Despite the agro-food sustainability issues have been developed and strengthened considerably for a long time, from an operational point of view the sustainable agriculture is still evolving and improvements of production systems are increasingly required to move farmers toward the implementation of agricultural practices environmental friendly and economically viable. Therefore, the evaluation of the economic sustainability becomes a key prerequisite to carry out business operations, while the environmental sustainability assessment can be a strategic tool also to increase the value of product and to structure greenoriented marketing strategies. In this sense, the development of innovative approaches for a systemic and integrated assessment of the sustainability represents an ambitious goal to pursue for scientists, practitioners and for the overall society. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were applied to evaluate, jointly, the environmental and economic sustainability of different vineyard production scenarios in a PDO (Protected Designation Origin) wine-growing area in southern Italy. Two cropping systems (organic and conventional) and two training systems (espalier and gobelet) have been analysed. According to ISO norms 14040 (ISO, 2006a) and 14044 (ISO, 2006b), the study was carried out firstly defining goal and scope of the analysis and, then, considering as "functional unit" 1 ha of planted surface and as system boundaries the agricultural production phases "from cradle to gate", or rather from plantation to wine grapes harvesting, excluding wine processing, distribution and consumption. The considered life cycle goes from vineyard plantation to disposal (25 y). The same life cycle, as well as the same parameters were considered for the LCC methodology by realizing in this way an inventory of costs complementary to LCA inventory data by adding to the analysis also other costs as farm labour remuneration, land and working capital. The results allowed to ranking the sustainability performances of different wine-growing scenarios.


The methods of mathematical description of evaporation processes from light soils of the arid zone of Russia are discussed. The focus is on the evaporation of moisture from the aeration zone. The analysis of theoretical work in this area and the results of their practical implementation are presented. Mathematical models of evaporation are divided into two types: physical and mathematical, taking into account the interaction of moisture with the soil frame and phenomenological, based on balance relations with the use of ordinary differential equations. The analysis of the actual material on evaporation from light soils of the Privolzhskiy sands was carried out in the light of the theory of evaporation from the capillaries surface in the pore space, taking into account the diffusion and film movements of moisture. A semi-empirical model of moisture movement in the upper soil layers in the form of analytical formulas relating the evaporation rate to the physical state of the soil water was used to estimate the water loss during evaporation. Good agreement was obtained between the theoretical provisions on the capillary movement of moisture and the data on evaporation from the sandy soils of the steppe zone of Russia. Approximation of data on the precipitation falling dynamics during the year by semi-empirical dependencies in the form of analytical formulas determines their practical use in the work of agricultural producers.


We show that the Galois group of any Schubert problem involving lines in projective space contains the alternating group. Using a criterion of Vakil and a special position argument due to Schubert, this follows from a particular inequality among Kostka numbers of two-rowed tableaux. In most cases, an easy combinatorial injection proves the inequality. For the remaining cases, we use that these Kostka numbers appear in tensor product decompositions of sl_2(C)-modules. Interpreting the tensor product as the action of certain commuting Toeplitz matrices and using a spectral analysis and Fourier series rewrites the inequality as the positivity of an integral. We establish the inequality by estimating this integral.


Due to the fact that near a crack singularity, gradients of the solution are large and are also subject to abrupt changes, so that the solution cannot locally be accurately approximated by a piecewise polynomial function on a quasi-uniform mesh. Lifting wavelet finite element has good ability in modal analysis for singularity problems like a cracked pipe. The first three natural frequencies of the cracked pipe were solved with lifting wavelet finite element, and the database for crack diagnosis was obtained. The first three measured natural frequencies were employed as inputs and the intersection of the three frequencies contour lines predicted the normalized crack location and size. The experimental examples denote the method is of higher identification precision.


ABSTRACT The number of people claiming for personal injury after being involved in a road traffic accident (RTA) in the UK continues to soar. In April 2015, the UK Government intervened to implement measures aimed at reducing the prevalence of fraud within such personal injury claims. However, these reforms did not include claims for mental disorder that arise because of a RTA despite being responsible for substantially larger payouts in comparison with claims for whiplash. The present study examines the assessment practice for detecting fraudulent claims of this nature using a mixed methods survey analysing UK medico-legal professionals' assessment methodologies (N = 37). The findings suggest comprehensively that assessment practices in this field are idiosyncratic. The findings evidence limitations in all aspects of the assessment process from medico-legal assessors being asked to undertake examinations without the presence of medical records to 44% of examiners being unaware of the three types of malingering. The article concludes with recommendations for improving both assessments and the assessment process for assessing RTA claimants in the UK.


A brief historical overview of one of Hungary's space projects on Soviet spacecrafts, the so-called "Eötvös" Project on semiconductor crystal growth, is given. Three experiments were proposed and performed: i) epitaxial growth of GaAs under flux, ii) seedless growth of GaSb, and as a control, iii) seeded growth of an InSb crystal. Because of thermal control problems of the furnace, only the growth of a structurally perfect GaSb bicrystal was a successful novelty. Results of structural and electrical analyses are briefly summarized. Finally, a list of related publications is given.


Background : Patients with high- and low-voltage electrical injuries differ in their clinical presentation from minor symptoms to life-threatening conditions. For an adequate diagnosis and treatment strategy a multidisciplinary team is often needed, due to the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation. To minimize costs and medical resources, especially for patients with mild symptoms presenting after low-voltage electrical injuries, risk stratification for the development of further complications is needed. Methods : During 2012–2019 two independent patient cohorts admitted with electrical injuries in two maximum care university hospitals in Germany and Austria were investigated to quantify risk factors for prolonged treatment, the need of surgery and death in low-voltage injuries. High-voltage injuries were used as reference in the analysis of the low-voltage electrical injury. Results : We analyzed 239 admitted patients with low-voltage (75%; 276 ± 118 V), high-voltage (17%; 12.385 ± 28.896 V) or unclear voltage (8%). Overall mortality was 2% (N = 5) associated only with high-voltage injuries. Patients with low-voltage injuries presented with electrocution entry marks (63%), various neurological symptoms (31%), burn injuries (at least second degree) (23%), pain (27%), and cardiac symptoms (9%) including self-limiting thoracic pain and dysrhythmia without any therapeutic need. Seventy three percentage of patients with low-voltage injury were discharged within 24 h. The remaining patients stayed in the hospital (11 ± 10 days) for treatment of entry marks and burns, with an overall need for surgery of 12% in all low-voltage injuries. Conclusions : The only identified risk factors for prolonged hospital stay in patients with low-voltage electrical injuries were the treatment of burns and electric marks. In this multi-center analysis of hospitalized patients, low-voltage electrical injuries were not associated with cardiac arrhythmia or mortality. Therefore, we suggest that asymptomatic patients, without preexisting conditions, with low-voltage injury can be discharged after an initial check-up without prolonged monitoring.


The occurrence of drug interactions was studied in outpatients on anticoagulant or adrenergic neuron-blocking drugs. In the anticoagulant group (254 patients) a theoretical potential drug interaction with warfarin was noted in 33% of patients with drugs supplied by prescription and in 30% of patients with drugs taken as self-medication, though a probable adverse drug interaction was documented in only 9% of patients. The deficiency in the transfer of information about current drug therapy and the lack of awareness of patients about the hazards of anticoagulant therapy was clear. In the 64 patients on the adrenergic neuron-blocking drugs guanethidine, bethanidine, or debrisoquine a theoretical potential drug interaction was noted in 34%, but a probable adverse drug interaction was documented in only three patients. Further studies are required of other well-recognized groups of patients on drugs which are known to interact to assess the relevance and clinical importance of the formidable lists of interactions which are now available to doctors who prescribe drugs.


The use of unproctored Internet-based testing (IBT) for personality assessment is increasingly popular, especially in personnel selection. Previous studies on its equivalence to traditional proctored paper-and-pencil testing (PPT) have used between-subjects designs, which makes it difficult to separate intergroup effects from format effects, and have shown mixed results. The aim of the present study was to assess the quantitative, qualitative, and auxiliary equivalence of unproctored IBT and proctored PPT of personality, using a within-sample design. Undergraduate students (n = 407) completed both an Internet and a paper-and-pencil version of a measure of the Big Five, with a 1 to 3 week interval. The proctored paper-and-pencil assessment was completed in class and the unproctored Internet assessment was completed at the time and place chosen by the participants. Results showed effect sizes for mean differences to vary from null to small. Skewness and kurtosis indices, reliability coefficients, intercorrelations magnitudes, as well as factor solutions, were highly similar across formats. Respondents did not prefer IBT over PPT on a series of statement about their perceptions and reactions to IBT. In conclusion, results suggest that IBT and PPT of the Big Five personality traits are equivalent, and that the data obtained are comparable across formats.


Abstract. Studies of mud and musk turtles (family Kinosternidae) are underrepresented in the primary turtle literature, particularly with regard to their population genetics. We have isolated microsatellite loci for Sternotherus carinatus, a first for any species in the family, and tested their ability to cross-amplify in 5 other kinosternids. These loci should provide a useful set of tools for future population genetic studies of kinosternid species.


