This paper analyses the tariff concessions of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The paper first summarizes the tariff concessions across members and economic sectors finding that most of the reduction in tariffs applies to trade related to the major economies of RCEP. Then the paper investigates whether the heterogeneity in the concessions reflects political economy forces. The findings suggest cooperation among RCEP members which resulted in reciprocal tariff concession balancing the interests of importing governments and exporters' lobbies. Finally, the paper provides a quantification of the trade effects of the RCEP agreements for members and non-members economies. The analysis finds that the tariff concessions increase trade among its members by almost two per cent, with trade diversion dominating trade creation effects. D e c e m b e r 2 0 2 1 UNCTAD Research Paper No. 73 UNCTAD/SER.RP/2021/16


In this paper, we present a novel approach, called Deep MANTA (Deep Many-Tasks), for many-task vehicle analysis from a given image. A robust convolutional network is introduced for simultaneous vehicle detection, part localization, visibility characterization and 3D dimension estimation. Its architecture is based on a new coarse-to-fine object proposal that boosts the vehicle detection. Moreover, the Deep MANTA network is able to localize vehicle parts even if these parts are not visible. In the inference, the networks outputs are used by a real time robust pose estimation algorithm for fine orientation estimation and 3D vehicle localization. We show in experiments that our method outperforms monocular state-of-the-art approaches on vehicle detection, orientation and 3D location tasks on the very challenging KITTI benchmark.


The increasingly urban world population presents an interesting obstacle to a planet that finds itself in what is being termed a "global crisis." In this paper, the challenges of urban sustainability are explored. This exploration is complemented by a survey of the literature in conservation psychology, with a particular focus on theories of behavior change. Case studies of sustainability organizations in the Twin Cities (of Minnesota) illustrate how these academic theories are applied in the field. The conclusion of the paper highlights the most salient messages that can be derived from analysis of the literature and case studies.


Vesicles, or closed fluctuating membranes, have been modelled in two dimensions by self-avoiding polygons, weighted with respect to their perimeter and enclosed area, with the simplest model given by area-weighted excursions (Dyck paths). These models generically show a tricritical phase transition between an inflated and a crumpled phase, with a scaling function given by the logarithmic derivative of the Airy function. Extending such a model, we find realisations of multicritical points of arbitrary order, with the associated multivariate scaling functions expressible in terms of generalised Airy integrals, as previously conjectured by John Cardy. This work therefore adds to the small list of models with a critical phase transition, for which exponents and the associated scaling functions are explicitly known.


The aim of this study was the determination of lead ion concentration by carbon paste ion selective electrode. The electrode response characteristics have been investigated. The Carbon Paste Electrode (CPE) contains graphite powder, nanoparticles, ionophore and ionic liquid. The potential measurements were carried out with a potentiometer. The selectivity of the electrode towards different cationic species was evaluated by Separate Solution Method (SSM). Among the different compositions studied, the carbon paste incorporating 60% Graphite powder, 29% ionic liquid, 5% ionophore and 6% nanoparticles exhibit the best response characteristics. The electrode exhibits a linear response to Pb (II) over a concentration range (1.0 × 10−6 – 1.0 × 10−2) with a Nernstian slope of 29.8 mV per decade. It has a short response time (about 5 s). The detection limit of this electrode was 5.49 × 10−7 M. The potential remained unchanged in the range of pH between 7-11. The suggested electrode was successfully used as an indicator for potentiometric determination of Pb (II) in water samples. It was defined by good analytical parameters: low detection limit, high sensitivity, wide measuring range, wide pH range. All selected cations would not affect the selectivity of the present lead electrode.


The Copley Medal is awarded to Sir Ronald Fisher, F. R. S. The rise of quantitative biology, which has been so noteworthy a feature of this century and especially of the past thirty years or so, has been due above all to the work of R. A. Fisher. The variability of living things posed problems and raised difficulties in the interpretation of experimental and observational data which made necessary something beyond the methods of the physical sciences. They required in fact a new approach to inductive inference, and one which would provide means of drawing conclusions of assessable reliability from variable material often available only in small samples. It is to Fisher's combination of mathematical skill and biological insight that we owe the developments, both theoretical and practical, which have done so much towards solving this problem and so making biologists of virtually every kind quantitative in their experiments, their analysis, and, most important of all, their thought. Faced with the agronomical problems of Rothamsted, whose staff he joined in 1919, Fisher began the remarkable series of statistical investigations which gave us the techniques described in Statistical methods, the tabular matter of Statistical tables (published with F. Yates) for facilitating their use, and the philosophy of Design of experiments by which they may be understood, appreciated and extended. The outcome has not merely stood the test of time in those branches of biology with which he was immediately concerned, but has had an ever-widening influence which now extends even beyond the borders of biology itself. And in building the new biometry, Fisher has given especially to the younger biologists a confidence and quantitative outlook whose full effects we have still to see.


INVESTIGATIONS made during the past few years have shown that methods normally used for the calculation of rectifier voltage regulation have definite limitations not generally appreciated by application engineers. It has been established that conventional methods of calculating regulation are valid only if the angle of overlap is less than 300 degrees divided by the number of phases. With larger overlap angles any a-c reactance common to two or more simple rectifiers introduces a delay angle, even though the rectifiers are operated without intentional delay. This inherent delay reduces the direct voltage and therefore increases the voltage regulation. In special applications involving large overlap angles, these limitations are of primary importance, because considerable error is possible if they are not recognized.


Through films that alternate between containment, order, and symmetry on the one hand, and obsession, explosiveness, and a lack of control on the other, Chantal Akerman has gained a reputation as one of the most significant filmmakers working today. Her 1975 film Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles is widely regarded as the most important feminist film of that decade. In Nothing Happens, Ivone Margulies presents the first comprehensive study of this influential avant-garde Belgian filmmaker. Margulies grounds her critical analysis in detailed discussions of Akerman's work from Saute ma ville, a 13-minute black-and-white film made in 1968, through Jeanne Dielman and Je tu il elle to the present. Focusing on the real-time representation of a woman's everyday experience in Jeanne Dielman, Margulies brings the history of social and progressive realism and the filmmaker's work into perspective. Pursuing two different but related lines of inquiry, she investigates an interest in the everyday that stretches from postwar neorealist cinema to the feminist rewriting of women's history in the seventies. She then shows how Akerman's ocorporeal cinema' is informed by both American experiments with performance and duration and the layerings present in works by European modernists Bresson, Rohmer, and Dreyer. This analysis revises the tired opposition between realism and modernism in the cinema, defines Akerman's minimal-hyperrealist aesthetics in contrast to Godard's anti-illusionism, and reveals the inadequacies of popular characterizations of Akerman's films as either simply modernist or feminist. An essential book for students of Chantal Akerman's work, Nothing Happens will also interest international film critics and scholars, filmmakers, art historians, and all readers concerned with feminist film theory.


