The United States is in the midst of an unprecedented mass incarceration crisis. Financially, this is no longer readily sustainable, even for the world's largest economy. Further, the human suffering that prison causes is no longer tolerable from the normative perspective. Nevertheless, lawmakers have failed to propose or adopt coherent or wide-ranging reforms to mitigate this crisis. The crisis has emerged over the past forty years largely as a result of the emphasis on community protection as the most important objective of sentencing and the fact that the primary means of pursuing community protection during this period has been incapacitation in the form of imprisonment. In this Article, we argue that policy makers and courts took a profoundly wrong turn by equating community protection almost solely with incapacitation. A more progressive and often effective means of protecting the community is by rehabilitating offenders. In theory, rehabilitation is a widely endorsed sentencing objective, so it should already influence many sentencing outcomes, but the reality is otherwise. Rehabilitation is rarely a dominant or even weighty consideration when courts sentence offenders. This is attributable, at least in part, to scepticism regarding the capacity of criminal sanctions to reform offenders. This approach is flawed. Empirical data establishes that many offenders can be rehabilitated. In this Article, we argue that sentencing courts should place greater weight on the objective of rehabilitation and that such a change would significantly ameliorate the incarceration crisis, while enhancing community safety. We make three key recommendations in order to implement our proposal. First, it is necessary to promulgate rehabilitation as a means of protecting the community. Second, we propose that the role of rehabilitation in sentencing should be expanded. In particular, and contrary to current orthodoxy, rehabilitation should have a meaningful role even in relation to very serious offences. In indicating the role that rehabilitation has played in their decisions, courts should clearly articulate how they have adjusted penalties in light of assessments of offenders' potential for rehabilitation. Third, it is necessary to ensure that decisions by courts relating to the prospects of rehabilitation are made on the basis of more rigorous, empirically-grounded and transparent criteria. To this end, we examine the under-researched topic of the role that instruments that predict the likelihood of an offender's recidivism should play in guiding sentencing decisions. The solutions advanced in this Article will provide the catalyst for rehabilitation to assume a much larger role in sentencing and thereby significantly ameliorate the incarceration crisis.


Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of neuro-interventional treatment through intra-arterial nimodipine (IAN) injection for cerebral vasospasm occurring after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and to describe the factors associated with delayed cerebral infarction in aneurysmal SAH patients treated with IAN in a single institute during a recent 5 year period. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data of 73 patients who underwent aneurysm clipping or coiling for ruptured cerebral aneurysm and who received IAN following presenting with symptomatic vasospasm. The effectiveness of IAN was assessed by angiographical change of vessel diameter, and by any improvements in clinical symptoms. Various patient parameters and angiographic characteristics of vasospasm were recorded, and the predictors of delayed cerebral infarction were evaluated with a linear regression analysis. Results Positive angiographic response was observed in 53 of 73 patients with a mean of 35% of diameter increase. For thirty-eight patients, clinical improvements indicated by increase Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores over two points) were shown after IAN, and there was positive correlation between the change in GCS scores after IAN and the improvement of vessel diameter (p=0.034). Despite IAN treatment, delayed cerebral infarction developed in eleven patients. The vasospasm occurring in dominantly contralateral side to ruptured aneurysm (p=0.0213) and premorbid atherosclerosis in cerebral vessels (p=0.016) were significantly associated with delayed cerebral infarction. Conclusions IAN seems to be reasonable treatment for symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, the treatment is not always prevent delayed cerebral infarction. The premorbid cerebral atherosclerosis and the pattern of vasospasm is likely to affect the treatment results of IAN. Disclosures K. Park: None. B. Kim: None. D. Park: None. N. Lee: None.


In order to mimic loss of root function caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, differences in inherent root growth of avocado seedlings of ten different rootstock cultivars across the three ecological races were investigated. A 2-pot root harvesting system was used and roots were harvested at three different intervals to assess tolerance to root removal. Seedling 'Velvick' produced the largest amount of harvested roots. However, when results were standardised by the total area of mature leaves, there were no significant differences found between rootstock cultivars in cumulative, root growth. Relative to total photosynthetic area, cultivars 'Kidd' and 'Fuerte' (produced the most roots in the absence of root trimming. Overall, increased trimming decreased cumulative root output (P<0.001). For root growth of harvested roots, significant interactions were observed between cultivars and trimming treatment, with the cultivar 'A10' best able to withstand regular mechanical root removal. Significant interactions were also observed between cultivars and trimming treatment for the parameter of root diameter. Most cultivars generally produced thicker roots over time, except for varieties 'Reed' and 'Velvick', for which the average thickest roots were the youngest. Regressing dry weight of harvested roots with projected area in root images, 'Velvick' seedlings had the steepest relationship while 'Edranol' roots had the flattest.


Objective. We reexamine the issue of phenotypic discrimination against Mexicans in the U.S. labor market, originally studied by Telles and Murguia (1990) and later by Bohara and Davila (1992). We also seek to explain this topic with respect to the Puerto Rican and Cuban populations in the United States. Methods. Instead of using household income as a dependent variable, we use occupational ranking scores computed by Hauser and Warren (1996) in combination with data from the 1990 Latino National Political Survey (LNPS). The occupational rankings more accurately reflect the level of labor market discrimination faced by individuals. Furthermore, the use of the more recent LNPS allows us to update the work of previous scholars and extend the analysis to two previously unexamined Latino groups—Puerto Ricans and Cubans. Results. Our findings indicate that darker‐skinned Mexicans and Cubans face significantly lower occupational prestige scores than their lighter‐skinned counterparts even when controlling for factors that influence performance in the labor market. However, we find no conclusive evidence that skin‐color differences impact occupational prestige scores for Puerto Ricans. Conclusions. Using earlier data, some scholars found evidence for difference in labor market performance among Mexican Americans as a function of phenotypic variations among Mexican Americans. Today, dark‐skinned Mexican Americans and Cuban Americans continue to face higher levels of discrimination in the labor market, whereas dark‐skinned Puerto Ricans do not, which may indicate regional differences across the three groups that need to be controlled for.


The aim of this study was to define the epidemiology of World Health Organization (WHO) Group I pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a large referral centre in the USA. The Pulmonary Hypertension Connection registry, initiated in 2004, evaluated all patients in a single USA practice from 1982–2006. For comparison, the authors divided the group by incident versus prevalent cohorts, aetiology and by treatment era. In total, 578 patients (77% female) aged 48±14 yrs were entered. Of these, 80% had class III or IV symptoms. Over time, connective tissue disease-associated PAH increased, while referrals for HIV remained low. One-third of patients were referred on calcium channel blocker therapy even though only 4.6% had an acute response to vasodilator challenge. When compared by treatment era, there were no differences in the severity of PAH. However, survival had improved over time, with a 1-yr survival of 85% in the incident cohort. In the USA, pulmonary arterial hypertension patients are still referred to tertiary centres too late. Referral of connective tissue disease is increasing, while referral of HIV remains low. Inappropriate calcium channel blocker treatment is common. Survival rates have increased but remain low suggesting that prognosis is improving but PAH is still a progressive, fatal disease.


Autoregressive (AR) model and conditional autoregressive (CAR) model are specific regressive models in which independent variables and dependent variable imply the same object. They are powerful statistical tools to predict values based on correlation of time domain and space domain, which are useful in epidemiology analysis. In this research, I combine them by the simple way in which AR and CAR is estimated in two separate steps so as to cover time domain and space domain in spatial-temporal data analysis. Moreover, I integrate logistic model into CAR model, which aims to improve competence of autoregressive models.


: A field experiment with two broomcorn millet varieties Longmi 8 (strong drought-resistant variety) and Jinmi 4 (drought-sensitive variety) was conducted to compare their differences in growth, field microclimate and photosynthetic capacity from anthesis to maturity under different fertility conditions. The results showed that, fertilization decreased canopy temperature, air temperature, soil temperature, illumination, but improved the relative humidity among broomcorn millet plants compared with the non-fertilization treatment. With an increase of the fertilizer level, the plant height, SPAD, LAI, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration in broomcorn millet showed an increasing trend, which of the high fertilization treatment were 9.2%, 15.1%, 56.6%, 17.8%, 24.6%, 14.2%, 29.7% higher than those of non-fertilization treatment, respectively. Compared with Jinmi 4, Longmi 8 showed a cold wet characteristic, with lower canopy temperature, air temperature, soil temperature; illumination, and higher plant height, LAI, SPAD and relative humidity during grain filling. Moreover, each photosynthetic index of Longmi 8 slowly decreased and extended the period of leaf photosynthetic function so as to accumulate more photosynthetic products.


A distributed-adaptive droop mechanism is proposed for secondary/primary control of dc microgrids. The conventional secondary control that adjusts the voltage set point for the local droop mechanism is replaced by a voltage regulator. A current regulator is also added to fine-tune the droop coefficient for different loading conditions. The voltage regulator uses an observer that processes neighbors' data to estimate the average voltage across the microgrid. This estimation is further used to generate a voltage correction term to adjust the local voltage set point. The current regulator compares the local per-unit current of each converter with the neighbors' on a communication graph and, accordingly, provides an impedance correction term. This term is then used to update the droop coefficient and synchronize per-unit currents or, equivalently, provide proportional load sharing. The proposed controller precisely accounts for the transmission/distribution line impedances. The controller on each converter exchanges data with only its neighbor converters on a sparse communication graph spanned across the microgrid. Global dynamic model of the microgrid is derived with the proposed controller engaged. A low-voltage dc microgrid prototype is used to verify the controller performance, link-failure resiliency, and the plug-and-play capability.


