Numerous attempts have been made to evaluate economic impacts by climate change, and the evaluation method can be classified into two approaches. One is a partial equilibrium approach and the other is a general equilibrium approach. The former method includes a travel cost method (TCM) and a contingent valuation method. These methods have applied in some studies to quantify economic value of environmental quality. The partial equilibrium approaches for each case, however, cannot capture economic impacts of changes in natural environment by climate change and environmental conservation policies. On the other hand, the latter method has a computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis. As a CGE model treats all markets in the economy, both direct and indirect impacts of climate change through changes in the behavior of economic agents can be captured. A CGE model, however, needs the formulation of impacts on environmental quality and the estimation of their parameters in this model. As mentioned above, considerable studies on economic evaluation of climate change have separately analyzed by two approaches. Therefore, by explicit linkage between a partial equilibrium approach and a general equilibrium approach, comprehensive assessments in a general equilibrium framework are needed. To measure economic impacts of the changes in environmental quality by climate change, this study develops a theoretical framework of a CGE model that integrates the utility function that has environmental quality as the independent variable derived from a recreation demand function in a TCM, and confirms the validity of our CGE model through some numerical experiments using the beach erosion scenarios. The findings in this study are shown below. 1) By solving the integrability problem, we derived the utility function that has composite goods, visit frequency to recreation sites and environmental quality in the site as the independent variable from the estimation of a recreation demand function in a TCM, and developed the theoretical framework of a CGE model consistent with the utility function derived in this study. 2) Through some numerical experiments by the beach erosion scenarios, we revealed that our CGE model can evaluate the changes in price and income that are not taken into account in the definition of the consumer surplus derived from the partial equilibrium approach. 3) By testing the economic validity of numerically experimental results, we demonstrated that our CGE model is applicable for empirical analysis of climate change.


Vernacular architecture is not simply determined externally by the natural forces of its physical context. The poetic expression of Batak Toba house must have involved creative imagination in the mind of the people that may reflect the structure of mental models that constitute the thinking. This paper is intended to explore the presence of "generative concepts" of building's form and its architecture, which is based on the figuration of relationship between man and the nature. Three Batak Toba settlements in Samosir island are selected for the analysis of the archetypes in Batak architecture in the attempt to understand the existential basis of architecture. Keywords: archetype, anthropomorphic, house on stilts, Batak Toba


SIR,-The enormous amount of laborious work which Dr. R. A. Shooter and his colleagues (Journal, March 15, p. 607) have undertaken on the " Spread of Staphylococci in a Surgical Ward" seems to have added very little to the solution of the practical problem. May I suggest that they would almost certainly eradicate their problem by the sterilization of blankets and curtaitis, at weekly intervals if necessary? This can be done by subjecting them to 2% formalin vapour in an autoclave at a temperature of 2120 F. (100° C.) for 20 minutes, and this process will not materially alter the properties of the blankets. We do this as a routine in the general surgical wards at Highlands General Hospital, and have quite eliminated a persistent cross-infection by B. proteus and B. pyocyaneus, two much more resistant organisms. I should add that almost any autoclave can be fitted with a formaldehyde generator as an addition, and will then be capable of producing this service.-I am, etc.,


For much of the twentieth century researchers in the West knew little about the phenomenon of interpersonal violence in Russia as the Soviet authorities kept the vital and criminal justice statistics of violence secret. It was not until the Soviet Union was in its final death throes that these statistics were officially released for the first time in over fifty years. They showed that at least in terms of its level of lethal violence, Russia was one of the most violent countries in the industrialized world. Since that time, the sharp rise in violent mortality that has occurred in post-Soviet Russia during the transition period has attracted the attention of many researchers in both the East and West. The studies that have resulted have done much to enhance our understanding of violence in contemporary Russia. However, there are still many questions to be answered. For example, was Russia a violent country in much earlier periods of its history and are there particular social and/or cultural processes that have been important in explaining the occurrence of violence in Russia across time?To address these and other questions I have made use of the vital statistics data of homicide from tsarist and Soviet Russia, as well as individual-level survey data on violence from the contemporary period. By doing this it has been possible to show that there was a high level of lethal interpersonal violence in Russia throughout those periods of the twentieth century for which data exist and that Soviet Russia became comparatively more violent between the end of the tsarist and Soviet periods. Moreover, alcohol seems to have played an extremely important role in the occurrence of both lethal and non-lethal violence across time. In relation to this, I have focused on the particular drinking culture in Russia as a possible explanatory mechanism for the occurrence of violence, in conjunction with the Russian state's dependence on the taxable revenue alcohol generated – which in both tsarist and Soviet Russia prevented any prolonged attempts to act against the deleterious effects of alcohol. The high level of violence in Russian society also highlights the problems that the Russian authorities had when trying to impose order on a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country. This might explain why even by the end of the Soviet period, rates of lethal violence were highest in those places (i.e. Siberia and rural Russia more generally) where the state's presence is likely to have been at its weakest.The consequences of interpersonal violence have become a serious public health issue in contemporary Russia. The lesson that 'might makes right' seems to be learnt at an early age by some men who may subsequently model their behaviour on what they have witnessed in their childhood homes, with alcohol acting to facilitate the occurrence of violence in some instances. Any attempt to address the issue of violence in Russia must therefore focus on the specifics of the Russian drinking culture, as it is likely that if this can be changed, a reduction in levels of serious interpersonal injury can also be achieved. However, it may be the case, that it is not only changes in the drinking culture which are necessary, but also perhaps, the way in which violence is seen in Russian society traditionally, both by the state and its citizens – as a means of resolving both relatively minor and more intractable problems.


This Feature Article reports on the controlled formation and structure‐functionality aspects of vacuum‐deposited self‐assembled organic and metal‐organic networks at metal surfaces using ditopic linear and nonlinear molecular bricks, namely di‐carbonitrile polyphenyls. Surface confined supramolecular organization of linear aromatic molecules leads to a fascinating variety of open networks. Moreover, cobalt‐directed assembly of the same linear linkers reveals highly regular, open honeycomb networks with tunable pore sizes representing versatile templates for the organization of molecular guests or metal clusters and the control of supramolecular dynamers. In addition, the 2D nanopore organic networks act as arrays of quantum corrals exhibiting confinement of the surface‐electronic states of the metallic substrate. A reduction of the linker symmetry leads to the formation of disordered, glassy coordination networks, which represent a structural model for amorphous materials.


The increasing worldwide contamination of freshwater ecosystems with micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, industrial chemicals and pesticides is a key environmental problem facing humanity nowadays. In order to assess the adverse effect of six organic micropollutants (atrazine, bisphenol A, dibutyl phthalate, 17β-estradiol, 3,4-dichlorophenol and Na-diclofenac) a short term phagocytic activity test was applied with Tetrahymena pyriformis representing an important trophic level of aquatic ecosystems. Significant concentration-dependent response in phagocytic activity was experienced to 17β-estradiol and other endocrine disrupting compounds such as 3,4-dichlorophenol, atrazine and dibutyl phthalate with lowest observed effect concentration of 0.01; 0.005; 0.05; 0.05 μg/L, respectively. Although bisphenol A and Na-diclofenac did not result in a concentration-dependent response, significant changes in phagocytic activity were observed. Our results suggest that the phagocytic activity assay relying on a basic cell response can be a valuable method for the early and sensitive indication of adverse effects of micropollutants.


"Salak pondoh" (Salacca edulis reinw) representing typical commodity in Yogyakarta and represent one among superior commodity at Sleman regency which its growth started by have sufficiently long and get enough the government attention, where infrastructure for the fluency current of input and output have been made available inclusive of its marketing institute. Greater harvest price salak pondoh very low so profit farmer advantage also. To overcome the mentioned of there were some farmer salak pondoh that is with the diversification product and one of them is crispy processing. To see To see what the effort farmer's profit or do not hence have been done by research. This research aim to know the eligibility financial of effort industry of processing kripik barks the pondoh. The research was conducted in Bangunkerto village and Donokerto village of District Turi and Lumbungrejo village, Tempel District Sleman Regency on November until December 2004. Research method used by method the survey, data type collected covers the data of primary and secondary. Primary data obtained from interview with the farmer bark the pondoh use the questionnaire; secondary data is secondary obtained from Biro Pusat Statistik DIY and other institution which is related to this research. Intake sample conducted by purposive and responder determined by counted 60 people. The data mustered tabulation was analyzed descriptively and to analysis technical financial feasibility by NPV, IRR, B/C and Payback Period. Research result indicated that industrial Investment crispy bark of pondoh processing by financial is competent for developed that shown from positive value NPV, higher IRR Estimation from storey; level of rate of interest actual, and B/C ratio > 1


The oil film have many excellences such as bigger load bearing capacity, longer life, wider velocity range, lower friction etc. The traditional design method is experience test. Even the design parameters could meet the application requirements, but they can not exert the best performance of the oil film bearing. The relationship between load bearing capacity and materials, lubricants, design parameters and structural characteristics of oil film bearing was analysed. To improve the load capacity and run at the optimal state, the objective function was built to optimize the main parameters. Optimization results showed that the load bearing capacity has been greatly improved.