This research examines capacity utilization as a measure of economic slack in the US economy. Many macroeconomists have questioned the use of capacity utilization as a measure of economics slack on several fronts. The first issue revolves around the definition and accuracy of measurement of the capacity utilization rate in the US economy. Since this research uses existing Federal Reserve measures of capacity utilization, no insights into the definition and measurement issues are offered other than the fact that a consistent role was found for two different Fed measures of capacity utilization in explaining inflation. The second issue effectively involves the concern as to robustness of the link between the capacity utilization rate and inflation. There is indeed reason for the Federal Reserve to take note of changes in capacity utilization when trying to determine its policy position with regard to inflation. Clearly, the high capacity measure developed in this research offers distinct information about the inflation process. The third issue raises the question as to whether the capacity utilization and unemployment rates are complements or substitutes in the inflation equation. Both rates tend to provide similar information regarding price changes at low levels of aggregate resource usage. However, as resource usage in the economy becomes increasingly close to its maximum potential, the labour market impact on inflation, as capture by unemployment rate measures, is distinctly different from that of capacity constraints. Finally, if the capacity utilization rate is indeed a useful measure of inflationary pressure, is there a threshold level of the capacity utilization rate above which policymakers should become particularly concerned about the potential of accelerating inflation? Across two measures of inflation, the widely discussed capacity threshold level is in the 84-85% range.


BACKGROUND
Previous studies have shown a low prevalence of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors among Bedouins living in the Negev desert. New evidence suggests that diabetes is becoming highly prevalent.

OBJECTIVES
To estimate the prevalence of diabetes in the town of Rahat, describe the cardiovascular risk factor profile and therapeutic modalities for diabetes and related conditions in this population, and compare these findings with those in the Jewish population.

METHODS
A complete record review of all known diabetic individuals aged 35 and older registered at the Rahat Clinic (Clalit Health Services) was carried out by a trained nurse and a research assistant. Information on demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics was abstracted. Data on prescribed hypoglycemic agents and other medications were also obtained.

RESULTS
Of the 316 known diabetic patients in the clinic, complete data were available for 271 (85.8%). The prevalence of known diabetes was 7.3% in males and 9.9% in females. Females had a significantly higher body mass index than males (30.9 vs. 29, P < 0.002), but lower levels of HBA1c and microalbuminuria. Oral hypoglycemic medications were taken by 69% of women and 76% of men, and insulin by 19% of women and 15% of men.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with data on Jewish diabetic patients in the Negev and Israel, the overall prevalence of diabetes in the population of Rahat is higher, but their cardiovascular risk profile is better, except for obesity. These findings support the hypothesis that diabetes and obesity have become major public health problems among Bedouins.


Force sensing is an essential requirement for dexterous robot manipulation. We describe composite robot end-effectors that incorporate optical fibers for accurate force sensing and estimation of contact locations. The design is inspired by the sensors in arthropod exoskeletons that allow them to detect contacts and loads on their limbs. In this paper, we present a fabrication process that allows us to create hollow multimaterial structures with embedded fibers and the results of experiments to characterize the sensors and controlling contact forces in a system involving an industrial robot and a two-fingered dexterous hand. We also briefly describe the optical-interrogation method used to measure multiple sensors along a single fiber at kilohertz rates for closed-loop force control.


Research exploring transformational and transactional leader behaviors has focused largely on bivarite relations among these behaviors and relevant criteria. This has limited the extent to which Bass's (1985) argument that optimally effective leaders engage in both types of behavior can be directly assessed. Pattern-oriented analyses were used here to discern which behavioral pattern was associated with the highest levels of subordinate satisfaction and commitment. In general, optimally effective leaders used a combination of transformational and contingent reward (e.g. exchange-based transactional leadership) behaviors, coupled with a low level of passive management-by-exception behavior (e.g. remaining uninvolved until problems emerge).


The formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the Universe and its role in the properties of the galaxies is one of the open questions in astrophysics and cosmology. Though, traditionally, electromagnetic waves have been instrumental in direct measurements of SMBHs, significantly influencing our comprehension of galaxy formation, gravitational waves (GW) bring an independent avenue to detect numerous binary SMBHs in the observable Universe in the nano-Hertz range using the pulsar timing array observation. This brings a new way to understand the connection between the formation of binary SMBHs and galaxy formation if we can connect theoretical models with multi-messenger observations namely GW data and galaxy surveys. Along these lines, we present here the first paper on this series based on {\sc Romulus} cosmological simulation on the properties of the host galaxies of SMBHs and propose on how this can be used to connect with observations of nano-Hertz GW signal and galaxy surveys. We show that the most dominant contribution to the background will arise from sources with high chirp masses which are likely to reside in low redshift early-type galaxies with high stellar mass, largely old stellar population, and low star formation rate, and that reside at centers of galaxy groups and manifest evidence of recent mergers. The masses of the sources show a correlation with the halo mass and stellar mass of the host galaxies. This theoretical study will help in understanding the host properties of the GW sources and can help in establishing a connection with observations.


This article reviews the preclinical research, clinical application and development of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the field of cancer therapy. Based on the distinctive antitumour properties of NDV and its positive interaction with the patient's immune system, this biologic could be considered a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. On one hand, NDV infection creates an inflammatory environment in the tumour microenvironment, which can directly activate NK cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and promote the recruitment of immune cells. On the other hand, NDV can induce the upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, which may break immune tolerance and immune checkpoint blockade resistance. In fact, clinical data have shown that NDV combined with immune checkpoint blockade can effectively enhance the antitumour response, leading to the regression of local tumours and distant tumours when injected, and this effect is further enhanced by targeted manipulation and modification of the NDV genome. At present, recombinant NDV and recombinant NDV combined with immune checkpoint blockers have entered different stages of clinical trials. Based on these studies, further research on NDV is warranted.


Medical ceramics are frequently used biomaterials as a liner in total hip arthroplasty. Strong efforts have been made to improve material properties over the last decades. Alumina toughened zirconia ceramics seem to be promising alternatives to further reduce fracture rates and squeaking phenomena. To answer the question if alumina toughened zirconia ceramic liners in combination with a cementless, hemispheric cup are able to reduce squeaking phenomena and fracture rates, we initiated a bicentric, mid-term trial. Noise phenomena will be recorded using MONA Score (Melbourne Orthopaedic Noise Assessment). Functional outcome (Harris Hip Score, University of California-Los Angeles, Forgotten Joint Score, EQ-5D Score, Visual Analogue Scale) and radiographic parameters will serve as secondary parameters. The study has been set up for 5 years, with follow-ups after 6-14 weeks, 12, 24 and 60 months.


In this study, a basic design of area-arrayed graphene nanoribbon (GNR) strain sensors was proposed to realize the next generation of strain sensors. To fabricate the area-arrayed GNRs, a top-down approach was employed, in which GNRs were cut out from a large graphene sheet using an electron beam lithography technique. GNRs with widths of 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, and 50 nm were fabricated, and their current-voltage characteristics were evaluated. The current values of GNRs with widths of 200 nm and above increased linearly with increasing applied voltage, indicating that these GNRs were metallic conductors and a good ohmic junction was formed between graphene and the electrode. There were two types of GNRs with a width of 50 nm, one with a linear current–voltage relationship and the other with a nonlinear one. We evaluated the strain sensitivity of the 50 nm GNR exhibiting metallic conduction by applying a four-point bending test, and found that the gauge factor of this GNR was about 50. Thus, GNRs with a width of about 50 nm can be used to realize a highly sensitive strain sensor.


