however, measuring malaria-specific mortality and the overall impact of malaria control interventions remains challenging. In 2007, Roll Back Malaria's Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group proposed a theoretical framework for evaluating the impact of full-coverage malaria control interventions on morbidity and mortality in high-burden SSA countries. Recently, several evaluations have contributed new ideas and lessons to strengthen this plausibility design. This paper harnesses that new evaluation experience to expand the framework, with additional features, such as stratification, to examine subgroups most likely to experience improvement if control programs are working; the use of a national platform framework; and analysis of complete birth histories from national household surveys. The refined framework has shown that, despite persisting data challenges, combining multiple sources of data, considering potential contributions from both fundamental and proximate contextual factors, and conducting subnational analyses allows identification of the plausible contributions of malaria control interventions on malaria morbidity and mortality.


A big opportunity within today's society is the vast amounts of data generated each
day. Especially within the health-care sector where a lot of journals are written daily
and needs to be processed in some way to properly identify the content within. Enter
the field of Named Entity Recognition (NER), where text is analyzed to locate
and classify entities into predefined classes; in our case Disorder & Finding, Pharmaceutical
Drug and Body Structure. With a model that can do this with a great
accuracy, analyzing medical texts could be automated and strain could be removed
from people having to read through them manually. Since journals and other medical
text often are very sensitive and should be handled with care due to privacy, a
method for constructing these models without the need for real annotated journals
would be a big step in the right direction.
During this thesis we have implemented two models for solving the problem of
NER for medical texts in Swedish. Both models were created from lists of seedterms,
which consist of words and phrases found in medical taxonomies which we
assume belong to one of the three categories. Training data were extracted from
the health-care magazine Lakartidningen as well as a subset of Swedish Wikipedia.
The first model implemented is based on the work of Zhang and Elhadad [23] where
a vector representation is calculated for the possible words and compared against
vectors calculated the same way for the different categories. The results of our implementation
is on par with the results given by Zhang and Elhadad which suggests
that this method works as well for Swedish as it does for English.
The second model implemented is based on recurrent neural networks and is built
from the same seed-terms as the first model but instead of using only vectorcalculations
for classification the network is trained to automatically classify words
on character-basis, reading the text both forwards and backwards at the same time.
Solving the problem of NER using only unsupervised methods is inherently hard
and techniques for solving the problem are not quite there yet. However, by just
improving them bit by bit will in the end lead to great results.


The first section of The Swedish Academy Dictionary (SAOB), describing the Swedish language from 1521 to the present, was published already in 1893. When the dictionary is finished in a few years, it will comprise thirty-eight volumes. During this span of over 120 years, its level of ambition (and accordingly, its scope) has varied considerably. As shown in the paper, four periods can be distinguished: two periods (until c. 1920 and c. 1960–2002) when the ambition was to account for virtually all words and uses of words that were documented, and two periods (c. 1920–1960 and c. 2002 onwards) when quite strict rules of restriction steered the work. After summing up these rules, the paper gives examples of how the varying levels of ambition are reflected both in the selection of lemmas and in the (more or less exhaustive) way they are addressed.


The heavy load carrying facility, such as ladle crane, is operating under severe working environment. It usually carries melted iron to the furnace, and thus, the accident due to crane failure may cause detrimental damage to the entire steel making factory. While the ladle crane is designed for 20 years of safe operation in a steel making company, several critical cracks due to fatigue loading have been reported during the maintenance process. In order to prevent fatal failure due to crack growth, ladle crane has been periodically inspected and maintained. However, the inspection and maintenance including repair and replacement cause the whole manufacturing line to stop, it is critical to set the appropriate inspection interval and replacement criteria. For this reason, the importance of plant maintenance (PM) has been highly raised to provide efficient plant operation. Recently, a number of engineering methodologies, such as fitness for service guidelines (FFS) and plant lifecycle management (PLM) system, have been applied to improve the plant operation efficiency. Also, a network-based business operation system, which is called ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), has been introduced in the field of plant maintenance. However, there hasn't been any attempt to connect engineering methodologies to the ERP PM(Plant Maintenance) system. In this paper, an engineering methodology which provides life time evaluation under fatigue loading has been implemented to the web-based ERP PM system along with real-time fatigue monitoring system. In order to monitor the real time loading, a web-based fatigue monitoring system for ladle crane has been developed and installed inside the ladle crane. For the estimation of fatigue life, 3-dimensional finite element (FE) analyses were conducted for actual transients. Finally, the fatigue life time estimation program is developed by integrating FE analysis results and real-time monitoring data. For the direct calculation of remained fatigue life, an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm has been applied. The proposed system is expected to play a great role in determining appropriate inspection and maintenance schedule which has become critical issue for the efficient plant maintenance.


Print quality is highly dependent on the interactions of paper, ink and printing plate at the length scales of half-tone dot size and floc size. Knowledge of the details of the micro-structure is needed to predict these interactions, but it is difficult to obtain experimentally. One way to recreate the micro-structures of paper and to gain understanding of the mechanisms behind their formation is to systematically model each unit process of papermaking at particle level. The output of such simulations is numerical descriptions of the three-dimensional paper structure, from which any structural data can be accessed. Consequently, the simulations relate process parameters and particle properties directly to the micro-structures of paper. Many characteristics of the fiber network structure and the distribution of fillers and fines are determined in the headbox and during drainage in the forming section. A model for fiber suspensions, which couples the Navier-Stokes equations to a mechanical model of discretely represented flexible fibers, has been developed. Its performance allows for the study of large particle systems at very high Reynolds numbers (20000 particles at Re=40000), which is enough to model the conditions prevalent in the forming section of a modern paper machine.


The existences of mangrove forests have a positive impact on society. Utilization of mangrove forest ecosystems optimally will generate high economic value. However, the exploitation of natural resources should give priority to the principle of sustainability. Those most frequently interact with mangrove ecosystem is a coastal community. This study examines the correlation effect of the presence of mangrove ecosystems on the socioeconomic conditions of society. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. A qualitative approach is using interview data collection and observation. The results in this study demonstrate a method Community Base Management is an empowering step in accordance with the characteristics of coastal communities Mangunharjo involving the community in the use and management of mangrove ecosystems.


