The laws and policies of today may have historically unique consequences for future generations, yet their interests are rarely represented in current legal systems. The climate crisis has shed light on the importance of taking into consideration the interests of future generations, while the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that we are not sufficiently prepared for some of the most severe risks of the next century. What we do to address these and other risks, such as from advanced artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, could drastically affect the future. However, little has been done to identify how and to what degree the law can and ought to protect future generations. To respond to these timely questions of existential importance, we sought the expertise of legal academia through a global survey of over 500 law professors (n=516). This Article elaborates on the experimental results and implications for legal philosophy, doctrine, and policy. Our results strongly suggest that law professors across the English-speaking world widely consider the protection of future PROTECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS 2 generations to be an issue of utmost importance that can be addressed through legal intervention. Strikingly, we find that law professors desire more than three times the perceived current protection for humans living in the far future (100+ years from now), roughly equal to the perceived level of current protection for present generations. Furthermore, the vast majority of law professors (72%) responded that legal mechanisms are among the most predictable, feasible mechanisms through which to influence the long-term future, with environmental and constitutional law particularly promising. These findings hold true independent of demographic factors such as age, gender, political affiliation, and legal training. Although future generations have not been granted standing in any cases to date, responses indicated that law professors believe there is a plausible legal basis for granting standing to future generations and other neglected groups, such as the environment and nonhuman animals, in at least some cases. Other topics surveyed included which constitutional mechanisms were perceived as more able to protect future generations. Finally, we outline some limitations of the study and potential directions for future research. For example, one might doubt legal scholars' ability to estimate the long-term impact of law and legal systems, due to the conjunction fallacy and availability bias. In that regard, future research could survey forecasters, who have expertise in evaluating and predicting the future more generally.


textabstractObesity has become a worldwide epidemic that threatens to overwhelm both
developed and developing countries. The major burden of obesity to both
patients and public health as a whole is the significantly increased
morbidity and mortality. It is generally acknowledged that a decrease in
physical activity in combination with relative overeating leads to a
chronic positive energy balance, thereby causing an increase in body
weight. However, other factors that regulate individual susceptibility to
obesity in an 'obesogenic society' must be involved as well but only a
small part has been identified. For example, genetics have been shown to
play an important role. Genetic mutations and single nucleotide
polymorphisms have been identified that disrupt a highly complex endocrine
and neuroendocrine network that regulates energy homeostasis and body
weight. The main sites of (inter-)action in this network are white adipose
tissue (WAT), the digestive tract and the hypothalamus.
The physiology of the gut hormone ghrelin, the peptide obestatin, and the
adipokine adiponectin are discussed. Ghrelin is a hormone principally
produced in the stomach and primarily identified as a strong growth
hormone secretagogue (GHS). Ghrelin circulates in two main isoforms:
acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) ghrelin. Acylation is crucial for its
binding to the known growth hormone receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a). Apart from
being a GHS, ghrelin has an important role in energy homeostasis, and in
glucose and insulin metabolism. Ghrelin is derived from the polypeptide
preproghrelin. The function of a second peptide derived from this
prohormone, obestatin, is currently hotly debated. Initially, obestatin
was described as a functional antagonist of ghrelin, but subsequent
studies were not able to replicate these results. Like ghrelin,
adiponectin plays an important role in glucose and insulin homeostasis.
Therefore, its connection with ghrelin must be identified.
Unfortunately, treatment of obesity is difficult. Currently, bariatric
surgery is the most effective treatment when quantified in terms of weight
loss. However, it is at least equally important to assess its
effectiveness in improving comorbidity. Additionally, any side effects of
surgery should be acceptable. The effect of bariatric surgery on quality
of life (QoL), and the risk of patients developing gallstones after
bariatric surgery are discussed.


OPEC cares passionately about world energy as a whole and not just about petroleum. I Cleaner, safer, and easier energy. Energy. for development. Energy that can enrich the lives of even the world's poorest communities. A key mandate of our Secretariat in Vienna, Austria, is to conduct research into all matters of world energy that relate to petroleum, and this also includes such topics as sustainable development, environmentalism, and world trade. This is to ensure that OPEC and its 11 Member Countries always have an up-to-the-minute understanding of the latest developments in the world energy industry., how these developments fit in with the objectives and the values of the Organization, and how they can best be articulated in an informed and constructive manner, in both oral and written form, to audiences of many different persuasions and agendas. Our Member Countries span three continents and possess a rich blend of cultures, heritages, political institutions, economic and social systems, geophysical features, and other natural attributes. They consist of Algeria, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Despite their natural and understandable differences, these countries are united by their common desire to nurture their collective interest as oil-producing, developing sovereign states. Implicit in this is their commitment to ensuring order and stability, in the international oil market, with reasonable prices, secure supply, and fair returns to investors. This is not just rhetoric. While these objectives are enshrined in the OPEC Statute, which was adopted shortly after the Organization's establishment in 1960, they have a much more fundamental premise to them--they are sheer common sense. If OPEC wishes to shift its oil in the market in an effective and mutually beneficial manner, then, in the final analysis, it has to give the market what it wants. Here, "mutually" refers to the interests of producers and consumers. We all crave stability, fairness, consistency, and transparency. These are all qualities that lie at the heart of OPEC's stipulated and practiced objectives. Of course, the critical words here are "give the market what it wants." In this context, other parameters emerge, including the nature of the market, time horizons, capabilities, attitudes, and regulation. In other words, what market are we talking about? Does it essentially consist of the established consumers and, increasingly, the newly industrializing states? What about the least-developed states? How do they fit into the conventional understanding of the world oil market? Time horizons introduce a further element for consideration, with the contrast between short-term and longer-term factors; this can be quite blatant in some areas. Then there are the onward march of technology, evolving political agendas, such as environmentalism, world trade and sustainable development, and the countless regulations and statutes that accompany these and other agendas. Viewed in this light, giving the market what it wants becomes a complex business, because one must first determine exactly what it is that the market wants. Developing Strategies But the issue extends even further than this. The special situation of oil-producing developing countries, particularly members of OPEC, accounts for the addition of three more dimensions to the notion of providing the market with what it wants: historical opportunism, Third World solidarity, and Integrity assertion. These developing countries are living out a moment in history when they are well-endowed with a commodity, crude oil that is highly prized in the modern industrialized world. However, since crude oil is a finite resource and when viewed in an historical context, the countries' period of wealth is all too brief, they must ensure that every opportunity is taken to derive the maximum benefit from their crude oil reserves while they have them so that the export revenue they earn on world markets can be used to develop their economy and improve the welfare of their citizens in a sustainable manner. …


African traditional medicine is defined as one of the holistic health care system comprised of three levels of specializations namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides healing services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Hence the current chapter focuses on the different types of african healing system, traditional healers, traditional practices and modern herbalism and also describes the phytochemical and pharmacological evidences of the traditional african herbs like Acanthus montanus (Acanthaceae), Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae), Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) etc.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the ways in whichreading and_ listening processes are alike and dissimilar, evaluates some findings by researchers and teachers, and suggests avenues for future study in this area. Although reading and listening make different demands upon the person on the receiving end of the communication, both are concerned with the decoding part of the communication process, and each seems to be a complex of related skills Components. In addition, high correlations exist between test scores in reading and listening. Stages in the development of a model language-arts curriculum designed to teach critical thinking by developing listening and reading skills would include the identification and selection of mental processes believed to be most useful and most capable of being approached through language, the translation of these processes into reading and listening skills, and the assembling of a collection of teaching strategies. (KS)


The literature on top-down strategy implementation has overlooked social-emotional factors. The results of a three-year field study of a large technology firm show how top executives who favor an affect-neutral task approach can inadvertently activate middle managers' organization-related social identities, such as length of time working for the company (newcomers versus veterans) and language spoken by senior executives (English versus French), generating group-focus emotions. These emotions prompt middle managers - even those elevated to powerful positions by top executives - to support or covertly dismiss a particular strategic initiative even when their immediate personal interests are not directly under threat. This study contributes to the strategy implementation literature by linking senior executives' actions and middle managers' social identities, group-focus emotions, and resulting behaviors to strategy implementation outcomes.


Cloud computing has pervaded through every aspect of Information technology in past decade. It has become easier to process plethora of data, generated by various devices in real time, with the advent of cloud networks. The privacy of users data is maintained by data centers around the world and hence it has become feasible to operate on that data from lightweight portable devices. But with ease of processing comes the security aspect of the data. One such security aspect is secure file transfer either internally within cloud or externally from one cloud network to another. File management is central to cloud computing and it is paramount to address the security concerns which arise out of it. This survey paper aims to elucidate the various protocols which can be used for secure file transfer and analyze the ramifications of using each protocol.


