BACKGROUND
Dietary carbohydrates have been directly associated with gastric cancer risk and have been considered general indicators of a poor diet. However, elevated levels of glucose and insulin elicited by consumption of high amounts of refined carbohydrates may stimulate mitogenic and cancer-promoting insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), which represent indirect measures of dietary insulin demand, were analysed to understand further the association between carbohydrates and gastric cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Data were derived from a hospital-based case-control study on gastric cancer, conducted in Italy between 1985 and 1997, including 769 cases with incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 2081 controls admitted to the same hospital network as cases for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. All subjects were interviewed using a reproducible food frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS
The multivariate odds ratios (OR) for subsequent quartiles of dietary GL were 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.87], 1.62 (95% CI 1.24-2.12) and 1.94 (95% CI 1.47-2.55). No consistent pattern of risk was seen with GI. The associations were consistent in different strata of age, education and body mass index, and were stronger in women.

CONCLUSIONS
This study supports the hypothesis of a direct association between GL and gastric cancer risk, thus providing an innovative interpretation, linked to excess circulating insulin and related IGFs, for the association between carbohydrates and risk of gastric cancer.


Abstract. This letter reports unique observations, illustrating the vertical coupling between the daytime mesopause and F-region of the ionosphere over the magnetic dip equatorial station Trivandrum (8.5° N, 76.5° E, 0.5° N dip lat.) in India. For the "first time", it has been shown that the temporal variations in the mean daytime mesopause temperatures (MPT), during geomagnetically quiet days corroborate well with that of the base height changes (h'F) of the ionospheric F-region. However, there exist some characteristic time delays between these two, which vary from 0 to 90 min. The MPTs are measured using the unique Multi-Wavelength Dayglow Photometer while the h'Fs are derived using a co-located digital Ionosonde. The observed time delays are attributed to the intercompeting roles between the diffusion and wave-dynamical processes in modulating the transport of atomic oxygen at these altitudes.


SUMMARY During short excursions away from home, some mammals are known to update their position with respect to their point of departure through path integration (dead reckoning) by processing internal (idiothetic) signals generated by rotations and translations. Path integration (PI) is a continuously ongoing process in which errors accumulate. To remain functional over longer excursions, PI needs to be reset through position information from stable external references. We tested the homing behaviour of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus W.) during hoarding excursions following a rotation of the arena and nest. In continuous darkness, the hamsters returned to their point of departure at the rotated nest, and therefore depended on PI only. In other trials, the animals were briefly presented with visual room cues during or at the end of the outward trip, visual cues being pitted by 67° or 98° against the animal's current self-generated position vector. After a fix, the animals headed for the usual (unrotated) nest location, as defined by room cues, independent of the timing of the fix. These results were obtained in two different geometrical settings and showed that, after the fix, the animals update their position, and not merely their head direction or internal compass, in a new reference frame. Thus, episodic fixes on familiar external references reset the PI and therefore greatly enhance the functional signification of navigation that is based on feedback information from locomotion.


In this paper, the effect of strain rate has been considered in the simulation of forming process with a simple form combined into the material law. Quite a few researchers have proposed various hardening laws and strain rate functions to describe the material tensile curve. In this study, the strain rate model Cowper-Symonds is used with anisotropic elasto-plastic material law in the simulation process. The strain path evolution of certain elements, when the strain rate is considered and not, is compared. Two sheet materials, Cold-reduced Carbon Steel (SPCC) JIS G3141 and Aluminum alloy 6112 are used in this study. Two yield criteria, Hill 48 and Hill 90, are applied respectively to improve the accuracy of simulation result. They show different performance when strain rate effect is considered. Strain path of the elements in the fracture risk area of SPCC (JIS G3141) varies much when the strain rate material law is used. There is only little difference of the strain distribution of Al 6112 when the strain rate effect is included and excluded in the material law. The simulation results of material SPCC under two conditions indicate that the strain rate should be considered if the material is the rate-sensitive material, which provides more accurate simulation results.


I do not claim priority for any statements made in this article. I merely call to the attention of physicians my experiences with a procedure that many fear to use. I refer to the fracturing of the lamina papyracea while exenterating the ethmoid labyrinth and the packing of the operative field on the completion of this work. A brief review of the anatomic relations and the circulatory system of these sinuses will refresh the memory of the reader concerning this structure and will recall the reasons why an ethmoidectomy is often believed to involve danger. The ethmoid is divided into two plates which cross one antoher—one horizontal and the other vertical. The vertical plate consists of a superior thick portion (the crista galli) and an inferior portion (the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid); the latter forms a part of the bony nasal septum. The horizontal plate is located where


The crocodylian fossil record from the Cenozoic of Australasia is notable for its rich taxonomic diversity, and is primarily represented by members of the clade Mekosuchinae. Reports of crocodylian fossils from Australia date back to the late nineteenth century. In 1886, Charles Walter de Vis proposed the name Pallimnarchus pollens for crocodylian fossils from southeast Queensland—the first binomen given to an extinct crocodylian taxon from Australia. Pallimnarchus has come to be regarded as a large, broad-snouted crocodylian from Australia's Plio-Pleistocene, and numerous specimens, few of which are sufficiently complete, have been assigned to it by several authors throughout the twentieth century. In the late 1990s, the genus was expanded to include a second species, Pallimnarchus gracilis. Unfortunately, the original syntype series described as Pallimnarchus pollens is very fragmentary and derives from more than one taxon, while a large part of the subsequently selected lectotype specimen is missing. Because descriptions and illustrations of the complete lectotype do not reveal any autapomorphic features, we propose that Pallimnarchus pollens should be regarded as a nomen dubium. Following this decision, the fossil material previously referred to Pallimnarchus is of uncertain taxonomic placement. A partial skull, formerly assigned to Pallimnarchus pollens and known as 'Geoff Vincent's specimen', possesses many features of diagnostic value and is therefore used as basis to erect a new genus and species—Paludirex vincenti gen. et sp. nov. A comprehensive description is given for the osteology of 'Geoff Vincent's specimen' as well as aspects of its palaeoneurology, the latter being a first for an extinct Australian crocodyliform. The newly named genus is characterized by a unique combination of premaxillary features such as a distinctive arching of the anterior alveolar processes of the premaxillae, a peculiar arrangement of the first two premaxillary alveoli and a large size disparity between the 3rd and 4th premaxillary alveoli. These features presently allow formal recognition of two species within the genus, Paludirex vincenti and Paludirex gracilis comb. nov., with the former having comparatively more robust rostral proportions than the latter. The Paludirex vincenti holotype comes from the Pliocene Chinchilla Sand of the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland, whereas the material assigned to Paludirex gracilis is from the Pleistocene of Terrace Site Local Fauna, Riversleigh, northwest Queensland. Phylogenetic analyses recover Paludirex vincenti as a mekosuchine, although further cladistic assessments are needed to better understand the relationships within the clade.


In this work we study generalization of neural networks in gradient-based meta-learning by analyzing various properties of the objective landscapes. We experimentally demonstrate that as meta-training progresses, the meta-test solutions, obtained after adapting the meta-train solution of the model, to new tasks via few steps of gradient-based fine-tuning, become flatter, lower in loss, and further away from the meta-train solution. We also show that those meta-test solutions become flatter even as generalization starts to degrade, thus providing an experimental evidence against the correlation between generalization and flat minima in the paradigm of gradient-based meta-leaning. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence that generalization to new tasks is correlated with the coherence between their adaptation trajectories in parameter space, measured by the average cosine similarity between task-specific trajectory directions, starting from a same meta-train solution. We also show that coherence of meta-test gradients, measured by the average inner product between the task-specific gradient vectors evaluated at meta-train solution, is also correlated with generalization. Based on these observations, we propose a novel regularizer for MAML and provide experimental evidence for its effectiveness.


This paper reports on a study aiming at developing an intuitive route design for the sequencing of arrival flights in the terminal area. When introducing route structures to address the drawbacks of traditional vectoring techniques, the main challenge in high density environments is to guarantee an effective use of these routes during traffic peaks, where some form of path stretching is needed. The study relied on two series of iterative small scale human in the loop simulations conducted at the Experimental Centre with Paris CDG controllers. It enabled the identification of key design characteristics in terms of minimum distance to merge point, and angle between downwind and base routes. Controller feedback and initial analysis showed that the resulting route designs can facilitate sequencing even under high traffic peaks, drastically reduce vectoring and keep trajectories away from the axis area. The study also provides an initial analysis based on the evolution of the distance that may be re-used to assess new designs. Next steps will be to assess the applicability in the real Paris CDG environment which would require adaptations of the characteristics identified.


This monograph investigates the politics of selected
social forces in the post-independence Philippines
since 1946. It answers three research questions: 1.
Is the Philippines a weak state? 2. Why is it? 3.
How exceptional is it? To answer the first and
second question, an analysis of the politics of the
Huk Rebellion and the Communist insurgencies is
provided. As two contending social forces, their
interactions with the Philippine state help to
identify the ever-contesting nature of Philippine
state-society relations. An analysis of the
relationships between the Philippine Chinese and
Philippine state formation further reveals two
dominant patterns of state-society engagements in
the Philippines: oligarchy and cronyism, in which
private interests overshadow public common good.
These elements constitute a cultural specificity for
the weak Philippine state: the politics of
contestations. A comparison between the Philippine
state and the sub-Saharan African states is employed
to answer the third question. The comparison further
suggests that the politics of contestations is the
unique symbolic-moral order of the Philippines.


