: This bibliotherapy program is designed to enable the hospice patient and his or her support persons to share and explore feelings. These sharing sessions provide a safe, secure environment in which to share feelings and an opportunity for individuals to recognize how closely their feelings parallel others' feelings. The therapeutic value of understanding and accepting one's feelings exists even for those individuals who are never able to verbalize within the group setting. Emotional growth and development occurs for both the facilitator and the participants of the hospice bibliotherapy program and enriches all of their lives.


It is commonly asserted that speculative buying by index funds in commodity futures and over-the–counter derivatives markets created a "bubble" in commodity prices, with the result that prices, and crude oil prices, in particular, far exceeded fundamental values at the peak. The purpose of this paper is to show that the bubble argument simply does not withstand close scrutiny. Four main points are explored. First, the arguments of bubble proponents are conceptually flawed and reflect fundamental and basic misunderstandings of how commodity futures markets actually work. Second, a number of facts about the situation in commodity markets are inconsistent with the existence of a substantial bubble in commodity prices. Third, available statistical evidence does not indicate that positions for any group in commodity futures markets, including long-only index funds, consistently lead futures price changes. Fourth, there is a historical pattern of attacks upon speculation during periods of extreme market volatility.


For courses in Introductory C# Programming. Clear, Friendly, and Approachable Introduction to Visual C# Programming Clear, friendly, and approachable, this Fourth Edition of Starting Out With Visual C# is an ideal beginning text for readers with no programming experience. Detailed walk-throughs and a readable, comprehensible style make the text inviting to new programmers, while numerous practical example programs highlight the most important programming topics. Gaddiss detailed, step-by-step instructions teach a GUI-based approach that motivates readers with familiar graphical elements. Topics are examined progressively in each chapter, with objects taught before classes. The Fourth Edition has been completely updated for Visual Studio 2015 and contains new sections on debugging, accessing controls on different forms, and auto-properties.


Bt Cotton, is genetically engineered with Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), a bio-toxin which comes from soil bacterium. Bt which was isolated from soil in 1911, has been available to farmers as an organic pesticide since 1930..The engineered Bt gene produces a protein that cuts into the guts of specific insects, rendering the cotton resistant to these insects. Biotechnology for control of bollworms is made available in the seed itself. Farmers have to just sow the Bt cotton seeds as they do with conventional seeds. The resulting plants have the in-built ability to produce Bt protein within their body and defend themselves from bollworms. No extra efforts or equipment are needed to utilize this technology. But after the introduction of Bt cotton it brought into focus a variety of issues like economic, environmental and health and it has a controversy against to adopt it. Hence, the present study focused on the above issues.


Constitutive NF-kappaB activation plays a key role in the aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer. We have reported that nafamostat mesilate, a serine-protease inhibitor, inhibited NF-kappaB activation and induced apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of nafamostat mesilate against pancreatic cancer. In vitro, nafamostat mesilate inhibited NF-kappaB activation of human pancreatic cancer cell line (Panc-1) by suppressing IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and induced caspase-8 mediated apoptosis. In vivo, Panc-1 was implanted into the back of nude mice. Five weeks after implantation, nafamostat mesilate was injected intraperitoneally as the treatment group (n=11) three times a week for six weeks, while the control group (n=13) received vehicle only. At the end of six-week treatment, the tumors grew up to 12.89+/-4.27 mm (mean +/- SD) in the treatment group, and 17.93+/-4.45 mm in the control group, respectively. The tumor volume and weight of the treatment group were reduced by 43 and 61% as compared with the control group. The tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the treatment group (p<0.0001). Assays of primary tumors also indicated that nafamostat mesilate inhibited NF-kappaB activation by suppressing IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, resulting in caspase-8 mediated apoptosis. These results suggested that nafamostat mesilate has anti-neoplastic property against experimental pancreatic cancer.


As the post-Kantian schēma tradition emphasizes the importance of using mental concepts and frameworks to understand and interpret sensory experiences, in our case dramaturgies of faciality, rethinking different schemata concepts in various rehearsals and theoretical scenes seem fruitful to critically heed the development and use of faciality applied to AI avatars in virtual and augmented reality environments. One theoretical rehearsal to be explored is the baby schema theory as proposed by Konrad Lorenz to explain why certain physical features are perceived as cute. In recent years, the baby schema-cuteness relation has also been studied culturally in Kawaii aesthetics and in the context of virtual humans. In another rehearsal we critically heed exemplary faciality diagrams of Paul Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) as a system for identifying and analyzing facial expressions of emotion based on the problematic idea that specific facial muscle movements correspond to emotions as a highly questionable facial diagrams (Stjernfelt/Peirce) –fallible as such – and finally glimpse towards the scenes of Todorov's critic of facial rapid glance inferences and Lavater's physiognomics.


A check list is described which helps the systematic assessment of reports of therapeutic trials, particularly the aspects that need to be considered in assessing their validity. The check list was used to examine 141 reports of therapeutic trials published in four British non-specialist journals in the first six months of 1966 and of 1969. Of these reports 51% were found to be acceptable and a further 16% probably acceptable; 33% were considered unacceptable because they lacked one or more of the features required in a valid report. The check list has been found useful in assessing claims made for drugs and other therapeutic measures on the basis of published reports.


Stenoterommata platensis is a medium-sized nemesiid spider that lives in open burrows. The biology of the Nemesiidae is almost unknown. We describe the courtship and mating of S. platensis for the first time based on two observed matings and add some notes about their burrows in the wild on Martin Garcia Island, Argentina. All males initiated courtship by beating with the first pair of legs when contacted with the female silk from the entrance of the burrow. The copulation position achieved was similar to that of most mygalomorphs. This work constitutes preliminary observations and more data are needed to a better understanding of the reproductive biology of this species.


The design of a flotation circuit based on optimization techniques requires a superstructure for representing a set of alternatives, a mathematical model for modeling the alternatives, and an optimization technique for solving the problem. The optimization techniques are classified into exact and approximate methods. The first has been widely used. However, the probability of finding an optimal solution decreases when the problem size increases. Genetic algorithms have been the approximate method used for designing flotation circuits when the studied problems were small. The Tabu-search algorithm (TSA) is an approximate method used for solving combinatorial optimization problems. This algorithm is an adaptive procedure that has the ability to employ many other methods. The TSA uses short-term memory to prevent the algorithm from being trapped in cycles. The TSA has many practical advantages but has not been used for designing flotation circuits. We propose using the TSA for solving the flotation circuit design problem. The TSA implemented in this work applies diversification and intensification strategies: diversification is used for exploring new regions, and intensification for exploring regions close to a good solution. Four cases were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm: different objective function, different mathematical models, and a benchmarking between TSA and Baron solver. The results indicate that the developed algorithm presents the ability to converge to a solution optimal or near optimal for a complex combination of requirements and constraints, whereas other methods do not. TSA and the Baron solver provide similar designs, but TSA is faster. We conclude that the developed TSA could be useful in the design of full-scale concentration circuits.


Introduction : Our study reviews published literature about the determinants of family planning, specifically studies that examined contraceptive use, non-use, and unmet need. We sought to understand the state of knowledge in the field, particularly as it relates to when, where, and by whom that knowledge is produced. Methods : Our extensive scoping review identified all articles published between 2000-2016 on the determinants of family planning in FP2020 countries. We use bibliometric tools and techniques to identify authors' institutional and national affiliations, as well as their citation counts to assess how authorship characteristics contribute to knowledge production Results : Descriptive analysis of our curated database shows that contraceptive use was most frequently studied each year. Articles on Asia and Africa were published at a similar rate until 2008 when the number of studies on African countries increased dramatically relative to other FP2020 regions. We also found that most research on family planning was collaborative and focused on a single country of interest. Teams of authors had the highest rates of publication across all family planning outcomes, with teams of men and women representing the largest authorship type based on gender and teams from the Global South representing the largest group based on global location. However, our bibliometric analysis found that characteristics associated with most family planning behavior research were not those associated with citation counts. In particular, research published by authors affiliated with Global South institutions received significantly less citations compared to groups of authors affiliated with institutions in the Global North and Global South. Discussion : Citations counts are often seen as a measure of scientific impact and attention paid by the scientific community to specific research results. Our findings indicate preference for certain authorship characteristics over others based on citations, implicating concerns about knowledge diffusion disparities in family planning literature.