The effect of the discontinuity in the wind field between land and sea breezes has been studied by means of analysis of meteorological and chemical data associated with a particular pollution attack. Observational evidence indicates that there are periodic vertical eddy motions associated with the discontinuity. Variations in air-pollution concentrations are thought to be due to the location, in space and time, of pollution-stagnation areas, modified by the intrusions


Abstract:Photographic portraits of queer subjects from the early 20th century—shaped by early medical-scientific and legal practices—have often been identified with hegemonic ways of seeing, even when they are restaged in the present. In this article we argue that bringing an ethics of attentiveness to the analysis of such photographs reveals not only how embodied subjectivities were captured by the photographer's lens, but also how our own feelings and sense of self shape our investments in "touching" the queer past. Attending to such "quiet frequencies" (Campt) of the queer photographic archive allows us to embrace a wide range of emotions, from shame, desire, and grief to desire, exhibitionism, and self-assurance. We argue that through their portraits, the queer subjects examined in our article lay claim to a form of "deviant dwelling" that incorporates a tension between pragmatism, conformity, and refusal. This tension resonates into the present, as curators and artists recirculate and cite archival genres of queer portraiture. In doing so, they create moments of transtemporal queer touch between today's audiences and historical subjects, albeit in ways that do not always sit comfortably with contemporary attempts at queer world-making. (BL/KS)


This paper presents a low-power inductive-coupling link in 90-nm CMOS. Our newly proposed transmitter circuit uses a charge-recycling technique for power-aware 3-D system integration. The cross-type daisy chain enables charge recycling and achieves power reduction without sacrificing communication performance such as a high timing margin, low bit error rate and high bandwidth. There are two design issues in the cross-type daisy chain: pulse amplitude reduction and another is inter-channel skew. To compensate for these issues, an inductor design and a replica circuit are proposed and investigated. Test chips were designed and fabricated in 90-nm CMOS to verify the validity of the proposed transmitter. Measurements revealed that the proposed cross-type daisy chain transmitter achieved an energy efficiency of 65 fJ/bit without degrading the timing margin, data rate, or bit error rate. In order to investigate the compatibility of the transmitter with technology scaling, a simulation of each technology node was performed. The simulation results indicate that the energy dissipation can be potentially reduced to less than 10 fJ/bit in 22 nm CMOS with proposed cross-type daisy chain.


During vertebrate development, mesodermal fate choices are regulated by interactions between morphogens such as activin/nodal, BMPs and Wnt/β-catenin that define anterior-posterior patterning and specify downstream derivatives including cardiomyocyte, endothelial and hematopoietic cells. We used human embryonic stem cells to explore how these pathways control mesodermal fate choices in vitro. Varying doses of activin A and BMP4 to mimic cytokine gradient polarization in the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo led to differential activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and specified distinct anterior-like (high activin/low BMP) and posterior-like (low activin/high BMP) mesodermal populations. Cardiogenic mesoderm was generated under conditions specifying anterior-like mesoderm, whereas blood-forming endothelium was generated from posterior-like mesoderm, and vessel-forming CD31+ endothelial cells were generated from all mesoderm origins. Surprisingly, inhibition of β-catenin signaling led to the highly efficient respecification of anterior-like endothelium into beating cardiomyocytes. Cardiac respecification was not observed in posterior-derived endothelial cells. Thus, activin/BMP gradients specify distinct mesodermal subpopulations that generate cell derivatives with unique angiogenic, hemogenic and cardiogenic properties that should be useful for understanding embryogenesis and developing therapeutics. Summary: The manipulation of signals that control embryonic patterning allows human pluripotent stem cells to be differentiated into endothelial subpopulations with distinct haematopoietic, angiogenic and cardiogenic potential.


BackgroundShielding requirements and interruptions to routine care resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic present substantial risks to COPD patient's outcomes Adverse impacts including increased winter admissions, nosocomial infection risks, impaired quality of life and high service costs are anticipated A digital remote-management service can potentially mitigate these by supporting routine COPD care and self-management In the InnovateUK funded 'DYNAMIC' project we've developed a fully integrated COPD digital support service Patient-held smartphone progressive web application prompts daily patient reported outcome (PRO) completion with red-amber-green self-management advice, rescue medication and linked resources including inhaler, exercise and dyspnoea management videos Secure asynchronous patient-clinician messaging and EHR-integrated clinician dashboard with PRO data visualisation and structured clinical data enables self-management support and provides a new channel for scheduled care MethodsAs COVID-19 pandemic emerged we paused the RECEIVER trial (NCT04240353) and undertook rapid co-design, governance approval and deployment of an SMS invite and web-based registration system https://support nhscopd scot This provides access and remote setup to the DYNAMIC COPD service for all patients in our organisation Website tracking analytics support service evaluation and process optimisation Feedback was obtained from 57 patients who registered an interest via website but didn't progress to setup in the service Results2373 high-risk COPD patients were identified from secondary care datasets 797 patients did not have a known mobile phone number 1576 SMS invites were sent in batches May – July 2020 599 unique visits to support site (38%) with 195 completed applications (12 3%) to the digital service were obtained As of August 2020, 112 patients (7 1%) have completed service setup, which includes clinician virtual review with optimisation of COPD interventions, self-management planning and COPD MDT input as required Patient app usage in this scale-up cohort matches positive experience from the RECEIVER trial Qualitative data highlighted requirement for increased information about the service at invitation, which has been addressed ConclusionsNovel processes for digital recruitment and remote setup have widened access to NHS Scotland COPD support service This is a model strategy for service implementation and evaluation Further cycles of mail-based and SMS invites and media awareness campaign will follow


The environment of the habitat is important in the organization of the intertidal community. In a boulder shore habitat, accumulation of boulder layers increases shade and the number of interstices. This study examined whether experimental shade increased the density of mobile animals and modified the community structure at 2 intertidal zones on a moderately sheltered boulder shore in Amakusa, Japan. Artificial shade reduced light intensity and surface temperature of boulders, and subsequently increased microalgal abundance. Mobile animals were sampled quantitatively at 2 zones (high and mid) for 4 treatments: single layer boulders without a roof as a control, double layer boulders without a roof, single layer boulders shaded by a roof for 6 wk and for 2 wk. Statistical analyses (MANOVA and ANOVA) showed strong effects of treatments on community diversity and the density of 15 abundant species in both tidal zones. Generally, the diversity was lower in the single layer boulders than the double layer boulders and increased with the experimental shade. Two carnivorous species (Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Japeuthria cingulata) and some herbivorous species (e.g. Nerita japonica and Nipponacmea nigrans) increased in density with the shade, while other herbivores (e.g. Monodonta labio and Littorina brevicula) were unaffected. In conclusion, a reduction of environmental stress produced by the shade increased community diversity on the boulder shore, but the responses of mobile animals were species specific. As these responses to a change in the environment occurred within a very short period (< 2 wk), migration may play an important role in the short-term variation of community structure on boulder shores.


This thesis explores the nature of the course team approach at the UK Open University (UKOU) by investigating three issues: the formations of course teams, the process of working together in teams and the development of courses by teams. Adopting the naturalist paradigm, data were collected from three course teams of the UKOU using observations, interviews and documents. Altogether, 42 hours of observations were carried out over six months by observing 14 course team meetings.There were 28 hours of interview data from 21 interviews of 17 interviewees. A range of documents was collected. The study found that the formation of course teams is regulated by course approval protocol, and is derived from the effort of individual members. The responsibility of core academic course team members is vaguely demarcated. Academic's personal attributes are a key to team organisation. Previous experience of working together influences the members' current work in teams. In the process of working together as a team in meetings, the study shows that the .agendas of course team meetings often include practical issues. The course team meetings are flooded with practical concerns with pedagogical concerns remaining in the background. The development of courses by course teams, as this study shows, is framed by the system for course construction established by the University. An awareness of changing external environment contributes to the development of courses. There are differing views on the academic autonomy of academic course team members. Theorising of major findings leads to conclude that. both course teams and their work are contextualised because they interact with systemic, interpersonal, personal and historical contexts. Therefore, the suggestions to the successful adoption of the course team approach emphasize academic's attributes, teamwork and the system for course construction set up by the institution.


Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the contextual conditions of creativity based on Oldham Model among the librarians of public libraries of Fars province. Design/methodology/approach: The research uses a survey method. The study population was librarians of public libraries in Fars province. The data collection instrument was questionnaire. For data analysis, univariate T test and covariance analysis and variance analysis were used to evaluate correlation between the contextual conditions of creativity and its components. Findings: In public libraries of Fars province, the required conditions for creativity of librarians was above average. The personal differences of librarians in terms of job and mental condition are inspired by work context as above average. The positive mental condition of librarians is inspired by non-work contextual factors at lower than average and this shows the lack of satisfaction of life. The personal differences of librarians in terms of personality was above average. The personal differences of librarians 2 in terms of job were above average. The tendency of librarians to present and share their creative views were above average. Originality/value: Based on the role and importance of public libraries in development of a society, their librarians should be creative and required conditions should be provided for their creativity. Therefore this study was necessary for the familiarity with the contextual conditions of creativity among librarians in public libraries.