At the core of public debates about trade policymaking in the United States and the so-called "trade war" is a controversy over who should be responsible for making U.S. trade law: Congress or the president. What these important but superficial conversations miss is that underlying much of our trade policy in recent decades is a widespread executive branch lawmaking apparatus with monitoring, rulemaking, adjudicative, and enforcement features that operates in considerable shadow. Executive branch agencies are now the primary actors in trade lawmaking. This Article excavates that critical underbelly: what I call our "trade administrative state." It maps the trade administrative state's statutory and institutional ascent, which, I maintain, was the product of considerable experimentation in governance schemes developed in response to diverging market trends and normative priorities, the absence of judicial mechanisms to monitor its borders, and a deficiency of administrative law disciplines to respond to its fortification.
 This unearthing reveals that the trade administrative state does not operate like the rest of the regulatory state either in form or in process, despite that its actors engage in several conventional regulatory functions. Rather, trade lawmaking is predominantly managed by a single agency, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, and, procedurally, it lacks the hallmarks traditionally associated with administrative law. The Article then evaluates this model in light of administrative law's aspirations. It demonstrates how our present model of trade administration and its self-policing control mechanisms clash with commonly held scholarly and doctrinal understandings of executive governance.
 This assessment of modern trade governance also prescribes certain lessons for how administrative law operates when it comes to the doctrinal and practical particularities of certain specialized areas of administration. Surprisingly, despite that trade administration challenges established positivist and process-oriented values, it does so in such a way that may enhance compliance with international law. At a moment when critics raise concern about the president's disfavor of international trade law and institutions, this study reveals that certain norms may be entrenched in our trade administrative state to counteract those concerns.
 Taken together, the Article makes three contributions: first, it identifies and illustrates the experimental history of trade administration. Second, I unpack the distinct features of trade lawmaking as managed by executive branch agencies and draw conclusions about its functions for the way we conceive of trade actors and trade action in our constitutional framework. Finally, the Article analyzes the implications of this revealed structure for administrative law both in process and in content and shows how trade lawmaking serves as an unexpected administrative constraint.


Being dedicated to the memory of the great Catholic philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe, who died in the month it was given, this Aquinas lecture begins with some reflections on the relationship between the anti-scientistic, anti-Cartesian position argued for by Anscombe and her teacher Wittgenstein, and the outlook of Thomas Aquinas. It then proceeds to explore the familiar Thomistic idea that philosophical reflection provides the means to establish the existence of God. Drawing in part on Aquinas, but also and perhaps unexpectedly on the idealism of Berkeley and on the semantic intuitionism of Michael Dummett (a former student of Anscombe), I argue that theism follows both from the assumption of realism and from the assumption of anti-realism, and that this fact reveals something of the complexity involved in the claim that God both creates and knows the world. Finally, I examine the relationship between Aristotelian-Thomistic pluralistic realism and the attempt by John McDowell to fashion a position that lies between Platonism and reductive naturalism.


This special issue about clinical supervision offers an array of contributions with disparate insights into the supervision process. Using a synergy of supervision model, the articles are categorized as addressing the infrastructure required for adequate supervision, the relationship dynamics endemic to supervision, or the process of delivering supervision. Three articles were found to span all three categories, and two focused on one aspect of clinical supervision. Beyond being placed within the synergy model, each article is discussed and future research questions are posed. The special issue reflects the range of topics in the supervision literature at large. resume


This thesis presents the development of a nonlinear mechanical and hydrodynamical model for floating offshore wind turbines. The model employs results from robotics to model the equations of motion. A simple rigid-body turbine model has been implemented. Hydrodynamic forces are modeled in part with the generalized Morison equation, in part with direct integration of the Froude-Krylov pressures. Buoyancy forces are modeled via a non-linear buoyancy scheme that considers variations in water-plane area. Mooring forces are modeled with a real-time numeric solution of the quasi-static catenary equations. Simulation results are presented. Comparison with existing data shows excellent agreement. The model successfully provides a nonlinear time-domain simulation capability for offshore floating wind turbines.


Abstract This paper reviews treatment practices, historical and contemporary, for the conversion of darkened lead white, as informed by accounts in artists' treatises, early paint chemistry manuals and the conservation literature. The evolution of treatment methodology is examined with respect to changing views, conservation ethics, and the impact of various treatment methods on paper artifacts. A discussion of related scientific findings illustrates the recent advances in the understanding of factors contributing to the deterioration of lead white pigment and supports the critical evaluation of conversion treatment methods.


At the turn of the twenty-first century rapid advances in the life sciences had culminated in the successful cloning of mammals, with the potential for the development of cures to major diseases. It also raised the spectre of the cloning of human beings – a possibility declared repugnant to human dignity by UNESCO in 1997. In 2001, France and Germany initiated a process in the UN General Assembly to negotiate an international treaty banning the reproductive cloning of human beings. What started as a seemingly straightforward proposal soon ran into the cross-winds of the broader debate on the ethical and legal appropriateness of human embryonic stem-cell research. A major confrontation ensued at the United Nations between those states favouring a narrow ban limited to cloning for reproductive purposes, and those insisting on prohibiting all forms of human cloning, including for 'therapeutic' purposes. At play was not only a difference in worldview as to the meaning of human dignity in the twenty-first century (and the boundaries on scientific research), but also considerations relating to respect for cultural diversity, the economic consequences of finding cures to major diseases, and the ability of the technological 'have-nots' to limit the activities of the technological 'haves'.


AIM
To study the association between APOE polymorphisms and cerebral infarction through a case-control study among the Chinese Han population.

METHODS
First-ever cerebral infarction patients (n=226) whose ages ranged from 40 to 60 years old were recruited from Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, and Zhejiang Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Zhejiang, China. Unrelated healthy controls (n=201) were selected from the general population in the same area with similar age and sex distribution. APOE was amplified by one-stage PCR using the forward primer: 5'-GGC ACG GCT GTC CAA GGA GCT-3' and reverse primer: 5'-GAT GGC GCT GAG GCC GCG CT-3'. The PCR product was digested directly with 5 U of CfoI and separated by a 20 % polyacrylamide (acrylamide: bis-acrylamide=29:1) nondenaturing gel.

RESULTS
Both cerebral infarction patient and control groups were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequency of APOE*2, APOE*3, and APOE*4 was 4.6 %, 81.9 %, and 13.5 % respectively in the patients with cerebral infarction; 5.7 %, 87.3 %, and 7.0 % respectively in the healthy control group. Compared with APOE3/3 subjects, APOE4/4 carriers had a 2.1-fold risk of cerebral infarction (odds ratio 2.1, 95 % confidence limits 1.3 to 3.4). The allele frequency of APOE*4 in the cerebral infarction patient group was significantly higher than that in the control group (13.5 % vs 7.0 %; P=0.002).

CONCLUSION
APOE 4 is a risk factor for cerebral infarction among the Chinese Han population.


BACKGROUND
Adulteration of American ginseng with Asian ginseng is common and has caused much damage to customers. Panel evaluation is commonly used to determine their differences, but it is subjective. Chemical instruments are used to identify critical compounds but they are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, a fast, accurate and convenient method is required. A taste sensing system, combining both advantages of the above two technologies, provides a novel potential technology for determining ginseng adulteration. The aim is to build appropriate models to distinguish and predict ginseng adulteration by using taste characteristics.

