The article deals with forest names of proper name origin in one Lithuanian dialect, namely, South-western Aukštaitians (Užnemunė Dzūkian) (South-west Highlanders, Dzūkian of the Trans-Nemunas region) integrated into the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms during the project of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language (Lith. Lietuvių kalbos institutas) under the title "Integration of the PlaceNames of the West Highlanders Region into the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms and Research on their Origin and Motivation". The research conducted in this article is a continuation of research into regional Lithuanian toponymy which discusses only one class of toponyms, particularly, forest names. In the course of the project by the Lithuanian Language Institute "Integration of the Place-Names of the West Highlanders Region into the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms and Research on their Origin and Motivation", a territory was selected where the toponyms had not been studied by any linguistic aspect. During the project, the toponyms of West Highlanders (Užnemunė Dzūkian) were added to the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms, their linguistic features were described, and the geographical features of the objects named by toponyms were specified.
 Structurally, a distinction is made between primary and secondary forest names of personal name origin. The secondary forest names are subdivided into those containing a suffix, an inflection, and those that are of mixed structure, compound or complex.
 It has been found that in the West Aukštaitian region, the names of forests of proper name origin are secondary, consisting of suffixes, inflections, are compounds or complex names. The majority of secondary forest names of proper name origin are made with suffixes, i.e. about 47.4% cent and about 44% cent are made by using complex names.
 It has been noticed that of all the forest names recorded in the West Aukštaitian area, the onyms of proper name origin constitute only 11.3 per cent.


The object of this Thesis is to present and discuss various aspects of Management and Prevention of Rhesus isoimmunization within a County Obstetric Service which caters for a population of 600,000. The work presented was carried out over the years 1958 - 1968, partly within the County Obstetric Service and partly with the Regional Transfusion Centre. The first chapter traces the history of Rhesus isoimmunization starting in 1959 with the beginning of the elucidation of the Rhesus factor and its connection with the syndrome of erythroblastosis foetalis. The advances in the knowledge of this factor and its effect are followed throughout the subsequent years. The management of pregnancy and treatment of the newborn are also followed from early induction of labour based on antibody titre and original exchange transfusion of the baby to the present day assessment by liquor amnii bilirubin content and treatment of the severely affected baby by intra-uterine transfusion. The early attempts at amelioration of the effects of isoimmunization during pregnancy are described and followed to the present use of anti Rh. (D) gamma globulin to prevent the sensitization of the Rhesus negative mother to the Rhesus factor. The second chapter describes how the pattern of management has evolved over the past eleven years. First came the establishment of special clinics for sensitized patients, followed by the introduction of the diagnostic aid of amniocentesis. This chapter includes a broad picture of the material studied, including tables detailing type of antibody found, frequency of antibody, ABO relationship of parents and baby and parity. The overall results are presented as representing the three periods:- (1) pre Rhesus clinic (2) Rhesus clinic and (3) Rhesus clinic plus amniocentesis and show how the perinatal mortality has improved, reflecting the improvement in antenatal The third chapter contains a detailed review; of the use of liquor amnii bilirubin content in the prediction of the severity of erythroblastosis of the foetus. The technique and risks of amniocentesis are fully described. One hundred and seventy three cases are presented in detail and correlation made between the liquor amnii prediction and the condition of the baby at birth as judged by the cord haemoglobin and bilirubin. These correlations were not always found to be satisfactory and a better correlation was found between liquor amnii prediction and a suggested Cord Blood Factor obtained from the ratio cord haemoglobin in gms.% divided by the cord bilirubin in mgm.%. (These results are presented in tabular and diagrammatic form). The fourth chapter gives a detailed review of the use of intrauterine transfusion of the foetus from the original paper describing this procedure to the present time. The selection of cases, risks to mother and foetus and the present status of intra-uterine transfusion are considered. Twenty-six pregnancies so treated are fully discussed in detail and the survival rate is shown to be similar to the various published series. The various operative techniques are fully discussed and a short joint publication on technique is included. The cause of perinatal mortality is given when possible for the babies which did not survive. The final chapter deals with the prevention of Rhesus isoimmunization. It describes the early attempts to ameliorate the effects of immunization on the foetus and later the recent work on prevention of isoimmunization by the use of anti Rh. (D) gamma globulin. The background and experimental work in this field is described. The sources of raw material necessary to prepare anti Rh. (D) gamma globulin are considered and experience in the use of plasmapheresis to obtain this material is described. A series of cases treated with anti Rh. (D) gamma globulin before the general introduction of anti Rh. (D) gamma globulin is presented and the practical difficulties of administration discussed. The results of its use in a v;ider series is also presented. The relevant literature has been reviewed in all chapters and references are shown at the end of each chapter.


The national food system of Bangladesh has made substantial progress since experiencing famine in 1974, soon after independence. After the famine, the government placed a strong emphasis on policies required to attain grain self-sufficiency; since attaining self-sufficiency, the production system, policies related to it, and resulting diets have begun to diversify. Nonetheless, undernutrition remains a problem, and fruit and vegetable consumption are inadequate for most people relative to international recommendations. Moreover, as the food system has begun to transition towards a modern one, challenges related to food safety and perceived food adulteration have begun to rise. Further, increased processed food intakes are potentially associated with existing rising overweight and obesity status. Both government interventions and innovations are needed to help shift the national food system to improve nutrient-dense food availability, particularly among the poor, and to limit the increase in processed food consumption.


Efforts by the political branches to deal with the threat of mass violence by transnational networks have created what Justice Jackson in the Steel Seizure case called a "zone of twilight" for courts. Executive assertions of power to fashion exigent procedures for the confinement and adjudication of alleged terrorists have posed a particularly nettlesome dilemma. Courts can either defer to the executive, trusting that the special circumstances of the case will seal off any lasting harm to the principles that guide the rest of the legal system, or can seek refugee in a stalwart absolutism that accepts even catastrophic harm to innocents as the price of democracy. Navigating through the zone of twilight requires a pragmatic focus on the implications of exigent procedures for both public safety and the relationships between the three branches. The history of both habeas corpus and remedies jurisprudence reveals just such a pragmatic turn, which I call institutional equity. While no road map is available, institutional equity offers a framework for analysis of issues such as the detention of alleged "unlawful combatants" that avoids the dangers of both deference and absolutism.


In recent times, large numbers of road accidents occurring all over the world are mainly due to collisions between vehicles. More than 1.2 million peoples were died in road accidents in 2019, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Human safety features are much needed in the manufacturing of vehicles. The proposed method mainly focuses on reducing the number of accidents in our daily lives by avoiding collision between the vehicles. There are several factors corresponding to such difficult conditions that may results in death or disabilities. The causes are sudden loss of concentration of the driver, braking failure and stability issues. These criteria can be reduced only if there is a possibility for communication between the vehicles and the drivers in order to avoid accidents. There are various vehicular communication system models like Dedicated Short Range Communication and Vehicular Ad-Hoc network operating less than 5.9 GHz. These radio frequency based communication also has some limitations such as interference, congested spectrum and security. These drawbacks can be reduced by implementing the Visible Light Communication (VLC) in vehicles. It provides larger bandwidth, security, interference immunity, and high data rate. High speed data transmission and reception can be achieved using visible light based data communication system. This technology is known as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). This chapter presents the innovative method to evade collision between two vehicles (rear and front). This communication system is cost effective with high speed data rate capabilities.


Granitoid plutonism, a significant contributor to orogenic evolution, is a commonly overlooked vector in exploration targeting. Using the Flin Flon-Glennie Complex of the Trans-Hudson orogen as a template, we show that the geochemistry of granitoid rocks can be a useful parameter in differentiating prospective and nonprospective areas for volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The Flin Flon-Glennie Complex includes 1910 to 1860 Ma plutonic rocks that can be subdivided into three suites: (1) juvenile arc-related rocks of ferroan and magnesian subtypes, (2) contaminated arc-related rocks, and (3) successor arc-related rocks of both low and high Sr/Y ratio. Petrogenesis of ferroan juvenile and low Sr/Y successor arc plutons indicates they formed in regions of thinner crust and hence would have been associated with higher heat flow and arc rifting—conditions that favor VHMS endowment. Regions of the orogen with both ferroan and low Sr/Y plutonic subtypes were long-lived zones of thin crust and preserve VHMS mineralization related to both juvenile and successor arc magmatism. In contrast, volcanic belts dominated by contaminated arc or high Sr/Y successor arc plutons formed on thicker substrates, with contaminated arc rocks built on Archean-Paleoproterozoic pericratonic slivers and high Sr/Y successor arc rocks associated with submarine to subaerial arc systems. These regions of thicker crust demonstrably lack VHMS deposits and were also the locus for late unroofing. Our results suggest that pluton geochemistry regionally correlates with mineral occurrence and could represent a useful regional exploration tool in buried or poorly exposed parts of the Flin Flon-Glennie Complex and other Paleoproterozoic orogens.