Introduction:Minimum data set(MDS) is the first important step in the development of healthcare information systems, becauseit makes a standard method for collecting key data elements . The aim of the current study was to determine the minimum data set forIranian children's healthcare records. Materials & methods: This study is an applied and descriptive-comparative research carried out in 2015. Data collection was done through a researcher made check list of children's health care data which was modeled by observing Australia, Canada, United States and Iran and contained 242 items. The check list was subjected to debate in Delphi method by 20 experts in the field of Child Health and health information management. Findings: Out of 242 elements of children's health care discussed, 146 and 86 agreed by more than %75 and by 50-75% of experts respectively while 10 elements were rejected by them. Out of 242 items,just two (contraceptive method and mother unsuccessful experience in previous lactation) showed significant differences between responses of alumni groups of pediatrician, midwifery, public health and health care management experts with medical record and information management professionals (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that some of the essential data elements presented in other countries'MDS are required for Iranian organizations and health care providers. So, a complete list of a minimum set of data elements was created.


Disturbances in brain copper result in rare and severe neurological disorders and may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Our current understanding of mammalian brain copper transport is based on model systems outside the central nervous system and no data are available regarding copper transport systems in the human brain. To address this deficit, we quantified regional copper concentrations and examined the distribution and cellular localization of the copper transport proteins Copper transporter 1, Atox1, ATP7A, and ATP7B in multiple regions of the human brain using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. We identified significant relationships between copper transporter levels and brain copper concentrations, supporting a role for these proteins in copper transport in the human brain. Interestingly, the substantia nigra contained twice as much copper than that in other brain regions, suggesting an important role for copper in this brain region. Furthermore, ATP7A levels were significantly greater in the cerebellum, compared with other brain regions, supporting an important role for ATP7A in cerebellar neuronal health. This study provides novel data regarding copper regulation in the human brain, critical to understand the mechanisms by which brain copper levels can be altered, leading to neurological disease.


The rapid development of Intelligent Transport Systems has created new objectives and requirements for traffic simulation models. The development of visualization, procedural modeling, decision support requirements mean that simulation models need to satisfy different requirements. The chapter presents methods and tools to create distribute, integrated and interactive transport simulations, to enable the holistic exploration of complex transport systems, to test different strategies for monitoring and control and for training personnel. The integrated simulation is built leveraging gaming technologies, integrating commercial or off-the-shelf simulations using methods from distributed simulation and procedural modeling techniques.


Recognizing its causal power, contemporary scholars of media effects commonly leverage experimental methodology. For most of the 20th century, however, political scientists and communication scholars relied on observational data, particularly after the development of scientific survey methodology around the mid-point of the century. As the millennium approached, Iyengar and Kinder's seminal News That Matters experiments ushered in an era of renewed interest in experimental methods. Political communication scholars have been particularly reliant on experiments, due to their advantages over observational studies in identifying media effects. Although what is meant by "media effects" has not always been clear or undisputed, scholars generally agree that the news media influences mass opinion and behavior through its agenda-setting, framing, and priming powers. Scholars have adopted techniques and practices for gauging the particular effects these powers have, including measuring the mediating role of affect (or emotion).
 Although experiments provide researchers with causal leverage, political communication scholars must consider challenges endemic to media-effects studies, including problems related to selective exposure. Various efforts to determine if selective exposure occurs and if it has consequences have come to different conclusions. The origin of conflicting conclusions can be traced back to the different methodological choices scholars have made. Achieving experimental realism has been a particularly difficult challenge for selective exposure experiments. Nonetheless, there are steps media-effects scholars can take to bolster causal arguments in an era of high media choice. While the advent of social media has brought new challenges for media-effects experimentalists, there are new opportunities in the form of objective measures of media exposure and effects.


This paper investigates what the Holodomor tells us about the development and dynamics of Soviet history. It starts by examining the evolving relations between Stalin and the peasantry during the Soviet Union's first decades as well as the social, economic, moral, and psychological consequences in the USSR after 1933 following the destruction of traditional rural society. The relationship between the Holodomor and the viability of the Soviet system will then be discussed along with the opportunities that history presented to the Soviet leadership after 1945 to reverse the country's critical 1928-29 decisions. This leadership's awareness of the tragedies of the 1930s in the countryside, as well as of their consequences, will then be raised, before shifting the focus to the linkage between the peasant and the national questions in Soviet history. In this context the Holodomor will be discussed as a tool to solve both the peasant and the national "irritants" caused by Ukraine to both the Soviet system and Stalin's personal power. The legacy of such a "solution" will then be addressed, including a consideration to the background of the collapse of the Soviet system from the perspective of the sustainability of a state whose past is marred by unacknowledged genocidal practices. Finally, the consequences of the growing awareness of the Holodomor's importance and nature on the USSR's image will be discussed. In particular, the question of the "modernity" of the Soviet system and of the "modernizing" effects of Stalin's 1928-29 policies will be raised.


The long-term history of Zeiraphera diniana Gn. (the larch budmoth, LBM) outbreaks was reconstructed from tree rings of host subalpine larch in the European Alps. This record was derived from 47 513 maximum latewood density measurements, and highlights the impact of contemporary climate change on ecological disturbance regimes. With over 1000 generations represented, this is the longest annually resolved record of herbivore population dynamics, and our analysis demonstrates that remarkably regular LBM fluctuations persisted over the past 1173 years with population peaks averaging every 9.3 years. These regular abundance oscillations recurred until 1981, with the absence of peak events during recent decades. Comparison with an annually resolved, millennium-long temperature reconstruction representative for the European Alps (r=0.72, correlation with instrumental data) demonstrates that regular insect population cycles continued despite major climatic changes related to warming during medieval times and cooling during the Little Ice Age. The late twentieth century absence of LBM outbreaks, however, corresponds to a period of regional warmth that is exceptional with respect to the last 1000+ years, suggesting vulnerability of an otherwise stable ecological system in a warming environment.


Spatial audio reproduction is essential to create a natural listening experience for digital media. Majority of the legacy audio contents are in channel-based format, which is very particular on the desired playback system. Considering the diversity of today's playback systems, the quality of reproduced sound scenes degrades significantly when mismatches between the audio content and the playback system occur. An active sound control approach is required to take the playback system into consideration. Primary ambient extraction (PAE) is an emerging technique that can be employed to solve this pressing issue and achieve an efficient, flexible, and immersive spatial audio reproduction. In this paper, we will review the recent advancements in PAE. A unified framework to extend existing PAE approaches is proposed to improve the robustness of PAE when dealing with complex audio signals in practical situations. Various practical issues on implementing PAE in spatial audio applications are discussed. Objective and subjective evaluations are conducted to validate the feasibility of applying PAE in spatial audio reproduction.


Cloud computing is a computation model based on computer networks such as internet, which presents a novel pattern for supply, consumption, and delivery of the computational services through the utilization of the networks. In the same terms, the design of the data service centers of the countries is carried out in compliance with cloud service provisioning. Government cloud is regarded today as one of the most important e-government services in the world, mitigating a great deal of expenses pertaining to investments in infrastructural and software domains. Hence, it is critical to become familiar with factors involved in the success of the government cloud of the countries and the impact of exploiting the government cloud on the national economies improvements. The present study analyses the government cloud services in the case of three countries namely Australia, Britain, and the US, extracting the main incentives of ratifying the use of cloud computing in the governmental-sector organizations. The outcome of the comparison made between the government cloud services of these three countries is such that the need for scalability and cost reduction is the most important factor that drives the government-sector organizations towards transferring their services to the cloud, and the more the governmental cloud is implemented, the more effective it would be for the economy of the country of interest..


ABSTRACT In the final stages of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) life cycle, a viral nucleocapsid buds into a vesicle of trans-Golgi network (TGN)/endosome origin, acquiring an envelope and an outer vesicular membrane. The virus-containing vesicle then traffics to the plasma membrane where it fuses, exposing a mature virion. Although the process of directed egress has been studied in polarized epithelial cell lines, less work has been done in nonpolarized cell types. In this report, we describe a study of HSV-1 egress as it occurs in nonpolarized cells. The examination of infected Vero cells by electron, confocal, and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed that HSV-1 was released at specific pocket-like areas of the plasma membrane that were found along the substrate-adherent surface and cell-cell-adherent contacts. Both the membrane composition and cytoskeletal structure of egress sites were found to be modified by infection. The plasma membrane at virion release sites was heavily enriched in viral glycoproteins. Small glycoprotein patches formed early in infection, and virus became associated with these areas as they expanded. Glycoprotein-rich areas formed independently from virion trafficking as confirmed by the use of a UL25 mutant with a defect in capsid nuclear egress. The depolymerization of the cytoskeleton indicated that microtubules were important for the trafficking of virions and glycoproteins to release sites. In addition, the actin cytoskeleton was found to be necessary for maintaining the integrity of egress sites. When actin was depolymerized, the glycoprotein concentrations dispersed across the membrane, as did the surface-associated virus. Lastly, viral glycoprotein E appeared to function in a different manner in nonpolarized cells compared to previous studies of egress in polarized epithelial cells; the total amount of virus released at egress sites was slightly increased in infected Vero cells when gE was absent. However, gE was important for egress site formation, as Vero cells infected with gE deletion mutants formed glycoprotein patches that were significantly reduced in size. The results of this study are interpreted to indicate that the egress of HSV-1 in Vero cells is directed to virally induced, specialized egress sites that form along specific areas of the cell membrane.