Clades that represent a new 'Bauplan' have been hypothesised to exhibit more variability than more derived clades. Accordingly, there is an expectation of greater variation around the time of the origin of a clade than later in its evolutionary history. This 'canalisation' has been tested in terms of morphological disparity (interspecific variation), whereas intraspecific variation in macroevolution is rarely studied. We analysed extensive data of brachial counts in crinoid populations from the Ordovician to the Recent to test for canalisation in morphological intraspecific variation. Our results show no support for the canalisation hypothesis through the Phanerozoic. This lack of pattern is maintained even when considering crinoid subclades separately. Our study is an example of the lack of universality in such macroevolutionary patterns both in terms of organisms and in terms of modules within them. It is also an example on the challenges and limitations of palaeontological studies of macroevolutionary processes.


Political analysts have long studied demographic shifts through elections, and with the results of the 2020 presidential election, this opportunity comes again. Not only does maintaining an understanding of broad demographic shifts help to understand changing U.S. communities but studying them in relation to electoral changes helps campaign outreach efforts to increase turnout and inform political analysts about future elections. Our study aimed to determine the demographic indicators for voter shift between the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections based on demographic data put through a K-nearest neighbors classification algorithm (KNN) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Our original hypothesis was that COVID-19 cases would be the best indicator because the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted society. Using the KNN, we found that the employment sector as the best indicator with an accuracy of 67.3% across 893 counties. Alternatively, our results using the PCA showed that the total population was the best indicator. An overarching theme between these two results was urbanity, which heavily influenced both employment sector composition and total population. Notably, we found that race was the poorest indicator, with a 49% accuracy using KNN. Our results indicated a rise in identity politics, a political approach where people form and maintain political views based on social and group identities, which could further be explained by increasing division between urban and rural areas. Additionally, inaccuracies of the KNN raise concerns about the efficacy of contemporary race modeling in predicting voter shift.


Solar energy conversion by dye sensitized nanostructured metal oxide solar cells (Gratzel solar cells) relies on fast and efficient conversion of excited states into conduction band electrons (electron injection) and sufficiently slow electron-cation and electron-electrolyte recombination. Injection has to compete efficiently with other deactivation processes of the sensitizer excited state and recombination between conduction band electrons and oxidized dye or oxidized redox species has to be slow compared to re-reduction (regeneration) of the oxidized sensitizer by the redox system. Since for many sensitizer/semiconductor systems electron injection and recombination are reciprocal processes, very fast injection often leads to fast recombination. Optimized solar cell performance, therefore, often does not correspond to the fastest electron transfers. Distances, geometries and interactions between sensitizer and semiconductor nanoparticles control the electron transfer processes. For rational design of novel solar cell materials with predictable properties, detailed knowledge of the factors controlling interfacial electron transfer is desirable. Light triggered electron transfers occur on the femto- to nanosecond timescale, implying that time resolved ultrafast spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing these processes. In this chapter we illustrate this with some results for a few different sensitizer and semiconductor systems. Electron transfer and sensitizer binding geometries and interactions are intimately connected and determine solar cell properties. Therefore, we correlate electron transfer dynamics with binding geometries obtained from surface sensitive techniques and finally link these properties to solar cell performance.


ABSTRACT Purpose To examine the association between Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) scores, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scores, and oculomotor deficits post-concussion. Methods Records of adolescent patients examined in a multidisciplinary concussion clinic between July 2014 and May 2019 were reviewed. PCSS and CISS scores, results of eye examination and oculomotor assessment, concussion history, and demographics were abstracted. Results One hundred and forty patient records (median age, 15.3 years; 52 males, presented 109 days (median) from their most recent concussion) met inclusion criteria. Mean total scores on PCSS and CISS were 46.67 ± 25.89 and 27.13 ± 13.22, respectively, and were moderately correlated with each other (r = 0.53, p < .001). Oculomotor deficits were observed in 123 (88%) patients. Step-wise linear regression identified increased PCSS total score to be significantly associated with decreased amplitude of accommodation (p < .001). Increased CISS total score was significantly associated with receded near point of convergence, developmental eye movement test error scores, and cause of concussion. Conclusion High PCSS scores may indicate an accommodation deficit and thus prompt an oculomotor assessment in patients following a concussion. Using the CISS and a detailed oculomotor assessment may reveal underlying oculomotor deficits, which may benefit from treatment.


The Swedish-Norwegian Coldblooded trotter (CBT) is a local breed in Sweden and Norway mainly used for harness racing. Previous studies have shown that a mutation from cytosine (C) to adenine (A) in the doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3 (DMRT3) gene has a major impact on harness racing performance of different breeds. An association of the DMRT3 mutation with early career performance has also been suggested. The aim of the current study was to investigate this proposed association in a randomly selected group of CBTs. 769 CBTs (485 raced, 284 unraced) were genotyped for the DMRT3 mutation. The association with racing performance was investigated for 13 performance traits and three different age intervals: 3 years, 3 to 6 years, and 7 to 10 years of age, using the statistical software R. Each performance trait was analyzed for association with DMRT3 using linear models. The results suggest no association of the DMRT3 mutation with precocity (i.e. performance at 3 years of age). Only two traits (race time and number of disqualifications) were significantly different between the genotypes, with AA horses having the fastest times and CC horses having the highest number of disqualifications at 3 years of age. The frequency of the AA genotype was significantly lower in the raced CBT sample compared with the unraced sample and less than 50% of the AA horses participated in a race. For the age intervals 3 to 6 and 7 to 10 years the AA horses also failed to demonstrate significantly better performance than the other genotypes. Although suggested as the most favorable genotype for racing performance in Standardbreds and Finnhorses across all ages, the AA genotype does not appear to be associated with superior performance, early or late, in the racing career of CBTs.


This paper presents network reconfiguration of distribution system which is carried out by making changes in its topological structure with the help of switches. These switches were closed or opened such that the final network should be of radial network. The objective of feeder reconfiguration with Distributed generators is to obtain best arrangement of branches to be opened from every loop for optimum distribution network with least power loss and to enhance power supply reliability. It is used to compare losses with different reconfiguration and the one with least losses indicates optimal network and it also represents new algorithm such as heuristic method called ACOT to solve feeder reconfiguration problem. ACOT is a powerful swarm intelligence method for solving optimization problem which is inspired from natural action of ant colonies on how they discover food source and return to their nest by depositing pheromone and is able to find effective shortest way by the utilization of data collected in terms of deposition of pheromones on the edge of their path. Here the load flow is solved by forward and backward sweep method. ACOT uses switch transition, local/global updating rule to promote computation and algorithm involves selecting among possible configuration and identifying the one which has least power loss following a constraint. The above methodology is demonstrated utilizing test system of 33 buses. The simulation code is composed in MATLAB programming for analysis.


We demonstrate the coupling of bright and dark surface lattice resonances (SLRs), which are collective Fano resonances in 2D plasmonic crystals. As a result of this coupling, a frequency stop gap in the dispersion relation of SLRs is observed. The different field symmetries of the low- and high-frequency SLR bands lead to pronounced differences in their coupling to free-space radiation. Standing waves of very narrow spectral width compared to localized surface-plasmon resonances are formed at the high-frequency band edge, while subradiant damping onsets at the low-frequency band edge, leading the resonance into darkness. We introduce a coupled-oscillator analog to the plasmonic crystal, which serves to elucidate the physics of the coupled plasmonic resonances and which is used to estimate very high quality factors for SLRs.


Ni/NiO multilayers were grown by magnetron sputtering at room temperature, with the aid of the natural oxidation procedure. That is, at the end of the deposition of each single Ni layer, air is let to flow into the vacuum chamber through a leak valve. Then, a very thin NiO layer (∼1.2 nm) is formed. Simulated x-ray reflectivity patterns reveal that layering is excellent for individual Ni-layer thickness larger than 2.5 nm, which is attributed to the intercalation of amorphous NiO between the polycrystalline Ni layers. The magnetization of the films, measured at temperatures 5–300 K, has almost bulk-like value, whereas the films exhibit a trend to perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) with an unusual significant positive interface anisotropy contribution, which presents a weak temperature dependence. The power-law behavior of the multilayers indicates a non-negligible contribution of higher order anisotropies in the uniaxial anisotropy. Bloch-law fittings for the temperature dependence of the magnetization in the spin-wave regime show that the magnetization in the multilayers decreases faster as a function of temperature than the one of bulk Ni. Finally, when the individual Ni-layer thickness decreases below 2 nm, the multilayer stacking vanishes, resulting in a dramatic decrease of the interface magnetic anisotropy and consequently in a decrease of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.Ni/NiO multilayers were grown by magnetron sputtering at room temperature, with the aid of the natural oxidation procedure. That is, at the end of the deposition of each single Ni layer, air is let to flow into the vacuum chamber through a leak valve. Then, a very thin NiO layer (∼1.2 nm) is formed. Simulated x-ray reflectivity patterns reveal that layering is excellent for individual Ni-layer thickness larger than 2.5 nm, which is attributed to the intercalation of amorphous NiO between the polycrystalline Ni layers. The magnetization of the films, measured at temperatures 5–300 K, has almost bulk-like value, whereas the films exhibit a trend to perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) with an unusual significant positive interface anisotropy contribution, which presents a weak temperature dependence. The power-law behavior of the multilayers indicates a non-negligible contribution of higher order anisotropies in the uniaxial anisotropy. Bloch-law fittings for the temperature dependence of the magnetizati...