Abstract Objective. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness of human enamel bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide or 10% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents at different times and also subjected to different superficial cleaning treatments. Materials and methods. One hundred and forty flat enamel samples were divided into 14 groups, Group 1–Group 14 (G1–G14). G1–G7 were treated with 10% carbamide peroxide and different dentifrices, G8–G14 were treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide and different dentifrices (G1 and G8: not brushed as control groups; G2 and G9: brushed with Ipana® toothpaste; G3 and G10: brushed with Clinomyn® toothpaste; G4 and G11: brushed with Moos Dent® toothpaste; G5 and G12: brushed with Signal® toothpaste; G6 and G13: brushed with Colgate® toothpaste; G7 and G14: brushed without dentifrice). A profilometer was used to measure average roughness values of the initial surface roughness and at each 7-day-interval. The bleaching was performed for 6 h a day and the surface cleaning treatment was performed 3-times a day, 2 min each time, for 4 weeks. The samples were stored in distilled water during the test period. Results. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in surface roughness values over time for all groups except G1 and G8 (not brushed). The results of the surface roughness of all groups were nearly the same. Conclusions. The bleaching with 10% hydrogen peroxide and 10% carbamide peroxide did not alter the enamel surface roughness, but when the bleaching treatment was performed combined with abrasive dentifrices, a significant increase in roughness values was observed.


Recent studies that have investigated arsenic content in juice, rice, milk, broth (beef and chicken), and other foods have stimulated an interest in understanding how prevalent arsenic contamination is in the U.S. food and beverage supply. The study described here focused on quantifying arsenic levels in wine. A total of 65 representative wines from the top four wine-producing states in the U.S. were analyzed for arsenic content. All samples contained arsenic levels that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) exposure limit for drinking water of 10 parts per billion (ppb) and all samples contained inorganic arsenic. The average arsenic detected among all samples studied was 23.3 ppb. Lead, a common co-contaminant to arsenic, was detected in 58% of samples tested, but only 5% exceeded the U.S. EPA exposure limit for drinking water of 15 ppb. Arsenic levels in American wines exceeded those found in other studies involving water, bottled water, apple juice, apple juice blend, milk, rice syrup, and other beverages. When taken in the context of consumption patterns in the U.S., the pervasive presence of arsenic in wine can pose a potential health risk to regular adult wine drinkers.


Recently, terahertz (THz) technology has attracted a great deal of interest from academia and industry. This is due to a number of interesting features of THz waves, including the tens and hundreds of gigahertz bandwidths available, and the fact that this frequency band poses only a minor health threat. Also, as millimeter-wave communication systems mature, the focus of research is, naturally, moving to the THz range. According to Shannon theory, the broad bandwidth of the THz frequency bands can be used for terabit-per-second (Tb/s) wireless indoor communication systems (see "Terabit Versus Terahertz"). This enables several new applications, such as cordless phones with 360° auto stereoscopic displays, optic-fiber replacement, and wireless Tb/s file transferring. All of these applications provide higher quality and a better user experience. Although THz technology could satisfy the demand for an extremely high data rate, a number of technical challenges need to be overcome or better understood before its development. This article provides an overview the state-of the-art in THz wireless communication and it is also a tutorial for an emerging application in Terabit radio systems. The objective is to construct robust, low-cost wireless systems for THz terabit communications.


Effects of safflower extracts on anti-fatigue and exercise function of mice were studied in this paper. The blood lactate concentration (BLA) experiment results indicated that the BLA of mice in the experimental groups were significantly lower than that in the control groups (p < 0.05) after swimming and rolling stick exercise. The exercise function of mice was evaluated by a calculation of the rollingstick time, swimming endurance time and hypoxia tolerance time. The results showed that both rollingstick and swimming endurance time of mice in the experimental groups were significantly prolonged (p < 0.05) with regards to the control groups. Following the treatment, the hypoxia tolerance time of mice in the low-dose group was significantly longer (p < 0.05) when compared with the control group. It was therefore concluded that safflower can relieve the exercise-induced fatigue of mice evidently and enhance the physical strength, endurance and exercise coordinating ability of mice, while the cardiac fitness and hypoxia tolerance of mice were improved.


The introduction of dedicated high-speed railway lines around the world has led to issues associated with running trains at very high speeds. Aerodynamic effects proportionally increase with train speed squared; consequently, at higher speeds aerodynamic effects will be significantly greater than those of trains travelling at lower speeds. On ballasted track beds, the phenomenon in which ballast particles become airborne during the passage of a high-speed train has led to the need for understanding the processes involved in train and track interaction (both aerodynamical and geotechnical). The difficulty in making full-scale aerodynamic measurements beneath a high-speed train has created the requirement to be able to accurately simulate these complex aerodynamic flows at the model scale. In this study, the results of moving-model tests and numerical simulations were analysed to determine the performance of each method for simulating the aerodynamic flow underneath a high-speed train. Validation was provided for both cases by juxtaposing the results against those from full-scale measurements. The moving-model tests and numerical simulations were performed at the 1/25th scale. Horizontal velocities from the moving-model tests and computational fluid dynamics simulations were mostly comparable except those obtained close to the ballast. In this region, multi-hole aerodynamic probes were unable to accurately measure velocities. The numerical simulations were able to resolve the flow to much smaller turbulent scales than could be measured in the experiments and showed an overshoot in peak velocity magnitudes. Pressure and velocity magnitudes were found to be greater in the numerical simulations than in the experimental tests. This is thought to be due to the influence of ballast stones in the experimental studies allowing the flow to diffuse through them, whereas in the computational fluid dynamics simulations, the flow stagnated on a smooth non-porous surface. Additional validation of standard deviations and turbulence intensities found good agreement between the experimental data but an overshoot in the numerical simulations. Both moving model and computational fluid dynamics techniques were shown to be able to replicate the flow development beneath a high-speed train. These techniques could therefore be used as a method to model underbody flow with a view to train homologation.


This article argues that the increasing emphasis of civilization in Turkish foreign policy discourse fundamentally affected Turkey's criticism of the current international order. Political elites during the Justice and Development Party era have framed their critiques of international order in the context of the "politics of restoration"; the political discourse seeks to re-construct Turkey's national, regional and international political discourse and engagement. They have also recontextualized the politics of restoration along the axis of a discourse of the "New Turkey". In this sense, the "New Turkey" discourse reproduced the civilizational identity part of Turkey's international order narrative by blending it with an anti-hegemonic "dissident" discourse. Instead of taking civilization as a given, as many studies concerned with the relationship of Turkish foreign policy and civilization have done, this article takes Davutoglu's constitutive role of the idea into account and analyzes the framework provided by the term for the politics of restoration of national, regional, and global order while considering civilization as a historical institution formed by the interaction between culture-economics-politics and a "being-knowledge-values" based mentality. * Assoc. Prof. Dr., Sakarya University, Middle East Institute and Department of International Relations, Esentepe Kampusu, Ortadogu Arastirmalari Merkezi, Sakarya. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. The author would like to thank Yekta Zulfikar, Handan Oz and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.


Great spans were already used in ancient times; however, it was the first and second industrial revolution that laid the roots of the transportation sector. Channels, roads, rail lines were built and consequently train stations followed. Prestige was very important for many railway companies and cities, and this desire was expressed by splendid structures. Although after World War II many train stations were demolished, the high-speed train brought an upturn again. With new technologies available it became possible to create spacious, light structures formed freely. The train station is the main access point to the transportation system, but it also serves as a public space. Here architecture, engineering and industrial design overlap. Structural elements, despite their loadbearing function have a major impact on the quality of the architectural space. Expression and excitement of architecture are important issues. Proper choice of structural solutions, using shades, shadows and textures make the train station a dis-tinctive place. I would like to present an overview of the development of railway station design and give an outlook to the latest trends in the construction of passenger transportation hubs.


As the single ground environment and correction circuits of current pressure measurement and control system are too complicated to increase its test precision, the distributed ground - tunnel pressure measurement and control method is proposed.The paper focused on analyzing the idea of control strategy, describing the algorithm, principle, and other methods. Then main to deduce the relevant operations formula, give a detailed control block diagram. Finally, in order to detect the effect, the experimental test and simulation were carried out and then analyzing the results. Simulation is done to show the efficiency and feasibility of proposed approach.


Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new paradigm that revolutionizes the idea of a software-driven network through the separation of control and data planes. It addresses the problems of traditional network architecture. Nevertheless, this brilliant architecture is exposed to several security threats, e.g., the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, which is hard to contain in such software-based networks. The concept of a centralized controller in SDN makes it a single point of attack as well as a single point of failure. In this paper, deep learning-based models, long-short term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural network (CNN), are investigated. It illustrates their possibility and efficiency in being used in detecting and mitigating DDoS attack. The paper focuses on TCP, UDP, and ICMP flood attacks that target the controller. The performance of the models was evaluated based on the accuracy, recall, and true negative rate. We compared the performance of the deep learning models with classical machine learning models. We further provide details on the time taken to detect and mitigate the attack. Our results show that RNN LSTM is a viable deep learning algorithm that can be applied in the detection and mitigation of DDoS in the SDN controller. Our proposed model produced an accuracy of 89.63%, which outperformed linear-based models such as SVM (86.85%) and Naive Bayes (82.61%). Although KNN, which is a linear-based model, outperformed our proposed model (achieving an accuracy of 99.4%), our proposed model provides a good trade-off between precision and recall, which makes it suitable for DDoS classification. In addition, it was realized that the split ratio of the training and testing datasets can give different results in the performance of a deep learning algorithm used in a specific work. The model achieved the best performance when a split of 70/30 was used in comparison to 80/20 and 60/40 split ratios.