RESULTS
It was found that ginsenoside contents decreased linearly (R(2) = 0.92) with mixed ratios. A bioplot of principal component analysis showed a good performance in classing samples with the first two principal components reaching 89.7%, and it was noted that it was the bitterness, astringency, aftertaste of bitterness and astringency, and saltiness leading the successful determination. After factor screening, bitterness, astringency, aftertaste of bitterness and saltiness were employed to build latent models. Tastes of bitterness, astringency and aftertaste bitterness were demonstrated to be most effective in predicting adulteration ratio, mean while, bitterness and aftertaste bitterness turned out to be most effective in ginsenoside content prediction.

CONCLUSION
Taste characteristics of adulterated ginsengs, considered as taste fingerprint, can provide novel guidance for determining the adulteration of American and Asian ginseng.


Laser operation at 2.8 mm in BaY2F8 with erbium concentrations of 7.5% and 20% is investigated under laser-diode pumping at 967 nm. Output powers as high as 250 mW and slope efficiencies as high as 24% are obtained. Results are comparable with those of Er3+:LiYF4 under the same pump conditions. Slope efficiencies above 30% are predicted for optimized erbium concentrations.


To Our Clients and Friends: After more than six years of consideration, the Mongolian Parliament is expected to adopt a new securities markets law later this year to replace the existing law, which will be a major step in Mongolia's recent efforts to bring its capital markets up to world-class standards. The need for a new law is driven primarily by the rapid development of the Mongolian economy over the past few years and the desire to capture a larger share of the benefits of that development domestically, which is predicated on a strong and robust legal and regulatory regime that gives comfort to investors as being on par with more developed jurisdictions. John Viverito and Myles Hankin of Gibson Dunn are co-authors of the attached article, "Mongolia Upgrades Its Capital Markets," which discusses the key improvements and other anticipated benefits included in the draft of the new law. Reprinted with permission from The Deal Pipeline, April 11, 2012. © 2012, The Deal, LLC.


Abstract Precipitation is one of the most important abiotic variables related to plant growth. Using standardised measurements improves the comparability and quality of precipitation data as well as all other data within the Integrated Carbon Observation System network. Despite the spatial and temporal variation of some types of precipitation, a single point measurement satisfies the requirement as an ancillary variable for eddy covariance measurements. Here the term precipitation includes: rain, snowfall (liquid water equivalent) and snow depth, with the latter two being of interest only where occurring. Weighing gauges defined as Integrated Carbon Observation System standard with the capacity of continuously measuring liquid and solid precipitation are installed free-standing, away from obstacles obstructing rain or snowfall. In order to minimise wind-induced errors, gauges are shielded either naturally or artificially to reduce the adverse effect of wind speed on the measurements. Following standardised methods strengthens the compatibility and comparability of data with other standardised environmental observation networks while opening the possibility for synthesis studies of different precipitation measurement methodologies and types including a wide range of ecosystems and geolocations across Europe.


In this work, we describe how the energies obtained in molecular calculations performed without assuming the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation can be augmented with corrections accounting for the leading relativistic effects. Unlike the conventional BO approach, where these effects only concern the relativistic interactions between the electrons, the non-BO approach also accounts for the relativistic effects due to the nuclei and due to the coupling of the coupled electron-nucleus motion. In the numerical sections, the results obtained with the two approaches are compared. The first comparison concerns the dissociation energies of the two-electron isotopologues of the H2 molecule, H2, HD, D2, T2, and the HeH(+) ion. The comparison shows that, as expected, the differences in the relativistic contributions obtained with the two approaches increase as the nuclei become lighter. The second comparison concerns the relativistic corrections to all 23 pure vibrational states of the HD(+) ion. An interesting charge asymmetry caused by the nonadiabatic electron-nucleus interaction appears in this system, and this effect significantly increases with the vibration excitation. The comparison of the non-BO results with the results obtained with the conventional BO approach, which in the lowest order does not describe the charge-asymmetry effect, reveals how this effect affects the values of the relativistic corrections.


There is some degree of misperception concerning the superiority of the competitive sale as the evidence
suggests that large portion of municipal emissions take the form of negotiated purchase. The following article describes the
procedure for negotiation of the eventual bond emissions in municipality of Shtip, Republic of Macedonia. The aim is to
predetermine the most cost-effective method for evaluation of underwriter's municipal bond purchase proposal due to the
substantial inexperience and deficit of expertise of the city's internal services. The literature offers various measures
available to compare the relative costs of bond financing proposals. While net interest cost and net-present value are
considered improper, it is thought that the best reliance for the purpose comes from the true interest cost method. The
procedure incorporates calculation of true interest cost and duration of the underwriter's proposal and matching them with
those for a sample group of similar bonds. In this particular case, as there are no other municipals to compare with, that
would be the only available bond market index of the Macedonian Stock Exchange named OMB, with a portfolio completely
made of long-term government securities.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamases are increasing causes of resistance in many Gram-negative pathogens of common infections. This has led to a growing utilization of broad spectrum antibiotics, most predominately the carbapenem agents. As the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC-producing isolates and carbapenem resistance has increased, interest in effective alternatives for the management of these infections has also developed. Areas covered: This article summarizes clinical literature evaluating the utility of carbapenem-sparing regimens for the treatment of ESBL and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, mainly β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and cefepime (FEP). Expert opinion: Based on available data, the use of piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ) and FEP in the treatment of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae cannot be widely recommended. However, certain infections and patient characteristics may support for effective use of these alternative agents. In the treatment of infections caused by AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, FEP has been shown to be a clinically useful carbapenem-sparing alternative. Carbapenems and FEP share many structurally similar characteristics in regards to susceptibility to AmpC β-lactamases, which further create confidence in the use FEP in these situations. Patient and infection specific characteristics should be used to employ FEP optimally.


Canadian federalism fragments health system governance. Although the Constitution has been interpreted as providing shared jurisdiction over health generally, with respect to health care specifically, the courts have interpreted the Constitution as giving direct jurisdiction to the provinces. The Federal role in health care is therefore indirect, but nevertheless potentially powerful. For example, the Federal government has used its spending powers to establish the Canada Health Act (CHA), which commits funding to provinces on condition they provide first-dollar public coverage of hospital and physician services. However, in recent times, as federal contributions have declined, the CHA has been weakly enforced. Further, the failure to broaden the CHA to include prescription drugs, dentistry, and other important aspects of health care have contributed to Canada's abysmal record on aboriginal health and its increasingly poor rankings in international comparisons. Progress requires enforcement of an adequately funded CHA, national pharmacare, and concerted action on aboriginal health. It requires bolder federal action and a pan-Canadian approach to governance in which federalism again becomes a laboratory of experimentation, including on health human resource planning; drug utilization and safety; health emergency readiness; health technology assessment; electronic health information systems, and system-level quality assurance.


The objective of this study was using methods of emergy theory to calculate the flow of emergy on eco-economic system in Liuzhou from 2004 to 2008, in order to analyse emergy relationship of ecological economic system including society, economy and ecological subsystems. The results showed the emergy self-sufficient ratio, the net emergy yield ratio decreased year by year, but the environmental loading ratio and population carrying capacity increased in recent years, and Emergy index for sustainable development decreased rapidly. This study could put forward countermeasures for sustainable development of Liuzhou ecological economic system.