Background: The optimal treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not known. Topical paromomycin is one of the many drugs that have been suggested for the treatment of CL caused by Leishmania major. Recently, topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of CL. This study aimed to compare the parasitological and clinical efficacy of PDT versus topical paromomycin in patients with old world CL caused by L. major in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this trial, sixty patients with the clinical and parasitological diagnosis of CL were recruited and were randomly divided into three treatment groups with twenty subjects in each group. Group 1 was treated with weekly topical PDT and groups 2 and 3 received twice daily topical paromomycin and placebo, respectively. The duration of treatment was four weeks for all groups. These groups were followed up for 2 months after the end of treatment. Results: 57 patients with 95 lesions completed the study. At the end of the study, complete improvement was seen in 29 of 31 (93.5%), 14 of 34 (41.2%) and 4 of 30 (13.3%) of the lesions in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively ( P <0.001). At the same time point, 100%, 64.7 and 20% of the lesions had parasitological cure in group 1, 2 and 3, respectively ( P <0.001). Conclusion: Topical PDT can be used safely as a rapid and highly effective alternative choice for treatment of old world CL in the selected patients.


IZA DP No. 16377 AUGUST 2023 Population Aging and Economic Growth: From Demographic Dividend to Demographic Drag?* This paper examines the extent to which changes in working-age shares associated with population aging might slow economic growth in upcoming years. We first analyze the economic effects of changing working-age shares in a standard empirical growth model using country panel data from 1950–2015. We then juxtapose the estimates with predicted shifts in population age structure to project economic growth in 2020–2050. Our results indicate that population aging will slow economic growth throughout much of the world. Expansions of labor supply due to improvements in functional capacity among older people can cushion much of this demographic drag. JEL Classification: J11, O11, O47


The molecular mechanism involved in pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) remains uncertain. Evidence suggesting that angiotensin converting enzyme plays an important role in pulmonary vascular pathology led us to hypothesize that mast cell chymase, another angiotensin I converting enzyme, also had the potential to contribute to the development of PVD in CHD. Twenty-three patients 3 mo to 45 yr of age with atrial or ventricular or both septal defects with increased pulmonary arterial blood flow and pressure, with pulmonary vascular resistance ranging from 1.3 to 8.1 units/m(2), were studied. Mast cells and mast cell chymase were immunohistochemically identified in the lung biopsy tissues obtained during corrective surgery. There was a significant difference in numbers of total mast cells between patients (n = 23) and control subjects (n = 10) with normal pulmonary circulation (p < 0.01). Moreover, chymase-containing mast cells in the lung tissues of patients with CHD showed striking differences from those of control subjects. In the patients, 72% of lung mast cells contained chymase, compared with only 15% in control subjects (p < 0.0001). Chymase-containing mast cells predominantly appeared in the media and adventitia of vessel walls. Importantly, angiotensin II was immunohistochemically detected in perivascular lesions where chymase was present, but not in the lesions where chymase was sparsely seen. Furthermore, the number of chymase-containing mast cells was correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.64). These findings suggest a possible role of mast cell chymase in the development of early-stage PVD in patients with CHD.


Background: A good dimensional stability is a necessary prerequisite for successful complete denture retention and its functional efficacy. This study was conducted keeping in mind the cost factor and the need of a common man. Out of many available products, conventional heat cure resin (Dental Products of India [DPI] and Lucitone 199 [LUC]) are the standard of choice. For suitable understanding of these two products in accordance to the above-stated statement, the current study was conducted. Aim: This in vitro study was carried out to compare the dimensional stability of commercially available polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) DPI and high-impact LUC denture base materials processed using a long curing cycle, with and without terminal boiling. Methodology: By using a chrome cobalt metal base plate, a total of forty specimens of acrylic base plates were fabricated. They consisted of two major groups of twenty specimens each, fabricated from conventional heat cure DPI and LUC heat cure resins. Each group so fabricated was further subdivided into two equal subgroups of ten specimens each, which were subjected to long curing cycle, with and without terminal boiling. The results for each group were compared by paired sample t-test for the studied objective, and data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY USA). The level of statistical significance was fixed at the customary level ≤0.05. Results: The dimensional stability values of LUC were found superior (P < 0.05) for both curing processes as compared to DPI. Conclusion: PMMA reinforced with butadiene styrene fabricated using long curing cycle with terminal boiling showed the highest value of dimensional stability and the least was seen with conventional PMMA processed with long curing cycle without terminal boiling.


Bacteria inhabit a variety of locations and play important roles in the environment and health. Our understanding of bacterial biomechanics has improved markedly in the last decade and has revealed that biomechanics play a significant role in microbial biology. The obtained knowledge has enabled investigation of complex phenomena, such as biofilm formation and the dynamics of the gut flora. A bottom-up strategy, i.e., from the cellular to the macroscale, facilitates understanding of macroscopic bacterial phenomena. In this Review, we first cover the biomechanics of individual bacteria in the bulk liquid and on surfaces as the base of complex phenomena. The collective behaviors of bacteria in simple environments are next introduced. We then introduce recent advances in biofilm biomechanics, in which adhesion force and the flow environment play crucial roles. We also review transport phenomena in the intestine and the dynamics of the gut flora, focusing on that in zebrafish. Finally, we provide an overview of the future prospects for the field.


OBJECT
Most patients with preganglionic lesions after brachial plexus injuries suffer pain that is hard to control through medication or neuromodulation. Lesioning in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) is undeniably effective. Fifty-five patients who had undergone the so-called microsurgical DREZotomy (MDT) procedure were studied with the two following objectives: 1) to describe the anatomical lesions observed during MDT in correlation with sensory deficits and pain features; and 2) to analyze the results in the 44 patients who were followed for more than 1 year (mean 6 years).

METHODS
The observed lesions were severe: 79.6% of ventral and 78.2% of dorsal roots from C5-T1 were impaired. Damage extended to all five roots in 42% of patients. Strong arachnoiditis was present in 38.2%, pseudomeningoceles in 31%, spinal cord distortion and/or atrophy in 49%, and abundant gliotic tissue and/or microcavitations within the dorsal horn at the avulsed segments in 36.4% of cases. Sensory deficit corresponded to the entire territory of the dorsal root lesions in 52% of patients, but was larger in 30% most certainly due to the associated extrarachidian lesions. At the last evaluation after MDT, 66% of patients showed excellent (total relief without medication) or good (total relief with medication) pain relief and 71% experienced an improvement in activity level.

CONCLUSIONS
Apart from other indications not addressed in this article, MDT can be performed to treat refractory pain due to brachial plexus avulsions. The long-term efficacy of this procedure strongly indicates that pain after brachial plexus avulsion originates from the deafferented (and gliotic) dorsal horn.


The Dual push-broom line-based hyperspectral sensors combine two different instruments that are usually mount on the same optical bench. This configuration leads to problems such as co-registration of pixels and squint of the field of view known as boresight effect. Image orientation parameters and sensor boresight of any sensor during data acquisition became possible by a combination of an inertial measurement system (IMU) and GPS. The different position of the IMU, the GPS antenna and the imaging sensors, causes an orientation and boresight effect. Any small change in the correction of internal orientation affects the coregistration between VNIR and SWIR region of hyperspectral images. Correcting the boresight effect is an almost automatically key mission taken by all Dual system users. This is because the boresight effect is considered as a noise in the system and a problem that needs to be corrected prior to any data analysis. We propose to use the boresight effect as a vehicle to monitor and detect some spectral phenomena in the image that can't be obtained in corrected images. The advantage of the sensors orientation and boresight effect was investigated based on the AISA-Dual sensor that combines EAGLE for the VIS-NIR (400-970nm) and HAWK for the SWIR (980-2450nm). An experience of more than six years with this sensor, we have found that the boresight effect have some positive outcomes on the analysis results of the hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) data. This led us to generate an HRS processing protocol where this effect is examined for gaining the most from the data. Three applications were investigated as follow: 1) enhancing shadowing effect, 2) generating a 3-D view, and 3) performing a better detection of boarder anomaly. We will demonstrate these three options and suggest a possible use of this idea from orbit.


Physical integration of a Ag electrical contact internally into a metal/substrate/microstructured Si wire array/oxide/Ag/electrolyte photoelectrochemical solar cell has produced structures that display relatively low ohmic resistance losses, as well as highly efficient mass transport of redox species in the absence of forced convection. Even with front-side illumination, such wire-array based photoelectrochemical solar cells do not require a transparent conducting oxide top contact. In contact with a test electrolyte that contained 50 mM/5.0 mM of the cobaltocenium+/0 redox species in CH3CN–1.0 M LiClO4, when the counterelectrode was placed in the solution and separated from the photoelectrode, mass transport restrictions of redox species in the internal volume of the Si wire array photoelectrode produced low fill factors and limited the obtainable current densities to 17.6 mA cm-2 even under high illumination. In contrast, when the physically integrated internal Ag film served as the counter electrode, the redox couple species were regenerated inside the internal volume of the photoelectrode, especially in regions where depletion of the redox species due to mass transport limitations would have otherwise occurred. This behavior allowed the integrated assembly to operate as a two-terminal, stand-alone, photoelectrochemical solar cell. The current density vs. voltage behavior of the integrated photoelectrochemical solar cell produced short-circuit current densities in excess of 80 mA cm-2 at high light intensities, and resulted in relatively low losses due to concentration overpotentials at 1 Sun illumination. The integrated wire array-based device architecture also provides design guidance for tandem photoelectrochemical cells for solar-driven water splitting.


As Internet connection markets gradually mature and signs can be seen of a change towards the commoditisation of Internet connectivity—fixed or wireless—special interest is focused on content-based pricing of services both in the Internet and in mobile service networks. After presenting the background, key concepts, and the current situation of content-based pricing, this paper focuses on the basic principles such as the importance of content service differentiation, willingness to pay as a factor in price determination, price discrimination, bundling of content services, and revenue sharing between operators and content providers. In the end of this paper an exemplary technical architecture for the delivery and content-based billing of multimedia content is presented. The emphasis of this paper is on pricing, not on billing or charging for content services.


