The average value model of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is in general non-linear with time periodic variables. Recent developments demonstrated how the MMC model can be transformed into a a Steady-State Time Invariant (SSTI) representation allowing for linearization of the model. While previous modeling efforts for small-signal eigenvalue analysis considered mainly the classical Circulating Current Suppressing Controller (CCSC), this paper presents an approach for representing a complete energy-based control system in a set of Synchronously Rotating Frames (SRFs). This is obtained by separating the state variables according the their frequency components and applying corresponding Park transformations. The resulting model is based on existing controllers implemented in the stationary abc frame, and enables small-signal stability studies of MMCs with such control systems. Simulations results comparing an EMT type MMC model with the complete SSTI system validate the proposed approach.


The dynamic activities of cellular microtubules (MTs) are tightly regulated by a balance between MT-stabilizing and -destabilizing proteins. Studies in Xenopus egg extracts have shown that the major MT destabilizer during interphase and mitosis is the kinesin-related protein XKCM1, which depolymerizes MT ends in an ATP-dependent manner. Herein, we examine the effects of both overexpression and inhibition of XKCM1 on the regulation of MT dynamics in vertebrate somatic cells. We found that XKCM1 is a MT-destabilizing enzyme in PtK2 cells and that XKCM1 modulates cellular MT dynamics. Our results indicate that perturbation of XKCM1 levels alters the catastrophe frequency and the rescue frequency of cellular MTs. In addition, we found that overexpression of XKCM1 or inhibition of KCM1 during mitosis leads to the formation of aberrant spindles and a mitotic delay. The predominant spindle defects from excess XKCM1 included monoastral and monopolar spindles, as well as small prometaphase-like spindles with improper chromosomal attachments. Inhibition of KCM1 during mitosis led to prometaphase spindles with excessively long MTs and spindles with partially separated poles and a radial MT array. These results show that KCM1 plays a critical role in regulating both interphase and mitotic MT dynamics in mammalian cells.


Metalworking emerged in the southern Levant as a new ritual practice during the late phase of the Ghassulian culture, ca. 4300–3900 BC. Ghassulian metalworkers cast objects in both pure and alloyed copper. All the artifacts produced during this time span were ritual. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the socialization process of the Ghassulian metallurgy and its copper objects, by using the concepts of skeuomorphism and boundary objects. Ghassulian copper artifacts can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of artifacts, such as maceheads, chisels and axes, which were produced in stone before the Ghassulian metallurgy appeared. The second group consists of artifacts produced only in metal, including scepters, standards, "crowns" and horns, which were decorated by motifs found on various other early and late Ghassulian ritual artifacts. The artifacts of the first group are skeuomorphic objects, the morphology of which was widely recognized in early and late Ghassulian contexts. These were boundary objects, belonging both to the realm of the new social world of metallurgy and the preexisting world of Ghassulian ritual behavior. Their purpose was to introduce metallurgy to people, both in the Beer Sheva settlements and in other parts of the southern Levant, who did not practice it, as a technology firmly rooted in the Ghassulian tradition. The second group consists of more innovative objects that demonstrated the transformational potential of metallurgy and the superior control metalworkers had over the material world


The present study aimed at discovering the difficulties that level two students in the English Department, Faculty of Education, Sana'a University-Sana'a in reading comprehension when reading cultural-based texts. To achieve the study objectives, a test was administered in which participants were required to read two texts; one was cultural-based and the other was ordinary. The study method was descriptive. 51 participants were randomly selected from the whole population (180 students). The obtained data from the instrument was analyzed by calculating frequencies and paired sample t-test using SPSS program. The results revealed that even though students face difficulties when reading cultural texts, there is no significant statistical difference in their performance in the cultural based test and the ordinary one in the three subskills under investigation in this study (the main idea, guessing meaning from the text, and making inferences). Some recommendations were suggested. It was ended with some important recommendations related to its results in which teachers and learners should take into account enhancing and activating both of cultural and structural schemata.


SUMMARY This study evaluated the prognostic significance of several risk factors on the outcome of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 639 cardiovascular disease-free subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). During the 15-year follow-up, 53 (18%) men and 34 (9.8%) women had a CHD event (men vs women, p < 0.001). The age-adjusted 15-year event rate was 3% (87 events/2915 person-years). Smoking increased the CHD risk (hazard ratio = 2.45, p < 0.001), women had a 74% lower risk of a vascular event, compared to men, after controlling for the post-menopausal status (hazard ratio = 0.26, p < 0.001). A one-unit difference in low density lipoprotein (LDL)/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol ratio was associated with a 17% higher risk (hazard ratio = 1.17, p < 0.05); hypertension increased the risk for an adverse event (hazard ratio = 3.02, p < 0.05) and a 1 mg/dl increase in plasma fibrinogen level was associated with a 4% higher CHD risk (hazard ratio = 1.04, p < 0.05). With the power of the 15 years of prospective evaluation, the study shows that increased smoking, hypertension and LDL cholesterol levels eight times more than HDL cholesterol predicts an adverse CHD event, in patients with FH.


Background: Cranioplasty is a surgical intervention aimed at reestablishing the integrity of skull defects, and should be considered the conclusion of a surgical act that began with bone flap removal. Autologous bone is still considered the treatment of choice for cranioplasty. An alternative choice is bioceramic porous hydroxyapatite (HA) as it is one of the materials that meets and comes closest to the biomimetic characteristics of bone. Methods: The authors analyzed the clinical charts, compiled by the neurosurgeon, of all patients treated with custom-made porous HA devices (Custom Bone Service Fin-Ceramica, Faenza) from which epidemiological and pathological data as well as material-related complications were extrapolated. Results: From November 1997 to December 2010, 1549 patients underwent cranioplasty with the implantation of 1608 custom-made porous HA devices. HA was used in 53.8% of patients for decompressive craniectomy after trauma or intracranial hemorrhage, while the remaining cases were for treated for comminuted fracture, cutaneous or osseous resection, cranial malformation, autologous bone reabsorption or infection or rejection of previously implanted material. The incidence of adverse events in patients treated for cranioplasty, as first line treatment was 4.78% (56 events/1171 patients), and 5.02%, (19 events/378 patients) at second line. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that HA is a safe and effective material, is well tolerated in both adult and pediatric patients, and meets the requirements necessary to repair craniolacunia.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important food crop in the world after corn, wheat, and rice. It is adapted to a wide range of growing conditions, producing high yields with a near-optimum balance of nutrients for human consumption. China is the world's largest potato producer and continues to account for a large part of the global increase in potato production. Although the potato can be highly productive, it has a relatively shallow root system and often requires significant nutrient inputs to maintain tuber productivity and quality. Each metric ton of tubers removes approximately 3.8 kg nitrogen (N), 0.6 kg phosphorus (P), and 4.4 kg potassium (K). Proper nutrient management, therefore, is extremely important for sustaining high tuber yield and quality. Lack of adequate balanced fertilization in China is reportedly a yield-limiting factor in some areas. For example, potassium (K) is very important for producing a potato crop with high tuber yield and quality. Limited K resources in China and continued cropping have resulted in below-adequate levels of soil K in many regions of the country, which will impact potato production. On the other hand, based on U.S. experience, the high nutrient demand by potato, application of high rates of fertilizer, and production on coarser textured soils can result in nutrient losses. Nutrient best-management practices are developed with the objective of optimizing production, net returns, and minimizing environmental degradation. In general, optimal N management has had the most important impact on tuber yield and quality compared with the other essential elements. Best management practices for N fertilization include appropriate selection of rate, source, timing, and method of application. Optimal management of irrigation is also important to improve N-uptake efficiency and minimize N losses while maintaining high yields and quality. Phosphorus is another key nutrient important from both production and environmental standpoints. Adequate P is required for optimum tuber-set, while excessive rates may result in soil-P buildup and potential runoff problems. This review will focus on various management techniques to maximize nutrient-uptake efficiency by potatoes.


BACKGROUND
The quality of life and lifespan are greatly reduced among individuals with mental illness. To improve prognosis, the nascent field of precision psychiatry aims to provide personalized predictions for the course of illness and response to treatment. Unfortunately, the results of precision psychiatry studies are rarely externally validated, almost never implemented in clinical practice, and tend to focus on a few selected outcomes. To overcome these challenges, we have established the PSYchiatric Clinical Outcome Prediction (PSYCOP) cohort, which will form the basis for extensive studies in the upcoming years.

METHODS
PSYCOP is a retrospective cohort study that includes all patients with at least one contact with the psychiatric services of the Central Denmark Region in the period from January 1, 2011 to October 28, 2020 (n=119,291). All data from the electronic health records (EHR) are included, spanning diagnoses, information on treatments, clinical notes, discharge summaries, laboratory tests etc. Based on these data, machine learning methods will be used to make prediction models for a range of clinical outcomes, such as diagnostic shifts, treatment response, medical comorbidity, and premature mortality, with an explicit focus on clinical feasibility and implementation.

DISCUSSION
We expect that studies based on the PSYCOP cohort will advance the field of precision psychiatry through the use of state-of-the-art machine learning methods on a large and representative dataset. Implementation of prediction models in clinical psychiatry will likely improve treatment and, hopefully, increase the quality of life and lifespan of those with mental illness.