: This paper reviews selected research on mental disorders which include Jewish subjects from large scale epidemiological surveys to clinical studies and psychoanalytical studies conducted up to the late 1980's. These studies were primarily conducted in the United States, which has the largest Jewish population in the world, and in the State of Israel. In view of the fact that Jews are a heterogeneous group the findings have not always been consistent, however, certain trends have been observed. Jews were found to undergo more psychotherapy than any other group. While the prevalence rate of schizophrenia seems to be lower, neurosis seems to be higher than among non-Jews. Because Jews tend to internalize aggression, they are less likely to be paranoid. There is some evidence that the Jews' strong attachment to their ethnic group and family solidarity seem to have a positive effect on their mental health. When Jewish alcoholics, drug addicts and criminals were studied, it was found that they had psychiatric problems. The author concludes that more effort should be devoted to the study of the psychopathology of the Jewish population around the world.


One of the most popular techniques to take into account the finite ground conductivity in the evaluation of the radial component of the electric field generated by a lightning return stroke is the Cooray-Rubinstein (CR) formula. As this formula is derived in the frequency domain, its application in time-domain simulation codes for the analysis of lightning-induced overvoltages on overhead lines might be challenging. In this paper, two methods allowing a simple time-domain implementation of the formula are discussed. The first one is an enhanced version of an algorithm recently proposed by two of the authors, while the second consists of a new technique, based on a suitable rational approximation of the impedance term appearing in the CR formula. This second approach is characterized by an intrinsic easiness in time-domain implementation and a considerable computational efficiency compared with conventional methods.


The monocyte factor, interleukin 1, or other factors homologous with interleukin 1, modulates functions of a variety of cells, including T and B lymphocytes, synovial cells, and chondrocytes. We have reported that a human monocyte cell line, U937, produces interleukin 1 when incubated with a soluble factor from lectin-stimulated T lymphocytes. We have also shown that U937 cells have a specific cytosolic receptor for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25[OH]2D3). We now report that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3(10(-11)-10(-10) M) induces maturational changes in the U937 cells similar to those produced by conditioned medium from lectin-stimulated T lymphocytes (increase in Fc receptors and OKM1 binding and decrease in proliferation), but does not induce monokine production as measured by mononuclear cell factor activity. 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 is 200-300-fold more effective than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is consistent with the known biological potency of these vitamin D3 metabolites. 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and the lymphokine together markedly augment maturational effects and, in addition, augment monokine production. The specificity of the interaction is further demonstrated by the lack of augmentation of monokine production with 1 beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the presence of lymphokine. These interactions of a classical hormone and the hormonelike product(s) of the immune system with U937 cells serve as a model for human monocyte/macrophage differentiation and suggest a role for these interactions in some aspects of inflammation.


This article presents impact dynamic analysis of a free-floating space robot, subject to a force impulse at the hand. We study the joint and the base reactions in terms of finite velocity changes and clarify their role for the post-impact motion behavior of the robot. The analysis makes use of a joint-space orthogonal decomposition procedure involving the so called reaction null space. The article focuses on the specific case of a nonredundant arm and a reaction null space in terms of base angular motion. We further show that with proper post-impact control it is possible to transfer the whole angular momentum from the base toward the manipulator, and in the same time to reduce the joint velocity.


In seasonal environments, while some primates change their behavioural patterns according to the total food available, others associate it with plant-specific food availability. We recorded behavioural and ecological data from one marmoset group at the edge of a 522-ha Atlantic Forest fragment in order to verify the seasonal and between-year patterns. We collected behavioural and diet data via scan sampling for 9 months (3 months/season), and estimated the fruiting source density. Fruit resources were significantly more available in the 2012 dry season than the 2012 rainy and 2013 dry seasons. Overall, foraging and moving were the main activities, and fruits and exudates were the principal food items consumed. During the rainy season, the common marmosets devoted more time to eating fruits, increased the niche breadth and food source revisitation frequency, and used the forest's middle-strata more often. When we compared between-year data, we found that common marmosets rested more frequently, fed more often on invertebrates and had a broader niche breadth in the 2012 dry season than in the 2013 dry season. The availability of specific fruit resources and invertebrates appeared to influence study group activity budget and diet. Variation in food availability may have reduced diet niche breadth and stratum use. Our study confirms the well-established flexibility of common marmosets, and demonstrates key aspects of their foraging strategy to survive in modified habitats.


The reproductive biology of the Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata) was studied from 1988 to 1992 in central Texas. Minimum snout-vent lengths (SVL) at maturity were 380 mm in males and 460 mm in females. Mating occurred primarily in late April and early May, although we observed some evidence of fall mating. Gestation was approximately three months. Parturition occurred predominantly in mid-August, ranging from 29 July to 22 September. Approximately 85% (range 79.5-88.8) of adult females were gravid each year with the proportion of reproductive females varying as a function of body size. Litter size averaged 11.1 (range 4-29) and varied both among and within study sites. Maternal SVL was correlated with litter size and mass but not offspring SVL or mass with litter size held constant. Litter size had no effect on offspring SVL or mass when female SVL was held constant. Relative clutch mass averaged 0.46 and was independent of female size. Mean offspring length and mass were 175 mm SVL and 3.8 g, respectively, showing no overall sexual differences. However, mean SVL was typically greater for females within litters.


A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the possible role of endothelial and extracellular factors in the pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Plasma changes in von Willebrand-Jürgen factor were correlated with the clinical condition of hyperstimulated patients, since the rise of capillary permeability is the central event in all subsequent morbidity. The corresponding oestradiol levels and ultrasound parameters were assessed. In-vitro fertilization patients designated as 'high responders' and with oestradiol values > 2500 pg/ml and > 8 pre-ovulatory follicles at the time of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) injection were assessed. Among 62 patients, 37 fulfilled these criteria and 18 developed OHSS, indicating the low predictive ability of ultrasound and oestradiol values alone. The remaining 19 patients served as control group. von Willebrand factor-associated antigen in plasma was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ristocetin co-factor activity by an aggregatometric test. Basal values of the two groups of patients did not differ but there were large inter-individual variations. A slight increase occurred in the control group until the day of HCG although individual cycles showed 'no change of pattern' or a 'decreasing tendency' from the start. Some patients allocated to the non-hyperstimulated type showed a steep increase of values followed by a decline. A consistent increase in the OHSS group lasted after embryo transfer even to the late corpus luteum phase. These subtle changes of capillary permeability or damage always preceded the clinical signs, such as ascites, haemoconcentration, hypoproteinaemia and pleural effusion. Mean values differed in the two groups from the day preceding ovum retrieval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The banking sector is the backbone of the economy and plays an important financial intermediary role, their health is very critical to the health of the general economy at large. In order to ensure a healthy, solid and stable banking sector, the banks must be analyzed and evaluated in a way that will allow the smooth correction and removal of the potential vulnerabilities. The present study is done with the objective to analyze the financial performance of the commercial banks in India. CAMEL Approach is applied to evaluate the financial performance of SBI and ICICI bank. Based on the set of indicators as defined by CAMEL framework the financial performance is being evaluated with the help of various ratios. Comparison of financial performance was done by applying Independent sample t- test. The study concluded that ICICI bank is more efficient in terms of capital adequacy and can resists risk more effectively that SBI. The financial statements of SBI & ICICI bank from the period of 2009-10 to 2013-14 have been analyzed for the purpose of the study. Whereas SBI's earning capabilities are far better than ICICI. More or less both banks are carrying on their operations effectively. Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-3: 228-235 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i3.12417