Edited by David Naguib Pellow and Robert J. Brulle

Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2005. 339 pp. ISBN: 0-262-16233-4, $25

Over the past 18 years, hundreds of books have been published on the environmental justice movement (EJM); however, this is one of the first books to initiate a comprehensive dialogue that critiques strategies, tactics, and discursive frames; examine issues of organizational structure, governance, and resource base; assess goals and outcomes; and pose questions challenging academics and activists to consider where the movement has been and where it may go.

The EJM—which emerged in the late 1980s from struggles within communities of color and low-income communities that have been disproportionately affected by pollution—is characterized by editors Pellow, an activist–scholar who has published widely on EJ, and Brulle, an associate professor of environmental policy, as "a political response to the deterioration of the conditions of everyday life as society reinforces existing social inequities while exceeding the limits to growth. Thus the EJM laid a foundation for environmental and social justice politics in the twenty-first century."

The heart and strength of these essays by academics, EJ practitioners, and advocates is the challenge to engage foundational concepts of the EJM that most serious observers and activists have been loath publicly to address. Yet 15 years since the historic first People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, one reads this assessment and analysis and wonders why it has taken so long to begin this important inquiry.

The editors' opening chapter succinctly summarizes literature on inequality, social justice movements, and environmental degradation, and presents provocative conclusions. Although Pellow and Brulle note that the EJM has affected the direction of environmental policy, research, and activism and that the EJM has had its "clearest victories" leading local community struggles, they question whether the EJM has achieved its goals and conclude that the "outlook is not positive." They issue a challenge, echoed by the authors, to the EJM to "complement its well-honed acumen for opposition to unsustainable projects to a concrete vision and plan of action for construction and protection of sustainable communities"—a challenge that is being met by many EJ organizations.

The collection, targeted to scholars, theorists, practitioners, and activists, has three sections. In the first, "Environmental Quality and Justice: Progress or Retreat?" Bryant and Hockman compare the Civil Rights and EJ movements. Some chapters break the chain of synergy and some authors' conclusions contradict others, but Benford's "Half-Life of the Environmental Justice Frame: Innovation, Diffusion, and Stagnation" complements other authors in this book with his provocative argument that the "EJ frame suffers from stagnation as a result of its diffuse conceptualization, the many issues it seeks to address, the subordination of environmentalism to human justice, and its failure to embrace and articulate revolutionary solutions." His argument needs more research and documentation to bolster his conclusion that the EJM's "power lies in its capacity to disrupt the system rather than to reform it."

Section 2, "New Strategies for Achieving Environmental Justice," focuses on energy activism, sustainable and just food systems, case studies of collaborative problem solving, and research findings that the governance structure of EJ groups does not reflect its democracy frame. Brown offers lay-driven efforts to reframe social conceptions of health through the asthma/air quality paradigm, and Targ argues for a state-level comprehensive approach to EJ to address issues and approaches across agency jurisdictions. Pena urges that the EJM advance "exploration of autonomy"—self-governance of environmental management in local places—versus the struggle against "toxic racism and its rampant inequalities of place and power."

The third section, "Environmental Justice and the Challenge of Globalization," highlights South African perspectives, global activism initiatives, and the contrast between the goal of environmental sustainability, management of natural resources, and that of the EJM, human justice, wherein the natural environment is important only "inasmuch as it can be seen in terms of human justice."

Brulle and Pellow conclude by advising EJ scholars to balance documentation of problems with a solution orientation, provide a stronger class analysis, and heed more of the links between EJ research and the literature on social movements. They warn EJ activists that forging a national agenda could deprioritize grassroots base building and that the divide between mainstream environmental groups and the EJM must be addressed more productively. They advise EJ groups to build a greater indigenous base of financial support and to appeal to a broader base of the population by addressing its race-based focus to be more inclusive of class, gender, working-class whites, and nation inequalities.

This book asks serious questions that have been raised by the EJM itself and continue to challenge its activists. Although this collection can be fascinating, there are some facile recommendations and observations made without sound basis. Nevertheless, this book is a vital addition to the literature, and it catalyzes a critical dialogue on our environmental future.


Alcoholism is one of the most common diseases that can lead to the development of several chronic diseases including steatosis, and cognitive dysfunction. Statins are lipid-lowering drugs that are commonly prescribed for patients with fatty liver diseases; however, the exact effect of statins on cognitive function is still not fully understood. In the present study, we have investigated the molecular and microscopic basis of cognitive impairment induced by alcohol and/or Atorvastatin (ATOR) administration to male Wistar albino rats and explored the possible protective effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The biochemical analysis indicated that either alcohol or ATOR or together in combination produced a significant increase in the nucleotide-binding domain–like receptor 3 (NLRP3), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) miRNA155 expression levels in the frontal cortex of the brain tissue. The histological and morphometric analysis showed signs of degeneration in the neurons and the glial cells with aggregations of inflammatory cells and a decrease in the mean thickness of the frontal cortex. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the caspase-8 immunoreaction in the neurons and glial cells of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, administration of ASA reversed the deleterious effect of the alcohol and ATOR intake and improved the cognitive function as indicated by biochemical and histological analysis. ASA significantly decreased the expression levels of miRNA155, NLRP3, and IL1B, and produced a significant decrease in caspase-8 immunoreaction in the neurons and glial cells of the frontal cortex with a reduction in the process of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. To further investigate these findings, we have performed an extensive molecular docking study to investigate the binding affinity of ASA to the binding pockets of the NLRP3 protein. Our results indicated that ASA has high binding scores toward the active sites of the NLRP3 NACHT domain with the ability to bind to the NLRP3 pockets by a set of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. Taken together, the present study highlights the protective pharmacological effect of ASA to attenuate the deleterious effect of alcohol intake and long term ATOR therapy on the cognitive function via targeting miRNA155 and NLRP3 proteins.


The detection of electromagnetic (EM) emission following the gravitational wave (GW) event GW170817 opened the era of multi-messenger astronomy with GWs and provided the first direct evidence that at least a fraction of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers are progenitors of short Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). GRBs are also expected to emit very-high energy (VHE,>100 GeV) photons, as proven by the recent MAGIC and H.E.S.S. observations. One of the challenges for future multi-messenger observations will be the detection of such VHE emission from GRBs in association with GWs. In the next years, the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be a key instrument for the EM follow-up of GW events in the VHE range, owing to its unprecedented sensitivity, rapid response, and capability to monitor a large sky area via scan-mode operation. We present the CTA GW follow-up program, with a focus on the searches for short GRBs possibly associated with BNS mergers. We investigate the possible observational strategies and we outline the prospects for the detection of VHE EM counterparts to transient GW events.


Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is a metastable phase often observed during low temperature inorganic synthesis and biomineralization. ACC transforms with aging or heating into a less hydrated form, and with time crystallizes to calcite or aragonite. The energetics of transformation and crystallization of synthetic and biogenic (extracted from California purple sea urchin larval spicules, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) ACC were studied using isothermal acid solution calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Transformation and crystallization of ACC can follow an energetically downhill sequence: more metastable hydrated ACC → less metastable hydrated ACC⇒anhydrous ACC ∼ biogenic anhydrous ACC⇒vaterite → aragonite → calcite. In a given reaction sequence, not all these phases need to occur. The transformations involve a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy (and free energy) of the system, with crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowering the enthalpy the most. ACC is much more metastable with respect to calcite than the crystalline polymorphs vaterite or aragonite. The anhydrous ACC is less metastable than the hydrated, implying that the structural reorganization during dehydration is exothermic and irreversible. Dehydrated synthetic and anhydrous biogenic ACC are similar in enthalpy. The transformation sequence observed in biomineralization could be mainly energetically driven; the first phase deposited is hydrated ACC, which then converts to anhydrous ACC, and finally crystallizes to calcite. The initial formation of ACC may be a first step in the precipitation of calcite under a wide variety of conditions, including geological CO2 sequestration.


: Amyloidosis involving the musculoskeletal system is an uncommon occurrence. The primary form is rare and only six cases involving the spine have been reported in the literature. The following case is believed to be the first reported in Taiwan. A 65-year-old male was admitted due to chronic nonspecific pain in the lower back with progressive paralysis of the lower limbs. Amyloidoma involving both thoracic and lumbar spine, never reported in the literature, was proved by histologic and histochemical studies. Serial radiographic examinations were also presented. Anterior decompression of the thoracic spine with iliac crest strut bone graft and Kaneda device fixation achieved good functional results. The symptoms and signs of spinal amyloidoma are nonspecific and difficult to diagnose; hence a correct diagnosis requires the surgeon to be extremely suspicious. A special histochemical stain is essential for this purpose. Because of the rarity, we report this case with review of the literature.


In this paper, we present reversibility preserving operations on Markov chain transition matrices. Simple row and column operations allow us to create new reversible transition matrices and yield an easy method for checking a Markov chain for reversibility.


Design, Accounting Information Systems, Realization Budget, Microsoft Visual Basic, SQL Database Server and Client Server Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu (BPPT) Jawa Barat that have an address at Jl. PHH Mustofa No. 22 Bandung. Is a govermment agency that is engaged in licensing services. Problems that occur is a recording system that is still done manually so in the execution of recording to the financial statements do relatively long because it susceptible to errors in recording data. So that the problems that occur can be minimized, the authors take the title research "Accounting Information System Design Actual Budgeting on Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu (BPPT) Jawa Barat by Using Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 and MySQL Database Server". The type of research use an academic research, the types of data use the qualitative data, the type of study design use descriptive, surveys, and primary secondary data, survey research method, data collection techniques use is a field research, consisting of interviews, system development method use process-oriented methodology, data and output. The structure of the development of the system use was iterations. Information system use context diagram, data flow diagrams, and flowcharts.