Recently research shows that heterogeneous model is needed to explain some complex combustion behaviors in SHS. However, more heterogeneous details be considered more difficulties will be faced. A micro-heterogeneous & macro-homogeneous model is proposed in this paper based on some previous works for this problem. Combustion compact is divided into lots of little units, which are composed of a large number of small particles. Considering a well-mixed situation, properties of every unit must be almost the same, so the compact can be treated as a macro-homogeneous system on the scale of these little units. During the combustion, every unit will have a heterogeneous properties and change; it can be gotten by a micro-heterogeneous model. Therefore, the micro-heterogeneous characters are connected with the Marco-combustion behaviors. Combustion dynamics of Ti-C-Fe system was studied to certify this model. Results show well consistency with experiments results.


The acoustic and articulatory aspects of anticipatory labial coarticulation were examined. One female native speaker of American English read a list containing ten repetitions of nonsense V1CV2 sequences where V1 was always [i], C was one of [s], [sh], [z], [yog], and V2 was one of [i], [u], or [a]. The movement of upper and lower lip and jaw were recorded using the strain gauge apparatus developed by Barlow and colleagues, and the acoustic signal was also recorded. Short term spectra were taken of the fricative noise at the beginning and at intervals spaced at 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 of the duration of the fricative. Two spectral peaks were identified at each point. It was predicted that the frequencies of those peaks would be affected by the nature of the following vowel and that the coarse spectral track would show a downward movement when the following vowel was [u]. Neither of these predictions obtained. This result is in agreement with the EMG data of Gelfer et al. [ 2443–2445 (1989)] but not with the ...


ABSTRACT Experience of heavy haul train operation shows that heavy haul train fatigue fracture of coupler and its related components, even the accidents are caused by excessive coupler force. The most economical and effective method to study on train longitudinal impulse by reducing the coupler force is simulation method. The characteristics of train air brake system is an important excitation source for the study of longitudinal impulse. It is very difficult to obtain the braking characteristic by the test method, a better way to get the input parameters of the excitation source in the train longitudinal dynamics is modelling the train air brake system. In this paper, the air brake system model of integrated system of air brake and longitudinal dynamics is introduced. This introduce is focus on the locomotive automatic brake valve and vehicle distribution valve model, and the comparative analysis of the simulation and test results of the braking system is given. It is proved that the model can predict the characteristics of train braking system. This method provides a good solution for the excitation source of longitudinal dynamic analysis system.


Single crystals of AB-type carbonate apatite were grown by a CaCO3-Na2CO3 flux method under high pressure of Ar gas. The crystals obtained were hexagonal prismatic elongated along the c-axis with the length of 2mm and the diameter of 0.3mm at a maximum. Chemical formula was Ca8.8Na1.2[(PO4)4.8(CO3)1.2]CO3 and the space group was hexagonal P6 with cell parameters a = 0.9379(2)nm, c = 0.6935(1)nm. The detailed crystal structure determined with a reliability factor Rw = 0.047 indicated that the triangular plane of carbonate ion occupying B-site was slanted off the crystallographic mirror plane and the angle of the carbonate triangle with the mirror plane varied depending on Na-substitution of adjacent Ca sites whilst the A-site carbonate ion was parallel to the c-axis.


A pulmonary embolism (embolus) is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition. It is due to a blockage in a blood vessel in the lungs. A pulmonary embolism (PE) can cause symptoms such as chest pain or breathlessness but may have no symptoms and be hard to detect. A massive PE can cause collapse and death. PE usually happens due to an underlying blood clot in the leg deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Prompt treatment is important and can be life-saving. Pregnancy, various medical conditions and medicines, immobility and major surgery all increase the risk of a PE. Anticoagulation, initially with heparin and then warfarin, is the usual treatment for PE.


The blood titres of eclosion hormone in Manduca sexta indicate that the hormone is liberated into the blood during a span of about 20 min and then disappears with a half-life ( t ½ ) of about 45 min. Eclosion normally follows 2.5 h after the appearance of the hormone in the blood. Bursicon appears in the blood within 2 min after the newly emerged moth comes to rest at a wing spreading site. Hormone is apparently released during the following 10 min and then disappears with a t ½ of 40-50 min. The target tissues for the two hormones become responsive during the last day of development. The wing epidermis and nervous system appear to become sensitive to the eclosion hormone at about the same time, approximately 4 h before the hormone9s release. Wings become responsive to bursicon about 2 h earlier. During the last day of adult development, Manduca show a precise onset of responsiveness to bursicon and eclosion hormone followed a few hours later by the gated release of the two hormones. This appearance of hormone sensitivity is likely to be due to a photoperiodically gated event which occurs late in adult development but prior to eclosion hormone release. The nature of this event is unknown. Note: Present address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.