Al-Wasatiyya - The Middle Path as theological program in Southern European (Bosnian) and Southeast Asian (Malaysian) contexts.This study examines the neglected phenomenon of al-wasitiyyah and how it relates to an Islamic theological context. This study focuses on the religious aspect of al-wasatiyyah, specifically in beliefs, actions, rituals and ethics perspective, social and interpersonal relationships. The main purpose of this study is to describe, clarify and critically examine the phenomenon of al-wasatiyya as a theological program, and practices in Europe, namely in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Southeast Asia, Malaysia.The material for the investigation consists of some relevant literature, scientific articles, and open-ended interviews with prominent researchers in al-wasatiyya from the chosen countries of research. The methodology used in the study is a qualitative textual analysis of the open individual interviews.The analysis and its results provide us with specific answers to the following question: how the concept of al-wasatiyya can be understood in an Islamic theological context, and then displays its scale, interpretations and practices. There are similarities as well as differences between the Southern European and Southeast Asian perspectives on the field of al-wasatiyya. Lastly, the critical objections against al-wasatiyya are examined, and ultimately the results of the study are compared to previous research on the field. The results show that the neglected phenomenon of al-wasatiyya returned back to the Islamic discourse in the early 2000s, especially after the tragic events of 9/11 in the US. Thus, the result of the study indicates that al-wasatiyya occurs as a reaction to extremism and radicalism in Islam. Finally, the results of the study demonstrate that the concept of al-wasatiyya, except for religious purposes, can be used as well in other areas and socio-political systems in the contemporary world.


Background. Amitraz is a formamidine pesticide widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine as an insecticide and acaricide. Reports on amitraz poisoning in humans are not as prevalent as those in animals. Of human intoxications in the medical literature, the majority of intoxications are in children. The number of adult intoxications with amitraz is limited. Methods. In this study, we discuss the clinical features, laboratory findings, and management of 23 adults with amitraz poisoning cared for in our center. Data were extracted from the charts retrospectively, and included age, gender, mode of poisoning, initial symptoms, time to appearance of initial symptoms, clinical and laboratory findings, management, and prognosis. Results. Fourteen of 23 patients were female (61%). Ages ranged from 16 and 78 years (mean 38.6 ± 19.8 years). Twenty-one patients ingested amitraz orally while one was exposed through skin contact and one probably through skin contact and/or inhalation. Seven patients ingested amitraz with intent to commit suicide and 11 patients accidentally. Vomiting, altered consciousness, and drowsiness were the predominant initial symptoms. Initially, hypotension was present in seven patients (30%), bradycardia in two (8.7%), myosis in six (26%), and mydriasis (without atropine administration) in three (13%). Time to appearance of the initial symptoms ranged from 5 to 120 minutes. Laboratory findings included an initial blood glucose level higher than 120 mg/dL in 62% of patients (mean 191 ± 70 mg/dL) and elevations in AST levels in four patients (81 ± 28 U/L) and ALT levels in three (60 ± 14 U/L). Ten patients had central nervous system depression, which resolved spontaneously. Five patients required mechanical ventilation for respiratory depression (mean duration of mechanical ventilatory support: 50 ± 16 hours). Six patients were thought to have been poisoned with an organophosphate and three with a carbamate pesticide due to confusing clinical picture; four of these nine patients received pralidoxim. Conclusions. In spite of a rapidly progressing and life-threatening clinical picture, amitraz intoxication in humans carries a low morbidity and mortality when appropriate supportive treatment is given. No antidote has been developed for use in more serious cases. To prevent accidental ingestions, prominent and clear warning labels should be placed on its containers.


Foreign-key relationship is one of the most important constraints between two tables. Previous works focused on detecting inclusion dependencies (INDs) or foreign keys in relational database. To discover foreign-key relationship is obviously helpful for analyzing and integrating data in web tables. However, because of poor quality of web tables, it is difficult to discover foreign keys by existing techniques based on checking basic integrity constraints. In this paper, we propose a hybrid human-machine framework to detect foreign keys on web tables. After discovering candidates and evaluating their confidence of being true foreign keys by machine algorithm, we verify those candidates leveraging the power of the crowd. To reduce the monetary cost, a dynamical task selection technique based on conflict detection and inclusion dependency is proposed, which could eliminate redundant tasks and assign the most valuable tasks to workers. Additionally, to make workers complete tasks more effectively and efficiently, sampling strategy is applied to minimize the number of tuples posed to the crowd. We conducted extensive experiments on real-world datasets and results show that our framework can obviously improve foreign key detection accuracy on web tables with lower monetary cost and time cost.


A major goal in microbial ecology is to understand the factors that structure bacterial communities across space and time. For microbes that have symbiotic relationships with plants, an important factor that may influence their communities is host size or age, yet this has received little attention. Using tree diameter size as a proxy for age, we quantified the diversity of rhizobia that associate with an endemic legume, Acacia acuminata, of variable size across a climate gradient in southwest Australia. We examined the 16S rRNA diversity (V1-V3 hypervariable region) of rhizobia at the taxonomic level and at higher sequence level diversity within taxonomic groups. We identified 3 major taxonomic clades that associated with Acacia acuminata: Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhizobiaceae, and Burkholderiaceae. Within these groups, we found extensive genetic variability, especially within Bradyrhizobiaceae. Using binomial multivariate statistical models that controlled for other factors that affect plant size and rhizobia community structure (climate and local soil characteristics), we determined that soil sampled at the base of larger Acacia trees was much more likely to contain a greater number of taxonomic clades and cryptic genetic variants within the Rhizobiaceae clade. Despite strong influences of climate and highly heterogeneous soil conditions on rhizobial diversity, our results show that host tree size is a prominent factor in structuring nitrogen-fixing symbionts diversity across a large landscape. The identification of a positive relationship between plant host size and microbial diversity raise interesting questions about the role of plant host size in driving ecological processes that govern microbial community assembly. Specifically, our results suggest that hosts may modify the habitat of their surrounding soil to enhance growth (niche construction hypothesis) or that symbiotic microbes have large differences in dispersal capability. Our results also suggest that host plants may be analogous to 'islands', where larger legume hosts may accumulate diversity over time, through migration opportunities or in situ diversification. From a practical perspective, including plant size as an additional variable may assist sampling and analyses designs of future soil microbial studies.


Vision starts with image formation at the retina, which contains diverse neuronal cell types that extract, process, and relay visual information to higher order processing centers in the brain. Though there has been steady progress in defining retinal cell types, very little is known about retinal development in humans, which starts well before birth. In this study, we performed transcriptomic profiling of developing human fetal retina from gestational weeks 12 to 27 using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and used pseudotime analysis to reconstruct the developmental trajectories of retinogenesis. Our analysis reveals transcriptional programs driving differentiation down four different cell types and suggests that Müller glia (MG) can serve as embryonic progenitors in early retinal development. In addition, we also show that transcriptional differences separate retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) into distinct subtypes and use this information to reconstruct RPC developmental trajectories and cell fate. Our results support a hierarchical program of differentiation governing cell-type diversity in the developing human retina. In summary, our work details comprehensive molecular classification of retinal cells, reconstructs their relationships, and paves the way for future mechanistic studies on the impact of gene regulation upon human retinogenesis.


This paper surveys the research methods and approaches used in the multidisciplinary field of applied language studies or language education over the last fourty years. Drawing on insights gained in psycho- and sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and linguistic anthropology with regard to language and culture, it is organized around five major questions that concern language educators. The first is: How is cultural meaning encoded in the linguistic sign? It discusses how the use of a symbolic system affects thought, how speakers of different languages think differently when speaking, and how speakers of different discourses (across language or in the same language) have different cultural worldviews. The second question is: How is cultural meaning expressed pragmatically through verbal action? It discusses the realization of speech acts across cultures, culturally-inflected conversation analysis, and the use of cultural frames. The third question is: How is culture co-constructed by participants in interaction? It discusses how applied linguistics has moved from a structuralist to a constructivist view of language and culture, from performance to performativity, and from a focus on culture to a focus on historicity and subjectivity. The fourth question is: How is research on language and culture affected by language technologies? The print culture of the book, the virtual culture of the Internet, the online culture of electronic exchanges all have their own ways of redrawing the boundaries of what may be said, written and done within a given discourse community. They are inextricably linked to issues of power and control. The last section explores the current methodological trends in the study of language and culture: the increased questioning and politicization of cultural reality, the increased interdisciplinary nature of research, the growing importance of reflexivity, and the noticeable convergence of intercultural communication studies and applied language studies in the study of language and culture.