Female Commuter Students (FCSs) in institutions of higher learning would find it difficult to become leaders. The objectives of the study were: to investigate the challenges faced by Female Commuter Students in acquiring leadership skills, establish how universities make use of the curriculum and co-curricular activities to enhance leadership skills, suggest ways in which the university would improve on student leadership. The study design was descriptive research approach qualitative in approach. The study site was a selected public university in the Rift Valley of Kenya. The respondents for the study were four lecturers and a total of sixteen students sampled from the School of Education. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The study found out that universities should be dividing students into smaller groups to enable interaction with lecturers to develop leadership skills through mentoring.


Because the product of software engineering is not physical, physical laws do not form a suitable foundation. Instead, software engineering has had to evolve its principles based solely on observations of thousands of projects. The following are probably the 15 most important principles: (1) make quality number one priority; (2) high-quality software is possible; (3) give products to customers early; (4) determine the problem before writing requirements; (5) evaluate design alternatives; (6) use an appropriate process model; (7) use different languages for different phases; (8) minimize intellectual distance; (9) put technique before tools; (10) get it right before you make it faster; (11) inspect code; (12) good management is more important than good technology; (13) people are the key to success; (14) follow hype with care; and (15) take responsibility. An additional 15 software engineering principles are also listed.<<ETX>>


The purpose of this report is to review critically research focused on oral motor based treatment for pediatric swallowing disorders with the aim of assisting speech-language pathologists in making informed clinical intervention decisions. Oral motor based treatment has become a popular intervention approach among some speech-language pathologists, but the evidence supporting the approach is limited. This report will discuss research studies and review articles with high levels of evidence of treatment efficacy and propose when to use oral motor based treatment approaches in clinical intervention for pediatric swallowing disorders.


Lewis acid–transition metal (LA–TM) complexes have been emerging as a novel type of bifunctional catalyst for H2 activation. The crucial role of the auxiliary ligand in the mechanism and reactivity of H2 activation were theoretically studied with (tris(phosphino)borane)Fe(L) (L = N2, CNtBu, and CO) as model LA–TM complexes. The axial auxiliary ligand is found to play an important role in the complex electronic structures, via significantly tuning the energy levels of dxz, dyz, and of the Fe–B bond. We systematically evaluated both the ligand dissociative mechanism and the associative mechanism with the binding auxiliary ligand. In the ligand dissociative mechanism, the reaction starts with the dissociation of the axial ligand. Then, H2 coordinates to the iron center either at the axial position or on the equatorial plane. The axial coordinated H2 cleaves via oxidative addition to a metastable octahedral dihydride intermediate, which further isomerizes to a more stable five-coordinated trigonal bipyramidal intermediate with a bridging hydride stabilized by the iron center and the Lewis center, boron. On the other hand, the equatorial coordinated H2 is cleaved by the cooperation of the Fe–B bond, directly to the trigonal bipyramidal dihydride intermediate. In comparison, in the ligand associative mechanism, the H2 molecule splits up upon approaching the iron center via an octahedral transition state, with the auxiliary ligand remaining at the axial position. Our results suggest that the triplet state axial reaction pathway of the L-dissociative mechanism is the most favorable one for H2 activation. The isomerization of hydride instead of H2 cleavage may be the rate-determining step. H2 activation occurs homolytically on the metal center without LA assistance, which is significantly different from other tetradentate LA–TM systems that activate H2 in a synergetic heterolytic mode. The obtained tendency of the dissociation free energies for (tris(phosphino)borane)Fe(L) (L = N2, CNtBu, and CO) (2.3, 8.1, and 15.7 kcal mol−1, respectively) and the activation free energies of the rate-determining step (20.3, 26.0, and 33.7 kcal mol−1, respectively) explains well their activity trend. The extraordinary effect of the auxiliary ligand on the mechanism and reactivity should provide new information for future development of LA–TM bifunctional catalysts.


Most of the topographic features of Wabash County are of glacial origin or are glacial deposits eroded by postglacial streams. Shales, limestones, and dolomites, all Silurian, are exposed only along some of the deeper valleys. Four major rivers and six smaller streams in Wabash County flow in glacial sluiceways. Only the Eel and Wabash sluiceways carried large quantities of melt-water. The Eel River valley train occupies an interlobate position, and the Wabash Valley bears evidence of its roles as a sluiceway and as an outlet for glacial Lake Maumee in late Cary time. Three topographic areas comprise the upland part of Wabash County: the Tipton till plain, the Mississinewa terminal moraine, and the Packerton interlobate moraine. The buried bedrock surface of the county, as revealed by well records, suggests an old age topography which is correlated with the Lexington peneplain of Kentucky and southern Indiana. The preglacial and interglacial Teays River was the main stream across the county, and its associated "deep stage" was intrenched more than 300 feet below the upland. Where the "deep stage" is crossed by the Mississinewa moraine, the maximum thickness of drift is 410 feet. The present course of the Wabash River originated in late Tazewell time. Till of the Cary substage is heavier, blockier, and more clayey than till of the Tazewell substage, which locally contains more quartz sand. A few exposures of weathered material, the thickness of the buried leached zone beneath Cary till, and the difference in depth of leaching of the surficial Tazewell and Cary tills suggest that the Tazewell-Cary interglacial sub-age lasted 10,000 to 12,500 years. A high percentage of spruce and fir pollen in a buried muck deposit indicates a cool, humid climate during the sub-age. Economic resources within the drift consist of marl, gravel, sand, and ground water. Marl is restricted to the area of the Packerton moraine. Sand and gravel occur in the Packerton moraine, in abundance along the Eel and Mississinewa valley trains, and along the Wabash and Salamonie Valleys where they cross preglacial and interglacial valleys. Buried valleys, particularly the Teays and Eel, contain large potential supplies of ground water.


The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of troxerutin (TXN) on Nickel (Ni) toxicity by using rats and in-vitro model. Ni toxicity induced in male albino wistar rats (20 mg/kg body weight (b.w) was administered orally for 20 days). TXN was administered orally (100 mg/kg (b.w) for 20 days with administration of Ni. The toxic effect of Ni and the action of TXN was measure by determining the lipid peroxidation markers and antioxidant levels in plasma and various in-vitro antioxidant systems. TXN exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity in Ni induced toxicity by reversing the changes observed in TBARS, HP, Vitamin C, E and GSH. The free radical scavenging properties of TXN at different concentrations (10-50ug/mL) were investigated with various in-vitro methods such as 2, 2'-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS•+), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion scavenging activity and reducing power. Among the different concentrations, 50 μg/mL of TXN was more effective compared to other concentrations in all in-vitro assays. The above study conclude that TXN possesses potent in-vivo and in-vitro antioxidant activity with effective free radical scavenger for potential therapeutic value


The analysis of character begins with repeated interpretation of its defensive structure and later moves into the analysis of object relations. What appears at first to be a patient's defenses against instinctual impulses may subsequently be recognized as defenses against emotional reactions to early objects. Nevertheless, at the beginning, interpretations should be directed toward the clinical material already available, and not at what may eventually emerge according to the analyst's theory. The author presents a case report to illustrate this viewpoint.


Antenatal patients free of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginal infection were compared with infected patients, half of whom were treated and half left untreated. The treated group was given benzoylmetronidazole 50 ml (2 g metronidazole equivalent) as a single dose. The mode of treatment was found to be very palatable and highly effective. The birth weights and gestational age at delivery were similar in all three groups.


A protocol for micropropagation and micrografting of shoots of olive (cv. Zard) was developed in Iran, because this variety of olive (cv. Zard) had difficult in proliferation. Three-week-old seedlings were used as rootstock. Lateral meristems (1 to 1.5 cm long), taken from olive (cv. Zard) mother plants, were cut and grafted onto healthy olive seedlings, micrografts cultured on OM medium culture with Zeatin. 7 to 10 days after grafting, callus formation was observed and by 15 days after grafting a strong union developed. Survival of the micrografted plants was always high, especially after the third successive phase of micrografts. After micrograft establishment, shoot elongation or number of new regenerated buds improved as a consequence of the repeated micrograft procedure. Shoots, which were regenerated from these explants, were transferred to OM medium with 2ip, where they multiplicated. Every six weeks, upper segments plantlets were cut in one-bud explants and transferred to new media where they were developed again in plantlets with micropropagation rate 1:4 and lower segments were used for micrografting again after four months.


We characterized the relationship between the plasma concentration of the phospodiesterase (PDE)-4 inhibitor GSK356278 and occupancy of the PDE4 enzyme in the brain of healthy volunteers, using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [11C](R)-rolipram. To this end, PET scans were acquired in eight male volunteers before and at 3 and 8 h after a single 14 mg oral dose of GSK356278. A metabolite-corrected arterial input function was used in conjunction with the dynamic PET emission data to estimate volumes of distribution (VT) from a two-tissue compartment model. The administration of GSK356278 reduced [11C](R)-rolipram whole brain VT by 17% at 3 h post-dose (p = 0.01) and by 4% at 8 h post-dose. The mean plasma Cmax was 42.3 ng/ml, leading to a PDE4 occupancy of 48% at Tmax. The in vivo affinity of GSK356278 was estimated as EC50 = 46 ± 3.6 ng/ml. We present the first report of a direct estimation of PDE4 blockade in the living human brain. In vivo affinity of GSK356278 for the PDE4, estimated in this early phase study, was combined with GSK356278 safety and tolerability data to decide on a therapeutic dose for future clinical development.