This dissertation considers the work of the German 13th and early 14th century Dominican known as Meister Eckhart, with a particular focus on how Eckhart presents the indistinguishability between God and man. I have chosen to use the term indistinguishability because, although union with God involves identity and indistinction, the idea of indistinguishability provides a unique and clearer insight to the thoughts of Eckhart. This is a critical concept for Eckhart and pivotal to his thinking, but also one that led to the questions of orthodoxy because God is clearly distinct from, and not identical with creation. Pushing the boundaries of thinking inevitably led to questioning and ultimately the charge of disseminating dangerous doctrine declared by the condemnatory bull of Pope John XXII in 1329. After the bull his works had been largely either lost or ignored but recent study has unearthed a rich vein of thought that is both perceptive and radical.
Eckhart is an interesting and relevant character to choose because his works are gathering interest and credibility among modern scholars. His theology developed apophaticism to a different level and was shaped by the thoughts of influential Early Church notables such as Augustine and Pseudo-Dionysius. He also embraces Neo-Platonic ideas of the One, and movement towards the goal of union with this One. Another major influence on his work was the ideas of contemporary mystics such as Marguerite Porete. This combination of theology, philosophy and mysticism, along with how Eckhart developed the German vernacular, and his desire to induce a reaction from his listeners, produced a unique insight to the union between God and man.
The Meister proposes there to be a Godhead as well as God. The Trinity is begotten from the Godhead and likewise creation is of the same essence. Being of the same essence presents the idea of indistinguishability that Eckhart extends by suggesting the soul is one with the Godhead. He describes the birth of the word of God in the soul as the moment of spiritual birth and union with God, and this occurs both within and outside of time. This breaking-through to the Godhead connects the part of us that is eternal with our physical person within time but this is a return to the starting point for the soul. Distinction is evident at birth, so any indistinguishability cannot include the physical dimension and this has fostered the idea that the existence of the soul is both temporal and atemporal. Creation is framed by a distinguishable bubble of time but the eternal
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essence of God extends to his creation and specifically to the human soul. Biblical texts on the post-existence of the soul naturally led to thoughts of the soul outside of time and questions of pre-existence. Also, because as humans we are clearly distinguishable from God, if there is any indistinguishability, then, "What is the nature of this indistinguishability?"
In order to explore the territory of indistinguishability, following this introduction of Chapter 1, it is essential to build a platform of background information. I do this in Chapter 2 by outlining the life of Eckhart and placing his works in the context of his experiences. This overview of Eckhart includes a consideration of the nature of the language he used and the influences behind his thoughts and style. Next, in Chapter 3, I consider how Eckhart used the apophatic terms of indistinguishability and indistinction and how this meets with the other related cataphatic ideas of identity and identicalness.
With this foundation in place, Chapter 4 of this dissertation focuses on how the Meister describes indistinguishability between God and man, beginning with a study of the different words used to describe God. He uses the terms esse, intellectus and unum which are common to theology and philosophy but furthered their understanding in both fields. Also radical was how the Meister spoke of God and the Godhead (Got and Gotheid), presented in Chapter 5. He linked Gotheid with the term, grunt to present the source from which everything that we comprehend has flowed. I consider how Eckhart connects the soul with the grunt as well as with the Trinity and creation. The idea of a shared essence or fused identity between God and man raises questions about the nature of the Trinity, creation and uncreatedness and so it is important to cover the aspects of these that connect with the issue of indistinguishability.
I move on to discuss how Eckhart presents God as not just being, but also becoming. God is active in the eternal sense as well as in creation which is temporal. Eckhart describes this immanent boiling, "bullito' as the activity within the Godhead through which the Trinity exists and acts. Added to this, and still connected with this inner emanation of God, is the over-boiling, "ebullito" in which creation is established as distinct from the Godhead. Eckhart includes every aspect of time and creation in the ebullito such that it fits the model of procession and return. This metaphysics of flow can be traced back through Aquinas, Pseudo Dionysius, and Augustine
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to its Neo-Platonic background, although there is also a suggestion of similar ideas in the writings of St. Paul.1
Although there are not clearly defined boundaries between grunt, bullito and ebullito or exitus and reditus, I have used them to give structure to this section of the exploration into indistinguishability. The section covering bullito considers the Trinity, how it relates to the Godhead and how Eckhart included the soul of man in this aspect of divine activity. After this, I look at the ebullito by breaking it down into the different stages of flow (creation) and then the return, (redemption and union) which is covered in Chapter 6. Eckhart considers indistinction with God during each phase of the process and proposes the idea of detachment as the way to know the birth of the word of God in the Soul and the breaking-through of the soul to the divine ground. Finally, in Chapter 7, I draw conclusions on the thoughts of Eckhart regarding the indistinguishability between God and man.
While Meister Eckhart did not write a specific treatise or preach a sermon just to present his views on indistinguishability, what we do have is an abundance of relevant material scattered throughout his works. The primary sources for this dissertation are the various Latin and Middle High German (MHG) commentaries, treatises and sermons currently available. The life of Eckhart and his employment as a Dominican friar and university lecturer prompted bible commentaries, treatises and sermons although not every known work has a modern translation. Not all of the works of the Meister are known, and there are several documents falsely attributed, but a reliable bibliography of works available and translated has been produced by Markus Vinzent.2 When reading Eckhart, gaining a clear view is difficult because not only is there no comprehensive volume such that everything said or written could be analysed, but even within what is known and translated, there are apparent inconsistencies. Rather than produce a systematic textbook, Eckhart placed greater emphasis on his preaching in which he aimed to influence and lead his followers into a deeper relationship with God. Some works are seen as
1 See: Romans 11.36, I Corinthians 8.6, Colossians 1.16.
2 Bibliography of the works of Eckhart available at: markusvinzent.blogspot.co.uk [Accessed: 16th November 2012], including all works translated into English available. When referring to the works of Meister Eckhart I have adopted the notation used by Vinzent with abbreviations as follows: DW for German works and LW for Latin works. This is based on the compilation of works: Meister Eckhart: Die Deutschen und Lateinischen Werke. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (Stuttgart and Berlin: W. Kohlhammer, 1936- ).
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more mystical than others though he always claimed to remain faithful to biblical doctrine. To the Meister, the occasion of each work was vital so, because he addressed each situation specifically, his language modifies according to its intended recipients. This lack of a system does not however leave us without an insight to his thoughts on spiritual matters and his theology, philosophy and mysticism permeated doctrine.
Among secondary sources available are works by leading commentators such as McGinn who is regarded as a historical theologian, and also Kelley and Mojsisch who unveil the Meister from a more philosophical angle. Not all commentators are in agreement and so my own reading of Eckhart, together with insights of notable scholars will provide the major input. The difficulties in attaining a clear account of Eckhart will be noted and the extent to which they hinder gleaning a definitive theology. Within this constraint the aim is to shed light on this enigmatic thinker and his doctrine of how God and man are indistinguishable.


A bacterium which utilizes chlorpyrifos as a sole source of carbon and energy was isolated
from coral surface. The organism utilized chlorpyrifos up to 25 mg l-1. The lag phase and time for
degradation, however, were severely prolonged at chlorpyrifos concentrations above 10 mg l-1 . The
growth of kinetics of coral bacterium was studied in batch culture. Estimation of maximum growth rates
(μmax), obtained from turbidity measurements, was 0.14 h-1 and half-saturation growth constant (Cs)
was 9.34 mg l-1 chlorpyrifos. This strain demonstrated greatest similarity to members of the order
Bacillales and was closest to members of the Bacillus firmus group.


We investigate the correspondence between the variability seen in the stellar and supermassive black holes. Galactic black hole (GBH) power density spectra (PDS) are generally complex, and dependent on spectral state. In the low/hard state the high-frequency rollover in the PDS moves in a way which is not simply related to luminosity. Hence this feature can only be used as an approximate indicator rather than as an accurate tracer of black hole mass in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The X-ray spectrum in the high/soft state is dominated by the disc in the GBH, which is rather stable. We show that the PDS of the Comptonized tail in GBHs can be much more variable, and that it is this which should be compared to AGNs due to their much lower disc temperature. This bandpass effect removes a problem in interpreting the (often highly variable) narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies as the counterparts of the high mass accretion rate GBHs. Additionally, we speculate that some NLS1s (e.g. Akn 564) are counterparts of the very high state. The Comptonized tail in this state is also highly variable, but with PDS which can be roughly described as band-limited noise. This shape is similar to that seen in the low/hard state, so merely seeing such band-limited noise in the power spectrum of an AGN does not necessarily imply low luminosity. We also stress that Cygnus X-1, often used for comparison with AGNs, is not a typical black hole system due to its persistent nature. In particular, the shape of its power spectrum in the high/soft state is markedly different from that of other (transient) GBH systems in this state. The fact that the NLS1s NGC 4051 and MCG -6-30-15 do appear to show a power spectrum similar to that of the high/soft state of Cyg X-1 may lend observational support to theoretical speculation that the hydrogen ionization disc instability does not operate in AGNs.


The initial value problem of the nonlinear evolution, shoreline motion and flow velocities of long waves climbing sloping beaches is solved analytically for different initial waveforms. A major difficulty in earlier work utilizing hodograph-type transformation when solving either boundary value or initial value problems has been the specification of equivalent boundary or initial condition in the transformed space. Here, in solving the initial value problem, the transformation is linearized in space at $t{=}0$, then the full nonlinear transformation is used to solve the initial value problem of the nonlinear shallow-water wave equations. A solution method is presented to describe the most physically realistic initial waveforms and simplified equations for the runup–rundown motions and shoreline velocities. This linearization of the initial condition does not appear to affect the subsequent nonlinear evolution, as shown through comparisons with earlier studies. Comparisons with runup results from solutions of the boundary value problem suggest the same variation with the runup laws. The methodology presented here appears simpler than earlier work as it does not involve the numerical calculation of singular elliptic integrals.