Objectives: Lung scintigraphy is non-diagnostic in most patients suspected of pulmonary embolism when performed in planar mode. Tomographic mode could improve lung scan performance but has not been rigorously assessed. In this study we assessed the usefulness of tomographic mode in patients with a non-diagnostic lung scan scintigraphy. Methods: pulmonary embolism was diagnosed or ruled out in consecutive patients with a non-diagnostic lung scan by the combination of a 4-slices computerized tomography and a lower-limb ultrasonography. Results given by reading the tomographic mode in ventilation/perfusion lung scan were compared to final diagnosis. Results: 142 out of 392 consecutive patients with a non-diagnostic planar lung scintigraphy were included while 47 were excluded, 45 because of contra-indication to contrast medium and 2 because of non-optimal opacification of pulmonary arteries. Ninety-five patients were evaluated. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in 20 (21%) patients and ruled out in 75 (79%). Concordance with final diagnosis was found in 77/94 (82%) patients. Tomographic mode was non-diagnostic in 1 (1%) patient. Tomographic mode sensitivity/specificity/accuracy were 0.79/0.83/0.80 respectively. Negative predictive value was 0.94. Discordances were related to single sub segmental or non-occluding segmental thrombus. Conclusion: Tomographic mode is diagnostic in nearly all patients and agreement with final diagnosis is found in the majority. Its excellent negative predictive value enables to rule out pulmonary embolism. Discordances were related to single sub segmental or non-occluding segmental thrombus which prognosis value remains to be established.


An approach is presented for imposing generic hard constraints on deformable models at a low computational cost, while preserving the good convergence properties of snake-like models. We believe this capability to be essential not only for the accurate modeling of individual objects that obey known geometric and semantic constraints but also for the consistent modeling of sets of objects. Many of the approaches to this problem that have appeared in the vision literature rely on adding penalty terms to the objective functions. They rapidly become intractable when the number of constraints increases. Applied mathematicians have developed powerful constrainted optimization algorithms that, in theory, can address this problem. However, these algorithms typically do not take advantage of the specific properties of snakes. We have therefore designed a new algorithm that is closely related to Lagrangian methods but is tailored to accommodate the particular brand of deformable models used in the image understanding community. We demonstrate the validity of our approach first in two dimensions using synthetic images and then in three dimensions using real aerial images to simultaneously model terrain, roads, and ridgelines under consistency constraints.


Uncertainty assessment has gained rapid interest in medical image analysis. A popular technique to compute epistemic uncertainty is the Monte-Carlo (MC) dropout technique. From a network with MC dropout and a single input, multiple outputs can be sampled. Various methods can be used to obtain epistemic uncertainty maps from those multiple outputs. In the case of multi-class segmentation, the number of methods is even larger as epistemic uncertainty can be computed voxelwise per class or voxelwise per image. This paper highlights a systematic approach to define and quantitatively compare those methods in two different contexts: class-specific epistemic uncertainty maps (one value per image, voxel and class) and combined epistemic uncertainty maps (one value per image and voxel). We applied this quantitative analysis to a multi-class segmentation of the carotid artery lumen and vessel wall, on a multi-center, multi-scanner, multi-sequence dataset of Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. We validated our analysis over 144 sets of hyperparameters of a model. Our main analysis considers the relationship between the order of the voxels sorted according to their epistemic uncertainty values and the misclassification of the prediction. Under this consideration, the comparison of combined uncertainty maps reveals that the multi-class entropy and the multi-class mutual information statistically out-perform the other combined uncertainty maps under study (the averaged entropy, the averaged variance, the similarity Bhattacharya coefficient and the similarity Kullback-Leibler divergence). In a class-specific scenario, the one-versus-all entropy statistically out-performs the class-wise entropy, the class-wise variance and the one versus all mutual information. The class-wise entropy statistically out-performs the other class-specific uncertainty maps in term of calibration. We made a python package available to reproduce our analysis on different data and tasks.


Multiscale modeling and simulation techniques are transforming the way we can address questions concerning design, characterization, and optimization of novel materials. This transformation is enabled by advanced computational models that incorporate realistic geometries of porous media and serve as tools to predict flow and transport phenomena. Recent developments in mesoscopic and pore-scale modeling include workflows that combine experimental information and direct modeling into an integrated multiscale approach. This review surveys the progress, challenges, and future directions in predictive modeling and simulation of multiphysics phenomena in porous media.


Context: Pull-based development model is widely used in open source, leading the trends in distributed software development. One aspect which has garnered significant attention is studies on pull request decision - identifying factors for explanation. Objective: This study builds on a decade long research on pull request decision to explain it. We empirically investigate how factors influence pull request decision and scenarios that change the influence of factors. Method: We identify factors influencing pull request decision on GitHub through a systematic literature review and infer it by mining archival data. We collect a total of 3,347,937 pull requests with 95 features from 11,230 diverse projects on GitHub. Using this data, we explore the relations of the factors to each other and build mixed-effect logistic regression models to empirically explain pull request decision. Results: Our study shows that a small number of factors explain pull request decision with the integrator same or different from the submitter as the most important factor. We also noted that some factors are important only in special cases e.g., the percentage of failed builds is important for pull request decision when continuous integration is used.


In vitro devices that combine chemotactic and physical cues are needed for understanding how cells integrate different stimuli. We explored the suitability of lithium niobate (LiNbO3), a transparent ferroelectric material that can be patterned with electrical charge domains and micro/nanotopography, as a neural substrate. On flat LiNbO3 z-surfaces with periodically alternating charge domains, cortical axons are partially aligned with domain boundaries. On submicron-deep etched trenches, neurites are aligned with the edges of the topographical features. Finally, we bonded a bicompartmental microfluidic chip to LiNbO3 surfaces patterned by etching, to create isolated axon microenvironments with predefined topographical cues. LiNbO3 is shown to be an emerging neuron culture substrate with tunable electrical and topographical properties that can be integrated with microfluidic devices, suitable for studying axon growth and guidance mechanisms under combined topographical/chemical stimuli.


Mitochondria and ER membranes are directly tethered to one another, Csordas et al. report on page 915. Changes in tether length make the cell more or less vulnerable to apoptotic triggers.

Figure 1

A tether (gray) holds together mitochondria (red) and the ER (yellow).

Indirect evidence suggested that the mitochondria and ER were physically tied to one another, but what such a connection might be was obscure. Using electron tomography, Csordas et al. saw thin threads that ran between the organelles, ranging in size from 6 to 15 nm at the smooth ER, and 19 to 30 nm at the rough ER.

Limited protease digestion lengthened the ties and made the mitochondria less sensitive to Ca2+ release from the ER. By contrast, when the group engineered a 5-nm linker to narrow the gap between the organelles, mitochondria took in apoptosis-inducing amounts of Ca2+.

When wild-type cells were exposed to ER stress, the interorganelle tethers appeared to shorten before the cells entered apoptosis. The researchers speculate that the decreased distance enhances Ca2+ transfer from the ER to the mitochondria by keeping the organelles in immediate proximity. Whether other conditions push the organelles further apart—to safeguard mitochondria and prevent cell death—is unknown as yet.

It is also not yet clear what proteins comprise the tethers, but given their varied lengths, the team predicts that it will not be a single protein. In addition to organelle spacing, tether components might also help to control ER and mitochondria fusion and fission.


In this study we try to assess the progress of the transformation process in Ukrainian agri-food sector. The development of foreign trade may serve as indicator of success of market reforms. Thus we analyse the changes in the trade structure of agri-food sector during 1996-2005. Also we compute indicators of inter- (RTA Index) and intra-industrial (Grubel-Lloyd Index, Brulhart A-Index) trade for this period. These indicators provide information about competitiveness of Ukrainian products, type and development of trade flows. We discuss also which policy measures are necessary for further economic integration of Ukraine into world markets


Cellular networks are usually modeled by placing the base stations on a grid, with mobile users either randomly scattered or placed deterministically. These models have been used extensively but suffer from being both highly idealized and not very tractable, so complex system-level simulations are used to evaluate coverage/outage probability and rate. More tractable models have long been desirable. We develop new general models for the multi-cell signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) using stochastic geometry. Under very general assumptions, the resulting expressions for the downlink SINR CCDF (equivalent to the coverage probability) involve quickly computable integrals, and in some practical special cases can be simplified to common integrals (e.g., the Q-function) or even to simple closed-form expressions. We also derive the mean rate, and then the coverage gain (and mean rate loss) from static frequency reuse. We compare our coverage predictions to the grid model and an actual base station deployment, and observe that the proposed model is pessimistic (a lower bound on coverage) whereas the grid model is optimistic, and that both are about equally accurate. In addition to being more tractable, the proposed model may better capture the increasingly opportunistic and dense placement of base stations in future networks.


This study describes the algal communities of six ponds colonised by aquatic macrophytes in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Plankton samples were collected from the water column and epiphytic samples from macrophytes such as Azolla, Pistia, Nymphaea, Ipomoea and Ludwigia. Pond pH, temperature, conductivity, concentration and dissolved oxygen saturation were also measured. The algal flora of the ponds comprised 139 species and varieties from 58 genera. Diatoms and green algae, mostly desmids, were the dominant groups. About 50 of the algal taxa were indicators of low mineral content of the water. Four distinct diatom communities were identified, using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The constant dominant taxa were Achnanthes sp., Gomphonema gracile and Pinnularia gibba. The analysis showed that all samples from the same pond were grouped together, irrespective of the aquatic plants sampled.