Green tea catechins, especially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), have been linked with a number of health benefits. However, only drinking green tea may not provide a sufficient level of EGCG to achieve those health benefits. Incorporation of EGCG in tofu, which is a protein-rich food widely used in Asia, and by vegetarians in Western countries, is an alternative way of enhancing the intake of EGCG and its health promoting effects. The present study optimised the conditions necessary to obtain the optimum yield of tofu including concentration of soy protein isolate (SPI), coagulant and pressing time; it then further investigated the possibility of fortifying EGCG in tofu via the effect of EGCG on tofu production yield and the recovery of EGCG. It was possible to fortify both firm and silken tofu with EGCG. The results showed that optimum yield of firm tofu was obtained at 6% (w/w) SPI, 30 mM Nigari and 50 min pressure; and for the silken was at 6% (w/w) SPI, 30 mM GDL and 20 min pressure. EGCG recovery was higher in the silken tofu than the firm one. For both types of tofu, the EGCG addition was suggested at a level of 0.5% (w/w) to obtain the optimum yield of tofu, which resulted in 0.97 g and 0.95 g of EGCG in a serve of 100 g of firm and silken tofu, respectively .


Exposure of suspensions of group A hemolytic streptococci to the action of trypsin has recently been employed by several investigators in an attempt to eliminate spontaneous agglutination (1--4). The behavior of cultures so treated is similar in many ways to the reactions characteristic of glossy variants (5, 6): both suspensions are diffuse and are extremely susceptible to agglutination by non-type-specific antibodies; both may fail to agglutinate in homologous type-specific antisera. I t has been previously shown that glossy strains differ from matt in that they contain little or no M substance (6). I t seemed possible, therefore, that the changes induced by enzyme treatment might be the result of the destruction of the type-specific M component of the cell. The specific antigenic composition of the cell has been shown to be referable to at least two antigens designated as M and T (7), respectively. The protein, M, is specific for each individual type, and is related to virulence of the organism and to protection with type-specific antiserum. The M substance is present in matt variants, but degraded glossy strains contain little or none of this antigen. Mat t strains are usually agglutinated type-specifically by M antibodies of homologous t)~pe, whereas glossy strains fail to agglutinate in antiM serum. A precipitin technique is available for measuring the presence of M antigen in cell-free extracts (8, 9). The T antigen may have the same type distribution as the M antigen, but the same or related T substances are in some instances found in more than one type (10, 11). As far as is now known, the T antigen is unrelated to virulence, and T antibodies have no protective value. Most matt, as well as glossy, variants contain T antigens and are agglutinated by T antibodies. The chemical nature of the T substance is still unknown; and methods for extracting and demonstrating this antigen are not available at the present time. The experiments reported in this paper are chiefly concerned with the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the M and T antigens of the streptococcal cell.


Particulate matter (PM) has been revealed to have detrimental effects on public health, social economy, agriculture, and so forth. Thus, it became one of the major concerns in terms of a factor that can reduce "quality of life" over East Asia, where the concentration is significantly high. In this regard, it is imperative to develop affordable and efficient prediction models to monitor real-time changes in PM concentration levels using digital images, which are readily available for many individuals (e.g., via mobile phone). Previous studies (i.e., DeepHaze) were limited in scope to priorly collected data and thereby less practical in providing real-time information (i.e., undermined interprediction). This drawback led us to hardly capture drastic changes caused by weather or regions of interests. To address this challenge, we propose a new method called Deep Q-haze, whose inference scheme is built on an online learning-based method in collaboration with reinforcement learning and deep learning (i.e., Deep Q-learning), making it possible to improve testing accuracy and model flexibility in virtue of real-time basis inference. Taking into account various experiment scenarios, the proposed method learns a binary decision rule on the basis of video sequences to predict, in real time, whether the level of PM10 (particles smaller than 10 in aerodynamic diameter) concentration is harmful (>80μg/m3) or not. The proposed model shows superior accuracy compared to existing algorithms. Deep Q-haze effectively accounts for unexpected environmental changes in essence (e.g., weather) and facilitates monitoring of real-time PM10 concentration levels, showing implications for better understanding of characteristics of airborne particles.


Most of mobile robots basic functions are highly dependent on a model of their environment. Proper modeling is crucial for tasks such as local navigation, localization or route planning. This paper describes a novel solution for building models of indoor environments. We use a 3D Laser on a mobile robot to scan the surroundings and obtain sensing information. While the robot explores the environment, perceived points are clustered forming models of rooms. Room modeling is solved using a new variation of the Hough transform. The result of the modeling process is a topological graph that represents the rooms (nodes) and their connecting doors (edges). Each node in this representation contains the metric parametrization of the room model. Using this basic metric information, robots do not need to maintain in parallel a metric map of the environment. Instead, this metric map can be totally or partially built from the topological representation whenever it is necessary. To test the approach we have carried out a modeling experiment of a real environment, obtaining promising results.


Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare vascular tumor exceptionally involving the pleura with less than 30 cases reported in literature. We herein describe another case of pleural EHE in a 79-year-old man with medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and high blood pressure. He presented rightsided pleural effusion. Computerized tomography revealed multifocal pleural thickening and effusion. Pleural biopsy was performed. Microscopically, the tumor showed a biphasic pattern with cords and nests of epithelioid cells showing mild atypia and rare mitosis with intracytoplasmic lumina containing red blood cells. The second pattern is composed of spindle-shaped cells with occasional necrosis. The tumor cells were positive for CD34 and focally with CK7. The diagnosis of EHE was made.


We present a comparison between observed and predicted amplification on a topographic feature. Our data come from an ad hoc experiment carried out during the summer of 1989, in Epire (Northern Greece). Ten digital, autonomous, three-component stations recorded a total of 68 small earthquakes. As these data were inadequate to compute empirical transfer functions using the standard spectral ratio (SSR) technique, we explored the possible use of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR). First, we compare HVSR computed from theoretical transfer functions for incident P, SV, and Rayleigh waves with the horizontal transfer function for each incidence type. Second, we compute HVSR for our weak-motion data set and show that the results are stable, with a scatter not larger than that usually accepted in SSR studies. We observe significant differences between N-S and E-W motion. When we compare HVSR with theoretical transfer functions, we obtain a better agreement for SV motion than for SH motion. Amplification levels are similar between HVSR and predicted amplification, even for the SH case. This suggests that discrepancies that have been signaled for the topographic amplification between observations and predictions could be due to site effects being present in the reference station used to computed SSR. Our results support the use of HVSR to determine topographic site effects. Thus, HVSR may have a large potential to evaluate site effects in a wider variety of geological conditions than previously thought, without the shortcomings of SSR. Finally, we show that HVSR computed from noise recordings gives a reasonable estimate of HVSR computed from weak-motion data. Although this conclusion should be better substantiated, our preliminary results are encouraging.


ABSTRACT To enhance the air-cooling process in geothermal power plants for economical utilization of the exhaust steam from expansion, a natural-draft thermal chimney design was proposed and studied here in this paper. In view of the necessity of accurate velocity field measurements which would provide further insight into the physics behind the evolving plumes above heated horizontal cylinders, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was employed to experimentally investigate the buoyant flow in the thermal chimney system. Two configurations have been tested to understand the flow induced by the horizontally heated cylinders inside the thermal chimney. Firstly, flow field above a single row of cylinders was tested while they were isothermally heated to simulate of an air-cooled condenser. After that, a second row of cylindrical heaters (air-heater) was added above the first row to enhance the buoyant flow, aiming at enhancing the air side flow of the air-cooled condenser. Flow characteristics and velocity enhancement were studied for both configurations. The results show that significant flow unsteadiness occur near the cylindrical heaters because of the non-steady crossing flows between adjacent cylinders, and the unsteadiness attenuates in the downstream. The effects of cylinder row distance, surface temperature as well as downstream distance on the flow field were then analyzed. Flow velocity is increased by the air-heater as the buoyancy force is enhanced, proving the idea of flow enhancement of the thermal chimney configuration. It is also observed that the velocity fluctuation, turbulent kinetic energy and vorticity change significantly after adding the second row of heaters. The present study provides further insight into natural convection flow theory of heated cylinders for a Rayleigh number range of 1.3E4 to 2.2E4, which is fundamental for the flow enhancement designing of the proposed natural-convection-driven cooling system.


Locality information is crucial in datasets where each variable corresponds to a measurement in a manifold (silhouettes, motion trajectories, 2D and 3D images). Although these datasets are typically under-sampled and high-dimensional, they often need to be represented with low-complexity statistical models, which are comprised of only the important probabilistic dependencies in the datasets. Most methods attempt to reduce model complexity by enforcing structure sparseness. However, sparseness cannot describe inherent regularities in the structure. Hence, in this paper we first propose a new class of Gaussian graphical models which, together with sparseness, imposes local constancy through l1-norm penalization. Second, we propose an efficient algorithm which decomposes the strictly convex maximum likelihood estimation into a sequence of problems with closed form solutions. Through synthetic experiments, we evaluate the closeness of the recovered models to the ground truth. We also test the generalization performance of our method in a wide range of complex real-world datasets and demonstrate that it captures useful structures such as the rotation and shrinking of a beating heart, motion correlations between body parts during walking and functional interactions of brain regions. Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art structure learning techniques for Gaussian graphical models both for small and large datasets.