Miniature Brahman cattle at the USDA ARS Subtropical Agriculture Research Station in Brooksville, FL have normal proportioned growth but are approximately 70% of mature height and weight when compared with Brahman cattle in the same herd. Pedigree analyses suggest that the condition is inherited through a recessive allele. The miniature Brahman cattle in the Brooksville herd have been used for studies of growth and reproduction, but the underlying causative mutation is unknown. Presumably, the miniature condition could arise from a mutation in the GH gene. The objective, therefore, was to clone the GH cDNA from Brooksville miniature Brahman cattle, compare its sequence to normal Brahman cattle, and test the biological activity of the native GH protein. Messenger RNA was isolated from the pituitary, and a cDNA for the protein coding region of the GH gene was amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from each of 2 miniature Brahman bulls. The cDNA were cloned into plasmid vectors, and top and bottom strands were sequenced by automated DNA sequencing. The sequence of both cDNA clones derived from miniature cattle differed from Bos indicus GH (GenBank AF034386) at base number 641 because there was a cytosine (C) instead of a thymine (T). The C to T change encoded a mutation (threonine to methionine) at amino acid 200 (T200M mutation). The mutation was confirmed by sequencing of an additional 2 miniature cattle and comparing their sequence to 2 normal cattle. The threonine is located in the fourth helix of GH and is 1 of 8 amino acids that participate in binding of GH to the GH receptor. Twelve miniature Brahman and 9 normal Brahman cattle were tested by using a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis that employed the BsmBI restriction enzyme (specific for the mutated nucleotide). The 12 miniature Brahman cattle were homozygous for the mutation (-/-). Seven of the normal Brahman cattle were homozygous for the wild-type allele (+/+), and 2 were heterozygous (+/-). When tested in a cell-based bioassay, GH isolated from the pituitary of -/- cattle (n = 4) had approximately 60% activity when compared with GH isolated from the pituitary of +/+ cattle (n = 5). In summary, miniature Brahman cattle were homozygous for a single nucleotide polymorphism that encodes a mutation in an amino acid involved in binding of GH to the GH receptor. Cattle of normal size had at least 1 copy of the normal GH allele. Threonine 200 in bovine GH is required for normal growth in cattle.


Mathematical models of thermocontrol processes occurring in chemical reactors and climate control systems are considered. In the models under consideration, the temperature inside a domain is controlled by a thermostat acting on the boundary. The feedback is based on temperature measurements performed by thermal sensors inside the domain. The solvability of the corresponding nonlinear nonlocal problems and the periodicity of solutions are studied.


Considering the increased concerns related to the issues of moral and spiritual leadership, I conducted two studies to develop the construct and measure of prophetic leadership. In the first study, three Indonesian Moslem leaders were interviewed to describe their leadership behavior and characteristics from their own praxis. Prophetic leadership is the ability to influence others accomplishing shared objectives that is reinforced by soul enlightenment as the prophets have shown in their time. In the second study, 40 items were generated for measuring prophetic leadership were administrated to 151 employee of Islamic University of Indonesia. The dimensions that represent prophetic leadership consist of sidiq (conscience centred), amanah (trustworthy and highly committed), tabligh (communication skills), and fathonah (problem solver). The construct is translated into a measure called prophetic leadership scale. The results show an empirical support for its construct validity. A positive significant intercorrelations among four dimensions were found. Items were loaded into four different mentioned dimensions. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Keywords: Prophetic leadership, sidiq, amanah, tabligh, fathonah


The genetic mechanisms underlying adrenocortical tumor development are still largely unknown. We used high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays (Affymetrix SNP 6.0) to detect copy number alterations (CNAs) and copy-neutral losses of heterozygosity (cnLOH) in 15 cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas with matched blood samples. We focused on microalterations aiming to discover new candidate genes involved in early tumorigenesis and/or autonomous cortisol secretion. We identified 962 CNAs with a median of 18 CNAs per sample. Half of them involved noncoding regions, 89% were less than 100 kb, and 28% were found in at least two samples. The most frequently gained regions were 5p15.33, 6q16.1, 7p22.3-22.2, 8q24.3, 9q34.2-34.3, 11p15.5, 11q11, 12q12, 16q24.3, 20p11.1-20q21.11, and Xq28 (≥20% of cases), most of them being identified in the same three adenomas. These regions contained among others genes like NOTCH1, CYP11B2, HRAS, and IGF2. Recurrent losses were less common and smaller than gains, being mostly localized at 1p, 6q, and 11q. Pathway analysis revealed that Notch signaling was the most frequently altered. We identified 46 recurrent CNAs that each affected a single gene (31 gains and 15 losses), including genes involved in steroidogenesis (CYP11B1) or tumorigenesis (CTNNB1, EPHA7, SGK1, STIL, FHIT). Finally, 20 small cnLOH in four cases affecting 15 known genes were found. Our findings provide the first high-resolution genome-wide view of chromosomal changes in cortisol-secreting adenomas and identify novel candidate genes, such as HRAS, EPHA7, and SGK1. Furthermore, they implicate that the Notch1 signaling pathway might be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors.


As the rich have got richer and households have become busier, demand for commoditized household services has increased. While much is known about maids and nannies, this book is distinctive in focusing on masculinized domestic services. Through two case-studies – Polish handymen in the UK and the households that employ them and Mexican jardineros in the USA - the book demonstrates how, by outsourcing, householders can mitigate the 'father time-bind' arising from tensions between new expectations for involved fathering, economic expectations regarding working hours, and a highly gendered and neo-liberal social policy regime, and shows how the consequences of this reaches beyond the households into the lives of the migrant men who work for them. Through the focus on male domestic work, the book identifies distinctly gendered understandings of domestic work and care, and shows how these influence the differential economic value of and emotional attachment to different forms of domestic work, and the gendered identities of those supplying and buying these services. In doing so, the book reveals much about the dynamic and varied understandings of masculinity.


IA-Forum asks: "The head of the U.K.'s domestic security service MI5 announced at the beginning of January that the threat of an immediate terrorist attack on Britain had receded. In the light of these claims how effective do you think the U.K.'s approach to tackling the terrorist threat has been?"

For a serving MI5 chief to say that, in effective, there is a less of an immediate risk of terrorists successfully striking is no small thing. For starters, this kind of assertion would rarely been broadcast so openly in the past, not least because it may simply serve to incentivise current terrorist conspirators.

There are three significant implications of this claim that stand out. First, it implies that the operational and tactical strength of 1,800 to 2,000 individuals actively engaged in violent conspiracies has waned. It has declined partly due to the rigour with which these individuals are covertly monitored and, where required, intercepted by intelligence and security officials. But, as importantly, the D-G's remarks infer something positive about the supply of fresh recruits to violent radical Islamism on British soil.

This inference links to the second implication, namely the idea that hardened men of violence cannot succeed on their own. Instead, their campaigns have to be sustained by the moral oxygen of those within their communities who turn a proverbial "blind eye", not just to blatant extremism, but also to those who question the values of religious exclusion and one-sided victimhood. In Britain it is estimated, according to reliable polling, that anywhere between one and four hundred-thousand Muslims would remain on the fence when confronted with a violent conspiracy they might reasonably disrupt or defuse.

The idea of such a tacit circle of support for terrorism - though at first uncomfortable - has gained currency in government and intelligence communities. This is relevant insofar as this insight was, in the experience of this commentators, openly shunned by ministers and officials in much of the period between the New York City and Madrid attacks.

Finally, appreciating the centrality of fence-sitters is one thing; influencing their outlook and behaviour is another. Jonathan Evans' message also helps to refocus on the age-old problem of how to get - and keep - moderate yet concerned Muslims on side. These mothers, siblings, neighbours and friends of potential terrorists can exert a huge, direct influence that large security bureaucracies mostly cannot. But the rub is that they can, if they come to feel that all Muslims are being targeted as would-be terrorists, also further deny, minimise or even unwittingly encourage violent extremism. So, for example, the high profile episode of raiding the "wrong house" not only highlights brutal gaps in intelligence, but also serves as a soft, yet strong, recruiting sergeant for extremism. This scenario in known, in the trade, as the risk of a "boomerang effect" that, simply put, ends up creating a much bigger problem than before.

It is encouraging that Britain's domestic security supremo is willing to examine the basic efficacy of the country's CT levers. His recent interview demonstrates that he and his agency are beginning to understand and act upon the available levers, and, crucially, make efforts to utilise and grow new ones. The strategy is to build a new division of labour calculus, resulting in communities and security officials pulling together.

Effectiveness and success will hang mainly on trust between right-minded Muslims on one hand and the nuanced actions of our security and criminal justice agencies. It is as well, therefore, that such trust is viewed - by all sides - as an output of earlier efforts - and not as a gap that is cited in disengaged frustration and anger.


The relationship between obesity and the gut microbiome has become increasingly recognized, highlighting the need to determine how specific diets can beneficially impact gut microbiota to improve metabolic disease. Many studies have found an increase in dietary fiber not only causes a shift in the microbiome but also results in weight loss and altered feeding behavior. Dietary fibers are diverse both in composition and source, being found in many different plant-based flours. Fiber can also be characterized by solubility, with highly soluble fibers being most easily broken down by gut bacteria to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the efficacy and mechanism of specific plant-based flours on obesity is not well characterized. To better understand which plant-based flours have the greatest impact on energy homeostasis, we treated high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal from diet)-fed rats with four different flours for 6wks. The flours, barley flour, oat bran, wheat bran, and amylose maize were incorporated into the HFD at either 5% or 10% fiber content, and were compared to an isocaloric, nutrient-matched chow and HFD controls. We hypothesized that the soluble barley flour at 10% fiber would have the greatest impact on energy homeostasis due to the high levels of beta-glucan, while the amylose maize, oat bran, and wheat bran will have a significant but less pronounced effect. We found that the rats fed high dose barley flour and wheat bran had significantly reduced body weight gain. High and low dose barley flour resulted in significantly reduced food intake compared to HFD, and all high dose flour diet-fed rats exhibited lower adiposity compared to the HFD rats. We found all high dose flour diet-fed rats exhibited changes in feeding behavior and energy expenditure compared to HFD rats measured by metabolic cages. These results demonstrate plant based fibers can have differing effects on food intake and body composition, underscoring the need to determine the most effective dietary manipulations for obesity treatment. Disclosure T. Martinez: None. F. Duca: None. S.N. Weninger: None. R. Meyer: None. A.I.L. Lane: None. Funding National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2019-67017-29252)


In conventional text categorization algorithms, documents are symbolized as "bag of words" (BOW) with the fact that documents are supposed to be independent from each other. While this approach simplifies the models, it ignores the semantic information between terms of each document. In this study, we develop a novel method to measure semantic similarity based on higher-order dependencies between documents. We propose a kernel for Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithm using these dependencies which is called Higher-Order Semantic Kernel. With the aim of presenting comparative performance of Higher-Order Semantic Kernel we performed many experiments not only with our algorithm but also with existing traditional first-order kernels such as Polynomial Kernel, Radial Basis Function Kernel, and Linear Kernel. The experiments using Higher-Order Semantic Kernel on several well-known datasets show that classification performance improves significantly over the first-order methods.


Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the veteran and non-veteran cohorts of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer in order to determine if veterans have a worse clinical outcome, as has previously been demonstrated in prostate cancer. Methods: Using the Bladder Cancer Outcomes Database at the Repatriation General Hospital, South Australia, all bladder cancer cases between January 1984 and December 2011 were identified. This data was used to identify independent predictors of death in these populations and to contrast their five year bladder cancer-specific and overall survival. A subgroup of muscle-invasive bladder cancer was also analysed. There were a total of 1177 patients studied. Results: Overall, there was no significant difference in bladder cancer specific outcomes for veteran compared to non-veteran subjects. In both groups, the staging of disease at diagnosis was the strongest independent predictor of outcome, followed by the patient's age at diagnosis. Veterans were generally older at diagnosis than non-veterans, and they did demonstrate worse all cause mortality outcomes. In the muscle invasive bladder cancer subgroup, outcomes were similar between veterans and non-veterans but veterans were more likely to be treated with radiotherapy. Conclusion: The independent predictors of outcome and bladder cancer specific survival rates in our South Australian cohort were similar to those described in the international literature and do not demonstrate poorer outcomes in our veteran population. All cause mortality was worse in the veteran population, however, which may be related to their older age at diagnosis and different treatments they may be offered as a consequence.


Cargoes may be secreted across the plasma membrane by diverse alternative pathways. Most eukaryotic secretory proteins are directed into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by an amino-terminal signal peptide (leader sequence) and progress to the cell surface through vesicular flow via the Golgi apparatus (1, 2). However, many claims have been made for a number of diverse membrane and soluble proteins that lack a typical signal peptide being transported from the cytoplasm or nucleus independently of this classical ER-Golgi route, so-called unconventional secretion (3–5). Some examples, such as secretion of the yeast a-factor mating pheromone by a plasma membrane peptide transporter (6), are well understood. However, other examples are of proteins that are inefficiently secreted, and the concern is that in some experiments this "export" is due to cell lysis rather than actual secretion (7). Here we summarize the key evidence for unconventional secretion, and pose questions that remain to be addressed.


As regional and global scales become more important to ecologists, methods must be developed for the application of existing fine-scale knowledge to predict coarser-scale ecosystem properties. This generally involves some form of model in which fine-scale components are aggregated. This aggregation is necessary to avoid the cumulative error associated with the estimation of a large number of parameters. However, aggregation can itself produce errors that arise because of the variation among the aggregated components. The statistical expectation operator can be used as a rigorous method for translating fine-scale relationships to coarser scales without aggregation errors. Unfortunately this method is too cumbersome to be applied in most cases, and alternative methods must be used. These alternative methods are typically partial corrections for the variation in only a few of the fine-scale attributes. Therefore, for these methods to be effective, the attributes that are the most severe sources of error must be identified a priori. We present a procedure for making these identifications based on a Monte Carlo sampling of the fine-scale attributes. We then present four methods of translating fine-scale knowledge so it can be applied at coarser scales: (1) partial transformations using the expectation operator, (2) moment expansions, (3) partitioning, and (4) calibration. These methods should make it possible to apply the vast store of fine-scale ecological knowledge to model coarser-scale attributes of ecosystems.


This empirical paper seeks to enrich our understanding of the experiences of Indian IT highly-skilled contingent workers (HSCWs) in the UK. We turn away from any preconceived notions of what contingent work may involve and, through the narratives of a group of IT workers from India working in the UK, we learn how they make sense of their own situation. By using focus groups, we canvass first the initial motivations and beliefs of these workers that led them to consider contingent work in the UK. We compare these to the realities that they were confronted with while working in the UK IT industry. Our study reveals that HSCWs anticipated higher incomes abroad and believed that an international business experience will be highly valued upon their desired eventual return to India, which they perceived to be on a steep upward economic trajectory. On arrival in the UK, whilst their income expectations are met, they are also confronted with questions of job security, acceptance and integration, race, culture, and professional development. In the prevailing anti-immigarnt sentiment in the UK, they are often seen as taking jobs from locals. But, in contrast with traditional perceptions of contingent work, as uncertain and precarious, they remained optimism about their professional prospects and career development.


We study the welfare and human-capital impacts of the configuration of on- and off-platform options in the context of Chile's centralized higher education platform, leveraging administrative data and two policy changes: the introduction of a large scholarship program, and an expansion of the number of on-platform slots by approximately 40%. We first show that more programs' joining the platform led students to start college sooner and raised the share of students who graduated on time. We then develop a model of college applications, offers, waitlists, and matriculation choices, which we estimate using students' ranked-ordered applications, on- and off-platform enrollment, and on-time graduation outcomes. When more programs join the platform, welfare increases, and the extent of aftermarket frictions matters less for welfare, enrollment, and graduation rates. High-SES students have greater access to off-platform options, and gains from platform expansion are larger for students from lower-SES backgrounds. Our results indicate that expanding the scope of a higher education platform can have real impacts on welfare and human capital.


Successful innovation depends on the development and integration of new knowledge in the innovation process. In order to innovate successfully, the firm will combine different innovation activities. In addition to doing own research and development, firms typically are engaged in the acquisition of knowledge on the technology market and cooperate actively in R&D with other firms and research organizations. In this Paper we provide evidence on complementarity between different innovation activities. Using data from the Community Innovation Survey on Belgian manufacturing firms, we show that firms that are only engaged in a single innovation strategy, either internal R&D activities or sourcing technology externally, introduced fewer new or substantially improved products compared to firms which combine internal and external sourcing. This result is consistent with complementarity between own R&D and external technology sourcing activities. Furthermore, we show that the different innovation activities are strongly positively correlated and identify common drivers, resulting in the perceived complementarity between these innovation activities. An important finding is that a capacity to strategically protect intellectual property and a more basic R&D base which may serve as an absorptive capacity, are important common drivers for the different innovation activities.


Formal methods used in developing computer systems (i.e. mathematically based techniques for describing system properties) are defined, and their role is delineated. Formal specification languages, which provide the formal method's mathematical basis, are examined. Certain pragmatic concerns about formal methods and their users, uses, and characteristics are discussed. Six well-known or commonly used formal methods are illustrated by simple examples. They are Z, VDM, Larch, temporal logic, CSP, and transition axioms.<<ETX>>


In an organization, human resources are known as a valuable and lasting capital. In order to get the most out of these resources, employees' empowerment appeared in the management literature. Empowerment refers to the delegation of authority in order to lay appropriate ground for self-motivation and self-efficacy among employees.The main aim of this study was to explore the effective factors, especially training for employees' empowerment. The statistical population of this study comprised 350 personnel of Center for Medical Documents (CMD), affiliated to the Social Security Organization.The sample consisted of 180 personnel who were randomly selected using sample size formula.The research tool was a self-report questionnaire.The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.The results revealed that among all factors, participative management,organic structure and supportive culture tended to show significant relations with employees' empowerment.The results also indicated that the organization needed to conduct proper short-term and long-term tailored training and to create appropriate ground for financial and spiritual motivation. Accordingly, the study suggests a program for employees' empowerment in CMD.


BACKGROUND We propose a reconceptualization of surrogate decision making when patients lack an advance directive stating their preferences about life-sustaining treatment. This reconceptualization replaces the current 2-standard model of substituted judgment (based on the patient's prior preferences and values) and best interests (an assessment of how best to protect and promote the patient's health-related and other interests). METHODS We undertook a conceptual analysis based on the ethics of informed consent, a qualitative study of how surrogates of seriously ill patients experience the surrogate's role, and descriptions of decision making. RESULTS When the surrogate can meet the substituted judgment standard, the experience of the surrogate should be understood as providing a report, not making a decision. Surrogate decisions based on the best interest standard are experienced as genuine decisions, and the label "surrogate decision making" should be reserved to characterize only these experiences. CONCLUSIONS Physicians should identify clinically reasonable options and elicit the surrogate's sense of decision-making burden. Some surrogates will be able to make reports, and the physician should make a clear recommendation that implements the patient's reported preference. Some surrogates will confront genuine decisions, which should be managed by negotiating treatment goals. Requests by the surrogate that everything be done may represent a psychosocially burdensome decision, and support should be provided to help the surrogate work through the decision-making process.