The generation of value bubbles is an inherently psychological and social process, where information sharing and individual decisions can affect representations of value. Bubbles occur in many domains, from the stock market, to the runway, to the laboratories of science. Here we seek to understand how psychological and social processes lead representations (i.e., expectations) of value to become divorced from the inherent value, using asset bubbles as an example. Using an agent-based model we explore whether a simple switching rule can generate irrational exuberance, and systematically explore how communication between decision makers influences the speed and intensity of overvaluation. We show that rational and simple individual level rules combined with honest information sharing are sufficient to generate the collective overvaluation characteristic of irrational exuberance. Further, our results demonstrate that simple noise in the exchange of value information leads to rapidly increasing expectations about value, even when no one is engaged in exaggerating their expectations for the assets they own.


Germany has reduced its emissions of greenhouse gases more than almost any other industrialized democracy and is exceeding its ambitious Kyoto commitment. Hence, it is commonly portrayed as a climate-policy success story, but the situation is actually much more complex. Generalizing Germany's per-capita emissions to all countries or its emissions reductions to all industrialized democracies would still very likely produce more than a twodegree rise in global temperature. Moreover, analyzing the German country-case into eleven subcases shows that it is a mixture of relative successes and failures. This analysis leads to three main conclusions. First, high relative performance and high environmental damage can coexist. Second, we should see national cases in a differentiated way and not only in terms of their aggregate performances. Third, researchers on climate policies should more often begin with outcomes, work backward to policies, and be prepared for some surprises. Ironically, the most effective government interventions may not be explicit climate policies, such as the economic transformation of eastern Germany. Moreover, the lack of policy-making in certain areas may undercut progress made elsewhere, including unregulated increases in car travel, road freight, and electricity consumption. Research on climate and environmental policies should focus on somewhat different areas of government intervention and ask different questions.


Method: We discussed our false positives with other drug allergy testing centres to determine whether this issue was widespread. We identified we were using different needles than centres with no false positives and changed from using BD PrecisionGlide 26G needles to BD Ultra-Fine Insulin Syringe 29G needles. This resolved our issue. We contacted the manufacturer to determine whether there was any difference in composition of the needles.


Development and aging are associated with functional changes in the brain across the lifespan. These changes can be detected in spatial and temporal features of resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data. Independent vector analysis (IVA) is a whole-brain multivariate approach that can be used to comprehensively assess these changes in spatial and temporal features. We present a multi-dimensional approach to assessing age-related changes in spatial and temporal features of statistically independent components identified by IVA in a cross-sectional lifespan sample (ages 6-85 years). We show that while large-scale brain network configurations remain consistent throughout the lifespan, changes continue to occur in both local organization and in the spectral composition of these functional networks. We show that the spatial extent of functional networks decreases with age, but with no significant change in the peak functional loci of these networks. Additionally, we show differential age-related patterns across the frequency spectrum; lower frequency correlations decrease across the lifespan whereas higher-frequency correlations increase. These changes indicate an increasing stability of networks with age. In addition to replicating results from previous studies, the current results uncover new aspects of functional brain network changes across the lifespan that are frequency band-dependent.


Abstract : An attempt was made to determine heart rate and rhythm of experienced parachutists during free-fall and during the periods immediately before and after the jumps. Continuous EKG recordings were made of 29 experienced parachutists while each participated in free-fall parachuting exercises. A total of 98 individual exits from aircraft in flight were recorded. Mean R-R interval was 0.403 seconds just prior to exit from the aircraft, 0.363 seconds during free-fall, 0.336 seconds immediately after parachute opening, 0.369 at landing, and 0.465 5 minutes after landing. Although there was variation in the R-R interval among individuals, the progressive decrease of R-R interval throughout the exit and free-fall with a nadir at parachute opening, was the common thing. There is marked individual difference in the duration of tachycardia before and after jumps. Over the entire group, mean duration per subject was 19.4 minutes of tachycardia prior to exit, and 30.4 minutes of tachycardia after parachute opening. In the individuals who made at least 2 jumps on any one day, the R-R interval measured on a single individual on the first and second jumps were remarkably similar, and within the group not statistically different. A correlation matrix was computed to show relationships between various parameters studied. The correlation between R-R interval and total number of jumps was opposite in direction to that which was expected, and nearly attained values that were statistically significant.


: Most of the currently used enzyme-immunological tests employ horse radish peroxidase as a marker enzyme. A new method is described for the determination of extremely small quantities of peroxidase. This largely prevents the inactivation of the peroxidase by H2O2 and thereby permits a much longer incubation time. In the presence of 25 mmol/l phenol, 2 mmol/l 4-amino-antipyrin and 0.8 mmol/l H2O2, peroxidase catalyses the formation of a red quinonimine, whose increase in adsorption is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration.


Abstract:Since 2011, the Tunisian government has carried out the most successful democratic transition of the Arab Spring. Yet during this same period, acts of domestic terrorism grew significantly. This development contradicts a prominent belief that democratization should produce declining levels of radicalization. This paper argues that Tunisia's 2011 revolution created a combustible combination of unmanaged social expectations, declining institutional capability, and persistent socioeconomic grievances. Within a governance vacuum and amid regional turmoil, the violent religious extremism propagated by ISIS and other jihadist groups has, for some Tunisians, replaced hopelessness with a sense of identity and purpose.


In this paper, we propose a novel polygonal remeshing technique that exploits a key aspect of surfaces: the intrinsic anisotropy of natural or man-made geometry. In particular, we use curvature directions to drive the remeshing process, mimicking the lines that artists themselves would use when creating 3D models from scratch. After extracting and smoothing the curvature tensor field of an input genus-0 surface patch, lines of minimum and maximum curvatures are used to determine appropriate edges for the remeshed version in anisotropic regions, while spherical regions are simply point sampled since there is no natural direction of symmetry locally. As a result our technique generates polygon meshes mainly composed of quads in anisotropic regions, and of triangles in spherical regions. Our approach provides the flexibility to produce meshes ranging from isotropic to anisotropic, from coarse to dense, and from uniform to curvature adapted.


Based on the high abundance of fine‐grained material and its dark appearance, NWA 11024 was recognized as a CM chondrite, which is also confirmed by oxygen isotope measurements. But contrary to known CM chondrites, the typical phases indicating aqueous alteration (e.g., phyllosilicates, carbonates) are missing. Using multiple analytical techniques, this study reveals the differences and similarities to known CM chondrites and will discuss the possibility that NWA 11024 is the first type 3 CM chondrite. During the investigation, two texturally apparent tochilinite–cronstedtite intergrowths were identified within two thin sections. However, the former phyllosilicates were recrystallized to Fe‐rich olivine during a heating event without changing the textural appearance. A peak temperature of 400–600 °C is estimated, which is not high enough to destroy or recrystallize calcite grains. Thus, calcites were never constituents of the mineral paragenesis. Another remarkable feature of NWA 11024 is the occurrence of unknown clot‐like inclusions (UCLIs) within fine‐grained rims, which are unique in this clarity. Their density and S concentration are significantly higher than of the surrounding fine‐grained rim and UCLIs can be seen as primary objects that were not formed by secondary alteration processes inside the rims. Similarities to chondritic and cometary interplanetary dust particles suggest an ice‐rich first‐generation planetesimal for their origin. In the earliest evolution, NWA 11024 experienced the lowest degree of aqueous alteration of all known CM chondrites and subsequently, a heating event dehydrated the sample. We suggest to classify the meteorite NWA 11024 as the first type 3 CM chondrite similar to the classification of CV3 chondrites (like Allende) that could also have lost their matrix phyllosilicates by thermal dehydration.


Epidermoid cysts of the spleen have rarely been reported. A patient whom I have followed up for ten years after splenectomy had a megalosplenic cyst lined in part by a stratified epidermoid structure. This case will be discussed before a review of the cases so far described in the literature is presented. REPORT OF A CASE History. —V. N., a white girl, aged 16, entered the Detroit Receiving Hospital on June 20, 1922, with the complaint of a gradual enlargement of the upper left part of the abdomen during the preceding two and one-half years. There had been an occasional slight local pain which was referred to the left shoulder. Once, about four months before, there was a sudden, sharp, severe pain in the region of the enlargement, accompanied by a marked degree of dyspnea. This was followed by a chill and a temperature of 104 F. The fever gradually


Supplier involvement in product development is widely regarded as an essential strategy, benefiting product development tinle, costs, and product quality. However, this strategy also increases the dependencies between the buyer and the involved supplier and has therefore implications for coordinating supplier involvement. The aim of this thesis is to examine intra- and interorganisational aspects of supplier involvement in product development projects and, based on a contingency perspective, to develop a conceptual framework for understanding coordination of supplier involvement in and throughout product development projects.The need for coordination of dependencies is reinforced by the existence of diverging expectations. This concerns different perspectives on i.e. project management, technical solutions, and product functionalities. Organisational coordination structures facilitate coordination of dependencies and diverging expectations. A contingency approach suggests that a range of coordination structures is necessary for addressing different situations of dependence and diverging perspectives.The issues of intraorganisational coordination, interorganisational coordination, and coordination throughout the development project are investigated based on a multiple case study consisting of a study of six product development projects at the packaging company Tetra Brik, and seven mini-cases at Swedish and Dutch companies operating in different industries. The case companies develop relatively complex products, that are produced in rather low to medium volumes. Furthermore, systems integration is an important aspect in product development.An important aspect of intraorganisational coordination concerns the interface between the purchasing and the engineering department. Several purchasing involvement configurations are identified. These include purchasing coordinators and the degree of involvement of purchasing specialists in the development project.Three main approaches are identified for the interorganisational coordination of supplier involvement in product development projects. An iutegrative approach, project integration coordination, has the highest potential to address a high need for coordination. Disconnected sub-project coordination disconnects the supplier task from the overall project and is therefore able to coordinate a lower degree of dependence. Ad hoc coordination is an informal coordination structure for incidental coordination of supplier involvement in the development project.The investigation of supplier involvement throughout the project focuses attention on two issues. First, an integrated approach can precede and facilitate a disconnected approach to coordination in the project. Second, project integrated coordination is sometinles accompanied by some elements of disconnected sub-project coordination.Intra- and interorganisational coordination have some cost implications. These costs tmderlie the necessity for a contingency approach to coordination. As the task characteristics, degree of supplier involvement, and moment of supplier involvement are important in determining the degree of dependence in the project, supplier coordination must be determined from situation to situation, based on the need for coordination.


Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight for phototrophs or as inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs. The six most common elements associated with organic molecules—carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—take a variety of chemical forms and may exist for long periods in the atmosphere, on land, in water, or beneath earth's surface. Geologic processes, such as erosion, water drainage, the movement of the continental plates, and weathering, all are involved in the cycling of elements on earth. Because geology and chemistry have major roles in the study of this process, the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment is called a biogeochemical cycle. Here, we will focus on the function of microorganisms in these cycles, which play roles at each step, most frequently interconverting oxidized versions of molecules with reduced ones.


The principle that the built environment should be supportive of walking is generally accepted and a wide range of interventions have been carried out in recent years with the aim of increasing walking. This paper presents the findings from a study conducted for Living Streets that synthesised existing literature on the impacts of the built environment on walking. Two different types of evidence from both academic and grey literature formed the main basis for the findings: before and after studies evaluating effects of interventions and cross-sectional studies identifying built environment characteristics associated with higher walking levels. The evidence from a large number of international, cross-sectional studies shows utility walking levels are greater in places with mixed land uses, greater population density and street connectivity and provision of facilities for pedestrians. Recreational walking is influenced most by aesthetical quality of the walking environment. Evaluations generally demonstrate positive road safety outcomes and positive user perceptions, but lack of rigorous data collection means effects on walking activity are often unclear. Where increases in walking activity have been found, it has not been demonstrated that this has led to increased overall physical activity. High values for money have been estimated for walking interventions compared to other transport interventions. Benefits to health from increased physical activity and benefits to user experience from improved conditions are the main contributors to these high values. Stronger evidence that individuals walk more and are more physically active as a result of interventions would strengthen confidence in value for money estimates. Increased walking activity has been shown to have other benefits (mental health, social interaction, social capital, personal safety, local business activity) and these should be recognised in value for money estimates.


Test meals providing two levels of dietary protein (13% or 26% of the energy) were fed to eight pregnant (P), nine nonpregnant (NP), and two gestational diabetic (GDM) women. Plasma levels of amino acids were measured at 0 h and 2 h. Glucose and insulin were measured at 0, 1/2, and 2 h after the meals. In the fasting state, P women had significantly lower fasting concentrations of most of the amino acids. After the high-protein meal, rises of arginine, ornithine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine), were significantly smaller in P women. Changes in BCAAs were normal in GDM women. P women had greater rises of insulin in response to both test meals than did NP women. This may facilitate increased BCAA uptake from the circulation. Rises in plasma glucose tended to be higher in P than NP women, suggesting that insulin's effects on glucose and BCAA uptake may be mediated separately.


Previous research has identified many factors that affect human dependence on automated systems. Some of these factors include automation reliability, types of errors, and training. This study introduces a new factor, time pressure, which is directly related to operator dependence on automated aids. Participants were asked to perform a simulated UAV target-detection task with the aid of diagnostic automation. Two factors were manipulated in this study: reliability of the automation and time pressure. The results indicate that participants faced with time pressure were more likely to depend on the automation than participants who had more time to evaluate the recommendations. The subsequent increase in dependence due to time pressure was beneficial to overall performance when the automation was highly reliable. In conditions with low reliability, overall human-automation performance suffered due to time pressure. The results imply a potential technique for eradicating the problem of under-dependence on highly reliable automated systems.


Ultrathin, strained-silicon-on-insulator (s-SOI) structures without a residual silicon-germanium (SiGe) underlayer have been fabricated using stress balance of bi-layer structures on compliant borophosphorosilicate glass (BPSG). The bi-layer structure consisted of SiGe and silicon films, which were initially pseudomorphically grown on a silicon substrate and then transferred onto BPSG by a wafer bonding and SmartCut process. The viscous flow of the BPSG during a high-temperature anneal then allowed the SiGe/Si bi-layer to laterally coherently expand to reach stress balance, creating tensile strain in the silicon film. No dislocations are required for the process, making it a promising approach for achieving high-quality strained-silicon for device applications. To prevent the diffusion of boron and phosphorus into the silicon from the BPSG, a thin nitride film was inserted between the bi-layer and BPSG to act as a diffusion barrier, so that a lightly doped, sub-10-nm s-SOI layer (0.73% strain) was demonstrated. N-channel MOSFETs fabricated in a 25-nm silicon layer with 0.6% strain showed a mobility enhancement of 50%.


The last three years have seen a rapid growth of 600 V and 1200 V SiC Schottky diodes primarily in the Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuits. The next logical step is introduction of a SiC MOSFET to not only further improve the power density and efficiency of the PFC circuits but also to enable the entry of all SiC power modules in Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) based power converters such as motor control in 600-1200 V range. The combination of SiC MOSFET and Schottky diodes will offer 60-80% lower losses in most low voltage applications at normal operating temperatures (< 200°C) where no significant improvements in packaging are required. This will cover most commercial applications with the exception of those having to function under extreme environment (>200°C) such as applications in automotive, aerospace and oil/gas exploration. For these high temperature applications, a case can be made for 600 - 2000 V Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and PiN diodes provided we do our homework on high temperature packaging. A number of interesting device related problems persist in bipolar devices such as forward voltage increase in PiN diodes and current gain degradation in BJTs. For very high voltage (>10 kV) applications such as those found in utilities (Transmission and Distribution), Large Drives and Traction, a case can be made for >10 kV PiN diodes, IGBTs, Thyristors and GTOs. While IGBTs will be restricted to <200°C junction temperature, the PiN diodes, Thyristors and GTOs may be operated at >250°C junction temperature provided that the high temperature, high voltage packaging issues are also addressed. Significant progress has been made in the development of the p-channel IGBTs and GTOs. The main issues seem to be the VF degradation due to stacking fault formation and improvement of minority carrier life-time.


Objective. To investigate the incidence and clinical and histopathologic features of giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA) in the Caucasian population of Iceland.

Methods. AH patients diagnosed between 1984 and 1990 were included. Case ascertainment for the study was done in 2 ways: 1) a computerized search from all hospitals and primary care clinics for the diagnosis of GCA, and 2) a review of all temporal artery biopsies performed during the 7-year period.

Results. One hundred thirty-three patients with GCA were identified. All fulfilled the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of GCA. The incidence rate for the population 50 years and older was 27/100,000 (36/100,000 and 18/100,000 for women and men, respectively). Clinical findings included the following: mean age at diagnosis 72.5 years for women and 70.3 years for men, new headache 63.2%, abnormal temporal artery on palpation 43.6%, mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate 88 mm/hour, symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica 48.1%, and visual disturbances 14.3%. A total of 744 patients underwent temporal artery biopsy during the 7-year period; 16.8% had a positive biopsy result. All 133 patients with the diagnosis of GCA underwent a temporal artery biopsy; 94% had a positive result. Histopathologic findings from the positive biopsies included a fragmented internal elastic lamina in 99.2%, giant cells in 65.6%, and fibrinoid necrosis in 12%.

Conclusion. Compared with previous epidemiologic surveys, this study shows a high incidence of biopsy-proven GCA in Iceland.


Natural killer (NK) cells are a heterogeneous population of innate lymphocytes whose potent anticancer properties make them ideal candidates for cellular therapeutic application. However, our lack of understanding of the role of NK cell diversity in antitumor responses has hindered advances in this area. In this study, we describe a new CD56dim NK cell subset characterized by the lack of expression of DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1). Compared with CD56bright and CD56dimDNAM-1pos NK cell subsets, CD56dimDNAM-1neg NK cells displayed reduced motility, poor proliferation, lower production of interferon-γ, and limited killing capacities. Soluble factors secreted by CD56dimDNAM-1neg NK cells impaired CD56dimDNAM-1pos NK cell-mediated killing, indicating a potential inhibitory role for the CD56dimDNAM-1neg NK cell subset. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CD56dimDNAM-1neg NK cells constitute a new mature NK cell subset with a specific gene signature. Upon in vitro cytokine stimulation, CD56dimDNAM-1neg NK cells were found to differentiate from CD56dimDNAM-1pos NK cells. Finally, we report a dysregulation of NK cell subsets in the blood of patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, characterized by decreased CD56dimDNAM-1pos/CD56dimDNAM-1neg NK cell ratios and reduced cytotoxic activity of CD56dimDNAM-1pos NK cells. Altogether, our data offer a better understanding of human peripheral blood NK cell populations and have important clinical implications for the design of NK cell-targeting therapies.