This investigation into the sexual experiences before marriage of young lovers in Britain during the first half of this century is based on many frank interviews with old people, with extracts from their life stories. The author reveals that when couples did make love, it was in defiance of strong taboos and conventions which forbade "fornication" and "promiscuity". Parents issued dire warnings to their daughters and threatened them with the workhouse if they brought home trouble. Books offering sexual advice tried to persuade the young that masturbation was bad for their health and that persistent "self abuse" could lead to insanity. Sex education was banned in most schools. Many chemists and clinics refused to provide contraception for the young. Early women's police patrols arrested young people who became too amorous in public places. The author says that only those at the top and bottom of the social scale, like fashionable young aristocrats or rebellious street gangs, managed regularly to escape from this kind of control. Perhaps the greatest tragedy was the fate of the "unmarried mother". Beckoned by the workhouse, not the welfare state as today, some even served life sentences in mental hospitals for their "sins". The author rescues the stories of victims like these from obscurity and shows how there was a high price to pay for sexual respectability in the past - and part of the sacrifice was these women's lives.


1. Ethanol metabolism in slices or homogenates of transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma HC-252 (HC-252) was 50 to 60% of the rate found in host liver slices or homogenates when they were expressed per gram of tissue wet weight and 70 to 80% of the liver when the rates were expressed per milligram of tissue protein. At 10 mM ethanol, the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase in tumor and liver supernatants were comparable. 2. Tumor microsomes did not oxidize ethanol in the presence of a NADPH-generating system, indicating the absence of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system and catalase-mediated peroxidation of ethanol. The HC-252 microsomes were contaminated with catalase, and acetaldehyde production occurred in the presence of a H2O2-generating system (xanthine oxidase). The virtual absence of ethanol oxidation and drug metabolism (aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase) in HC-252 microsomes may be due to the low activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADPH oxidase, and NADPH-dependent oxygen uptake. 3. Microsomal oxidation of ethanol was present in Morris hepatoma 5123C, a well-differentiated tumor of intermediate growth rate, while activity was negligible in microsomes from Morris hepatoma 7288CTC, a less differentiated tumor. Microsomal NADPH oxidase was present in the well differentiated tumor 5123C but was lacking in the less differentiated tumor 7288CTC. Several microsomal, mitochondrial, and cytosolic properties of HC-252 are similar to those of Morris hepatoma 7288CTC but differ from those of the more differentiated 5123C tumor and normal liver. 4. The content of mitochondrial protein in HC-252 was only 25% that of liver, and oxygen consumption per gram of tumor was only 28% that of the liver. When corrected for the mitochondrial protein content, oxygen uptake in tumor HC-252 and liver homogenates was comparable. Isolated tumor and liver mitochondria displayed comparable State 4 and 3 rates of oxygen consumption with succinate and glutamate as substrates. The activities of the reconstituted malate-aspartate and alpha-glycerophosphate shuttles were only slightly lower in isolated HC-252 mitochondria compared to liver mitochondria, when shuttles were reconstituted with purified enzymes. 5. Antimycin inhibited alcohol metabolism,and pyruvate stimulated alcohol metabolism, much less in tumor slices than in liver slices, suggesting the presence of an augmented mitochondria-independent, cytosolic mechanism for oxidizing reducing equivalents in the tumor. These factors suggest that oxidation of NADH is the limiting factor in ethanol metabolism. Whereas, in the liver mitochondrial reoxidation is predominant, in HC-252, cytosolic reoxidation of NADH also plays a major role.


Abstract Kate Kelly, the sister of bushranger Ned, spent the last decade of her life in the inland town of Forbes, on the Lachlan River in New South Wales. This article explores how Kelly is remembered in this town, and the role the print media has played in generating and transmitting these memories. This article differentiates between communicative or lived memory, and cultural memory, as embodied in newspapers, for example, and employs the Foucauldian tool of dispositif analysis to map constellations of cultural memories of Kate. The ways this iconic woman has been represented over time are discussed. How the values embodied in representations of her have shifted as the 'dominant strategic function' of her memory dispositif has changed is demonstrated. In this, the author must declare an interest: Fresh stories to the Kate Kelly memory dispositif have been added through the author's own creative interventions in Forbes, including a recent chamber opera, The Kate Kelly Song Cycle.


This is a report on a project partially funded by the Criminology Research Council. The original title of the project, in the name of Tim Prenzler, was "Private investigators in Australia : work, law, ethics and regulation". The study analysed the nature of the private investigation industry and associated issues of ethics and regulation, based on a comprehensive study of legal powers and controls and interviews with 40 practitioners. Private investigators are vital to the business operations of insurance companies and legal firms and provide significant public good in the fight to reduce the cost of fraud to the community and in facilitating justice for aggrieved parties who are owed money or who are the victims of crimes or other wrongs. The sensitive nature of private agency work and conflicts with privacy principles can lead to abuses of position; however there is also a growing sense of professionalism among investigators who are strongly supportive of an enlarged role for governments in further lifting standards of conduct and the image of the industry. Governments need to pay more attention to such matters as improved pre service training of private investigators, more active consultation with the industry, and finding a more productive balance between justifiable requests for information and the interests of personal privacy. There is a case for strengthening controls on access to confidential information held by governments while also expanding controlled access by private agents for legitimate purposes.


This paper demonstrates a reproducible methodology for calibrating detailed energy models using hourly measured data that has been applied to evaluation of a large naturally ventilated university building. The aim of the project is to develop a rigorous calibration method and use it to investigate Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) and retrofit renewable energy technologies to achieve carbon emissions reduction. The methodology is based on a standardized day-typing method using data visualization and statistical techniques to establish accurate schedules for non weather-dependent demands. The influential weatherdependent sources of output uncertainty have been studied using two forms of sensitivity analysis. It was found that applying the Modified Morris method resulted in effective calibration with a manageable quantity of annual simulations and allowed some insight into the physical behaviour of the building. We also show how data visualisation has allowed further refinement of the model.


Objective. Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma is a type of malignancy that is rare among young adult women, being more frequent in postmenopausal women. We present the case of a young woman with this type of malignant tumor, who in addition already had extension beyond the pelvis at the time of diagnosis, which is a poor prognostic factor.
Case report. We repot the case of a 36-year-old woman who was admitted in our hospital with pelvic pain and ascites and also with suspicion of peritoneal carcinomatosis. After complex surgery, the histopathological result was bilateral ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma with invasion of the perivesical peritoneum, mesoappendix, multiple omental involvement and one regional lymph node metastasis. Afterwards, she was submitted for oncologic treatment. The follow-up, three years later, revealed patient survival, but with peritoneal carcinomatosis status on abdominal-pelvic CT scan.
Discussions. Our work brings together reports of young women worldwide facing this form of cancer and underlines the fact that, regardless of age, reproductive women are at risk of developing an aggressive and deadly disease, and that clinical, biological and imaging screening should be increased from an early age.


This article reports on a study that investigated the effectiveness of child labour laws intended to promote child rights and the protection of children from unfair and forced labour. Legal scholars distinguish between child work and child labour: forced child labour manifests itself in abusing children sexually, forcing children to work on farms, and compromising children's rights to education. Although South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zambia have laws in place to protect children from child labour, the abuse of children continues in these countries. Furthermore, although these three countries are signatories to conventions of the International Labour Organisation that seek to eliminate child labour, they have been unable to stem the tide of child labour. This article argues that there is a need for the three countries to work closely together to implement policies that reverse or fight against child labour. The researchers used a qualitative methodology to interpret the variations in the application of child labour laws. They found there are no harmonised laws to deal with child labour in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Hence, this article recommends that an independent supranational organisation be established in Southern Africa to monitor, evaluate, and implement progressive laws to eradicate child labour in line with internationally recognised best practices as set out in child labour laws.


Background: Ovarian cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. The prognosis cannot be predicted by histopathologic examination alone. The aim of this study is to evaluate p53, PTEN, and β-catenin expressions in primary ovarian carcinomas in an attempt to find a possible relationship with morphologic parameters and clinical findings. Methods: The study included 100 epithelial ovarian tumors (borderline and carcinomas) from affiliated hospitals of Shiraz university of medical sciences during 2007-2013. Immunohistochemical staining for p53, PTEN, and β-catenin was performed on 65 serous, 18 mucinous, 10 endometrioid, 5 clear cell, and 2 mixed tumors. Results: p53 expression pattern in serous carcinoma significantly differed from endometrioid carcinomas. Strong positivity (2+) in >50% of the tumor cells favored serous carcinoma. PTEN expression significantly differed in mucinous and serous carcinomas as well as in endometrioid carcinoma and borderline endometrioid tumor. There was significantly decreased β-catenin expression in the carcinomas compared with borderline tumors. In all of the different subtypes of ovarian carcinomas, we observed a significant association with decreased β-catenin expression to tumor grade as well as in serous carcinomas with increased nuclear grade, mitosis, and tumor grade. There was no significant relation between expressions of p53, PTEN, and β-catenin in epithelial ovarian tumors to FIGO staging, response to chemotherapy, serum CA- 125 marker, and tumor recurrence. Conclusion: p53 and PTEN are helpful in differentiation of some epithelial ovarian tumor subtypes. In serous carcinomas, diminished expression of β-catenin is associated with higher tumor and nuclear grade. This expression is significantly different in borderline and carcinomas.