Based on the principles of conventional oedometer tests, half mold consolidation apparatus which attained Chinese Patent Certificate of New and Practical Device was designed for non-saturated soil's micro-observation with axial drainage conditions. By half mold consolidation tests, we could get similar stress-strain curves at different water content, which could illustrate the feasibility of the new apparatus. Besides, on the application of DPDM (the digital photogrammetry for deformation measurement) technology, the deformation fields of the silty clay were analyzed under monotonic increasing load, which could obviously show the macro mechanics properties by digital image analysis. According to the distribution of deformation fields, the analyzing area could be divided into three parts from top to bottom sequence: soil in top area subsided with upper porous-stone in balance; the deformation in the central area was changing the most whereas there had always been inapparent changes near down porous-stone. Such study could put forward a new conception for the development of conventional soil tests, which could be helpful to further establish the theoretical constitutive model for silty clay.


SPT0311-58 is the most massive infrared luminous system discovered so far during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the molecular interstellar medium at z = 6.9, through high resolution observations of the CO(6–5), CO(7–6), CO(10–9), [C i](2–1), and p‐H2O(21,1 −20,2) lines and dust continuum emissions with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The system consists of a pair of intensely star-forming, gravitationally lensed galaxies (labeled West and East). The intrinsic far-infrared luminosity is (16 ± 4) × 1012 L ⊙ in West and (27 ± 4) × 1011 L ⊙ in East. We model the dust, CO, and [C i] using non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer models and estimate the intrinsic gas mass to be (5.4 ± 3.4) × 1011 M ⊙ in West and (3.1 ± 2.7) × 1010 M ⊙ in East. We find that the CO spectral line energy distribution in West and East are typical of high-redshift submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). The CO-to-H2 conversion factor (α CO) and the gas depletion timescales estimated from the model are consistent with the high-redshift SMGs in the literature within the uncertainties. We find no evidence of evolution of depletion time with redshift in SMGs at z > 3. This is the most detailed study of molecular gas content of a galaxy in the EoR to date, with the most distant detection of H2O in a galaxy without any evidence for active galactic nuclei in the literature.


How do individuals convicted to incarceration fare in terms of later crime and labor market outcomes compared to those who receive a non-custodial sentence? We answer this question by taking advantage of a Danish reform whereby most offenders tried for a drunk-driving crime were placed on probation rather than sentenced to incarceration. Our first key finding is that stakeholders anticipated the consequences of the reform as significant selection is observed in the nature of the cases tried before and after the reform. To measure its impact, we resort to a novel instrumental variable approach exploiting quasi-exogenous variation in the probability of being tried after the reform and therefore incarcerated, based on the crime date. We find that incarcerated offenders commit more crimes and have weaker ties to the labor market than those placed on probation. The effects are particularly strong among young offenders. Our findings suggest that economic precariousness is an important mechanism explaining subsequent criminal behavior.


Creep fracture mechanics parameter C* is used to relate the data of Creep crack initiation (CCI) and Creep crack growth (CCG). Reference stress method (RSM) can be used to explain the result of finite element analysis on evaluating structures, and it is widely used to design and assess of general structures. The result of C* is affected by the creep coefficient A and creep exponent n for power-law creep in solving creep fracture mechanics parameter C* though using RSM.


The objective of this research is to evaluate the intention to carry out an MBA in the Ecuadorian context through the model proposed by Azjen (1991); including the perceived value; as a mediating variable among the constructs (attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) and intention. The research was framed in a quantitative perspective, with a cross section. The estimation of the model was made, through the multivariate statistical technique of structural equations, in order to evaluate the relationships between constructs. The analyzed population were undergraduate students from all the Universities of Ecuador, of which a sample of 756 students was surveyed. It was evident that all the hypothetical relationships established in the proposed model are significant with respect to the intention to carry out an MBA. The perceived value for completing an MBA influences the intention to complete an MBA by 0.894. Likewise, the perceived value was evaluated as a mediating variable, concluding in accordance with what was proposed by Ato and Vallejo (2011), which meets the different processes for verification. Finally, the correlations between attitude, subjective norms and control perception were reported to be significant. In addition, the R2 of the dependent variables was determined, hence, the intention to carry out an MBA reported 79.9%; Similarly, the perceived value was determined, obtaining 65.5%.


Deposition of electron cyclotron waves at high-power densities for heating and current drive in a tokamak plasma generates a population of fast electrons and therefore the velocity distribution of the electron population will deviate from a Maxwellian. Apart from the formation of a high energy tail, modifications to the low-energy part of the distribution function have also been observed. This may have consequences for electron temperature measurements by incoherent Thomson scattering, which usually assumes a Maxwellian distribution function to interpret the scattered light spectrum. In order to investigate and quantify such perturbations, a few typical cases of electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (ECCD) experiments on the Tokamak a Configuration Variable (TCV) have been analysed in detail. The experimental results from the TCV Thomson scattering system have been compared with simulated data assuming different velocity distribution functions. These were obtained either as results of numerical modelling, using the Fokker–Planck code CQL3D, or in the form of a model bi-Maxwellian distribution function based on information from electron cyclotron emission measurements. In some of the investigated cases the deviations from an ideal Maxwellian were significant and systematic errors in theTe measurements from Thomson scattering could be identified. In particular, for a case with an injected power of 1.35 MW for ECCD, the discrepancies in Te measurements based on different parts of the scattered light spectrum, i.e. different electron velocity classes, were found to be as large as 25–30%. The use of a bi-Maxwellian model distribution function with three free parameters has permitted us to identify the parameter range in which systematic errors exceed the experimental uncertainties of Thomson scattering measurements on TCV. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) 0741-3335/05/091539+20$30.00 © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK 1539


Determination of pesticides is important for human health. Sensors are one of the best solutions because they do not require a long sample preparation and can be used not only in a laboratory. Electrochemical sensors can be easily minimised and employed for the detection of pesticides in liquid samples such as ground or wastewater. Conducting polymers have a few roles in electrochemical sensors, therefore, they can be good candidates for sensor development. Electrochemically co-polymerised folic acid and riboflavin as well as folic acid and L-lysine were employed for the detection of atrazine using square wave voltammetry. The co-polymer composition was optimised and characterised electrochemically and spectroscopically. The optimal composition of polyfolic acid and poly-L-lysine co-polymer electrosynthesised from the monomer ratio 1:10 was the best in terms of stability and sensitivity to atrazine. The best method was the square wave voltammetry showing the best sensitivity to atrazine 198 ± 1 μA/μM cm2, and the limit of detection was 14.8 nM. However, the sensitivity in tap water was significantly lower but still suitable for atrazine detection by the spike method.