This paper explores the concept of reparations for gross sexual violence in international human rights and international criminal law. It analyses recent general comments and individual communications of international Human Rights Committees and resolutions from the broader international community as well as certain aspects of international criminal law. It specifically examines the practice of CEDAW, IACfHR and the ICC against the background of gender justice. The paper argues that international human rights law and international criminal law have broadened the concept of reparations in the last decades while still mostly neglecting reparations for social, economic and cultural rights. The specific analysis of CEDAW, the IACfHR and ICC illustrate that although the notion of gender-sensitive reparations is partially used, contributions lack more detailed information and focus on a binary approach to gender. Taking theoretical and practical gender analyses as a starting point, this paper argues that reparations must be complex. They need to include a combination of measures that offer maximum access and minimum exposure for victims while recognising the individual experienced harm simultaneously. Furthermore, the combination needs to transform the meaning of sexual violence within society, and finally strengthen the empowerment of the victim in its


ABSTRACT This paper presents a generalised time-synchronous gossip-based algorithm for solving distributed optimisation problems associated with multi-agent networked systems. The proposed algorithm presents a generalisation such that the optimisation process can operate in the entire spectrum from 'complete consensus' to 'complete disagreement'. A user-defined control parameter θ is identified for controlling such tradeoff as well as the temporal convergence properties. We formulate the algorithm based upon generalised time-synchronous gossip algorithm and subgradient method and provide analytical results for first and second moment convergence analysis. The proposed algorithm also provides a convergence rate estimate of in the number of iterations m when the step size is constant. We consider the effect of noise in networked systems from the perspectives of modelling uncertainty and measurement noise in subgradient estimation process and communication among agents, respectively. A numerical case study based on a multi-agent building energy system is used to validate the proposed algorithm.


This article explores an aspect of the propaganda wars that were conducted between the Lancastrian and Yorkist sides during the series of conflicts historians refer to as the Wars of the Roses. I argue that by the end of the 1450s, the Lancastrians had abandoned the pursuit of the popular voice ("the commons", "the people"), instead treating this group with suspicion and disdain, expressed primarily through documents such as the Somnium Vigilantis and George Ashby's Active Policy of a Prince. This article examines how the Lancastrians may have had populist leanings at the start of their rule, the reigns of Henry IV and Henry V, but moved away from such an approach, starting with the Jack Cade rebellion, and the various Yorkist uprisings of the 1450s. The composition of this group, "the people", will also be examined, with the question being raised as to who they might have been, and why their support became a necessary part of the Wars of the Roses.


Variation among human translations is usually invisible, little understood, and under-valued. Previous statistical research finds that translations vary most where the source items are most semantically significant or express most 'attitude' (affect, evaluation, ideology). Understanding how and why translations vary is important for translator training and translation quality assessment, for cultural research, and for machine translation development. Our experimental project began with the intuition that quantitative variation in a corpus of historical retranslations might be used to project quasi-qualitative annotations onto the translated text. We present a web-based system which enables users to create parallel, segment-aligned multi-version corpora, and provides visual interfaces for exploring multiple translations, with their variation projected onto a base text. The system can support any corpus of variant versions. We report experi- ments using our tools (and stylometric analysis) to investigate a corpus of forty


When political geography changes, how do reorganized or newly formed states justify their rule and create a sense of shared history for their people? Often, the essays in "Selective Remembrances" reveal, they turn to archaeology, employing the field and its findings to develop nationalistic feelings and forge legitimate distinctive national identities. Examining such relatively new or reconfigured nation-states as Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Russia, Ukraine, India, and Thailand, "Selective Remembrances" shows how states invoke the remote past to extol the glories of specific peoples or prove claims to ancestral homelands. Religion has long played a key role in such efforts, and the contributors take care to demonstrate the tendency of many people, including archaeologists themselves, to view the world through a religious lens - which can be exploited by new regimes to suppress objective study of the past and justify contemporary political actions. The wide geographic and intellectual range of the essays in "Selective Remembrances" will make it a seminal text for archaeologists and historians.


Considerable care is needed when cleaning, consolidating, mounting, and rehousing textile items for storage or display purposes. Each textile item must be examined and evaluated on its own merits, particularly decorated ones. An Indian Moghul metal-decorated fabric (17-18th A.D.) was housed and conserved in the museum of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Egypt. The final stages of mounting, removal of previous repairs, mechanical consolidation of fragile parts, dyeing of restoration threads, and temporary rehousing are discussed for the case study. A scoured cotton fabric used for mounting was secured on a wooden frame. Previous repairs were gently released, and the silk threads for the consolidation process were dyed with natural plants. The temporary storage was suitable for the large artefact given its dimensions and the constraints of storage space. Folded and Rolled storage were explored as storage possibilities. The final decision was to roll and store the textile artifact inside a cylindrical inert tube thus making it easy to handled and transfer. The artifact was protected with padded with crushed folds of acid-free tissue papers and muslin. Maintenance conservation was assured with a micro-environment climate using silica gel as a desiccant was made to control temporarily the recommended humidity inside the storage unit.


Introduction: Diabetes is a non communicable disease which is now a major concern in    urban slum population also. People only have access to some knowledge when they are   diagnosed with diabetes or somebody else in family is suffering from diabetes, which shows there is need to spread awareness for diabetes. This qualitative study aim to reveal the illness perception of causes of diabetes  and  factors affecting the health seeking practices of   urban slum dwellers in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Methods: Both IDIs (In Depth Interview) and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) were             conducted. In total 12 IDIs and 1 FGD was organized. Data was collected both from the diabetic anon diabetic group of population. After transcription, coding and analysis of data, they were categorized and patterns that emerged were compiled  to derive reportable findings. Validity were checked through minimizing sampling bias, methodological triangulation and measuring inter coder reliability.
Results: The perceived cause of diabetes among slum dwellers are sedentary lifestyle specially sitting for long, eating too much rice or sweetmeat, old age, obesity and mental tension. Preferred treatment options are private hospital (BIRDEM), public hospital, local pharmacies, spiritual healer and herbal method. The determining factors behind health seeking practices includes affordability, accessibility, acceptability, availability, social influence, belief, previous experience, need, fear of insulin injection and apathy.
Conclusions: This study aims to find illness perception focusing on causes of diabetes and existing factors determining the health seeking practices of urban slum dwellers. This finding will hopefully help in future to design a pragmatic intervention for slum dwellers.


In the Bag-of-Words (BoW) model, the vocabulary is of key importance. Typically, multiple vocabularies are generated to correct quantization artifacts and improve recall. However, this routine is corrupted by vocabulary correlation, i.e., overlapping among different vocabularies. Vocabulary correlation leads to an over-counting of the indexed features in the overlapped area, or the intersection set, thus compromising the retrieval accuracy. In order to address the correlation problem while preserve the benefit of high recall, this paper proposes a Bayes merging approach to down-weight the indexed features in the intersection set. Through explicitly modeling the correlation problem in a probabilistic view, a joint similarity on both image- and feature-level is estimated for the indexed features in the intersection set. We evaluate our method on three benchmark datasets. Albeit simple, Bayes merging can be well applied in various merging tasks, and consistently improves the baselines on multi-vocabulary merging. Moreover, Bayes merging is efficient in terms of both time and memory cost, and yields competitive performance with the state-of-the-art methods.


Tricholoma zangii is proposed as nomen novum to replace T quercicola M. Zang (1990), which is a later homonym of T quercicola (Murr.) Murr. (1949). Zang's species grows under oak trees or shrubs and is probably a mycorrhizal fungus, whereas Murrill's was originally described from decayed wood at the diseased base of a living laurel oak. Tricholoma zangii is compared with T. matsutake and considered as a recognisable taxon, based on examination of the original collection of the former from China and of specimens of the latter from China and Japan. The distribution of T zangii and its relationship with other species of the T matsutake group are also discussed.


By using a clinical biochemistry laboratory as an example, the authors show how the analytical quality system practically operates. The advantages of using a three-level model for analytical quality requirements on the basis of biological variations in analytes are discussed. Only does the use of a few normative documents present a possibility of creating an adequate quality system in a specific laboratory. The long-term coefficient of analytical variation is the most important characteristic of analytical quality and a necessary component of the day-to-day work of the laboratory. The level of quality is shown for 27 analytes. Despite the fact that the laboratory uses the same analytical systems as in the world, the level of analytical quality has turned out to be lower than in the best laboratories of Europe.


A detailed quantitative analysis of the transition process mediated by a sphaleron type non-Abelian gauge field configuration in a static Einstein universe is carried out. By examining spectra of the fluctuation operators and applying the zeta function regular-ization scheme, a closed analytical expression for the transition rate at the one-loop level is derived. This is a unique example of an exact solution for a sphaleron model in 3 + 1 spacetime dimensions.