A clinical study was designed to record the gestation length in bitches after mating at different intervals after the onset of peak vaginal cornification. All the bitches which were subjected to pregnancy diagnosis at 30 to 35 days after mating by abdominal palpation or ultrasonography examination. Animals which were found pregnant were selected for the study and were kept under observation till completion of pregnancy and duration of gestation was calculated as the interval from the day of first mating to the onset of whelping. Blood samples for estimation of serum progesterone concentration were obtained on the first day peak vaginal cornification and on which they were recommended to be mated. The serum progesterone concentration was also very low on the first day of peak vaginal cornification and serum progesterone concentration on day three was also suggestive of LH surge. However, on day five, the serum progesterone concentration was also very high and was indicative of post ovulatory phase. Gestation period is not significant in those animals which were bred on day one and three (66.80 ± 0.70) and on day three and five (65.80 ± 0.27a) but there is a significant difference between group I and II with group III (62.25 ±1.27b) it appears that the LH surge is likely to occur between days two and four after the onset of peak vaginal cornification.


Detail, ceramic rod and steel support system for glass curtain wall and entry canopy; The tower was designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop and FXFOWLE Architects, with Gensler providing interior design. The lighting design for the building's nighttime identity was designed by the Office for Visual Interaction Inc. The 52 story steel-framed building, cruciform in plan, utilizes a screen of 1 5/8 in. (41.3 mm) ceramic rods mounted on the exterior of the glass curtain wall on the east, west and south facades. The rod spacing increases from the base to the top, providing greater transparency as the building rises. The steel framing and bracing is exposed at the four corner "notches" of the building. The building is promoted as a Green structure, although it is not LEED certified. Source: Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (accessed 7/11/2012)


This thesis contributes a rich empirical analysis of urban water governance in Delhi, with particular attention to informality, groundwater and reforms. My research aims to develop understanding of the relationships between reforms, under both private sector management and a new progressive government, and existing informal water arrangements, particularly groundwater use, which households rely on in the absence of adequate public sector supply. I draw on interviews with 150 residents, as well as water suppliers, project officials, government staff, politicians and party workers over 18 months of multi-sited research in South Delhi's unauthorised colonies and urban villages. I use the idea of 'informal infrastructures' or 'infrastructural informality' connects my empirical research across different sites and scales. Bringing ideas from the literature on informality and infrastructures together under this framing offers modifications to the ways that 'informality' and 'infrastructures' are often understood and used. I use informality in this way 'as a method' to focus on the contingently enacted, materially and socially constituted character of various infrastructure processes.
I analyse the informal governance and politics of water supply at three difference sites and scales. Within Delhi's government network at an all-city level I note the formally and informally differentiated nature of the network and the challenges of knowledge and control of it. Outside of the piped network, I examine the decentralised infrastructures of tubewells and water tankers, primarily in the South Delhi areas of Sangam Vihar and Deoli. These decentralised supply modes are socially embedded in systems of party politics, caste and land-ownership with a range of opportunities for discretion, patronage and misallocation. They illustrate the connection and contrasts between informality in different resources, such as land and water, and infrastructures. I then examine an additional layer of urban water governance, in a Public Private Partnership (PPP) for urban water reform, in a zone around the Malviya Nagar area, also in South Delhi. I argue that the complexity of India's urban social hydrology, even in wealthy areas, has been underestimated by this initiative, and that despite an evolution of the PPP model concerns over the project's equity and viability remain. The high level of informality across different infrastructural systems in my research sites suggests the coexistence of a submerged 'technopolitics' operating through bureaucratic and technical modes of governance, with both overt and covert uses of intercession, personalisation and force.
The study makes contributions to knowledge in the following areas: informal urban water supply in India, particularly in unauthorised colonies and urban villages, in a region of high groundwater use, its relationship to water supply reforms from both government and a multinational public-private partnership.


Abstract
The plasma specific radioactivity of arginine guanidine 14C-labelled protein has been measured at various times after the injection of labelled protein precursor (Na214CO3). The resulting `appearance' curve is a balance between the rate of synthesis and delivery of new protein and the rate of destruction and distribution of new plus existing protein. The measured appearance curve can be corrected to give a measure solely of the rate of synthesis of the plasma protein concerned, if the amplitude of the curve at every point is increased by an amount that compensates for the destruction and distribution processes. The decrease of plasma specific radioactivity of labelled plasma protein after an injection of exogenously labelled protein is termed the `disappearance' curve, and the method of correcting the appearance curve by using the disappearance curve is shown to take the form of a deconvolution.


Although a number of investigations of the bearing strength of aluminum alloys have been made, the problem remains one of considerable interest to the aircraft industry. For this reason it has seemed advisable to make additional tests of the commonly used aircraft alloys in an effort to establish a better basis for the selection of allowable bearing values. Current design practice does not recognize the effect of edge distance upon bearing strengths, and for this reason edge distance was one of the principal variables considered in this investigation. The increasing emphasis being placed upon permanent set limitations makes it essential that more information on bearing yield phenomena be obtained. The object of this investigation was to determine bearing yield and ultimate strengths of the following aluminum alloy products: 17S-T, 24S-T, Alclad 24S-T, 24S-RT, 52S-0, 52S-1/2H, 52S-H, 53S-T, and 61S-T extrusions. Ratios of these bearing properties to tensile properties were also determined.


This paper presents a scaling friendly mostly digital voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO)-based 0-1 multistage noise shaping (MASH) analog-to-digital converter. A novel background calibration technique corrects conversion errors due to VCO linear gain drift, residue generating digital-to-analog converter mismatches, and nonlinearity of the VCO voltage-to-frequency conversion. The proposed architecture minimally modifies the basic 0-1 MASH architecture and directly calibrates the main VCOs without relying on replica matching. A redundant first-stage coarse quantizer enables fast error estimation in the digital domain. A 12-b prototype implemented in 180-nm CMOS achieves 12-b ENOB over 2.5 MHz and consumes 4.8 mW from a 1.8 V supply.


BACKGROUND
Biological signaling and communication between mothers and infants during breastfeeding may shape infant behavior and feeding. This signaling is complex and little explored in humans, although it is potentially relevant for initiatives to improve breastfeeding rates.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate physiological and psychological aspects of mother-infant signaling during breastfeeding experimentally, testing the effects of a relaxation intervention on maternal psychological state, breast milk intake, milk cortisol levels, and infant behavior and growth.

METHODS
Primiparous breastfeeding mothers and full-term infants were randomly assigned to receive relaxation therapy [intervention relaxation group; n = 33 (RG)] or to the control group [n = 31 (CG); no relaxation therapy] at 2 wk postpartum. Both groups received standard breastfeeding support. Home visits were conducted at 2 (HV1), 6 (HV2), 12 (HV3) and 14 (HV4) wk to measure maternal stress and anxiety, breast milk intake and milk cortisol, and infant behavior and growth.

RESULTS
RG mothers had lower stress scores postintervention than the CG (HV3 ∆ = -3.13; 95% CI: -5.9, -0.3) and lower hindmilk cortisol at HV1 (∆ = -44.5%; 95% CI: -76.1%, -12.9%) but not at HV2. RG infants had longer sleep duration (∆ = 82 min/d; 95% CI: 16, 149 min/d) at HV2 and higher gains in weight and body mass index standardized deviation score than the CG infants (∆ = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.3, 1.22; and ∆ = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.09, 1.1, respectively). RG infants had a mean milk intake at HV3 that was 227 g/d higher than that of the CG infants (P = 0.031) after controlling for gender and milk intake at HV1.

CONCLUSIONS
The trial shows the effectiveness of a simple relaxation intervention for improving maternal and infant outcomes and identifies some potential signaling mechanisms for investigation in future and larger studies, especially in settings where mothers are more stressed, such as those with preterm or low birth weight infants. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01971216.


Decentralisation of forest management is currently implemented in many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America as a governance strategy aimed at enhancing for‐ est resource conservation, poverty alleviation and equity in forest resource utilisa‐ tion. In Uganda, the overarching aim of decentralisation of the forest sector was to shift responsibility of forest management to lower elected local government coun‐ cils so as to increase participation and accountability in the forest sector. In this chapter, we investigate whether decentralisation has led to transfer of "real" power to local authorities and the extent to which the original objectives of decentralised forest service delivery have been achieved and challenges encountered in the imple‐ mentation. We used questionnaires, unstructured observations and interviews to collect data from three districts of Uganda. We found that District Forest Depart‐ ments of local government are mostly involved in revenue generating activities and protection of local forest reserves with only a very limited focus on activities that endear people towards participation in the management of local forest reserves. Power sharing of District Local Governments with lower local institutions and local communities is extremely limited. Contradictory policies about forest resource gov‐ ernance, inequitable sharing of revenues generated from forest resources between the District and Sub-county governments, rent seeking and political corruption amongst actors who are charged with forest law enforcement are the major chal‐ lenges in dispensing decentralised forest governance. There is need to increase space for citizen participation in the management of forest resources, holding ac‐ countable of the duty bearers and equity.


Low dimensional embeddings that capture the main variations of interest in collections of data are important for many applications. One way to construct these embeddings is to acquire estimates of similarity from the crowd. Similarity is a multi-dimensional concept that varies from individual to individual. However, existing models for learning crowd embeddings typically make simplifying assumptions such as all individuals estimate similarity using the same criteria, the list of criteria is known in advance, or that the crowd workers are not influenced by the data that they see. To overcome these limitations we introduce Context Embedding Networks (CENs). In addition to learning interpretable embeddings from images, CENs also model worker biases for different attributes along with the visual context i.e. the attributes highlighted by a set of images. Experiments on three noisy crowd annotated datasets show that modeling both worker bias and visual context results in more interpretable embeddings compared to existing approaches.