During the wet PU, PVC synthetic production, MCC could be served as a good micropore and thickening agents, and could obviously enhance the feel and elasticity of synthetic leather, but cotton pulp and wood pulp resources, which were used as raw material commonly to produce MCC for synthetic leather, was limited. In this paper, MCC was prepared with wheat straw pulp through the dilute acid hydrolysis, alkali treatment, enzyme treatment, drying and crushing. This paper focused on the effect of conditions of acid hydrolysis on performance of MCC, and the optimization of process parameters. The morphology, size, crystallinity and thermostability of MCC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, TGA spectrograph. Wheat Straw MCC could meet the requirements of synthetic leather industry standards for MCC.


We report on direct evidence of the suppression of critical current due to pair-breaking in a superconducting microbridge when the measurement is carried out by injecting spin-polarized carriers instead of normal electrons. A thin layer of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 was used as the source of spin-polarized carriers. The microbridge was formed on the DyBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film by photolithographic techniques. The design of our spin-injection device allowed us to inject spin-polarized carriers from the La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 layer directly to the DyBa2Cu3O7−δ microbridge (without any insulating buffer layer) making it possible to measure the critical current when polarized electrons alone are injected into the superconductor. Our results confirm the role of polarized carriers in breaking the Cooper pairs in the superconductor.


Since they first appeared on these shores in 1997, the Harry Potter books have been lightning rods for criticism and praise for a variety of reasons. But since they are set in a school, what do they say about education? A mother and daughter share their insights. THE UNITED States has been swept up in the Harry Potter phenomenon, with film adaptations, companion readers, and literary critique and analysis following in the wake of J. K. Rowling's series of books chronicling the adolescent wizard's adventures. In addition to sparking a resurgence in fiction pertaining to wizardry and the fantasy world, the series has introduced new words into the English language (e.g., "muggle" and "quidditch"). It has also touched off a reaction from conservative Christian institutions, which have called for banning the books in school libraries on the grounds that they glorify "wizardry" and are therefore anti-Christian. However, in spite of all the attention given to the literary worth of the novels, there has been very little analysis of the primary locus of the action, the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, as an educational institution. As my daughter Grace devoured each volume, finally prompting me to read the books out of parental self-defense, we began to discuss Hogwarts and the education that was being imparted to Harry Potter and his friends, Hermione and Ron. This discussion occurred naturally for us because Grace, as the daughter of two itinerant academic researchers, has become familiar with British educational institutions both in England and in various African nations. Notably, she has attended schools in Swaziland, a small kingdom in southern Africa that had been a British colony from the early to mid-20th century. Thus her school there was based on virtually the same structure and principles as those of Hogwarts. Consequently, as we read the Harry Potter books we found ourselves analyzing the quality of the education that Harry was receiving at Hogwarts, at first somewhat episodically but then at a deeper level. Our discussions formed the basis of this analysis, which is presented from two educational perspectives -- that of a 40-something and that of an 11-something. First, we compare and contrast the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry with the British model of education and then with the culture and structure of schools in the United States. Second, we look at Hogwarts from the perspective of an educational psychologist by analyzing the characteristics and quality of the teaching there in relation to contemporary theory and practice. Grace gives her views on the education at Hogwarts while I comment on her observations from an educator's perspective. A SOMEWHAT BRITISH SETTING Grace: I like the idea that there are different ages all together in one school. That way, the older ones can help take care of the younger ones, and the younger ones will learn things from the older kids. In other words, Grace seems to like the idea that Harry does not attend a junior high school where all the students are grouped by age. Unlike the U.S. system, which often requires students to make two major transitions -- from elementary to junior high and then to high school - - the Hogwarts (British) model mandates only one institutional change. The fact that J. K. Rowling begins her series with Harry's 11th birthday is entirely appropriate for a series that takes place within a British-type school system. That is the year when English pupils make the transition from primary to secondary education. For Harry, this move is especially symbolic, as he not only moves from one educational level to the next but also passes from the world of muggles to the world of wizards. Once Harry enters the second level, he stays there until he is finished with secondary school. Hogwarts is based on the British model, which includes six forms, with the final one (a two-year course) preparing students for higher education. …


This study examined the influences of aluminized (Type A) and non-aluminized firefighters' protective clothing (Type B, C, D and CON) on physiological and subjective responses in radiant heat. Total clothing weight was 6.24, 6.38, 6.06, 5.76 and 3.82 kg for Type A, B, C, D and CON, respectively. Eight firefighters performed exercise at an air temperature of 30°C with 50%RH. Three bouts of 10 min-bicycle exercise in radiant heat (a globe temperature of 70°C) was spaced by a 10 min rest with no radiant heat. Results showed that rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and body weight loss were significantly greater in Type A than in other types (p<0.05). For Type A, thermal gradient of the body reached 0.0 ± 0.7°C, heart rate showed a maximum level of 183 ± 11 bpm and 1.9% of body weight was lost due to sweat secretion. Firefighters felt the hottest and most discomfort in Type A. It appeared that firefighters' thermoregulatory mechanism was severely challenged by wearing aluminized protective clothing during exercise in strong radiant heat. Therefore, it is suggested that the safe upper limits while wearing aluminized firefighters' clothing should be distinguished from those for typical firefighters' protective clothing.


In this paper, I attempt to determine how the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) affects homeownership. The FHA insures the full value of selected loans made by private lenders. I use changes in FHA underwriting criteria over time and the differential effects of these criteria across metropolitan areas to study the effects of the FHA on homeownership. To do this, I simulate the difference in the fraction of homes in his metropolitan area that a prospective homeowner could afford with FHA and conventional criteria, and see how the difference in affordability affects homeownership. I find that more generous FHA underwriting criteria increase homeownership. In the period from 1970 to 1990, FHA increased homeownership by an average of about 0.6 percentage points, and increased homeownership by 1.57 percentage points for those at the 90 percentile of effects of FHA on house purchase affordability. FHA also had greater effects on the homeownership of certain groups, especially Blacks and married couples with children.


Tinnitus is one of the annoying disorders which can significantly impair patient's quality of life and productivity. Although it is not a life threatening disease, but it results into emotional distress, cognitive distress, intrusiveness, auditory and perceptual difficulties, sleep disturbances, and various somatic complaints. Its incidence and prevalence are enhancing day by day. Various pharmacological agents including anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, antidepressants, muscle relaxants etc. are presently used or trialed for its pacification, but there is little evidence of their benefit over harm. The role of invasive and non-invasive Neurostimulation treatments, supposed to be very effective, are also little known. The introduction of Hearing aids and cochlear implantation are also not very much conclusive. No evidence of a significant change in the subjective loudness of tinnitus has been noticed with Cognitive behavioural treatment. In this way, there is a need for making an availability of uniformly accepted, broadly effective treatments capable of drastically decreasing the loudness and impact of tinnitus and withstanding systematic replication. This article is for serving the very purpose. Here, an effort has been made to present the remedial procedures and regimen for the alleviation of tinnitus described in Ayurveda, an ancient healing science of India. In Ayurveda, tinnitus has been delineated in the name of Karnanada . The article also brings about several case studies and clinical studies on tinnitus carried out at different centres/Institutes of Ayurveda.


Carbon nanostructures are under deep investigation due their peculiar properties and possible applications. In particular, development of new methods for the synthesis of these materials and their mechanism of formation represent interesting research fields. Arc discharge allows to produce different forms of carbon nanostructures. The parameters involved in the process, voltage, current density, type and pressure of the surrounding gas can be controlled especially for achieving high quantity of material with enhanced characteristics in terms of purity while the use of transition metal-graphite mixtures has been used to produce single wall structures. Moreover direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) are suitable for producing carbon nano-materials, but different results can be obtained. In this work the effect of the power frequency in an AC arc discharge technique on the synthesis of carbon nanostructures is reported. Pure graphite electrodes have been arched in air in an homemade apparatus where the material can be collected directly on a cylindrical collector fixed near the arc. In order to avoid the formation of deposits under the arc a symmetrical configuration of the electrodes has been set. The production of carbon soot containing Single Wall Nanohorns (SWNH) and highly convoluted graphene sheets is optimized. The range of power frequencies 32-1000Hz has been investigated and the arcs have been ignited fixing the voltage at 28 V. The materials has been analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscope. The microstructure of the material synthesized by this apparatus is affected by the power frequency, as the experimental results demonstrate. The samples produced at low frequency presented high amounts of single wall structures, SWNH-type. More compact structures, similar to large onion-like structures, have been found in samples synthesized at high frequency values.


The effects of alloying on the lattice dynamics of vanadium were investigated using inelastic neutron scattering. Phonon densities of states were obtained for bcc solid solutions of V with 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal solutes, from which vibrational entropies of alloying were obtained. A good correlation is found between the vibrational entropy of alloying and the electronegativity of transition metal solutes across the 3d row and down columns of the periodic table. First-principles calculations on supercells matching the experimental compositions predicted a systematic charge redistribution in the nearest-neighbor shell around the solute atoms, also following the Pauling and Watson electronegativity scales. The systematic stiffening of the phonons is interpreted in terms of the modified screening properties of the electron density around the solutes.