Drawing upon a case study of a heated public online debate on vaccination related to a measles epidemic in the Czech Republic in 2019, this article's contribution is twofold: First, it adds to recent debates about the emotionalization of the (online) public sphere, and second, it examines communication strategies of vaccination supporters. To capture the heterogeneity of the online debate, we analyzed the discussion forums of 3 mainstream online news servers. Providing observations relevant to current debates surrounding anti-COVID-19 vaccination, our data reveal that the deliberative potential of online debate concerning vaccination is undermined by the offensive nature of pro-vaccination comments. These comments tend to be uncivil, toxic, and offensive mainly due to the use of communication strategies employing destructive emotions. We conclude that by labeling their opponents and constructing dichotomies in which they associate them with individualism and irrationality, the pro-vaccination discussants contribute to further polarization of stances toward vaccination. © 2022 (Lenka Vochocová, Dino Numerato, and Tereza Sedláčková).


Northern blot analysis of bullfrog tissues using a cDNA probe of cytochrome P450(11β) showed that a large amount of message was present in the ovary as well as in the adrenal tissue. Two kinds of mRNA of different sizes were found in the ovary. Sequence determination of the two cDNAs and analysis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that the protein encoded by the larger mRNA was identical to the adrenal enzyme, while the protein encoded by the smaller had a truncated sequence lacking an extension peptide necessary for the protein transport to the mitochondria. The mRNAs were present in the oocytes but not in the follicular cells, and their content in an oocyte varied little during its maturation. Immunoblot analyses of the mitochondrial fraction of oocytes failed to demonstrate the presence of P450(11β) protein. In contrast the eggs were found to contain a large amount of enzymatically active protein. Interestingly the mRNA has a cis-element called cytoplasmic polyadenylation element at its 3′ untranslated region. When poly(A) tails of the message prepared from eggs and oocytes were examined by RNase H digestion or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, those of eggs were about 150 nucleotides longer than those of oocytes. These results suggest that translation of the message is stimulated during the oocyte maturation as a result of enhanced polyadenylation at its 3′-end. Finally a finding is presented that progesterone was converted to 11β-hydroxyprogesterone by the frog P450(11β), implying that the enzyme expressed in eggs may control a level of progesterone which is needed to initiate the oocyte maturation.


Virginia Woolf's 'Ode written partly in prose on seeing the name of cutbush above a butcher's shop in Pentonville' was never published in her lifetime. The only version we have of the text is the typescript, with emendations in Virginia Woolf's hand (some in pencil and some in black ink), images of which are displayed in this digital edition. The typescript is held in the Monks House Papers of the University of Sussex, reference number SxMs-18/2/B/B.9/F.

Unusually, we know the precise date of some of these revisions as Woolf wrote 'October 28th 1934' in black ink in the top left hand corner of the first page of the typescript. To date is has been published only once, in Susan Dick's The Complete Shorter Fiction of Virginia Woolf (London: Hogarth Press, 1985; rev. edn. 1989).

There is little in Woolf's diaries or letters to provide any information about the circumstances of the composition of this text. She had finished the first full draft of the novel that was to be published in 1937 as The Years on 30th September 1934, and was feeling the exhaustion and, to some extent, depression that often accompanied the completion of a large work. The only hints at what might have prompted her to write this piece are two allusions from around the same time, one in her diary and one in a latter, to the pleasure she got from walking around London and imagining the lives of those she sees and overhears – a pleasure that sustained her through much of her life.

This digital edition emerged from the work of the AHRC funded New Modernist Editing Network. The Network was established to bring together academics, publishers and book artists concerned with the issues arising from the editing of modernist texts – broadly speaking, experimental works from the early twentieth century. All the major modernist editions currently underway are represented by its membership – an unprecedented coming together of key editors in the field. But the involvement of those from outwith academia, and with various levels and types of editorial experience, was also crucial to achieving the Network's aims. The approach to producing the digital edition of Woolf's 'Ode' was discussed and workshopped at two of the three meetings of the Network, in February and April 2017.

This digital edition is, then, a collaborative effort which draws on the discussions, debates and insights enabled by the Network. The desire was to produce a text which was dynamic and which could allow the user to see the effects of the many choices that an editor has to make in deciding how to approach an edition of a text. In particular, digital technologies permitted us to resist deciding on a 'final' text, and instead leave the reader to play with the level of editorial intervention visible on the screen.


We study the Fubini property of ideals on ω and prove that the Solecki's ideal S is critical for this property in the Katětov order. We show that a well-known Fσ-ideal is critical for Hausdorff ultrafilters in the Katětov order, and by investigating the position of this ideal in the Katětov order, we show some of the known properties of this class of ultrafilters, including the Fubini property.


In order to reduce the pressure drop increase caused by self-rotating plastic twisted-strips in heat transfer tubes of vacuum condensers in thermal power plant, the twisted strips structure is optimized. There are holes distributed in twisted strip uniformly. The holes diameter and interval are optimized through experimental research. The results show that when holes diameter is less than 6mm, holes can reduce the pressure drop increase at low flow velocity while the pressure drop with holes is greater than that without holes at high flow velocity. The holes diameter is 4~5mm when the pressure drop is the lowest. The pressure drop with holes is always larger than that without holes when holes diameter is more than 6mm. The pressure drop will increase as holes interval decreases at high flow velocity, while it will reduce at low flow velocity.


Abstract This study focuses on the preparation and thermal properties of paraffin/expanded perlite composite as novel form-stable phase change material for latent heat thermal energy storage by vacuum impregnation method. The paraffin could be absorbed in pores of expanded perlite as much as 55 wt% without melted phase change material seepage from the composite and this mixture was described as form-stable composite phase change material. The melting and freezing temperatures and latent heats of form-stable composite phase change material were measured using differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The thermal cycling test indicated that the form-stable composite phase change material had good thermal reliability in terms of the changes in thermal properties after 5,000 thermal cycling. Thermal conductivity of the form-stable composite phase change material was increased by about 46% by adding 5 wt% expanded graphite. The results indicated that the prepared form-stable paraffin/expanded perlite/expanded graphite composite phase change material has a great potential for latent heat thermal energy storage systems solar passive heating purposes due to suitable phase change temperature, high latent heat capacity, good thermal reliability, and thermal conductivity.


An iterative phase retrieval algorithm was previously investigated for in-line x-ray phase imaging. Through detailed theoretical analysis and computer simulations, we now discuss the limitations, robustness, and efficiency of the algorithm. The iterative algorithm was proved robust against imaging noise but sensitive to the variations of several system parameters. It is also efficient in terms of calculation time. It was shown that the algorithm can be applied to phase retrieval based on one phase-contrast image and one attenuation image, or two phase-contrast images; in both cases, the two images can be obtained either by one detector in two exposures, or by two detectors in only one exposure as in the dual-detector scheme.


Triclinic LiVPO4F/C composite material is synthesized by Reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (RAPET) method and for the first time, we have evaluated the electrochemical properties and performance in aqueous electrolyte. Structural and morphological features of the material have been characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The electrochemical properties and performance of the material has been evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique and potentiostatic intermittent titration technique. The complete electrochemical studies of LiVPO4F/C composite material have been performed in 0.1M Li2NO3 with 0.05 mL glycerine as an additive in 10 mL of H2O as an aqueous electrolyte and its working mechanism was described using standard three-electrodes as well as two electrode configurations. Copyright © 2019 VBRI Press.


The permeability of the normal round window membrane of the guinea pig to trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) was assessed using ion-selective electrodes and compared with the rate of TMPA entry from the systemic blood circulation into the scala tympani (ST) of the cochlea across the so-called blood-labyrinth barrier. While the round window niche was irrigated with artificial perilymph containing 1 mM TMPA, the TMPA concentration in ST of the basal turn rose rapidly so as to reach 20-50% of the irrigating medium concentration in one hour. Following this procedure, the concentration declined significantly faster when the niche was subsequently irrigated with TMPA-free artificial perilymph than when the niche was left free of any fluid. This result shows that the membrane is fairly permeable to TMPA in both directions. Furthermore, TMPA entry from blood to STs of the basal and third turns was observed while the plasma TMPA concentration was maintained at about 0.5 mM by continuous intravenous infusion of isotonic 50 mM TMPA medium (1 part 150 mM TMPA + 2 parts lactated Ringer solution). TMPA appeared to distribute evenly from the blood to both turns at a much slower rate than across the round window membrane. In another experiment, the round window niche was irrigated with TMPA-free artificial perilymph during the intravenous infusion of 50 mM TMPA medium. The TMPA concentration increase in ST of the basal turn was greatly suppressed, whereas that of the third turn was not affected for at least an hour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Treated and untreated wool fibers are analyzed by methodologies based on atomic force microscopy. Untreated fibers are known to have an intact native surface lipid layer, while KOH treatment has the effect of removing this layer as well as disrupting the molecular substructure. The effective bulk Young's modulus of the untreated fibers is measured in air and in situ during exposure to water. There is a nearly instantaneous drop by a factor of two from approximately 1.2 GPa. after onset of aqueous exposure. The surface stiffness of both untreated and KOH treated fibers is measured in situ during aqueous exposure for durations up to 12 X 103 seconds. A decrease by a factor of two is observed for the untreated surface, while there is a more rapid decrease by a factor of ten for the KOH treated surface. Measurements of an equivalent Young's modulus for the near-surface layers obtained by transverse compression of less than 200 nm by the tip result in values of less than 1 MPa. Because wool is an inhomogeneous and anisotropic medium, the outcomes of the two different measurements of the modulus are complementary but not comparable. Tip-to-surface adhesion is also monitored during aqueous exposure, with the KOH treated surface exhibiting the lower value by a factor of approximately ten. There are also trends showing lower adhesion with duration of exposure. Rapid ingress of water into the bulk appears to be associated with decreased bulk stiffness, but has little immediate effect on surface and near-surface properties. The decrements in surface stiffness and observed effects on adhesion from aqueous exposure are then due to a much slower radial ingress of water, which is additionally rate-limited by the native lipid layer.