The topicality of the issue of data protection in the European insolvency context comes from two  considerations. First, capital structures of companies in the 21st century will be starkly different from those of the past century. Once driven by hard assets, such as real estate, natural resources and machinery, modern businesses become highly dependent and valued on the basis of intangible assets, including data. It is a fact of life that the cross-border information flows have intensified, and these flows will keep expanding in the future, transcending national borders, most often electronically. Second, current European InsolvencyRegulation (recast) strongly supports communication and cooperation in cross-border insolvency cases. It isaccepted that efficient administration of the insolvency estate and the effective realisation of the total assetsrequire balanced and coordinated approaches. With the entrance of the General Data ProtectionRegulation into force in May 2018, data protection has become a crucial factor to take into account, by bothcourts, insolvency practitioners, Member States and the European Commission. Against this background,we look at how the current EU insolvency regime deals with the pervasive and challenging matter of dataprotection.


This paper shows how cultural models relating to the display, perception, and experience of emotion are reflected in social robot design through a comparative analysis of social robotics in Japan and the US. A more implicit approach to emotional expression in Japanese robotics is related to community-oriented social practices and existing cultural forms such as Noh theatre, which encourages situational interpretation of neutral facial expressions, and interdependent notions of self. Western robot designs, in contrast, display more explicit expressions of emotion that may be related to an independent definition of the self. I review the literature on cultural models of affect to identify relevant themes, which I use to analyze historical and contemporary uses of cultural models in technology design. I conclude by suggesting possible research directions and design implications for cross-cultural robotics. By tracing particular cultural models of affect as they are embodied in technological artifacts, we gain a new perspective on the repeated assembly of culture through technology.


This paper discusses ongoing research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to make computing clusters easier to use. Cluster administration, setup, and use is an active research area with many different components. Two systems for cluster control and administration, that have been experimented with at ORNL, are Managing Multiple Clusters (M3C) and Cluster Control GUI (C2G). M3C uses a Java Servlet in conjunction with a Java application server to handle communications between a remote user and the head node. C2G takes an alternate approach and uses the sshd to handle these messages. Another important issue to consider is the mechanism that is used to handle communications between compute nodes. A new system that is under construction at ORNL is designed to allow a user to easily keep track of software that is loaded on a node. This system has two components, a node manager daemon and a package services back-end that is basically a database. Multiple software configurations for a compute node can be stored and loaded on a node with this system. ∗Research supported by the Mathematics, Information and Computational Sciences Office, Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, Office of Science, U. S. Department of Energy, under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC.


: Hyporesponsiveness (anti-HBs 10-100 IU/l) or non-responsiveness (anti-HBs < 10 IU/l) to hepatitis B vaccines is a problem in approximately 20-70% of HIV-positive patients. Mechanisms for impaired humoral and cellular immunity related to the HIV infection are reviewed. Contributing risk factors like age, gender, CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA load and coinfection with hepatitis C are highlighted. New developments in improving the HBV vaccine immunogenicity are discussed and clinical recommendations are given for HBV-re-vaccination of HIV patients who failed on standard HBV vaccination.


The UK Parliament's 2014 Care Act instituted a two-tier system to provide Augmentative Alternative Communication (AAC) Environmental Control (EC) systems for a diverse population of people recruited from patients with Cerebral Palsy, Stroke, Motor Neuron Disease (ALS) and other conditions. Provision became a statutory duty for local authorities, and regional Assistive Technology Hubs were established to meet the needs of clients with the most complex needs and to offer professional support for local services. This thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork into the practices of assistive technology professionals at one of the newly established Regional Service Centres. It provides insight into the ways in which distributed assistive technology systems are commissioned, evaluated, designed, customised and delivered to meet the needs of a highly diverse and low-prevalence population of clients within one of England's nine administrative regions. Assistive devices and systems are often seen as a distinct class of technologies, which specifically serve dis/abled people. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that to accommodate clients with complex needs, healthcare professionals had to problematise and rework some dominant assumptions about design, devices and users. Their efforts went into devising novel ways to circulate technologies, different from that of mainstream, commercial provision. This was all the more necessary because studying the clinicians' work made evident implicit assumptions about the figures of design, device and use in relation to non-disabled individual and groups of users. The work of the Centre further revealed market relations entangled in technological figures of design, user and device, and the ways that those relations required reconfiguration throughout the process of assistive technology provision. By tracing these transformations, the thesis offers a study of the workings and limits of pervasive technological imaginaries and rationalities. The thesis contributes to Social Studies of Science and Technology and Disability Studies, by presenting a detailed case study of technological products and systems designed to promote the social participation and well-being of dis/abled people. Further, by linking and comparing mainstream and assistive technology practices, the thesis situates design and use in the wider relations of dis/ability and the market. This widens the theoretical and practical toolkit to comprehensively evaluate technological products and services and to better appreciate processes and effects of sociotechnical change, and opens the space to reimagine and transform practices of design to accommodate dis/abled and non-disabled people.


Recently, several metal oxide nanomaterials have been deposited on the surface of electrodes and investigated for the reduction/ oxidation and detection of some biological materials. Electrochemical Sensors with high surface area and porosity are important components in an irresistible wealth of systems for various applications. An electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of parabromophenol (PBP) was synthesized based on the nano-SiO2 film-modified electrode. Owing to the exceptional properties of nano-SiO2 such as successfully minimized transport limitations, huge surface area, strong adsorptive ability, subtle electronic properties and catalytic ability, the electrochemical oxidation signal of PBP significantly increases at the nano- SiO2/GC electrochemical sensor, suggesting that nano-SiO2 film exhibits obvious enhancement effect to the determination of PBP. Based on this, a sensitive electrochemical method was developed for the determination of PBP.


Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) significantly increase blood flow, tissue perfusion, and tissue oxygenation in various animal models. In rectangular channel microfluidic systems, DRPs were found to significantly reduce the near-wall cell-free layer (CFL) as well as modify traffic of red blood cells (RBC) into microchannel branches. In the current study we further investigated the mechanism by which DRP enhances microvascular perfusion. We studied the effect of various concentrations of DRP on RBC distribution in more relevant round microchannels and the effect of DRP on CFL in the rat cremaster muscle in vivo. In round microchannels hematocrit was measured in parent and daughter branch at baseline and after addition of DRP. At DRP concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm, the plasma skimming effect in the daughter branch was eliminated, as parent and daughter branch hematocrit were equivalent, compared to a significantly lowered hematocrit in the daughter branch without DRPs. In anesthetized rats (N=11) CFL was measured in the cremaster muscle tissue in arterioles with a diameter of 32.6 ± 1.7 µm. In the control group (saline, N=6) there was a significant increase in CFL in time compared to corresponding baseline. Addition of DRP at 1 ppm (N=5) reduced CFL significantly compared to corresponding baseline and the control group. After DRP administration the CFL reduced to about 85% of baseline at 5, 15, 25 and 35 minutes after DRP infusion was complete. These in vivo and in vitro findings demonstrate that DRPs induce a reduction in CFL width and plasma skimming in the microvasculature. This may lead to an increase of RBC flux into the capillary bed, and thus explain previous observations of a DRP mediated enhancement of capillary perfusion.


The insecticidal effect of six commercially available plant oils was tested against 4 th larval instars of Culex pipiens. Larvae were originally collected from Meit El-Attar, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, and then reared in the laboratory until F 1 generation. The LC50 values were 32.42, 47.17, 71.37, 83.36, 86.06, and 152.94 ppm for fenugreek ( Trigonella foenumgrecum), earth almond (Cyperus esculentus), mustard (Brassica compestris), olibanum (Boswellia serrata), rocket (Eruca sativa), and parsley (Carum ptroselinum), respectively. The tested oils altered some biological aspects of C. pipiens, for instance, developmental periods, pupation rates, and adult emergences . The lowest concentrations of olibanum and fenugreek oils caused remarkable prolongation of larval and pupal durations. Data also showed that the increase of concentrations was directly proportional to reduction in pupation rates and adult emergences. Remarkable decrease in pupation rate was achieved by mustard oil at 1000 ppm. Adult emergence was suppressed by earth almond and fenugreek oils at 25 ppm. In addition, the tested plant oils exhibited various morphological abnormalities on larvae, pupae, and adult stages. Consequently, fenugreek was the most potent oil and the major cause of malformation of both larval and pupal stages. Potency of the applied plant oils provided an excellent potential for controlling C. pipiens.


At last, Loni breaks her silence on men, on life, on motherhood, and--yes, on Burt. For nearly two years, Loni Anderson has silently watched and listened as her ex-husband Burt Reynolds accused her of adultery, of being a spendthrift and a rotten mother. Now, she tells all in an explosive book filled with wisdom as well as revelations--a book for any woman who has learned that sometimes our hearts have to break for something better to enter. Photos.