Objectives: Mood concerns among young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) can interfere with achieving optimal diabetes self-care, particularly during the transition from pediatric to adult care. Presented are the results of depression and anxiety screening for young adults who attended a multidisciplinary transition clinic. Methods: All attendees of a multidisciplinary clinic for youth ages 17 to 25 with T1D completed measures of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7). Results: Of the 26 youth screened, 35% were female and the mean A1c was 9.1% (76 mmol/mol). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 score were not significantly different by gender. No association was found between A1c and PHQ-9 or GAD-7. Conclusions: Previous research has linked depression and anxiety with poorer treatment adherence among individuals with T1D, however, there are few studies examining depression and anxiety in transition-age youth. Brief screening of young adults with T1D may illuminate potential threats to adherence as well as provide supplemental information to prevent future problems that may impact diabetes management. The study outcomes should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and the homogeneous sample. Disclosure H. Nagra: None. F. Joarder: None. L. Andreas: None. K. Kraus: None.


Abstract Duplex stainless steels are sensitive to high temperature exposure. The microstructure of the duplex stainless steels changes at high process temperatures. Such microstructural changes might affect the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel. Therefore, the microstructural properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel welds were studied and respective microstructural changes during the welding process have been investigated by finite element analysis before fabrication process. 2205 duplex stainless steels were welded using the TIG process. The heat distribution along the cross section of weldments according to the TIG welding parameters was calculated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software. After metallographic preparation of the weldments, each sample was etched by electro-chemical method and the ferrite-austenite ratio was examined by light microscopy. The finite element analyses and microscopic results were compared and the mechanical properties of the weldments were investigated using hardness tests.


Combinatorial Optimization is an important area of computer science that has many theoretical and practical applications. In the thesis [Chu, 2011], we present important contributions to several different areas of combinatorial optimization, including nogood learning, symmetry breaking, dominance, relaxations and parallelization. We develop a new nogood learning technique based on constraint projection that allows us to exploit subproblem dominances that arise when two different search paths lead to subproblems which are identical on the remaining unfixed variables. We present a new symmetry breaking technique called SBDS-1UIP, which extends Symmetry Breaking During Search (SBDS) by using the more powerful 1UIP nogoods generated by Lazy Clause Generation (LCG) solvers. We present two new general methods for exploiting almost symmetries by modifying SBDS-1UIP and by using conditional symmetry breaking constraints. We solve the Minimization of Open Stacks Problem, the Talent Scheduling Problem (CSPLib prob039), and the Maximum Density Still Life Problem (CSPLib prob032) many orders of magnitude faster than the previous state of the art by applying various powerful techniques such as nogood learning, dynamic programming, dominance and relaxations. We present cache aware data structures for SAT solvers which allows sequential and parallel versions of SAT solvers to run more quickly. And we present a new load balancing scheme for parallel search called confidence based work stealing, which allows the parallel search to make use of the information contained in the branching heuristic.


STUDY HYPOTHESIS
Does a preferential X chromosome inactivation (XCI) pattern exist in female human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and does the pattern change during long-term culture or upon differentiation?

STUDY FINDING
We identified two independent phenomena that lead to aberrant XCI patterns in female hPSC: a rapid loss of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and long non-coding X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) expression during culture, often accompanied by erosion of XCI-specific methylation, and a frequent loss of random XCI in the cultures.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Variable XCI patterns have been reported in female hPSC, not only between different hPSC lines, but also between sub-passages of the same cell line, however the reasons for this variability remain unknown. Moreover, while non-random XCI-linked DNA methylation patterns have been previously reported, their origin and extent have not been investigated.

STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS
We investigated the XCI patterns in 23 human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines, during long-term culture and after differentiation, by gene expression analysis, histone modification assessment and study of DNA methylation. The presence and location of H3K27me3 was studied by immunofluorescence, XIST expression by real-time PCR, and mono- or bi-allelic expression of X-linked genes was studied by sequencing of cDNA. XCI-specific DNA methylation was analysed using methylation-sensitive restriction and PCR, and more in depth by massive parallel bisulphite sequencing.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
All hPSC lines showed XCI, but we found a rapid loss of XCI marks during the early stages of in vitro culture. While this loss of XCI marks was accompanied in several cases by an extensive erosion of XCI-specific methylation, it did not result in X chromosome reactivation. Moreover, lines without strong erosion of methylation frequently displayed non-random DNA methylation, which occurred independently from the loss of XCI marks. This bias in X chromosome DNA methylation did not appear as a passenger event driven by clonal culture take-over of chromosome abnormalities and was independent of the parental origin of the X chromosome. Therefore, we suggest that a culture advantage conferred by alleles on the X chromosome or by XCI-related mechanisms may be at the basis of this phenomenon. Finally, differentiated populations inherited the aberrant XCI patterns from the undifferentiated cells they were derived from.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
All hPSC lines in this study were cultured in highly similar conditions. Our results may therefore be specific for these conditions and alternative culture conditions might lead to different findings. Our findings are only a first step towards elucidating the molecular events leading to the phenomena we observed.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results highlight the significant extent of aberrant XCI in female hPSC. The fact that these aberrations are inherited by the differentiated progeny may have a significant impact on downstream research and clinical uses of hPSC. In order to achieve the full potential of hPSC, more insight into the XCI status and its stability in hPSC and its effect on the properties of the differentiated progeny is needed.

LARGE SCALE DATA
Not applicable.

STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS
Our research is supported by grants from the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen, grant 1502512N), Generalitat de Catalunya (2014SGR-005214) and the Methusalem grant of the Research Council of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, on name of K.S. L.V.H. is funded by EMBO (ALTF 701-2013). The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.


To inspect and classify defects occurring during backend process steps, this paper describes a comprehensive methodology how to develop, use, and dimension test structures and how to optimize their organization inside given test chip boundaries. Starting point is the description of process steps and known types of defects. According to existing design rules different test structures will be designed and arranged as (in-line) process monitors inside a checkerboard framework using standard boundary pads.


Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC) is a new ecotourism destination managed by a community group called 'Bhakti Alam Sendang Biru'. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of the 5 principles of Community-based Ecotourism in the management of CMC, namely: (1) Conservation principle (Nature conservation principle, 6 criterias and culture conservation, 4 criterias), (2) Community participation principle (7 criterias), (3) Economic principle (5 criterias), (4) Education principle (5 criterias), and (5) Tourism principle (6 criterias). This research method is descriptive qualitative. Source of the data obtained are primary data obtained through observation to the site to conduct an interview to the informants and secondary data obtained through the study of literature and documents. The data obtained were processed with descriptive techniques. The results showed that in general the 5 principles of community-based ecotourism have been implemented in the management of CMC although some criteria for each principle there is not yet implemented, is being planned, pursued, and optimized.


Borehole geophysical logging data can provide a direct link between results of large scale geophysical methods and core sample analysis. Also the in situ measurement data will focus the measured response to actual location and to the specific lithology, or overprint of alteration or deformation. This way the logging data serves as unique means to explain and control the results from a large variety of different views and scales, ranging from airborne and ground level mapping to seismic reflection surveys and electromagnetic soundings. The actual parameter information used in model interpretations is only accessible by borehole methods. Further to this, the comparison of different parameters and geological background information can lead to better understanding of processes involved in the subsurface. The presentation deals with practices of quality control and validation of slim hole logging data using different geological and sampling control data. The work includes the sample controlled conversion of measurement data to meaningful physical properties, depth matching of the data to a very good location accuracy, and computing of derivative parameters. Example data set has been produced in site characterization project of Posiva for spent nuclear fuel geological disposal in Finland.


Book synopsis: "Culture" and "citizenship" are two of the most hotly contested concepts in the social sciences. What are the relationships between them? This book explores the issues of inclusion and exclusion, the market and policy, rights and responsibilities, and the definitions of citizens and non-citizens. Substantive topics investigated in the various chapters include: cultural democracy; intersubjectivity and the unconscious; globalization and the nation state; European citizenship; and the discourses on cultural policy.


"Inflation is as violent as a mugger, as frightening as an armed robber and as deadly as a hit man." – Ronald Reagan It is widely publicised that inflation-linked instruments provide a hedge against rising inflation. This has led investors to assume that high inflation creates an opportunity to beat the market when investing in this asset class. This assumption is based on the belief that higher inflation creates higher returns. It is due to this belief that a research question was formulated to determine if inflation is in fact a determinant of inflation-linked bond returns. This research study investigated, as a first objective, the relationship between the South African prime lending interest rate and the South African consumer price index inflation between 2000 and 2013. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test was applied to test for unit roots between interest and inflation. This test was extended to six other emerging countries that, together with South Africa, are issuers of government inflation-linked bonds. The researcher's intention was to compare the relationship between interest rates and inflation in South Africa with that of the six other countries. Surprisingly, the results indicated that South African inflation and interest are non-stationary. After testing for cointegration, it was concluded that there is no relationship between the prime lending interest rate and inflation in the data set and most of the variation can be explained by means of the autocorrelation of residuals in previous periods more than the prime lending rate. As a second objective, the same methodology was applied to determine whether there is any relationship between the South African consumer price index inflation and the South African government inflation-linked bond returns. The results indicated that the series is not cointegrated which means that no relationship exists between inflation and inflation-linked bond returns. The third objective looked at alternative factors that could explain what the real determinants of inflation-linked bond returns are. It was concluded that the trend in inflation is really the source of inflation-linked bond performance, with the effects of the lead and lag periods causing capital losses and profits.