In general, proportional plus integral (PI) controllers used in computer numerically controlled machines possess fixed gain. They may perform well under some operating conditions, but not all. To increase the robustness of fixed-gain PI controllers, we propose a new neural-network-based self-tuning PI control system. In this new approach, a well-trained neural network supplies the PI controller with suitable gain according to each operating condition pair (torque, angular velocity, and position error) detected. To demonstrate the advantages of our proposed neural-network-based self-tuning PI control technique, both computer simulations and experiments were executed in this research. During the computer simulation, the direct experiment method was adopted to better model the problem of hysteresis in the AC servo motor. In real experiments, a PC-based controller was used to carry out the control tasks. Results of both computer simulations and experiments show that the newly developed dynamic PI approach outperforms the fixed PI scheme in rise time, precise positioning, and robustness.


This paper provides a formal model of technology choice by a single region. Case studies have indicated that the technology acquired by LDCs often seem unsuitable, although the criteria for suitability are often unclear. The reasons which are presented for inappropriateness of the selection often rely more on political arguments then economic ones, or treat the recipient country as a passive actor in the whole process. Can a technology actively selected by a recipient country ever by inappropriate, assuming factor cost ratios represent true relative values? A model presented by Evenson and Bingswanger (1978) indicates that a technology developed in one economic or physical environment may be 'appropriate' to a second, very different environment if the second environment can generate a very limited range of technological possibilities on its own. Ranis (1978) has emphasized the importance of information on technological alternatives flowing smoothly and accurately within the system and the need to acquire capacity for adaptive research. Both these approaches recognize the importance of indigenous research capacity, although Ranis accords more emphasis to friction and proper incentives within the system. Barring policy and management problems, their conclusions appear to be that technology choice will be efficient--the appearance of inappropriateness stems from the lack of explicit recognition of the constraints on technology generation in the system. The model presented below builds on the early models of rational technology selection of Evenson- Binswanger and Ranis. It shares common elements with the Evenson-Binswanger model and may be regarded as a generalization of their model. It goes further, however, in several crucial aspects. It allows the extent of both adaptive and independent research to be choice variables in the technology acquisition decision. It allows for selection out of a continuum of technologies which differ in the environments for which they were designed. It allows for limits to the extent to which technologies can be adapted across environments and allows for losses because of incomplete adaption. The public goodnature of research plays a critical role in determining the efficiency of resource allocation as well. The model presented immediately below is couched in terms relating to agricultural technology. A reason for first presenting a model of agricultural technology selection is that many of the conceptual issues possess more intuitive natural interpretations. A second section will consider the impact of market structure on the development of technology, and a third section will broaden the basic model of agricultural technology development to one which encompasses certain types of fixed capital investment. A fourth section discusses testing of the model.


Uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) are the most common tumours found in the female reproductive system. Whilst many women affected by these benign tumours are asymptomatic, those who do have symptoms may experience a considerable reduction in quality of life and impose a significant burden on the National Health Service. The mechanisms by which fibroids develop and grow is still unclear to us and thus, examination of the uterine vascular network in greater detail may assist further in our understanding of the biology of these benign tumours. Chapter one provides an introduction to all work in the thesis and initially discusses the histology, incidence and epidemiology of uterine leiomyomata. The pathophysiology of fibroids is also explored, with particular reference to genetic, hormonal, vascular and growth factor influences. Myometrial and fibroid vasculature is discussed in this chapter as well as fibroid symptomatology and the aetiology of menorrhagia. Finally, therapeutic options for fibroids including uterine artery embolisation (UAE) are explored as well as the relevance of quality of life assessments in the evaluation of UAE and an overview of the currently available comparative data on embolisation versus surgery in the treatment of symptomatic fibroids. Chapter 2 presents data from a prospective study evaluating the effect of UAE on menstnial blood loss (MBL) and uterine volume. Main outcome measures were post-embolisation MBL (objectively measured using the alkaline haematin technique) and uterine volume changes. This study concluded that UAE is associated with a statistically significant reduction in objectively measured MBL which is maintained up to 48 months after treatment and a statistically significant reduction in uterine volume at six months. Chapter 3 describes subjects and methods used to evaluate the effects of UAE on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Chapter 4 sets out to investigate the evolution of inflammatory markers after UAE in order to monitor the normal course following the procedure. It was anticipated that the results would provide further insight into the aetiology of the post-embolisation syndrome, a syndrome which occurs approximately 7-21 days after UAE and is associated with pelvic pain and flu-like symptoms. Chapter 5 aims to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of UAE to standard surgical treatments for symptomatic fibroids. This is addressed in the setting of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The primary outcome measure was health related quality of life at one year as assessed by the SF 36. The study demonstrated there were no significant differences between the embolisation and surgical aims of the trial, in all components of the SF 36 at one year. Embolisation, however, was associated with a shorter duration of hospitalization and a shorter period of time until resumption of normal activities whilst surgery was associated with better symptom scores at one year. Chapter 6 highlights a late complication after uterine artery embolisation and presents the data in the form of a case report. Chapter 7A aims to compare human myometrial and fibroid vasculature using stereological and moiphometric analysis. Finally, Chapter 7B describes experimental work involving vascular perfusion techniques and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of fresh human uterus ex-vivo. It was anticipated that this study would demonstrate better resolution of the microvascular network of the uterus, but we did not find this to be the case. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).


Antenna subset modulation (ASM) is a physical layer security technique that is well suited for millimeter wave communication systems. The key idea is to vary the radiation pattern at the symbol rate by selecting one from a subset of patterns with a similar main lobe and different side lobes. This paper shows that ASM is not robust to an eavesdropper that makes multiple simultaneous measurements at multiple angles. The measurements are combined and used to formulate an estimation problem to undo the effects of the side lobe randomization. Simulations show the performance of the estimation algorithms and how the eavesdropper can effectively recover the information if the signal-to-noise ratio exceeds a certain threshold. Using fewer active radio frequency chains makes it harder for the attacker to recover the transmit symbol, at the expense of more grating lobes.


Protein glycosylation plays a fundamental role in a multitude of biological processes, and the associated aberrant expression of glycoproteins in cancer has made them attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we examined differentially expressed glycoproteins in cell lines derived from three different states of lung tumorigenesis: an immortalized bronchial epithelial cell (HBE) line, a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line harboring a Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) activation mutation and a NSCLC cell line harboring an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation deletion. Using a Triple SILAC proteomic quantification strategy paired with hydrazide chemistry N-linked glycopeptide enrichment, we quantified 118 glycopeptides in the three cell lines derived from 82 glycoproteins. Proteomic profiling revealed 27 glycopeptides overexpressed in both NSCLC cell lines, 6 glycopeptides overexpressed only in the EGFR mutant cells and 19 glycopeptides overexpressed only in the KRAS mutant cells. Further investigation of a panel of NSCLC cell lines found that Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG1) overexpression was closely correlated with KRAS mutation status in NSCLC cells and could be down-regulated by inhibition of KRAS expression. Our results indicate that CREG1 is a down-stream effector of KRAS in a sub-type of NSCLC cells and a novel candidate biomarker or therapeutic target for KRAS mutant NSCLC.


A simple, yet unusual, child's toy, in effect a rotating corrugated resonator, generates a wide range of tones by spatial modulation of air flow, and illustrates some of the most basic features of the physics of resonance, waves, and fluids. I encountered the toy when living in Japan with my family and brought some specimens to my laboratory to examine and work out the mechanism of sound production. Although production of sound and electromagnetic waves is quite different in detail, the toy calls to mind an equally unusual light source.


Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a substantial antioxidant in the prevention of diabetes and diabetes complications. It can regenerate other antioxidants like vitamin E, vitamin C, Coenzyme Q10 and glutathione and is often known as a universal antioxidant. Antioxidants play a role in diabetes treatment due to hyperglycemia-induced stimulation of the polyol pathway and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Clinical trials examining alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy and erectile dysfunction display positive results, particularly in pain amelioration in neuropathy, asymmetric dimethylarginine reductions in nephropathy and improved oscillatory potential and contrast sensitivity in retinopathy. In diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), ALA offers protection through inhibition of NF-kB activation, reduction of fas-ligand and decrease in matrix metalloproteinase-2. This comprehensive review summarises and provides an understanding of the importance of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation to prevent diabetes complications.