Date of birth (DOB) has historically been considered as private information and safe to use for authentication, but recent years have seen a shift towards wide public sharing. In this work we characterize how modern social media users are approaching the sharing of birthday wishes publicly online. Over 45 days, we collected over 2.8M tweets wishing happy birthday to 724K Twitter accounts. For 50K accounts, their age was likely mentioned revealing their DOB, and 10% were protected accounts. Our findings show that the majority of both public and protected accounts seem to be accepting of their birthdays and DOB being revealed online by their friends even when they do not have it listed on their profiles. We further complemented our findings through a survey to measure awareness of DOB disclosure issues and how people think about sharing different types of birthday-related information. Our analysis shows that giving birthday wishes to others online is considered a celebration and many users are quite comfortable with it. This view matches the trend also seen in security where the use of DOB in authentication process is no longer considered best practice.


The recently proposed Minimal Complexity Machine (MCM) nds a hyperplane classier by minimizing an exact bound on the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension. The VC dimension measures the capacity of a learning machine, and a smaller VC dimension leads to improved generalization. On many benchmark datasets, the MCM generalizes better than SVMs and uses far fewer support vectors than the number used by SVMs. In this paper, we describe a neural network based on a linear dynamical system, that converges to the MCM solution. The proposed MCM dynamical system is conducive to an analogue circuit implementation on a chip or simulation using Ordinary Dierential Equation (ODE) solvers. Numerical experiments on benchmark datasets from the UCI repository show that the proposed approach is scalable and accurate, as we obtain improved accuracies and fewer number of support vectors (upto 74.3% reduction) with the MCM dynamical system.


The study aimed to determine the predictive cut-offs in high school grade point average, entrance examination, NCM grades and emotional intelligence of the students that can forecast passing in the PNLE and to derive predictive models from the combination of high school grade-point average, entrance examination result, NCM grades, emotional intelligence and type of high school attended that best predict passing of the Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination based on three school years namely 2004, 2005 and 2006. The study was conducted at Davao Doctors College located in Malvar Street, Davao City. The subjects of the study were the BSN graduates of Davao Doctors College who had taken PNLE for the first time during year 2004, 2005 and 2006. Results showed that the aggregated NCM grade and entrance examination came out as the best predictors of PNLE. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine significant predictors of PNLE when NCM grade, EQ variables, entrance examination result and high school GPA are examined in the stepwise process. Stepwise regression revealed that among entrance examination, NSG grades and High school GPA, only the aggregated NCM grade and entrance examination are the best predictors of PNLE, thus these variables enter in the model. The predictive cut-offs of the various factors show that the NCM grades and entrance examination results are in the best position to offer cut offs that are predictive to passing the PNLE. The best model to predict passing of PNLE is shown by the following formula: PNLE = -4.109+ 0.946(NCM grade) + 0.046 (Entrance Examination) The model above reveals that there is a corresponding 0.946 level increase in PNLE score for every one level increase in NCM grade when Entrance examination held constant. For every one level increase in the entrance examination result, a 0.046 level increase will be incurred in the PNLE score when effect of average NCM grade is held constant. The NCM grade however has a higher influence to the success. It is therefore recommended that the entrance examination can be improved together with the establishment of a clear cut off grade of 80-85 for NCM grades and Entrance Examination grade.


Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter are privileged platforms for teenagers' expression and information sharing. This study, based on a Big Data approach, aims to explore how persons under 18 years old "talk" about their mobility behaviors and aspirations on these social networks. This exploratory research analyzes millions of public posts ("tweets") from Twitter in order to identify relevant topics related to the topic "mobility under 18". This exploratory work generated insights for the design of a web quantitative survey done by the EPFL Laboratory of Urban Sociology (LaSUR).


This study presents the results of an investigation on beliefs about learning assessment involving nine in-service EAL (Note 1) teachers from state-funded primary and secondary schools in Santarém, western Pará, Brazil. It capitalises on authors who discuss beliefs in the educational context, considering general learning assessment, English learning assessment, and beliefs about teaching English in state-funded schools. Data were gathered by means of semi-structured interviews and analysed following the principles of content analysis as an attempt to find points of convergence and divergence among the beliefs found. Results indicate that most of the participants' beliefs are not consistent with the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters for teaching additional languages, and that the participants appear to misunderstand the concepts of feedback, and diagnostic, formative, and continuous assessments. These findings can be used to improve proposals for initial and continuing education of EAL teachers both in western Pará and in the other regions of the country, as a means to promote their compliance with the National Curriculum Parameters.


Context: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. several dental care facilities across countries have been completely closed or have been only providing minimal treatment for emergency cases. The primary objectives of the study were to explore the awareness and utilization of home remedies for dental pain during the lockdown. Aims: The main aim of the study is to assess the attitude, knowledge, awareness, and utilization of home remedies for dental pain during lockdown. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire (Google Form) consisting 16 questions related to awareness, attitude toward and utilization of home remedies for dental pain was distributed through online platforms. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were collected and analyzed using the SPSS software. Bivariate analysis (Chi-square test) was used to assess the association between the independent variables with each of the main outcomes of interest. Results: Four hundred and seventeen responses were collected which included 204 males and 213 females. Dental pain was the most common dental problem faced by the study population, 68.5% were aware of home remedies and 56.5% had experienced relief from dental pain. Twenty-one percent rural study participants said that home remedy for tooth pain is better than conventional treatment. Conclusions: The surveyed population adopted home remedies as a first line of treatment for temporary relief from the tooth pain during the lockdown. Although it should be stated that majority preferred conventional treatment for permanent relief from the dental pain. During the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the general public had little or in some remote areas no other choice but to follow the traditional methods to relieve their pain temporarily.


Structural models of the (110) termination of α-Al2O3 are studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and thermodynamics modeling to determine the details of the mineral-water interface structure. It has been established for other facets of both alumina and isostructural hematite that surface preparation conditions can influence the stoichiometry and structure observed during in situ experimental characterization studies. To this end, we use theory and modeling to determine the thermodynamically preferred surface structures as a function of the chemical environment, in terms of the oxygen chemical potential, pressure, and temperature. Consistent with studies of other facets of alumina, we find that thermodynamically unfavorable defect structures, upon hydration and hydroxylation, can show greater stability than the hydrated forms of ideal terminations. The model results are compared to experimental characterization of the hydrated (110) surface, with good agreement in terms of layer spacings and calculated surface-free energies. The electronic structure of the exposed surface functional groups is presented and discussed in terms of structure-reactivity concepts used in geochemical surface science.