OBJECTIVE
analyze the maternal experience in a neonatal intensive care unit, focusing on relations of recognition.

METHOD
a qualitative study, built on the perspective of Gadamer's hermeneutics, based on Honneth's concept of recognition. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 mothers of children admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit.

RESULTS
failures were reported in the process of mother recognition in the unit, with consequent feelings of insecurity and obligation to child care, resulting in fragility of self-esteem.

CONCLUSION
interactions with health professionals in the NICU and its standards and protocols cause vulnerabilities and affect maternal recognition and autonomy.


Lectin-binding proteins of chlamydiae were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. All three Chlamydia species tested expressed two proteins when whole-elementary-body lysates were reacted with the biotinylated lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. The protein with a molecular mass of 18 kilodaltons (kDa) responded strongly compared with a higher-molecular-mass protein that varied from 27 to 32 kDa with each chlamydia strain tested. Among six lectins tested, including concanavalin A, D. biflorus agglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin, the latter was the only lectin that did not recognize any chlamydial protein. For each lectin that reacted against the elementary body of serovar L2 of Chlamydia trachomatis, the same two peptides, an 18-kDa peptide and a 32-kDa peptide, were revealed. These two polypeptides adhered to HeLa cell surface components. Binding of a lectin to the L2 reticulate body resulted in a reduced response at the 18-kDa peptide. The 18- and 32-kDa peptides were purified from L2 serovar elementary bodies by affinity chromatography. The two proteins isolated from a concanavalin A-agarose column maintained their lectin-binding capacities and elicited hemagglutinating properties against mouse erythrocytes. Periodate oxidation abolished the abilities of the peptides to adhere to any of the lectins tested. These results suggest that these lectin-binding proteins are glycoproteins that may be an essential factor for attachment of chlamydial organisms to host cells.


Whereas the perinatal transmission rate with untreated HIV positive women is around 30%, the results of Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group in 1994 showed a reduction by nearly 70% with Zidovudin chemoprophylaxis. The transmission rate can even be reduced to under 2%, if a cesarean section before onset of labour and before premature rupture of membranes is done in addition. An individualized, optimal antiretroviral combination therapy, ideally introduced in the second trimenon (in special cases even already in the first trimenon), is of great importance. As a further strategy of prevention of perinatal transmission, intravenous Zidovudin chemoprophylaxis should be given in addition to the mother during labour and to the newborn during the first six weeks of life. Besides very few exceptions, long-term data after intrauterine administration of antiretroviral therapy do not show any teratogen or other long term consequences to date. The situation in developing countries is very critical with still high transmission rates because of the lack of antiretroviral therapy due to logistical reasons and costs and the need of breastfeeding. For these reasons, more and more feasible short protocols are developed with at least fifty percent reduction of neonatal transmission rates.


The diversity of microbial eukaryotes was surveyed by environmental sequencing from tropical lagoon sites of the South Pacific, collected through the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)'s Explore21 expedition to the Solomon Islands in September 2013. The sampled lagoons presented low nutrient concentrations typical of oligotrophic waters, but contained levels of chlorophyll a, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, characteristic of meso- to eutrophic waters. Two 18S rDNA hypervariable sites, the V4 and V8-V9 regions, were amplified from the total of eight lagoon samples and sequenced on the MiSeq system. After assembly, clustering at 97% similarity, and removal of singletons and chimeras, a total of 2741 (V4) and 2606 (V8-V9) operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Taxonomic annotation of these reads, including phylogeny, was based on a combination of automated pipeline and manual inspection. About 18.4% (V4) and 13.8% (V8-V9) of the OTUs could not be assigned to any of the known eukaryotic groups. Of these, we focused on OTUs that were not divergent and possessed multiple sources of evidence for their existence. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences revealed more than ten branches that might represent new deeply-branching lineages of microbial eukaryotes, currently without any cultured representatives or morphological information.


In this paper, the author examined whether there is any correlation between students' perceived learning styles as identified by Felder and Silverman (2002) and each of the three presences of the Garrison et al.'s Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework (2000): the teaching presence, the social presence and the cognitive presence. First, the CoI survey was administered to a sample of Master's students (N=24) at the University Mohamed First in Morocco. Then transcript analysis of online discussion postings was investigated to explore the links of the three presences of the CoI framework with students' self-perceptions of personal learning style preferences. Analysis of the data collected from these instruments revealed significant relationships between students' perceived learning styles with regard to some domains of the Felder and Silverman's model and only two presences of the CoI framework: the social and cognitive presences. The findings have important implications for how to design online courses in a way that fits students' needs and thus foster effective learning.


Transient stability assessment (TSA) of a power system pursues a two-fold objective: first to appraise the system's capability to withstand major contingencies and second to suggest remedial actions whenever needed. The first objective is the concern of analysis; the second is a matter of control. To assess transient stability, multitude of techniques are available encompassing traditional time domain state numerical integration, Lyapunov based techniques, probabilistic methods, and recently Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. This paper presents a simple but effective fuzzy logic classifier system for TSA. The fuzzy logicbased rule assessment needs only a fraction of time to solve the classification problem, namely to classify an operating point of the machine as a stable or unstable one. The results revealed that the proposed classifier system is flexible and extendible.


We investigate the phase sensitivity of the SU(1,1) interfereometer [SU(1,1)I] and the modified Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MMZI) with the entangled coherent states (ECS) as inputs. We consider the ideal case and the situations in which the photon losses are taken into account. We find that, under ideal conditions, the phase sensitivity of both the MMZI and the SU(1,1)I can beat the shot-noise limit (SNL) and approach the Heisenberg limit (HL). In the presence of photon losses, the ECS can beat the coherent and squeezed states as inputs in the SU(1,1)I, and the MMZI is more robust against internal photon losses than the SU(1,1)I.


In this paper, a dynamic model of road traffic congestion is presented, with an elastic overall demand for morning peak road usage, and with the congestion technology used being 'flow congestion'. It is demonstrated that in such a case, the optimal time-varying toll should include a 'flat', time-invariant component when road users share the same desired arrival time. This has important consequences for the design of optimal toll schemes in reality, because it implies that optimal tolls cannot be set if the regulator has no information on the road users' desired arrival times.


The development of photonic materials for efficient energy conversion and high-power solid-state lasers is currently pursued given the wide range of applicable technologies and the possibility to help meet global energy demands in laser fusion power plants. In this work, Cu+ ions successfully incorporated in aluminophosphate glass are recognized as near-ultraviolet (UV) sensitizers of Nd3+ ions resulting in remarkable near-infrared (IR) 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 emission at 1.06 μm. Optical absorption, solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopies characterizations are employed and assessment methods for material optical and structural properties are proposed. The spectroscopic data indicates an efficient (>50%) nonradiative energy transfer where the Cu+ ions first absorb photons broadly around 360 nm, and subsequently transfer the energy from the Stokes-shifted emitting states to resonant Nd3+ energy levels. Then, the Nd3+ electronic excited states decay and the upper lasing state 4F3/2 is populated, leading to enhanced near-IR emission. It is suggested that the physico-chemically robust Cu+/Nd3+ codoped aluminophosphate glass is a suitable candidate as solid-state laser material with enhanced pump range in the near-UV part of the spectrum and for solar spectral conversion in photovoltaic cells.


: Depressed patients seen in a private psychiatric practice (N = 41) were randomly assigned to receive trimipramine or amitriptyline over a study period of at least 4 weeks. Patients in both groups showed significant improvement over time on measures of mood and depression, and on psychological scales. Only one variable, the global improvement rating, showed a significant overall between-groups difference, which favored amitriptyline treatment. This difference may reflect the presence of significantly less baseline symptomatology in the amitriptyline group. Trimipramine patients were more seriously ill on initial diagnosis and showed significantly more improvement at week 2 than amitriptyline patients and a trend toward fewer side effects. Thus, trimipramine may be useful for patients particularly sensitive to side effects in whom evidence of early response is important.