We propose a neural network model that accounts for the emergence of the taxonomic constraint in early word learning. Our proposal is based on Mayor and Plunkett (2010)'s neurocomputational model of the taxonomic constraint and overcomes one of its limitations, namely the fact that it considers artificially built, simplified stimuli. In fact, while in the original model the visual stimuli are random, sparse dot patterns, in our proposed solution they are photographic images from the ImageNet database. In our model the represented objects in the image can be of different size, color, location in the picture, point of view, etc.. We show that, notwithstanding the augmented complexity in the input, the proposed model compares favorably with respect to Mayor and Plunkett (2010)'s model.


Fishers pay attention to where other fishers are fishing, suggesting the potential for peer effects. But peer effects are difficult to identify without an exogenous shifter of peer group membership. We propose an identification strategy that exploits a shifter of peer group membership: gold rushes of new entrants. Following an exchange-rate-induced gold rush in an American fishery, we find that new entrants are strongly influenced by the location choices of their peers. Overidentification tests suggest that the assumptions underlying identification hold when new entrants are inexperienced, but identification is lost as new entrants start to potentially influence their peers. (JEL D83, Q22)


Direct energy conversion from sunlight to electricity is obtained through solar cells. The Efficiency of solar cells is about 23.89% in the laboratory and 13.76%. More than 30% of incident light is reflected back from the surface of single crystalline Silicon (Si) solar cells because of the high refractive index of Silicon material. The initial objective of this project is to minimize the reflection losses in solar cells using an Anti-Reflection coating (ARC). In solar cell applications, a single layer thin film Anti-Reflective coating is often used. But such a Single Layer Anti-Reflective coating (SLARC) and Double layer Anti-Reflective coating reduces reflectivity only in a limited range. Triple Layer Anti reflective coatings (TLARC) are so widely utilized to improve conversion efficiencies and current density of silicon solar cells. Such Triple layer antireflective coating can eliminate the need for a mechanical tracking device for proper optical alignment of the solar cell with respect to incident sunlight.


Description of main abnormal findings in eight patients with a suspected diagnosis of multiple sclerosis who underwent multimodality evoked potentials studies at HDAL-SARAH--Hospital for Diseases of the Locomotor System, in Brasilia--, during three years (1987-1989). Four of those patients have also been studied with magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and in all of them the results were also typical of demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The most useful evoked potentials were pattern-shift visual (VEP) and somatosensory (SSEP), which yielded much more information than did brainstem auditory (BAEP) components. This is in agreement with results previously described in the literature. It is concluded that multimodality evoked potentials studies are an easily obtainable and valuable diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis.


Despite increased female participation in the workforce, including some non traditional areas such as law and medicine, female participation in the Information Technology (IT) industry is de-clining. A longitudinal study (WinIT) commenced in 1995 has explored Australian student's and working women's perceptions and experiences, and the factors which have influenced them to enter and persist in the IT field. This paper reviews recent research and describes the latest results from the authors' study of professional women in the Australian IT industry, focusing on the contradictions in the way that women represent their experiences. These contradictions indicate that polarised views of gender in the IT workforce are being undermined, but also that IT personnel have difficulty reconciling their personal and work lives and coping with the rapid rate of change in the industry. The implications for human resources management in the volatile IT industry as well as some possible solutions to the problem are also discussed.


Abstract This descriptive study was undertaken as part of a clinical improvement effort by the ASPAN Research and Education Committees to evaluate adult patients' perception of and satisfaction with the ASPAN Preoperative Patient Teaching videotape on general, regional, and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)/conscious sedation anesthesia. Research findings on the use of videotapes for preoperative education are mixed. Some studies have reported that the use of videotapes increases knowledge and decreases anxiety, whereas other studies have shown a minimal effect on knowledge and anxiety. A convenience sample of 96 adult patients was chosen from those who were scheduled for surgeries with the above anesthesia techniques in 11 US hospitals and/or surgical centers within 4 ASPAN regional boundaries. Patients viewed the videotape the day(s) before surgery and then completed ASPAN's Preoperative Anesthesia Patient Teaching Questionnaire to measure patient perception and satisfaction. Sixty percent of the patients were women, and 50% had a college degree or higher. The average age of the patients was 51 (±17.2). Overall satisfaction scores had a potential range of 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction. The mean satisfaction score for this study was 35 (±6.6). No significant relationships were found between satisfaction with the videotape and age, gender, or educational level. Patients were asked to rank each of 4 teaching methods. Among the choices of individualized instruction, written materials, Internet-based instruction, and videotape, the videotape method was ranked as most preferred. The information obtained from this study will be used to modify and improve the content of the patient education videotape produced by ASPAN. © 2001 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.


Hypoxic injury is a major cause of tubular necrosis in the corticomedullary junction of isolated perfused kidneys, and is ameliorated by inhibitors of active reabsorption, such as frusemide. Our objective was to determine whether frusemide has a similar effect on hypothermically stored transplanted kidneys and whether this effect is modulated by impermeant solutes included in the preservation solution. The effect of frusemide on cytochrome oxidase (cyt aa3) oxidation, renal hemodynamics, and morphology was investigated in the New Zealand White rabbit renal autograft model using near-infrared spectroscopy and light microscopy. A total of 30 kidneys were autografted in six groups. Kidneys were transplanted with or without frusemide either (1) without storage (groups 1 and 2) or after 72 hr of storage in: (2) hypertonic citrate containing mannitol (groups 3 and 4); and (3) hypertonic citrate containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) (groups 5 and 6). In unstored transplanted kidneys, frusemide infusion stimulated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in hemoglobin oxygenation, compared with untreated controls. There was a tendency for cyt aa3 to become reduced, but there were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2. After 72 hr of storage, frusemide infusion stimulated a significant increase in hemoglobin oxygenation in kidneys stored in mannitol (P < 0.005), but there was no significant change in the kidneys stored in PEG. There was a corresponding reduction in cyt aa3 in kidneys stored in mannitol (P < 0.05) but no change in those stored in PEG. These results suggest that frusemide has a significant effect on cortical hemoglobin oxygenation in transplanted kidneys and on active reabsorption in the corticomedullary junction. The selection of impermeant is important and mannitol is significantly superior to PEG in this model.


The article substantiates the characteristic bending points of blade operating body of the geokhod. The urgency of the research is considered. The information on the work peculiarities of the operating body of the geokhod is given. The method of calculation of the blade operating body of the geokhod is described, in particular, the entire force of the blocked cutting by a single radial blade of the IO of the geokhod is shown, and this force is also represented as a sum of three constituent forces. To establish the purpose and objectives of the study, it is justified to choose the force to overcome the soil resistance by the front face of the blade Pcv, which is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the slot before the front edge of the knife and which depends on the angle and strength of the soil. The limits of integration of the projection of the component of the soil resistance force into the cutting, depending on the width of the cut, on the axis of rotation of the geokhod P0.cvand on the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the RIO.CV. Based on the study, the tasks for further research have been determined.


This research project sought to address the problem of how sustainability emerges within financial services organisations in Namibia, Botswana and Zambia. In particular I was interested to learn more about how to harness the self-organising capacity which is inherent in all complex systems in nature, as is in organisations. Complex systems in nature demonstrate the tremendous capacity for decentralised self-organised emergent change. This report presents research findings from a doctoral study conducted in two financial services organisations. Whilst many studies have examined how sustainability can be integrated into a business, less is known about corporate sustainability as an emergent process.


It is in the interest of the totalitarian state that subjects not think for themselves, much less confer about their thinking. Writing under the hostile watch of the Prussian censorship, Immanuel Kant dared to argue the need for open argument, in the university if nowhere else. In this heroic criticism of repression, first published in 1798, he anticipated the crises that endanger the free expression of ideas in the name of national policy. Composed of three sections written at different times, The Conflict of the Faculties dwells on the eternal combat between the "lower" faculty of philosophy, which is answerable only to individual reason, and the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, which get "higher" precedence in the world of affairs and whose teachings and practices are of interest to the government. Kant makes clear, for example, the close alliance between the theological faculty and the government that sanctions its teachings and can resort to force and censorship. All the more vital and precious, then, the faculty of philosophy, which encourages independent thought before action. The first section, "The Conflict of the Philosophy Faculty with the Theology Faculty," is essentially a vindication of the right of the philosophical faculty to freedom of expression. In the other sections the philosopher takes a long and penetrating look at medicine and law, the one preserving the physical "temple" and the other regulating its actions. Mary J. Gregor is a professor of philosophy at San Diego State University and the author of Laws of Freedom (1963).


Citizenship and residency are basic conditions for political inclusion in a democracy. However, if democracy is premised on the inclusion of everyone subject to collectively binding decisions, the relevance of either citizenship or residency for recognition as a member of the polity is uncertain. The aim of this paper is to specify the conditions for being subject to collective decisions in the sense relevant to democratic theory. Three conceptions of what it means to be subject to collectively binding decisions are identified and examined, referring to those subject to legal duties and legal powers or to those subject to legal duties and state institutions. The contrast between them is most clearly illustrated in relation to non-residents, those not present in the territory of the state. The extraterritorial dimension of the law thus highlights a fundamental ambiguity in the theory of democracy concerning the extension of political rights.