Bistable light switching characteristics of the composite system composed of side chain type liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and two kinds of low molecular weight liquid crystals (LCs) have been investigated. Each component was in a nematic state but the ternary composite showed an induced smectic phase over the wide ranges of both mixing concentration and temperature. The reversible turbid (light scattering)-transparent switching was observed upon the application of electric fields with low and high frequencies, respectively. Both transparent and turbid states of the ternary composite could be maintained stably, even though an electric field was turned off. The ternary composite system exhibited novel characteristics on bistable and reversible light switching. The response speed for bistable light switching could be remarkably improved by reducing the LCP fraction, maintaining an induced smectic state. Then, a novel type of the (LCP/LCs) composite system with a short response time at room temperature was realized for that with bistable and reversible light switching.


norvegicus) in a horizontally divided trawl codend? DTU Orbit (20/10/2019) Can active behaviour stimulators improve fish separation from Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) in a horizontally divided trawl codend? A promising design to improve selectivity in the Nephrops-directed trawl fishery is the horizontally divided trawl codend. Previous studies have succeeded in separating the majority of fish from Nephrops; however, cod (Gadus morhua), juvenile roundfish and flatfish still enter the lower compartment in relative high proportions. In this study we investigated if and to which extent it is possible to improve the vertical separation of fish from Nephrops by adding active behaviour stimulators. These stimulators are designed to exploit fish avoidance behaviour and lead them into the upper compartment while Nephrops move into the lower compartment. We tested two types of behaviour stimulators: a chain curtain at the entrance of the lower compartment at the point of separation and a set of rising float-lines inserted ahead of the point of separation. The length-dependent vertical separation of five important commercial fish species and Nephrops was analysed in comparison to the horizontally divided trawl codend with no stimulator, towed in parallel to the test trawl. The results showed that fish's vertical separation can be partially improved by the addition of stimulators, without complicating fishing operations or increasing the proportion of Nephrops that enters the upper compartment. However, the improvement was limited and none of the two active stimulators tested managed to simultaneously improve the separation of cod, juvenile roundfish and flatfish.


The Concordiasi campaign aimed to improve satellite data assimilation at high latitudes and, particularly, the assimilation of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) radiances over Antarctica. This study focuses on the IASI data retrieval using a 1-D variational data assimilation system, which was carried out at the Concordia station and within the framework of Concordiasi. The study period lasted from November 20 to December 12, 2009. Radiosonde measurements are utilized to validate temperature and water vapor retrieved profiles. Baseline Surface Radiation Network data and manned measurements in Concordia are used to verify skin temperature retrievals and derive information about cloudy conditions. This study assesses the impact of several parameters on the retrieved profile quality. In particular, the background error specification is crucial. The background error covariance matrix is optimally tuned to provide the best possible retrievals, modifying the shape of these covariances for stratospheric temperatures, computing and maximizing the degree of freedom for signal (DFS). The DFS characterizes how the assimilation system uses the observation to pull the signal from the background. For the study period, the humidity and temperature retrieved profiles are optimally improved compared with background profiles, with the largest reduction in error for the skin temperature.


Is cell quiescence a distinct state or does it represent a series of growth rates that cells use to adjust to their environment? Many cells in the human body are quiescent—that is, they are not actively dividing to create new cells, but can reenter the cell division cycle and proliferate at some later time. Among the cells that can survive in a quiescent state are lymphocytes that can become activated to mount an immune response, and dermal fibroblasts that can be called upon to aid in wound healing. The ability to enter and exit quiescence appropriately, and to remain viable while quiescent, is central to tissue homeostasis and the response to potentially life-threatening challenges. Yet, despite the central role of quiescence in normal physiology and pathophysiology, fundamental questions about quiescence remain unanswered but are currently being addressed.


ABSTRACT This paper examines how family members support each other's entrepreneurial activities through sharing resources created at the business-level. Drawing on the concept of 'enterpriseness' the study examines the flows between a family and the business and how it influences the impacts of the businesses on the family (enterpriseness). We capture the enterpriseness by focusing on entrepreneurial families where more than one member is an owner-entrepreneur. Through in-depth interviews with entrepreneurial families in Mexico, we show how different forms of capital resources emerging from multiple businesses flow back into the family and contribute to enterpriseness. The entrepreneurial family enables access to human, social and financial capital resources that are easily mobilized and combined by other members for their multiple firms, showing a subsequent effect to the business-level. Consequently, enterpriseness influences entrepreneurial behaviours which have a variety of consequences for the entrepreneurial family and their businesses. The paper concludes with a number of contributions to theory.


Hysteresis is usually characterized as a memory-dependent relationship between inputs and outputs. While various operator models have been proposed, it is often convenient for engineering applications to approximate hysteretic behavior by means of finite-dimensional differential models. In the present paper we show that step-convergent semistable systems (that is, semistable systems with convergent step response) give rise to multiple-valued maps under quasi-static operation. By providing a connection between semistability and hysteresis, our goal is to provide a class of differential models for representing hysteretic behavior.


Our research study in this paper focuses on supporting differentiated resilience services in IP/MPLS-over-WDM networks with minimum resources while guaranteeing the quality in provisioned services (QoS) for subscribers. This has been achieved through our multilayer scheme which supports dynamic traffic grooming associated with constrained differentiated resilience. This scheme incorporates an intelligent adaptive heuristic approach and other traffic management mechanisms which solve multiple challenging problems: Differentiated multilayer dynamic traffic grooming based on connections granularity and priority, and connection admission control and wavelength assignment subject to multiple QoS and resilience constraints. We have implemented this scheme to evaluate its performance through conducting simulation experiments. The results demonstrate that our multilayer scheme can enable a network operator to significantly improve the utilization of resources in WDM networks as well as reduce the connection and bandwidth blocking probabilities of all supported traffic classes while guaranteeing their requirements in terms of QoS, resilience and optical physical impairments.


We perform an objective classification of 170,000 galaxy spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) using the Karhunen-Loève (KL) transform. With about one-sixth of the total set of galaxy spectra which will be obtained by the survey, we are able to carry out the most extensive analysis of its kind to date. The formalism proposed by Connolly and Szalay (1999a) is adopted to correct for gappy regions in the spectra, and to derive eigenspectra and eigencoefficients. From this analysis, we show that this gap-correction formalism leads to a converging set of eigenspectra and KL-repaired spectra. Furthermore, KL eigenspectra of galaxies are found to be convergent not only as a function of iteration, but also as a function of the number of randomly selected galaxy spectra used in the analysis. From these data a set of ten eigenspectra of galaxy spectra are constructed, with rest-wavelength coverage 3450 − 8350 Å. The eigencoefficients describing these galaxies naturally place the spectra into several classes defined by the plane formed by the first three eigencoefficients of each spectrum. Spectral types, corresponding to different Hubble-types and galaxies with extreme emission lines, are identified for the 170,000 spectra and are shown to be complementary to existing spectral classifications. From a non-parametric classification technique, we find that the population of galaxies can be divided into three classes which correspond to early latethrough to intermediate late-types galaxies. This finding is believed to be related to the color separation of SDSS galaxies discussed in earlier works. Bias in the spectral classifications due to the aperture spectroscopy in the SDSS is small and within the signal-to-noise limit for majority of galaxies except for the reddest nearby galaxies and large galaxies (> 30 kpc) with prominent emissions. The mean spectra and eigenspectra derived from this work can be downloaded from http://www.sdss.org. Subject headings: galaxies:fundamental parameters – galaxies:general – methods: data analysis – techniques: spectroscopic Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3701 San Martin's Drive, Baltimore, MD21218,


Aims. We investigate electron temperature (Te) and gas-phase oxygen abundance (ZTe) measurements for galaxies in the local Universe (z <  0.25). Our sample comprises spectra from a total of 264 emission-line systems, ranging from individual HII regions to whole galaxies, including 23 composite HII regions from star-forming main sequence galaxies in the MaNGA survey.
Methods. We utilise 130 of these systems with directly measurable Te(OII) to calibrate a new metallicity-dependent Te(OIII)–Te(OII) relation that provides a better representation of our varied dataset than existing relations from the literature. We also provide an alternative Te(OIII)–Te(NII) calibration. This new Te method is then used to obtain accurate ZTe estimates and form the mass – metallicity relation (MZR) for a sample of 118 local galaxies.
Results. We find that all the Te(OIII)–Te(OII) relations considered here systematically under-estimate ZTe for low-ionisation systems by up to 0.6 dex. We determine that this is due to such systems having an intrinsically higher O+ abundance than O++ abundance, rendering ZTe estimates based only on [OIII] lines inaccurate. We therefore provide an empirical correction based on strong emission lines to account for this bias when using our new Te(OIII)–Te(OIII) and Te(OIII)–Te(NII) relations. This allows for accurate metallicities (1σ = 0.08 dex) to be derived for any low-redshift system with an [OIII]λ4363 detection, regardless of its physical size or ionisation state. The MZR formed from our dataset is in very good agreement with those formed from direct measurements of metal recombination lines and blue supergiant absorption lines, in contrast to most other Te-based and strong-line-based MZRs. Our new Te method therefore provides an accurate and precise way of obtaining ZTe for a large and diverse range of star-forming systems in the local Universe.