Cancer metastasis, a hallmark of the multifaceted disease is of extreme clinical relevance as it is responsible for death in 90% of individuals suffering from it. Despite the advancement in understanding the metastatic processes, the molecular mechanism and critical regulators involved in this complex multi-stage process still remains elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNA), which are crucial regulators in a wide array of biological processes, are also implicated in cancer metastasis. In this study, we deciphered the miRNA mediated regulations of cancer metastasis in two different cancer types, soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and breast carcinoma. Metastasis in STS is poorly understood compared to cancers of epithelial tissue origin, carcinomas. We harnessed the potential of expression profiles of genes and miRNAs of different high-grade STS in identifying the crucial regulators of metastasis. We amalgamated gene and miRNA expression profiles with curated data on various regulatory interactions to predict transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-target gene regulatory networks and paths in STS metastasis. It unveiled some novel TFs, miRNAs, and their targets, which are conjectured to play a critical role in metastasis of STS. Our Notch signaling sub-network analysis uncovered
miR-21 and miR-34a as novel regulators of Notch signaling in STS metastasis which also regulated other hub TFs in the networks. Further, acyclic path analysis from STS metastasis specific sub-network deploying the tool 'RiNAcyc' developed by us identified a 15 node active path. This potential path highlights the crucial role of MYC-mediated miRNA regulation which was further verified by co-expression analysis in sarcoma. The path also revealed the importance of miR-215 targeting TYMS, a potential chemotherapeutic target in different cancers, which is usually upregulated. The co-expression analysis corroborated with qRT-PCR expression analysis tempted us to conjecture that miR-215 and TYMS could be potential candidate for prognostic indicator of chemotherapeutic benefits in STS metastasis. We also identified anti-metastatic miR-429 targeting pro-metastatic KIAA01010 gene to play a role in STS metastasis. We observed miR-429 to inhibit proliferation, migration, and anchorage independent growth via targeting KIAA0101 in metastatic fibrosarcoma cell line. KIAA0101 overexpression was also seen to be associated with lower survival among sarcoma patients. Further, taking advantage of experimental models, we studied metastasis in 4T1 mouse model of breast cancer metastasis and found miR-31 to have a pro-metastatic role in breast cancer. Additionally, we performed Ago2-IP for in-vitro target identification in parallel
with polysome profiling to understand how miR-31 mediated its target gene regulation during breast cancer metastasis. We evaluated levels of mRNA and translation profiles of selected miR-31 targets that have a role in metastasis. We found Myh9 to be regulated both at transcriptional level and translational level, and Acsl4 only at translational level in metastasis of breast cancer. The present study catapulted the understanding of miRNA mediated target regulations in cancer metastasis in STS and breast cancer, which might aid in identifying potential miRNAs for targeted therapies in metastasis.


ABSTRACT Wave-formed, coarse-grained ripples (CGR) form in water depths ranging from 3 to 160 m on transgressive surfaces, in upper and lower shoreface sediments and in finer-grained offshore-transition deposits. CGR have crest spacings of 0.25-3.0 m with amplitudes of 5-35 cm. Internal stratification is rarely preserved, but where present, crossbeds dip en echelon away from the ripple crest and individual laminae feather out away from the crest. Waves that form CGR commonly have wavelengths on the order of 2-5 m with periods of 8 to 14 sec. These are not large storm events, especially on a geological scale. CGR commonly occur in close association, laterally and vertically with hummocky cross stratification. It is postulated that if sediment is medium to very coarse-grained sand,or pebbly sand then two-dimensional CGR will be formed from oscillatory or oscillatory-dominant flow. If, however, sediment is very fine to fine-grained sand, then three-dimensional hummocky cross-stratification will be formed. The wave conditions under which CGR form are similar to those which would form hummocky cross-stratification; it is only the grain size that is different.Reported and calculated wave conditions for hummocky cross-stratification are almost identical to those for CGR. Modern CGR crests trend parallel to the local shoreline and bathymetry; as such, ancient ripple crests are a useful tool for basin reconstruction.


We report the synthesis and comparative study of five conjugated polymers P1–P5 with different arrangements of two solubilizing 2-ethylhexyl side chains in their repeating units. It has been shown that positioning of the alkyl substituents affects strongly frontier energy levels of the polymers and results in variation of their optical band gaps between 1.65 and 2.0 eV. The highest (2.8 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1) and the lowest (2.4 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1) charge carrier mobilities determined for the polymers P1 and P5, respectively, using a SCLC technique differ by more than one order of magnitude. GIWAXS measurements also revealed very different degrees of molecular ordering in the films of polymers P1–P5 which correlate well with the SCLC mobility data and solid state photoluminescence spectra of these materials. The bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the composites of polymers P1–P5 with [60]PCBM demonstrated power conversion efficiencies ranging from 0.6% (P5) to 5.1% (P1) thus evidencing a strong influence of the alkyl side chains on the photovoltaic performance of the designed polymer-based materials.


This article presents some results from a study aimed at analyzing the limits and possibilities defined by inter-subjective and unconscious processes of solidarity, cooperation, and life care production in health services. A public hospital with an emergency department in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was selected as a case study. The French school of psychosociology, oriented by the psychoanalytical clinical approach, the psychoanalytical theory on inter-subjective and group processes, and work psychodynamics provided the basis for the study's methodological strategies and analysis of the results. The study analyzed health professionals' psychological representations and unconscious processes related to emergency department users and their demands, and their consequences for the health care provided to this clientele. Some particularly important images such as "need" were used as a category that conceals the diversity of demand, in an unconscious process with multiple reductions: from denial of social suffering to denial of the patients' human condition.


With today's system-on-a-chip (SOC) technology, BIST-based techniques are the best solution for the testing of embedded FPGAs with low controllability and observability. In the past, test configurations are usually derived manually and there still lacks of an efficient fault simulator to evaluate the resulted fault coverage. Based on the BIST-based structure, an efficient fault simulator (FPGAsim) for FPGAs is proposed to alleviate it. The fault models can be updated by using a script file as well as the FPGA dimensions. Therefore, the flexibility of FPGAsim is very high. According to the regular structure during the BIST sessions, the simulation complexity can be reduced from O(N2 ) to O(1). That is, the simulation complexity is independent of the size of an FPGA. The fault simulator proposed above is also helpful for solving the following problems. 1) Given a set of target fault models, generate the required test configurations with 100% fault coverage. 2) Given a set of target fault models and a test length constraint, generate the test configurations with the highest fault coverage. 3) Set the priority of test configurations such that test length/test time can be reduced. In other words, FPGAsim can be used for generation of optimal test configurations


Abstract. Airborne estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are becoming more prevalent with the advent of rapid commercial development of trace gas instrumentation featuring increased measurement accuracy, precision, and frequency, and the swelling interest in the verification of current emission inventories. Multiple airborne studies have indicated that emission inventories may underestimate some hydrocarbon emission sources in US oil- and gas-producing basins. Consequently, a proper assessment of the accuracy of these airborne methods is crucial to interpreting the meaning of such discrepancies. We present a new method of sampling surface sources of any trace gas for which fast and precise measurements can be made and apply it to methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide on spatial scales of  ∼ 1000 m, where consecutive loops are flown around a targeted source region at multiple altitudes. Using Reynolds decomposition for the scalar concentrations, along with Gauss's theorem, we show that the method accurately accounts for the smaller-scale turbulent dispersion of the local plume, which is often ignored in other average mass balance methods. With the help of large eddy simulations (LES) we further show how the circling radius can be optimized for the micrometeorological conditions encountered during any flight. Furthermore, by sampling controlled releases of methane and ethane on the ground we can ascertain that the accuracy of the method, in appropriate meteorological conditions, is often better than 10 %, with limits of detection below 5 kg h−1 for both methane and ethane. Because of the FAA-mandated minimum flight safe altitude of 150 m, placement of the aircraft is critical to preventing a large portion of the emission plume from flowing underneath the lowest aircraft sampling altitude, which is generally the leading source of uncertainty in these measurements. Finally, we show how the accuracy of the method is strongly dependent on the number of sampling loops and/or time spent sampling the source plume.


The exact amount of a product's cost that is committed during the design phase is commonly debated, however based on the literature it is generally agreed that 70-85% of the costs are committed during the design phase. This information combined with the Department of Defense (DoD) focus on engineered resilient systems (ERS) has led to the research and development of a Manufacturability Assessment Knowledge based Evaluation (MAKE) methodology. This research is focused on the development of a manufacturability methodology to evaluate and assess alternative product designs in the early life cycle stages. McCall et al outlines the research efforts focused on the creation of the methodology and development and testing of a corresponding software tool. The research has continued forward with enhancements to the MAKE methodology and tool based on case study findings, which is the basis for this paper.The case study provided valuable insight into the research and development activities needed to improve the methodology to better fit with an early lifecycle development phase. Subsequently, a software tool redesign effort took place to improve the outputs available to the user and to streamline the methodology process. This paper will discuss the improvements for the design of the updated version of the MAKE tool and how it can be used for future assessments of DoD products for benefit to the warfighter.


This paper deals with distribution network (DN) reconfiguration for loss minimization. To solve this combinatorial problem, a genetic algorithm (GA) is considered. In order to enhance its ability to explore the solution space, efficient genetic operators are developed. After a survey of the existing DN topology description methods, a theoretical approach based on the graph and matroid theories (graphic matroid in particular) is considered. These concepts are used in order to propose new intelligent and effective GA operators for efficient mutation and crossover well dedicated to the DN reconfiguration problem. All resulting individuals after GA operators are claimed to be feasible (radial) configurations. Moreover, the presented approach is valid for planar or nonplanar DN graph topologies and avoids tedious mesh checks for the topology constraint validation. The proposed method is finally compared to some previous topology coding techniques used by other authors. The results show smaller or at least equal power losses with considerably less computation effort.