Psychedelic agonists of serotonin receptors induce neural plasticity and synaptogenesis, but their potential to enhance learning remains uncharted. Here we show that a single dose of d-LSD, a potent serotonergic agonist, increased novel object preference in young and adult rats several days after treatment. d-LSD alone did not increase preference in old animals, but could rescue it to young levels when followed by a 6-day exposure to enriched environment (EE). Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in human brain organoids treated with d-LSD showed upregulation of proteins from the presynaptic active zone. A computational model of synaptic connectivity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex suggests that d-LSD enhances novelty preference by combining local synaptic changes in mnemonic and executive regions, with alterations of long-range synapses. Better pattern separation within EE explained its synergy with d-LSD in rescuing novelty preference in old animals. These results advance the use of d-LSD in cognitive enhancement.


Recent demands for evidence of quality and the impact of library services on teaching and research require libraries to demonstrate accountability and responsiveness to a divergent range of user needs. In 2004 the Committee for Higher Education Librarians in South Africa (CHELSA) recognized a need for an agreed set of criteria, standards and models for quality assurance and the critical success factors for self assessment in university libraries. CHELSA therefore established its own Quality Assurance Subcommittee to provide libraries with clear and practical direction in preparing for mandated national higher education quality audits and to operationalize an ongoing process of library performance evaluation according to agreed measures. The author, a member of this Subcommittee, charts the progress towards building consensus and establishing an integrated system and process of quality assurance at South African university libraries on the basis of international standards.


Hydrogels exhibit stress-relaxation when stretched. The decay in tensile stress can be ascribed primarily to strain-induced swelling of the polymer network. This assertion is formalized in a biphasic continuum model of the gel-solvent system. An equation of motion and a linear consti tutive law of the polymer network are solved with boundary and initial conditions appropriate for a stress-relaxation experiment The model predicts that the time constant of decay depends upon the square of the significant length of the sample (i.e., thickness of thin films, diameter of sphere or thin cylindrical fibers), a result which is confirmed by experiments. In addition, the values of the material constants (μ, the shear modulus; k, the bulk modulus; and 1/f, the hydraulic permeability) which are estimated using a non-linear regression algorithm, agree well with measurements of the material constants made by other methods.


Abstract. Breeding and cultivar improvement are important for increasing crop yields. In this study, 1472 soybean cultivars released in the last 60 years and 683 landrace cultivars from three regions of China (North spring soybean region, Yellow-Huai-Hai summer soybean region, and South soybean region) were collated to examine changes in agronomic characters and plant density that might be associated with yield improvement. The yield and 100-seed weight of the soybean cultivars increased significantly over time in all three regions. Planting density decreased significantly in the Yellow-Huai-Hai summer and South soybean regions but did not significantly change in the North spring soybean region. The increased soybean yields were mainly due to increased 100-seed weight and seed number per plant. Seed protein content has not significantly changed in 60 years, but oil content has increased in all three regions. The North spring soybean region had the highest oil content, whereas the South soybean region had the highest protein content. Future increases in soybean yield in China may occur by improving seed number per plant without reducing 100-seed weight. The North spring region should focus on breeding soybean with high oil content, and the Yellow-Huai-Hai summer and South regions should focus on high protein and low oil contents.


Time-stamped event sequence data is being generated across many domains: shopping transactions, web traffic logs, medical histories, etc. Oftentimes, analysts are interested in comparing the similarities and differences between two or more groups of event sequences to better understand processes that lead to different outcomes (e.g., a customer did or did not make a purchase). CoCo is a visual analytics tool for Cohort Comparison that combines automated high-volume hypothesis testing (HVHT) with and interactive visualization and user interface for improved exploratory data analysis. This paper covers the first case study of CoCo for large-scale web log analysis and the challenges that arise when scaling a visual analytics tool to large datasets. The direct contributions of this paper are: (1) solutions to 7 challenges of scaling a visual analytics tool to larger datasets, and (2) a case study with three real-world analysts with these solutions implemented.


UNLABELLED: HISTORY AND ADMISSIONS FINDINGS: A 54-year-old man was admitted to hospital for treatment of a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. He had polydipsia and polyuria and had lost 11 kg in weight over four weeks. Further diagnoses were visceral obesity and arterial hypertension. INVESTIGATIONS: Laboratory tests revealed highly elevated blood glucose parameters (HbA1c 14,9 %, fasting glucose 280 mg/dl, maximal postprandial glucose 430 mg/dl and 320 mg/dl before the meal) and triglyceride (2219 mg/dl). TREATMENT AND COURSE: The patient was initially treated with a combination of insulin glargine and metformin. After a few days exenatide was added, as the patient wanted to be able to go without insulin. He was given a structured diabetes education and motivated to have five to six hours' of physical activity and a low glycemic diet. After a few days normal glucose levels had been achieved. After one month the insulin treatment was discontinued. The continuing treatment with metformin, 1000 mg twice daily, and exenatide, 5 mg twice daily, prolonged remission of beta-cell dysfunction and maintained normal blood glucose levels for seven months. After reduction of the metformin dosage (500 mg twice daily) and discontinuance of exenatide as well as a reduction of his physical activity (because of joint pain) for six months, the glucose control worsened. When exenatide was administered again, good control of postprandial blood glucose, but not of fasting glucose was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Initial combination treatment with insulin glargine, metformin and exenatide may be beneficial in a subgroup of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, markedly elevated blood glucose and free fatty acid levels (glucolipotoxicity). This should be further investigated in randomized controlled trials.


: Lung fluke, Paragonimus heterotremus , has been identified as the important pathogen for human paragonimiasis in Vietnam. Eating under cooked mountain crabs, which are contaminated with P. heterotremus metacercariae, is confirmed as the route of infection. In this study, we identified the role of paratenic host in the life cycle of P. heterotremus by experimental infection to house rat ( Rattus tanizumi ) and mice BALB/c, and then transferred to cats. The results showed that P. heterotremus metacercariae developed to adults in the lungs of rats. In contrast, they remain as juvenile worms in liver and muscles of mice. These juveniles developed to adults when they were transferred to cats, confirming that mice serve as the role of paratenic hosts in the life cycle of P. heterotremus in Vietnam. Thus, investigation for natural paratenic hosts of P. heterotremus is necessary, and not eating uncooked/undercooked meat of other animals in addition to mountain crabs should be added to prevention of paragonimus infection. Development of different size metacercariae of P. heterotremus in rats and mice were also discussed herein.


The application of functional imaging to study painful sensations has generated considerable interest regarding insight into brain dysfunction that may be responsible for functional pain such as that suffered in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This review provides a brief introduction to the development of brain science as it relates to pain processing and a snapshot of recent functional imaging results with somatic and visceral pain. Particular emphasis is placed on current hypotheses regarding dysfunction of the brain-gut axis in IBS patients. There are clear and interpretable differences in brain activation following somatic as compared with visceral noxious sensation. Noxious visceral distension, particularly of the lower gastrointestinal tract, activates regions associated with unpleasant affect and autonomic responses. Noxious somatic sensation, in contrast, activates regions associated with cognition and skeletomotor responses. Differences between IBS patients and control subjects, however, were far less clear and interpretable. While this is in part due to the newness of this field, it also reflects weaknesses inherent within the current understanding of IBS. Future use of functional imaging to examine IBS and other functional disorders will be more likely to succeed by describing clear theoretical and clinical endpoints.


In the era of globalization, competition within the existing public transport is
increasingly hard and tight both state-owned public transport companies and private property.
Public transportation service companies should be able to increase a loyal customer than to find
new customers, because loyal customers will continue to use services that have felt comfortable
and satisfied and have a good relationship with the company's employees. While new customers
who only use the services only once in the absence of a desire to use the services of return the
company . In measure customer loyalty in the dimensions of service quality is the physical
evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The fifth aspect of this dimension
of service quality has a positive influence on the level of customer loyalty. Objects in the study
itself is a Bus Damri Semarang. State-owned transport company was chosen due to the
contribution Bus Damri Semarang City in maintaining and improving customer loyalty Damri
bus itself from its competitors public transport companies in other cities that exist in the city of
Semarang.
The research method uses a questionnaire distributed to 100 passengers Bus Damri. After
the results obtained through tests of reliability and validity, and then analyzed using a Multiple
Linear Regression with SPSS 15.0 for Windows which includes the assumption of classical test
conducted, test multikoleniaritas, heteroskedastisitas test, normality test, t test, test and test f the
coefficient of determination (R2).
Based on the analysis conducted, it was concluded that the service quality (SERVQUAL)
affects the level of customer loyalty, either individually or simultaneously and empirically
proven. The most dominant factor affecting customer loyalty in Bus Damri Semarang is a
guarantee. The results of this study are expected to contribute to further research or as the
information needed for academics and Bus Damri Semarang City it self.


Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have consumed alcoholic beverages for purposes of religious ceremony, celebration, medicinal therapy, and recreation. Unfortunately, problem drinking also has been recognized and reported for thousands of years.1 There is continuing debate as to whether alcohol is a beverage or a drug and whether its use is always hazardous or is, at times, beneficial to physical and/or psychologic health. There is even greater debate as to whether youth should be restricted from all use of alcohol or encouraged to develop safe and responsible drinking patterns through progressive controlled exposure.
 ALCOHOL USE AMONG YOUTH
 Alcohol is the drug most often abused by the largest number of children and adolescents. More than 90% have tried alcohol at least once before graduation from high school. In 1984, two thirds of senior high school students admitted to using alcohol at least once a month. Nearly 50% of male high school seniors and 30% of female seniors reported drinking excessively at least once every 2 weeks. One in 20 high school seniors reported drinking daily. Despite efforts to address this problem, there has been no significant change in these statistics for the past decade according to several national surveys. 2,3 Alcohol use by school drop-outs has not been recorded but is suspected to be even greater.
 Exposure to alcohol frequently occurs before or during early adolescence. Of high school students who have used alcohol, 10% had their first drink by grade 6, 30% by grade 8, and 55% by grade 9 according to one national survey.3


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Because each Federal agency uses a different valuation method to estimate the costs of illness, it is difficult to compare programs across agencies. As a first step toward generating a consensus on the current state of knowledge and deciding on a common approach, several agencies planned this conference, held September 14-15, 2000, at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. The outcome of the conference will serve as guidance for a consensus approach.


The LED illumination has extremely high luminous efficiency, which is5 or 10 times of incandescent, 2 times of the traditional energy-saving lamps and 1.5 times of high-pressure sodium lamp. It has been widely used in the lamp products of lighting and decoration. At present, the biggest problem that the LED lighting products facing is the stability and reliability of LED drive circuit. The paper tries to explore the scientific and technical standards and test schemes of LED drive technology parameters, which has a certain significance of improving reliability and safety of LED lighting technology.


Fluorene-type (C13H10) thin films were synthesized by using the mixture of biphenyl (C12H10) and methane (CH4) plasma. The reactor is a parallel plate installation; upper electrode is connected to 13.56 MHz rf power and lower electrode is grounded. The thin films were deposited by applying a negative bias potential between the substrate and the wall of reactor. The films were investigated by residual gas analysis (RGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM) and ellipsometry. They had significant nanostructured properties which were suitable for photovoltaic applications. The conjugation was improved by iodine doping and the optical band gap energy dropped down up to 2.85 eV.


With the availability of cloud computing infrastructures, migrating business-critical functionality to public clouds is becoming commonplace. Cloud providers typically offer a variety of computing capabilities and pricing options. Therefore, the problem of selecting the ones that suit enterprise needs becomes critical. Our major focus is on the migration of enterprise communication services, such as IP-telephony, to the cloud. We design a tool to assist in optimally deciding among the set of available hosting and network connectivity Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) under Quality-of-Experience (QoE) and budget constraints. In particular, we propose a multi-objective optimization framework making use of application-specific QoE estimation tools to tackle with the conflicting objectives of price and quality and demonstrate its application to a cloud-based teleconferencing service as a case study.


The functionality and security of all domain names are contingent upon their nameservers. When these nameservers, or requests to them, are compromised, all domains that rely on them are affected. In this paper, we study the exploitation of configuration issues (typosquatting and outdated WHOIS records) and hardware errors (bitsquatting) to seize control over nameservers' requests to hijack domains. We perform a large-scale analysis of 10,000 popular nameserver domains, in which we map out existing abuse and vulnerable entities. We confirm the capabilities of these attacks through real-world measurements. Overall, we find that over 12,000 domains are susceptible to near-immediate compromise, while 52.8M domains are being targeted by nameserver bitsquatters that respond with rogue IP addresses. Additionally, we determine that 1.28M domains are at risk of a denial-of-service attack by relying on an outdated nameserver.


The assay of carbenicillin in clinical specimens is complicated by the fact that carbenicillin also contains a small amount of benzylpenicillin, thereby precluding the use of conventional penicillin assay organisms. This report gives details of a microbiological assay method involving the use of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is very sensitive to carbenicillin but insensitive to benzylpenicillin. The outline of a microassay method with this organism is presented, and a method for the assay of specimens containing mixtures of carbenicillin and other antibiotics is described.


Abstract Where hydrocarbon exploration targets occur within basins affected by large igneous province (LIP) sequences, an understanding of the volcanic stratigraphy is essential in compiling accurate basin models at all scales. Ditch cutting samples are one of the most commonly available sources of data yielding information in the context of LIP stratigraphy such as phenocryst load, degree of secondary precipitation and lava composition, largely unattainable by remote sensing. Where core data is limited or absent, cuttings provide the only means of accessing such data along with valuable inference of volcanic facies development and down-hole conditions. Interpretations based on cuttings data are widely used in industry and, as such, a repeatable and well-defined methodology for the analysis and designation of volcanic facies from cuttings is an important requirement for regional and individual play modelling. Such an approach has not been common practice to date. We propose a system of basic percentage-based cuttings analysis and ternary classification specifically tailored to LIP sequences, and argue for the benefits of a coherent and transparent basin-wide approach. The classification system is further developed into a log-style output for easy integration and comparison with other down-hole geophysical and biostratigraphic data.


Fertility and childbirth have been one of the basic needs throughout the human life, which in some cases are failed despite the couple's long efforts. Infertility is defined as the disability of childbearing following one year of unprotected intercourse. Infertility has a prevalence of 10-15% among couples at the reproductive age and therefore it is one of the almost common illnesses for individuals. According to evidence based clinical data, the female and male partners' role in causes of infertility are approximately equivalent. But the male's and female's role in infertility has been unrealistically underestimated or overemphasized in different communities. In fact, the common practice is ignoring the men's role in the causes of infertility and to highlight the role of women in infertility. But over the time and advancement of infertility diagnosis and treatment, the insights into the causes and role of male and female in infertility have become more realistic (1). A quick review on number of researches in each area of male factor and female factor infertility over the past 50 years is also evidence of this fact.


Calibration is an essential work in three-dimensional scanning system. The operation of existing calibration is complex and tedious. In this paper, we design a DLT-based automatic method of calibration, in which the calibration reference points are detected automatically. Then we can figure out a series of calibration parameters from these points. The average value of all parameters is just the calibration parameters. The experimental results show that the method we proposed is not only guaranteeing the calibration precision but also simplifying the calibration operation comparing with the traditional manual calibration method.


SUMMARY: Sodium selenite is toxic in low concentration to salmonellas as well as to other enterobacteria. The ability of salmonellas to grow in selenite broth appears to be due to binding of selenite by constituents of peptone (e.g. peptides). Reduction of selenite takes place after growth is established and the intensity of reduction is related to the profuseness of growth. The presence of a fermentable carbohydrate favours growth and intensity of selenite reduction. Many organisms, however, die as a result of the reducing conditions. Organisms differ in their ability to use different sulphur sources; there was evidence that cystine and pentathionate as highly preferred sulphur sources may be of special significance. Sodium selenite reacts with certain inorganic sulphur compounds to form seleno-polythionates. It is believed that the selectivity of selenite broth may be due to the presence of seleno-polythionates or other seleno-sulphur compounds which act as growth-inhibitory analogues of highly preferred sulphur sources.


Cancer s tem cells (CSCs) are sugges ted as the mos t dominant causes of recurrence due to their permanent self-renewal and resis tance to common cancer treatment in glioblas toma multiform (GBM) which is recognized as the mos t malignant of brain tumor. It has been indicated that Retinoblas toma-binding protein 5 (RBBP5), a main part of Mixed lineage leukemia protein-1 (MLL1), plays a significant role in cancer s tem cell survival. In this s tudy the viability of CSCs derived from human GBM will be evaluated by knocking down the RBBP5 via their SiRNA. To enhance passing the SiRNA thorough the blood-brain barrier, PLGA nanocarrier will be used. CSCs isolated from Human GBM and cultured. To target specific s tem cells involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, CD133+ as a CSCs antigen will be conjugated on the surface of PLGA and then conjugated to SiRNA. The viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of CSCs will be performed as a primary outcome. The expression of self-renewal markers such as NANOG, SOX2, CD133+, and Ki67 will be assessed as a secondary outcome. The probable prediction is descending the population of CSCs in the tumors that supposed to recurrence and short life expectancy. In conclusion, the nano drug can decrease the number of CSCs and increase the survival time in the GBM patients.


Background
Several studies have discussed the benefits of multidisciplinary collaboration in primary care. However, what remains unclear is how collaboration is undertaken in a multidisciplinary manner in concrete terms.

Objective
To identify how multidisciplinary teams in primary care collaborate, in regards to the professionals involved in the teams and the collaborative activities that take place, and determine whether these characteristics and practices are present across disciplines and whether collaboration affects clinical outcomes.

Methods
A systematic literature review of past research, using the MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases.

Results
Four types of team composition were identified: specialized teams, highly multidisciplinary teams, doctor-nurse-pharmacist triad and physician-nurse centred teams. Four types of collaboration within teams were identified: co-located collaboration, non-hierarchical collaboration, collaboration through shared consultations and collaboration via referral and counter-referral. Two combinations were commonly repeated: non-hierarchical collaboration in highly multidisciplinary teams and co-located collaboration in specialist teams. Fifty-two per cent of articles reported positive results when comparing collaboration against the non-collaborative alternative, whereas 16% showed no difference and 32% did not present a comparison.

Conclusion
Overall, collaboration was found to be positive or neutral in every study that compared collaboration with a non-collaborative alternative. A collaboration typology based on objective measures was devised, in contrast to typologies that involve interviews, perception-based questionnaires and other subjective instruments.