A hemispherical-focused, ultrasound phased array was designed and fabricated using 1372 cylindrical piezoelectric transducers that utilize lateral coupling for noninvasive transcranial therapy. The cylindrical transducers allowed the electrical impedance to be reduced by at least an order of magnitude, such that effective operation could be achieved without electronic matching circuits. In addition, the transducer elements generated the maximum acoustic average surface intensity of 27 W/cm2. The array, driven at the low (306-kHz) or high frequency (840-kHz), achieved excellent focusing through an ex vivo human skull and an adequate beam steering range for clinical brain treatments. It could electronically steer the ultrasound beam over cylindrical volumes of 100-mm in diameter and 60-mm in height at 306 kHz, and 30-mm in diameter and 30-mm in height at 840 kHz. A scanning laser vibrometer was used to investigate the radial and length mode vibrations of the element. The maximum pressure amplitudes through the skull at the geometric focus were predicted to be 5.5 MPa at 306 kHz and 3.7 MPa at 840 kHz for RF power of 1 W on each element. This is the first study demonstrating the feasibility of using cylindrical transducer elements and lateral coupling in construction of ultrasound phased arrays.


Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade (UMG) silicon (Si) has raised interest as an alternative material for silicon solar cells due to its low cost, low environmental impact and low CAPEX. Maximum cell efficiencies at the level of those obtained from high purity poly-Si have been reported. However, a higher defect density and the compensated doping character result in UMG-based cell efficiencies varying over wider ranges in frequency distribution charts. In this report we characterize mc-Si UMG samples with different defect densities, comparing them with mono-Si UMG and commercial highperformance mc-Si samples, analysing the impact of carrier trapping by means of photoconductance (PC) decay measurements, and its evolution after applying a phosphorous diffusion gettering (PDG) process to the wafers. When analyzing the decay time constant of the PC measurements, slow (66.8±14.3 ms) and fast (16.1±3.5 ms) traps are found in mc-Si samples, while no evidence of trapping is found in mono-UMG samples. Slow traps are effectively removed after the PDG process, while fast traps do remain. The influence of dislocations clusters and the possible role of oxygen, as revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is discussed. Finally, the improvement in minority carrier lifetime due to the PDG treatment is reported for each sample type, reaching values up to 140 us in mc-Si samples with no slow traps neither interstitial oxygen FTIR-peaks.


Coupled mode theory for parallel waveguides is extended to include temporal variations of both the dielectric function of the photonic array and the input optical power. This formulation can be very useful for the design and comprehensive analysis of modern photonic devices, such as two-dimensional photonic crystals, represented by arrays of parallel waveguides. In the special case of a time-dependent input signal, but stationary dielectric constant, analytical solutions exist for the extended formulation. The accuracy and computer time of the formulation's numerical solutions are examined against finite difference time domain and time-dependent beam propagation analyses of waveguide arrays.


Shoot tips and stem nodes of Asclepias erosa Torr., cultured on a modified (0.5 × major salts) Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.54 µm (0.1 mg/liter) NAA and 44.4 µm (10 mg/liter) BA, produced multiple shoots in 5 weeks. Subcultures of the individual shoots on the same medium produced 5-12 new shoots 4 weeks later. Rooting of the resultant shoots was best accomplished by preculturing them for 48 hr on MS medium containing 246 or 492 µm (50 or 100 mg/liter) IB A prior to subculturing for 4 weeks on MS medium devoid of growth regulators. The rooted cultures were established successfully in soil. Chemical names used. NAA: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. BA:N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine. IBA: lH-indole-3-butanoic acid.


To counter environmental pollution arising out of fossil fuel power generation,the world is gradually shifting towards renewable sources of energy, with solar energy leading at the front. In a grid-connected solar PV system, the energy generation system and utility grid are interfaced by using power electronics converters which are commonly based on a VSI (voltage source inverter) connected to the mains supply network, which is used to regulate power flow and ensuring operation with unity power factor. The grid requirements are improved power quality, Good transient response during fault conditions, grid synchronization and independent control of active & reactive power and etc.

To achieve this requirement of the grid, here we designed a 10kW PV system which is to be interfaced to a utility grid to be performed. This project represents athree-phase, single-stage grid integrated solar PV system. The proposed system serves for power factor correction,the maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the grid 5 currents balancing and harmonics mitigation of loads connected at the PCC (point5 of common coupling). The solar photovoltaic system uses a three- phase VSC (voltage source converter) to perform these functions. This system extracts the solar energy from the photovoltaic system and feeds to the grid.MPPT algorithm is put to use for extracting maximum power from Photovoltaic system. There are many types of MPPT algorithms are there, but especially which are widely used is perturb and observer and incremental conductance algorithm. Here, the proposed system used the incremental conductance which is more accurate and more efficient. The reference DC link voltage of voltage source converter is also decided by the MPPT algorithm.

In a simplified way, the control algorithm of a solar photovoltaic system consists of two parts, in the first part the MPPT decides the reference D.C. link voltage and secondly the VSC is controlled by the use of control functions. The PV system voltage is maintained at the reference which is controlled by a PI(proportional integral)controller using an MPPT algorithm. For controlling the VSC, an Improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) and Damped-second order generalized integrator (Damped-SOGI) is proposed. The main characters of the Improved linear sinusoidal tracer control algorithm are fast convergence, control simplicity while the Damped-SOGI is having the higher converging state, good noise immunity response and improved steady-state performance. The fundamental component of the load current is extracted by using an ILST and a Damped-SOGI based control algorithm, zero crossing detectors and sample and hold log are used to extract the active power component of load currents. PI controller is used to estimate the loss component of VSC and reference grid currents are estimated by combining all these components. The sensed grid currents and the reference grid currents are compared and a current controller is used for producing the switching pulses for the grid VSC interfaced. The unity power factor (UPF),as well as the sinusoidal balancing of grid currents, are controlled by the VSC. The currents injected into the grid are synchronized using unit templates derived from PCC voltages. Only active power is exchanged through the grid because the grid currents are at UPF. The total active power in the system must be balanced among the grid, the loads and the SPV. There is a comparison between the Damped SOGI and ILST algorithm on the basis of THD and other waveforms. The simulation results are obtained by using MATLAB/Simulink for controlling the active current between the PV-grid systems.


Retinal ischemia is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Inner retinal dysfunction including loss of retinal ganglion cells is encountered in a number of retinal ischemic disorders. We previously reported administration of two different hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) inhibitors exerted neuroprotective effects in a murine model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) which mimics these disorders, as inner retinal degeneration could be involved in pathological HIF induction. However, this notion needs further investigation. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to use retina‐specific Hif‐1α conditional knockout (cKO) mice to uncover this notion more clearly under the same condition. Hif‐1α cKO mice showed inner retinal neurodegeneration to a lesser extent than control mice. Hif‐1α depletion in a murine 661W retinal cell line reduced cell death under pseudohypoxic and hypoxic conditions. Among hypoxia‐related genes, the expression of BCL2 19 kDa protein‐interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) was substantially upregulated in the inner retinal layer after retinal I/R. In this regard, we further examined Bnip3 depletion in retinal neurons in vitro and in vivo and found the similar neuroprotective effects. Our results support the notion that the HIF‐1α/BNIP3 pathway may have a critical role in inner retinal neurodegeneration, which can be linked with the development of new promising therapeutics for inner retinal ischemic disorders.


Abstract Sweetened low fat (1%) plain yogurt and low fat Swiss-style strawberry and lemon yogurts were manufactured using cream, nonfat dry milk, sugar, stabilizer (a blend of modified food starch, carrageenan, and pectin), and skim milk. After addition of the yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum , yogurt samples were incubated at 43°C until desirable pH values of 5.0 or 4.2 were reached. Carbon dioxide (0.08 to 0.09 kg/cm 2 ) was incorporated into the cooled, flavored yogurt by way of a sanitary hose. The yogurt was stored at 4°C for sensory evaluation by an expert panel on d 7, 21, and 45. A consumer panel evaluated carbonated and noncarbonated yogurts on d 21. The results of the study showed that the carbonation had no significant effect on the acceptability of yogurt during shelf-life. Also, the carbon dioxide treatment did not alter the sensory characteristics of yogurt as noted either by expert panelists or by consumers.


Karsten Paerregaard, Oxford: Berg, 1997.Reviewer: Susan VincentMount Allison UniversityPaerregaard begins his book by invoking the long-standing image of Peru as two separate worlds, one modern, official, urban, Spanish-speaking and capitalist, while the other is traditional, informal, rural, Quechua-speaking and peasant. While early treatments largely left the connections between the two worlds unanalyzed, over the past two decades these connections have been made the subject of anthropological research. Paerregaard contributes to this focus on connections by writing about migrants as the manifestation of the links between the worlds.This is a wide-ranging book, replete with fascinating detail about the lives of the villagers of Tapay in the southern Peruvian highlands and of Tapeno migrants to Arequipa and Lima. The strength of the book lies in the way disparate aspects from sports to religion are shown to be linked together. Paerregaard refuses to portray an easy homogeneous picture of Tapeno society and culture. Instead he weaves polyvalent themes of history, ethnicity and folklore, religion, kinship, livelihood and politics around the movements of migrants to present the complexity of Tapeno identity. This is an ethnographic rather than a theoretical book: Paerregaard's framework is to present a multitude of perspectives on Tapeno identity, rejecting the functionalist representation of homogeneity of much past anthropological writing.The major focus of the book relates to ethnicity and identity which Paerregaard demonstrates to be complex and dynamic. For example, a discussion of the impact of the immigration of a family of Spanish-speaking mestizos in the 19th century, a priest and his brother and sister-in-law, reflects a combination of history, migration, kinship, politics and economics. While the priest's children (!) were identified as local poeple (runa) since he could not acknowledge paternity, his brother's children continued to be considered mestizo and formed the local elite. This domination ended when return runa migrants, with a command of Spanish as well as of political and economic process, were able to displace the mestizo family. Paerregaard then goes on to demonstrate that the current state of ethnic identity is differently formulated from the inherited class/cultural/linguistic division of the past. Thus, in Chapter 8, Paerregaard presents a discussion of ritual in both rural and urban spheres, demonstrating the dynamic and contextual hybrid that comprises folk identity.Paerregaard's focus on migration allows for a rich analysis of the interplay between ideas deriving from rural and urban worlds. For example, in Chapter 7, a discussion of Catholicism and of conversion and reconversion to different Protestant sects in Tapay is set against a background of politics and migration. The necessary abstinence from drinking, music and dancing that Protestantism entails in Tapay leads to social isolation for converts, making it difficult to participate in rural social life. Thus, Paerregaard argues that Protestantism is linked to migrants, whose image of being Tapeno is less invested in close reciprocal social ties than non-migrants. Still, many lapse back into Catholicism as they attempt to adjust to a workable identity in the context of peasant life.Much of the literature on rural-urban migration in Peru takes the economy as a central focus. While Paerregaard's concentration on identity overshadows economic processes, livelihood activities are a part of identity. …