The change in status of IAIN/STAIN into UIN (2002-2004) has not guaranteed to help the culture change of their organizations. In some ways, UIN is still influenced by the organizational culture of IAIN/STAIN. For example, hiring quotas, and lecturer UIN are determined by the Ministry of Religious Center.The focus of the investigation was the change management of organizational culture. This investigation aims to uncover the organizational culture change management of IAIN/STAIN into UIN. Methods of inquiry were historical, phenomenological and case studies. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentary study. Data were analyzed through the member check, snow ball, negative cases and triangulation. The investigations showed that the characteristics of the organizational culture IAIN/STAIN is a simple, hierarchical, bureaucratic, formalistic and family atmosphere. Functions as an integrator, identity, and leadership are stabilizers, simplicity, and hierarchical. Moreover, their culture type was a clan. IAIN/STAIN turned into UIN because internally, their performance decreases (dark phase) and externally there is a global demand. Characteristics UIN organizational culture is a complex, market-oriented, tend to be effective and efficient, flexible and professional headed. Functions as an integrator, identity and leadership are pioneers the integration of science, universal, and entrepreneurship. Their culture type were market. Dimensions (subvehicle) that changes were from a instituter to universiter.The boundary and scope were among the private, public and social. Organizational culture change management of IAIN/STAIN into UIN pursued formal and nonformal. Formally,the change through four stages, namely change: 1) the institution, 2) the vision & mission, 3) the organizational structure, and 4) the value (culture). Nonformally,the change made through exemplary model and commitmentleadership. Technical step of change there are four, namely: (a) diagnosis, (b) preparation, (c) implementation, and (d) strengthening. This investigation produced a new concept in the field of organizational culture change management, namely "the strategic change management organizational culture".


To the Editor:—Although I accept that the cleansing and sterilization of laryngoscope blades is a nuisance to nurses and other paramedical personnel, I do not think that the use of a condom to cover the laryngoscope blade is an answer to this problem. First, the condom cannot be assumed to be a barrier against the transmission of infection between cases. Damage to its integrity unnoticable by the naked eye can easily occur, particularly during contact with teeth or dental work in a difficult intubation. It is not an effective barrier and puts patients at risk of cross-contamination. Condoms are renowned for splitting when used for their intended purpose, and this is far more likely when used as described. Second, I also feel strongly that condom packets scattered around anesthetic rooms or empty packets in disposal bins will lead to anxiety among patients. Difficulty would also be encountered if patients inquire why an odd taste persists after anesthesia. I would certainly not like to be responsible for telling them not to worry—that is only the taste of the spermicidal jelly.


This research represents a theoretical extension of the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to study the consumer adoption of mobile coupons. We developed a model to test the relationship between theoretical constructs spanning technological and cognitive influence processes and their impact on Behavioural Intention. This study aims to integrate price consciousness and value consciousness into the promotional effectiveness framework. The results of the study indicate that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence attitude, which in turn influences the intention to use m-coupons. Social influence and compatibility play a major role in influencing the intention to use mobile coupons. The key objective of this research paper is to study the role of value consciousness and price consciousness as moderating variable in predicting the customer intention to use mobile coupons. The high value conscious and price conscious customers indicate more interest in redeeming m-coupons than other customers. This result confirms that in the mobile technology context, traditional adoption models such as TAM could be applied but needs to be modified and extended in order to increase their prediction and explanation power.


Purpose of study: This study was undertaken to explore the impact of trust on the quality of the relationship between Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and their board Chairpersons in Irish non-profit organisations. As the two most senior members of a non-profit organsition, the author wished to understand if the presence of trust or mistrust between them had repercussions for their ability to fulfil their respective roles or for the organsition to achieve its charitable aims. The study looks to see if the findings on this subject within the literature are confirmed or contradicted in the Irish context.

Methodology/Approach: The researcher used qualitative methods to approach the research problem. They conducted semi-structured interviews with a small purposefully identified sample of seven CEOs of Irish non-profit organisations. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, with the permission of the participants, and subjected to template analysis with a view to discovering the key themes and subthemes within them. The findings were then assessed against the research question and sub-questions, developed from a study of the available literature. The findings offer deep insights that may be applicable more widely within the sector.

Findings: The study showed that the CEOs view trust to be fundamental to the creation of strong professional relationships between them and their Chairs. The participants agree that congruence of goals and outlook with their Chair in relation to their organisations is vital to trust creation. Other factors including the professional ability of the Chair, support for them by the Chair at board level and the availability of the Chair, all had an impact on trust levels within the relationship. High levels of trust were directly linked by the most participants with improved governance and outcomes for the organisation.

Originality: The narratives of the CEOs detail the value placed by them on a trusting relationship with their Chairpersons. This study highlights the importance of good quality professional relationships within the governance structures of Irish non-profit organisations and draws attention to the factors that help achieve them. The implications in terms of organisational outcomes and good governance are discussed.


Somitogenesis in the mouse embryo commences with the generation of presumptive somitic mesoderm at the primitive streak and in the tail-bud mesenchyme. The presumptive somitic mesoderm is then organized into somite primordia in the presomitic mesoderm. These primordia undergo morphogenesis leading to the segmentation of somites at the cranial end of the presomitic mesoderm. Somite sizes at the time of segmentation vary according to the position of the somite in the body axis: the size of lumbar and sacral somites is nearly twice that of upper trunk somites and of tail somites. The size of the presomitic mesoderm, which is governed by the balance between the addition of cells at the caudal end and the removal of somites at the cranial end, changes during embryonic development. Somitogenesis is disturbed during the compensatory growth of mouse embryos which have suffered a drastic size reduction at the primitive-streak and early-organogenesis stages. The formation of somites is retarded and the upper trunk somites are formed at a smaller size. The embryo also follows an entirely different growth profile, but a normal body size is restored by the early foetal stage. The somite number is regulated to normal and this is brought about by an altered rate of somite formation and the adjustment of somite size in proportion to the whole body size. It is proposed that axis formation and somitogenesis are related morphogenetic processes and that embryonic growth controls the kinetics of somitogenesis, namely by regulating the number of cells allocated to each somite and the rate of somite formation.


A new wind tunnel was designed and built at SLF. The facility is ring-shaped to simulate an infinite fetch. This is important for experiments where the observed processes have a slow time scale (minutes to hours). The wind tunnel was developed to study the formation of wind-packed snow. Wind-packing is the process whereby wind hardens the snow and forms crusts or slabs. The facility is equipped with sensors to monitor environmental parameters such as wind speed, air temperature and air humidity. A SnowMicroPen and an industrial camera allow to measure properties of the snow surface. The facility is flexible and mobile having outer dimensions of 2.3x1.3x0.5 m. Airflow is created by a model aircraft propeller and the wind speed reaches values of up to 8 m/s. First results suggest that saltation is a necessary condition for the formation of a wind slab.


Editor—Southgate and Pringle outlined the General Medical Council's proposals for revalidation, the reasoning behind them, and how they might be implemented in general practice and, by implication, other specialties. The proposals adhere to international guidelines, but Wakeford has challenged them as being potentially unfair, unacceptable, and expensive. The portfolio based assessment described by Southgate and Pringle and advocated by the government and royal colleges has face validity. If blueprinted to provide evidence about all aspects of good medical practice, it should also be valid in content. However, Wakeford questions the fairness and reliability of the judgments to be made by the team of assessors. This is a credible objection because, while portfolio based assessment is a valuable technique for formative assessment, evidence of its reliability as a summative assessment tool is not yet convincing. Advocating this approach when the stakes are potentially so high seems to create a problem with the advent of evidence based medicine and best evidence medical education. Wakeford's solution also has flaws. Although an exercise administered on paper or computer as the basis for revalidation might answer some concerns about reliability, it would raise serious questions about validity. Such testing could not provide a measure of performance in practice and at best could only provide evidence about some aspects of competence. It would not provide information on many parts of clinical practice that worry the public and discredit the profession. The method for revalidation should be both practical and technically defensible. To achieve this, the purpose of the revalidation process must therefore be agreed on. Currently, the two purposes are being confused. The first is to identify seriously underperforming doctors. The second is to support all doctors in striving constantly to improve their performance. The methods of achieving these purposes need to be different. The prevalence of seriously underperforming doctors is believed to be low ( < 5%), so identifying them requires an inexpensive screening procedure with high sensitivity but low specificity. Doctors so identified would undergo a second stage set of procedures with high specificity. An option for this screening might be the use of peer and patient ratings as developed by the American Board of Internal Medicine. The second stage could be the current performance procedures already used by the GMC, which include an assessment of performance in practice and the combination of a written and practical test of clinical competence. The second purpose needs more discussion to establish the most fitting combination of methods, taking into account the best evidence available. There also needs to be a response to the concerns expressed by Wakeford about the feasibility and cost of planned approaches.


Cationic photopolymerization is a powerful method for UV-curing of epoxy, vinyl ether and oxetane monomers. Little attention has been paid to it over the last few decades compared to the corresponding free radical applications due to unsuitable and inefficient photo-acid generators (PAGs) used for photoinitiation. We introduce a novel type of PAG based on the tetrakis(perfluoro-t-butyloxy)aluminate anion. In facile preparations, diphenyliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts were synthesized, followed by characterization of absorbance and thermal stability. Comparative photo-differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) studies with common onium salt PAGs showed the advantageous reactivity of the novel alkoxyaluminate-based cationic photoinitiators. The novel diphenyliodonium PAG was also examined in photosensitization studies for potential use in higher wavelength applications.