The aim of this study was to determine the effects of alternating magnetic field on the metabolism of the healthy and diabetic rats. The rats were divided into two experimental groups. Magnetic fields of 5 and 8mT intensity was applied to the first group of rats for 3 weeks (C5mT, CMF5mT, C8mT and CMF8mT). The second group was identified as diabetics group and 5mT was applied (D5mT and DMF5mT). The control groups (C5mT, C8mT, D5mT) of applied magnetic fields were placed in the same cage of the rats in experimental groups that have the same conditions but no pass current. The weights of rats exposed to magnetic fields in experimental groups were increased to initial weight; the plasma glucose levels were decreased in the blood parameters of the healthy and diabetic rats that they were exposed to 5mT and 8mT intensity magnetic fields. The decrease of the level of the total cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood plasma of the rats, showed that magnetic fields affected the hormonal systems, directly or indirectly, and slowed down the metabolism or hidratation.


In 195 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgias, atypical facial neuralgia or zoster neuralgia in the face it was shown that, in the initial stages of these diseases, the efficacy of the always satisfactory medicinal treatment with an anticonvulsant (hydantoin or carbamezathine) can be increased by combination with a muscle relaxant (especially chlormezanone). Medicinal therapy is then still frequently possible without side effects and operative treatment (Frazier-Spiller's retrogasserian neurotomy) can be postponed.


This document describes a profile of the SIP Event Package "kpml" that
enables simple monitoring of DTMF signals and uses XML documents
referred to as Key Press Markup Language (KPML). This profile assumes
devices of lesser capability that may have trouble parsing
subscription requests or producing generic XML documents. This is a
profile of RFC 4730, KPML.Conventions used in this document RFC2119
[1] provides the interpretations for the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT",
"REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
"RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" found in this document. The
Application Interaction Framework document [9] provides the
interpretations for the terms "User Device", "SIP Application", and
"User Input". This document uses the term "Application" and
"Requesting Application" interchangeably with "SIP Application".
Additionally, the Application Interaction Framework document discusses
User Device Proxies. A common instantiation of a User Device Proxy is
a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) gateway. Because the
normative behavior of a presentation free User Interface is identical
for a presentation free SIP User Agent and a presentation free User
Device Proxy, this document uses "User Device" for both cases.


This paper presents the performance analysis of multi-user scheduling for channel state information (CSI)-assisted and fixed gain AF relaying with antenna correlation. We consider a source equipped with multiple correlated antennas communicating with multiple users via a relay which has dual correlated antennas. The system performance degrades with the spatial correlation. Hence we derive the exact closed form solutions to outage probability, average symbol error rate (SER) and generalized higher moment of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to quantify this detrimental effect. The ergodic capacity is also analyzed. To understand the insight system performance behavior and the diversity gain, we present a high SNR analysis. The analytical results are verified with the Monte Carlo simulations at the end.


To our knowledge, there is no data on the effect of tiotropium on pulmonary gas exchange in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of tiotropium on pulmonary diffusing capacity. Twenty-one healthy volunteers were enrolled for a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Spirometric measurements, including pulmonary-diffusing capacity, were obtained before and after inhalation of drug or placebo. There was a significant decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) and, consequently, an increase in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to FVC ratio after placebo inhalation (p < 0.05), but no changes were found for percent-predicted FVC, FEV1, percent-predicted FEV1, percent-predicted forced expiratory flow (FEF25%-75%), percent-predicted peak expiratory flow (PEF), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), single-breath alveolar volume (VA) and DLCO/VA ratio when compared with the baseline. Tiotropium inhalation caused a significant increase in FVC, percent-predicted FEV1, FEV1/FVC and percent-predicted FEF25%-75%, although the decrease in DLCO was insignificant (12.4 +/- 0.9 to 11.4 +/- 0.9). In conclusion, tiotropium does not change the pulmonary-diffusing capacity in healthy volunteers.


The multiple-choice video game Life is Strange was described by its French developers as a metaphor for the inner conflicts experienced by a teenager in trying to become an adult. In psychological work with adolescents, there is a stark similarity between what they experience and some concepts of existentialist philosophy. Sartre's script for the movie Les Jeux Sont Faits (literally "games are made") uses the same narrative strategy as Life is Strange—the capacity for the main characters to travel back in time to change their own existence—in order to stimulate philosophical, ethical, and political thinking and also to effectively simulate existential "limit situations." This article is a dialogue between Sartre's views and Life is Strange in order to examine to what extent questions such as what is freedom? what is choice? what is autonomy and responsibility? can be interpreted anew in hybrid digital–human—"anthrobotic"—environments.


We investigate the problem of reasoning about numerical functions in the presence of incomplete information, sensing actions, and conditional plans. An interval-based represen- tation is introduced into the PKS (Planning with Knowledge and Sensing) planner, as a means of compactly representing sets of possible values for numerical functions. We describe the enhancements we make to PKS, and demonstrate how such information can be used for modelling uncertain sensors and effectors. We also show how interval-valued functions can be used as a form of noisy run-time variable in plans. This paper presents a snapshot of work currently in progress.


Introduction: Although the initial hypothesis for the action of doxepin was based on the inhibition of the reuptake of neurotransmitters, it has been suggested that it may also involve other mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of doxepin on spatial memory, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level, expression of pro-apoptotic (Bad and Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) genes in the rat hippocampus. Materials and Methods: Male rats were divided randomly into three groups; the control, the doxepin 1 and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Rats received i.p injection of doxepin for 21 days. Spatial memory was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Then the hippocampi were dissected for measurement of the expression of Bcl2, Bad and Bax genes and the TNF-α level. Results: Our results showed no significant effects of doxepin on spatial memory. Doxepin significantly decreased expression of Bad gene, but had no significant/considerable effects on Bcl2 and Bax gene expression. Also, the ratio of TNF-α to total protein (%) did not show significant differences in the rat hippocampus. Conclusion: These results did not show any significant impact of doxepin on the factors affecting the neuronal functions in intact animals. However, Since a significant reduction in the hippocampal Bad mRNA levels was observed It is our assumption that doxepin has neuroprotective effects.


Caregiver and child behaviours during feeding have been used to measure responsiveness, which has been recognised as important for child growth and development. The aims of this study were to understand how caregiver and child behaviours differ when feeding lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs. local complementary food and to detect associations between behaviours and child interest in food. Sixteen moderately underweight 6-17-month-old Malawian children receiving 50 g/day of supplementary LNS for 12 weeks were videotaped during LNS (n = 32) and local complementary feeding (n = 28) episodes. Behaviours were coded at the level of the intended bite (1674 total bites). The analysis used regression models adjusted for within-subject correlation. Caregivers were less likely to allow children to self-feed and more likely to use physical pressure during LNS vs. complementary food bites. Positive caregiver verbalization was infrequent and did not differ by type of food. Higher odds of accepting a bite were associated with the bite containing LNS, odds ratio (OR) 3.05; 90% confidence interval (CI) (1.98, 4.71), the child self-feeding, OR 5.70; 90% CI (2.77, 11.69), and positive caregiver verbalization, OR 2.46; 90% CI (1.26, 4.80), while lower odds of acceptance were associated with negative child verbalization during feeding, OR 0.27; 90% CI (0.17, 0.42). In this sample, caregivers used more responsive feeding practices during bites of local complementary food and were more controlling when feeding LNS. Responsive caregiver behaviours predicted child acceptance of food. These results could be used to design interventions in Malawi to improve responsive feeding practices in general and during LNS use.