Power flow analysis of distribution networks incorporating LV consumer representation needs to be cognizant of an unbalanced load structure and the grounding network between the consumer and network operator (TNC-S earthing). In this paper, the asymmetrical 3-phase (and neutral) power flow problem is solved by a correction current injection methodology applied to a system represented by a complex admittance matrix. The correction current injection technique is adopted to adjust the power exchange of shunt elements, whose nominal admittances are included in the system admittance matrix, through suitable fringing currents in the iteration process. This methodology offers an improved and more robust alternative for asymmetrical network scenarios under unbalanced power flow conditions when compared to the standard power flow methodologies, such as the Newton–Raphson or the forward–backward sweep approaches. These well-known methods may encounter convergence issues as a consequence of the specific consumer/network earthing arrangements especially when they need to be defined throughout the network. The algorithm presented here has been applied to a 4-wire representation of a suburban distribution network within Dublin city, Ireland, which incorporates consumer connections at single-phase (230 V N). The analysis presented uses the correction-current injection power flow algorithm in conjunction with the network model to consider the impact of distributed wind and solar (PV) generation systems (DwG and DpvG respectively), for a range of load profiles. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The Internet and, in particular, Online Social Networks have changed the way that terrorist and extremist groups can influence and radicalise individuals. Recent reports show that the mode of operation of these groups starts by exposing a wide audience to extremist material online, before migrating them to less open online platforms for further radicalization. Thus, identifying radical content online is crucial to limit the reach and spread of the extremist narrative. In this paper, our aim is to identify measures to automatically detect radical content in social media. We identify several signals, including textual, psychological and behavioural, that together allow for the classification of radical messages. Our contribution is threefold: (1) we analyze propaganda material published by extremist groups and create a contextual text-based model of radical content, (2) we build a model of psychological properties inferred from these material, and (3) we evaluate these models on Twitter to determine the extent to which it is possible to automatically identify online radical tweets. Our results show that radical users do exhibit distinguishable textual, psychological, and behavioural properties. We find that the psychological properties are among the most distinguishing features. Additionally, our results show that textual models using vector embedding features significantly improves the detection over TF-IDF features. We validate our approach on two experiments achieving high accuracy. Our findings can be utilized as signals for detecting online radicalization activities.


Summary 1.In the current context of global habitat loss, a fundamental challenge is to understand how ecological processes interact to determine community composition. Despite the accumulating evidence base for global declines in bee populations, few studies have addressed the relative importance of local environmental and large-scale spatial factors in maintaining diverse bee communities outside of agricultural habitats, and particularly in areas protected for nature conservation. 2.We analysed bee community data that we collected from 40 Special Areas of Conservation representing five distinct European Natura 2000 priority habitats in Ireland, quantifying local habitat features within each site and surrounding land-use. Species data were collected in a nested sampling design composed of three hierarchical levels such as 'site', 'habitat' and 'region' and analysed using diversity partitioning. The species‐environment relationship was also decomposed into regional-, landscape- and local-scales by variance partitioning using partial canonical correspondence analysis. 3.Wild bee species richness and abundance were highly dependent on habitat type, but the majority of regional diversity was contained within sites, as opposed to species turnover across sites and regions. Bee communities were primarily structured by local-scale factors associated with nesting resources and grazing regime, with non-Bombustaxa being more sensitive to landscape-scale differences in adjacent habitats thanBombustaxa. Regional-scale processes, such as species sorting along longitudinal gradients, were of minor importance in structuring bee communities in this system. 4.Synthesis and applications. Within habitats, local species richness, rather than species turnover at higher spatial scales, accounted for the majority of regional bee diversity. Local environmental factors were powerful determinants of community composition. Therefore, management effort prioritising the maintenance of a diversity of high-quality habitats within a broad network of protected areas best facilitates bee conservation in this system. At a regional level, schemes for conserving and restoring important bee habitats must be habitat- and taxon-specific, as the impact of individual local-scale factors and surrounding land-use on community composition is highly habitat- and taxon-dependent.


Phenological traits often show variation within and among natural populations of annual plants. Nevertheless, the adaptive value of post-anthesis traits is seldom tested. In this study, we estimated the adaptive values of pre- and post-anthesis traits in two stressful environments (water stress and interspecific competition), using the selfing annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. By estimating seed production and by performing laboratory natural selection (LNS), we assessed the strength and nature (directional, disruptive and stabilizing) of selection acting on phenological traits in A. thaliana under the two tested stress conditions, each with four intensities. Both the type of stress and its intensity affected the strength and nature of selection, as did genetic constraints among phenological traits. Under water stress, both experimental approaches demonstrated directional selection for a shorter life cycle, although bolting time imposes a genetic constraint on the length of the interval between bolting and anthesis. Under interspecific competition, results from the two experimental approaches showed discrepancies. Estimation of seed production predicted directional selection toward early pre-anthesis traits and long post-anthesis periods. In contrast, the LNS approach suggested neutrality for all phenological traits. This study opens questions on adaptation in complex natural environment where many selective pressures act simultaneously.


THIS IS MY 15th year as the chair of an academic department of surgery. Much has happened to surgical departments as we know them and to the delivery of health care during these tumultuous years. Unfortunately, the tumult is not over; it is increasing. To accomplish the mission of teaching, research, and patient care, the comfortable model with which we all grew up will no longer work. The rules have changed. Departmental organization and financial issues are different and the differences will continue to evolve. The following comments focus on these differences. If one guesses correctly and plans properly, a viable, successful department can continue. Conversely, if one guesses wrong (or is unable to respond to change) the opposite might readily occur. ORGANIZATION Orthopedics was the first to separate from the department of surgery; a new department was created 6 months before my appointment as the department of surgery chair.


The composition of the terrestrial Antarctic flora and fauna and the distribution patterns of a number of species and of the principal vegetation types is now reasonably well established, at least in outline, for the Antarctic Peninsula region and the areas about McMurdo Sound as well as for some areas around the coastal ranges of East Antarctica. Detailed research at Signy Island has provided information concerning the biomass and productivity of certain vegetation types, decomposer organisms, microbivores, and invertebrate herbivores and predators. The main pathways of energy and nutrient within the terrestrial study sites can be regarded as reasonably established. Net annual production locally reaches very high levels (up to 800 g m -2 ). Only a tiny part of this productivity is consumed by herbivores, the greater part passing to the decomposers or persisting as peat. Most of the animals are microbivores, or graze on fungi, and in turn sustain the small number of invertebrate predators. Analysis of the range of habitats even on Signy Island indicates however that the sites for which detailed ecological information is available represent only a part of the range of environmental and ecological variation. The island is in fact characterized by a very high level of within-site diversity, some of it on a very small scale. Similarly, recent research which permits ecological comparisons with the sub-Antarctic islands of South Georgia and Macquarie, and with the McMurdo area, confirms that Signy Island displays only a small part of the very large range of diversity within the Antarctic regions as a whole. It is a reasonably representative sample of the maritime Antarctic zone in the Antarctic Peninsula region where conditions are particularly favourable for terrestrial life. Its ecological features resemble most closely those of the South Shetland Islands (except over permeable volcanic rocks) and the Palmer Archipelago on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Very different plant and animal communities occur over much of the McMurdo Sound region and in the inland ranges of East Antarctica. Some general statements can now be made about the relationships between terrestrial Antarctic eco-systems and climatic, edaphic and historical factors. There is a clearly marked attenuation of the vegetation and fauna and simplification of the ecological systems as one moves towards cold, arid continental conditions. But the biota of the maritime Antarctic and the sub-Antarctic islands is more impoverished than ecological factors alone would indicate, because of the isolation of these land habitats, many of which have only recently been deglaciated. If present environmental conditions persist, a slow increase in the complexity of these ecological systems is to be expected and in some areas, especially the subantarctic islands, this process is being accelerated by human influence.


The objective of this study was to explore the effects of tail docking and tail biting on pig welfare through an assessment of physiology and behaviour. In experiment 1, piglets were either tail docked using hot cautery iron (CAUT), blunt trauma cutters (BT), or their tails were left intact (CON). Blood samples were taken from pigs at 3 and 7 weeks of age to measure C-reactive protein (CRP). Tail-biting lesions were scored at 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. Behaviour was recorded for 72 h when tail biting was observed in 7-week old pigs. Tail-biting lesion scores were similar among treatments at 3 and 5 weeks of age, however at 7 weeks lesion scores were greater among CON compared with CAUT and BT pigs. Bodyweights were lower among CON compared with CAUT or BT pigs and CRP was elevated among CON compared with CAUT and BT pigs at 7 weeks of age. In experiment 2, piglets were tail docked at a length of 2 cm (Short) or 5 cm (Long). Tail-biting lesions were scored every 2 weeks until the end of finishing. Tail-biting lesion scores were greater among Long compared with Short pigs. Compromised welfare of tail-bitten pigs was indicated by severity of lesion, level of CRP, and reduced pig bodyweights. More research is needed into understanding the causative factors behind tail biting in pigs, so that preventative measures can be adopted on farms to prevent this behaviour.