Imaging techniques have evolved impressively lately, allowing whole new concepts like multimodal imaging, personal medicine, theranostic therapies, and molecular imaging to increase general awareness of possiblities of imaging to medicine field. Here, we have collected the selected (3D) imaging modalities and evaluated the recent findings on preclinical and clinical inflammation imaging. The focus has been on the feasibility of imaging to aid in inflammation precision medicine, and the key challenges and opportunities of the imaging modalities are presented. Some examples of the current usage in clinics/close to clinics have been brought out as an example. This review evaluates the future prospects of the imaging technologies for clinical applications in precision medicine from the pre-clinical development point of view.


ABSTRACT The upsurge of Somali based maritime piracy after 2005 resulted in considerable international activity in the Horn of Africa, ranging from naval missions to capacity building projects. It also ushered in a new focus by regional states on the dangers as well as the opportunities associated with the sea. In Kenya and Djibouti, two states directly impacted by piracy, this resulted in a strategic shift toward the ocean, breaking with a historical land-centric security approach, in an attempt to reform their domestic maritime sectors and coastal governance architectures by capitalizing on assistance from external capacity building providers. This article adds rigor to the field of maritime security studies by zooming in on how two key littoral states have reformed their domestic maritime sectors following a decline in acts of piracy. It explores important questions such as how have Djibouti and Kenya approached maritime governance historically? How are their territorial maritime spaces delineated and defined? How has the phenomena of piracy influenced the development of coastal governance in both countries? Has this led to innovative practices? Can these practices be applied in other jurisdictions? Finally, what has been the impact of external capacity building assistance on the development of both Djibouti and Kenya's maritime sector and respective approaches to coastal governance and enforcement? This research is significant as it sheds new light on the limitations and challenges facing domestic maritime security sectors in Africa, but also highlights new ways states can improve and build maritime constabulary governance through international partnerships, capacity development and embracing the blue economic agenda using the cases of Djibouti and Kenya as archetypal models.


While there is a common belief that female labour indicators in Arab countries demonstrate a problematic situation, little is understood about the varieties within countries in that region. This paper attempts to draw a segmentation of the Arab world to show how different countries differ in this regard. It looks at two specific measures: the level of female participation as a percentage of male participation (FPM), and the female earned income to male income (FIM). Statistics from 20 Arab countries generated four clusters in which those countries are classified. Female labour indicators in most countries in the Arab world show similar patterns found in other countries in their stage of development. This confirms earlier research that indicates that women's labour participation decreases as societies move away from agriculture into manufacturing, services and industry. Only four countries are identified as outliers whose labour indicators can be understood within the context of the cultural values that do...


Gemcitabine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare complication of gemcitabine treatment with an incidence ranging from 0.015 to 1.4%. Clinically, this disease manifests as haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and renal insufficiency; hypertension and neurological and pulmonary symptoms are also known complications. The risk of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura increases as the cumulative dose of gemci-tabine approaches 20,000 mg/m2. The pathophysiology of this disease entity is unknown although several theories, involving both immune and non-immune mechanisms, have been proposed. The most effective treatment is discontinuation of gemcitabine, the provision of antihypertensive medications as needed, and consideration of plasmapheresis or use of immunoadsorption column in severe cases.


In the present work CuMoO 4 and P/CuMoO 4 nanoparticles were synthesized by simple precipitation method. The synthesized molybdate nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). XRD results show that the average crystalline size of CuMoO 4 and P/CuMoO 4 nanoparticles were found to be 62.9 nm and 59.7 nm respectively. SEM results showed that CuMoO 4 nanoparticles composed of sphere like structure and P/CuMoO 4 with agglomeration. Four absorption bands at 721, 828, 898 and 967 cm -1 were observed in FT-IR spectrum. The sharp adsorption peak at 270-350 nm was observed in UV–vis DRS technique. The antimicrobial activities of synthesized nanoparticles were observed against various pathogens.


This article describes the development and implementation of the functional mock-up unit (FMU) for co-simulation import interface in EnergyPlus. This new capability allows EnergyPlus to conduct co-simulation with various simulation programs that are packaged as FMUs. For example, one can model an innovative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system and its controls in Modelica, export the HVAC system and the control algorithm as an FMU, and link it to a model of the building envelope in EnergyPlus for run-time data exchange. The formal of FMUs is specified in the functional mock-up interface (FMI) standard, an open standard designed to enable links between disparate simulation programs. An FMU may contain models, model description, source code, and executable programs for multiple platforms. A master simulator – in this case, EnergyPlus – imports and simulates the FMUs, controlling simulation time and coordinating the exchange of data between the different FMUs. This article describes the mathematical basis of the FMI standard, discusses its application to EnergyPlus, and describes the architecture of the EnergyPlus implementation. It then presents a typical workflow, including pre-processing and co-simulation. The article concludes by presenting two use cases in which models of a ventilation system and a shading controller are imported in EnergyPlus as an FMU.


We investigated the perception of distance of visual targets with constant size and luminance presented between 20 and 120 cm from subjects' eyes. When retinal disparity cues were present, the subjects could reproduce very accurately the distance of a seen reference in this area. When only extraretinal information was available, distance perception was still correct for distances of 40 cm or less. However, distances beyond 60 cm were underestimated. When forced to evaluate the distance between a reference and themselves, eg when evaluating the absolute distance or half the distance or twice the distance of a reference, subjects used an egocentric plane of reference located on average 10.4 cm in front of their eyes. Measurements of binocular eye movements indicated a clear relationship between vergence angle and target distance. The egocentric plane of reference at 10.4 cm also corresponds to the maximum achievable vergence. These results suggest that ocular convergence can be used as a reliable cue for distance within the arm's reaching space.


This paper proposes a method for accessibility evaluation of urban elements (buildings, places) with using GIS. The technique operates with a complex system of urban attributes – transport network, buildings and actual distances between elements of the urban form. All these elements can be treated differently during the calculations according to the purposes of the analysis. For instance accessibility can be calculated for all buildings in a city along the existing road network or for a certain establishments along the pedestrian paths based on a walking distances. Buildings and spaces can be included in the analysis taking into account their area, population, type of use, etc.We present an approach for the accessibility analysis with using distance decay parameter for pedestrian and automobile trips and weight of endpoints. We offer a tool for ArcGIS software for calculating the accessibility index. KeywordsAccessibility, GIS, Transport Network, Buildings, Urban Form.


Aims: Tobacco smoking is among the leading risk factors for chronic disease and early death in developed countries, including Denmark, where smoking causes 14% of the disease burden. In Denmark, many public health interventions, including smoking prevention, are undertaken by the municipalities, but models to estimate potential health effects of local interventions are lacking. The aim of the current study was to model the effects of decreased smoking prevalence in Copenhagen, Denmark. Methods: The DYNAMO-HIA model was applied to the population of Copenhagen, by using health survey data and data from Danish population registers. We modelled the effects of four intervention scenarios aimed at different target groups, compared to a reference scenario. The potential effects of each scenario were modelled until 2040. Results: A combined scenario affecting both initiation rates among youth, and cessation and re-initiation rates among adults, which reduced the smoking prevalence to 4% by 2025, would have large beneficial effects on incidence and prevalence of smoking-related diseases and mortality. Health benefits could also be obtained through interventions targeting only cessation or re-initiation rates, whereas an intervention targeting only initiation among youth had marginal effects on morbidity and mortality within the modelled time frame. Conclusions: By modifying the DYNAMO-HIA model, we were able to estimate the potential health effects of four interventions to reduce smoking prevalence in the population of Copenhagen. The effect of the interventions on future public health depended on population subgroup(s) targeted, duration of implementation and intervention reach.


Assessing semantic similarity between text documents is a crucial aspect in Information Retrieval systems. In this work, we propose to use hyperlink information to derive a similarity measure that can then be applied to compare any text documents, with or without hyperlinks. As linked documents are generally semantically closer than unlinked documents, we use a training corpus with hyperlinks to infer a function a,b → sim(a,b) that assigns a higher value to linked documents than to unlinked ones. Two sets of experiments on different corpora show that this function compares favorably with OKAPI matching on document retrieval tasks.


This article pursues inspiring theory building that helps in the understanding of spas. The industry's life cycle is subject to examination to ascertain its predominant business model. Employed methodologies are literature review, study of a sample of European and American spas, and case study research on a European spa company. The amenity spa is singled out as the prevalent business model: its value proposition offers a more comprehensive experience than the traditional destination spa. The consequences of the present model's choices: high amortization and fixed costs, besides market confusion, are highlighted as the industry enters its early maturity stage, after two decades of growth. Future prospects are optimistic, though, due to the linkage of spas with well-rooted social trends, provided incumbents fine-tune their competitive strategies and implement more efficient operations. The spa industry's partial nonconformity to the product life cycle theory remains unresolved and will require further research.


Molecular representation learning is a fundamental task for AI-based drug design and discovery. Self-supervised contrastive learning on molecular graphs, which aims to learn good representations via semantic-preserving transformations, is an attractive framework for this task. However, it is relatively under-explored to design such transformations for molecules under consideration of their chemical semantics. In this paper, we consider fragmentation which decomposes a molecule into a set of chemically meaningful fragments (e.g., functional groups) as the semantic-preserving transformation. Here, we also utilize the 3D geometric views of molecules as another source of such transformation. Based on these moleculespecialized semantic-preserving transformations, we propose Fragment-based multi-view molecular Contrastive Learning (FragCL), an effective framework that learns chemically meaningful molecular representations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework outperforms prior molecular representation learning methods across various molecular property prediction tasks.