Information theoretic quantities play an important role in various settings in machine learning, including causality testing, structure inference in graphical models, time-series problems, feature selection as well as in providing privacy guarantees. A key quantity of interest is the mutual information and generalizations thereof, including conditional mutual information, multivariate mutual information, total correlation and directed information. While the aforementioned information quantities are well defined in arbitrary probability spaces, existing estimators add or subtract entropies (we term them $\Sigma H$ methods). These methods work only in purely discrete space or purely continuous case since entropy (or differential entropy) is well defined only in that regime.
In this paper, we define a general graph divergence measure ($\mathbb{GDM}$), as a measure of incompatibility between the observed distribution and a given graphical model structure. This generalizes the aforementioned information measures and we construct a novel estimator via a coupling trick that directly estimates these multivariate information measures using the Radon-Nikodym derivative. These estimators are proven to be consistent in a general setting which includes several cases where the existing estimators fail, thus providing the only known estimators for the following settings: (1) the data has some discrete and some continuous-valued components (2) some (or all) of the components themselves are discrete-continuous mixtures (3) the data is real-valued but does not have a joint density on the entire space, rather is supported on a low-dimensional manifold. We show that our proposed estimators significantly outperform known estimators on synthetic and real datasets.


Implementing static query form based on user's requirement is very difficult task. Because these static queries are predefined and shows only constant results so user cannot get satisfactory result. Here, static versus dynamic query forms are compared where static query form is constant and dynamic query form is changed according to the user need. Searching and retrieving database from the heterogeneous data is very critical task. The traditional databases do not satisfy the user desired instances. These databases contain constant fields and may not change according to the user's requirement. To get the user satisfactory result, dynamic database proposed which create dynamic query forms. In dynamic database generating fields are specified by the user which is iterative process, at every iteration system generates ranked list for the fields and then user automatically add these fields to the query form. The ranking of fields is based on user's preference. To view the result user fills out the query forms at each iteration and submit the results.


The gain performance of 50-iun core diameter graded-index (GI) multimode europium aluminum benzyl methacrylate (Eu-Al/BzMA) waveguide was investigated by numerically solving rate and propagation equations using MATLAB. At a fixed waveguide length of 10 cm and gain medium concentration of 13 wt.%, optical gain was found to be dependent on pump power and input signal power. This paper utilized a 532 nm wavelength pump with power varied from 100 mW to 500 mW, together with low (-30 dBm) and high (0 dBm) input signal powers, within the amplification range of 580 to 640 nm wavelength. With the highest pumping power of 500 mW and the lowest input signal power of -30 dBm, a 29-dB optical gain with wavelength of 617 nm was observed from forward pumping amplification. For comparison, an identical waveguide in terms of properties was fabricated through an innovative fabrication method for polymer waveguide—the Mosquito method. The fabricated waveguide was then experimentally tested for -30 dBm input signal power with 200 mW pump power in the attempt to realize future real-world applications of short reach networks such as in Local Area Network (LAN) and in-vehicle optical interconnects.


Traffic flow information is of great importance for transport planning and related research. The conventional methods of automated data collection, such as annual average daily traffic (AADT) data, are often restricted by limited installation, while the state-of-the-art sensing technologies (e.g., GPS) only reflect some types of traffic flow (e.g., taxi and bus). Complete coverage of traffic flow is still lacking, thus demanding a rigorous estimation model. Most studies dedicated to estimating the traffic flow of the entire road network rely on single to only a few properties of the road network and the results may not be promising. This paper presents an idea of integrating five topological measures and road length to estimate traffic flow based on a multiple regression approach. An empirical study in Hong Kong has been conducted with three types of traffic datasets, namely floating car, public transport route, and AADT. Six measures, namely degree, betweenness, closeness, page rank, clustering coefficient, and road length, are used for traffic flow estimation. It is found that each measure correlates differently for the three types of traffic data. Multiple regression approach is then conducted, including multiple linear regression and random forest. The results show that a combination of various topological and geometrical measures has proved to have a better performance in estimating traffic flow than that of a single measure. This paper is especially helpful for transport planners to estimate traffic flow based on correlation available but limited flow data with road network characteristics.


Richer and healthier agents tend to hold riskier portfolios and spend proportionally less on health expenditures. Potential explanations include health and wealth effects on preferences, expected longevity or disposable total wealth. Using HRS data, we perform a structural estimation of a dynamic model of consumption, portfolio and health expenditure choices with recursive utility, as well as health-dependent income and mortality risk. Our estimates of the deep parameters highlight the importance of health capital, mortality risk control, convex health and mortality adjustment costs and binding liquidity constraints to rationalize the stylized facts. They also provide new perspectives on expected longevity and on the values of life and health.


The proximal tubule has a remarkable capacity for repair after acute injury but the cellular lineage and molecular mechanisms underlying this repair response have been poorly characterized. Here, we developed a Kim-1-GFPCreERt2 knockin mouse line (Kim-1-GCE), performed genetic lineage analysis after injury and measured the cellular transcriptome of proximal tubule during repair. Acutely injured genetically labeled clones co-expressed Kim-1, Vimentin, Sox9 and Ki67, indicating a dedifferentiated and proliferative state. Clonal analysis revealed clonal expansion of Kim-1+ cells, indicating that acutely injured, dedifferentiated proximal tubule cells account for repair rather than a fixed tubular progenitor. Translational profiling during injury and repair revealed signatures of both successful and unsuccessful maladaptive repair. The transcription factor FoxM1 was induced early in injury, was required for epithelial proliferation, and was dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulation. In conclusion, dedifferentiated proximal tubule cells effect proximal tubule repair and we reveal a novel EGFR-FoxM1-dependent signaling pathway that drives proliferative repair after injury.


