Inventory, Hospitalized Patients The aim of this study was to evaluate the care burden, psychological distress, and psychiatric disorders of the companions of adult patients in the hospital. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study questionnaire included a sociodemographic information form, the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were administered to the companions. Simple descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. The Mann-Whitney U test was used when there was no normal distribution. Correlation coefficients and statistical significance were calculated by using the Spearman test for at least one non-normal distributed relationship. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed for determining factors associated with BSI scores. The type 1 error level was used as 5% for statistical significance. All p-values of less than .05 were considered significant. Three hundred companions were included in the study. An emotional commitment was the leading cause of companionship. The mean values of the companions' ZCBS and BSI scores were 20.2 and 34.4, respectively. There was a moderately positive correlation (r = .50) between the ZCBS and BSI scores, and it was found to be statistically significant. ZCBS scores were positively associated with BSI scores. Psychological distress increases as the care burden of companions increases. Companions need more assistance from health care institutions, family members, and the community. The support of health workers and family members reduced the companions' care burden and psychological distress. Physicians working in the hospital should take into account that companions may be hidden patients.


Mullite film was formed on ß-SiAlON (Si6-zAlzOzN8-z, z = 3) ceramics by reaction of Al2O3 films with silica formed on oxidation to improve a high temperature water vapor corrosion resistance. Sintered ß-SiAlON was fabricated by hot pressing of ß-sialon (z = 3) powder without additive at 1900°C and at 24 MPa for 4 h in N2. The Al2O3 film was deposited on polished ß-SiAlON ceramics by a dip coating process of Al2O3 precursor sols prepared from the alkoxide solution and aluminum sol. The Al2O3 coated sample was heated in Ar/O2 (95/5 vol.%) at 1300°C for 2 h, resulting in the formation of mullite by reaction with silica produced from sialon. The resulting mullite-coated sample was corroded in H2O/Ar/O2 (90/8/2 vol.%) at 1200°C for 2 ~ 100 h. The corroded samples were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS for the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of mullite-coated sialon.


Many integrable stochastic particle systems in one space dimension (such as TASEP - Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process - and its various deformations, with a notable exception of ASEP) remain integrable when we equip each particle $x_i$ with its own jump rate parameter $\nu_i$. It is a consequence of integrability that the distribution of each particle $x_n(t)$ in a system started from the step initial configuration depends on the parameters $\nu_j$, $j\le n$, in a symmetric way. A transposition $\nu_n \leftrightarrow \nu_{n+1}$ of the parameters thus affects only the distribution of $x_n(t)$. For $q$-Hahn TASEP and its degenerations (namely, $q$-TASEP and beta polymer) we realize the transposition $\nu_n \leftrightarrow \nu_{n+1}$ as an explicit Markov swap operator acting on the single particle $x_n(t)$. For beta polymer, the swap operator can be interpreted as a simple modification of the lattice on which the polymer is considered. Our main tools are Markov duality and contour integral formulas for joint moments.
In particular, our constructions lead to a continuous time Markov process $\mathsf{Q}^{(\mathsf{t})}$ preserving the time $\mathsf{t}$ distribution of the $q$-TASEP (with step initial configuration, where $\mathsf{t}\in \mathbb{R}_{>0}$ is fixed). The dual system is a certain transient modification of the stochastic $q$-Boson system. We identify asymptotic survival probabilities of this transient process with $q$-moments of the $q$-TASEP, and use this to show convergence of the process $\mathsf{Q}^{(\mathsf{t})}$ with arbitrary initial data to its stationary distribution.
Setting $q=0$, we recover the results about the usual TASEP established recently in arXiv:1907.09155 [math.PR] by a different approach based on Gibbs ensembles of interlacing particles in two dimensions.


The low power consumption of CMOS electronics with onchip co-integrated sensors or actuators makes this technology ideal for the use in implanted systems that need a very low power consumption. Due to the successes in miniaturisation such systems are available for applications inside the eye. In this paper three developments currently worked on in Germany will he described. All systems are powered by the energy of an external RF-field. The first microsystem presented here is a system for measuring the intraocular pressure which is important for the therapy of patients having glaucoma. The second system, the so called retina implant, will help patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa to get some visual information by stimulating retinal ganglion cells. After heavy accidents like an explosion the cornea often is damaged in such a way that there is up to now no possibility to repair it. For this kind of injury an implantable vision aid is in development by a German research group.


Collection understanding shifts the traditional focus of retrieval in large collections from locating specific artifacts to gaining a comprehensive view of the collection. Visualization tools are critical to the process of efficient collection understanding. By presenting simple visual interfaces and intuitive methods of interacting with a collection, users come to understand the essence of the collection by focusing on the artifacts. We discuss a practical approach for enhancing collection understanding in image collections.


Software Cost Estimation is a practical process that is applied to find out basically the effort and development time requirements for a software product, which is going to be developed. The process starts with the planning phase activities and refined throughout the development. Various cost estimation models and methods are available to be used for software development process. The COCOMO, an algorithmic model is one example. Although it is hard to predict the exact size especially in terms of lines of code (LOC) of the project at the early stage, the COCOMO model takes LOC as an input to compute the project's effort.

Nowadays, software developers recognize the importance of the realistic estimates of effort to success management of software projects and having a realistic estimates at an early stage of a project life cycle which allow project managers and development organizations to manage resource effectively. This research work has generated an algorithmic effort estimation model for function points measurement. The function-point measurement metric, invented by Allan Albrecht of IBM in the middle of the 1970s was intended to help all the practitioners measure the size of a computerized business information system. Such sizes are needed as a component of a measurement of productivity in system development and maintenance activities and as a component of estimating the effort needed for such activities.

Generally, most of the algorithmic models were generated based on historical projects, and therefore, the same methodology has been applied in this research work. The total of 2265 historical business information systems collected by International Software Benchmarking Standard Groups (ISBSG) has been used to generate and validate the model using statistical technique, known as linear regression analysis. We proposed that a project's functionality in the terms of function points has an approximately linear relationship to the final effort computation. The investigation had carried out on between the functionality and final effort before the model was generated.

Results show that there is an approximately linear relationship between the project's functionality and final effort that is required in the development. On the other hand, the limits with 95% level of confidence have been attached together with the model to ensure that the actual effort always falls within the predicted boundary. However, we suggest that further investigation should be carried on for the technical complexity factors in function point analysis in order to increase the accuracy of the forecasted project's effort.


In this paper, measurement and calibration of a high-sensitivity microwave power sensor through an attenuator is performed using direct comparison transfer technique. To provide reliable results, a mathematical model previously derived using signal flow graphs together with non-touching loop rule analysis for the measurement estimate (i.e., calibration factor) and its uncertainty evaluation is comparatively investigated. The investigation is carried out through the analysis of physical measurement processes, and consistent mathematical model is observed. Later, an example of Type-N (up to 18 GHz) application is used to demonstrate its calibration and measurement capability.


We present high-performance temperature sensors which utilize spray deposited carbon nanotube (CNT) films as the active sensing material. In order to evaluate the device performance, the change in device resistance with respect to the change in temperature is monitored. The performance of devices are compared with and without encapsulation, then for the same devices the effect of post-fabrication treatment order is observed. Next, another set of devices is used to study the effect of encapsulation material curing conditions on device performance. Results show that the fabricated sensors show very good electrical response to the change in temperature. Relative change in resistance as high as 57% for an increase of temperature from 0°C to 80°C can be achieved. Moreover, devices which are first encapsulated and then heat treated exhibit the highest relative change in resistance during measurements. Curing the encapsulation epoxy using visible light instead of ultraviolet light may also result in improved device performance.


Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce osteoblastic differentiation of myoblasts via binding to cell surface receptors. Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) have been identified as BMP co‐receptors. We report here that DRAGON/RGMb, a member of the RGM family, suppressed BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts via a novel mechanism. All RGMs were expressed in C2C12 cells that were differentiated into myocytes and osteoblastic cells, but RGMc was not detected in immature cells. In C2C12 cells, only DRAGON suppressed ALP and Id1 promoter activities induced by BMP‐4 or by constitutively activated BMP type I receptors. This inhibition by DRAGON was dependent on the secretory form of the von Willbrand factor type D domain. DRAGON even suppressed BMP signaling induced by constitutively activated Smad1. Over‐expression of neogenin did not alter the inhibitory capacity of DRAGON. Taken together, these findings indicate that DRAGON may be an inhibitor of BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts. We also suggest that a novel molecule(s) expressed on the cell membrane may mediate the signal transduction of DRAGON in order to suppress BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts.


Background: Multivariate analysis is fast becoming a key instrument that can be used to address crimes or incidents. It may be helpful to assess government policies on crime prevention. Methods: To distinguish between the 25 official crime categories reported in Mexico City (Jan 2019 - Jun 2019), principal coordinates analysis was used to determine the quality of a characteristic in this context. This study used cluster analysis via K-means and Biplot based on time and location in terms of crime occurrence. Results: The results obtained from this preliminary analysis indicates that around 70% of crime occurrence is shown in the following boroughs: Cuauhtémoc, Iztapalapa, Gustavo A. Madero, Benito Juárez, Álvaro Obregón, Coyoacán, and Miguel Hidalgo. Conclusion: There are two factors that contribute to the difficulties in crime analysis in Mexico City, namely, the lack of people's trust in authorities and the insufficiency of tools for data analysis. The latter is an integral part in achieving justice for the victims of crimes because it impedes the process of observing patterns and predicting the perpetrators' next actions, which may help in solving a number of types of crimes. It is then imperative for law enforcement to utilize data analysis tools that aid in identifying crime patterns and trends, such that the occurrences of crime show a downward trend and consequentially increase the people's trust in law enforcement agencies.