Japanese communities with nuclear reactors have the reactors because they applied for them, and they applied for them for the money. Among Japanese municipalities, they were some of the most dysfunctional before the reactors had even arrived. Communities depend on young families for the social capital that holds them intact, and these were the communities from which those families had already begun to leave. After the reactors arrived, young families continued to disappear. Unemployment rose. Divorce rates climbed. And in time, the communities had little -- other than reactor-revenue -- to which they could turn.


Nitrated fatty acids (NFAs), endogenous products of nonenzymatic reactions of NO-derived reactive nitrogen species with unsaturated fatty acids, exhibit substantial anti-inflammatory activities. They are both reversible electrophiles and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, but the physiological implications of their electrophilic activity are poorly understood. We tested their effects on inflammatory and emphysema-related biomarkers in alveolar macrophages (AMs) of smoke-exposed mice. NFA (10-nitro-oleic acid or 12-nitrolinoleic acid) treatment downregulated expression and activity of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB while upregulating those of PPARγ. It also downregulated production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and of the protease cathepsin S (Cat S), a key mediator of emphysematous septal destruction. Cat S downregulation was accompanied by decreased AM elastolytic activity, a major mechanism of septal destruction. NFAs downregulated both Cat S expression and activity in AMs of wild-type mice, but only inhibited its activity in AMs of PPARγ knockout mice, pointing to a PPARγ-independent mechanism of enzyme inhibition. We hypothesized that this mechanism was electrophilic S-alkylation of target Cat S cysteines, and found that NFAs bind directly to Cat S following treatment of intact AMs and, as suggested by in silico modeling and calculation of relevant parameters, elicit S-alkylation of Cys25 when incubated with purified Cat S. These results demonstrate that NFAs' electrophilic activity, in addition to their role as PPARγ agonists, underlies their protective effects in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and support their therapeutic potential in this disease.


Previous research has drawn mixed conclusions regarding the relationship between White racial identity and attitudes toward diversity. We propose that identity form may help to disambiguate this relationship. In the present study, White participants wrote brief essays and were grouped based on their exhibition of one of three White identity forms: power-cognizant, prideful, or weakly identified. These groups were then compared on measures of White identification and attitudes toward diversity. A power-cognizant identity was associated with more pro-diversity attitudes than a prideful identity, despite equivalently high identification. A weakly identified form was associated with low identification and relatively neutral attitudes toward diversity. The findings suggest that, when predicting Whites' attitudes toward diversity, identity form matters.


In this study, the influence of electrolytic composition and time deposition parameters on the quality of titanium oxide coating was evaluated. The commercial Ti discs were anodized by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process using calcium acetate monohydrate 0.5M (CaAc) and a mixture of calcium acetate monohydrate 0.5M and sodium beta-glycerophosphate 0.02M (CaAc + BGF) aqueous solutions. MAO was carried out by applying pulsed DC voltage of 150 V at different processing time (05, 15, 30, 45 and 60 seconds). The films were characterized by SEM, EDS, surface profilometer and XRD. Additionally, osteoblasts culture was carried out in order to verify the cytocompatibility of the anodized surfaces. The results showed the formation a well controlled homogenous microporous structures with irregular shapes for both electrolytes. Presence of Ca and P on the surface was found for films produced with CaAc + BGF electrolyte. Also, the adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblast cells were very similar.


Diodorus Siculus' (90-30 BC) Bibliotheca Historica has been the subject of textological analysis many times. Scholars often took notice of the ancient mythographer's moralizing maxims. This article is aimed at finding a place for the concept of asphaleia in the system of Graeco-Roman historical and philosophical ideas as exemplified by the Diodorus' work. Security is thought to be a sign of peaceful and careless existence. It is ensured by wise governance. Public security was certainly considered to be more important than any personal interests. Even when Diodorus speaks about personal security, he sometimes makes a reference to collective protection. If the king cares for his people's prosperity, treats his subjects justly, maintains the rule of law, then his security becomes a precondition of general stability. Such a mutually beneficial cooperation is traced by the historian at the level of individual ethnic and social groups. According to Bibliotheca Historica, treason for the sake of security was a commonplace. Moreover, such base acts were often caused by the guarantee of asphaleia , but not by promises of money or other material benefits, though such cases were also not uncommon. Not only beneficial rulers, but also gifted generals deserved the reverential attitude. Indeed, good commanders keep a lid on important information, maintain discipline and watch over the course of battles. They are potential saviors of their native land from plunder, distemper and military defeats. Diodorus suggests that the general's soteria is a guarantee of well-being of his army and his victories. Diodorus believed that citizens doing military service accepted responsibility for the security of their state, because it cared for them in peacetime. The cause of general safety may be jeopardized due to the greed of private individuals. Only modesty and equality accompany glory and security. It is unworthy to cling to one's images people united in order to stand against perils. The second group is mainly represented by sea harbours and sanctuaries serving as asylums. What should people do to be in security as long as possible? They must follow not only the philanthropy principle, but also the considerations of benefit. Diodorus supports Epicurus who believed that only pious life could be calm. But is it possible to equate ataraxia and asphaleia ? What is the correlation between inward peace and earthly reliability of being completely dependent on externals? It appears that Diodorus' asphaleia is an active component of the world history as distinguished from ataraxia. Asphaleia is rooted not so much in the contemplation of peaceful life as in the active struggle for law and justice. In other words, ataraxia is a derivative of asphaleia. It seems that Diodorus' ataraxia is closer to asphaleia than to the Stoic apathia. Perhaps, we should also separate asphaleia and soteria. Soteria is salvation, i.e. the boundary condition characterized by release from danger, which results in security. Ключевые слова:


The 10-year experience of the urological clinic of M.F. Vladimirsky Research Clinical Institute included treatment of 219 patients (age 21-68 years, mean age 52.3 +/- 12.4; 59.2% females, 40.8% males) with urolithiasis which developed in the presence of anomalies of the kidneys and upper urinary tract. Uroliths were detected in the kidneys with homolateral (n = 51, 23.7%), lumbar (n = 49), iliac (n = 1), pelvic (n = 2) dystopia. Chest and heterolateral dystopia of the kidneys were not detected. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was used in 38 (77.6%) patients, 11 (22.4%) patients were treated by other methods. A short-term effect of ESWL consisted in elimination of most of the concrement fragments while the residual fragments had no clinical symptoms being maximally 4-5 mm in size. It was noted in 23 of 38 (60.5%) patients. Six months after ESWL elimination of the concrement from lumbar-dystopic kidney occurred in 27 (71.05%) of 38 patients. Residual fragments 6-10 mm in size were registered in 26.35% patients, more than 10 mm--in 1 (2.6%). Complications after ESWL monotherapy of the concrements of the lumbar-dystopic kidney were seen in 26.3% (acute pyelonephritis 10.6%, stone track--7.9%, total hematuria--2.6%, acute prostatitis--2.6%, renal colic--2.6%). Mean treatment duration was 15.4 +/- 3.3 days. Thus, most effective therapy ofdystopic kidneys urolithiasis is ESWL the total efficacy of which reached 71.05%.


The most important element of the Common Information Sharing Environment (CISE) is to allow the data collected by the maritime authority to be available for specific purposes by the other maritime authorities. Different actors collect data on a number of occasions and CISE allows for cross-border and cross-sector information exchange. Compliance with the European Maritime Security Strategy and CISE model maximises interoperability with other already existing and functioning Maritime Safety Authorities' (MSA) entities. This qualitative study brings out European Union projects FiNCISE, EUCISE and MARISA together with authorities' cooperation in maritime domain. A response to security challenges and improving safety requires the cooperation of all administrative sectors, other actors, and close interaction. The action of authorities needs to be more strongly aimed at common goals. Authorities will contribute to a stronger position to act together culture and a strong commitment to common goals. The challenges are not solvable by a single administrative sector or a single actor alone posed by the complex global environment. Cooperation insist deep and committed cooperation between the authorities and other actors.


Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies were carried out on 153 patients with focal liver and pancreatic lesions, and were subsequently evaluated cytologically. A correct diagnosis of malignancy was made in 66 of 74 patients with proven hepatic malignancy, and in 38 of 41 patients with proven pancreatic malignancy, showing an overall accuracy of92% and 94%, respectively. The specificity ofthe procedure was 100%. Ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytological examination appears indispensable in diagnosis and differentiation between benign and malignant hepatic and pancreatic focal lesions.


The study was aimed at determining the feature of a motif found in a Songket image in order to make the object detectable and readable. The method used was image color segmentation in the form of a process of segmentation of the image area based on the similarity in colors, which was continued with the binary process that aims to change the image into binary form (0 and 1), so that it only has two colors namely black and white. This study also used mathematical morphology in detecting objects, by using dilation operation and filling holes. After the process of mathematical morphology was completed, the next process was motif extraction by applying moore contour tracking algorithms and the development of chain code algorithms. The results of the process carried out showed that the development chain code algorithm can generate the number of objects, the length of chain code, and probable value of rate of appearances of each chain code in a motif, despite there are some objects in a motif. Then the values are stored into the database as The Feature of Songket Motifs.