Ferrites are a wide class of materials that are still a very rich field of scientific interest and under the scope of recent research. The polycrystalline Co2+-Ti4+ substituted Ba hexagonal ferrite has been synthesized by the standard ceramic method. The vector network analyzer has been incorporated to measure different microwave parameters at X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequencies. The microwave shielding effectiveness is evaluated by S-parameters for near field and AC conductivity as well as skin depth for far field. The doping of Co2+ and Ti4+ ions causes absorption in composite x = 0.5 to exhibit good shielding effectiveness and it exhibits large 20-dB bandwidth of 4.70 GHz in the near field and 3.60 GHz for far field respectively. The AC conductivity increases with frequency in composites x = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 and skin depth decreases with frequency in all composites. The shielding effectiveness, AC conductivity, and skin depth are correlated to each other.


Premature suture obliteration results in an inability of cranial and facial bones to grow, with craniofacial dysmorphology requiring surgical correction as a consequence. Understanding signaling pathways associated with suture morphogenesis might enable non-invasive treatment of patients with fused sutures. Tgf-β 2 induces premature suture fusion associated with increased cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Tgf-β 2 and Egf signal transduction pathways use some signaling proteins in common to regulate proliferation and differentiation, leading to speculation that these two pathways converge to regulate normal suture development. It was therefore hypothesized that Egf could induce suture fusion, and that Tgf-β 2-induced suture closure occurred via an Egf-dependent pathway. A well-established fetal calvarial organ culture system was used to expose developing E19.5 fetal rat coronal sutures to Egf, Tgf-β 2 and SC-120, a blocker of Egf receptor activity. Co-culture experiments examined the effect of Egf on Tgf-β 2-induced suture closure when Egf was given either prior to or after Tgf-β 2 treatment. Histomorphometric measurement of suture width was done on sagittal sections through coronal sutures harvested after 5 days in culture. Western blotting using phospho-antibodies against Egf receptors was used to confirm Egf receptor activity. Suture width increased with increasing concentrations of Egf, demonstrating that Egf-induced cell activity alone was not sufficient to cause premature suture obliteration. Egf administered prior to Tgf-β 2 treatment rescued sutures from Tgf-β 2-induced suture obliteration, demonstrating that pre-exposure of cells to this powerful mitogen prevented their response to signals induced by Tgf-β 2. However, Egf added after Tgf-β 2 treatment had no effect on Tgf-β 2-induced suture closure. Blocking Egf activity after Tgf-β 2 treatment rescued sutures from Tgf-β 2-induced obliteration, indicating that Tgf-β 2 required Egf activity to induce suture obliteration. Appropriate timing of signal generation by Egf and Tgf-β 2 is critical for normal suture development and maintenance of suture patency.


Data from observational studies have suggested an involvement of abnormal glycaemic regulation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness. This may be an attractive target for clinical intervention as glycaemia can be modulated by both lifestyle factors and pharmacological agents. However, observational studies are inherently confounded, and therefore causal relationships cannot be reliably established. We employed genetic variants rigorously associated with three glycaemic traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and glycated haemoglobin) as instrumental variables in a two-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis to investigate the causal effect of these measures on the risk for eight psychiatric disorders. A significant protective effect of a unit increase in fasting insulin levels was observed for anorexia nervosa after the application of multiple testing correction (OR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.33-0.71] – inverse-variance weighted estimate. The relationship between fasting insulin and anorexia nervosa was supported by a suite of sensitivity analyses, with no statistical evidence of instrument heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. Further investigation is required to explore the relationship between insulin levels and anorexia.


: The improved epidemiological situation requires the proper revision of the tactics used in vaccinating the population against anthrax. The important task lies in the optimization of the immunoprophylaxis of the rural population in accordance with the epizootologic situation in a given locality. To ensure correct orientation in choosing the groups of population to be vaccinated a rational classification of inhabited localities is proposed: they are classified as anthrax-free and anthrax-affected, and the latter fall into manifest, conditionally manifest, nonmanifest and unclassified. The use of the cartographic method based on this classification is recommended. The proposed vaccination tactics will allow to reduce the number of persons covered by immunoprophylaxis by 70-75%, making this coverage more exact, and to improve the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination.


In the period 1993-2000 the Norwegian Board of Health investigated 70 cases of claimed professional misconduct in relation to pregnancy or delivery. There were two maternal deaths, 38 perinatal deaths and 17 cases of cerebral damage. The Board of Health found reason to criticize midwives in 11 cases, obstetricians in 39 cases, and the hospital for lack of routines in 18 cases. Many of the mishaps were connected to false interpretation of fetal signs of distress (clinical signs or cardiotocography), and the investigation concluded that Caesarean section was delayed too long. The number of patient complaints has been constant through the period, in contrast to the widespread belief that misconduct and complaints are steadily increasing. The health authorities and the Norwegian Association of Gynaecologists have focused on quality and standards in obstetrics through committees for investigation of perinatal deaths, national guidelines in obstetrics, and improved national statistics.


Microcrystalline silicon(μc-Si:H) solar cell with graded band gap microcrystalline silicon oxide(μc-Si Ox:H) buffer layer is prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and exhibits improved performance compared with the cell without it. The buffer layer moderates the band gap mismatch by reducing the barrier of the p/i interface, which promotes the nucleation of the i-layer and effectively eliminates the incubation layer, and then enhances the collection efficiency of the cell in the short wavelength region of the spectrum. The p/i interface defect density also decreases from 2.2 × 1012cm-2to 5.0 × 1011cm-2. This graded buffer layer allows to simplify the deposition process for the μc-Si:H solar cell application.


Third generation artificial turf systems are comprised of a range of polymeric and elastomeric materials that exhibit non-linear and strain rate dependent behaviours under the complex loads applied from players and equipment. An elastomeric shockpad is often included beneath the carpet layer to aid in the absorption of impact forces. The purpose of this study was to characterise the behaviour of two elastomeric shockpads and find a suitable material model to represent them in finite element simulations. To characterise the behaviour of the shockpads an Advanced Artificial Athlete test device was used to gather stress-strain data from different drop heights (15, 35 and 55 mm). The experimental results from both shockpads showed a hyperelastic material response with viscoelasticity. Microfoam material models were found to describe the material behaviour of the shockpads and were calibrated using the 55 mm drop height experimental data. The material model for each shockpad was verified through finite element simulations of the Advanced Artificial Athlete impact from different drop heights (35 and 15 mm). Finite element model accuracy was assessed through the comparison of a series of key variables including shock absorption, energy restitution, vertical deformation and contact time. Both shockpad models produced results with a mean error of less than 10% compared to experimental data.


Abstract Birds colliding with turbine rotor blades is a well‐known negative consequence of wind‐power plants. However, there has been far less attention to the risk of birds colliding with the turbine towers, and how to mitigate this risk. Based on data from the Smøla wind‐power plant in Central Norway, it seems highly likely that willow ptarmigan (the only gallinaceous species found on the island) is prone to collide with turbine towers. By employing a BACI‐approach, we tested if painting the lower parts of turbine towers black would reduce the collision risk. Overall, there was a 48% reduction in the number of recorded ptarmigan carcasses per search at painted turbines relative to neighboring control (unpainted) ones, with significant variation both within and between years. Using contrast painting to the turbine towers resulted in significantly reduced number of ptarmigan carcasses found, emphasizing the effectiveness of such a relatively simple mitigation measure.


Abstract. The atmospheric composition is strongly influenced by a
change in atmospheric dynamics, which is potentially related to climate
change. A prominent example is the doubling of the stratospheric ozone
component at the Zugspitze summit station (2962 m a.s.l.,
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany) between the mid-seventies and 2005, roughly
from 11 to 23 ppb (43 %). Systematic efforts for identifying and
quantifying this influence have been made since the late 1990s. Meanwhile,
routine lidar measurements of ozone and water vapour carried out at
Garmisch-Partenkirchen (German Alps) since 2007, combined with in situ and
radiosonde data and trajectory calculations, have revealed that
stratospheric intrusion layers are present on 84 % of the yearly
measurement days. At Alpine summit stations the frequency of intrusions
exhibits a seasonal cycle with a pronounced summer minimum that is
reproduced by the lidar measurements. The summer minimum disappears if one
looks at the free troposphere as a whole. The mid- and upper-tropospheric
intrusion layers seem to be dominated by very long descent on up to
hemispheric scale in an altitude range starting at about 4.5 km a.s.l.
Without interfering air flows, these layers remain very dry, typically with
RH ≤5  % at the centre of the intrusion. Pronounced ozone
maxima observed above Garmisch-Partenkirchen have been mostly related to a
stratospheric origin rather than to long-range transport from remote
boundary layers. Our findings and results for other latitudes seem to
support the idea of a rather high contribution of ozone import from the
stratosphere to tropospheric ozone.


Due to the proliferation of reprogrammable hardware, core designs built from modules drawn from a variety of sources execute with direct access to critical system resources. Expressing guarantees that such modules satisfy, in particular the dynamic conditions under which they release information about their unbounded streams of inputs, and automatically proving that they satisfy such guarantees, is an open and critical problem.,,To address these challenges, we propose a domain-specific language, named STREAMS, for expressing information-flow policies with declassification over unbounded input streams. We also introduce a novel algorithm, named SIMAREL, that given a core design C and STREAMS policy P, automatically proves or falsifies that C satisfies P. The key technical insight behind the design of SIMAREL is a novel algorithm for efficiently synthesizing relational invariants over pairs of circuit executions.,,We expressed expected behavior of cores designed independently for research and production as STREAMS policies and used SIMAREL to check if each core satisfies its policy. SIMAREL proved that half of the cores satisfied expected behavior, but found unexpected information leaks in six open-source designs: an Ethernet controller, a flash memory controller, an SD-card storage manager, a robotics controller, a digital-signal processing (DSP) module, and a debugging interface.