To investigate whether changes in land use and associated forest patch turnover affected genetic diversity and structure of the forest herb Primula elatior, historical data on landscape changes were combined with a population genetic analysis using dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Based on nine topographic maps, landscape history was reconstructed and forest patches were assigned to two age classes: young (less than 35 years) and old (more than 35 years). The level of differentiation among Primula populations in recently established patches was compared with the level of differentiation among populations in older patches. Genetic diversity was independent of population size (P > 0.05). Most genetic variation was present within populations. Within‐population diversity levels tended to be higher for populations located in older forests compared with those for populations located in young forests (Hj = 0.297 and 0.285, respectively). Total gene diversity was also higher for old than for young populations (Ht = 0.2987 and 0.2828, respectively). The global fixation index FST averaged over loci was low, but significant. Populations in older patches were significantly more differentiated from each other than were populations in recently established patches and they showed significant isolation by distance. In contrast, no significant correlations between pairwise geographical distance and FST were found for populations in recently established patches. The location of young and old populations in the studied system and altered gene flow because of increased population density and decreased inter‐patch distances between extant populations may explain the observed lower genetic differentiation in the younger populations. This study exemplifies the importance of incorporating data on historical landscape changes in population genetic research at the landscape scale.


Although spatial variability in fauna assemblages has been discussed in the literature for many decades, terrestrial fauna surveys undertaken to support environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in Western Australia (WA) rarely adequately address this issue when undertaking surveys of the terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems. The specific objective of this investigation was to describe the spatial variability in the trapped terrestrial vertebrate fauna for five vegetation assemblages in the semi-arid northern goldfields region of WA. The trapped terrestrial vertebrate assemblage differed significantly among replicate sites in both the composition and relative abundance in each of the five habitats. A high proportion of species trapped were singletons and doubletons, and many species demonstrated a patchy distribution within habitats. Both of these parameters provide a strong case for addressing spatial diversity in terrestrial fauna surveys undertaken to support EIAs.


For the reason that no records for this group of animals have been made anywhere near that region, the Bryozoa collected by Dr. C. J. VAN DER HORST are of great interest. The collection is quite limited in the number of species, as might have been expected on account of the inconspicuous nature of most of them. Only the specialist in the group, accustomed to collect these minute animals and familiar with their habits of growth, occurrence and appearance, need ever expect to take a very complete series of them. Most of the species in the collection appear to be there incidentally, attached to shells, corals, etc., and were later found on close inspection. A considerable number of the species are represented by only one or two specimens and the examination of debris under the binocular microscope yielded several species in the form of minute portions of colonies. No doubt the bryozoan fauna of the waters about Curacao includes several times as many species as appear in this report. It is a typical collection of the tropical seas as far as it goes. Most of the species represented here are found in the Florida waters, where they have been recorded by SMITT (1872—73) and OSBURN (1914). LEVINSEN (1909) has listed incidentally a few of the species for the region about the Virgin Islands (at that time the Danish West Indies). Otherwise, practically nothing is known of the Bryozoa in all that vast region which includes the West Indies, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.


The ACTH was shown to increase whereas hydrocortisone entailed no changes of the muscle contraction amplitude, the duration of the muscle work to fatigue in the regimen of solitary rhythmic contractions being, however, shortened in both bases. The heat production for a unit of the muscle work remained the same after ACTH and decreased after hydrocortisone. The corticotropin increases whereas hydrocortisone decreases the efficiency of the energy substances usage by the working muscles.


In this paper a kernel-based online learning algorithm, which has both constant space and update time, is proposed. The approach is based on the popular online PassiveAggressive (PA) algorithm. When used in conjunction with kernel function, the number of support vectors in PA grows without bounds when learning from noisy data streams. This implies unlimited memory and ever increasing model update and prediction time. To address this issue, the proposed budgeted PA algorithm maintains only a fixed number of support vectors. By introducing an additional constraint to the original PA optimization problem, a closed-form solution was derived for the support vector removal and model update. Using the hinge loss we developed several budgeted PA algorithms that can trade between accuracy and update cost. We also developed the ramp loss versions of both original and budgeted PA and showed that the resulting algorithms can be interpreted as the combination of active learning and hinge loss PA. All proposed algorithms were comprehensively tested on 7 benchmark data sets. The experiments showed that they are superior to the existing budgeted online algorithms. Even with modest budgets, the budgeted PA achieved very competitive accuracies to the non-budgeted PA and kernel perceptron algorithms. Appearing in Proceedings of the 13 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2010, Chia Laguna Resort, Sardinia, Italy. Volume 9 of JMLR: W&CP 9. Copyright 2010 by the authors.


The parallel rise of pervasive data collection platforms and computational methods for collecting, analyzing, and drawing inferences from large quantities of user data has advanced social computing research, investigating digital traces to understand mediated behaviors of individuals, groups, and societies. At the same time, methods employed to access these data have raised questions about ethical research practices. This article provides insights into U.S. institutional review boards' (IRBs) attitudes and practices regulating social computing research. Through descriptive and inferential analysis of survey data from staff at 59 IRBs at research universities, we examine how IRBs evaluate the growing variety of studies using pervasive digital data. Findings unpack the difficulties IRB staff face evaluating increasingly technical research proposals while highlighting the belief in their ability to surmount these difficulties. They also indicate a lack of consensus among IRB staff about what should be reviewed and a willingness to work closely with researchers.


SUMMARY

When confronted with a novel familial disorder, veterinarians should consult McKusick's catalogue of inherited disorders in humans, called Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM), or its online version (OMIM), to see whether a similar disorder has been reported in humans. They should also consult the other readily available sources of comparative information on mice and domesticated species. Increasingly, such consultations can be conducted on the Internet via the World Wide Web. If it is thought that an animal disorder is homologous with a human disorder, publications describing the animal disorder should include the MIM number(s) for that disorder. Future research can then test the hypothesis of homology, until a consensus is reached.


In January 2008 the African Union (AU) launched a Plan of Action on Drug Control and Crime Prevention (2007-2012). The Plan acknowledged the "need for a comprehensive approach", and aimed to "reverse the current trends of drug abuse and trafficking, organised crime, corruption, terrorism and related challenges to socio-economic development and human security". To date most African governments have focused their drug policies and programmes on the criminalisation of drug possession and use, and on operations to arrest dealers and intercept drug shipments. UNODC has acknowledged the damaging "unintended consequences" of this approach: not least the "huge criminal black market that now thrives", the vast amount being spent, the displacement of markets and problems to new countries, and unsustainably high numbers of individuals in prison or pre-trial detention. In October 2012, the AU Conference of Ministers of Drug Control will review the progress made, and is expected to adopt a new AU Plan of Action on Drug Control (2013 - 2017). This is a crucial time for drug policies in the region. This IDPC Advocacy Note offers a set of recommendations based on global evidence to guide policy makers in adopting the new AU Plan of Action on Drug Control.


Electrophoretic selection with capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used, for the first time, to isolate functional nucleic acid sequences using SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). SELEX uses molecular evolution to select functional sequences (aptamers) from random RNA or DNA libraries. Conventional SELEX is usually performed with affinity chromatography, which may introduce significant bias into the selection step. Important biases include the slow kinetics involved in the elution of strongly bound sequences and performing the selection with the target molecule tethered to the stationary support, not in free solution. In this novel CE-SELEX approach, selection occurs in free solution. The nucleic acid sequences that bind the target undergo a mobility shift, migrating at a different rate, allowing them to be separated from the inactive sequences. Thus, there is no need to wash the active sequences off a column as in conventional SELEX, eliminating any kinetic bias. In this work, the viability of CE-SELEX was demonstrated by performing selections against immunoglobulin E (IgE). Anti-IgE aptamers with dissociation constants as low as 40 nM were obtained in only two rounds of selection.


Summary. Catalogues from 1582 to the present of Etnean eruptions and earthquakes from various structural zones of southern Italy have been statistically compared using non-stationary Poisson statistics in order to search for correlative seismic and eruptive activity. A significant relationship exists between flank eruptions and earthquakes in the zone immediately surrounding the volcano. Also, crater eruptions are found to occur before flank eruptions which are not preceded by earthquakes. They do not, however, appear to be correlated with earthquakes. Earthquakes of different structural zones appear to be largely independent of each other. The results suggest two mechanisms for the flank eruptions of Etna. Those that are preceded by crater eruptions are presumed to be caused by magma pressure within Etna's storage reservoir. Whereas those preceded by earthquakes are thought to be due to fracturing of the flank by earthquakes caused by tensile forces associated with the east-west extension of eastern Sicily. The existence of earthquake-related volcanism is consistent with models which attribute Etna's existence to the extensional tectonism and lithospheric faulting in eastern Sicily.