This paper deals with the implementation of a new solution for a three-phase AC transformer with electromagnetic and electric coupling (hybrid coupling). The electromagnetic coupling is realized by means of the conventional three-phase transformer (TR) with two secondary windings in each phase. The electrical coupling is realized by means of a matrix chopper (MC), which is supplied from auxiliary secondary windings of the transformer. This paper presents an operational description of the proposed solution and simulation and experimental test results collected together with theoretical analysis results.


Sexuality, gender, and the law now constitutes an important field of legal inquiry and scholarship. This Article traces the evolution of the "big idea" in this area: Contrary to natural law assumptions, the nation is moving decisively toward the norm that sexual and gender variation are typically benign and not malignant. Today, this liberal norm is hotly contested by both traditionalists who oppose legal reforms that require them to accommodate sexual and gender minorities, and progressives who argue that the norm should be pressed more aggressively to assail status quo institutions such as marriage. The notion that sexual and gender variation is benign and can be educational continues to revolutionize American constitutional as well as statutory law.


At the sea-bottom of the Sagami trough subduction zone, south of the metropolitan area, central Japan, both temperature and pressure are continuously monitored with on-line tsunami sensors. These sensors are capable of measuring the changes in the corresponding thickness of the sea water layer to an accuracy of order mm, which suggests that the semidiurnal and diurnal oceanic tides are recorded with high resolution. We determined the amplitudes and phases of the major components of the periodic oceanic tides from a least squares analysis of a 1.5-year record of pressure data that partly included a temperature dependence. These results were then compared against those predicted from an oceanic model based on TOPEX/Poseidon data. Whereas we find good overall agreement between the observations and predictions, we also find some systematic differences. On average, the amplitudes of the tides in the oceanic model are found to mainly exceed the observed tides by several percent. Phase differences between observations and predictions are very small in the semidiurnal band but show departures in the diurnal band where observations lead predictions. Uncertainties in the oceanic models and unmodeled temperature effects may be able to explain these differences.


Predicting the gaze of a user can have important applications in human computer interactions (HCI). They find applications in areas such as social interaction, driver distraction, human robot interaction and education. Appearance based models for gaze estimation have significantly improved due to recent advances in convolutional neural network (CNN). This paper proposes a method to predict the gaze of a user with deep models purely based on CNNs. A key novelty of the proposed model is that it produces a probabilistic map describing the gaze distribution (as opposed to predicting a single gaze direction). This approach is achieved by converting the regression problem into a classification problem, predicting the probability at the output instead of a single direction. The framework relies in a sequence of downsampling followed by upsampling to obtain the probabilistic gaze map. We observe that our proposed approach works better than a regression model in terms of prediction accuracy. The average mean squared error between the predicted gaze and the true gaze is observed to be 6.89◦ in a model trained and tested on the MSP-Gaze database, without any calibration or adaptation to the target user.


This book describes the modern-day analogy to the Art of War, which covers the same business strategy as a strategy of Sun Tzu, Clausewitz nor Machiavelli. This includes planning to assail competition such as to identify and create opportunities, gaining the ability to assail competition through capacity building flexible and adopt tactics to assail competition through the action form or influence the direction and nature of competitors in responding. Any company or organization that is heavily involved in the competition will find this book very useful mainly from the indicated framework. In addition to displaying the competition, this book also provides insight into the competition itself and its solution. The more we consider the implications, the higher consciousness that will be felt on the need for business skills adopted and used.


Aerial photo interpretation shows a recent densification of trees has been occurring between
1960 and 2009 in the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forest of the
treeline ecotone in northern Swedish mountains. The correlation between treeline position and
annual temperature is commonly accepted and advancing treelines are considered to be a
useful indicator for monitoring climate changes. Previous research show that in the stressful
environment that makes up the treeline ecotone, tree density often respond quicker to a
temperature rise than an altitudinal advance of the treeline. The project is executed by
counting trees and measuring the tree height within 50 systematically distributed sample plots.
Mapping is done in black and white 1960 aerial photos and colour infrared aerial photos from
2009 in stereo view by using a digital photogrammetric station. Tree density changes from
1960 to 2009 within the sample plots are analyzed statistically. The results show that during
the studied time period tree abundance have increased in the high elevation mountain birch
forest of the study area. Mean trees per hectare has increased from 88 to 126. Tree height
interpretation indicates a growth of previously existing trees. Densification is more significant
on the northern sides of the mountains and with slightly higher rates. The increased growth is
likely due to a warmer climate, but other factors like e.g. browsing by herbivores like reindeer
has to be examined before securely attributing the densification to climate change.


Islamic State (IS), previously known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), has shown nothing but destruction, chaos and sectarianism. Through terror strategies, they rapidly spread over great parts of eastern Syria and north and central Iraq. Their new recruits came from all over the world, but mainly from Islamic countries. Arab countries had the biggest share of recruits. While IS was assembling supporters and sympathisers, Sunni Clergymen constantly called for 'material and moral' support to the Syrian rebels, and accordingly, thousands of foreign fighters flooded into Syria for Jihad. According to a Soufan Group research in 2014 on the foreign fighters in Syria, it is estimated that the highest number of foreign fighters came from Tunisia (about 3,000), Saudi Arabia (about 2,500), Morocco (about 1,500), Russia (about 800), France (700), Turkey and the United Kingdom (about 400 each). These numbers exclude the Syrians and Iraqis who are already in IS...


The pathological effects of different doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) on reduced glutathione (GSH) and selenium (Se) levels, and on glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in the livers of geese were examined and compared. The experiments were carried out on 3-week-old clinically healthy geese (Anser anser) weighing 200 - 250 g (40 animals), divided into control and experimental groups of 10 animals each. Group I was the control group; groups II and III were given 1 ml/kg CCl4 and 1.5 ml/kg body weight (bw) CCl4, respectively; and group IV was given 5 ml/kg bw 50% ethanol. The treatment was administered orally 3 times a week for12 weeks. The levels of reduced glutathione in the treated groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Glutathione S-transferase activity and selenium were significantly lower in groups II, III and IV than they were in the control group (P < 0.01). In clinical examinations carried out on the groups dosed with CCl4 and ethyl alcohol, loss of appetite, diarrhea, coordination defect, difficulty in walking, collapsing of the wings, and torticollis were observed. Under microscopic examination, hydropic and fat degeneration and necrosis formed by cellular infiltration of the liver were observed and radiography revealed that the skeletal system was completely deformed and the bones were twisted in parts.


The transient granulocytopenia of hemodialysis results indirectly from plasma complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes. The C5a(desarg) so produced can induce reversible granulocyte aggregation in vitro and in vivo, and we hypothesized that the pulmonary leukostasis responsible for the granulocytopenia results from embolization of aggregates formed under the influence of C5a(desarg) produced in the dialyzer. These studies were designed to measure C5a(desarg) generation during dialysis by granulocyte aggregometry and to determine the reason for the transience of the leukostasis. C5a(desarg) generation was equally evident throughout dialysis, persisting well after granulocytopenia had reversed, and dialyzer-induced complement activation was insufficient to produce significant depletion of plasma complement titers. That granulocyte deactivation might be responsible for the transience was suggested by the absence of the usual granulocytopenia in a patient with uniquely high levels of C5a(desarg) in his predialysis plasma. Granulocytes drawn from seven stable uremic patients after granulocytopenia had reversed exhibited a dose-related, selective and irreversible refractoriness to stimulation with C5a(desarg), but their responses to n-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe remained normal. Identical deactivation was produced in normal cells by short- or long-term exposure of C5a(desarg) in vitro. These studies suggest that C5a(desarg) is indeed generated by the dialyzer throughout hemodialysis and that the transience of the leukostasis and granulocytopenia is due to selective down-regulation of cellular responses to C5a(desarg)-a phenomenon that hitherto has been described only in vitro and that may be important in limiting the deleterious effects of adherent granulocytes on the endothelium in patients with intravascular complement activation.


The dessert banana sector in Central America is divided into two main production and marketing systems, with large-scale producers of Cavendish (AAA) bananas supplying export markets, and smallholders producing mainly "Gros Michel" (AAA) interplanted in coffee plantations for local and national markets. This study presents an overview of banana value chains for smallholders in Nicaragua and Honduras, analyzing profits for farmers and options for upgrading. The "Gros Michel" value chains in Nicaragua and Honduras differ primarily in that Nicaraguan value chains concentrate on national markets, while Honduran trade includes regional value chains to Guatemala and El Salvador. Two main types of national value chains were identified in Nicaragua: (i) a local chain, where farmers transport small amounts of bananas and sell them directly to wholesalers in the district capital where they are sold locally, and (ii) a longer chain with intermediaries buying at farm gate, followed by bulking, transport, ripening businesses, wholesalers, retailers directed to consumers in the country's capital. Although in the longer chain, the share of the final price received by the farmers is lower, farmer profits are slightly higher due to a higher consumer price and lower farmer investments in transport. In Honduras, farmers usually sell at the farm gate. Depending on farm accessibility, bananas are sold to intermediaries or directly to traders who export them to Guatemala or El Salvador, with only 25% of the production sold on national markets. Several options for upgrading were identified in both countries. Process upgrading for improved fruit quality and efficient organization of transport is a basic option for all sites. Upgrading through improved coordination with traditional buyers and intermediaries who expressed their willingness to deal directly with farmers and pay higher prices for higher quality fruits might be feasible in the short term. In the longer term, options include contracts with supermarkets, possibly combined with branding of the bananas based on consumer preferences for traditionally produced "Gros Michel". In general, transport is a major limitation for receiving higher prices due to remoteness of the farms in coffee-growing highland areas. For the more formal contract-based market chains, requirements of minimum quantities and timing of supply imply that substantial investments in farmer organization will be necessary.