In the transportation literature, the effects of teleworking have been studied primarily in terms of their effect on changing activity-travel patterns. Teleworking has been positioned as a policy to reduce the number of miles travelled and the number of trips. Potentially therefore, teleworking may contribute to a reduction of congestion and emissions. More recently, the discussion on sustainable development in the transportation research literature has been widened to include energy consumption. Increasing energy prices and expected energy shortages are believed to have an impact on travel behaviour. Consequently, the evaluation of teleworking policies should include this wider policy frame of reference. By estimating energy consumption as a function of characteristics of the activity-location, energy consumption related to daily activity-travel patterns can be simulated, at least to some level of detail. The primary and secondly effects of various policy scenarios, including teleworking, can then be evaluated by using an activity-based model to predict household response to the policy of interest. The paper reports the results of a study that was undertaken to examine the feasibility of this approach.


Tencel a regenerated fiber manufactured from cellulose derivatives, is getting popularity nowadays due to its biodegradability and environment amenity depending on the less land and water consumption relative to organic and conventional cotton. Spinning process optimization of tencel is performed and reviewed in this article in comparison with conventional cotton process. Wider setting with low production speed is observed for tencel processing with superior yarn quality. Quality parameter of different yarn count evaluated and compared. Mass uniformity and its cv is significantly higher in tencel yarn; breaking strength is 50% greater in tencel along with breaking elongation; tencel yarn possess more twist (>15%) while twist cv is slightly lower; yarn cuts in autoconer machine is lower in tencel yarn.


Abstract To investigate computed tomography and angiography findings and clinical outcomes after transcatheter arterial embolization for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding from advanced gastric cancers. From January 2005 to December 2014, 58 patients with pathologically proven gastric cancer were treated at our institution with transcatheter arterial embolization due to acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding recalcitrant to endoscopic treatment. The electronic medical records for each patient were reviewed for clinical presentation, endoscopy history, computed tomography and angiographic findings, blood transfusion requirements, and follow-up results. Angiography findings were positive in 13 patients (22.4%): contrast extravasation was found in 9 patients and pseudoaneurysm in 4 patients. All patients with positive angiograms underwent selective embolization treatment. Those with negative angiography findings underwent empirical embolization. Gelfoam, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, coils, or a combination of these were used as embolic agents. The overall clinical success rate was 72.4% (42/58), and the success rate for patients with positive angiography was 53.8% (7/13). The median survival was 97.5 days (range, 7–1415 days), and the 1-month survival rate was 89.6% (52/58). The 1-month survival rate of the clinical success group was 95.2% (40/42), which was significantly higher than that of the clinical failure group (P = .04). The clinical success group also required significantly fewer transfusions (2.43 units, range 0–24 units) (P = .02). Transcatheter arterial embolization is a highly effective treatment for advanced gastric cancer with active bleeding. It should be considered as an additional treatment, especially when endoscopic or surgical treatment fails or when these approaches are difficult.


All systemic diseases can affect the eye. This article discusses the clinical changes in the eye within traditional disease categories. Emphasis is placed on the most common disorders, those in which specific eye findings assist in diagnosis and those where involvement of the eye requires urgent referral to an ophthalmologist.


China and the European Union (EU) in 2016 have one of the largest economic relationships to the world, with a network of strategic dialogues covering areas from environment to agriculture. Despite this, their relationship is a hard one to encapsulate. President Xi Jinping's idea of a 'civilisational' partnership seem abstract, but at least opens up the possibility of the EU conceptualizing its relationship with China as not solely transactional, but something more political. This paper argues that conferring Market Economy Status on China will be a key issue in marking this transition between the EU seeing its link with China solely in economic terms, and looking for a stronger political dimension. The conclusion is that both sides can no longer pretend they are simply trade blocks interacting with each other.


BACKGROUND
Dyslipidemia and obesity serve as risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Fasting is sometimes recommended for treating these conditions. This study was undertaken to try to resolve conflicting results reported in the literature.

OBJECTIVES
To study the effect of fasting (0 calories, with free intake of fluids) for 3-5 days on plasma concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol and apolipoprotein B.

METHODS
Physicians, about to begin a hunger strike, were divided into four groups: normolipidemic non-obese men (group 1), two moderately obese men and two men with type IV hyperlipidemia (group 2), healthy non-obese women (group 3), and healthy non-obese women on oral contraceptives (group 4). Adherence to fasting was monitored daily by detailed interviews, loss of weight, drop in plasma glucose, presence of ketonuria, progressive rise in serum creatinine and uric acid, and decrease in plasma pH. We monitored their serum glucose, electrolytes, liver function, lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B on days 0, 3, and 5.

RESULTS
Physicians who adhered to complete fasting lost more than 1.5% of their body weight after 3 days of fasting (n = 12), and more than 3.2% at 5 days (n = 5). All non-obese normolipidemic males and females (groups 1 and 3) showed an increase in plasma triglyceride (by 28-162%) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 22-316%) after 3 days of fasting. The obese and hyperlipidemic men (group 2) showed a decrease of 17-63% in their VLDL cholesterol, and the women on oral contraceptives (group 4) showed a 20% decrease in their plasma triglyceride on day 3. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol increased by 13% in group 2, decreased by 7.3% in group 4, and remained unchanged in group 1 and 3. Apolipoprotein B level correlated well with LDL cholesterol in all groups. High density lipoprotein cholesterol changes were inconsistent.

CONCLUSIONS
These results help to explain and reconcile previous published reports. The metabolic background of the individual together with the amount of energy consumed affect the behavior of plasma lipids and lipoproteins levels during fasting.


Pro-oxidant therapy exploiting pro-oxidant drugs that can trigger cytotoxic oxidative stress in cancer cells has emerged as an innovative strategy for cancer-specific therapy. Piperlongumine (PL) has gained great interest as a novel pro-oxidant agent, because it has an ability to trigger cancer-specific apoptosis through the increase of oxidative stress in cancer cells. However, the use of PL is limited in the clinic because of its hydrophobic nature. In this study, chitosan- and fucoidan-based nanoparticles were prepared for the effective intracellular delivery of PL into cancer cells. Chitosan and fucoidan formed nanoparticles by ionic gelation. The chitosan- and fucoidan-based nanoparticles (CS–F NPs) effectively encapsulated PL, and increased its water solubility and bioavailability. CS–F NPs showed very low cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cells, demonstrating its high potential for in vivo applications. The PL-loaded chitosan–fucoidan nanoparticles (PL-CS–F NPs) efficiently killed human prostate cancer cells via PL-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This study demonstrates that CS–F NPs are promising natural polymer-based drug carriers for safe and effective PL delivery.


The incorporation of 3H-tryptophane (3H-T) in the cell nuclei of pigment epithelium, retinal rudiment, iris and vitreous body has been studied during lens and retina regeneration in the adult smooth newts. A gradual increase (7 to 13-fold as compared with the control) of the intensity of labelling was found in the cell nuclei of pigment epithelium of the central part of fundus oculi. The cells of this zone are a source of regeneration. In the peripheral zones which do not participate in retina regeneration the intensity of 3H-T incorporation increased 2 to 4-fold only. The area of cell nuclei of pigment epithelium of the central part of fundus oculi increased, whereas that in the peripheral part suffered no changes. The cell nuclei of iris, retinal and lens rudiments incorporated 3H-T intensively. In the iris the most intensive labelling was shown in the inner layer of its dorsal zone which is a source of lens regeneration. The incorporation of 3H-T in the vitreous body was also found, thus suggesting both the secretion of vitreous body by the regenerating retina cells and the migration of some proteins secreted by the regenerating retina from its surface in the direction of a lens regenerating from the dorsal iris.


INTRODUCTION A discontinuous belt of dark-colored non-magnesian limestones of Ordovician age crops out along the Great Valley in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Isolated belts and patches are also infolded or infaulted in the crystalline areas of the Reading Prong. These limestones have been extensively utilized for the manufacture of Portland Cement and are frequently referred to as the "cement rock". In 1908, Kummel applied the name Jacksonburg to this formation in New Jersey. The Jacksonburg belt crops out discontinuously across northern New Jersey into New York State. Similar limestones are present in Pennsylvania in a continuous belt from the New Jersey border to the Lehigh River and in discontinuous belts and outlying patches from the Lehigh River to Harrisburg, where the Chambersburg limestone is first recognized.

Detailed areal maps of the Jacksonburg in New Jersey were published by Kummel[1][1] in 1900, and faunal studies were made by Weller[2][2] in . . .

 [1]: #fn-1
 [2]: #fn-2


Ceramic – polymer composites based on acrylic (bis–GMA) and urethane – methacrylate (UM) resins with a 60 % total volume fraction of filler consisting of micro particles of glass and nano-particles of silica were fabricated. The nano-silica contents were: 0, 10, 20 vol. %. The composite samples were subjected to wear tests using an occlusion simulator tester which applies reciprocating movement and cyclic loading on the test material. This method of testing provides some similarity to the masticatory pattern occurring in the mouth during eating. The enamel of a human tooth was used as a counter-sample. The coefficient of friction was determined and the wear resistance of the composite samples containing the various nano-silica contents was established. In addition, the relative influence of the composite composition on the rate of wear of the human tooth enamel was estimated. The results of the study indicate that the addition of nano-silica significantly improves the wear resistance of the ceramic – polymer composites and reduces the wear of enamel. It was found that the addition of nano-silica has no influence on the coefficient of friction. It was also established that composites based on UM resin show better wear resistance than those based on a mixture of bis-GMA and TEGDMA resin.