In conventional power analyzers, a signal first undergoes analog conditioning. Then the output is optionally fed through an antialiasing filter (AAF) before it gets digitized by an A/D converter and awaits further processing. The decision for or against the AAF has to be taken before sampling, as this is when aliasing occurs. It cannot be undone later on. RMS values can be determined without risk of aliasing due to their statistical nature, all other measurements need to be handled with care. Due to the limitation to a single A/D converter, there are inherently some downsides to be factored in with conventional devices. If the goal is to measure RMS power both over the entire bandwidth and at the fundamental frequency, unfiltered and filtered measurements could be alternated – in theory. In practice, it is of utmost difficulty to exactly reproduce the same operating point twice. Unless this can be guaranteed, all comparisons between results are void due to lack of repeatability. Besides, this procedure is extremely time-consuming. If one variant is skipped in order to save time, the results are inevitably error-prone. If the filter remains activated to avoid aliasing with the FFT, bandwidth gets sacrificed when measuring RMS values. Switching off the AAF voids the FFT. If it is carried out nevertheless, the quality of the results is questionable. An aliasing error of 50%, for instance, is easily detected, however a deviation of 0.5% could go unnoticed.


In order to increase the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the European Union Member States, the European Commission, on the initiative of Commissioner E. Liikannen, launched in December 1999 a bold programme called "eEurope". Soon after its creation, the eEurope programme was integrated into the so- called Lisbon agenda for Europe to become the "most advanced knowledge based economy" in the world. We try to assess if the programme is successful in achieving its stated objective of promoting a knowledge based economy through the development of an "information society for all". First, we conclude that eEurope, due to its origins and its procedures, has intrinsic limits both as regards its scope and effectiveness. Second, we show how Member States have adopted different trajectories towards the "knowledge based society". To identify these heterogeneous paths of growth, we have selected a set of variables that, combined together, represent the institutional arrangements specific to a country or a group of countries. We found sharp differences between two advanced models that we label, respectively, as Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon. Without asserting the superiority of a model, we propose policy orientations to help Europe overcome those gaps hindering the move towards knowledge economies where information society technologies are widely diffused.


System noise can negatively impact the performance of HPC systems, and the interconnection network is one of the main factors contributing to this problem. To mitigate this effect, adaptive routing sends packets on non-minimal paths if they are less congested. However, while this may mitigate interference caused by congestion, it also generates more traffic since packets traverse additional hops, causing in turn congestion on other applications and on the application itself. In this paper, we first describe how to estimate network noise. By following these guidelines, we show how noise can be reduced by using routing algorithms which select minimal paths with a higher probability. We exploit this knowledge to design an algorithm which changes the probability of selecting minimal paths according to the application characteristics. We validate our solution on microbenchmarks and real-world applications on two systems relying on a Dragonfly interconnection network, showing noise reduction and performance improvement.


The short-term fate of phytodetritus was investigated across the Pakistan margin of the Arabian Sea at water depths ranging from 140 to 1850 m, encompassing the oxygen minimum zone (~100–1100 m). Phytodetritus sedimentation events were simulated by adding ~44 mmol 13C-labelled algal material per m2 to surface sediments in retrieved cores. Cores were incubated in the dark, at in situ temperature and oxygen concentrations. Overlying waters were sampled periodically, and cores were recovered and sampled (for organisms and sediments) after durations of two and five days. The labelled carbon was subsequently traced into bacterial lipids, foraminiferan and macrofaunal biomass, and dissolved organic and inorganic pools. The majority of the label (20 to 100%) was in most cases left unprocessed in the sediment at the surface. The largest pool of processed carbon was found to be respiration (0 to 25% of added carbon), recovered as dissolved inorganic carbon. Both temperature and oxygen were found to influence the rate of respiration. Macrofaunal influence was most pronounced at the lower part of the oxygen minimum zone where it contributed 11% to the processing of phytodetritus.


125 years after its first publication, the international language Es-peranto is not only alive and well, but the number of its speakers is on theincrease. While globalization has often been blamed for the demise of minority languages and dialects, this phenomenon has actually been advanta-geous for Esperanto. Thanks to radio and television, newspapers, magazines,and above all, the Internet, Esperanto speakers from all over the world areable to contact one another and make use of the language. Just as in the pasttelevision contributed to the development of Italian as a national language,in the same way the modern means of communication, in addition to nume-rous international conferences and other events, have contributed to the de-velopment of new idioms in Esperanto, putting into effect what the authorsdescribe as a genuine "process of humanization". In this article the authorslist over a hundred idiomatic expressions in Esperanto, comparing them witha similar number of expressions from English, French, Italian and modernGreek. It can clearly be seen how Esperanto tends to adopt expressions whichare widely used at the international level, expressing them in the simplest andmost logical form. Since many of them are Biblical or literary in origin, andare shared by numerous languages and peoples, they can be understood atonce, even when the languages are not closely related.


We study the achievable rate of an uplink MIMO cognitive radio system where the primary user (PU) and the secondary user (SU) aim to communicate to the closest primary base station (BS) via a multi-access channel through the same unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay. The SU message is then forwarded from the primary BS to the secondary network with a certain incentive reward as a part of the cooperation protocol between both the networks. A special linear precoding scheme is proposed to enable the SU to exploit the PU free eigenmodes. We analyze two scenarios in which the UAV relay gain matrix is either fixed or optimized. We derive the optimal power allocation that maximizes the achievable rate of the SU respecting power budget, interference, and relay power constraints. Numerical results highlight the cognitive rate gain of our proposed scheme with respect to various problem parameters. We also highlight the effect of UAV altitude on the SU and PU rates. Finally, when the relay matrix is optimized, we show that the PU rate is remarkably enhanced and that the SU rate is only improved at high-power regime.


A core–shell structured nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-RhNPs@mSiO2) that is encapsulated with porous silica has been designed and prepared for catalyzing the transfer hydrogenation of nitro compounds into corresponding amines. Rh nanoparticles serve as the activity center, and the porous silica shell plays an important role in the "slow-release" of the hydrogen source hydrazine. This reaction can be carried out smoothly in the green solvent water, and the atom economy can be improved by decreasing the amount of hydrazine hydrate used to a stoichiometric 1.5 equivalent of the substrate. Significantly, high catalytic efficiency is obtained and the turnover frequency (TOF) can be up to 4373 h−1 in the reduction of p-nitrophenol (4-NP). A kinetics study shows that the order of reaction is ∼0.5 towards 4-NP, and the apparent active energy Ea is 58.18 kJ mol−1, which also gives evidence of the high catalytic efficiency. Additionally, the excellent stability of the catalyst has been verified after 15 cycles without any loss of catalytic activity, and it is easily recovered by a magnet after reaction due to the Fe3O4 nucleus.


Abstract. Kahirun, Sabaruddin L, Mukhtar, Kilowasid LOMH. 2019. Evaluation of land use impact on river water quality using macroinvertebrates as bioindicator in Lahumoko Watershed, Buton Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1658-1670. The Lahumoko Watershed, a small watershed, that empties into the sea is sensitive to water quality changes due to land use changes by humans. Uncontrolled land use changes can threaten the sustainability of the river ecological functions of the watershed. It is important to examine the comparison of river water quality in locations that represent land uses. So, the objectives of this study were to reveal the impact of land use on biological water quality in rivers and to analyze the relationship between macroinvertebrates communities with parameters of biodiversity and physicochemical at the observation locations that represented land use. Biological samplings were done using a hand net with a hole size of 0.5 mm mesh, at five stations, each with three replications, with a length of 30 m of each replication, 60 minutes per station. The results of the study showed that individual abundance, family biotic index and diversity index parameters indicated that the water quality was quite good in the upstream watershed (LM1, LM2, and LM3 stations) and somewhat worse in the middle (LM4 station) and downstream of the watershed (LM5 station). The Spearman's correlation, Dendrogram, and Canonical Correspondent Analysis (CCA) showed that there were similarities among LM1, LM2 and LM3 stations, and also between LM4 and LM5 stations. Physicochemical parameters, especially the velocity and flow rate of the river flow had significant correlation with individual richness and density.


: The author describes 7 clinical cases of epilepsy with the presence of sinusitis and one case with chronic otitis. Sphenoiditis was noted in all cases. In tree cases, epileptic seizures disappeared after the sanation of sinuses and after the radical surgery intervention in one patient as well. To exclude respiratory origin of epilepsy, CT and MRT of paranasal sinuses in all cases of epilepsy are recommended.