Purpose There is an ongoing debate on the optimal sequence of radiation and breast reconstruction. The purpose of this article was to (a) assess the impact of radiation on autologous breast reconstruction and (b) analyze the best timing for autologous breast reconstruction in the setting of radiation in a Chinese population. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing breast reconstruction with autologous lower abdominal flaps between 2001 and 2014 in the Tianjin Medical University and Cancer Hospital was performed. Patients were grouped by their irradiation status (irradiated vs nonirradiated). The irradiated group was further stratified into 2 groups by the timing of irradiation (immediate breast reconstruction followed by radiation vs prior radiation and delayed breast reconstruction). The primary outcomes were early and late breast complications, secondary and revision surgeries to the reconstructed breast, whereas the secondary outcomes were aesthetic and psychological evaluations of the patients. Logistic regression was used to assess the potential association between irradiation, patient and treatment variables, and surgical outcomes. Results Three hundred sixty patients with 370 reconstructed breasts were included in the study. Two hundred seventy-eight cases were nonirradiated, of which 158 were immediate and 120 were delayed. Ninety-two cases were irradiated, of which 61 were immediate, and 31 were delayed. Three hundred thirty-two cases underwent pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, 38 had deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. The irradiated group had a significant increase in secondary surgery due to fat necrosis (P < 0.001) and in late complications (P = 0.011). A significant increase in flap contracture (P = 0.043) and an increasing trend in the severity of fat necrosis were observed when radiation was performed after breast reconstruction. However, radiation and its timing did not have an adverse impact on patients' aesthetic and psychological evaluations by the Breast-Q survey. Conclusions Radiation administered to the reconstructed breast mound increased the rate of late complications and the need for secondary surgery with increased abdominal flap shrinkage and contracture and the severity of flap fat necrosis. Irradiation on the reconstructed breast did not lead to worse aesthetic outcomes due to the generally different expectation in the Chinese female patients in that they were more focused on the breast shape when clothed. Immediate breast reconstruction followed by irradiated was a generally successful treatment sequence in the Chinese module.


Constructivism is sociological, constitutive and manages to incorporate both positivist and post-positivist methods of analysing the international system, although how well it combines the two is much disputed. It has produced a large amount of theoretical and empirical work detailing the constitutive and procedural norms of this system, and it has (largely) done so by placing a premium on the lives, characteristics and contributions of humans within it. As such it is often regarded as the most fertile ground within International Relations (IR) theory for bringing together theory and practice into a coherent whole. But how normative should it be? Critical scholars, mindful perhaps of the Third Debate origins of constructivism, strongly suggest that it should be more normative in its outlook, and thus able to direct the flow of international theory and practice rather than simply report on it. It is adept at cataloguing and interpreting the institutions and standards which constitute the international system, and the procedures and behaviours that govern it, but not the values which many see as underpinning it. This thesis will test this claim. It will do so by using the currently most visible and even tangible expression of values in the international system - the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - to anchor an otherwise metaphysical concept. The capacity of constructivism to engage more consistently with human rights will be assessed by critically analysing three key expressions of the approach namely those of Alexander Wendt, Nicholas Onuf and Andrew Linklater. This triangulation opens up a new intellectual space which enables an exploration of the broad range of constructivist positions, in order to appraise how they cohere and diverge on this subject. This in turn allows for the conclusions that constructivism does engage with values, but that it is not suited to furthering a purposive, moral agenda. Any attempt to push its boundaries towards a more critical formulation divest it of any meaning as a category of international theory.


Videos can be manipulated by duplicating a sequence of consecutive frames with the goal of concealing or imitating a specific content in the same video. In this paper, we propose a novel coarse-to-fine framework based on deep Convolutional Neural Networks to automatically detect and localize such frame duplication. First, an I3D network finds coarse-level matches between candidate duplicated frame sequences and the corresponding selected original frame sequences. Then a Siamese network based on ResNet architecture identifies fine-level correspondences between an individual duplicated frame and the corresponding selected frame. We also propose a robust statistical approach to compute a video-level score indicating the likelihood of manipulation or forgery. Additionally, for providing manipulation localization information we develop an inconsistency detector based on the I3D network to distinguish the duplicated frames from the selected original frames. Quantified evaluation on two challenging video forgery datasets clearly demonstrates that this approach performs significantly better than four recent state-of-the-art methods.


We have raised antibodies to morphine and etorphine and developed one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for these drugs as part of a panel of post race tests for drugs in racing horses. These tests are simple, can be completed in 2 h, and can be read by visual inspection. The morphine ELISA has an I50 for morphine of about 1.5 ng/mL, while the etorphine ELISA has an I50 for etorphine of 250 pg/mL. Cross-reactivity studies show that the antimorphine antibody cross-reacts well with levorphanol, hydromorphone, and oxycodone, while the anti-etorphine antibody showed no cross-reactivity with buprenorphine, diprenorphine, oxymorphone, morphine, or thebaine. The morphine test readily detected parent morphine or its metabolites in equine urine for at least 8 h after administration of 50 mg/horse, while a 0.1 micrograms/kg dose of etorphine was detectable for up to 48 h post dosing. For each test the background activity in post-race urines was equal to or less than the I50 for the standard curves, making them useful equine forensic tests. Each of these tests has detected "positives" in post race urine samples and as such these tests are capable of substantially improving the speed and efficacy of both pre-race and post-race testing for morphine, etorphine, and their congeners in racing horses.


Issues related to environmental concern and fossil fuel exhaustion has made wind energy the most widely accepted renewable energy resource. However, there are still several challenges to be solved such as the integrated design of wind turbines, aeroelastic response and stability prediction, grid integration, offshore resource assessment and scaling related problems. While analyzing the market of wind turbines to find the direction of the future developments, one can see a continuous upscaling of wind turbines. Upscaling is performed to harness a larger resource and benefit from economy of scale. This will pose several fundamental implications that have to be identified and tackled in advance. This research focuses on investigating the technical and economical feasibility and limits of large scale offshore wind turbines using the current dominant concept, i.e. a three-bladed, upwind, variable speed, pitch regulated wind turbine installed on a monopile in an offshore wind farm. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate how upscaling influences the offshore wind turbines. Specifically, following questions are of interest: 1. How do the technical characteristics of the larger scales change with size and can these technical characteristics appear as a barrier? 2. How does the economy of the future offshore wind turbines change with size? 3. What are the considerations and required changes for future offshore wind turbines? To address these questions, a more sophisticated method than the classical upscaling method should be employed. This method should provide the detailed technical and economical data at larger scales and address all the design drivers of such big machines to identify the associated problems. However, interdisciplinary interactions among structure, aerodynamics and control subject to constraints on fatigue, stresses, deflections and frequencies as well as considerations on aeroelastic instability make the development of such a method a cumbersome and complex task. Among many different methods, integrated aeroservoelastic design optimization is found to be the best approach. Therefore, the scaling study of this research is formulated as an multidisciplinary design optimization problem. This method enables the design of the future offshore wind turbines at the required level of details that is needed to investigate the effect of size on technical and economical characteristics at larger scales. Using this method, 5, 10 and 20 MW wind turbines are designed and optimized, including the most relevant design constraints and levelized cost of energy as the objective function. In addition to the design of these wind turbines, the method itself shows a clear way forward for the future offshore wind turbine design methodology development. Based on these optimized wind turbines, scaling trends are constructed to investigate the behavior of a wind turbine as it scales with size. These trends are formulated as a function of rotor diameter to properly reflect the scale. Loading, mass, cost and some other useful trends are extracted to investigate the scaling phenomenon. Blades and tower as the most flexible load carrying components are examined with more attention. Using these results, the challenges of very large scale offshore wind turbines up to 20 MW range are explored and identified. These results demonstrate that a 20 MW design is technically feasible though economically not attractive. Therefore, upscaling of the current wind turbine configurations seems to be an inappropriate approach for larger offshore wind turbines.