In order to study the low-temperature expansion process of NiTiNb shape memory alloy, this paper makes use of numerical simulation method to complete the simulations and analysis. The shape memory effect of NiTiNb alloy pipe joints under different expansion temperatures and expansion strains have been compared and evaluated. Through simulations of low-temperature expansion and elevated temperature shape recovery of NiTiNb alloy pipe joints, the relationships between elastic deformation, phase transformation deformation and recovery ratio under different expansion temperatures and expansion strains have been acquired. The results show that the highest expansion strain should below 11%, in consideration of recovery ratio and recovery temperature, the optimal expansion temperature range is -60~-50°C .


A fundamental element of a federated state is the division of power between a central government and the component states. Switzerland is a federation consisting of twenty-six sovereign states named canton. Each canton has its own government and parliament, leading to a decentralized public political power. Public policies with a spatial incidence are within the jurisdiction of the Confederation, cantons or municipalities. The vertical division of competences varies between policies and between cantons. This study focuses on land crop rotation areas (LCRAs) to assess the impact of federalism on the preservation of ecosystem services. The concept of LCRAs originates from the Wahlen Plan of 1940, which aimed to double the surface of cultivated land to ensure food self-sufficiency if imports would stop. The criteria applied to define LCRAs are heterogeneous between cantons, and remain unchecked. Slope, altitude and land quality are among numerous criteria used to build cantonal inventories of LCRAs. Various polices have been implemented since the creation of LCRAs, mostly economical to sustain and to intensify agricultural production. However, conflicts between LCRAs and environmental interests such as ecological compensation, watercourse restoration or flood protection affect the provision of ecosystem services (ES), which are the contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. LCRAs provide the service of food production, but their purpose is questioned as Switzerland relies increasingly on food imports and LCRAs are sometimes converted to building zones, further impairing the provision of ES. The current literature focuses largely on ex-ante assessment of ecosystem services. However, this would not allow differentiating the differing implementation strategies of cantons, and explicitly quantify their impact on the provision of ecosystem services. In this contribution, we will demonstrate how an ex-post assessment may be more relevant to detect potential gaps in the implementation of policies in a federal state. The objective is to relate specific actions to a specific impact at the canton level based on empirical evidence, and to incorporate spatio-temporal dynamics that are critical in land-use planning. It can inform decision-makers about future sustainable land-use, and foster the redistribution of resource exploitation, such as food production, to optimize the sustainable provision of other ecosystem services.


This book is a textbook on R, a programming language and environment for statistical analysis and visualization. Its primary aim is to introduce R as a research instrument in quantitative Interactional Linguistics. Focusing on visualization in R, the book presents original case studies on conversational talk-in-interaction based on corpus data and explains in good detail how key graphs in the case studies were programmed in R. It also includes task sections to enable readers to conduct their own research and compute their own visualizations in R. Both the code underlying the key graphs in the case studies and the datasets used in the case studies as well as in the task sections are made available on the book's companion website.


Educators in immersion contexts who view a policy of strict separation of languages in the classroom as the ideal model for second language acquisition are often reluctant to make connections between the dominant language, the target language and other home languages resulting in missed opportunities for drawing on pupils' entire linguistic repertoire to foster their learning (Cummins, 2007; Fives and Gill 2015). This presentation considers teachers' discourses surrounding the place and role of the dominant language (French), the target language (English) and home languages from the perspective of all ten classroom teachers at a French primary school with a school-wide English immersion program. It presents data comprised of semi-structured interviews, filmed observations, self-confrontations and focus groups sessions collected during a participatory action-research project (May 2018 to July 2019). Since the program's inception in 2011, the one teacher/one language model has been adopted with approximately half the day spent in each language. Most of the English-medium teachers received training at a French-immersion school in the US where they were strongly discouraged from speaking any language other than the target language to their students and have continued to adopt this practice. The paper discusses several themes which emerged during the data analysis including: teachers' and pupils' use of the dominant language as well as the use of children's other home languages during the different designated times; the role played by teachers with respect to school language policies and teachers' developing understanding of these roles throughout the project.


ABSTRACT Discrimination toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social work students can negatively affect academic performance and personal and professional identity development. Intersectionality is a conceptual approach that states that social identities interact to form different meanings and experiences from those that could be explained by a single identity. This study explored how the educational experiences of LGBTQ social work students in the United States and Canada influenced their professional and personal identities. Using an intersectional analysis, three major themes emerged: the need for social work programs to better promote LGBTQ identity and emerging social work professional identity integration, a lack of LGBTQ content in the curriculum, and unsupportive LGBTQ school climates. Implications for social work education are considered.


The microstructure, mechanical response, and failure behavior of lead free solder joints in electronic assemblies are constantly evolving when exposed to isothermal aging and/or thermal cycling environments. In our prior work on aging effects, we have demonstrated that large degradations occur in the material properties (stiffness and strength) and creep behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) lead free solders during aging. These effects are universally detrimental to reliability and are exacerbated as the aging temperature and aging time increases. Conversely, changes due to aging are relatively small in conventional Sn-Pb solders. In our current work, we are exploring several doped SAC-X alloys in an attempt to reduce the aging induced degradation of the material behavior of SAC solders. The doped materials are lead free SAC solders that have been modified by the addition of small percentages of one or more additional elements (X). Using dopants (e.g. Bi, In, Ni, La, Mg, Mn, Ce, Co, Ti, Zn, etc.) has become widespread to enhance shock/drop reliability, wetting, and other properties; and we have extended this approach to examine the ability of dopants to reduce the effects of aging and extend thermal cycling reliability. In this paper, we concentrate on presenting the results for SACX0307 (Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.1Bi). This alloy is often referred to as SAC-X, where X is 0.1%Bi, and the enhancement of aging resistance for the doped lead free solder was explored. Comparisons were made to the responses of SAC105 and SAC205, which served as the low silver content reference SAC alloys. The effects of aging on mechanical behavior have been examined by performing stress-strain and creep tests on solder samples that were aged for various durations (0-6 months) at room temperature (25°C), and several elevated temperatures (50, 75, 100, and 125°C). Variations of the mechanical and creep properties (elastic modulus, yield stress, ultimate strength, creep compliance, etc.) were observed and modeled as a function of aging time and aging temperature. Our findings show that the doped SAC-X alloys illustrate reduced degradations with aging for all of the aging temperatures considered. Also, the stress-strain and creep mechanical properties of doped solders are better than those of reference solders after short durations of aging. After long term aging, doped solder alloys were found to have more stable behaviors than those of the standard SAC alloys. A parallel microstructure study has shown that less degradation and coarsening of the phases occurs in doped solder materials relative to non-doped solders after severe aging.


BACKGROUND
Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent cause of dementia. Recent knowledge reveals several new risk genes. We wish to summarise the knowledge of genetic factors related to Alzheimer's disease.

METHOD
This article is based on findings in Alzgene, a database that summarises genetic association studies in Alzheimer's disease, a literature search in PubMed and the authors' own experience in dementia research.

RESULTS
Several mutations of the genes APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 are described. These cause around half of all cases of the rare early onset autosomal dominant form of Alzheimer's disease. Heritability, or how much of the development of the disease in an individual that is explained by genetics, is between 60 and 80% in the most common late onset form of Alzheimer's disease. APOE ε4 is the most robust risk gene for the development of this form of the disease, but recently ten new genes that increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease were identified by applying genome-wide association studies. These genes code for proteins that are central in the metabolism of cholesterol, activation of the immune system and synaptic cell membrane processes.

INTERPRETATION
New hypotheses on the disease mechanisms for Alzheimer's disease are suggested based on the identification of new risk genes. These hypotheses partly replace and partly supplement the previously dominant amyloid pathway hypothesis. The new risk genes point to the potential for new biomarkers for specific disease processes and to possible new targets for future disease modifying therapies.


ABSTRACT In this study, we explore how Chinese teachers, who are involved in PETE programmes in universities, understand their professional identity and what specific factors influence their professional identity as teacher educators. Initially, a sample of 15 Chinese university teachers involved in PETE were interviewed and five follow up interviews were conducted. The results expressed that Chinese university teachers lacked an understanding of the term 'teacher educator'. Noting the diverse responsibilities and teaching to different groups of students, the majority of the participants perceived their professional identity more as university teachers than as teacher educators. One of the most significant factors positively impacting participants' professional identity as teacher educators was their level of interaction with pre-service teachers. There is a need for future research on the diverse work of university teachers involved in teacher education and how their multifaceted roles and responsibilities may influence professional identity as teacher educators.