A 60-years old patient was admitted to a community hospital with septic arthritis. He was treated with antibiotics and subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UH) was used for venous thromboprophylaxis. After three days, he developed leg deep venous thrombosis and was treated with IV heparin. One day later, the patient developed pulmonary emboli, which was found using ventilation/perfusion scan. He was transferred to the University Hospital for further management. Upon arrival, antibiotic and intravenous UH were continued. Trans-Esophageal Echocardiogram showed a thrombus in the right atrium, a small portion of which extended to the left atrium through a patent foramen ovale. Another large thrombus was noted in the right ventricle, which extended to the pulmonary artery. Review of the patient's medical records revealed a halving of his platelet count three days following the heparin administration. Therefore, HIT seemed very likely. Intravenous UH was stopped and an emergency thrombectomy was performed. ELISA testing of HIT antibodies came negative. This made HIT diagnosis unlikely and the patient received dalteparin. A week later, as the platelet count declined again, HIT antibodies' testing using ELISA and C-14 serotonin release was repeated, and both assays were positive. Argatroban was restarted and the platelet count normalized.


The Central Platte River Valley (CPRV) is a unique and biologically important ecoregion, and several studies have conducted localized herpetofauna species inventories. However, there has been significantly less effort to quantify the habitat associations or activity patterns of these species. Habitat associations and activity patterns vary regionally and provide important information for ecosystem management. We deployed a total of 38 traps of 5 different types (pitfall, funnel, hoop, box, and coverboard) across 11 sites (7 terrestrial, 4 aquatic) for an 8-week period in June and July 2019. Our exploratory analyses used generalized linear models with a quasibinomial distribution to examine associations between herpetofauna abundance (captures per trap night) and habitat characteristics controlling for trap type. Habitat characteristics assessed included distance to nearest woodland, distance to nearest standing water, vegetation species richness, soil texture, and vegetative cover in addition to others. We also evaluated activity patterns weekly across the study period. The two most abundant species demonstrated divergent distributional patterns, Northern Prairie Skinks were only absent from two of the driest terrestrial sites, while the Six-lined Racerunners were locally abundant at just three sites with significant bare ground and sandy soils. We documented a Cope's Gray Treefrog at a site with little woody cover in which the species had not been previously observed, suggesting it may be increasingly widespread regionally. We also detected relatively widespread juvenile anuran dispersal at multiple terrestrial sites a considerable distance from standing water. Our results provide a preliminary examination of habitat associations and summer activity patterns for herpetofauna in the CPRV that can be used to inform conservation efforts and further studies of this system.


Equine infectious anemia has been managed in most countries by the imposition of testing and quarantine regulations. In the United States, about 700,000 of the more than 7,000,000 horses are tested annually. As long as the status of greater than 90% of the horse population remains unknown and horses are transported and congregate in a relatively unrestricted manner, EIA will continue to exact its toll. Therefore, it is incumbent on the scientific community to continue to develop and refine practical and sensitive diagnostic tests for EIA which will be used in an expanding market, to reduce the number of untested horses and to increase the accuracy of test results. Under ideal conditions, EIA can spread rapidly in a localized population with potentially devastating results. Although strict adherence to sanitary regulations will minimize the likelihood of epizootics, the existence of a large reservoir of untested horses with occasional contact with uninfected test-negative horses will ensure the continued transmission of EIAV. The change of this transmission occurring as a result of human intervention can be eliminated but it is not possible to eliminate the threat posed by blood feeding insects. If these "chance encounters" between an untested EIAV infected horse and a test-negative horse occur under field conditions where horse flies are abundant and the proximate distance between the horses is minimal, transmission is efficient if the quantity of EIAV in the blood of the donor horse is high.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Dagstuhl seminar 11062 ``Self-Repairing Programs'' included 23
participants and organizers from research and industrial communities.
Self-Repairing Programs are a new and emerging area, and many participants
reported that they initially felt their first research home to be in another
area, such as testing, program synthesis, debugging, self-healing systems,
or security. Over the course of the seminar, the participants found
common ground in discussions of concerns, challenges, and the state of the
art.


In this research aging behaviors of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in non aqueous suspensions, namely ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, acetylacetone and the mixture of ethanol-acetylacetone were investigated. For this purpose, electrical conductivity, electrophoretic mobility and suspension stability during aging time (6 to 7 days) were evaluated. Except for the ethanol-acetyl acetone mixture, each suspension contained 0 to 0.8 g/L iodine. It was revealed that, the alcoholic suspensions indicated lower conductivity in comparison with acetylacetone suspensions. However, acetylacetone suspension showed lower conductivity variation with time. Although iodine could improve the electrophoretic mobility of ethanol and acetylacetone suspensions, it had little effect on electrophoretic mobility of isopropanol and n-propanol suspensions. Also, it was indicated that iodine as a dispersant was not helpful for alcoholic suspensions stability. It was concluded that the mixture of acetylacetone-ethanol suspension was the best candidate in this study for electrophoretic deposition of YSZ, owing to its little behavior variation with the aging time, low conductivity and high electrophoretic mobility. High quality crack-free layers were electrophoretically deposited from this suspension on the substrate by applying 50 V/cm electrical field.


In the last decade, the U.S. aerospace and defense industries have experienced explosive levels of deal-making and consolidation, presenting significant opportunities - and risks - to private equity groups seeking to participate in the rapid industry transformation. LBOs have been in the forefront, as public companies divested their defense subsidiaries and small suppliers merged in order to build the critical mass required to met defense contracts' demands. Despite substantial political and regulatory issues, the sector offers attractive profitability to the informed sponsor: one who is able to accurately evaluate a company's prospects and take action to enhance its performance.


One of the outstanding features of Africa's recent past has been its transformation from an overwhelmingly rural continent to one that has become increasingly urbanized.1 This has had diverse sociocultural, economic, and political consequences. Social and economic differentiation, in particular, has had a significant impact on the organization and administration of urban Africa.2 In the postcolonial period tidy-minded elite cultures emerged that supported and shaped the modernizing and developmental ideals of municipal governments.3 The manner in which these ideals were frequently out of touch with social realities was ignored or concealed, as was the fact that the adoption of such policies often resulted in the marginalization of large sections of the urban populations.4 A key aspect of the problem was the growth of an informal sector, towards which urban Africa's administrators and emergent elites formed a distinct antipathy. Early theoretical literature on the informal sector tended to be economistic in its focus.5 Here I seek to explore the socioculturel and ideological place of the informal sector in a rapidly expanding African urban center.6 Informal sector activity in Dar es Salaam posed a challenge to a municipal order that administrators and an urban "middle class" were anxious to impose. Rather, participation in the informal sector represented what de Certeau celebrates as the "proliferating illegitimacy" of everyday urban life, in which the tidy developmental vision of planners and administrators unraveled.7 Moreover, by implicitly contesting official policy, such activity represented a form of "noncompliance."8 In response, the state resorted to campaigns targeting the urban poor. However, these haphazard purges merely represented pyrrhic victories in an ongoing struggle over the legitimate occupation and utilization of urban space. In contrast to the contemporary city, in which the informal is in the ascendant (from unlicensed trade to unplanned suburbs), Dar es Salaam's "parallel" economy in the 1960s and 1970s was small. Aided by a healthier formal sector (at least up to the late-1970s), and by TANU's ideological strength as nationalist and socialist vanguard, the postcolonial state achieved some success in its suppression, and the developmental ideal of a modern, planned city whose working population was restricted to those engaged in waged employment, was sustained into the 1980s. However, the official view of the city- informed not only by modernization theory, but also well entrenched historical discourses on the negative consequences of urbanization in African and earlier Western society9represented a simplification. Tt attempted to restrict a complex and unpredictable social organism to the role of planned capital in a developmental state.10 This official view may have had some ideological success in delegitimizing the urban presence of the un- and under-employed. However, the ultimate goal of an "orderly" metropolis proved unsustainable in the face of a demographic revolution that resulted in the unprecedented growth of an informally employed, housed and serviced urban population. Moreover, by the mid-1980s, with increasing numbers of Dar es Salaam's formally employed residents engaging in secondary economic activities to supplement shrinking salaries, the political necessity of a more liberal approach towards the informal sector was clear.11 Rapid Urbanization in Dar es Salaam In the mid-1950s the British colonial administration in Dar es Salaam experienced diverse pressures. The most overt was that represented by a burgeoning nationalist movement whose growing support in the capital was evidenced by the large crowds attending TANU rallies. However, perhaps the most pressing-certainly the longest standing-concern of colonial administrators was not that represented by the political aspirations drawing the masses to the rallies, but their simple presence in Dar es Salaam in the first place. …


Date: March 4, 2019 AUTHOR MA ECOLOGY AND CONTEMPORARY PERFORMANCE Christiana Bissett A SLIGHT BEND OF THE FOREARM 55 PAGES A SLIGHT BEND OF THE FOREARM, 2018 The artistic section is produced by the Theatre Academy. X The artistic section is not produced by the Theatre Academy (copyright issues have been resolved). ☐ The final project can be published online. This permission is granted for an unlimited duration. Yes X No ☐ The abstract of the final project can be published online. This permission is granted for an unlimited duration. Yes X No ☐ The contested practice of dowsing is a technique for searching for underground water, minerals, ley lines, or anything invisible, by observing the motion of a pointer. Throughout this process of artistic research, I have developed my own relationship to the method of dowsing. This paper illustrates a landscape which has become through and with this method. The movement of dowsing rods is simultaneously an expression of your own knowing, as it is an indicator which you can analyse for new results. Information can be seen as multidirectional as it seemingly flows both from and into the body. As such it breaks down the linearity of knowledge production and reception, rather suggesting a form of fluidity. Throughout this paper, I will question what it might mean to know or believe, given the challenges which face us, in an age of fundamental change. Looking in detail, at the way in which dowsing is understood in popular culture, and layering with my own experiences, this thesis seeks to unpack the nature of a binary in which some knowledges are centralised in order to establish a realm where others might only be considered as 'alternative'. I will propose that the nature of this binary is both gendered and ableist, and that the exclusion of perceptual and bodily based knowledges, has a significance in how we might approach our ecological condition. After presenting this analysis on the state of knowledge and truth, with reference to the post-structuralist turn and the so-called 'post-truth' era, this thesis will explore how my own investigation in contemporary performance responded to the complexities of truth and fact in the age of climate crisis. ENTER


Transmission and negative refractive index (NRI) of metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) metamaterials
perforated with different thickness of dielectric layer are studied. It can be found that transmission peaks
of rectangular hole are sensitive to the thickness of the dielectric layer. NRI and the bandwidth of NRI are
increased with the increasing of the thickness of dielectric layer. NRI of rectangular hole with the thickness
of dielectric layer almost follows a linear law when the thickness of dielectric layer in 2-5 ?m. A high NRI
of metamateriral can be obtained by adjusting the thickness of the dielectric layer of the rectangular hole on
MDM metamateriral arrays.