ABSTRACT This paper includes definitions for citizenship and citizenship skills and explains the importance of civic competence and how it can be acquired by students as they progress through the K-12 social studies curriculum. The table of contents includes: (1) "Citizenship & the Curriculum"; (2) "Focusing on Participatory Citizenship" (an essay explaining that students attain citizenship skills through active participation, both in school and the community and that these skills require personal commitment, reasoned thought, and action); (3) "A Participatory Citizenship Project" (a year-long community service project explaining the cooperative living habitat concept); and (4) "A Teacher Training Course" (an outline of the origins and character of the U.S. legal system; civil justice and criminal justice, and ways that law-related education can be infused into existing social studies curricula; and the U. S. system of government and the rights and responsibilities of citizens). Contains 13 references. (LB)


Introduction: To evaluate association of serum uric acid with ischemic stroke patients and assess its relationship with cerebrovascular risk factors.
Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional observational study conducted at TUTH between May 2016 to May 2017. A total 120 Patients eligible for the study criteria was enrolled for the study. Nonprobability convenience sampling was used for the sampling purpose. All patients ages 40 years or above 40 years with confirmed diagnosis of recent ischaemic stroke were included for the analysis.
Results: Mean ages of the enrolled subjects were 60.63 years ± 11.11 SD and eighty three (69.2%) population were male. Sixty one (50.8%) subjects were smoker and twenty seven (22.5%) were alcoholic. Prevalence of hyperuricemia was 17.5%. Serum uric acid level values were higher in male(69.1%) than female(30.9) population..Higher levels of serum uric acid level were found in both male population who smoked and were alcoholic in contrast serum uric acid levels were higher in both female population who were non smoker and did not consume alcohol in comparison to male. .Likewise, both diabetic and dyslipidemic male and female had higher serum uric acid level in comparison to who were non diabetic and did not consume alcohol. The mean score of serum uric acid level in male and female were significa different (P=0.029). Similalry, serum uric acid level was significantly different in smoker and no-smoker group (p=0.049), hypertensive and non hypertensive (p=0.027) and dyslipidemic and non dyslipidemic group (p=0.005)
Conclusions: Our study showed high prevalence of hyperuricemia in ischemic stroke patients and there was a potential link between serum uric acid and cerebrovascular risk factors, indicating possible role of uric acid as the risk factor of ischemic stroke.
Keywords: cerebrovascular risk factor; Uric acid level, recent ischaemic stroke.


The rod‐shaped bacterium Escherichia coli grows by insertion of peptidoglycan into the lateral wall during cell elongation and synthesis of new poles during cell division. The monofunctional transpeptidases PBP2 and PBP3 are part of specialized protein complexes called elongasome and divisome, respectively, which catalyse peptidoglycan extension and maturation. Endogenous immunolabelled PBP2 localized in the cylindrical part of the cell as well as transiently at midcell. Using the novel image analysis tool Coli‐Inspector to analyse protein localization as function of the bacterial cell age, we compared PBP2 localization with that of other E. coli cell elongation and division proteins including PBP3. Interestingly, the midcell localization of the two transpeptidases overlaps in time during the early period of divisome maturation. Försters Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) experiments revealed an interaction between PBP2 and PBP3 when both are present at midcell. A decrease in the midcell diameter is visible after 40% of the division cycle indicating that the onset of new cell pole synthesis starts much earlier than previously identified by visual inspection. The data support a new model of the division cycle in which the elongasome and divisome interact to prepare for cell division.


Abstract. Various geoscientific applications require a fast prediction of fracture permeability for an optimal workflow. Hence, the objective of the current study is to introduce and validate a practical method to characterize and approximate single flow in fractures under different stress conditions by using a core-flooding apparatus, in situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans and a finite-volume method solving the Navier–Stokes–Brinkman equations. The permeability of the fractured sandstone sample was measured stepwise during a loading–unloading cycle (0.7 to 22.1 MPa and back) to validate the numerical results. Simultaneously, the pressurized core sample was imaged with a medical X-ray CT scanner with a voxel dimension of 0.5  ×  0.5  ×  1.0 mm3. Fracture geometries were obtained by CT images based on a modification of the simplified missing attenuation (MSMA) approach. Simulation results revealed both qualitative plausibility and a quantitative approximation of the experimentally derived permeabilities. The qualitative results indicate flow channeling along several preferential flow paths with less pronounced tortuosity. Significant changes in permeability can be assigned to temporal and permanent changes within the fracture due to applied stresses. The deviations of the quantitative results appear to be mainly caused by both local underestimation of hydraulic properties due to compositional matrix heterogeneities and the low CT resolution affecting the accurate capturing of sub-grid-scale features. Both affect the proper reproduction of the actual connectivity and therefore also the depiction of the expected permeability hysteresis. Furthermore, the threshold value CTmat (1862.6 HU) depicting the matrix material represents the most sensitive input parameter of the simulations. Small variations of CTmat can cause enormous changes in simulated permeability by up to a factor of 2.6 ± 0.1 and, thus, have to be defined with caution. Nevertheless, comparison with further CT-based flow simulations indicates that the proposed method represents a valuable method to approximate actual permeabilities, particularly for smooth fractures (


We consider finite difference schemes based on the impulse density variable. We show that the original velocity?impulse density formulation of Oseledets is marginally ill-posed for the inviscid flow, and this has the consequence that some ordinarily stable numerical methods in other formulations become unstable in the velocity?impulse density formulation. We present numerical evidence of this instability. We then discuss the construction of stable finite difference schemes by requiring that at the numerical level the nonlinear terms be convertible to similar terms in the primitive variable formulation. Finally we give a simplified velocity?impulse density formulation which is free of these complications and yet retains the nice features of the original velocity?impulse density formulation with regard to the treatment of boundary. We present numerical results on this simplified formulation for the driven cavity flow on both the staggered and non-staggered grids.


The purpose of this study is to explore how customer expectation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) can influence the perceived service quality (PSQ), trust and brand affect of perspective retail banking services in Banks of the Government in Indonesia as well as to determine the affect of perceived service quality to brand affect, through the trust as an intervening variable. The design of the study is hypothesis testing. Data collected by conducting direct research into the field, which is conducted by distributing questionnaires to be filled by the respondent (customer retail banking industry). Questionnaires distributed to 120 respondents as sample of clients from government banks under Go Public category namely Bank Mandiri, Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) and Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI). Sampling is done using purposive sampling technic. This study used Structural Equation Modeling as a method of data analysis. The results fmd that the customer expectation of corporate social responsibility can influence the perceived service quality, trust and brand affect. Overall, these results are consistent with previous research. CSR plays an important role in influencing the PSQ, subsequently affecting the trust, and ultimately influence the brand affect. The present study also finds a direct influence CSR on the brand affect. Although the results of this research is clear, but further research is expected to be conducted to other banks in Indonesia by considering several factors, such as the type and nature of the retail banking industry, the perception, behavior, and demographics of retail banking customers as well as the strategic focus of the retail banking toward CSR.Keywords : Corporate social responsibility, Perceived service quality, Trust, Brand affect, Banking


The role of informal venture capital in entrepreneurial process and economic development is increasingly recognized by scholars and policy-makers around the world. Much of the attention that this form of financing has received during the last couple of decades is due to its potential to bridge the regional equity gap. This study is concerned with regional distribution of informal venture capital and factors explaining the allocation of informal investments, and it is based on a large random sample of informal venture capital investors in Sweden. The key findings are that the informal venture capital market in Sweden shows a considerable concentration in metropolitan areas and university cities. Further, investments conducted in these places are allocated in proportion to the new business formation rate and concentration of technology-based firms, while the only factor that provides some explanation for the location of informal investments in the peripheral regions is the proportion of the regional population that is considering starting their own business. Finally, there is a small but significant reallocation of informal venture capital from peripheral regions to metropolitan areas and university cities, which shows that the informal venture capital market in Sweden contributes rather to sustaining the regional equity gap than to bridging it.


Urban regions experience high population growth rates and possess distinct characteristics regarding mobility, mode of transport, road environments and road safety plans. Urban areas are prioritized in the Norwegian Transport Plan's strategies for transport and by implementation of General Urban Environmental Agreements with casualty reduction targets. The study examines possibilities and limitations in developing and analysing urban trends, forecasts and scenarios for killed and seriously injured road users in Norway. The Oslo and Trondheim regions are case studies for the period 1998–2025. Police reports of killed and seriously injured casualties 1998–2012 in the regions (NOslo = 1801, NTrondheim = 790) formed the basis of the analyses. The mean injury rate for Oslo region was 10.8 per 100,000 pop. per year for the period 2008–2012, whereas the corresponding figure for Trondheim was 15.7, the highest among all large urban areas. The road authorities' accident targets towards 2025, initiated by the National Plan of Action for Road Safety are decomposed into regional units. On the basis of the two regions' statistics relating to road casualties, the applied principle of equal proportional share indicates a 40% injury reduction towards 2025. Exponential models, ARIMA models, negative binomial regression, and scenario approaches were employed to estimate possible trends and changes in casualties in the studied urban regions. These models formed a framework to reveal critical assumptions, sensitivity, uncertainties, and realism in the road authorities' strategies for casualty reduction targets and for trend extrapolations and predictions. The analyses consider sources of critical conditions to rate the magnitude of the following conditions: (1) the trend towards the prevailing road safety status (casualty numbers, casualty rate levels, and stability) problematized by small numbers and random variation; (2) the exposure effects of urban road network composition and urban–rural mix; (3) the exposure effect of population growth towards 2025, change in population, and risk-exposed road users; and (4) the exposure effect of shifts in mode of transport, with uncertainties regarding non-linear relationships between casualty numbers and exposure measures. Some effects of exogenous road safety measures of all types are considered, such as diminishing return and reduced sum effects of measures. One conclusion is that the various model approaches for the two urban regions demonstrate substantial uncertainties in trend forecasts. The models identify critical factors for fulfilling safety plans and reductions in the numbers of seriously injured casualties, even in the near future. The approaches indicate however that without strengthened safety strategies, the authorities' 40% casualty reduction target most probably will not be achieved.