The purpose of this study is to explore the perceived effects of learning disabilities on college students, as well as the barriers faced during the transition into postsecondary education. The sample was composed of 37 undergraduate students reporting a learning disability diagnosis. A questionnaire was distributed to explore several factors; including university accommodations, barriers to academic success, and perceived stigma on campus. Participants over the age of 18 reporting a learning disability were included in the study. Approximately one-quarter of participants reported the presence of a learning disability, however, the majority of these students denied receiving academic accommodations from their university. These results indicate the need for increased awareness and decreased barriers regarding the attainment of resources for college students with a learning disability. Thesis Mentor: ________________________


Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can produce a rewarding effect that strengthens action-outcome associations and reinforces future behavior directed at obtaining these foods. Increasing evidence that the rewarding effects of energy-dense foods play a profound role in overeating and the development of obesity has heightened interest in studying the genes, molecules and neural circuitry that modulate food reward. The rewarding impact of different stimuli can be studied by measuring the willingness to work to obtain them, such as in operant conditioning tasks. Operant models of food reward measure acquired and voluntary behavioral responses that are directed at obtaining food. A commonly used measure of reward strength is an operant procedure known as the progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. In the PR task, the subject is required to make an increasing number of operant responses for each successive reward. The pioneering study of Hodos (1961) demonstrated that the number of responses made to obtain the last reward, termed the breakpoint, serves as an index of reward strength. While operant procedures that measure changes in response rate alone cannot separate changes in reward strength from alterations in performance capacity, the breakpoint derived from the PR schedule is a well-validated measure of the rewarding effects of food. The PR task has been used extensively to assess the rewarding impact of drugs of abuse and food in rats (e.g., 6-8), but to a lesser extent in mice. The increased use of genetically engineered mice and diet-induced obese mouse models has heightened demands for behavioral measures of food reward in mice. In the present article we detail the materials and procedures used to train mice to respond (lever-press) for a high-fat and high-sugar food pellets on a PR schedule of reinforcement. We show that breakpoint response thresholds increase following acute food deprivation and decrease with peripheral administration of the anorectic hormone leptin and thereby validate the use of this food-operant paradigm in mice.


: Metaplastic papillary tumour of fallopian tube(MPT) is an extremely rare condition having features making it difficult to categorize as metaplastic proliferative lesion or true neoplasm. Here we report the case of a 23 year old multipara female diagnosed as MPT after being operated for ectopic pregnancy. Microscopically it showed papillary configuration, epithelium consisting of non-ciliated plump columnar cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, atypical nuclei and focal budding. Mitotic figures were absent. The true nature of this tumour reactive or neoplastic is uncertain.


Increased use of noncash-price procurement methods has concerned cattlemen for the past several years. This research estimated impacts of captive supplies on transaction prices for fed cattle. Negative relationships were found between transaction prices and percentage deliveries from the inventory of forward contracted and marketing agreement cattle. However, impacts from the absolute size of the total captive supply inventory were not significant. Price differences were found among procurement methods with forward contract prices being much lower. On balance, captive supplies had small but often negative effects on fed cattle transaction prices.


Background and purpose: Montelukast and S-carbocysteine have been used in asthmatic patients as an anti-inflammatory or mucolytic agent respectively. S-carbocysteine also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Experimental approach: Ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized BALB/c mice were challenged with OVA for 3 days followed by single OVA re-challenge (secondary challenge) 2 weeks later. Forty-eight hours after secondary challenge, mice were assessed for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and cell composition in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Suboptimal doses of 10 mg·kg-1 of S-carbocysteine by intraperitoneal injection (ip), 20 mg·kg-1 of montelukast by gavage, the combination of S-carbocysteine and montelukast or 3 mg·kg-1 of dexamethasone as a control were administered from 1 day before the secondary challenge to the last experimental day. Isolated lung cells were cultured with OVA and montelukast to determine the effects on cytokine production. Key results: Treatment with S-carbocysteine or montelukast reduced both AHR and the numbers of eosinophils in BAL fluid. Neutralizing IFN-g abolished the effects of S-carbocysteine on these airway responses. Combination of the two drugs showed further decreases in both AHR and eosinophils in the BAL fluid. Goblet cell metaplasia and Th2-type cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, in BAL fluid were decreased with montelukast treatment. Conversely, S-carbocysteine increased Th1-type cytokines, IFN-g and IL-12 in BAL fluid. Conclusions and inplications: The combination of two agents, montelukast and S-carbocysteine, demonstrated additive effects on AHR and airway inflammation in a secondary allergen model most likely through independent mechanisms of action. British Journal of Pharmacology (2010) 160, 1399–1407; doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00797.x


Background: Dermatophytes are major causative agents of cutaneous fungal infections worldwide. Identification of dermatophyte species is based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology on different culture media. Molecular methods such as PCR-RFLP are rapid, reliable and precise identification methods. This local study aimed to identify the spectrum of dermatophyte species among the studied patients population using different phenotypic and genotypic methods. Materials and methods: Hair, skin and nail specimens were collected from 135 patients with clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis. All specimens were subjected to microscopic examination using KOH and culture on SDA and dermasel agar. Phenotypic identification was done by colony and microscopic morphology, and subculture on malt, PDA, lactrimel and urea agar plates. Molecular identification was done by PCR-RFLP using MvaI. Results: Out of 135 patients included in the study, 78 (57.8%) were positive by culture for dermatophytes. Five different species were identified, the most commonly isolated species was M. canis (51.3%) followed by T. violaceum (42.3%). PCR-RFLP correctly identified the isolated dermatophyte species, producing unique restriction patterns. Conclusion: Dermatophytosis is common in Egypt where humid hot climate and animal contact play important role in the spread of these fungi. The use of PCR-RFLP directly on clinical specimens rather than its use in the identification of dermatophytes from culture media is recommended.


Background and Purpose— Validity of comparisons of stroke incidence between studies or time periods depends on the completeness of ascertainment. Ascertainment cannot be reliably assessed indirectly by statistical methods, such as capture–recapture. We report the first use of direct methods to determine the completeness of different ascertainment strategies in a population-based stroke incidence study (Oxford Vascular Study). Methods— We assessed completeness of 2 different ascertainment strategies: the core methods common to most previous incidence studies and core plus supplementary methods used in some studies (including access to carotid and brain imaging referrals and assessment of patients referred as "transient ischemic attack" or "recurrent stroke"). We assessed completeness of ascertainment in 2 ways. First, we searched anonymized primary care electronic patient records of the whole study population (n=90 542). Second, we interviewed and followed-up a high-risk subset of our study population: all patients who had an acute coronary or peripheral vascular event or a related elective investigation or intervention. Results— 126 strokes were ascertained by the core plus supplementary methods, of which only 108 were identified by the core methods alone. Only 2 additional incident strokes were identified by access to primary care electronic patient records of the whole study population. Assessment and follow-up of 1103 high-risk individuals (5.5% of our total study population aged older than 60 years) identified 16 incident strokes. However, all 16 had already been ascertained by the core plus supplementary methods. Conclusions— The core methods of ascertainment used in some stroke incidence studies lead to significant underascertainment. However, direct assessment of ascertainment suggests that the supplementary methods used in recent studies can lead to near-complete ascertainment.


Through collaborative marketing approaches, companies invite consumers to provide unpaid contributions. Companies commonly do this in the realm of brand communities. The key question this article addresses is how can a company lead consumers to offer unpaid contributions to brands as an act of free will? To answer this question, we develop a framework based on volunteer commitment research to study the actions a company takes to engage consumers in unpaid work for brands. We use this framework to analyse the online collaboration promoted by the carmaker Fiat with its brand community of Alfa Romeo enthusiasts (Alfisti). The research introduces the notion of brand volunteers, that is, brand enthusiasts who are committed to providing unpaid work for the exclusive benefit of the brand. With this notion, the article discusses the possibility of exploiting consumers in value co-creation and the existence of compromises, signifying an agreement between two collaborating parties in which one party (in our case, the consumer) temporarily puts aside possible sources of conflict.


The broad objective of this study was to identify factors that parents consider when choosing pedodontist services for their children in Harare, Zimbabwe. This study was done against the backdrop of lack of consistency between expectations of consumers and quality of the service provided by dentists. Structured questionnaires based on a 19-item importance scale were administered to a convenience sample of 51 respondents from 5 selected dentists in Harare. The results of the study showed that quality of service rendered, accessibility of dental clinic, friendliness of the dental environment and the manner in which the dental process was conducted were the main determinants influencing choice. A major implication of the study is that dentists should consider marketing as a critical component of practice management.


In this work, pre-ozonation for degradation, decolourization and detoxicifying of a raw textile wastewater collected in a textile fininshing industry, Istanbul (Turkey) is investigated. Differing from the previous studies, a low ozone (O3) flow rate (9.6 mg min) was applied at original pH of the wastewater. The effect of pH varying from 5 to 11 and the H2O2 dose of 600 mg l on ozone oxidation were also investigated. The acute toxicity of raw and treated wastewater samples were measured using 24 h newborn Daphnia magna. COD, colour in APHA Pt-Co (platin-cobalt) unit and absorbance at 450, 500 and 550 nm wave lengths which were coinciding the peak absorbance band of the raw wastewater were analyzed in treated samples. A 60% of acute toxicity, 92% of and 50% of total COD removal were obtained at original pH of wastewater by applying ozone for 30 min. Absorbed ozone dose was 105 mg l with a ozone transfer rate of 3.5 mg l. Varying pH did not improve toxicity removal, however, soluble COD removal increased at 3 and 6% respectively for 9.0 and 11.0 values while colour removal increased (7%) only at 11.0 pH. Adding 600 mg l of H2O2 increased COD removal at 10% after 20 min oxidation. Colour removal increase was more significant in O3/H2O2 oxidation in parallel with the increase in absorbance kinetics. All over results obtained this study are expected to contribute to control the textile industry wastewater pollution and to protect aquatic environment.