Traditional morphology-based systematics indicates close evolutionary relationships between Caribbean and Indo-Pacific 'faviid' and 'mussid' reef corals. However, molecular phylogenies reveal three distinct family-level clades, which diverged by middle Eocene time: (1) Caribbean faviids + mussids; (2) Indo-Pacific faviids; and (3) Indo-Pacific mussids. During the early Cenozoic, members of these clades also occurred in a third geographical region, the Mediterranean, but became extinct in that region during the Miocene, as the Tethys broke up. We perform morphological phylogenetic analyses including Caribbean, Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean Oligocene and Recent taxa to reconstruct the pattern of divergence between the three regions, and examine how it was related to biogeography. First, fossil specimens were selected from museum collections, and a total of 13 species (three of which are new) were distinguished using nine morphological features. These 13 species were then added to a dataset with taxa consisting of 62 Recent plus one additional extinct species, and with 50 characters. In addition to traditional macromorphology, the characters include new micromorphological and microstructural features observed using electron microscopy and transverse thin sections. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the dataset using parsimony. The results show that, contrary to traditional systematics, 11 of the 13 Mediterranean extinct coral species group more closely with Indo-Pacific taxa than they do with Caribbean taxa. Recent Caribbean taxa and Indo-Pacific 'mussids' form distinct clades; but Indo-Pacific 'faviids' form four poorly resolved subclades basal to the Caribbean clade. These results suggest that Mediterranean meandroid corals belong to a cosmopolitan pantropical fauna, from which modern Caribbean meandroid corals diverged as the Caribbean became isolated. Phylogenetic analyses including fossils have higher resolution than analyses including only modern corals. The systematics of the 13 extinct species are formally revised. Two new species – Variabilifavia ausuganensis sp. nov. and Echinophyllia sassellensis sp. nov. – and one new genus – Paraleptoria gen. nov. – are named, and one undescribed species is left in open nomenclature. Two previously synonymized genera are resurrected. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A5731291-9792-464D-87CF-E1DED0C9057E


Training a small student network with the guidance of a larger teacher network is an effective way to promote the performance of the student. Despite the different types, the guided knowledge used to distill is always kept unchanged for different teacher and student pairs in previous knowledge distillation methods. However, we find that teacher and student models with different networks or trained from different initialization could have distinct feature representations among different channels. (e.g. the high activated channel for different categories). We name this incongruous representation of channels as teacher-student knowledge discrepancy in the distillation process. Ignoring the knowledge discrepancy problem of teacher and student models will make the learning of student from teacher more difficult. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel student-dependent distillation method, knowledge consistent distillation, which makes teacher's knowledge more consistent with the student and provides the best suitable knowledge to different student networks for distillation. Extensive experiments on different datasets (CIFAR100, ImageNet, COCO) and tasks (image classification, object detection) reveal the widely existing knowledge discrepancy problem between teachers and students and demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Our method is very flexible that can be easily combined with other state-of-the-art approaches.


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Abstract The paper is aimed at identifying characteristics of trade relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) with the Republic of Slovenia (Slovenia) in order to contribute to determining the position of BiH in its bilateral trade. The foreign trade analysis has been performed in the context of the changing trade regime between the two countries, thereby including both institutional and functional aspects of bilateral trade relations development. Different trade indicators have been calculated and interpreted for the period of 2003-2017 and/or for selected years which were identified by a change in the institutional regulations of mutual trade flows. The research results indicate increasing trade intensity between the two countries, with almost balanced export and import flows and with prevailing inter-industry trade. The trade performance of BiH has significantly improved, with increasing intra-industry specialization and trade. However, the export structure and comparative advantage pattern are not favourable toward BiH, which points to the need for improving the country's position in its trade with Slovenia.


According to the literature, the conservation of momentum equation needs to be coupled with the mass conservation equation. However, they cannot create a coupled system of equations of motion because they ignored third Newton law. The conservation of momentum equation is Newton's second law of motion, whereas conservation of mass belongs to kinematics that have no deal with forces at all. However, no one motion in nature can be described only by Newton's second law without Newton's third law (every action creates an equal and opposite reaction). Einstein (1905) referred to this as dynamic equilibrium. It is only half the task to construct the conservation of momentum equation of "action". The second equally important part is to find the equation of "reaction", which would satisfied flow problem. We will show that the system of the conservation of momentum and diffusion of momentum equations satisfies the dynamic equilibrium condition.


SIR: Peuskens et al(1995) have published a welcome confirmation of the low level of extra-pyramidal side-effects at low dose and short-term efficacy of risperidone. I am unclear, however, how a study designed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of risp eridone can arrive at the conclusion that risperidone is thus "¿ an effective antipsychotic for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia― (my emphasis). This was an eight week trial using only a maximum of seven days washout and where over a third of the participants were on long-acting depot neuroleptics before the trial. It is well recognised that when typical antipsychotics are stopped, it is not uncommon for chronic schizophrenics, freed from the burden of (intolerable) sedation and extra pyramidal side-effects such as akathisia, to start to feel better for several months. Relapse rates then tend to rise after this time. Indeed, even just reduc ing antipsychotic doses can have a beneficial effect on symptoms and side-effects (Liberman et a!, 1994). I would have thought that the trial would need to have been continued for a further 6—12months before the stated conclusion could be drawn. Until then, I feel that the valid conclusion is that risperi done is at least an effective antipsychotic in chronic schizophrenics, but not of chronic schizophrenia, a subtle yet important difference.


Introduction: The Tremor Research Group Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS) is a well-validated instrument to assess essential tremor. However, similar to all other tremor rating scales, specific instructions for individual tasks are based mostly on expert opinion and tradition. Several tasks have multiple possible variations that have never been compared to determine if they impact score. Methods: Using blinded, randomized videotapes, a group of tremor experts evaluated multiple ET patients to determine: 1. whether assessments of spirals and writing samples are similar if the rater only sees the end result as opposed to actually watching the task, 2. whether arm tremor ratings (postural and wing-beating) are similar if the subjects hold both hands out concurrently vs. if they only hold one arm out at a time, 3. whether heal to shin tremor scores vary between supine and sitting, and 4. compared cursive vs script writing samples. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were excellent (>0.95) for all arm assessments. Writing tremor was rated worse if only rating the spiral/writing photos (p < 0.05) rather than also viewing the writing process, arm tremor scores were higher if each arm was rated individually (p < 0.001), heal to shin scores were higher when done sitting (p = 0.01), and cursive writing tended to be rated higher than script (p = 0.08). Discussion: Minor procedure differences when administering the TETRAS can significantly alter results.


The present study was conducted to assess the ameliorative effect of four herbal preparations namely Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica and E Care Se Herbal on the pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) in chicks. Ninety day old specific pathogenic free (SPF) chicks were randomly divided into six groups (A to F) in which the first four groups were fed with W. somnifera (1% pure extract), T. cordifolia (1% pure extract), A. indica (0.2% pure extract) and E Care Se Herbal (0.1% in drinking water), respectively, from the first day. Groups E and F were treated as positive and negative controls respectively. Groups A to E were intra-muscularly on 14th day of age with 40 times of 50% chicken infectious dose (CID50) of CIAV A strain. Chicks of each group were sacrificed on 14 day post infection (DPI), the lymphoid organs collected and ameliorative effects of the four herbal preparations were evaluated by assessing the degree of gross and histopathological changes. The chicks of all the herbal treatment groups showed ameliorative effects as revealed by reduced pathological lesions and changes when compared with the positive virus control group. The herbal preparations evaluated in this study can be recommended for immunomodulatory, prophylactic and therapeutic purposes against CIAV induced immunosuppression so as to reduce mortality and secondary infections associated with this virus.


Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a unique set of therapeutic methods for plagues. COVID-19 is a severe type of pneumonia caused by a new coronavirus, which manifests in fever, cough, headache, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and other symptoms. TCM has fully displayed its advantages of various approaches in this epidemic, including herbal decoction, patent herbs, aroma packets, acupuncture, massage, etc. These methods have played an essential role in the prevention, treatment, and nursing of COVID-19, not only in alleviating the early clinical symptoms of patients but reducing the progression from mild to severe symptoms. Thanks to the advantages of treating the pandemic, we should pay more attention to TCM modalities.


Increasing battery energy density is greatly desired for applications such as portable electronics and transportation. However, many next generation batteries are limited by electrolyte selection because high ionic conductivity and poor electrochemical stability are typically observed in most electrolytes. For example, ether-based electrolytes have high ionic conductivity, but are oxidatively unstable above 4 V, which prevents the use of high voltage cathodes that promise higher energy densities. In contrast, hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) have high oxidative stability, but do not dissolve lithium salt. In this work, we synthesize a new class of fluorinated ether electrolytes that combine the oxidative stability of HFEs with the ionic conductivity of ethers in a single compound. We show that conductivities of up to 2.7×10⁻4 S/cm (at 30°C) can be obtained with oxidative stability up to 5.6 V. The compounds also show higher lithium transference numbers compared to typical ethers. Furthermore, we use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular dynamics (MD) to study their ionic transport behavior and ion solvation environment, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that these new class of electrolytes can be used with a Ni-rich layered cathode (NMC 811) to obtain over 100 cycles at a C/5 rate. The design of new molecules with high ionic conductivity and high electrochemical stability is a novel approach for the rational design of next generation batteries.