Agar gel columns containing ammonium sulfide precipitant were investigated for possible use in mineral identification and trace element determination. The method is described, and optimum conditions for maximum sensitivity were determined. Co, Zn, Pb, Bi, Sb, and Sn were determined in solutions containing 20 p.p.m. or less. Fe, Cd, Cu, and As were determined in solutions containing less than 300 p.p.m. Hg was least sensitive, requiring a concentration of 600 p.p.m. Preliminary testing to determine accuracy in qualitative identification was carried out on 80 synthetic unknowns composed of 3 component mixtures of the previously mentioned ions plus Mo and Ni. Fe, Pb, Cd, and Co were identified correctly in all unknowns. Only As, Sb, and Sn gave any extensive difficulty, these having been determined with less than 80% accuracy. Sixty-one mineral samples were analyzed by this method, and the results were compared with those obtained from the emission spectrograph. It was found that the major metallic constituents of minerals can be determined with a high degree of accuracy. However, in most cases the minor constituents were missed. It was concluded that in special cases the method would be a useful field tool. Advantages of the technique are as follows: the equipment is inexpensive and portable; all metals that produce insoluble sulfides may be identified in mixtures by a single simple procedure; concentration may be estimated roughly by density of precipitate. Disadvantages of the technique are as follows: considerable experience is necessary to correctly interpret the results; a 48-hour period is necessary for the complete development of a chromatogram; the method is not very sensitive for certain of the metal ions.


Due to its advantages of cost‐effectiveness, on‐demand provisioning and easy for sharing, cloud computing has grown in popularity with the research community for deploying scientific applications such as workflows. Although such interests continue growing and scientific workflows are widely deployed in collaborative cloud environments that consist of a number of data centers, there is an urgent need for exploiting strategies which can place application datasets across globally distributed data centers and schedule tasks according to the data layout to reduce both latency and makespan for workflow execution. In this paper, by utilizing dependencies among datasets and tasks, we propose an efficient data and task coscheduling strategy that can place input datasets in a load balance way and meanwhile, group the mostly related datasets and tasks together. Moreover, data staging is used to overlap task execution with data transmission in order to shorten the start time of tasks. We build a simulation environment on Tianhe supercomputer for evaluating the proposed strategy and run simulations by random and realistic workflows. The results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively improve scheduling performance while reducing the total volume of data transfer across data centers. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


ABSTRACT This article examines the content and ramifications of an Australian Parliamentary Committee's Report into the application of Australian law in the Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT). The Report's main findings suggest that Australian law should be more vigorously applied in Antarctica, and that current practices with regard to the operation and enforcement of Australian law are perceived as damaging to Australian sovereignty. This is particularly the case in the context of the virtual non-application of law to all foreign nationals within the AAT, to an extent far beyond the categories of persons exempted by Article VIII of the Antarctic Treaty. The article also discusses the possible ramifications and difficulties of giving effect to the Report's findings. Particular stress is placed upon the impact of asserting a 200-nautical-mile fishing or exclusive economic zone in the waters off the AAT, as well as the logistic difficulties that may become apparent if Australian sovereignty is more actively asserted. In this context, brief consideration is given to the Report's recommendations relating to the Antarctic environment and tourism within the AAT.


In order to improve the durability of high efficiency waste-to-energy boilers, it is essential to develop and apply high temperature corrosion-resistant materials having a long life time according to the intensity of the corrosion conditions. Two types of high Cr-high Si-Fe-Ni base and high Cr-high Si-Ni-Fe base alloy seamless tubes; MAC-N (26Cr-3.5Si-11Fe-Ni base) alloy and MAC-F (23Cr-3.8Si-38Ni-Fe base) alloy respectively which contain no expensive Mo and have better corrosion resistance than the existing alloys under severe corrosive environments of waste combustion gas, have developed. The optimum alloy composition range were defermined by confirming the effect of the alloying elements on the corrosion resistance in the laboratory corrosion tests. Furthermore, the seamless tubes were mounted on the actual superheater of the 500oC/9.8MPa high efficiency waste-to-energy boiler to examine the durability over a period of four years. As a result, it was confirmed that the MAC-N and MAC-F alloys have better corrosion resistance than the Alloy625 and 310HCbN. In addition, it has become clear that corrosion resistance of both alloys is displayed through the formation of SiO2 rich protective scale due to the combined addition of the principal elements, Si, Cr, Fe and Ni. Under conditions of high Cl content molten deposits and severe thermal cycle, the corrosion rate increases as the results of deterioration of protective oxidation scale.


This study investigated the experience of coaching in an executive or business cross-cultural coaching context. A phenomenological approach explored the possibility that the coach can facilitate the understanding of cultural worldviews in the cross-cultural coaching relationship. By means of semi-structured interviews, key factors were identified that contribute to greater cross-cultural awareness, adaptability, understanding and effectiveness. The findings highlight: the diverse meanings of cross-cultural coaching; an exploration of the background, experience and qualities of cross-cultural coaches; the building of key cross-cultural coaching competencies; and the facilitation of cultural understanding in the cross-cultural relationship. The study also highlights the need to recognise that the concept of 'self' varies across cultures and that divergent psychological constructs reflect differing values with differing definitions of success. Consequently, amongst the conclusions is a call for a culturally sensitive approach to coaching.


A general approach to knowledge transfer is introduced in which an agent controlled by a neural network adapts how it reuses existing networks as it learns in a new domain. Networks trained for a new domain can improve their performance by routing activation selectively through previously learned neural structure, regardless of how or for what it was learned. A neuroevolution implementation of this approach is presented with application to high-dimensional sequential decision-making domains. This approach is more general than previous approaches to neural transfer for reinforcement learning. It is domain-agnostic and requires no prior assumptions about the nature of task relatedness or mappings. The method is analyzed in a stochastic version of the Arcade Learning Environment, demonstrating that it improves performance in some of the more complex Atari 2600 games, and that the success of transfer can be predicted based on a high-level characterization of game dynamics.


This paper tackles the problem of open domain factual Arabic question answering (QA) using Wikipedia as our knowledge source. This constrains the answer of any question to be a span of text in Wikipedia. Open domain QA for Arabic entails three challenges: annotated QA datasets in Arabic, large scale efficient information retrieval and machine reading comprehension. To deal with the lack of Arabic QA datasets we present the Arabic Reading Comprehension Dataset (ARCD) composed of 1,395 questions posed by crowdworkers on Wikipedia articles, and a machine translation of the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (Arabic-SQuAD). Our system for open domain question answering in Arabic (SOQAL) is based on two components: (1) a document retriever using a hierarchical TF-IDF approach and (2) a neural reading comprehension model using the pre-trained bi-directional transformer BERT. Our experiments on ARCD indicate the effectiveness of our approach with our BERT-based reader achieving a 61.3 F1 score, and our open domain system SOQAL achieving a 27.6 F1 score.


The displacement of a three-dimensional immiscible blob subject to oscillatory acoustic excitation in a channel is studied with the Lattice Boltzmann method. The effects of amplitude of the force, viscosity and frequency on blob dynamics are investigated. The trend for variation of mean displacement of blob and frequency response is in agreement to that of the previous two-dimensional studies reported in literature. The response of the blob with pinned contact line shows underdamped behavior. It is also found that increasing the amplitude of the force increases the mean displacement and frequency response.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


The main aim of this research was to assess A. solani populations in Limpopo province for their resistance to commonly used fungicide groups. Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is one of the major diseases of tomato worldwide. Application of fungicides is the most effective control measure used to manage the disease. However, continuous and indiscriminate use of different fungicides has resulted in the development of new resistant strains of A. solani . During growing season of 2015-2016, isolates of A. solani were collected from four locations in Limpopo and 34 were examined for their sensitivity to three commonly used fungicides in South Africa namely, chlorothalonil, (Bravo ® 720 WP), copper oxychloride (Virikop ® 50 WP) and mancozeb (Dithane ® WG). Screening at different concentrations was done to determine sensitivity of collected isolates to the four fungicides. Each experiment was arranged in complete randomised design (CRD) with six treatments replicated four times. Results obtained in this study show that all tested fungicides significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced mycelial growth of the tested A. solani isolates across all the tested concentrations as compared to un-amended control. However, there was variation in the level of sensitivity as determined by pathogen isolate, area of collection and fungicide tested. Among the three fungicides, copper oxychloride was found to be the most effective fungicide in reducing the mycelial growth of A. solani isolates, followed by chlorothalonil and mancozeb, except in a situation where the isolate developed resistance.


ABSTRACT Genome stability depends on faithful chromosome segregation, which relies on maintenance of chromatid cohesion during S phase. In eukaryotes, Pds1/securin is the only known inhibitor that can prevent loss of cohesion. However, pds1Δ yeast cells and securin-null mice are viable. We sought to identify redundant mechanisms that promote cohesion within S phase in the absence of Pds1 and found that cells lacking the S-phase cyclins Clb5 and Clb6 have a cohesion defect under conditions of replication stress. Similar to the phenotype of pds1Δ cells, loss of cohesion in cells lacking Clb5 and Clb6 is dependent on Esp1. However, Pds1 phosphorylation by Cdk-cyclin is not required for cohesion. Moreover, cells lacking Clb5, Clb6, and Pds1 are inviable and lose cohesion during an unperturbed S phase, indicating that Pds1 and specific B-type cyclins promote cohesion independently of one another. Consistent with this, we find that Mcd1/Scc1 is less abundant on chromosomes in cells lacking Clb5 and Clb6 during replication stress. However, clb5Δ clb6Δ cells do accumulate Mcd1/Scc1 at centromeres upon mitotic arrest, suggesting that the cyclin-dependent mechanism is S phase specific. These data indicate that Clb5 and Clb6 promote cohesion which is then protected by Pds1 and that both mechanisms are required during replication stress.