Introduction The northern Red Sea has been coined a refuge for reef corals due to the exceptional thermal tolerance of these organisms. With ocean warming threatening coral reefs worldwide, a panoptic characterization of corals living in extreme conditions may provide insights into future responses of corals to environmental change. Among other factors, the genotype of the endosymbiotic algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae has been shown to have major implications on the distribution and resilience of their coral hosts. In this study, we aim at genotyping the Symbiodiniaceae communities associated with three depth generalist and one depth specialist coral species, characterized by the ability to withstand environmental conditions that are apparently limiting for other corals and occurring in a unique geographical region. Methods We sampled 50 corals from the northern Saudi Arabian Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba, covering a 97 m bathymetric gradient. We used high-throughput ITS2 gene sequencing and recovered different patterns of host–algal associations. Results and discussion The majority of the recovered algal genotypes appeared host- and environment-specific, while others were more widely distributed. At large, coral specimens were overwhelmingly associated with symbionts from the genus Cladocopium and specifically with many previously undescribed genotypes. This suggests the selection of specific genotypes, which might confer resistance and/or resilience to their host counterparts. Interestingly, we found a limited association with Durusdinium spp. and other known tolerant taxa in mesophotic corals in the northern Red Sea, but not in the Gulf of Aqaba. The broad absence of Durusdinium spp., typically ascribed to be stress tolerant, warrants further investigation into Symbiodiniaceae species that convey environmental resilience. Our data will serve as a baseline to explore the occurrence of specific symbionts that might be contributing to coral acclimation and adaptation and to assay how biodiversity might be impacted if subjected to increasing stressors.


We show that the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model, originally designed for distributed-memory systems, is also applicable for shared-memory multicore systems and, furthermore, that BSP libraries are useful in scientific computing on these systems. A proofof-concept MulticoreBSP library has been implemented in Java, and is used to show that BSP algorithms can attain proper speedups on multicore architectures. This library is based on the BSPlib implementation, adapted to an object-oriented setting. In comparison, the number of function primitives is reduced, while the overall design simplicity is improved. We detail applying the BSP model and library on the sparse matrix–vector (SpMV) multiplication problem, and show by performing numerical experiments that the resulting BSP SpMV algorithm attains speedups, in one case reaching a speedup of 3.5 for 4 threads. While not described in detail in this paper, algorithms for the fast Fourier transform and the dense LU decomposition are also investigated; in one case attaining superlinear speedups of 5 for 4 threads. The predictability of BSP algorithms in the case of the sparse matrix–vector multiply is also investigated.


There has been a new emergence of information disclosure policy as environmental regulation. However, existing empirical evidence has yet to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach to reduce environmental risks, and even those findings are limited to certain applications. This study evaluates the disclosure rule of the residential lead paint hazard (Title X) in 1996, which is one of the prominent examples of environmental disclosure; however it has been under-investigated in terms of its impact on information recipients 'behavior. Using the national American Housing Survey, this study examines the impact of Title X on home buyers/owners' associated behaviors – test for lead paint and maintenance of paint surface. In addition, this study explores one of the expected key roles of the information disclosure strategy, that is, the function to fill the existing information gap, by examining whether the policy effect was larger on the groups with less information power. The findings show that Title X increases the propensity of tests for lead during transactions and decreases the probability of risky peeling paint conditions in old homes. In addition, the policy effect on the test behavior was larger with low-income group who was supposed to have less information/knowledge on the risks, implying its intended role of supporting the target "less-information" groups. The analyses on maintenance behavior also found a spillover effect of the policy on the houses that did not go through the market, indicating a diffusion of information produced by the policy beyond its designated channel.


The aim of the current study was to validate the construct validity of Piri-Muridi Scale (Hassan & Kamal, 2010). For this purpose, the data was collected from 291 individuals including men (n = 154) and women (n = 137). Participants belonged from four provinces of Pakistan; Punjab (n = 110), Azad Kashmir (n = 60), Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (n = 61), and Sindh (n = 60). The analysis was done by using AMOS for the purpose of establishing construct validity of Piri-Muridi scale. The indices of fit, items loading, and squared multiple correlations showed good model fit. Further, convergent validity of Piri-Muridi scale also showed significant positive correlation with Spirituality Index of Well Being (Daaleman, 2004; translated by Manzoor, 2014) and Bonding to God scale (Saleem, 2004). Reliability analysis and internal consistency also revealed satisfactory values. Moreover, province wise comparison of study participants was also analyzed and the findings were discussed in the light of relevant literature. Overall, this study helped to establish a valid and reliable measure for future studies on Piri-Muridi in Pakistan.


Depending on the pulse lengths, the operating conditions, and the thermal conductivity, oscillating temperature gradients will cause elastic and elastic-plastic cyclic deformation giving rise to (creep) fatigue in the structural first wall and blanket components of a nuclear fusion reactor. Small specimen testing technology (SSTT) and related remote control testing techniques are indispensable for the effective use of the limited volumes of materials test reactor and proposed intense neutron sources for the fusion materials test. In order to perform an accurate fatigue lifetime assessment using small specimens, the effects of material factors (surface morphology, inclusion, etc.) on low cycle fatigue (LCF) is mandatory. In this work, the LCF properties of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel (F82H IEA heat) were examined for three kinds of surface morphology using miniaturized hourglass-type fatigue specimens (SF-1), and a correlation between LCF crack initiation/propagation and distribution of inclusions was found. Fracture surfaces and crack initiation sites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


3D pose of a camera with respect to a 3D representation of the scene. IBL, despite being a trivial problem for small scenes, becomes quite challenging as the size of the scene grows. Aside from the computational burden, matching against a very large number of 3D keypoints spanning a wide variety of viewpoints, illumination, and areas is a very unreliable process that results in a large number of outliers and ambiguous situations. In recent years, a number of approaches have attempted to address the problem using paradigms such as bag-of-words, features co-occurrence and others, with varying degrees of success. This paper explores the use of global descriptors, in particular GIST, to tackle this problem. We present a system that relies on a similarity measure derived from GIST to qualify a limited number of 3D points for the matching process, hence reducing the problem to its small size counterpart. Our results on a standard dataset show that our system can achieve better localization accuracy than the state of the art at a fraction of the computational cost, which can used towards global localization.


ABSTRACT Powder snow avalanches are a common hazard in high alpine regions. Steep tracks and cold snow temperatures facilitate the formation of the powder suspension cloud developing from the dense, fast-moving avalanche core. Considerable damage to buildings and power lines is possible even when the dense core of the avalanche stops before reaching the infrastructure. An efficient simulation tool that calculates powder pressures in three-dimensional terrain would help engineers plan mitigation measures. We present a novel two-layer powder avalanche model that couples the cloud to the flowing core, allowing the simulation of mixed flowing/powder avalanches. The model predicts endangered areas outside the reach of the dense core. We apply this model to a well-documented case study in southern Switzerland and discuss the potential for future engineering applications.


Previous observations suggest that Bis, a Bcl-2-binding protein, may play a role the neuronal and glial differentiation in vivo. To examine this further, we investigated Bis expression during the in vitro differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells induced by retinoic acid (RA). Western blotting and RT-PCR assays showed that Bis expression was temporarily decreased during the free floating stage and then began to increase on day 6 after the induction of differentiation. Double immunostaining indicated that Bis-expressing cells do not express several markers of differentiation, including NeuN, MAP-2 and Tuj-1. However, some of the Bis-expressing cells also were stained with GFAP-antibodies, indicating that Bis is involved glial differentiation. Using an shRNA strategy, we developed bis-knock down P19 cells and compared them with control P19 cells for the expression of NeuroD, Mash-1 and GFAP during RA-induced differentiation. Among these, only GFAP induction was significantly attenuated in P19-dnbis cells and the population showing GFAP immunoreactivity was also decreased. It is noteworthy that distribution of mature neurons and migrating neurons was disorganized, and the close association of migrating neuroblasts with astrocytes was not observed in P19-dnbis cells. These results suggest that Bis is involved in the migration-inducing activity of glial cells.


This research analyzes and simulates the interaction between the sectors of monetary and fiscal in a simultaneous economic system. It is conducted due to the fact that the implementation of a policy cannot be sterilized from that of other economic sectors which are moving simultaneously. Monetary sector in Indonesia is a sector that experiences a number of fundamental changes especially in the targeting between ultimate goal and role of monetary authorities themselves in economy. The policies chosen are including the changing role of Bank of Indonesia and the shifting of the empirical data regarding the interest rate, high-powered money, exchange rate, and inflation affecting the economic force especially in fiscal sector. This research aims at analyzing the interaction between monetary and fiscal sectors in simultaneous economic system. This research uses quarterly secondary data (1980.1-2006.4) with dynamic simultaneous equation model and two stages least square method of estimation. The result of simultaneous equation analysis, especially in monetary and fiscal sector shows the followings: in a long-run, trend variable which influences real money supply has a constituent direction with the theory. The equation in interest rate reflecting the monetary policy rule is the modification of Taylor rule model and shocks element is derived from fiscal sector. Data processing result shows that the government expenditure shocks give an influence towards the formation of short run interest rate. Inflation and interest rate of the previous period is also used as the determining indicator of interest rate. In the long run, the variables affect the fiscal sector towards the direction which is in accordance with the theory. Primary shock also influences the real government revenue. Government expenditure shock towards the establishment of interest rate and high powered money shock towards the government revenue indicates the importance of the interaction and coordination between monetary and fiscal sector.