This paper explores the transformative vision of the Nigerian poet, Remi Raji from imaginative mooring in his earlier works to factional realities in Gather My Blood Rivers of Song published in 2009. In some poems in this collection, Raji embraces factional realities as he grapples with the narration of actual existence in Nigeria. This signifies a movement away from the speculative construct of the imagination as he presents the tangible properties of events, not as history, but the facts in reality. This differentiates him from other writers who merely re-echo or document events. Based on the materialist frame of reference presented in some of the poems in this collection, Raji is able to enact plausible narrations that have identifiable referentiality through which he guides his poetic presenta- tion of actual human existence. Keywords: factional realism, imagination, Nigerian poetry, Remi Raji, representative constructs.


Subsurface reservoir models are typically limited by a lack of spatially accurate geometric data on bedform architecture and geometry. These factors are key controls on fluid flow. Outcrop analogs have long been used as a source of such data, but the capture of sufficiently precise outcrop data is a challenge. The study presented in this article used highly accurate geometrical digital geological outcrop data collected using ground-based laser scanning (light detection and ranging [LIDAR]) to build and test three-dimensional geocellular models of deltaic reservoir analogs.Two well-exposed ancient river-dominated delta systems, the Panther Tongue and the Ferron Sandstone Member, which both crop out in central Utah, were digitally mapped to precisely recreate their clinothem and clinoform geometries in geocellular reservoir modeling software. Such clinoforms are commonly draped with low-permeability mudstones that produce reservoir heterogeneity by subdividing the deltaic sand body into a series of dipping sandstone beds (clinothems). A key aspect of the modeling was to accurately capture these geometries and their effect on simulated fluid flow.Portions of the two deltaic systems were dynamically analyzed in a reservoir modeling software by simulating production in 41 models. These models tested a range of mudstone barrier continuities and permeabilities. Results quantify how the continuation of the heterogeneities governed the production rate and recovery factor in the Panther Tongue models. Mudstone permeability values were more important in the Ferron Sandstone models with steeper dipping and closer spaced clinothems, although production was still influenced by the continuation of the heterogeneities.


Position weight matrices are an important method for modeling signals or motifs in biological sequences, both in DNA and protein contexts. In this paper, we present fast algorithms for the problem of finding significant matches of such matrices. Our algorithms are of the online type, and they generalize classical multipattern matching, filtering, and superalphabet techniques of combinatorial string matching to the problem of weight matrix matching. Several variants of the algorithms are developed, including multiple matrix extensions that perform the search for several matrices in one scan through the sequence database. Experimental performance evaluation is provided to compare the new techniques against each other as well as against some other online and index-based algorithms proposed in the literature. Compared to the brute-force O(mn) approach, our solutions can be faster by a factor that is proportional to the matrix length m. Our multiple-matrix filtration algorithm had the best performance in the experiments. On a current PC, this algorithm finds significant matches (p = 0.0001) of the 123 JASPAR matrices in the human genome in about 18 minutes.


Urban areas account for between 71% and 76% of CO2 emissions from global final energy use and between 67–76% of global energy use. The highest emitting 100 urban areas (defined as contiguous population clusters) account for 18% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To date there is no comprehensive study of megacities (10 million+ population) analysing their historic population, economic and emission patterns and contributions to global GHGs. A key challenge is that a majority of these megacities (33 out of 41) are located in developing countries, making it challenging to track their rapidly mounting emissions. In this research, we capitalize on recently released open-access datasets—the Global Human Settlements Database (R2019A) and the World Urbanization Prospects (2018) for analyzing megacity development and GHG trends, vis-à-vis the mitigation targets outlined in their climate action plans. We find that as leading political and economic centres in their nations, though most megacities have initiated climate action plans, the aggregate impact of megacities on global emissions is limited. Based on this evidence, we explore how rapidly growing megacities can hedgehop to effectively reduce their GHG emissions while urbanizing and developing economically.


The marine fecal indicator Enterococcus is measured at beaches to detect fecal contamination events, and beaches are closed to bathers when Enterococcus is found to exceed the federally mandated limit. This dissertation presents evidence that beach sands are an environmental reservoir of enterococci, tests the relationship between beach sand enterococci and water quality measurements, examines how real-time environmental conditions measured at beaches can be used to better understand and predict water quality violations, and uses molecular methods to provide an alternative characterization of water and sand fecal contamination. Initially, a qPCR method was developed and applied to monitor enterococci DNA in sands. Subsequently this qPCR method was used in tandem with traditional detection of culturable enterococci in sand and water at recreational beaches that have closures every summer. One field season was spent in Maine at beaches in the Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, where high frequency water and weather measurements are routinely collected in situ. Two field seasons were spent at the beach in Provincetown Harbor, Massachusetts, where a weather station and ADCP were deployed to characterize the environmental conditions associated with observations of elevated enterococci. All studies revealed that environmental variables were related to the distribution of enterococci in sands and water, with water temperature and tides having the strongest relationship to enterococci in water. In dry weather, elevated enterococci in sands were strongly related to the increased moisture content of sands during spring tides. These environmental variables were used in multiple linear regressions to explain a significant amount of the variation observed in environmental enterococci abundance, which notably had no relationship to molecular markers of human fecal pollution. Results suggest that under certain conditions sands can contribute bacteria to the water and that tidal cycles, which are not taken into account in monitoring schemes, can bias routine sampling. Thesis supervisor: Dr. Rebecca Gast Title: Associate Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Department of Biology


The A. establishes that many ideas, methods and techniques belonging to alternative medicine, which are nowadays imported, have a certain tradition in Slovenia, but that this tradition was discontinued for some time. She has found evidence of the following in the past: natural treatment of chronic diseases, homeopathy; dowsing or radiesthesia, bioenergy, treatment with medical herbs, crystals and metals, manipulative therapy, massages, diets and urinotherapy.


INTRODUCTION: C2 spinal cord hemisection interrupts descending bulbospinal respiratory axons coursing through the cervical spinal cord. One consequence of this type of spinal cord injury is the partial deafferentation of the ipsilateral phrenic nucleus, which renders the hemidiaphragm paralysed. The biochemical properties of the intact or denervated locomotor skeletal muscles have been studied extensively, whereas the biochemical properties of the diaphragm after a cervical spinal cord injury received relatively little attention. This seems unfortunate, given that the diaphragm is the most important mammalian respiratory muscle and is the only skeletal muscle considered essential for survival. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to analyse the bioenergetic characteristics of the diaphragm following a cervical spinal cord injury. METHODS: Segments of the crural diaphragm from rat were homogenised to determine the activities of a glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and a Krebs cycle enzyme, citrate synthase (CS). RESULTS: Data show a significant decrease of the CS activity on the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm to the cervical hemisection. No change in the LDH is observed between the animal without or with a cervical spinal cord injury. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggested that the CS activity could be dependent of the nervous influx from the central respiratory rhythm generator and that LDH activity could be maintained by a peripheral respiratory activity or by the cross phrenic phenomenon activation. Biochemical data should be considered in subjects presenting respiratory deficiency induced by a cervical spinal cord injury. Furthermore, the diaphragmatic muscle metabolic activity could be used to evaluate the functional respiratory recovery observed spontaneously or experimentally after using repair strategies of the spinal cord.


Background. After the injection of rabbit anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane (GBM ) antibody into normal C57BL/6J mice severe albuminuria develops. which reaches a peak at 24 h. This early albuminuria is dependent on polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) and is completely absent in the congenic beige mutant strain (C57BL/6J, bg/bg), which is genetically deficient in leukocytic neutral proteinase activity. We now studied the development of anti-GBM nephritis in beige mice during the later heterologous phase. Methods. In untreated beige mice we assessed the albuminuria and glomerular lesions on days 1-5 after i.v. injection of anti-GBM antibody. Secondly, effector mechanisms involved in the later days of the heterologous phase were studied by substitution of whole anti-GBM antibodies by F(ab') 2 fragments, by leukocyte depletion (total body irradiation), scavenging of reactive oxygen metabolites (dimethylsulfoxide treatment), and complement depletion (cobra venom factor treatment). Results. In the later part of the heterologous phase (days 2-5), when there is still no sign of autologous antibody formation, i.v. injection of anti-GBM antibodies in beige mice induces nephritis with gradually increasing albuminuria, that reaches levels similar to those in non-deficient, congenic controls by day 3. This late albuminuria did not occur after injection of F(ab') 2 fragments of the antibody, could be prevented by leukocyte depletion, and was greatly reduced by treatment with dimethylsulfoxide, a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals. The late albuminuria was not influenced by complement depletion with cobra venom factor. Histologic and immunohistologic studies gave no indication for a role of glomerular macrophages or lymphocytes. Conclusions. The heterologous phase in murine anti-GBM nephritis is a biphasic process, with sequential involvement of different and independent mediating systems : both phases are PMN-dependent, but only the early albuminuria depends on leukocytic neutral proteinase activity, whereas the albuminuria and the glomerular damage at later days are effected by reactive oxygen metabolites, most probably originating from PMN accumulating in the glomerulus.