Serbia's Vojvodina Region has been discussed in recent research as a region with much tourism potential. Numerous studies have assessed different tourism opportunities in Vojvodina, but there is a need to understand how local residents perceive tourism to address how they see their destination developing. This paper focuses on the rural community of Podgrađe Bač. The reason for focusing on this micro-community is directly adjacent is the Bač Fortress, which is currently under review with UNESCO to be recognised (and protected) as a World Heritage Site. There is a need to consider how social impacts and social change are about altering peoples' outlook and attitude, as well as gaining support to encourage cohesive involvement among members of the community. Data were collected for this study through a Likert Scale survey with associated open-ended questions. Given the micro-locale case study focus, 29 surveys were collected from one participant in each household. The results and analysis are based on understanding sense of community in Podgrađe Bač, assessing the attractiveness of Bač Fortress and subsequent local tourism developments, and assessing resident perceptions of tourism, by considering social impacts, enterprise opportunities and overall potential.


: Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity in lung cancer tissue from 5 lung cancer patients was measured by nitrite formation method, and lipid peroxide (LPO) was measured spectrophotometrically by thiobarbituric acid reaction. The results showed that Mn-SOD activity was highest in lung cancer tissue, peripheral tissues surrounding the lung cancer stood next and it was lowest in the peripheral normal lung tissue (P less than 0.01). However, LPO value was found to be lower in lung cancer tissues than that in the peripheral normal lung tissues.


Within the study of immigrant assimilation, the theory of "bidirectional adaptation" recognizes that any sustained contact between two cultures alters them both, but the academic literature remains relatively silent on how host societies adapt to the immigration populations within their borders. My research addresses the dearth by analyzing how immigrant cultures influence their host society, specifically in regard to the prevalence of immigrant cuisine in France and the United States. Research comparing the attitudes of French and Americans toward immigrant populations suggest that France places a higher priority on assimilation, but how is this difference reflected the presence of immigrant restaurants in these countries' food landscape ("food-scape")? To answer, the ratio of North African to French restaurants in Ile-de-France is compared with the ratio of Mexican to American restaurants in Los Angeles. Data were collected by identifying 12 neighborhoods in each city with comparable percentages of foreign-born residents. Then both neighborhoods were searched in cityvox.com and yelp.com, and the first 30 restaurants were categorized by ethnicity. The results confirmed the hypothesis that immigrant cuisine is more prevalent in Los Angeles than in Paris. Comparative descriptive statistics demonstrate that French restaurants overwhelm any North African culinary presence in Ile-de-France, whereas 15% of Los Angeles restaurants are Mexican or Central American. Additionally, the restaurants available in each neighborhood were incredibly diverse in Los Angeles, but homogeneous in Ile-de-France. The implication of these findings is that while bidirectional adaptation accurately describes the two-way nature of cultural interaction, France – at least the French food-scape – is less permeable to the influence of immigrant populations than America's food-scape. While a full explanation of this difference requires additional research, I posit that France's long history of coupling national identity and national cuisine has created a relatively inelastic food-scape in comparison to America's recent codification of 'American food,' which historically has been and continues to be shaped by waves of immigration. Such a theory encourages further academic studies that relate France's and America's different histories of immigration to their perceptions of national cuisine and identity. Overall, the realities of cultural interaction and dissemination have important implications for nations with large immigrant populations and merit continued exploration.


The kidney disease (kd) mutation was transferred to a C57BL/6 (B6) background by selection for closely linked microsatellite markers. The resulting congenic strain, B6.kd, was mated with partners homozygous for targeted mutations of CD4, CD8, CD28, IL-2, recombinase-activating gene-1 (Rag-1), ICAM-1, or β2-microglobulin. In most of the resulting double mutants, kidney disease occurred as readily and as severely as in the B6.kd controls, although disease occurred somewhat less frequently in age-matched CD28−/− kd/kd mice. Immunohistology demonstrated a predominance of macrophages in the lesions of B6.kd and most of the double mutants, with the remaining cells consisting of T cells and variable numbers of NK cells. In Rag-1−/− kd/kd, ∼50% of infiltrating cells were macrophages, and ∼50% were NK cells. These results suggest that the initial lesion caused by the mutant gene is intrinsic to the kidney and that the immune response that subsequently occurs can involve any one of several different cellular compositions.


Should
GNSS cause damage to its users or any third parties, who shall be responsible
or liable, and how? Is it fair enough to force a GNSS provider to bear the
burden of compensation given GNSS open signals are provided free of charge to
an undetermined scope? Could a GNSS provider release its civil liability by the
doctrine of Sovereign Immunity if that provider is a public authority? This
research is designed to explore whether current international laws are adequate
to deal with those questions. If so, how those international laws apply? If
not, where is the legal gap, and how should we move forward?

This research is composed of four parts. Part I transfers the focus gradually
from GNSS technical matters to legal issues, and then to civil liability in
particular. Part II concerns a conceptual analysis of GNSS civil liability,
serving as a basis for any further study. Part III checks the applicability and
the adequacy of current international air and space laws to the case where GNSS
cause damage. Part IV tries to find a roadmap to move forward for the issue of
GNSS civil liability in a feasible way.


Background: The diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis is clinico-radiological in endemic areas. However every patient does not have the classical picture. Osteoarticular tuberculosis is a paucibacillary disease hence bacteriological diagnosis is possible in 10-30% of the cases. The present study is undertaken to correlate clinico-radiological, bacteriological, serological, molecular and histological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Fifty clinico-radiologically diagnosed patients of osteoarticular tuberculosis with involvement of dorsal spine (n = 35), knee (n = 8), shoulder (n = 1), elbow (n = 2) and lumbar spine lesion (n = 4), were analyzed. Tissue was obtained after decompression in 35 cases of dorsal spine and fine needle aspiration in the remaining 15 cases. Tissue obtained was subjected to AFB staining, AFB culture sensitivity, aerobic/anaerobic culture sensitivity histopathological examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16srRNA as primer. Serology was performed by ELISA in 27 cases of dorsal spine at admission and one and three months postoperatively. Results: AFB staining (direct) and AFB culture sensitivity was positive in six (12%) cases. Aerobic/anaerobic culture sensitivity was negative in all cases. Histology was positive for TB in all the cases. The PCR was positive in 49 (98%) cases. All dorsal spine tuberculosis cases showed fall of IgM titer and rise of IgG titer at three months as compared to values at admission. Conclusion: Histopathology and PCR was diagnostic in all cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis. The serology alone is not diagnostic.


A low-profile high-gain unidirectional antenna is proposed and demonstrated using both metamaterial (MM) and substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technologies. First, the leaky modes supported by a grounded anisotropic slab are studied. These investigations reveal that a grounded slab consisting of an anisotropic zero/low index material can provide an extremely low value for the real part of the propagation constant of the leaky mode, thereby facilitating stable unidirectional broadside radiation over a wide frequency range. The truncation effect of the slab is then investigated through full-wave simulations, which is found to be beneficial for a practical implementation of dispersive metamaterials. Finally, to validate the proposed concept, a subwavelength end-loaded dipole array is designed to realize the required anisotropic zero-index property and is applied to a SIW fed longitudinal slot antenna for the 5.8 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) band. Measurements of the fabricated antenna prototype are shown to be in strong agreement with simulation results, thus confirming the proposed antenna design. The resulting antenna is only 0.12 λ thick, all while accomplishing a broadside gain of more than 10 dBi and a front-to-back ratio larger than 26 dB, which is ~ 7 dB and ~ 10 dB higher than that of the SIW fed slot alone, respectively. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth is more than 9% both with and without the presence of the MM coating. The proposed technique offers a means for realizing low-cost and low-profile unidirectional antennas with moderate bandwidth.


There are many resources at the library, but getting around can be confusing if you don't know where they are.
This guide will tell you where to find everything!


This study sought to evaluate the success of professional coexistence between Jewish and Arab citizens in Israel, as reflected in joint medical teams, and to explore the generalizibility of coexistence within the teams into mutual national images. Can positive experiences within work-groups mitigate intergroup stereotypes and prejudice, thereby strengthening the Jewish-Arab bond and commitment for peace in the region? We examined the relative strength of the two forces: one stemming from team members' national identity and potentially hampering cooperation caused by adverse residues of protracted antagonism between Jews and Arabs; the other derived from their professional identity and possibly enhancing joint problem-solving among team members. This was a new departure that combined several research domains - research in the area of conflict management, studies on social identity, and research on biases in cognitive processing - that have not yet been integrated. It further entailed a pilot systematic effort to examine the possibility of generalizing from coexistence within joint, binational organic work-teams into overall patterns of relationships between these polarized groups. The study was conducted in a large regional medical center and several ambulatory clinics in Northern Israel. A semistructured interview and a self-report questionnaire served as the research instruments. We found that the success of Jewish-Arab coexistence appears confined to the `local' boundaries of the joint professional teams. No clear evidence was obtained showing that it generalizes into the overall national images and alleviates the protracted antagonism, stereotypes and prejudice. Three categories of explanations are offered for the lack of transfer of successful professional coexistence into global attitudes: these explanations derive from social identity theory, conflict resolution models, and cognitive biases.