Switzerland boasts a wide production of publications dedicated to its architectural heritage that offer an articulated overview of Swiss architecture from the so-called bourgeois to the rural one. Starting from the monumental study by the philologist Jakob Hunziker (1827-1901) on the Swiss house in its landscape and historical development, two series of books have been written, namely Die Bauernhäuser der Schweiz and Das Bürgerhaus in der Schweiz. The peculiarity of these two series is their method and completeness, the result, among other things, of a careful cultural policy capable of finding and organizing the necessary means. In this context, there are some publications with substantially different approaches to those mentioned above. The fundamental difference lies in the fact that the analyses and descriptions are not limited to the single artefacts but investigate their ways of aggregation, relating the building typology with urban morphology. This is one of the characteristics of La costruzione del territorio nel Canton Ticino by Aldo Rossi, Eraldo Consolascio, and Max Bosshard, published in 1979 by the Fondazione Ticino Nostro. In this publication, there is no solution of continuity between the vernacular buildings and the more "noble" ones, often rather ancient and the result of an extraordinary ability to include and combine elements. The example of La costruzione del territorio was followed by other publications that share its same methods and objectives. Among these, two volumes dated 1983 should be noted; they are dedicated to the villages of Avers and Soglio respectively and both were created by the Department of Architecture of the Technical School of Muttenz. In these publications, renouncing the separation between vernacular buildings and bourgeois houses leads to a more accurate reading of the real size of the settlements, as opposed to the idyllic image of the mountain village consisting exclusively of rural artefacts.


A 71-year-old woman developed branch retinal artery obstruction as the presenting manifestation of a large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Multifocal chorioretinal scars were present in the same eye. She experienced progressive visual loss accompanied by development of multiple yellow retinal arterial wall plaques, extension of retinal opacification into other quadrants, and increasing vitreous cellular infiltration. Clinical diagnoses included branch retinal arterial obstruction caused by toxoplasmosis retinitis, multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis simulating the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, vitiliginous chorioretinitis, and the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Four months after onset, the right eye was blind and was enucleated. Histopathologic examination revealed extensive lymphomatous infiltration and necrosis of the retina and optic nerve. The retinal arteries were partly obstructed by lymphomatous infiltration and atheromas. Subsequently, the left eye and central nervous system were involved by lymphoma.


The purpose of our study is to investigate the individual and joint effects of gender and personality on choice of happiness strategies. A total of 204 participants were surveyed on happiness strategies and were classified as Thinking or Feeling based on the MBTI Form M and a "true fit" workshop. The interaction effects revealed detailed differences in participants that would be missed if gender or personality were studied in isolation. The majority of differences were due to Females with "Feeling" preferences expressing significantly higher use of happiness strategies than Males with "Thinking" preferences. Females with "Thinking" preferences and Males with "Feeling" preferences showed few significant differences from other types. Future researchers may need to address the 'silent minority'' of men and women who have been clustered with others solely based on gender.


Introduction Stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the United States. With shorter inpatient hospital stays, more time in rehabilitation is devoted to medical stabilization and less on skills to regain independence in daily activities. The transition home may be an opportunity for intervention focused on regaining independence. We propose an enhanced rehabilitation transition program called Community Participation Transition after Stroke. Method A prospective, randomized, single-blinded, parallel-group pilot study was completed with 15 participants to demonstrate feasibility. Findings Fidelity to the protocol was achieved: The Community Participation Transition after Stroke group received 81% of the planned minutes and 83% of the intervention visits. There was no difference between groups for healthcare utilization or falls. Adherence was 85% at three months and 71% at nine months for the home modification intervention. At 6 months, scores improved by 17.39 points for the Community Participation Transition after Stroke group, and 1.30 points for the control group. Environmental barriers decreased in both groups. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrated that it is feasible to implement a community participation intervention during the period of transitioning home from inpatient rehabilitation for stroke survivors. Additional studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of the intervention.


Valuation adjustments, collectively named XVA, play an important role in modern derivatives pricing. XVA are an exotic pricing component since they require the forward simulation of multiple risk factors in order to compute the portfolio exposure including collateral, leading to a significant model risk and computational effort, even in case of plain vanilla trades. This work analyses the most critical model risk factors, meant as those to which XVA are most sensitive, finding an acceptable compromise between accuracy and performance. This task has been conducted in a complete context including a market standard multi-curve G2++ model calibrated on real market data, both Variation Margin and ISDA-SIMM dynamic Initial Margin, different collateralization schemes, and the most common linear and non-linear interest rates derivatives. Moreover, we considered an alternative analytical approach for XVA in case of uncollateralized Swaps. We show that a crucial element is the construction of a parsimonious time grid capable of capturing all periodical spikes arising in collateralized exposure during the Margin Period of Risk. To this end, we propose a workaround to efficiently capture all spikes. Moreover, we show that there exists a parameterization which allows to obtain accurate results in a reasonable time, which is a very important feature for practical applications. In order to address the valuation uncertainty linked to the existence of a range of different parameterizations, we calculate the Model Risk AVA (Additional Valuation Adjustment) for XVA according to the provisions of the EU Prudent Valuation regulation. Finally, this work can serve as an handbook containing step-by-step instructions for the implementation of a complete, realistic and robust modelling framework of collateralized exposure and XVA.


In this text, Eugenio Barba traces back the origins of ISTA and its first steps. After having directed several international encounters of group theatres in the second half of the 1970s (Belgrade, Bergamo, Madrid and Leiketio), in 1980 Barba was invited to organise a new encounter in Germany by Hans-Jurgen Nagel, head of the Kulturamt in Bonn. This proposition offered to Barba the opportunity to conceive the first ISTA session in October 1980, just preceded by the lecture in Warsaw where Barba presented his definition of theatre anthropology as a new transcultural field of studies. The article was originally published in The Tradition of ISTA, edited by Rina Skeel (Londrina 1994, 19-20), and in The Performers' Village, edited by Kirsten Hastrup (Drama, Graasten 1996, 24-25).


Mutation-testing has been considered as an important coverage metric to measure the quality of simulation-based verification and validation processes [1, 2, 3]. On the other hand, IP-XACT has evolved to the IEEE standard for IP reuse and IP-based System-on-Chip (SoC) integration, which covers both RTL and TLM. In this paper, we present our effort to enable the mutation-based simulation coverage metric for system level IP integration with IP-XACT. Two major ingredients are required for this extension. First, as IP-XACT system designs are XML files, which are not originally for execution, we need an execution/simulation engine for IP-XACT designs. For this, we created a code generator that generates SystemC models from IP-XACT XML designs, such that we can simulate and test an IP-XACT design. Second, we define the mutation operators on IP-XACT schema, which is the model of errors that we can inject into IP-XACT designs during mutation testing. With IP-XACT, the mutation maintains a focus on the integration and configuration of components. We implemented the code generator and mutation operators in an Eclipsed-based IP-XACT editor with the help of Eclipse Modeling Framework. Then several experiments were conducted on a TLM library for CoreConnect SoC modeling. From the results, we can see that the defined IP-XACT mutation serves an effective qualification for simulation tests, in terms of its ability to reveal the weakness of the tests.


By conducting survey and in-depth interviews of selected cases of Taiwan's environmental groups, this study examines the social backgrounds of group leadership, on the one hand, and the movement organizations and strategies utilized in the formation of environmental movement activities, on the other. This study proposes that a particular segment of the middle class, with its distinctive consciousness and relative autonomy in the production process, takes the lead in Taiwan's environmental movements, including the organization of different types of environmental groups and the initiation of various movement strategies. This study also suggests that the dynamics of "the triangular relationship" (i.e., the relationship between the upper class, the alliance of the middle and lower classes, and local government) found in local politics has a decisive impact on the development of "community autonomy" and subsequently has a great influence on Taiwan's environmental movements.


On the basis of spectral analysis of prolonged realizations (hundreds of seconds) of electrosubcorticograms of the amygdalar complexes of three dogs, the effect of increase in power of amygdalar rhythmic activity was found, at the change of motivation level in conditions of dominance of alimentary or defensive motivation independently of its kind. Resonance characteristics of the system responsible for the generation of the given rhythm remain unchanged; this allows to explain the increase of the spectral peak by the rise of the inflow of afferent impulse activity to the amygdala. At presence of competitive motivations no summation of their influences is observed; a more complex effect on the rhythm arises in the amygdala.