For the problem that the blind, the old man and the children are often lost, a portable positioning instrument had been designed. The instrument is based on the technology of the GPS and GSM/GPRS, circuit design. The instrument is for tracing and tracking of the blind, the old man and the children in real-time. The characteristics of the instrument are quickly and accuracy. The detail position of the missing people could be found by the tracing control center. The tracking and the distribution situation of the blind, the old man and the children could be sent and printed. The low voltage portable positioning instrument has two points in conclusion. The technology is advanced and the function is reliable.


Araucarites Hudlestoni, Carruthers, sp. nov. Cone oblong-ovate, supported on a thick branch, which is clothed with leaves to the base of the cone. Scales numerous, supported on a thick axis. Scales small, wingless, with a well-marked lepidium or upper scale. Seed small, oval, borne at the base of the scale. The two cones, found by Mr. Hudleston, are mature, and each scale, except those imperfectly developed at the apex and base of the cone, bears a seed. The cones are small, being inches long by inches broad. The scales also are small in proportion to the thickness of the axis. The axis must have been the first part of the organism to decay, as the matrix in which the cones were imbedded was yet unsolidified, and has been pressed into the cavities left by the decayed axes. The scales, however, persisted until the rock became indurated; and when this decay took place, the cavities were filled in with crystalline calcite, which now represents the external form of the scales and seeds, often with singalar minuteness. The fragment of branch which still adheres to one of the cones, exhibits the bases of the leaves, which were of considerable size and thickness, as is shown by the transverse section of the calcite cast. The characters which I have described as found in the scales show that this Araucaria belonged to the Colymbea section of the genus, now represented by two species in


Proofs in simulation-based frameworks have the greatest rigor when they are machine checked. But the level of details in these proofs surpasses what the formal-methods community can handle with existing tools. Existing formal results consider streamlined versions of simulation-based frameworks to cope with this complexity. Hence, a central question is how to abstract details from composability results and enable their formal verification.In this paper, we focus on the modeling of system communication in composable security statements. Existing formal models consider fixed communication patterns to reduce the complexity of their proofs. However, as we will show, this can affect the reusability of security statements. We propose an abstract approach to modeling system communication in Constructive Cryptography that avoids this problem. Our approach is suitable for mechanized verification and we use CryptHOL, a framework for developing mechanized cryptography proofs, to implement it in the Isabelle/HOL theorem prover. As a case study, we formalize the construction of a secure channel using Diffie-Hellman key exchange and a one-time-pad.


The mammalian PIM family of serine/threonine kinases regulate several cellular functions, such as cell survival and motility. Since we have observed PIM expression in the olfactory epithelium and other sensory organs of mice, this has raised the question of whether PIM kinases regulate also sensory cell functions. As our model organism to investigate this question, we used the Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, which express two PIM-related kinases, PRK-1 and PRK-2. We demonstrated them to be true PIM orthologs with similar substrate specificity as well as sensitivity to PIM-inhibitory compounds. Furthermore, we obtained evidence to indicate that PRKs are selectively involved in regulation of olfactory sensations via AWB or AWCON neurons to volatile attractants or repellants, but do not affect gustatory sensations.


Polydopamine-coated polyurethane open cell foams are used as structured supports for molecular catalysts through the covalent anchoring of alkoxysilyl arms by the catechol groups of the mussel-inspired layer. This strong bonding prevents their leaching. No alteration of the mechanical properties of the flexible support is observed after repeated uses of the catalytic materials.


It seems that there is not a clear consensus among industry professionals on how green certificates should be valued, even though, there seems to be a consensus that certified properties are potentially valued higher than non-certified properties. This study aims to find out whether the potential extra value of a green certificate could be measured with real option valuation (ROV). Data was gathered from industry professionals using a standard discounted cash flow valuation method constructed in a spreadsheet. ROV was applied in the data using Collan's pay-off method. The results show that an average real option value of 985,000 Euro (or 8.8% premium to the average property value) was found for the green certificate. The main finding is that by examining the certificate as a real option, the potential extra value of a green certificate could be added into min and max case scenarios, thus, making it not necessary to alter the normal cash-flow scenario that should be based on the comparable data available from the market which is scarcely available for certified buildings.


Intense interest has centered around the role of a subset of regulatory T cells, CD4 (cid:1) CD25 (cid:1) Treg, in controlling the development of auotimmune disorders, allograft rejection, infection, malignancy, and allergy. We previously reported that MD1, a molecule known to be important in regulation of expression of RP105, also was important in regulating alloimmunity, and that blockade of expression of MD1 diminished graft rejection in vivo. One mechanism by which an MD1-RP105 complex exerts an effect on immune responses is through interference with an LPS-derived signal delivered through the CD14-MD-2-TLR4 complex. We show below that LPS signaling for Treg induction occurs at higher LPS thresholds that for effector T cell responses. In addition, blockade of MD1 functional activity in dendritic cells (using anti-MD1 mAbs, MD1 antisense deoxyoligonucleotides, or responder cells from mice with deletion of the MD1 gene), resulted in elevated Treg induction in response to allogeneic stimulation (in vivo or in vitro) in the presence of LPS. These data offer one mechanistic explanation for the augmented immunosuppression described following anti-MD1 treatment. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 177: 1078–1084.


In the paper, polishing free-form surfaces of die are studied with magnetic abrasive finishing. The principle of magnetic abrasive finishing free-form surface, the design of magnetic pole, the composition and categories of magnetic abrasive are introduced. Through digitizing of free-form surface by using trimmed NURBS, based on residual roughness, machining accuracy and other parameters, the offset variable of free-form surface, which is the path of magnetic pole, is derived with the computer aided geometric design theory. These will provide theoretic foundation for the realization of finishing free-form surfaces of die automatically.


A 2,000 year-long oceanographic history, in sub-centennial resolution, from a Canadian Beaufort Sea continental shelf site (60meters water depth) near the Mackenzie River outlet is reconstructed from ostracode and foraminifera faunal assemblages, shell stable isotopes (delta 18O, delta 13C) and sediment biogenic silica. The chronology of three sediment cores making up the composite section was established using 137Cs and 210Pb dating for the most recent 150 years and combined with linear interpolation of radiocarbon dates from bivalve shells and foraminifera tests.Continuous centimeter-sampling of the multicore and high-resolution sampling of a gravity and piston core yielded a time-averaged faunal record of every approximately 40 years from 0 to 1850 CE and every approximately 24 years from 1850 to 2013 CE. Proxy records were consistent with temperature oscillations and related changes in organic carbon cycling associated with the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). Abundance changes in dominant microfossil species, such as the ostracode Paracyprideis pseudopunctillata and agglutinated foraminifers Spiroplectammina biformis and S. earlandi, are used as indicators of less saline, and possibly corrosive/turbid bottom conditions associated with the MCA (approximately 800 to 1200 CE) and the most recent approximately 60 years (1950–2013). During these periods, pronounced fluctuations in these species suggest that prolonged seasonal sea-ice melting, changes in riverine inputs and sediment dynamics affected the benthic environment. Taxa analyzed for stable oxygen isotope composition of carbonates show the lowest delta 18O values during intervals within the MCA and the highest during the late LIA, which is consistent with a 1 degree to 2 degree C cooling of bottom waters. Faunal and isotopic changes during the cooler LIA (1300 to 1850 CE) are most apparent at approximately 1500 to 1850 CE and are particularly pronounced during 1850 to approximately 1900 CE, with an approximate 0.5 per mil increase in delta 18O values of carbonates from median values in the analyzed taxa. This very cold 50-year period suggests that enhanced summer sea ice suppressed productivity,which is indicated by low sediment biogenic silica values and lower delta 13C values in analyzed species. From 1900CE to present, declines in calcareous faunal assemblages and changes in dominant species (Cassidulina reniforme and P. pseudopunctillata) are associated with less hospitable bottom waters, indicated by a peak in agglutinated foraminifera from 1950 to 1990 CE.


The selection of routes is an important issue in wireless networks when network coding is used. Existing research formulate network-coding-aware routing as a linear optimization program. However, deploying such method in real wireless networks is impractical. To solve this issue, in this paper, a practical network-coding aware routing protocol is proposed for unicast sessions in wireless networks. The protocol is based on a novel routing metric design that captures the characteristics of network coding and unicast sessions. To ensure the novel routing metric can operate with practical and widely available path calculation mechanisms, a unique mapping process is used to map a real wireless network to a virtual network. The mapping process ensures that the paths with the biggest coding opportunities will be selected by commonly used path calculation mechanisms. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol is effective.


This paper analyses the new informative consumptions and uses of social media among university students in Colombia. From the analysis of various surveys carried out in 2018 and in 2019, Colombian university students will be able to study how the processes of news reading and the uses of social media have evolved. Since the arrival in our lives of social networks sites and the use of numerous hours of the cell phone with an Internet connection, reading habits and news consumption have changed considerably; to the press, to the radio and to the television, the mobility of the news is added through the newsfeed of Facebook and Twitter. With this research, it is desired to observe the evolution in the uses and informative consumptions from the use of social networks sites by means of the quantitative survey technique and a selected sample of university students in the city of Bogotá.


The results of study of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-adrenal system in patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease under the influence of high reserpine doses are presented. An increase of plasma ACTH and cortizol level and disturbance of the 24-hour rhythm of their secretion was noted in the patients. High reserpine doses led to the fall of ACTH and cortizol secretion, without any normalization of their secretion rhythm in the course of 24 hours. A test with metopyron carried out before and after the reserpine prescription pointed to the increase of the ACTH reserve under the influence of high reserpine doses.