The non-stationary precursor reaction (stage I) in the polymerization of styrene by perchloric acid in methylene chloride has been examined, by stopped-flow methods over the range 0 to –80 °C. At all temperatures there is evidence of a transient, electrically conducting, intermediate species, absorbing at 340 nm, which reaches its peak concentration at times ranging from 0.1s at 0° C to 0.5–3s at –80 °C (variable with reagent concentrations). At the low monomer concentrations (< 0.2M) accessible to the technique, stage I can be quantitatively discriminated from the subsequent steady stage II only below ca. –60 °C. At these low temperatures, contrary to expectations, the conversion during stage I proves to be by a dual mechanism, the ionic reaction producing no more than about half the mass of polymer and a much smaller fraction of the number of polymer chains. The overall time-scale of stage I appears to be determined primarily by that of removal of free HCIO4 by the non-ionic mechanism, rather than by the kinetics of the ionic polymerisation. The overall conversions cannot therefore be analysed to yield ionic rate constants. In reactions in presence of the salt n-Bu4NCIO4, the instantaneous rates can be separated into their non-ionic and ionic components, and approximate values derived for the paired-ion propagation rate constants. k±p 2000 at –80 °C; 4000–5000 at –60 °C; (unit: dm3 mol–1 s–1). A more speculative analysis of the rates in salt-free systems permits estimates of the free ion propagation constants some 10–20 times the above values, and of ion-pair dissociation constants in the region of 1–5 x 10–7 mol dm–3 at –60 to –80 °C.


The world economic crises in 1998 and the subsequent political terrorism on September 11, 2001 vastly impacted the social, political, and cultural landscapes of Islam in Indonesia. The earlier political changes from the authoritarian New Order to the reformation era in 1998 had sparked not only democracy, but also the arrival of Islam as a political power that promised an instant solution to social, cultural, political, and economic decadence. Islamist movements, however, gained momentum after 9/11. Islamists interpreted "war on terror" and the use of terms like "Islamofascism" as a threat against Islam and Muslims. In response, they mobilized what the United State perceived as anti-Americanism. This anti-Americanism is, of course, concretely fueled by the Islamist views of US foreign policy and Western domination. But the Islamist perception of American Islamophobia plays a role as well.


In this paper the Wigner-Eisenbud R-matrix theory is formulated to describe inelastic encounters between an atom A and a diatomic molecule BC. The formulation incorporates two particular aspects, (i) Intermolecular potentials V possess long-range 'tails' which vary asymptotically as R-n and consequently the R-matrix boundary is placed at a point Rm beyond which V is slowly varying and weak. The scattered wave is propagated from Rm to the asymptotic region, first by an adaption of the d. w. B. approximation, and secondly by an R-matrix propagation technique. (ii) The basis functions for the determination of the R-matrix in the strong interaction region (O ≤ R ≤ Rm) are determined as eigenfunctions of a suitable zero-order Hamiltonian H0 the radial part of which includes a centrifugal contribution of the form ћ2J(J + 1)/2μR2. Calculations are presented for the 4He + H2 system, and the results compared with those from a conventional coupled-channel calculation. Essentially exact agreement is found over a wide range of collision energies (0.55-0.9 eV). The R-matrix is determined at a single energy only, and reassembled at all other required energies. It is argued that the combination of the full Wigner-Eisenbud technique in the strong interaction region, with a propagation method in the region where V is slowly varying and weak, ensures that the two techniques are used to their best advantage.


Germ-line mutations in BRCA2 account for approximately half the cases of autosomal dominant familial breast cancers. BRCA2 has been shown to interact directly with RAD51, an essential component of the cellular machinery for homologous recombination and the maintenance of genome stability. Interactions between BRCA2 and RAD51 take place by means of the conserved BRC repeat regions of BRCA2. Previously, it was shown that peptides corresponding to BRC3 or BRC4 bind RAD51 monomers and block RAD51–DNA filament formation. In this work, we further analyze these interactions and find that at lower molar ratios BRC3 or BRC4 actually bind and form stable complexes with RAD51–DNA nucleoprotein filaments. Only at high concentrations of the BRC repeats are filaments disrupted. The specific protein–protein contacts occur in the RAD51 filament by means of the N-terminal domain of RAD51 for BRC3 and the nucleotide-binding core of RAD51 for BRC4. These observations show that the BRC repeats bind distinct regions of RAD51 and are nonequivalent in their mode of interaction. The results provide insight into why mutation in just one of the eight BRC repeats would affect the way that BRCA2 protein interacts with the RAD51 filament. Disruption of a single RAD51 interaction site, one of several simultaneous interactions occurring throughout the BRC repeat-containing exon 11 of BRCA2, might modulate the ability of RAD51 to promote recombinational repair and lead to an increased risk of breast cancer.


Weighted model counting (WMC) has recently emerged as an effective and general approach to probabilistic inference, offering a computational framework for encoding a variety of formalisms, such as factor graphs and Bayesian networks.The advent of large-scale probabilistic knowledge bases has generated further interest in relational probabilistic representations, obtained by according weights to first-order formulas, whose semantics is given in terms of the ground theory, and solved by WMC. A fundamental limitation is that the domain of quantification, by construction and design, is assumed to be finite, which is at odds with areas such as vision and language understanding, where the existence of objects must be inferred from raw data. Dropping the finite-domain assumption has been known to improve the expressiveness of a first-order language for open-universe purposes, but these languages, so far, have eluded WMC approaches. In this paper, we revisit relational probabilistic models over an infinite domain, and establish a number of results that permit effective algorithms. We demonstrate this language on a number of examples, including a parameterized version of Pearl's Burglary-Earthquake-Alarm Bayesian network.