Background Peripheral-arterial tonometry (PAT) provides, with good reproducibility, measures of nitric oxide–mediated endothelial response, which correlate with flow-mediated dilation (FMD) findings obtained by brachial artery ultrasound. Few data about the ability of exploring endothelial function by PAT in relation to dietary habits are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate natural logarithm of reactive hyperemia index (lnRHI) in subjects referred for primary prevention, in relation to classic risk factors, in particular to adherence to Mediterranean diet and red wine consumption. Methods The study population was composed of 95 consecutive clinically stable subjects in primary prevention for cardiovascular diseases. All subjects underwent medical questionnaire, clinical examination, and PAT for endothelial function evaluation. Results A significant inverse correlation between lnRHI values and body mass index (r = −0.284; P = 0.022) was found. We described a gradual reduction in lnRHI values, corresponding to the increase in the number of risk factors (0.75 [0.31–1.26], 0.66 [0.25–0.97], 0.63 [0.37–1.19], 0.48 [0.32–0.71], 0.43 [0.31–0.91], respectively, for none, 1, 2, 3, and 4 cardiovascular risk factors; P = 0.004). A significant positive correlation between score of adherence to Mediterranean diet and lnRHI values was found (r = 0.307; P = 0.002). Higher adherence to Mediterranean diet was found in subjects with lnRHI values greater than 0.40 in comparison to others (39 [27–50] vs 33 [28–45], respectively; P = 0.064). The lnRHI values were significantly higher in regular drinkers in comparison to nonregular drinkers (0.46 [0.25–0.83] vs 0.70 [0.32–1.26], respectively; P < 0.0001). Relationship between reactive hyperemia index and red wine consumption remained statistically significant even after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking habit, hypertension, and adherence to Mediterranean diet. Conclusions Our findings strengthen the ability of PAT to evaluate alterations of endothelium response to ischemia, in relation to physiological and clinical conditions, so indicating possible usefulness to optimize and personalize risk stratification.


Purpose. The main goal of the presented paper is to highlight the effects of road infrastructure development on the economic growth and competitiveness of Slovak economy. We focused on the quality of the road network in the Slovak Republic, in particular motorways and expressways. It is the density and quality of the road infrastructure which primarily determine the competitiveness of the country. The paper also addresses the issue of expenditures and sources of funding related to the road infrastructure in the Slovak Republic. In addition, we analyze the road infrastructure in relation to competitiveness and foreign direct investments (FDI) inflow to the Slovak Republic. Moreover, we look at the road infrastructure in the relation to gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment. Methodology. We used the method of time series and correlation method when dealing with the subject matter and when analyzing the effects of road infrastructure development on the economic growth and increase of competiveness of Slovak economy. The method of synthesis is used to draw conclusions and the method of comparison is used to compare general tendencies in the areas of road infrastructure, GDP and FDI. We use the time series analysis from 2000 until 2011 to examine the issues. Based on the analysis, we underscore the correlation between the GDP development and road infrastructure expenditures on the one hand and the inflow of foreign direct investments to the Slovak economy and its competitiveness on the other hand. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.18.2.4253


In this Essay, we argue that civil marriage should not be opened up to multiple parties. Our focus is on civil, not religious, marriage, and we address polygamy in general, rather than any particular form of it. We highlight the important distinction between opening up civil marriage to multiple parties on one hand and recognizing valid foreign polygamous marriages on the other. We contemplate how a country can coherently recognize valid foreign polygamous marriages, while at the same time decline to open up civil marriage to multiple parties.We distinguish decriminalization of polygamy, which we advocate, from opening up civil marriage to multiple parties. We then explain why we believe the rights of children should be a non-issue in deciding whether civil marriage should be opened up to multiple parties.We consider the state's continuing interest in marriage in the context of changing social norms and legal developments and conclude that there is a compelling state interest in preserving and supporting civil marriage as a monogamous institution.


Phytoremediation is effectively used to remove heavy metals from soil. In this research Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale were evaluated for their comparative potential to phytoremediate increased (0-750 μM) cadmium (Cd) from soil. Both the Chenopodium species showed wide difference for Cd tolerance. Chlorophyll (Chl) a was at par with control in at 250 μM Cd C. album, but was reduced in C. murale. Chl b was less reduced by Cd in C. album than in C. murale resulting in an increased Chl a:b ratio. Likewise, carotenoids were reduced minimally in C. album and greatly in C. murale. Although soluble phenolics were reduced in both the species, a markedly greater accumulation of anthocyanins was noted in C. album at all Cd levels. Greater levels of Chl a and anthocyanins and minimal Chl b contents were important to Cd tolerance in C. album. The C. album showed a minimal reduction in K + , steadier Ca 2+ , SO4 2-S, and PO4 3in shoot and root, NO3 in the shoot. C. album accumulated more Cd in shoot while C. murale in root, and showed greater capacity to adjust metabolites and accumulate macronutrients. From the increased shoot Cd contents, whilst showing better growth, we infer that metabolic changes could help bind and sequester excess of Cd in the vacuole, and thus better Cd tolerance. Greater seed germination, reduced post-germination mortality and enhanced growth of mungbean (used as successive crop) substantiated that C. album is a better phytoremediator of Cd than C. murale. In crux, better growth and Cd-phytoremediation by C. album may have great implications for agricultural practices.


User integration with assistive devices or rehabilitation protocols to improve movement function is a key principle to consider for developers to truly optimize performance gains. Better integration may entail customizing operation of devices and training programs according to several user characteristics during execution of functional tasks. These characteristics may be physical dimensions, residual capabilities, restored sensory feedback, cognitive perception, or stereotypical actions.


Like experiments performed at a laboratory bench, the data associated with an e-Science experiment are of reduced value if other scientists are not able to identify the origin, or provenance, of those data. Provenance information is essential if experiments are to be validated and verified by others, or even by those who originally performed them. In this article, we give an overview of our initial work on the provenance of bioinformatics e-Science experiments within myGrid. We use two kinds of provenance: the derivation path of information and annotation. We show how this kind of provenance can be delivered within the myGrid demonstrator WorkBench and we explore how the resulting Webs of experimental data holdings can be mined for useful information and presentations for the e-Scientist.


Facts alone arc helpless, provide a "down-hill road to oblivion'"; much the greater part of what children learn so laboriously is dedicated to oblivion. Regenerating ideas are the sole relief for stultifying dullness. \\'c have seen no recent book on education which all educational leaders should be required to read, penalized to read if need be, quite so definitely as Dr. Charles A. }'Ic~lurry's "How to Organize the Curriculum." It is vitally heroic, mercilessly wholesome, fascinatingly interesting.


In this study we monitored renal, hepatic and muscular oxygen saturations by near-infrared spectroscopy and we evaluated the correlation with variables that could affect tissue oxygenation in 16 paediatric patients during surgical heart procedure. We considered the following phases: 1) basal time (after induction of anaesthesia and before median sternotomy), 2) before starting cardiopulmonary bypass, 3) 15 min after starting it, 4) at half time, 5) 15 min before the end, 6) at the end, 7) 15 min after the end, and 8) 10 min before paediatric intensive care unit admission. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, serum lactate, haemoglobin, blood gas analysis, and rectal temperature were registered. We found a decrease of all monitored regional saturations (rSO(2)) (cerebral P = 0.006, hepatic P = 0.005) before starting the bypass. After this time, cerebral saturation gradually increased without reaching the basal value; renal and liver saturations increased after starting bypass; muscular rSO(2) increased in the second half (P = 0.005). A statistically significative inverse correlation between cerebral rSO(2) and pH was observed. In conclusion, during paediatric heart surgery a vulnerable period was identified. We underline the necessity to monitor this phase.


Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the genetic predisposition to allergic disease is the strongest identifiable predisposing factor. (1) Optimal outpatient treatment of asthma includes identifying and minimizing exposure to asthma triggers, whether they Me allergens or irritants. When these triggers are not obvious, referral to an allergist may be appropriate to ideniify potential exacerbating factors. In addition, pulmonary consultation may be helpful in patients who do not have the typical features of asthma on chest radiograph or pulmonary function testing, or who are not responding well to standard therapy. The primary care physician is the most important component in the care of the asthmatic patient, however, managing acute exacerbations, determining long-term medical therapy, and providing preventive measures, such as yearly influenza vaccinations.


The essay analyses the reactions of Italian diplomacy with respect to the Baghdad Pact. In the early 1950s, while France and Britain were obstinately striving to slow down the inexorable decline of their colonial empires and of their influence in the Mediterranean region, Italy was, instead, very keen on peace and stability in the Middle East, which was to be cultivated and defended by collaboration with all Islamic countries, and certainly not by military force. Italy was one of the few Western countries that could address the coastal Arab countries as a trustworthy, reliable partner, free from any neo-colonial aspirations and, above all, that respected the right of peoples to self-determination. This attitude was in the spirit of the Italian diplomacy of friendship, which was meant to be an original 'Italian model' of Mediterranean relations aiming at enhancing dialogue and cooperation between and among peers.


This project describes the integration of a twenty-two workstation laboratory automation system based around a track-mounted robot. The required level of operational flexibility
of the overall system puts the emphasis on interfacing and controlling effectively a large number of instruments. The integration of such a large system can sometimes be tricky
as off-the-shelf instruments are put near side modified commercial equipment and purpose built workstations.

The automated system being developed at Rhone-Poulenc Agriculture Ltd (RPAL) automates several highly manual analytical processes following one another in a constantly varying order. The integration of such a system was carried out in collaboration with a software and a mechanical engineer. The choice of the controlsystem was made so that the variety of workstations included could be controlled by a
limited number of different means. After having drawn the specifications and estimated the number of inputs/outputs needed for every station, a PLC was acquired together with
four computers. Various electronics interfaces had to be built or purchased in order to fully operate the system from the controlling computers. Printed circuit boards have been designed and manufactured at Middlesex University together with many mechanical parts for different stations. This integration had to make sure that the system will operate as intended and governed by the parameters entered by the user. System's behaviour and safety in case of an error or an emergency was studied and an emergency stop circuit together with interlocks was implemented. The PLC program was designed so that the machines will fail safe in case of a problem. Being a tool for method development and optimisation, the system evolves gradually towards becoming an expert system. From the information gathered during runs, a decision tree is implemented and responsibilities are gradually withdrawn from the user. Cross-contamination, radio-labelled samples, and solvent compatibility are determining
factors in the safety evaluation and validation processes. This system was developed as part of a three year Teaching Company Scheme collaboration project between Middlesex University and RPAL. The diversity of the task required the participation of three engineers with varying skills: mechanical, software, and electronics.


BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. NIGERIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION
DEPARTMENT OF THEATRE AND PERFORMING ARTS
FACULTY OF ARTS
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,
ZARIA.


HYPOTHESIS
Large-bore subclavian intravenous access is important during trauma resuscitation and to provide central access in the intensive care unit. Controversy exists as to the patient position that best facilitates the insertion of this line. Duplex scanning of the subclavian vein in different body positions may help define which provides the largest vein size and distance from the clavicle.

DESIGN
Prospective comparison study in healthy humans.

SETTING
Clinical research laboratory.

SUBJECTS
Ten healthy volunteers.

INTERVENTIONS
We examined the left subclavian vein diameter, position from clavicle, and flow in subjects placed in 5 different positions advocated for subclavian vein puncture. A duplex scanner was used to image the subclavian vein with B-mode ultrasonography and to detect flow rates with a Doppler probe. The different subject positions were as follows: (1) flat (or supine), head and shoulders neutral; (2) flat, head neutral, shoulders arched; (3) flat, head opposite, shoulders arched; (4) Trendelenburg, head opposite, shoulders arched; and (5) Trendelenburg, head and shoulders neutral.

RESULTS
The mean (SEM) diameter of the subclavian vein is largest in position 5 (0.99 [0.06] cm) and smallest in position 2 (0.84 [0.05] cm). The distance of the vein from the clavicle is greatest in position 1 (0.94 [0.08] cm) and least in position 4 (0.75 [0.07] cm). Using an analysis of variance with Dunnett's comparison, all positions were compared with position 5. For vein diameter, all positions had significantly smaller size. In position 4, the vein was significantly closer to the clavicle. There was no statistical difference in flow rates among all positions.

CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that arching of the shoulders and turning of the head may reduce target size and provide an unsatisfactory position for subclavian puncture. The Trendelenburg position with no other positioning maneuvers may be helpful.


ABSTRACT This paper traces how the international music press used the clothing and appearance of the Irish blues/rock musician Rory Gallagher to mythologize him as the "People's Guitarist." I explore how this image was constructed and developed over time, as well as Gallagher's own response to this mythologization and how it has consolidated since his death in 1995. I argue that Gallagher's unwillingness to compromise his integrity and shift his music or clothing to fit changing trends made him an anomaly in an image-conscious music industry. Thus, his appearance became an easy target for the music press who focused overwhelmingly on his clothing in interviews and articles. This focus unfairly drew attention away from his music and downplayed the important contribution he made to the world of blues and rock.


The newly constructed railway station complex of 's-Hertogenbosch incorporates two 450m long historical station roofs, which have been restored recently. These were built at the end of the last century and constitute, as far as is known, the first steel structures to be used in a building in the Netherlands. During their lifetime, they suffered a lot of damage due to three types of problems. These problems were caused by a lack of knowledge on the loads they had to withstand, by different behaviour regarding temperature expansion than assumed in the 1890s and by technical details which made it impossible to maintain them locally. During the restoration process, these problems have had to be taken into account and solved in order to prolong the structure's lifetime by another century and to make maintenance possible. The aim has been to perform the restoration as discreetly as possible. Whereas the structure's restoration is not to particularly catch anyone's eye, an interested person should be able to see what has been done. For this reason, advantage is being taken of the fact that the object in question is an early steel structure. Corrections to the structure are being welded instead of riveted in order to demonstrate the fact that it is a steel structure and that the connection is not original. The colour scheme, which was modified a long time ago, has been investigated. This has not only made it possible to restore the spatial appearance of this historical roof structure but also its original colours, which is very important from the perspective of architectural history. The result is astonishing. Both roofs have been restored to their original splendour, ready for the next century. Transactions on the Built Environment vol 39 © 1999 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509


Covid-19 was first diagnosed in Israel in late February 2020. During the first month following the outbreak, it became clear that the most severe outcomes were occurring in the Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) and that the fragmented supervision of these facilities was a key weakness in the fight against the pandemic. It was therefore decided to establish the Fathers and Mothers Shield taskforce, which included representatives from all of the relevant government ministries and which would facilitate communication and consultation with the representatives of the LTCFs and with the relevant public sector organizations. We analyse three main policy measures implemented by the taskforce in the effort to mitigate the effects of the pandemic in the LTCFs: an increase in SARS-CoV-2 testing of LTCF residents and employees; the opening of specialized Corona wards in geriatric hospitals and LTCFs; and the regulation of family visits. The introduction of centralized management of the pandemic in the LTCFs achieved a number of important outcomes and is considered to have been highly successful. The share of the LTCFs within total Covid-19 mortality dropped from 45% to 36%, and the load on general hospitals became more manageable. With the arrival of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the taskforce viewed priority vaccination of the LTCF population as its main goal in early 2021.


Lascaux Cave in France was discovered in 1940. Since being opened to visitors the cave has suffered three major microbial outbreaks. The current problem is the fast dissemination of black stains which are threatening the Palaeolithic paintings. Previous data pointed to the involvement of new fungal species in the formation of black stains on the rock walls and ceiling. However, it appears that there could be other reasons for the formation of different and extensive black stains coating the surface of the clayey sediments. Our analyses reveal that black stains on clayey sediments are mainly produced by Acremonium nepalense, a manganese oxide-depositing fungus, widely distributed in the cave. Thus, in Lascaux Cave, the black stains have a dual origin: on limestone rocks they are mainly produced by the accumulation of fungal melanins, and on clayey sediments by the biogenic deposition of black manganese oxides.


ABSTRACT Science teachers must sometimes teach outside of their expertise, and this type of teaching assignment is referred to as being out-of-field. Among newly hired teachers, this type of assignment may have a detrimental impact in the development of their instruction. This study explored the classroom instruction of 17 newly hired teachers who were teaching both in-field and out-of-field in the physical sciences during their first three years. Data were collected from the teachers that consisted of four yearly observations of their instruction (a total of 12 observations), yearly interviews about their experiences (four total), and monthly interviews pertaining to their instruction (eight each year, for a total of 24). Narratives were constructed for each teacher that depicted their instruction over time, with reference to their teaching in-field or out-of-field subjects. The narratives were compared to one another to determine how their classroom instruction was shaped by teaching in-field or out-of-field. The findings of the study revealed that teaching out-of-field during the first year was an additional instructional challenge, which compounded the already difficult first few years of teaching. In addition, the findings revealed that out-of-field teaching resulted in isolated instructional scientific practices—regardless of the years of experience. These findings suggest that newly hired science teachers teaching out-of-field are more at risk of not cultivating their science instruction than are their in-field counterparts. The results of this study indicate that more research is needed about out-of-field teaching in science subjects.