We have described a gene coding for an Enterobacter cloacae protein, provisionally called OmpX (J. Stoorvogel, M. J. A. W. M. van Bussel, J. Tommassen, and J. A. M. van de Klundert, J. Bacteriol. 173:156-160, 1991). In the work reported here, OmpX was localized in the cell envelope by means of sucrose gradient fractionation of membrane vesicles. Overproduction of OmpX in Escherichia coli from a multicopy plasmid resulted in a reduction in the amount of OmpF. No accumulation of OmpF, of its uncleft precursor, or of its degradation products could be detected in various cell fractions by Western immunoblot analysis using monoclonal antibodies produced in response to OmpF. A decrease in the rate of synthesis of ompF mRNA was indicated by a beta-galactosidase assay in an ompF-lacZ fusion strain containing the cloned ompX gene and by Northern (RNA) blot analysis. These results indicate that the inhibition is at the level of transcription. Colony hybridization, using an internal ompX fragment as a probe, showed a widespread distribution of the ompX gene among clinical isolates of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. To study the function of the OmpX protein and its role in the regulation of porin protein synthesis, the ompX gene was deleted from the Enterobacter cloacae chromosome and replaced by the aphA gene. The absence of the ompX gene had no apparent effect on cell growth or on the regulation of the porin proteins.


Abstract The Zn6Sc 1/1 cubic approximant to a quasicrystal has been studied in-situ at high pressures by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This phase can be described as a bcc packing of Tsai-type icosahedral clusters whose center is occupied by a disordered Zn4 tetrahedron. At ambient pressure the Zn6Sc undergoes a structural phase transition at 159 K to a monoclinic superstructure in which the Zn4 tetrahedra are orientationally ordered along the [1̄01] direction of the high-temperature bcc phase. In the pressure range up to 35 GPa, two new superstructures have been observed. The second phase corresponds to a four-fold pseudo cubic superstructure, i.e. a very large unit cell with a lattice parameter of about 5.5 nm. The resulting pressure-temperature phase diagram is different from that of Cd6Yb, which was reported by Watanuki et al. (2006).


A variant
of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily
value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The
monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through
multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from
each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from
the GDP per capita.  The DALYs data for the 166 causes
were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per
capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook
database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health
expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database
(World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).


This research is aim at investigating Climate Change effects on buckling strength of steel plate elements. Climate change is the consequence of global warming as a result of the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic reasons. This can lead to changes in environmental and atmospheric pollution parameters which may affect the deterioration rate of engineering materials and infrastructural systems. A review of the state-of-the art dose-response function, which are capable of linking atmospheric pollutants concentrations and environmental variables with long-term deterioration, was carried out to quantify the potential impact of climate change on material corrosion loss of carbon steel. The corrosion loss was then linked with the long-term buckling strength of steel plate elements to produce long-term performance models.
A full mapping of corrosion loss from 0%-90% section thickness loss under compressive and shear loads was undertaken using both linear and non-linear buckling finite element analyses through ABAQUS in order to find out the impact of the effect of section thickness loss on the buckling strength of steel plate elements used in plate girder bridges. A total of 522 three-dimensional finite elements models of realistic plate elements were analysed under different corrosion intensities and patterns, the latter including uniform and non-uniform corrosion as well as pitting corrosion.
The dose-response functions were then utilised to predict long-term corrosion under different climate scenarios. The damage assessment by the well-known ISO model was compared to that of two other models, Klinesmith et al. (2007) and Kallias et al. (2016). From the damage assessment using the dose-response functions it was discovered that the ISO model tends to underestimate the corrosion loss while the Klinesmith and Kallias models were found to result in comparable predictions for corrosion loss over time. The buckling FE results were normalised and plotted in terms of reduction factor curves which can offer a quick way for estimating the buckling strength loss over time, for different corrosion scenarios. These curves can offer useful support to infrastructure owners and managers to assess the implications of corrosion on plate elements and plan effective maintenance strategies throughout the life cycle of assets in the face of challenging climate change uncertainties and financial constraints.


Aims To determine the effects of verapamil and diltiazem on simvastatin metabolism in human liver microsomes and to compare their inhibitory potencies and CYP3A4 inactivation parameters with those reported previously for mibefradil. Methods Simvastatin metabolism was investigated in human liver microsomes in the presence and absence of verapamil or diltiazem (0.1±250 mM). Kinetics of CYP3A4 inactivation by verapamil and diltiazem were determined using testosterone as the substrate. Results When verapamil was coincubated with simvastatin, IC50 values ranged from 23 to 26 mM for all major metabolites. The IC50 values ranged from 4.8 to 5.6 mM on preincubation of verapamil for 30 min in the presence of an NADPH-generating system. Corresponding IC50 values for diltiazem ranged from110±127 mM and from 21±27 mM, respectively. Verapamil and diltiazem inhibited testosterone 6b-hydroxylation in a timeand concentration-dependent manner, key features of mechanismbased inactivation. Values for the inactivation parameters kinact and KI were 0.15t0.04 min (mean t s.d.) and 2.9t0.6 mM, respectively, for verapamil and 0.07t0.01 min and 3.3t1.5 mM, respectively, for diltiazem. Conclusions The IC50 values for coincubation of verapamil and diltiazem were 46and 220-fold higher, respectively, than those reported previously for mibefradil, and 16and 71-fold higher, respectively, for preincubation. Thus, the results of this study suggest that verapamil and diltiazem are less likely than mibefradil to cause acute drug interactions with simvastatin in vivo. However, verapamil and diltiazem are moderate mechanism-based inhibitors of CYP3A4 and therefore may still cause signi®cant inhibition of simvastatin metabolism in vivo during chronic therapy.


Australian government has undergone an "audit explosion" in the last twenty years. This article observes, first, that the constitutional function of public sector audit institutions (AIs) gives them a strong cultural commitment to the assessment of the regularity and legality of public expenditure. New functions connected with performance audit and evaluation of nonfinancial performance indicators are liable to be interpreted through the lens of these more traditional concerns. The second observation is that, if we think in terms of "regimes" of financial control, we find that AIs form only part of the overall regulatory regime. This calls into question the coherence and potential for effectiveness of regimes of financial control. However, AIs could also be conceived as "meta-regulators" with the capacity to steer the self-regulatory capacities of public sector organizations in respect of financial controls. Auditors may be effective as meta-regulators through speaking softly, even though they demonstrably lack big sticks.


The recent shift towards write-intensive workload on big data (e.g., financial trading, social user-generated data streams)has pushed the proliferation of log-structured key-value stores, represented by Google's BigTable [1], Apache HBase [2] andCassandra [3]. While providing key-based data access with aPut/Get interface, these key-value stores do not support value-based access methods, which significantly limits their applicability in modern web and database applications. In this paper, we present DELI, a DEferred Lightweight Indexing scheme on the log-structured key-value stores. To index intensively updated bigdata in real time, DELI aims at making the index maintenance as lightweight as possible. The key idea is to apply an append-only design for online index maintenance and to collect index garbage at carefully chosen time. DELI optimizes the performance of index garbage collection through tightly coupling its execution with a native routine process called compaction. The DELI's system design is fault-tolerant and generic (to most key-valuestores), we implemented a prototype of DELI based on HBase without internal code modification. Our experiments show that the DELI offers significant performance advantage for the write-intensive index maintenance.


Abstract. Solar disturbances, depending on the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field, typically result in perturbations of the geomagnetic field as observed by magnetometers on the ground. Here, the geomagnetic field's horizontal component, as measured by the ground-based observatory-standard magnetometer at Tromso (70° N, 19° E), is examined for signatures of complexity. Twenty-five year-long 10 s resolution data sets are analysed for fluctuations with timescales of less than 1 day. Quantile–quantile plots are employed first, revealing that the fluctuations are better represented by Cauchy rather than Gaussian distributions. Thereafter, both spectral density and detrended fluctuation analysis methods are used to estimate values of the generalized Hurst exponent, α. The results are then compared with independent findings. Inspection and comparison of the spectral and detrended fluctuation analyses reveal that timescales between 1 h and 1 day are characterized by fractional Brownian motion with a generalized Hurst exponent of ~1.4, whereas including timescales as short as 1 min suggests fractional Brownian motion with a generalized Hurst exponent of ~1.6.


The effect of two different cyanine dyes 2-(2-hydroxystyryl)quinolinium-1-ethyl iodide (I) and 4-(2-hydroxystyryl)quinolinium-1-ethyl iodide (II) on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel (0.05% C, 0.04% Si, 0.023% S, 0.004% Cu) in HCl solution has been studied. Weight loss measurements, galvanostatic polarization curves, open-circuit potential variation of steel electrode with time and the cathodic protective current values show that the investigated cyanine dyes have an anticorrosive character. The inhibition effect depends mainly on the structure of the studied dye molecules, and is more pronounced in case of pretreated carbon steel with the dye solution before immersion in the corrosion medium than that obtained by addition of the dye to the corrosive medium.