Author(s): Wright, Alexandria Elizabeth | Advisor(s): Butler, Judith | Abstract: This dissertation asks after the possibility of an unalienated relationship to the aesthetic dimension within the confines of the capitalist space of accumulation, and makes the argument for a conceptual foundation from which to consider living well under conditions of subjection. It does this by considering how aspects of 20th century French phenomenology – conceptualizations of the body, of the aesthetic, and of space – might be brought to bear on questions that pertain to the dialectics of captivity and freedom under market capitalism. These questions are further opened by the works of bell hooks and Herman Wallace, whose contemporary projects take on a more explicit political urgency. In this way, the dissertation seeks to bring to the fore ways of reimagining the aesthetic through the question of dwelling in ways that are not free from the forms of subjection inherent in capitalism, but that nonetheless remain unassimilable to market logics. The first and second chapters of this work trace the conceptual foundations through which the aesthetic might be approached as a structuring force of lived experience. The first chapter turns to Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space and draws forth a Nietzschean account of the body in space. Reading the image of a tightrope walker that appears early in Lefebvre's critique, the chapter attends to the conditions under which the body in space is capable of recuperating an aesthetic knowledge from the logics of abstract space. The subsequent chapter turns from Lefebvre's account of the space of capitalist accumulation to Merleau-Ponty's concept of flesh in order to foreground the structuring poetics of the body in space. I then turn to Bachelard's Poetics of Space, opening onto a critical notion of "aesthetic dwelling." Aesthetic dwelling is the fulcrum of the dissertation project, offering an account of life structured by felicitous experience of aesthetic dialectics. I read his prioritizing of the felicitous as an ontological move towards a space in which living can be taken up as a poetic and free experience; here, being does not find its dwelling in experiences of oppression. The final chapter addresses the question of accessing this lived experience of the aesthetic under the negative pressures of market capitalism. I focus on the aesthetic subject of capitalism as it emerges in rhetorics of ethical consumption and on the notion of luxury as it evokes and distorts the aesthetic's non-utilitarian function. The dissertation concludes with an engagement of the "dream home," first as the spatiality of the aesthetic subject, and then as it emerges as a collaborative artwork between Herman Wallace and Jackie Sumell. There, I read Wallace's dream home as a critical site of disidentification with luxury that opens onto a different, lived sense of the aesthetic.


Interactive virtual reality applications have lately been used as a complementary tool in the treatment of people with different kinds of psychological disorders. A number of these projects would benefit from a more realistic behavior of virtual characters. In this paper we describe our ongoing work on an advanced emotional agent architecture for virtual characters and propose new potential applications within the area of health care.


Depending on the environmental conditions, cells adapt their metabolism and specific growth rate. Rearrangements occur on many different levels such as macromolecular composition, gene and protein expression, morphology and metabolic flux patterns. As the interplay of these processes also determines the output of a recombinant protein producing system, having control over specific growth rate of the culture is advantageous. Continuous culture methods were developed to grow cells in a constant environment and have been used for decades to study basic microbial physiology in a controlled and reproducible manner. Our review summarizes the uses of continuous cultures in cell physiology studies and process development, with a focus on recombinant protein-producing microorganisms.


The aim of this study was to explore and elucidate the possibility of employing an aliphatic polyamide 6,10 (PA 6,10) synthesized by a modified interfacial polymerization process as a novel rate-modulated monolithic matrix drug delivery system. A Plackett—Burman experimental design was used to synthesize 14 different PA 6,10 polymers using the interfacial polymerization process of synthesis comprising the monomers namely hexamethylenediamine and sebacoyl chloride and the solvents namely hexane (nonpolar phase) and deionized water (polar phase). This process was modified by variations in stoichiometry of monomers, volume ratios of solvents as well as solvent phase modification using cyclohexane and sodium hydroxide for the nonpolar and polar solvent phases, respectively. The micromechanical parameters of the newly synthesized PA 6,10 variants were elucidated in terms of the matrix resilience (MR), matrix hardness and deformation energy, in which case matrix hardness and deformation energy were expressed as second-order polynomial hydration rate constants. The effect of changes in pH of the hydration media on these parameters was also explored as part of the characterization process. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to correlate the effect of synthesis variables on the micromechanical behavior PA 6,10 and its subsequent ability to impact drug release. The micromechanical values revealed that all independent formulation variables had a significant influence on the responses. Furthermore, the applied statistical model was utilized in selecting a combination of reaction variables to produce optional physicomechanical properties. The MR was selected for optimization among other parameters since it had a prominent effect on matrix integrity as well as drug release. The one-way analysis of variance, comparison of experimental versus fitted data, the R 2 and P-values as well as the Durbin—Watson statistic indices were used in ascertaining the accuracy of the model. The rate-modulating drug release ability of synthetic aliphatic PA 6,10 was explored to direct the optimization using a higher resolution Box—Behnken statistical design. Constraints were set to obtain levels of independent variables that optimized the physicomechanical properties and the mean dissolution time fixed at eight hours.


This paper presents a method for identifying the optimal designs of components and joints in the space frame body structures of passenger vehicles considering structural characteristics, manufacturability and assembleability. Dissimilar to our previous work based on graph decomposition, the problem is posed as a simultaneous determination of the locations and types of joints in a structure and the cross sections of the joined structural frames, selected from a predefined joint library. The joint library is a set of joint designs containing the geometry of the feasible joints at each potential joint location and the cross sections of the joined frames, associated with their structural characteristics as equivalent torsional springs obtained from the finite element analyses of the detailed joint geometry. Structural characteristics of the entire structure are evaluated by finite element analyses of a beam-spring model constructed from the selected joints and joined frames. Manufacturability and assembleability are evaluated as the manufacturing and assembly costs estimated from the geometry of the components and joints, respectively. The optimization problem is solved by a multi-objective genetic algorithm using a direct crossover. A case study on an aluminum space frame (ASF) of a middle size passenger vehicle is discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


The design, realization, and experimental characterization of a 400-element electronically reconfigurable transmitarray operating in the Ka-band is presented. It is based on linearly polarized unit-cells with 180° phase-shifting capability. Several sequential rotation schemes have been compared numerically to generate a circularly polarized beam over a broad frequency band, and a random distribution has been selected to mitigate spurious cross-polarized side-lobes when scanning the main beam. The 2-D electronic beam-steering capabilities of ±60° have been verified experimentally. The prototype, illuminated by a horn antenna as a focal source, exhibits a broadside gain of 20.8 dBi at 29.0 GHz and a 3-dB bandwidth of 14.6% with radiation efficiency of 58%. The axial ratio remains below 2 dB within this bandwidth. Next, a planar substrate integrated waveguide focal source array was designed in order to reduce the focal distance by about 50% and thereby significantly improve the antenna compactness, and similar radiation performance is demonstrated numerically and experimentally.


AIM
To investigate glucose homeostasis and in particular gluconeogenesis in a large animal model of acute liver failure (ALF).

METHODS
Six pigs with paracetamol induced ALF under general anaesthesia were studied over 25 h. Plasma samples were withdrawn every five hours from a central vein. Three animals were used as controls and were maintained under anaesthesia only. Using (1)H NMR spectroscopy we identified most gluconeogenic amino acids along with lactate and pyruvate in the animal plasma samples.

RESULTS
No significant changes were observed in the concentrations of the amino acids studied in the animals maintained under anaesthesia only. If we look at the ALF animals, we observed a statistically significant rise of lactate (P < 0.003) and pyruvate (P < 0.018) at the end of the experiments. We also observed statistically significant rises in the concentrations of alanine (P < 0.002), glycine (P < 0.005), threonine (P < 0.048), tyrosine (P < 0.000), phenylalanine (P < 0.000) and isoleucine (P < 0.01). Valine levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Our pig model of ALF is characterized by an altered gluconeogenetic capacity, an impaired tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and a glycolytic state.


Addition of foetal-bovine serum to rat hepatocytes cultured in Williams E medium resulted in improved maintenance of bile-acid-synthetic capacity and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity as compared with cultures supplemented with rat or newborn-bovine serum or cultures in a hormonally defined serum-free medium. Minimally, 5% (v/v) foetal-bovine serum was necessary to maintain these liver-specific functions. Serum factor(s) responsible for these effects were not dialysable or associated with lipoproteins, but were removed by charcoal extraction.