In high temperature cuprate superconductors, the interlayer coupling between the CuO$_2$ planes plays an important role in dictating superconductivity, as indicated by the sensitive dependence of the critical temperature (T$_C$) on the number of CuO$_2$ planes in one structural unit. In Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$ superconductor with two CuO$_2$ planes in one structural unit, the interaction between the two CuO$_2$ planes gives rise to band splitting into two Fermi surface sheets (bilayer splitting) that have distinct superconducting gap. The iron based superconductors are composed of stacking of the FeAs/FeSe layers; whether the interlayer coupling can cause similar band splitting and its effect on superconductivity remain unclear. Here we report high resolution laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements on a newly discovered iron based superconductor, KCa$_2$Fe$_4$As$_4$F$_2$ (T$_C$=33.5\,K) which consists of stacking FeAs blocks with two FeAs layers separated by insulating Ca$_2$F$_2$ blocks. Bilayer splitting effect is observed for the first time that gives rise to totally five hole-like Fermi surface sheets around the Brilliouin zone center. Band structure calculations reproduce the observed bilayer splitting by identifying interlayer interorbital interaction between the two FeAs layers within one FeAs block. All the hole-like pockets around the zone center exhibit Fermi surface-dependent and nodeless superconducting gap. The gap functions with short-range antiferromagetic fluctuations are proposed and the gap symmetry can be well understood when the interlayer pairing is considered. The particularly strong interlayer pairing is observed for one of the bands. Our observations provide key information on the interlayer coupling and interlayer pairing in understanding superconductivity in iron based superconductors.


Support structure fatigue is a key component in determining the structural lifetime of an offshore wind turbine (OWT). As the currently installed assets age, turbine operators are exploring options for lifetime extension to potentially increase the long-term financial return. Strain monitoring at critical points on a turbine is commonly performed to improve understanding of structural integrity and ultimately reassess its remaining useful life. Reliable application of the findings of a time-limited structural monitoring programme in predicting structural response over a turbine's lifetime requires a good understanding of the representativeness of the dataset.
 Uncertainties arise in fatigue damage estimations due to the stochastic nature of the environmental loading. Statistical treatment of the environmental loads and the corresponding structural response is made by defining measured load cases (MLCs), within which the turbine operational state and associated range of environmental parameters are specified. For OWTs, this leads to a multi-dimensional problem, as both wind and wave parameters need to be accounted for. The complexity of the analysis is thus increased, requiring identification of the critical external and operational parameters that influence overall fatigue. The associated statistical uncertainty can then be estimated by considering repeated measurements throughout the monitoring period.
 The work presented in this paper investigates the application of statistical resampling techniques in evaluating the uncertainty in total measured fatigue damage experienced by an offshore wind turbine. Direct fatigue computation over the given measured dataset has been contrasted with statistical approaches applying probability distributions of MLCs to give indication of the influence of the key environmental parameters. Strain monitoring data from a 2.3MW OWT was utilised in conjunction with the corresponding operational and environmental measurements.
 The methods and outcomes of this study can be used to improve the remaining fatigue life prediction of installed turbine foundations, by assessing the representativeness of strain measurements. As structural design uses industry defined safety margins, comparison of design predictions against operational measurement data will allow verifying that these safety margins are not exceeded, within the bounds of the given uncertainties. Finally, an understanding of data uncertainties will allow estimates to be made regarding the reliability of the consequent fatigue lifetime reassessment or of the numerical model validation procedures. Such information is useful to wind turbine operators as it provides the first step towards data-driven lifetime extension and informs on measurement campaign utilisation.


This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among all the female traders in Sango market, Ibadan in, April 2003. The aim of the study was to identify the common health problems of women traders in Sango and their work conditions. The most commonly reported health problems were muscular and joint pains by 105 (37.4%), 95 (33.8%) had symptoms suggestive of malaria and 66 (23.5%) had chronic low back pain. The prevalence of muscular and joint pain was highest among respondents aged > 60yrs (p=0.023), and among those who spent eight to ten hours per day in the market (p=0.200). On examination 56 (19.9%) were hypertensive, 88 (31.3%) and 97 (16.7%) were overweight and obese respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was associated with increasing age and obesity (p=0.000). The common health problems among these female traders were muscular and joint pain, symptoms suggestive of malaria, chronic low back pain and hypertension. It is recommended that appropriate health interventions be instituted to address these problems.


Board-level reliability of conventional Sn-37Pb and Pb-free Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joints was evaluated using thermal shock testing. In the microstructural investigation of the solder joints, the formation of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was observed between both solders and Cu lead frame, but any crack or newly introduced defect cannot be found even after 2000 cycles of thermal shocks. Shear test of the multi layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) joints were also conducted to investigate the effect of microstructural variations on the bonding strength of the solder joints. Shear forces of the both solder joints decreased with increasing thermal shock cycles. The reason to the decrease in shear force was discussed with fracture surfaces of the shear tested solder joints.


The learning of a list of stimulus-response items is a two-stage process involving response learning and association. It is assumed that both stages are learned in an all-or-none fashion. Subjects were trained to learn a list of paired-associate items with Rock's substitution procedure. Their performance could be predicted from the all-or-none theory with parameter estimates based upon the performance of a different group of subjects who learned the same items under normal conditions.


This thesis comprises a chronological study of different historical accounts of Edward IV's life and reign from his life until the early eighteenth century. It focusses primarily on the way that historical portrayals of the king changed and developed alongside political, cultural and technological factors, something which has never been done before in any great detail.

It begins begin with an examination of the primary sources from Edward's reign, including the propagandist accounts The Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV and The Chronicle of the
Rebellion in Lincolnshire, the Crowland Chronicle Continuations, Warkworth's Chronicle, and the vernacular urban chronicles of London and Bristol. It will contextualise these by briefly examining the English chronicle tradition up to the fifteenth century, as well as the historical treatment of other late medieval kings, especially Henry V and Henry VI

The core of the thesis concerns itself with historical accounts over the period from 1485 to the early seventeenth century, during which Edward IV's historical reputation underwent its greatest period of development. One chapter concerns itself with humanist authors, particularly Polydore Vergil and Thomas More, and the contribution of the French memoirist Philippe de Commynes. The next examines the impact of commercial printing during the mid-Tudor period, focussing upon the work of Richard Grafton, John Stow and Raphael Holinshed. Tudor and early Stuart Ballads, poems and plays featuring Edward are studied in order to give some indication of the perception of Edward IV in popular culture, with particular attention played to Heywood's First and Second Parts of King Edward IV and Shakespeare's Henry VI Part 3 and Richard III. Finally, later Stuart and early eighteenth century histories showing the final consolidation of Edward IV's historical reputation are studied, with particular reference to William Habington's History of Edward IV and Rapin de Thoyras's History of England.


The simultaneous regional head elections were over, but during the campaign until it was decided to become regional head there were many comments, both pro and contra. The city of Medan is one of the regions that will hold the 2020 ELECTION during the pandemic. The Medan City Election has decided that the pair Bobby Nasution and Aulia Rachman have won. This victory certainly gets a variety of comments on social media, especially Twitter. This study conducts sentiment analysis to see the sentiment that occurs, namely seeing negative, positive, or neutral comments. This sentiment analysis uses two methods to see the resulting accuracy, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC). This study also looks at the interactions that occur using Social Network Analysis (SNA). In addition to sentiment analysis and SNA, this study also looks at the existence of BOT accounts used in the #PilkadaMedan. The results obtained from the sentiment analysis show that NBC has the highest accuracy, which is 81, 72% with a data proportion of 90:10. Then on SNA, the @YanHarahap account got the highest nodes, namely 911 nodes. Then from 10326 tweets, 11% were suspected of being BOT by the DroneEmprit Academic system.


The authors discuss "the personological project" of psychology development, proposed by Vadim Arturovich Petrovsky and Elena Borisovna Starovoytenko. Internal contradictions and weaknesses of the project are identified and explicated, the main ones are "non-systemic" (chaotic and syncretical conceptual apparatus) and "non-human" (the reduction of human being to the personality, and the personality to persona). The authors believe that personology is impossible as the integration of different paradigms, but it is possible as the integration of different concepts within any single paradigm that exists in modern psychology of personality (e.g. personology actually exists within existential and person-centered approaches). Personology is impossible as well as the integration of different cultures, but it is possible as the integration of concepts within a single culture. In other words, the general personology as the original global project is impossible; the genesis of a general personology is possible on the basis of special personology, and such a natural ambition can be seen in each special personology (theory of personality), beginning from the psychoanalytic one. Moreover, only during the construction of the special personology (within a special scientific paradigm and a special culture) the creative integration of concepts can be real (and not just in words). Set for themselves the task of constructing a general personology before the building a special personology Vadim Arturovich Petrovsky and Elena Borisovna Starovoytenko inevitably become the hostages of the lists of diverse, contradictory concepts and strange, unfounded classifications. Neither the concept "persona," nor the concept "person,"(according to Langle) nor "personality," nor even the concept of "subject" are adequate (due to the narrowness of its denotations) for the ambitious plan of the authors of "personological project." There is only one concept commensurate to this project, and this concept is "person" (as a human being). The perspectives for the development of general personology are seen in the implementation of a holistic person-centered paradigm in relation to the fundamental, counseling and cultural psychology of personality. This area of psychology and psychological practice is positioned in the article as "the science of a person - about a person - for a person - for the sake of a person".