A portable, single nozzle rainfall simulator was designed for evaluating the wet deposition of plant pathogens within field crop canopies. The simulator consisted of a black iron and galvanized pipe frame with a single nozzle (24WSQ or 50WSQ) centered at least 3 m above the upper plant canopy surface and had an attachment that allowed for fungal spores to be injected into the simulated rainfall. At the operating nozzle pressure of 34.5 kPa, the water volume distribution was relatively uniform (coefficients of uniformities of 85% and 86%) within the 2- × 2-m sample area. Drops ranged in size from 0.2 to 3.3 mm with median drop diameters of 1.0 mm for the 24WSQ nozzle and 1.6 mm for the 50WSQ nozzle. The measured rainfall intensities were 45 and 85 mm h-1, however the calculated kinetic energy and cumulative drop volume distribution values indicate that the rainfall produced by the 24 and 50WSQ nozzles was equivalent to long periods (>20 min) of natural rainfall at the intensities of 20 and 75 mm h-1, respectively. The rainfall simulator is easily transported, set up, and operated within a field environment by two individuals and is an effective tool for examining plant pathogen wet deposition processes.


The direct transfer of flame-synthesized aerosols of silica nanoparticles into aqueous suspensions is investigated. Silica nanoparticle aerosols with production rates of 0.5 g/h and different mean diameters and degrees of agglomeration are transferred into liquid suspensions by means of a novel wet electrostatic precipitator. Particle collection efficiencies above 99.999% were measured. The influence of the transfer on the particle size distribution was investigated by comparison of aerosol and suspensions size measurements. Aerosol sizes were measured with the scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and suspension size measurements were conducted by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and by SMPS measurements of the aerosolized suspension employing a novel nebulizer. Depending on the aerosol and stabilization conditions, particle transfer with nearly no influence on the particle size distribution is possible. Suspensions generated from the same particle aerosol by direct transfer and by sonication of the respective powder were compared. In contrast to the direct transfer, the aerosol particle size distribution could not be restored by ultrasonication. Copyright © 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research


We describe a fluorescent detection technique for a lab-on-a-chip flow cytometer. Fluorescent emission is encoded into a time-dependent signal as a fluorescent cell or bead traverses a waveguide array with integrated spatial filters and color filters. Different from conventional colored filters with well-defined transmission spectral window, the integrated color filters are designed to have broad transmission characteristics, similar to the red-green-blue photoreceptors in the retina of human eye. This unique design allows us to detect multiple fluorescent colors with only three color filters based on the technique of color-space-time coding using only one single photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodetector.


Purpose: This study examined the efficacy of a phonological intervention that utilized the core vocabulary approach with a deaf, signing, late first language (L1) learner. The primary emphasis of this project was to attempt to demonstrate comparable success in word learning resulting from a sign language intervention modeled after a spoken language phonological intervention with a deaf adult sign language user. Method: Participant is a 32-year-old deaf female who had not been exposed to any formal sign language until age 31. Treatment utilized a core vocabulary approach that targeted phonological awareness tasks of increasing complexity. Independent and unique real-word productions were coded to track the participant's growing lexicon. Results: Accuracy within each treatment probe indicates improved word-knowledge and remediation of consistent phonological errors. Overall cumulative lexical growth exhibits efficacy of the phonological treatment approach as a means for word learning. Post-treatment baseline cognitive and linguistic measurements indicate valid experimental control as they remained at pre-treatment baseline levels. Conclusions: A phonological intervention in the signed modality is efficacious with an adult, deaf, late first-language learner as a means for word learning.


It has long been held that Weimar democracy lacked the symbolic appeal necessary to bind collective sentiment and to win popular support. While recent revisionist histories of Weimar politics and culture take their cue from Peter Fritzsche's argument that "Weimar is less a cumulative failure than a series of bold experiments," the turn toward new approaches and perspectives is uneven and incomplete even in those studies that avoid conflating the fragility of Weimar democracy with the overall lack or absence of democratic identifications. Detlev Peukert, while admonishing his readers not to minimize the Weimar experiment in democracy, also argues that the first German republic had no founding ritual, and that this absence in national history attests to a general lack of legitimacy. Eric Weitz, in his eloquent survey of the republic's promises and tragedy, has little to say about the proponents and forms of Weimar democratic culture. Thomas Mergel, who shows that the Weimar parliament was marked by a cooperative atmosphere of pragmatic republicanism, attributes to the republican Left a certain tendency "toward a rationalistic understanding of politics, toward the underestimation of the emotional attachment to a flag." This assessment is entirely in line with the earlier claim that the rationalistic optimism (Gotthard Jasper) of the republican forces led to a "consequential underestimation of the integrative power of state symbols" (Klaus Wippermann).


Characterization and modelling of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) is usually complicated with very high degree of heterogeneity and uncertainty related to fractures. A commonly used framework for uncertainty estimation such as Monte-Carlo modelling is straightforward but in case of NFR is highly time-consuming as it requires generation of a large number of realizations and their flow simulation. We propose a more efficient method in terms of time cost, for uncertainty estimation in NFR flow performance. The idea of the method is to select a subset of reservoir models reflecting the same uncertainty range in flow response as the full set. The large set of NFR models is generated capturing the variability of fractures parameters. We calculate Euclidean distance between flow responses obtained from results of fast but not accurate flow simulations and apply multidimensional scaling to map realizations into some space representing spatially their uncertainty. Grouping similar realizations in clusters we find those realizations which are located in their centers and hence the most different. Once the most diverse realizations are obtained, an accurate flow simulation is run and uncertainty is quantified using only selected small subset of realizations. We demonstrate the workflow on the synthetic but realistic example.


Well, ya turn left by the fire station in the village and take the old post road by the reservoir and.. . no, that won't do. Best to continue straight on by the tar road until you reach the schoolhouse and then turn left on the road to Bennett's Lake until.. . no, that won't work either. East Millinocket, ya say? Come to think of it, you can't get there from here. Hey farmer! Where does this road go? Been livin' here all my life, it ain't gone nowhere yet. Hey farmer! How do you get to Little Rock? Listen stranger, you can't get there from here. Hey farmer! You don't know very much do you? No, but I ain't lost. Suppose we are given a weighted directed graph G = (V, E, w) with two special vertices, and we want to find the shortest path from a source vertex s to a target vertex t. That is, we want to find the directed path p starting at s and ending at t that minimizes the function w(p) := uv∈p w(uv). For example, if I want to answer the question " What's the fastest way to drive from my old apartment in Champaign, Illinois to my wife's old apartment in Columbus, Ohio? " , I might use a graph whose vertices are cities, edges are roads, weights are driving times, s is Champaign, and t is Columbus. 1 The graph is directed, because driving times along the same road might be different in different directions. (At one time, there was a speed trap on I-70 just east of the Indiana/Ohio border, but only for eastbound traffic.) Perhaps counter to intuition, we will allow the weights on the edges to be negative. Negative edges make our lives complicated, because the presence of a negative cycle might imply that there is no shortest path. In general, a shortest path from s to t exists if and only if there is at least one path from s to t, but there is no path from s to t that touches a negative cycle. If any negative cycle is reachable from s and can reach t, we can always find a shorter path by going around the cycle one more time. Almost every algorithm known for solving this problem actually solves (large portions of) the following more general single source shortest path or SSSP …


Industry 4.0 will upgrade Germany's industrial capabilities. With trade flows becoming increasingly internationally interlinked, automation, more flexible processes as well as horizontal and vertical integration are becoming more important features in a modern, competitive production structure. Germany in particular with its especially favourable fundamental features will find that "Industry 4.0" (aka integrated industry) provides a major long-term opportunity for the country to consolidate its leading position in the global marketplace – even against its fast-growing emerging market competitors.Germany has been and will remain an industrial heavyweight, creating one-third of the EU's value added. German firms create one-third of the EU's total industrial value added. A long way behind comes Italy, followed by France, the UK and Spain. Since in other countries the value added share is steadily on the decline, Germany should retain its leading position as the industrial backbone of the EU for the foreseeable future.The potential for upgrading industry is particularly pronounced in Germany. Industry 4.0 can progress if there is close exchange between the fields of electronics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and IT. With this approach Germany has special strengths as the "factory outfitter of the world". These strengths are based on the country's good general education system, its established development partnerships between suppliers and users, its market leadership in plant and mechanical engineering, its strong and dynamic SMEs and its position as the leading innovator in automation methods.


respect. To counteract the possibility of drug substitution we have suggested that hospitals should keep records of all pentazocine prescriptions. Dose increases do not really reflect the classic picture of pentazocine consumption. Patients with continuous pain usually alter their consumption in relation to the severity of their pain. The mechanism of an antagonist tends to produce dysphoria. Even our real pentazocine addicts did not describe euphoria in the psychiatrically defined sense. One should not treat such a difficult subject as dependence as cursorily as it was in this report. For example, no analyses of the personality structures of the patients were included in the report. Our experience, which we reported in 1977 in the Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift, is based on 60 cases, whereas Drs King and Betts report on only six cases. This leads us to regard this contribution with scepticism. ST KUBICKI