BACKGROUND
Lysosomotropic molecules are taken up into lysosomes in vitro and in vivo. Many drugs approved for clinical medicine are lysosomotropic agents, characterized by promoting particular effects including cytoplasmic vacuolization, increase in number and size of lysosomes, inhibition of their enzymes and accumulation of undegraded material, leading mainly to phospholipidosis. Despite lysosomotropism has been extensively described and studied, the pathophysiological significance of this process is still not well understood. Objetive: In this review, we focus on what is known about the effects of lysosomotropic drugs on specific lysosomal functions and their similarities with the phenotypic features of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs).

CONCLUSION
Some effects of lysosomotropic drugs are very similar to pathologic features of human genetic diseases affecting lysosomal function, and therefore these drugs can be used as tools to understand the mechanisms underlying such patho-pathways as well as to create pharmacologically-induced models of LSDs.


Pregnant and postpartum women with a history of bariatric surgery are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies as a result of the combination of physiologic changes related to pregnancy and iatrogenic postoperative alterations in the absorption and metabolism of crucial nutrients. This systematic review investigates micronutrient deficiencies and related adverse clinical outcomes in pregnant and postpartum women after bariatric surgery. A systematic approach involving critical appraisal was conducted independently by 2 researchers to examine deficiencies of phylloquinone, folate, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium, iodide, copper, and vitamins A, D, and B-12 in pregnant and postpartum women after bariatric surgery, together with subsequent outcomes in the neonates. The search identified 29 relevant cases and 8 cohort studies. The quality of reporting among the case reports was weak according to the criteria based on the CARE (CAse REporting) guidelines as was that for the cohort studies based on the criteria from the Cohort Study Quality Assessment list of the Dutch Cochrane Center. The most common adverse neonatal outcomes related to maternal micronutrient deficiencies include visual complications (vitamin A), intracranial hemorrhage (phylloquinone), neurological and developmental impairment (vitamin B-12), and neural tube defects (folate). On the basis of the systematically collected information, we conclude that the evidence on micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant and postpartum women after bariatric surgery and subsequent adverse neonatal outcomes remains weak and inconclusive. Adv Nutr 2015;6:420–9.


Consider a (MOD_q,MOD_p) circuit, where the inputs of the bottom MOD_p gates are degree-d polynomials with integer coefficients of the input variables (p, q are different primes). Using our main tool ―- the Degree Decreasing Lemma ―- we show that this circuit can be converted to a (MOD_q,MOD_p) circuit with \emphlinear polynomials on the input-level with the price of increasing the size of the circuit. This result has numerous consequences: for the Constant Degree Hypothesis of Barrington, Straubing and Therien, and generalizing the lower bound results of Yan and Parberry, Krause and Waack, and Krause and Pudlak. Perhaps the most important application is an exponential lower bound for the size of (MOD_q,MOD_p) circuits computing the n fan-in AND, where the input of each MOD_p gate at the bottom is an \empharbitrary integer valued function of cn variables (c<1) plus an arbitrary linear function of n input variables.


This study aims to clarify the interaction between Si wafer and individual diamond abrasives in grinding at nanometer level and to estimate the grinding conditions for minimizing the surface defect. This paper reports on the results obtained through nano-scratching experiments in vacuum by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and simulations by using the molecular dynamics method by applying Tersoff potential for Si-Si atomic interaction under room and high temperature, respectively, to examine the influence of the grinding heat on the materials removal process. As a result, it was proven that the scratch groove under high temperature becomes deeper than that under room temperature from the experiments, and it was also observed that the formation of the amorphous phase around the scratch groove under high temperature becomes a little bit larger than that under room temperature from the simulations.


Patterned ground shields are widely used to increase the Q of spiral inductors on silicon. As RFIC (radio frequency integrated circuit) technology pushes toward deeper submicron nodes, the geometries of ground shields can become exceedingly complicated. This poses a huge challenge for numerical EM (electromagnetic) simulators. This paper explores several ground shield geometries and illustrates a new anisotropic conducting sheet model for efficient EM analysis of even the most complicated ground shield geometries by substitution of a continuous, but anisotropic conducting sheet. The technique is validated by comparison of EM analysis results using this new model to EM analysis results of actual ground shield geometries. We also explore visualization of the current induced in the silicon substrate by the inductor and (if present) the ground shield.


Many patients with immune thrombocytopenia require splenectomy to achieve remission. They are therefore at risk for postsplenectomy septicemia and should receive vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In experiment situations, antigens contained within this vaccine cell initiate a polyclonal B-lymphocyte activation and increased production of specific and nonspecific antibodies. In certain animal models, a polyclonal B-lymphocyte stimulatory response can trigger an autoimmune disorder. Two patients with immune thrombocytopenia had relapses of their immune thrombocytopenia after the administration of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. These observations suggest that patients with a history of immune thrombocytopenia should be monitored after vaccination.


Facility layout aims to arrange the facilities, including aisles, machines, instruments and tools in the shop floor to provide an efficient layout. Efficiency of layout has
tremendous effects on the performance of the system. Cellular Manufacturing System (CMS), as a promising manufacturing system has emerged to manufacture mid-variety, mid-volume products. In a CMS parts based on their similarities are classified into some groups named part families, and different machines are dedicated to produce these parts. The aim of implementation of a CMS is to take
advantages of the similarities in the design and manufacturing of products.
 In the design of cellular manufacturing systems, two important decisions should be made; Cell Formation (CF), and Facility Layout (FL). Cell formation aims to group
part families and dedicate each part family to one or more machine cells. The literature in the CF is extensive and abundant but layout models have not absorbed the attention of researchers as much as cell formation. Hence, in the first part of the study, a facility layout model in a CMS is developed that considers unknown locations for machine cells. The model minimizes both inter-cell and intra-cell
material handling cost. To solve the model, an algorithm based on Simulated Annealing (SA) is developed in C/C++ namely SA1. Comparison of the results with an adapted algorithm from the literature, in terms of the quality of solutions (material handling cost) shows that the proposed algorithm produces better solutions with a maximum of 0.08% error compared to 0.12% error in the benchmarked algorithm.
Moreover, the computation time (CPU Time) of the developed SA algorithm is significantly less than the benchmarked algorithm. In the worst case, the proposed algorithm finds good solutions about 50 times faster than the benchmarked.
 Cellular manufacturing system is an important technique in the planning and control of manufacturing systems. There are a lot of success stories about its implementation
but rapid changes in manufacturing systems may cause a CMS not to perform well in every case. Therefore, it is quite important to investigate the effects of uncertainty of
demand of products on the layout of facilities in a cellular manufacturing system. For this purpose, two mathematical models for layout in a CMS are proposed, which
considers the stochastic nature of demand. One of the models considers a Normal distribution function for demand, and another one, a Uniform distribution function.
In order to validate the models several cases are generated and demonstrated by two methods, Lingo 12.0 optimization software and an enumeration algorithm which is developed in C/C++. The results show that uncertainty in the demand of products can lead to changes in the arrangement of facilities.
 In a volatile manufacturing system, implementation of a CMS might not be applicable. In such a situation, the use of a Hybrid Cellular Manufacturing (HCM) seems to be more reasonable. Hence, in another part of this study, a model for layout of facilities in a HCM is developed that considers demand of products varies in the planning horizon. To solve the mathematical model, the SA1 is improved, and called SA2. Comparison of the results shows that the SA2 produces better solution quality in terms of the material handling cost with a maximum of 0.06% error compared to 0.08% error in the SA1. In addition, the computation time (CPU Time) of the SA2 is nearly half of the SA1.


We consider the Kähler-Ricci flow on a Fano manifold. We show that if the curvature remains uniformly bounded along the flow, the Mabuchi energy is bounded below, and the manifold is K-polystable, then the manifold admits a Kähler-Einstein metric. The main ingredient is a result that says that a sufficiently small perturbation of a cscK manifold admits a cscK metric if it is K-polystable.


• • education, and where understanding is developed we have education. The text is designed for use in hiih schools, by those who will probably go no further in their study of mathematics. One important aim isto lend the encouragement that comes from success. To that end the work is kept to an easy level. The book consists of a half dozen or more units, each complete in itself and adapted to separate use if desired. In fact, the units can be purchased singly, in pamphlet form, if the entire volume is not needed. The illustration. are pertinent and attractive. There is much fresh and interesting materialsuch as the story of how Indians named the smaller numbers after their fingers and toes.


In this paper, the results of a rigorous heat transfer analysis of subcooled flow film boiling over a heated cylinder are compared to experimental data. The analysis includes both the influence of the front part of the heater and the wake region behind the heater. Experiments using Freon-113 were conducted at subcooling levels up to 58[degree]C and at velocities up to 3.81 m/s. The configuration was upflowing Freon-113 in crossflow over a 0.635-cm electric heater. A comparison of these data as well as other available experimental data to the analysis of Chou and Witte showed good agreement as long as the subcooling level of the liquid was substantial - that is, for liquid Jakob numbers above about 0.04. This represents a considerable improvement over other models that have been developed to predict subcooled flow boiling heat transfer. A method using a temperature correction to a constant-property heat transfer solution that corresponds to the full variable-property solution is also presented, and applied to water and Freon-113. 11 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.