Untreated acute occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) comes along with high morbidity and mortality. The incidence rate is about 6 per 100000 persons a year. While for treatment of ICA stenosis interventional stent placement is an established method only few experience has been made with acute occlusion of the ICA.
From january 2005 to march 2011 twentysix patients according to our criterions of inclusion were treated by emergency percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).  The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the clinical benefit of PTA in acute ICA occlusion. Beside different kinds of occlusions and their origins periprocedural characteristics with influence on the methodical approach were particularly considered.
After acquisition of epidemiological and clinical attributes from the health record the preinterventional imaging was evaluated. Depending on their availability CT- or MRT-maps were used to assess the degree of irreversible damaged infarct core and "tissue at risk". Afterwards, the available images of the intervention itself with consideration of interventional protocol, interventional times, kind of occlusion and complications were analysed. To evaluate the result of reconstruction Qureshi- and Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI)-Scores
were used. Both scores characterize patterns of cerebral perfusion. Finally the size of infarction was determined from postinterventional imaging.
Reperfusion of the ICA was succesfull in 100% of the cases. Nineteen of twentysix acute occlusions of the ICA were caused by thrombemboly while seven were caused by dissection. The methodical approach was different in dissections, as beside confirming the correct lumen a more defensive procedure without ICA-dilatation was used. Thrombembolic material in the niveau of the artery wall should not be exprimated into the lumen. For both kinds of occlusions each used methodical approach was successfull.
Due to high rates of intracranial tandem occlusions an intracranial reconstruction of vessels subsequent to the reperfusion of the ICA was needed in most cases. Close examination of the interventional times showed that later reconstruction of intracranial vessels took most of the overall time. In most cases this reconstruction was not completely successfull. Although all ICA-occlusions could be managed, in 40% of the patients the final size of infarction increased. Intracranial tandem occlusions, especially of the mid cerebral artery (MCA), had a bad prognosis. This corresponds to the experience of other authors (Jovin et al., 2005; Miyamoto et al., 2008).
The most frequent complication was distal embolisation with seven cases (27%). Three of these were observed after probing the occlusion and four after placing the stent. Distal protection systems were used in three patients. The prevention of embolisation failed in one of these cases. The data on hand suggests that for acute occlusion of the ICA protection systems could play an important role. Especially proximal protection systems provide an interesting approach, as protection during probing of the occlusion is available.


We report a low-density drain high-electron mobility transistor (LDD-HEMT) that exhibits enhanced breakdown voltage and reduced current collapse. The LDD region is created by introducing negatively charged fluorine ions in the region between the gate and drain electrodes, effectively modifying the surface field distribution on the drain side of the HEMT without using field plate electrodes. Without changing the device physical dimensions, the breakdown voltage can be improved by 50% in LDD-HEMT, and the current collapse can be reduced. No degradation of current cutoff frequency (ft) and slight improvement in power gain cutoff frequency (fmax) are achieved in the LDD-HEMT, owing to the absence of any additional field plate electrode


The Colorado State Court of Appeals recently upheld an injunction restricting public displays of aborted fetuses. The court held that the restriction passed strict scrutiny because the state had a compelling interest in protecting children from the psychological harm of "disturbing images" and the injunction was narrowly tailored. This marked the first time an injunction had been upheld on this rationale. This Note critiques that holding and others. It contends that while some federal and state courts have recognized the interest in protecting the psychological wellbeing of children from disturbing speech as compelling, the interest is not supported by precedent. It then argues that courts have formulated the interest with a breadth that is flawed and antithetical to the First Amendment. It concludes by proposing that the state's interest in protecting children from disturbing speech should be reformulated in the mold of intentional infliction of emotional distress.


Tissue factor (TF) is the protein cofactor for factor VIIa (FVIIa), the first serine protease of the clotting cascade. Previous studies using alanine mutagenesis have identified TF residues Lys and Lys as important for factor X (FX) activation, hypothesizing either that these residues interact with phospholipid head groups or that they directly or indirectly promote macromolecular substrate binding. In the recently reported x-ray crystal structure of the isolated extracellular domain of TF, both Lys and Lys are solvent-exposed and predicted to be near the phospholipid surface in intact TF. We hypothesized that these residues may in fact be ideally positioned to interact with the 4-carboxyglutamate-rich domain (Gla domain) of FX. We therefore predicted that mutations at Lys and Lys should have no effect on the activation of Gla domainless FX. To test this hypothesis, we mutated both residues Lys and Lys of TF to Ala, Glu, or Gln and examined the ability of these double mutants to support FVIIa-mediated activation of FX, Gla domainless FX, and factor IX (FIX). Each TFmutant was equivalent to wild-type TF in both FVIIa binding and promotion of FVIIa amidolytic activity. However, all three mutants were markedly deficient in supporting FIX and FX activation, with FX activation rates decreased more than FIX activation rates. In both reactions, the TF mutants exhibited different extents of activity: Gln-Gln > Ala-Ala > Glu-Glu. In sharp contrast, all three TF mutants were equivalent to wild-type TF in supporting activation of Gla domainless FX by FVIIa. Interestingly, the deficiency of the mutants in FX activation was less pronounced when Gla domainless FVIIa was used in place of native FVIIa. Together, these findings suggest that TF residues Lys and Lys contribute to a binding site for the Gla domain of FX (and perhaps other substrates) and that this interaction may be facilitated by the presence of the Gla domain of FVIIa.


Substitution of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) nucleus into T. timopheevii Zhuk. cytoplasm results in cytoplasmic male-sterility. Two partially dominant Rf1 and Rf4 genes on chromosomes 1A and 6B, respectively, restore fertility. But lines with individual RflRfl or Rf4Rf4 genes are known to have unidentified recessive gene(s) that complement fertility restoration. In this study, expression of recessive genes was examined in the absence of major Rf genes. The procedure involved crossing male-sterile 'Chris' monosomic 1A (cms-Chris mono-1A) to a RflRfl rf4rf4 line, backcrossing cytologically identified F1 mono-lA to euploid Chris (rf1rf1 rf4rf4), selfing fertile backcross F1 mono-lA, and selecting fertile disomics in the selfed progeny. Thus, Rf1 was replaced by rf1 of Chris. Similarly, rf4 replaced Rf4 in monosomics of a second cross: cms-Chris mono-6B/rf1rf1 Rf4Rf4 line, F1 mono-6B//Chris. In the latter backcross progeny, monosomics were male steriles, but some mono-lA were fertile in the former backcross progeny. In their selfed progeny fertile disomics were selected. Thus, a true-breeding fertile line with T. timopheevii cytoplasm, but without the major Rf genes was obtained


Project failure in the information systems field is a costly problem and troubled projects are not uncommon. In many cases, whether a troubled project ultimately succeeds or fails depends on the effectiveness of managerial actions taken to turn around or redirect such projects. Before such actions can be taken, however, management must recognize problems and prepare to take appropriate corrective measures. While prior research has identified many factors that contribute to the escalation of commitment to failing courses of action, there has been little research on the factors contributing to the deescalation of commitment. Through deescalation, troubled projects may be successfully turned around or sensibly abandoned. This study seeks to clarify the factors that contribute to software project deescalation and to establish practical guidelines for identifying and managing troubled projects. Through interviews with forty-two IS auditors, we gathered both quantitative and qualitative data about the deescalation of commitment to troubled software projects. The interviews sought judgments about the importance of twelve specific factors derived from a review of the literature on deescalation. Interviews also generated qualitative data about specific actors and actions taken to turn troubled projects around.The results indicate that the escalation and deescalation phases of projects manifest different portraits. While there were no factors that always turned projects around, many actors triggered deescalation, and many specific actions accounted for deescalation. In the majority of cases, deescalation was triggered by actors such as senior managers, internal auditors, or external consultants. Deescalation was achieved both by managing existing resources better and by changing the level of resources committed to the project. We summarize the implications of these findings in a process model of project deescalation.