The Effect a of Social Condition on the Establishment of Direct and Indirect Conditioned Reinforcement for Writing by Second Graders Jennifer Lee I used an alternating treatments design and a delayed multiple probe across participants design to conduct a functional analysis of the effects of a social condition on the direct reinforcement value of writing and indirect conditioned reinforcement for writing. I defined the direct reinforcement value of writing as writing taking place under conditions where the natural contingencies of writing resulted in the participant emitting the behavior. That is, writing automatically or implicitly reinforced the participant's behavior and the reinforcement was intrinsic to the stimulus. I defined indirect conditioned reinforcement for writing as changes in performance (the emission of behaviors already in repertoire) or learning (acquisition of new repertoires) when opportunities to write were the consequence for responding. I conducted a functional analysis of indirect conditioned reinforcement for emitting performance behaviors through analyzing changes in rate of writing the letters A-Z. Two treatment conditions were implemented in which green tickets (access to a preferred activity) or red tickets (opportunities to write) were delivered upon responding to the performance task. I tested indirect conditioned reinforcement for learning new operants through analyzing correct responding when participants were given opportunities to learn new chemical element names. For this dependent variable, participants were given immediate access to an opportunity to write upon correct responses to learning presentations. Lastly, I measured the direct reinforcement value of writing in 5-minute observations of responding to writing tasks, where I collected data on whole, 5 s intervals of writing. After establishing that participants' behaviors were not directly or indirectly reinforced by writing, I exposed participants to a social condition where he or she was deprived of opportunities to write. I chose participants because their rate of writing was slow and writing was not a preferred activity. I conducted 2 experiments, with the second as a replication and expansion of the first. Experiment 1 results showed writing was not an indirect reinforcer for emitting performance behaviors and learning new operants, and writing was not a direct reinforcer. Following the social condition, direct reinforcement for writing increased for all participants and opportunities to write were indirect reinforcers for performance behaviors and acquisition of new operants for 2 participants, with marginal increases for 1 participant. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1, with 4 added dependent variables including number of letters written, number of words written, a statistical analysis of naive readers' scores of permanent products, and numbers of correct structural and technical components. Results showed increases in direct reinforcement for all participants, and increases in indirect reinforcement for emitting performance behaviors for 2 out of 4 participants. Indirect reinforcement for learning new behaviors increased for 3 participants. Results are discussed in terms of the onset of the demonstration of the ability to acquire new reinforcers via social conditions as a prerequisite for some verbal developmental cusps, different kinds of reinforcement, and writing in the context of today's educational practices.


Over the last several years, a chorus of voices have called for international action in the area of competition policy. A good deal of dissonance, however, can be discerned among these voices. Most who have joined in share at least a stated commitment to promoting competition principles, as embodied in the antitrust laws of many countries. Yet their policy prescriptions differ dramatically, as evidenced by the divergent views of the United States and Europe. The European Commission proposes that the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiate a binding competition code. The United States has rejected this idea and counterproposes increased bilateral cooperation between national competition authorities and continued study of the issue. Of course, national differences may arise as much from negotiating tactics as from disagreement on the analytics of which kind of arrangements are most likely to advance competition principles; but for those interested in law and policy, these analytics should be central to choosing among varying proposals. Since competition policy was one of the many issues left unresolved by the failed Seattle ministerial meeting of the WTO in late 1999, and will surely be revisited, how and why certain institutional configurations advance or retard agreed policy aims are questions ripe for attention. The answers will help define the possibilities for competition policy in an era of globalizing markets and contribute to a broader debate over the limits of trade policy in reconciling national economic policies.


Microarray processing, which interrogates hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the human genome, has recently gained traction in forensics due to its use in forensic genetic genealogy, which is based on analysis using SNPs to compare distant relatives in publicly curated databases for the purposes of developing investigative leads or identifying human remains. To date, there has been no published developmental validation of microarray processing using the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) Validation Guidelines for DNA Analysis Methods and Federal Bureau of Investigation Quality Assurance Standards. Validation of these methods are warranted to identify samples suitable for microarray analysis and to assess the quality of the data obtained prior to upload to genealogical databases. In this study, we validated the Global Screening Array (GSA) for use in forensic investigations according to SWGDAM guidelines, including the following studies: precision and accuracy, sensitivity, contamination, degradation, species specificity, mock case-type samples, mixtures, repeatability and reproducibility, and stability. Results indicated accurate genotype calls with SNP call rates >95% at DNA input as low as 0.20 ng. In addition to SNP call rate, we developed interpretation thresholds for signal intensity and heterozygosity to allow for sample quality assessment and identification of highly degraded and/or non-human DNA. This study demonstrates that high quality data can be generated from multiple sample types, including mock forensic evidence that simulated the challenges that are often encountered in forensic cold cases.


Purpose: To evaluate long term deficits in human color discrimination induced by accidental laser macular damage and assess potential for recovery of color vision deficits. Methods: Nine laser accident cases (Q-switched Neodymium) presenting initially with confined or vitreous macular hemorrhage were evaluated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test within 2 days to 3 months post exposure. Both total as well as partial errors in the blue/yellow (B/Y) and red/green (R/G) regions were assessed. Independent assessment of axis orientation and complexity were obtained via a Fourier series expansion of error scores. Comparisons of both total and partial B/Y and R/G errors were made with age matched normal subjects, idiopathic and juvenile onset macular holes. Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography characterized the presence of retinal traction, intraretinal scar, macular thickness and macular hole formation. Results: Comparison of exposed and non-exposed age matched individuals were significant (P<.001) for both total and partial errors. In four cases where macular injury ranged from mild scar to macular hole, color discrimination errors achieved normal levels in 1 to 12 months post exposure. A mild tritan axis, dominant B/Y ("blue/yellow") errors, and retinal traction were observed in a macular hole case. At 12 months post exposure, traction about the hole disappeared, and total and partial errors were normal. Where damage involved a greater degree of scarring, retinal traction and multiple injury sites, long term recovery of total and partial error recovery was retarded with complex axis makeup. Single exposures in the paramacula produced tritan axes, while multiple exposures within and external to the macula increased total and partial R/G ("red/green") error scores. Total errors increased when paramacular hole enlargement induced macular traction. Such hole formation produced significant increases in total errors, complex axis formation and increased amplitude in higher Fourier error expansion components. Conclusion: Color discrimination losses reflect the distribution of different cone systems in and about the macula and their selective loss. When secondary damage is minimal, color discrimination deficits recover within 12 months post exposure. When macular scarring and retinal traction are severe, recovery is significantly retarded. Laser induced macular holes may affect color discrimination less when retinal scar and traction are small but may become equivalent with that of idiopathic and juvenile species when scar and traction are severe.


A novel method for the computation of the steady state of nonlinear oscillators including distributed elements is presented which exploits advantages of both time-domain and frequency-domain simulation. The oscillator network is divided into a linear subnetwork described by a hybrid matrix in the frequency domain and a nonlinear differential equation solved in the time domain. The periodic steady state of the oscillator is shown to be equivalent to the solution of a boundary value problem, where the boundary conditions are given at a set of points along the time axis. For the solution of the boundary value problem the multiple shooting algorithm is applied. It is shown that the bandwidth in the nonlinear subnetwork can be chosen arbitrarily high regardless of the number of harmonics at the ports connecting the subnetworks. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and to discuss the error mechanisms it is applied to two examples: a Clapp oscillator including a piecewise-linear characteristic and an integrated GaAs MESFET oscillator at 10.7 GHz. >


Max-Pooling operations are a core component of deep learning architectures. In particular, they are part of most convolutional architectures used in machine vision, since pooling is a natural approach to pattern detection problems. However, these architectures are not well understood from a theoretical perspective. For example, we do not understand when they can be globally optimized, and what is the effect of over-parameterization on generalization. Here we perform a theoretical analysis of a convolutional max-pooling architecture, proving that it can be globally optimized, and can generalize well even for highly over-parameterized models. Our analysis focuses on a data generating distribution inspired by pattern detection problem, where a "discriminative" pattern needs to be de-tected among "spurious" patterns. We empirically validate that CNNs significantly outperform fully connected networks in our setting, as predicted by our theoretical results.


In low-resource, over-burdened schools and learning centres, peer assessment systems promise significant practical and pedagogical benefits. Many of the these benefits have been realised in contexts like massive open online courses (MOOCs) and university classrooms which share a specific trait with low-resource schools: high learner-teacher ratios. However, the constraints and considerations for designing and deploying peer assessment systems in low-resource classrooms have not been well-researched and understood, especially for high school. In this paper, we present the design of a peer assessment system for second language learning (English as a Second Language) for high school learners in South Africa. We report findings from multiple studies investigating qualitative and quantitative aspects of peer review, as well as the contextual factors that influence the viability of peer assessment systems in these contexts.


In this paper, we propose a method to create an atomic frequency comb (AFC) in hot atomic vapors using the piecewise adiabatic passage (PAP) technique. Due to the Doppler effect, the trains of pulses used for PAP give rise to a velocity-dependent transfer of the atomic population from the initial state to the target one, thus forming a velocity comb whose periodicity depends not only on the repetition rate of the applied pulses but also on the specific atomic transitions considered. We highlight the advantages of using this transfer technique with respect to standard methods and discuss, in particular, its application to store a single telecom photon in an AFC quantum memory using a high density Ba atomic vapor.