Two experiments were conducted with the objective of investigating the effects of rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) supplementation of metabolizable protein (MP)-deficient or MP-adequate but Met-deficient diets on dairy cow performance. Experiment (Exp.) 1 utilized 36 Holstein dairy cows blocked in 12 blocks of 3 cows each. Cows within block were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: (1) MP-adequate diet [AMP; positive MP balance according to the National Research Council (2001) dairy model]; (2) an MP-deficient diet supplemented with 100g of rumen-protected Lys (RPLys)/cow per day (DMPL); and (3) DMPL supplemented with 24 g of RPMet/cow per day (DMPLM). Experiment 2 utilized 120 Holstein cows assigned to 6 pens of 20 cows each. Pens (3 per treatment) were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: (1) AMP diet supplemented with 76 g of RPLys/cow per day (AMPL); and (2) AMPL (74 g of RPLys/cow per day) supplemented with 24 g of RPMet/cow per day (AMPLM). Each experiment lasted for 10 wk (2-wk adaptation and 8-wk experimental periods) following a 2-wk covariate period (i.e., a total of 12 wk). In Exp. 1, the MP-deficient diets decreased apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility but had no statistical effect on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, or milk fat percentage and yield. Compared with AMP, DMPL decreased milk protein content; both DMPL and DMPLM diets decreased milk protein yield. Urinary N losses and milk urea-N concentration were decreased by the MP-deficient diets compared with AMP. The ammonia emitting potential of manure from the MP-deficient diets was decreased by about 37% compared with that of AMP manure. Plasma Lys and Met concentrations were not affected by treatment, but concentrations of His, Thr, and Val were lower for the MP-deficient diets compared with AMP. In Exp. 2, the AMPLM diet had lower milk yield than AMPL due to numerically lower DMI; no other effects were observed in Exp. 2. In conclusion, feeding MP-deficient diets supplemented with RPLys and RPMet did not statistically decrease milk yield in dairy cows in Exp. 1. However, without RPMet supplementation, milk protein content was decreased compared with the MP-adequate diet. Other amino acids, possibly His, may limit milk production in MP-deficient, corn or corn silage-based diets. A summary of 97 individual cow data from trials in which MP-deficient diets were fed suggested the National Research Council (2001) model under-predicts milk yield in cows fed MP-deficient diets (MP balance of -20 to -666 g/d) in a linear manner: milk yield under-prediction [National Research Council (2001) MP-allowable milk yield, kg/d - actual milk yield, kg/d] = 0.0991 (±0.0905) + 0.0230 (±0.0003) × MP balance, g/d (R(2)=0.99).


The traditional habits of eating the fermented and preserved foods, shiokara and gyosyou, and their regional characteristics were investigated by studying Nihon-no-Shokuseikatsu-Zenshu which records the traditional eating habits of each prefecture in Japan. One hundred and fourteen kinds of shiokara and gyosyou are recorded in Nihon-no-Shokuseikatsu-Zenshu throughout the entire country. However, most of these records are for fishing villages and nearby farming villages in the Sea of Japan coastal areas and the Pacific coastal areas. The fish most commonly used to make shiokara and gyosyou are cuttlefish, sweetfish, sardines, bonito, mackerel and their internal organs. Shiokara and gyosyou are grouped into three types: type A, in which the fish is mixed in fermented liquid, account for 70%; type B, a pureed form, account for 25%; and type C, a liquid form, account for 5%. Types A and B are eaten as side dishes with sake and rice. The fish of type A are also used as cooking ingredients for boiled, grilled and dressed food, and the fermented liquid of type A and types B and C are used as condiments. Shiokara and gyosyou are very common foods; in fishing villages, this preservation method efficiently uses very large catches of fish, and in the Tohoku and Hokuriku areas, the fish are preserved to insure a food supply throughout the winter. (Received May 10, 2002; Accepted in revised form December 3, 2002)


This course will deal with those parts of the criminal justice system that are often overlooked – what happens after someone is convicted after trial or plea.  The Professor and a group of experts will talk about Sentencing, Alternatives to Incarceration,


In this research, novel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based nanocomposite film containing 5%wt of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) was fabricated via solvent casting method as a potential biodegradable packaging material. The performances of the nanocomposite packaging material was investigated by assessing the moisture content, moisture uptake, water solubility, water vapor barrier properties and opacity. The incorporation of 5%wt HNT into the film remarkably reduced the moisture uptake by ∼ 28.01% at 97% RH and 31.08% at 40% RH. Water permeability value of CMC/HNT film showed as 7.08 ± 0.26 × 10 gm/mPas at freezing, 3.37 ± 0.33 × 10 gm/mPas at refrigeration and 1.14 ± 0.00 × 10 gm/mPas at ambient environmental conditions respectively. Subsequent to the thermal annealing process, the water vapor permeation ability was drastically declined in the HNT added nanocomposite films at all three different conditions (freezing, refrigeration and ambient) due to enhancing the crystalline structure. Furthermore, the addition of nanofillers into the polymer matrix significantly induced the UV blocking property of the film. These findings disclosed that prepared CMC/5%HNT nanocomposite films can be a potential food packaging material.


The current study applies Systematic Social observation (SSO) to body-worn camera (BWC) footage of use of physical force events in Newark, NJ. The analysis tests the effect of suspect resistance and police officer interpersonal and informational justice tactics on time until use of physical force in police-citizen encounters. The results indicate police officer actions have a greater effect on the time until physical force than does suspect resistance. Officer adherence to informational justice is negatively associated to the time until both first use of force and highest level of force. Suspect resistance did not achieve statistical significance in any model. This study has implications for research and police practice, and demonstrates the benefits of leveraging video footage in criminological research.


Recently CERP published its first articles in the categories of Comments and Replies. These are peer reviewed articles that address specific issues raised in articles published in the journal. A Comment is an article by new authors who argue that something in a published article should not stand in the literature without further comment, and a Reply is a response by the original authors to the Comment. The option of publishing articles of this kind is common among research journals, such as those published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. CERP is not seeking to actively encourage readers to submit comments on the papers they read in the journal as a matter of course, but rather is offering the possibility of challenging assertions made in published articles where readers strongly feel that there is some form of misrepresentation or limitation in an article that should be pointed out to the chemistry education community. These types of article raise issues about the definitiveness of research contributions, the status of knowledge claims made in published papers, and the conversational nature of the research literature in general.


This research studied the effectiveness of Ascidian Didemnum molle extracts as curative for bacteria Vibrio harveyi infection in tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ). The purpose of the research was to find out the effective concentration of antibacterial compound Ascidians Didemnum molle to curative the infection of bacteria Vibrio harveyi in tiger shrimp. The Ascidians Didemnum molle which were used in this research was originated from Kepulauan Seribu waters. Ascidians Didemnum molle collected by 3.5 kg with an average size of 5-15 cm per individual. The research was conducted from September to December 2013 at the Biotechnology Laboratory and Aquaculture Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University. The method which was used in this research was a laboratory experimental method such as phytochemical test, extraction, anti- Vibrio harveyi activity test, LC 50 test and chalenge test. Descriptive analysis was used in this research. Based on the anti- Vibrio harveyi activity test, it could be concluded that Ascidian Didemnum molle extract had potential as an antibacterial for Vibrio harveyi , which indicated by inhibition zones as 11.1 mm at a concentration of 1,000 mg/L. The result of EPA Probit analysis on LC 50 test, with 48-hours of observation, determine 387 mg/L as a safe extract concentration for tiger shrimp. The chalenge test showed that treatment D with concentration of 290.25 mg/L was effective to be used as treatment for tiger shrimp that were infected by Vibrio harveyi bacteria solution of density 10 6 CFU/ mL, with the highest survival rate was 51.7%.


The separation of occupational and environmental disease from the mainstream of medical practice has deep roots in the culture of the profession. Medical practice centered on individual patient care as nineteenth-century science yielded the therapeutic triumphs of the twentieth century. Social issues seemed remote to medical practitioners as the rewards of scientifically based therapies upstaged the unglamorous aspects of preventive medicine. Public health was left to politicians and bureaucrats. Victorian ambivalence toward the less successful members of society reinforced the isolation of medicine from public policy. As a consequence, physicians are largely ignored in contemporary debates about environmental hazards, to the detriment of both society and the profession.


Patients with submassive pulmonary embolism (PE) resulting in right heart strain (RHS) have an increased risk of mortality compared to those with a preserved right ventricular function. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) findings of right heart strain in patients with computed tomography (CT)-proven PE for the diagnosis of right heart strain by echocardiogram (ECHO). The institutional review board (IRB) approved retrospective chart review of the adult emergency department patients diagnosed with an acute PE between 2012 and 2016. A total of 128 patients diagnosed with RHS by CT who had received an ECHO during their hospitalization were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were run for the variables of interest. The majority of patients (101 patients) with reported findings of RHS on CT had similar findings on ECHO. In our cohort, a finding of enlarged right atrium (RA) on CT was 100% predictive of RHS diagnosis on ECHO, whereas having interventricular septal bowing alone on CT was the least predictive of RHS on subsequent ECHO (61%). The 2 remaining subgroups: right ventricle (RV) enlargement alone and RV enlargement with either interventricular septal bowing/hepatic vein blood reflux or both lies somewhere in between, with 80% of these patients showing strain on ECHO. We found that signs of RHS on CT are predictive of strain on an ECHO (78%) and RA enlargement in any combination was the most predictive finding of RHS on ECHO (100%). Future prospective randomized investigations are needed to confirm such findings.