Research has shown that traditional dialysis is an insufficient long-term therapy for patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease due to the high retention of uremic toxins in the blood as a result of the absence of the active transport functionality of the proximal tubule (PT). The PT's function is defined by the epithelial membrane transporters, which have an integral role in toxin clearance. However, the intricate PT transporter–toxin interactions are not fully explored, and it is challenging to decouple their effects in toxin removal in vitro. Computational models are necessary to unravel and quantify the toxin–transporter interactions and develop an alternative therapy to dialysis. This includes the bioartificial kidney, where the hollow dialysis fibers are covered with kidney epithelial cells. In this integrated experimental–computational study, we developed a PT computational model that focuses on indoxyl sulfate (IS) transport by organic anionic transporter 1 (OAT1), capturing the transporter density in detail along the basolateral cell membrane as well as the activity of the transporter and the inward boundary flux. The unknown parameter values of the OAT1 density (1.15×107 transporters µm−2), IS uptake (1.75×10−5 µM−1 s−1), and dissociation (4.18×10−4 s−1) were fitted and validated with experimental LC-MS/MS time-series data of the IS concentration. The computational model was expanded to incorporate albumin conformational changes present in uremic patients. The results suggest that IS removal in the physiological model was influenced mainly by transporter density and IS dissociation rate from OAT1 and not by the initial albumin concentration. While in uremic conditions considering albumin conformational changes, the rate-limiting factors were the transporter density and IS uptake rate, which were followed closely by the albumin-binding rate and IS dissociation rate. In summary, the results of this study provide an exciting avenue to help understand the toxin–transporter complexities in the PT and make better-informed decisions on bioartificial kidney designs and the underlining transporter-related issues in uremic patients.


The use of commercial aircraft for obtaining weather and climate change related information is beginning to accelerate at a rapid pace. A brief history of the use of commercial aircraft for these purposes is provided along with a discussion of the factors that are responsible for the current growth. A major federal program to provide profiles of winds, temperatures, and water vapor is described, along with a description of the new formats and information that will be available to the scientific community. Further details on the water vapor measurements, those expected this year and potential future upgrades, are provided. The advanced technologies that are now available on the aircraft, new advances in in situ and remote sensing, and an entrepreneurial spirit of some package carriers will combine to provide new kinds of measurements via commercial aircraft. A brief review of these factors and a vision of future environmental measurements is provided.


Associate professor Anne Mangen at the University of Stavanger's Reading Centre asks if something is lost in switching from book to computer screen, and from pen to keyboard. The process of reading and writing involves a number of senses, she explains. When writing by hand, our brain receives feedback from our motor actions, together with the sensation of touching a pencil and paper. These kinds of feedback is significantly different from those we receive when touching and typing on a keyboard.


The objective of this study was to extend our previous research and to further characterize the humoral immune responses against HIV-1 p24, gp41 and the specific peptides carrying the immunodominant epitopes (IDEs) that react with human serum samples from HIV-1-infected individuals in China. We found that the majority (90.45%, 180/199) of the samples did not react with any of the three HIV-1 p24 peptides carrying IDEs, but did react with the recombinant full-length p24, suggesting that these samples tested in China were primarily directed against the conformational epitopes of HIV-1 p24. In contrast, 84.54% (164/194) of the samples reacted with at least one HIV-1 linear gp41 peptide, in particular the gp41-p1 peptide (amino acids 560–616). Both recently and long-term HIV-1-infected individuals displayed similar humoral immune responses against the recombinant gp41. However, samples from long-term HIV-1-infected subjects but not from recently infected subjects, showed a very strong reaction against the gp41-p1 peptide. The different response patterns observed for the two groups against the gp41 and the peptide gp41-p1 were statistically significant (P<0.01, Chi-square test). These results have direct relevance and importance for design of improved HIV-1 p24 detection assays and the gp41- based immunoassay that can be used to reliably distinguish recent and long-term HIV-1 infection.


ABSTRACT
 Since its discovery in the southeastern United States, the invasive plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) has infested soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) fields in often very high numbers. To optimize sampling plans, sweep-net and beat-cloth sampling was conducted in soybean fields in South Carolina during 2012 and 2013. Across all fields, densities averaged 7.2 ± 0.5 (SEM) adults and 4.5 ± 0.4 nymphs per 20 sweeps and 5.5 ± 0.3 adults and 4.5 ± 0.3 nymphs per 1.83mof row. Coefficients of Taylor's power law were used to generate sampling plans for population estimates and sequential sampling plans for pest management decision making. At an economic threshold of one nymph per sweep, optimum sample sizes were 184, 48, and 22 within 10, 20, and 30% of the mean with the sweep-net method. At the corresponding threshold for the beat cloth (24.7 nymphs per 1.83 m of row), optimum sample sizes were 239, 62, and 29 within 10, 20 and 30% of the mean, respectively. At all adult and nymph densities, fewer sweep-net samples were required for population estimations compared with the number of beat-cloth samples. Sequential sampling reduced the sample size required to reach a management decision for the sweep net and beat cloth compared with a fixed sampling plan. The sweep-net method was more cost reliable for population estimation at low densities of both life stages, with the beat cloth becoming more cost reliable as populations increased. The beat-cloth method was more cost reliable than sweep-net sampling across all densities and life stages for pest management practices. These results may be used by researchers, county Extension agents, consultants, and farm managers to both facilitate sampling and improve reliability of M. cribraria estimates for research purposes and for pest management.


LDAP (lightweight directory access protocol) is a protocol specification that can be used to access directories. OpenLDAP is an open source LDAP service implementation. By design LDAP is optimized for read (lookup) operations. The LDAP specification does allow write operations. Performance measurements have been conducted by [1] to measure the read performance of OpenLDAP. However, there is little known
about the write-intensive performance of OpenLDAP. Applications using LDAP commonly have a read-intensive characteristic and research is concentrated at this aspect. This thesis will use a write-intensive applicaction case provided by OpenFortress (workflow reseller system) to conduct measurements to ensure whether OpenLDAP can support write-intensive applications in general. During the performance measurements a performance problem has been discovered. The performance of OpenLDAP decreases significantly after a number of operations. Both read and write operations generate this problem. The least recently used (LRU) cache replacement policy has been identified as the possible cause of the problem. Several replacements policies have been studied and adaptive replacement
cache (ARC) has been chosen to replace the LRU implementation in Open-LDAP because ARC is more efficient with smaller cache sizes and can withstand certain cache flushes. OpenLDAP with the ARC implementation shows a significant decrease of cache misses (especially with smaller cache sizes). Cache misses result in disk access and therefore it is preferred to minimize this number. LRU is the most common cache replacement policy used at the time of writing of this thesis, ARC has been shown
to be a good substitute for LRU. ARC manages limited resources more efficiently than LRU. The performance degradation issue was eventually tracked down to a bug in the Berkeley database code used by OpenLDAP. With this problem having been fixed, there's no objection (performance
wise) to use OpenLDAP with write-intensive applications.


Previous research has observed that strong interpersonal relationships are especially important for the functioning of transnational, virtual teams (TNTs), but are at the same time particularly hard to achieve in these teams. This article reviews and integrates the transnational and virtual team literature to provide an overview of examined cognitive, behavioural and affective relationship aspects. By demonstrating the interrelations between these relationship aspects, the article deviates from the prevalent, linear inputprocessoutput models of team functioning and makes a first step towards a configurational perspective on relationships in TNTs. It further reviews how several characteristics of the team structure, organizational context and socio-political environment may facilitate or inhibit relationship aspects. Through a synthesis of previous research, the article develops two examples of likely relationship configurations and their driving factors. The review concludes by recommending methods for future empirical research on relationship configurations in TNTs.


This paper outlines a non-exhaustive inventory of presumptive argument schemes that can be used by legislators to
 rationally argue for and against the legitimacy of legislative ends. The inventory has both a descriptive and normative dimension. The
 inventory is descriptive because it is partly based on the empirical observation of arguments actually used by legislators in a sample of
 lawmaking debates. However, the inventory is also normative because – as I shall argue in this paper – the schemes identified in the sample
 are presumptive arguments schemes. They are therefore schemes with a claim to rationality, provided that certain conditions are met. The
 schemes included in the inventory are: the scheme of instrumental argumentation, the scheme from unintended consequences, the scheme from
 values, the schemes from model and antimodel, and the schemes from social demand.


Concerns over public spending for elders and children are not new. Some of our previous work, combined with the analysis by Susmita Pati and colleagues in this volume of Health Affairs , documents a substantial divergence of social welfare spending for children and elders between 1965 and 2000. Looking to the future, our concern is that social welfare spending for children and elders will be driven more by political concerns and macroeconomic trends than by the needs of the two populations. We argue that the country needs to adopt a new fairness doctrine in allocating social welfare resources, whereby the needs of both groups are met.


Hydrogenated TiO2 (H-TiO2) is touted as a viable visible light photocatalyst. We report a systematic study on the thermal stability of H-implanted TiO2 using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Protons (40 keV) implanted at a ∼2 atom % level within a ∼120 nm wide profile of rutile TiO2(110) were situated ∼300 nm below the surface. NRA revealed that this H-profile broadened toward the surface after annealing at 373 K, dissipated out of the crystal into vacuum at 473 K, and was absent within the beam sampling depth (∼800 nm) at 523 K. Photoemission showed that the surface was reduced in concert with these changes. Similar anneals had no effect on pristine TiO2(110). The facile bulk diffusivity of H in rutile at low temperatures, as well as its interfacial activity toward reduction, significantly limits the utilization of H-TiO2 as a photocatalyst.