The aim was to assess the nutritional status of children by skin fold measuring (caliperometric) method. In surveyed children were found changes characteristic of prolonged unhealthy diet at physiologically inadequate qualitative composition of the diet. It is noted that the benefits of caliperometric method is the ease of use and high sensitivity to changes in nutritional status.


We read with interest the paper by Schneider et al assessing acupuncture treatment in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which appears in this issue of Gut (see page 649) . They successfully recruited 43 patients with IBS according to the Rome II criteria, and randomly assigned them to receive either acupuncture (n = 22) (AC) or sham acupuncture (n = 21) (SAC) using the so-called "Streitberger needle". Treatment duration was 10 sessions, with an average of two acupuncture sessions per week, and the primary endpoint was improvement in quality of life (QOL) using the functional digestive diseases quality of life questionnaire (FDDQL) and a general quality of life questionnaire (SF-36), compared with baseline assessment. They found that both the AC as well as the SAC group improved significantly in global QOL by the FDDQL at the end of treatment (p = 0.022), with no differences between the groups. This observation led the authors to conclude that acupuncture in IBS is primarily a placebo response.

This result supports the conclusion of studies by Fireman and colleagues1 and Forbes and colleagues.2 Interestingly, we have recently completed one study and found that acupuncture can attenuate chronic visceral hypersensitivity in rats.3 Our results showed that acupuncture had immediate and cumulative effects on chronic visceral pain induced by colorectal distension stimuli in rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity (fig 1). This supports the findings in a previous study,4 and matched the phenomena of our clinical practice that IBS sufferers do benefit from acupuncture treatment. We also found that acupuncture can modulate the concentration of serotonin in the colon (fig 2),5 apart from modulation of the endorphin system via central processing of pain.5,6

 Figure 1
 Pain threshold pressure (PTP) measured in response to colorectal distension showed …


Relationships between recruitment of the Atlantic sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus and the abundances of 3 types of invertebrate predators, the sand star Astropecten americanus, the common sea stars Asterias spp. and the crabs Cancer spp., were investigated using data from large-scale scallop surveys in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA). Both asteroid groups appeared to reduce sea scallop recruitment, with significantly lower recruitment in areas where the sea stars were in high abundance. No significant effect of Cancer spp. crabs on scallop recruitment was detected. Very high densities of A. americanus, no sea scallop recruitment, and low Asterias spp. densities were observed in all stations with depths >85 m, and in many stations between 65 and 85 m. Astropecten americanus may be a dominant component of the deep-water (>75 m) benthic community in the Mid-Atlantic Bight that is capable of excluding both sea scallops and Asterias spp. from areas where A. americanus are highly abundant.


The year 2014 marks the first decade of the rise of graphene. Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms in sp2 bonding configuration having a honeycomb structure, has now become a well-known and well-established material. Among some of its many outstanding fundamental properties, one can mention a very high carrier mobility, a very large spin diffusion length, unsurpassed mechanical properties as graphene is the strongest material ever measured and an exceptional thermal conductivity scaling more than one order of magnitude above that of copper. After the first years of the graphene rush, graphene growth is now well controlled using various methods like epitaxial growth on silicon carbide substrate, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or plasma techniques on metal, insulator or semiconductor substrates. More applied research is now taking over the initial studies on graphene production. Indeed, graphene is a promising material for many advanced applications such as, but not limited to, electronic, spintronics, sensors, photonics, micro/nano-electromechanical (MEMS/NEMS) systems, super-capacitors or touch-screen technologies. In this context, this Special Issue of the Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics on graphene reviews some of the recent achievements, progress and prospects in this field. It includes a collection of seventeen invited articles covering the current status and future prospects of some selected topics of strong current interest. This Special Issue is organized in four sections. The first section is dedicated to graphene devices, and opens with an article by de Heer et al on an investigation of integrating graphene devices with silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Then, a study by Svintsov et al proposes a lateral all-graphene tunnel field-effect transistor (FET) with a high on/off current switching ratio. Next, Tsukagoshi et al present how a band-gap opening occurs in a graphene bilayer by using a perpendicular electric field to operate logic gates. Placais et al then show the realization of graphene microwave nano-transistors that are especially suitable for fast charge detectors. Matsumoto et al describe next some interesting graphene-based biosensor applications, while the following article by Otsuji et al shows recent advances in plasmonics in terahertz device applications. This section ends with the Dollfus et al article dealing with non-linear effects in graphene devices investigated by simulation methods. The second section concerns the electronic and transport properties and includes four articles. The first one by Gurzadyan et al provides an investigation of graphene oxide in water by femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy to study its transient absorption properties. Jouault et al then review the quantum Hall effect of self-organized graphene monolayers epitaxially grown on the C-face of SiC. Next, Petkovic et al report on the observation of edge magneto-plasmons in graphene. Finally, Roche and Valenzuela focus on the limits of conventional views in graphene spin transport and offer novel perspectives for further progress. The third section addresses graphene tailoring and functionalization as studied by Genorio and Znidarsic for graphene nanoribbons, or by atomic intercalation as shown by the two articles from Starke and Forti, and from Bisson et al. The last section is devoted to graphene growth and morphology. Ogino et al first describe a method to grow graphene on insulating substrates using polymer films as a carbon source. Then, Suemitsu et al show the recent progresses in epitaxial graphene formation on cubic silicon carbide thin films. Finally, Norimatsu and Kusunoki investigate the structural properties and morphology of epitaxial graphene grown on hexagonal silicon carbide substrates by using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, their article closing this Special Issue .


When interpreting a radiograph, we refer to size, number, margination, location and opacity, which proves helpful when describing normal anatomy, as well as abnormal findings. Focusing on uncommon normal variants, or giving too much importance to insignificant abnormalities, can hinder one's perception. Knowledge of how a normal abdomen looks comes with experience and it's easy to become influenced by the history or clinical findings so that we lean towards a particular result. This article provides a pictorial review of the major changes which may occur within the abdomen in dogs and cats, as well as different types of abdominal pathology.


The paper presents results from an international research project done with Roma children between the ages of 3 and 6 years old. Thirty Roma children from Southwest Bulgaria and 30 Roma children from East Slovakia were tested with a psycholinguistic test in Romani language, measuring the knowledge of different grammatical categories. In most East European countries, the children are tested employing psychological/IQ tests in the official languages of the country and if the child does not understand the test task, because of a lack of knowledge in that language, s/he is deemed to have "light mental retardation". The knowledge of the children on different grammatical categories in their mother tongue is not taken into account. For the first time in Europe, a psycholinguistic test was developed for measuring the knowledge in Romani (comprehension and production). Categories such as wh-questions, wh-complements, passive verbs, and possessiveness are measured with newly developed test. The knowledge of the children is connected with two theories: the ecological theory of Ogbu (1978) and the integrative theory of child development (García Coll et al. 1996). Ogbu's theory stresses the importance of the home culture in the development of the children and the theory of García Coll and her collaborators presents the home environment and the SES of the families as an important predictor for language development and school readiness of the minority/migrant children.


The sand tiger shark Carcharias taurus is a large coastal species that has endured marked declines in its western North Atlantic population over the past 30 yr. In the face of these declines, identification of nursery areas for this species is of particular importance to ensure the implementation of protective measures that will maximize survival of young individuals to maturity. Passive acoustic telemetry was used to assess the emergence of Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury (PKD) Bay, Massachusetts, USA, as a seasonal nursery for juvenile sand tigers that migrate north from southern parturition grounds. Seasonal residency, habitat use, and site fidelity of 73 acoustically tagged juvenile sand tigers (78 to 108 cm fork length) were monitored within PKD Bay during 4 seasonal periods from 2008 to 2011. Eight individuals were tracked in multiple years, with 2 individuals returning to PKD Bay in 3 consecutive years. Sand tigers remained in PKD Bay for periods of 1 to 124 d and displayed a high degree of site fidelity to 2 core habitats during each year of the study. Weekly activity space estimates were relatively constant throughout each yearly monitoring period, with a general increase prior to emigration of sharks from the embayment. Emigration of sharks from PKD Bay was significantly related to both day length and water temperature. Collectively, these results suggest that PKD Bay constitutes a seasonal nursery area for juvenile sand tigers and warrants the extension of juvenile sand tiger essential fish habitat north of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA.


This paper treats the three-dimensional aspects of tethered satellite deployment and retrieval. Feedback control laws with guaranteed closed-loop stability are obtained using the second method of Lyapunov. Tether mass and aerodynamic effects are not included in the design of the control laws. First, a coordinate transformation is presented that partially uncouples the in-plane and out-of-plane dynamics. A combination of tension control as well as out-of-plane thrusting is shown to be adequate for fast retrieval. Next, a unified control design method based on an integral of motion (for the coupled system) is presented. It is shown that the controller designed by the latter, method is superior to that of the former, primarily from the out-of-plane thrust usage point of view. A detailed analysis of stability of the closed-loop system is presented and the existence of limit cycles is ruled out if out-of-plane thrusting is used in conjunction with tension control. Finally, a tether rate control law is also developed using the integral of motion mentioned previously. The control laws developed in the paper can also be used for stationkeeping.