The aim of this study was to investigate consumers' decision of selecting a restaurant for leisure. It was based on research carried out in the South East of the UK. In line with the cognitive paradigm the importance of attributes was approached from the theoretical perspective of utility theory in which consumers pursue maximisation of benefits from the service which they are evaluating. This study follows a sequential mixed methods approach. It consists of a qualitative stage followed by a quantitative stage, each one adhering to the precepts of their own paradigms. The qualitative stage was based on data collected through six focus groups of four to six respondents. An interview guide was used in semi-structured settings and data was analysed using applied thematic analysis. The second stage employed an online survey generating quantitative data from 376 respondents. The theme of 'eating out occasion', such as a romantic dinner, was a key element of the decision-making process. This thesis presents a framework for examining the different stages of the decision using the stylised Engels, Kollat and Blackwell (EKB) model (Tuan-Phan and Higgins, 2005). Its stages delve into the influence of emotions, motivations and the consumer's regulatory focus in the decision. The methodological design with the possibility of selecting attributes, emerging from the qualitative stage, offers a contribution to the use of conjoint analysis for complex decisions. The study also proposes a new typology of restaurant attributes, with seven categories influencing perceived consumer value. The study's findings further indicate that price is a factor influencing the expectations from the other attributes. The study considers a number of implications for the industry, such as, the importance of service and consumers' willingness to pay more for a service that is friendly, welcoming and attentive. It also suggests many areas for further research.


Right-handed Ss identified consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) nonsense syllables presented tachistoscopically. The CVC on each trial was presented to the left visual field-right hemisphere (LVF-RH), to the right visual field-left hemisphere (RVF-LH), or the same CVC was presented to both visual fields (bilateral presentation). When recognition was incorrect, the pattern of errors was qualitatively different on LVF-RH and RVF-LH trials, suggesting that each cerebral hemisphere has its own preferred mode of processing the CVC stimuli. The qualitative pattern of errors on bilateral trials was identical to that obtained on LVF-RH trials. The bilateral results are described well by a model that assumes the mode of processing characteristic of the RH dominates on bilateral trials but is applied to both the LVF-RH and RVF-LH stimuli. Language: en


Author(s): Lee, Hyunjong | Advisor(s): Krouse, Ian | Abstract: There are two volumes in this dissertation: the first is a monograph, and the second a musical composition, both of which are described below.Volume IThese days, labels such as classical, rock and pop mean less and less since young musicians frequently blur boundaries between genres. These young musicians have built an alternative musical universe. I construct five different categories to explore this universe. They are 1) circuits of alternate concert venues, 2) cross-genre collaborations, 3) alternative modes of musical groups, 4) new compositional trends in classical chamber music, and 5) new ensembles and record labels.In this dissertation, I aim to explore these five categories, connecting them to recent cultural trends in New York. In addition to considering social, cultural, and institutional aspects, I also analyze two contemporary classical works, Steven Mackey's "Physical Property" and Julia Wolfe's "Believing," which exemplify alternative classical composers' attempts at exploring and crossing the divide between contemporary classical music and vernacular music styles, like rock and popular music. Through this set of examinations, I aim to show what it is like to be a classical composer in today's society, where popular culture has enormous prestige.Volume II The Arctic is inspired by the images of North Polar with its vast, giant and beautiful nature. It is for large orchestra: 3 flutes (2nd doubling Piccolo), 3 oboes (3rd doubling English Horn), 2 Clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 2 trombones, bass trombone, tuba, timpani, 3 percussionists, harp, piano, celesta and strings in about 15 minutes in duration. The first part is an exploration of a spinning melody of strings and often splashes of color from other instruments. The second part is more serenely scored, culminating in a kind of cosmic dance for the entire orchestra. The third part takes serious effort to build up momentum- as if desperately seeking final destination. The musical ideas reflect on the beauty of tonality.


This paper aims at analyzing the asymmetries in the process of globalization and its differentiated outcomes on (i) developed and less developed countries, and (ii) on LDC agriculture. The consequences of these asymmetries are reflected in the dramatic changes in world agricultural trade - an unprecedented growth of agricultural trade in real terms and a dramatic change in its composition which is increasingly moving away from bulk commodities towards high-value, processed consumer-ready agricultural goods. The impacts of these changes on LDC agriculture have been quite differentiated, with most countries experiencing a worsening of their agricultural trade balance. This change of the LDC trade position is counterintuitive if we still think of agricultural trade as a comparative-advantage-based trade, i.e. based on cost competition. It seems instead that the change in the composition of agricultural trade is the epiphenomenon of a fundamental change in the rules of the game, which are increasingly based on the reputation of agricultural products and imply a quality-based competition. Unfortunately, the implications for LDC agriculture do not seem encouraging. The intrinsic poverty of these economies, with the implied burden in terms of missing assets to compete under the new rules of the game and some adverse globalization-induced changes in LDCs macro fundamentals, are crucial handicaps that work against the development of LDC agriculture. Furthermore, the underlying forces driving globalization (increasing returns to scale, research, development of new products, etc.) undermine the traditional role of agriculture as engine of growth. The analysis carried out in this paper represents one more piece of evidence that the effects of globalization are asymmetric and that development success requires selective and phased integration with world markets. Without the required investments in terms of infrastructure, institutions, human and social capital, LDC agriculture will hardly be able to claim the expected benefits of globalization.


Contextual information has been widely recognized as an important modeling dimension in social sciences and in computing. In particular, the role of context has been recognized in enhancing recommendation results and retrieval performance. While a substantial amount of existing research has focused on context-aware recommender systems (CARS), many interesting problems remain under-explored. The CARS 2023 workshop provides a venue for presenting and discussing: the important features of the next generation of CARS; and application domains that may require the use of novel types of contextual information and cope with their dynamic properties in group recommendations and in online environments.


During the past 35 years, research in agroforestry has evolved significantly. However in many countries the dissemination of agroforestry information and innovation is constrained due to a lack of extension agents knowledgeable of agroforestry issues. In countries like Indonesia, where smallholder livelihoods are dependent on agroforestry production systems, the dissemination of relevant agroforestry innovations is essential to reducing poverty and ensuring food security. Farmer-to-farmer communication is a possible alternative method of disseminating agroforestry innovations when there is a lack of extension agent in the agroforestry sector. To evaluate the potential of the farmer-to-farmer communication, a study was conducted in November 2012 and April 2013 to identify and understand village-level communication systems.


Context: At the core of choosing what features and level of quality to realize, and thus offer a market or customer, rests on the ability to take decisions. Decision-making is complicated by heterogeneous understanding of issues such as priority, implication of realization, and interpretations of strategy as pertaining to the short- and long-term development of software intensive systems. The complexity is further compounded by the amount of decision support material that has to be taken into account and the sheer volume of possible alternatives that have to be triaged and prioritized, thousands, or even tens of thousands of requirements can be the reality facing industry. There is a need to develop the functionality that is strategically most important while satisfying customers and being competitive, cost efficient, and minimizing risk. In order to achieve a balance between these factors, it is important that within an organization, all stakeholders agree on the strategic aspects to be considered and their corresponding relative importance. Objective: The objective of this thesis is to provide strategic decision-making support for product management of software intensive products. Method: A number of empirical studies, set in both academia and industry have been performed. The research methods used span from systematic reviews, case studies to experiments, all aligned to identify possibilities for improvement, devise solutions, and validate these solutions in several steps. Result: The methods presented in this thesis can be used to evaluate strategic alignment and identify possible root causes for misalignments. To strengthen strategic alignment, the methods and results in the thesis can be used by product managers for making effective and efficient strategic decisions regarding portfolios and products, following a systematic and aligned process. Conclusions: The area of product management in the context of market-driven software intensive product development is a field with unique challenges. The specifics of the solutions are based on industry case studies performed to gauge state of the art as well as map the main challenges. The decision-making support developed takes the form of models and methods that support software product management in strategic alignment, requirements triage and portfolio level decisions.


Objectives To examine the effects of sleep restriction on firefighters' physical task performance during simulated wildfire suppression. Methods Thirty-five firefighters were matched and randomly allocated to either a control condition (8-hour sleep opportunity, n = 18) or a sleep restricted condition (4-hour sleep opportunity, n = 17). Performance on physical work tasks was evaluated across three days. In addition, heart rate, core temperature, and worker activity were measured continuously. Rate of perceived and exertion and effort sensation were evaluated during the physical work periods. Results There were no differences between the sleep-restricted and control groups in firefighters' task performance, heart rate, core temperature, or perceptual responses during self-paced simulated firefighting work tasks. However, the sleep-restricted group were less active during periods of non-physical work compared to the control group. Conclusions Under self-paced work conditions, 4 h of sleep restriction did not adversely affect firefighters' performance on physical work tasks. However, the sleep-restricted group were less physically active throughout the simulation. This may indicate that sleep-restricted participants adapted their behaviour to conserve effort during rest periods, to subsequently ensure they were able to maintain performance during the firefighter work tasks. This work contributes new knowledge to inform fire agencies of firefighters' operational capabilities when their sleep is restricted during multi-day wildfire events. The work also highlights the need for further research to explore how sleep restriction affects physical performance during tasks of varying duration, intensity, and complexity.