This is a chapter for the forthcoming Handbook of Rational and Social Choice, Paul Anand, Prasanta Pattanaik, and Clemens Puppe, eds., Oxford University Press, 2008. We review classic normative expected utility theory. Our goal is to frame the subsequent chapters (which consider more modern extensions to and deviations from this classic theory) in a way that is accessible to the nonspecialist but also useful to the specialist. We start from scratch with a revealed preference approach to the existence of a utility function. We then present the mathematical structure of additive and linear utility representations and their axiomatizations, in the context of abstract choice theory and using intertemporal choice as a source of examples. We are thus able to focus on this mathematical structure without the interference of the specific interpretation and notation for decision under uncertainty. Furthermore, this approach allows us to focus on the interpretation of the axioms when we turn to decision under uncertainty.


The main results of three technical feasibility studies are presented concerning new concepts for gas turbine cycle schemes and possibilities for gas turbine process integration in order to achieve energy savings. The subjects and results of the consecutive parts are: (i) a gas turbine cycle with stepwise substoichiometric combustion (partial oxidation gas turbine, PO-GT cycle). Thermodynamic analysis in comparison with other gas turbine cycles shows that the PO-GT cycle has no pronounced advantages above conventional gas turbine cycles within a feasible range of pressures and temperatures. (ii) The application of a PO-GT cycle for combined syngas and power production in a methanol production process. A PO-GT cycle for synthesis gas production is feasible and shows a good overall efficiency (82%). An integration of this system with a once-through methanol plant shows even higher overall efficiencies (92%). (iii) Application of a gas turbine equipped with an air bottoming cycle (GT-ABC) for the combined production of electricity and clean hot air. Applications for the hot air studied are furnace heating and for spray drying purposes in the bakery and dairy industry. For directly fired bakery furnaces the impact on the product quality has been identified as an obstacle. For indirectly fired furnaces a GT-ABC is feasible, is more attractive and offers the same primary energy reduction (12%). In the dairy industry the system is feasible and offers high potential primary energy savings (18%). High investment costs however are identified as problematic.


Pollution discharge disturbs the natural functions of water systems. The environmental microbial community composition and diversity are sensitive key indicators to the impact of water pollutant on the microbial ecology system over time. It is meaningful to develop a way to identify the microbial diversity related to heavy metal effects in evaluating river pollution. Water and sediment samples were collected from eight sections along the Tiaozi River where wastewater and sewage were discharged from Siping City in northeastern China. The main pollutants contents and microbial communities were analyzed. As the primary metal pollutants, zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) were recorded at the maximum concentrations of 420 and 5.72 μg/L in the water, and 1704 and 1.92 mg/kg in the sediment, respectively. These pollutants posed a threat to the microbial community diversity as only a few species of bacteria and eukaryotes with strong resistance were detected through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Acinetobacter johnsonii, Clostridium cellulovorans, and Trichococcus pasteurii were the dominant bacteria in the severely polluted areas. The massive reproduction of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri almost depleted the dissolved oxygen (DO) and resulted in the decline of the aerobic bacteria. It was noted that the pollution reduced the microbial diversity but the L. hoffmeisteri mass increased as the dominant community, which led to the overconsuming of DO and anaerobic stinking water bodies. Water quality, concentrations of heavy metals, and the spatial distribution of microbial populations have obvious consistencies, which mean that the heavy metals in the river pose a serious stress on the microorganisms.


Recent research has shown that industrial robots have caused severe job and earnings losses in the US. This column explores the impact of robots on the labour market in Germany, which has many more robots than the US and a much larger manufacturing employment share. Robots have had no aggregate effect on German employment, and robot exposure is found to actually increase the chances of workers staying with their original employer. This effect seems to be largely down to efforts of work councils and labour unions, but is also the result of fewer young workers entering manufacturing careers.


The distinguishing characteristics of clay are high cohesion and low permeability. For slurry shield tunnelling in clayey soils, favorable aspects are that slurry cake with low permeability can be established more easily and effectively at the excavation face thanks to clay's high cohesion, which is advantageous for stability of excavation face, and long stand-up time of clay offers enough time for backfilling of the tail void before collapse of surrounding soils, thus lessening ground volume loss. However, some typical problems are encountered due to clay's high cohesion and low permeability. One primary problem is the clogging of slurry pipeline, once in case of which, slurry pressure will fluctuate severely, thus inducing unstable condition at the excavation face. In extreme cases, the pipeline bursts and soils at the excavation face collapse towards the cutterhead for immediate drop of slurry pressure. Another common problem is clay's adhesion to the cutterhead, which weakens the excavation efficiency of cutterhead and limits advance rate of the shield machine. Tunnelling will inevitably disturb surrounding soils and excess pore water pressure occurs. In clayey soils, due to clay's low permeability, it usually takes quite a long time for the excess pore water pressure to disperse completely. The consolidation settlements associated with pore water dispersing account for a large percentage of the total settlements. Accumulated ground settlements threaten structures and pipelines nearby. For these problems encountered during slurry shield tunnelling in clayey soils, both preventive and counter measures are put forward in detail in this study. The proposed measures can be used as a reference to avoid, mitigate and deal with problems encountered during slurry shield tunnelling in clayey soils.


automatically designed 3-D environments, virtual environments, intuitive browsing, discovery, humancomputer interface, real time interactive visualization While popular as a visual interface, current interactive 3-D environments are often times painstakingly created by hand, making it difficult to mass-produce custom environments quickly. This paper proposes interactive 3-D environments that are automatically designed on-the-fly based on various design rules, thereby separating layout and content. The resulting environments are compelling, customizable, and intuitive for information foraging. The interface also serves as an integrated framework for different types of rich media. The complete system for designing, constructing, and rendering the environments in real time is discussed and shown to have implications in a variety of applications including e-commerce.


The paper aims to analyse one of students' work of English Education Department, IAIN Salatiga especially Text and Context subject entitled The Important of Character Education. Contextually this article is very interesting to be presented and discussed related to current debates of Education Character or Full Day School in Indonesia issued by Minister of Education. Through this work, it can be identified the students' perspective expressed in the written mode with English language medium. Method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive approach called discourse analysis and the unit of analysis is written text, as the final assignment for Text and Context class, in the seventh semester, academic year 2016-2017. The analysis focuses merely on contextual interpretation. The context of culture explores the power of language on establishing a new educational discourse in Indonesia. The context of situation investigates how language is used to maintain it within a political power. This investigation consists of four aspects: physical, epistemic, linguistics, and social context. To sum up, this paper evaluates the interpretation of the authentic language used by a student learning English in English Language Teaching (ELT) class. This part also conveys the intention of the student (writer) delivering her idea through a text as an ELT discourse and how the lecturer (reader) to construe it both textually and contextually.


Women continue to experience a range of barriers in the domain of leadership and have not as yet achieved equality or equity. An empirical and non-empirical literature review showed that the historic evolution of leadership theory and the practice of leadership are male dominated and masculinist with contemporary leadership bearing vestiges of gender prejudice creating systemic inequities for women. Where research has been carried out into the area of women and leadership, this has consisted of exploring the barriers which women experience at all levels of organisations, how these barriers can be overcome and the effectiveness of women's leadership style. However, this has invariably remained within the boundaries of masculinist leadership and has not resulted in achieving relative change for women even though strategies such as diversity and legislation to eradicate inequities against women in the workplace are being pursued. With the intent of capturing multiple realities of women and men who advocate for women's empowerment, in relation to how they perceive and experience the phenomenon of leadership and explore what is possible for women, beyond the masculinist boundaries of leadership, this study using a constructivist, phenomenological, feminist and grounded theory approach invited ten Australian women leaders of different age and background and from different workplaces to abandon the arena of leadership to conceptually explore what lies outside it in terms of women's being, valuing and doing. A grounded theory analysis of the findings of phase 1 interviews resulted in the model of coexistence and 20 principles which applied to a co-existential way of being for women and men. A corollary model of patriarchy explicating the forces that underpin contemporary society and opposing the development of co-existence also emerged. The model of co-existence was refined in phase 2 when a grounded theory analysis of in-depth interviews with seven Australian women leaders and three Australian men leaders led to the development of an implementation plan for the model of co-existence in new and established organisations. Surpassing contemporary diversity initiatives, the model moves beyond masculinism, feminism, and patriarchy, redefining leadership and shifting the focus from the inequitable disparity between the sexes to self-fulfilment for each person. It is expected that further research of the model of co-existence in organisations will lead to additional refinement and validation as well as the creation of a discourse about co-existence and its potential to transform work and how we live.


A multiantenna multiuser broadcast channel with transmitter beamforming and user selection is considered. Different from the conventional works, we consider imperfect channel state information (CSI) which is a practical scenario for multiuser broadcast channels. We propose a robust regularized zero-forcing (RRZF) beamforming at the base station. Then we show that the RRZF outperforms zero-forcing (ZF) and regularized ZF (RZF) beamforming even as the number of users grows to infinity. Simulation results validate the advantage of the proposed robust RZF beamforming.