The study ethically assessed the impact of inequitable land ownership patterns on women's economic and social rights in Mumbwa district. Despite more women than men being dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods, the majority of women in Zambia do not own land due to inequitable land ownership patterns. The problem is that while it is generally known that inequitable land ownership limits women's access to livelihoods, it is not clear how much this affects their access to economic and social rights. Thus, the specific objectives of the study were: to investigate the current state of land ownership between men and women in Zambia; to establish factors that contribute to the existing land ownership patterns; and to ethically assess the impact of existing land ownership patterns on women's economic and social rights in Mumbwa district. A case study research design was employed using a qualitative methodology with an ethical component. With a sample size of 78, primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with 37 community members, 4 head persons, 1 government representative and 1 representative from a local NonGovernmental Organisation (NGO) called Women for Change. Four focus group discussions with 35 community members in addition to observations were also used to collect primary data. Secondary data was collected by reviewing books, journals, articles and internet-based materials. Community members and traditional leaders were selected using simple random sampling while representatives from government and NGO were purposively selected based on possession of knowledge about land ownership in the area. Content analysis was used to analyse data followed by an ethical evaluation of the study findings. The study found that there is inequality in land ownership between men and women. Land is mostly owned by the men who also exercise greater control over its use. The existing unequal land ownership patterns were attributed to five main factors which are power imbalances, culture, land allocation practices, suppression of women and allocation of labour. Unequal land ownership impacts negatively on women and on their ability to earn enough to meet their family basic needs. Consequently, it negatively affects their ability to have adequate food and facilitate their children's access to education. An ethical evaluation of the findings was guided by rights theory and the ethics of care. As regards rights theory, there was discrimination of women on the basis of gender and marital status. It was observed that such a violation on women's rights should not be tolerated as Zambia is a State Party to many international commitments that affirm equal rights to land. Using ethics of care, it was observed that land ownership for women is critical to promoting their well-being as care-givers. Compromising women's land rights not only affects them but also affects children and the aged who are mostly under their


The contemporary art aspect of Concrete and Glass is being curated by Flora Fairbairn and Paul Hitchman. Details of the exhibitions are as follows:

Heart of Glass is an eclectic exhibition. The works have been selected via open-submission in conjunction with 20 Hoxton Square Projects, murmurART, Adam Waymouth and the Contemporary Art Society.

The chosen artists are:
Alexander Baynes
Alice Anderson
Ben Long
Brass Art
Charlotte Warne Thomas
Claire Morgan
Clarisse D'Arcimole
Lilah Fowler
Matt Clark
Oliver Beer
Paul Westcombe
Robert Montgomery
Suki Chan
Tamsin Snow
Thomas Lindvig
Tim Phillips
Tyson Howard


Theoretically, the minimum radiation quality factor of an isolated resonance can be achieved in a spherical electrically small antenna by combining TM and TE spherical modes, provided that the stored energy in the antenna spherical volume is totally suppressed. Using closed-form expressions for the stored energies obtained through the vector spherical wave theory, it is shown that a magnetic-coated metal core reduces the internal stored energy of both TM and TE modes simultaneously, so that a self-resonant antenna with the approaching the fundamental minimum is created. Numerical results for a multiarm spherical helix antenna confirm the theoretical predictions. For example, a 4-arm spherical helix antennawith amagnetic-coated perfectly electrically conducting core exhibits the of 0.66 times the Chu lower bound, or 1.25 times the minimum .


Gujin Shilin 古今释林 is a multilingual dictionary, published in 1789 by Yi Ui-Pong (李义凤). The initial motivation for publishing the book was to supplement the incompleteness of other commentary books on Zhuzi Yulei 朱子语类, including Yi Hwang's (李滉) Yulujie 语录解. At last, Yi Ui-Pong completed his project as an unabridged encyclopedia of East Asian languages based on more than 1500 Jingshiziji 经史子集 (classics, history, philosophy and collections of belle letters) of China and Korea. The book has been understudied because of its enormous number of entries, its inaccessibility due to the many languages used within, and its lack of readability due to typos and variant letters. Therefore, the goal of the present paper is to analyze the background of the publication of Gujin Shilin, and its structure, content and research value. Gujin Shilin contains vocabulary from Mongolian, Manchu, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai as well as Korean and Chinese from different historical periods. These can be used as invaluable data for the study of international studies involved in each field, including the phonological changes that the Asian languages have gone through, the interrelation among Asian languages and their mutual influences, the linguistic life, culture and custom shared by the 'Chinese character cultural sphere' countries and the study of the variant Chinese characters.


Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) time is an important issue in the design of large scale shared memory multiprocessors. One implication of NUMA architecture, however, is that locality of reference is crucial to the performance of the entire systems. So exploitation of locality of reference is necessarily supported by one or more system levels for efficient data sharing. Unfortunately, data sharing introduces a problem called false sharing which occurs when several independent objects which may have different access patterns are allocated to the same unit of movable memory (in our case, a page of virtual memory). In this paper we propose a simple and effective shared memory allocation mechanism for reducing the false sharing. Our design goal is to reduce the occurrences of false sharing misses by allocating independent objects that may have different access patterns to different pages. We use execution-driven simulation of real parallel applications to evaluate the effectiveness of our shared memory allocator. Our observation shows that by using our shared memory allocator, considerable amount of false sharing misses can be reduced and so the overhead of memory coherence protocol can also be reduced.


Susannah Misselthwaite was gazing up at the brightness of the blue sky when the deer leapt in front of the car. She never knew what happened. Guy Misselthwaite, Professor of Botany, hides from his grief in his greenhouse, and broods on the mystery of why his wife died in another man's car. Without Susannah, everything is lost. The household descends into dust and chaos. Meanwhile little Felix Misselthwaite pores over photographs of Susannah, grasping for traces of a mother who is slipping from his memory more each day. Felix is happiest sitting in the branches of a tree in the university's Botanical Garden. Here, away from the bullies at school and the emptiness of home, he presides over the dreams and dramas of those who pass beneath him. Teachers and students, young and old, happy, sad, or filled with longing, all find sanctuary and space for contemplation in this few square feet of soil. Touching, funny and bittersweet, this is a story about love, loss and loyalty - and about how sometimes a bit of earth can mend a broken heart.


Background An association has been described between elevated ferritin (the major iron storage protein) levels and type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. However there are limited data on the associations in populations with no evidence of clinical disease with adjustment for potential confounders. We investigated whether serum ferritin levels were associated with waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) in men with no cardiometabolic disease. Methods The analysis was conducted using data for 2506 men of 16–74 years of age from Scottish Health Surveys performed in 1995 and 1998 after excluding individuals with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, infectious disease, blood disorders, high fibrinogen levels, high glutamyl transferase levels, very high ferritin levels (>800 µg/L), and missing data. Ferritin levels were categorised into quartiles and cut- points from the consensus definition of metabolic syndrome and the European Atherosclerosis Society were used to define risk factors: waist circumference ≥80 cm for women and ≥80 cm for men; systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥85 mmHg; total cholesterol ≥5.18 mmol/L; HDL cholesterol ≤1.0 mmol/L. Logistic regression models were used to adjust for age, liver function, fibrinogen, smoking and alcohol consumption, body mass index, and year of survey. The complex survey design was taken into account in all analyses by using Stata's "svy" command. Data were analysed using STATA 10 (StataCorp). Results Median (inter-quartile ranges) were 35(26–45) years for age, and 86(56–129) µg/L for ferritin. The prevalence of risk factors was the following: high WC 30.1%, low HDL-C 12.9%, high cholesterol 53.9%, and high SBP and/or high DBP 42.6%. About 43% of the men had two or more risk factors. In un-adjusted models, the highest compared with the lowest quartile of ferritin was associated with high waist circumference [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) OR 3.29(249–4.35)], high diastolic blood pressure [OR 2.52(1.69–3.75)], high total cholesterol and having two or more cardiometabolic abnormalities [OR 2.96(2.27–3.87)]. However, there were no significant associations after adjustment. Conclusion Ferritin levels were not independently associated with abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, and high blood pressure, in men with no history of cardiometabolic diseases.


Water hydraulic servo valve has become an important research subject nowadays, and its secondary amplifier usually uses slide valve. Research on flow characteristics of water hydraulic slide valve is important to the design of water hydraulic servo valve. Based on the classical theory of incompressible flow, CFD software FLUENT is used to simulate and analyze the flow characteristics of water hydraulic slide valve. Simulations with different boundary values are applied to the same slide valve in order to guarantee the accuracy of the simulation results. Detailed comparisons are made between throttles with different structure parameters, including spool diameter, spool opening, flow passage diameter and equalizing slots so as to define the parameters respectively. The results indicate that the flow rate of the slide valve designed is approximately proportional to the spool opening within certain travel. Finally, the structure parameters of the slide valve that satisfy the design requirements are obtained. The simulation results provide theoretical basis for the design and improvement of water hydraulic slide valve used in water hydraulic servo valve.


The morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial meningitis remains significant despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and supportive care. Prevention of meningitis by routine immunization of infants, who are at greatest risk, offers the only practical way of reducing the incidence of this disease. Widespread use of the recently developed protein conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b by itself could reduce the incidence of bacterial meningitis in the U.S. by more than half. To prevent disease caused by the other pathogens, an effective vaccine against the group B meningococcus must be developed, and the immunogenicity of the pneumococcal and quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines should be improved. Until such time that universal immunization of infants with highly immunogenic vaccines is possible, continued efforts must focus on targeting immunization at high-risk individuals and using chemoprophylaxis to prevent secondary disease where indicated. Addendum: On October 4, 1990, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration licensed the praxis Haemophilus influenzae type b-protein conjugate vaccine (Hboc) for use in infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a booster dose at 15-18 months. Physicians are directed to statements by the Immunizations Practices Advisory Committee and the American Academy of Pediatrics for official recommendations concerning its use.