Disorders of the pharyngoesophageal phase of swallowing, including Zenker's diverticulum, result from alterations of the neuromuscular events involved in chewing, initiation of swallowing, and propulsion of the material from the oropharynx into the cervical esophagus. Although a number of mechanisms have been postulated to explain the genesis of Zenker's divertcula, including sphincter incoordination, swallowing against a closed UES, failed UES relaxation, and a hypertensive spastic upper sphincter, recent evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of Zenker's diverticula involves altered compliance of the cricopharyngeal segment. Manometric relaxation may occur in the absence of anatomic opening. Incoordination is uncommon. Altered compliance is detectable with specialized cricopharyngeal manometric recording as impaired sphincter opening or a raised intrabolus pressure. Both return to normal following diverticulectomy and cricopharyngeal myotomy.


Epidemiological investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of infection with Babesia canis in dogs in Gwagwalada metropolis of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria, from November 2013 to January 2014. Blood samples were collected from 101 dogs and examined for the parasite. Data obtained were analyzed to determine the prevalence of Babesia canis and the correlation of infection with age, sex, breed, types of management and presence or absence of tick infestation on the animal. Dogs screened were those from randomly selected house holds within the area. Overall results show an infection rate of 9/101 (8.9%). The prevalence was higher (P


In 2013, the World Bank ranked Iraq 165 out of 185 countries in its overall "ease of doing business" category. Transparency International ranked Iraq 169 out of 176 in its 2012 Corruption Perception Index (BEBA, 2013). This reflects the poor performance of the public sector organisations responsible for the delivery of the various services in Iraq. By looking at the literature, it is clear that organisational culture and leadership have a significant impact on the performance of organisations. Thus, this makes them important factors that need to be taken into consideration when reforming public sector performance in the developing world. However, there has not been any research that discusses this relationship from the context of the public sector in Iraq. Therefore, this paper aims at expanding the base of knowledge and empirically tests the impact of leadership, people and organisational culture on a public sector organisation's performance in Iraq.

The study has used a public service "Practices & Performance" Benchmarking tool called PROBE, which stands for PROmoting Business Excellence, to assess the current organisational leadership and people practices of a government organisation and has benchmarked them to best practices of world-class organisations. Interviews have also been conducted, first with the staff members to gain consensus on the assessment results. Then the organisation's customers (who are mainly contractors) have also been interviewed to understand their level of satisfaction with the current practices of the organisation. The result derived from the interviews accord with the results generated by the PROBE tool. The assessment result has showed how poor leadership and people practices have led to a weak overall organisational performance. This result supports previous studies and confirms the impact of organisational culture, people and leadership on the performance of organisations.


ABSTRACT Old medieval churches hold objects of great historical and cultural value: organs, altars, paintings. But they have no systems for indoor climate control or the church may be heated only at services. These conditions are inadequate for the preservation of cultural heritage. The objective of this paper is to assess an adaptive ventilation (AV) solution in a church for reduction of the relative humidity (RH) in an unheated church to prevent mould growth and disintegration of wooden parts. The operation principle of the system is to ensure ventilation in the church when water vapour content in the outdoor air is lower than that indoors, to lower the RH in the church. A case study in Hangvar Church in Gotland, Sweden, was conducted to test the performance of AV to reduce the RH in the church. Field measurements showed that AV has a positive impact on the indoor RH of the church. During the measurement period without climate control, the RH in the church was higher than 70% of 98% of the time; with AV, the indoor RH was higher than 70% only 78% of the time. Building simulation was carried out to test the performance and energy consumption of AV under different conditions. The simulations showed that auxiliary heating and airflow rate both have high impact on the system performance. The higher the heating power, the more effective the system is; thus, lower airflow rates are needed. Infiltration has also high impact on the system performance: the lower the infiltration rate, the better the AV performance is.


Surface mass balance (SMB) is the builder of the Greenland ice sheet and the driver of ice dynamics. Quantifying the past, present and future state of SMB is important to understand the drivers and climatic processes that control SMB, and to both initialize and run ice sheet models which will help clarify sea level rise, and how likely changes in ice sheet extent feedback within the climate system. Regional climate models (RCMs) and climate reanalysis are used to quantify SMB estimates. Although different models have different spatial and temporal biases and may include different processes giving significant uncertainty in both SMB and the ice sheet dynamic response to it, all RCMs show a recent declining trend in SMB from the Greenland ice sheet, driven primarily by enhanced melt rates. Here, we present new simulations of the Greenland ice sheet SMB at 5 km resolution from the RCM HIRHAM5. The RCM is driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis and the global climate model (GCM) EC-Earth v2.3 to make future projections for climate scenarios RCP8.5 and RCP4.5. Future estimates of SMB are affected by biases in driving global climate models, and feedbacks between the ice sheet surface and the global and regional climate system are neglected, likely resulting in significant underestimates of melt and precipitation over the ice sheet. These challenges will need to be met to better estimate the role climate change will have in modulating the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet.


Abstract Nitzschia taikiensis sp. nov. is a brackish diatom species found in the Toberi River marsh, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. This species has characteristics similar to Nitzschia subamphioxoides Hustedt, which was originally described by Hustedt in 1959. In the present study, we conducted a comparative morphological analysis of N. taikiensis and N. subamphioxoides. The obtained results showed that they are different species. Sampling sites of N. taikiensis were located in salt marsh environments with very low salinity (1-5‰), acidic pH (5.2-5.9) and high mud content (95.0-97.5%). Identification of this species was relatively easy based on LM and SEM image analysis of its frustule features, such as the external form and stria density. This species has not been previously reported in Japan, which could be attributed to the reduction or loss of Japanese freshwater and salt marsh environments in the coastal areas, resulting from urban and industrial development.


We present here a detailed experimental study of nonlinear optical scattering in nematic liquid crystals using low-power cw lasers. The scattering is effected by the phase grating created by two intersecting same-frequency lasers. These lasers interfere spatially to create an index modulation via their reorientation effects on the molecules. When aided by a dc magnetic field, the reorientation and nonlinear responses of the medium are enhanced. We have quantitatively measured the dependence of the diffraction efficiency as a function of the optical intensity and the magnetic field ranging from well below to far above the critical orientation threshold values. The scattering is also analyzed in terms of its dependence on the temperature, sample thickness, and the scattering geometry. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical expectations. We also point out some high-intensity effects and applications of this phase grating, e.g., in wave-front conjugation and holographic imaging.


Background: Although the Indian girl child's position is precarious throughout the country, she remains the most vulnerable in Punjab. Objectives: To assess the awareness and perceptions of school children regarding female feticide. Study Design: Crosssectional study. Materials and Methods: The study involved collection of information regarding knowledge and perception of school students about female feticide using multiple choice questionnaire. A total of 527 students between the age group of 11-18 years of various schools of district Ludhiana, Punjab were the study subjects. They had come to participate in the poster competition on organ donation (SAARC Transplant games), organized by Department of Community Medicine, D.M.C and H, Ludhiana. Results: Out of total 527 students, 97.9% were aware of female feticide. Main source of information was TV (56%), followed by newspaper (33%). Majority of the students (65.2 %) felt that discrimination between boys and girls is prevalent in the society. Regarding perception of school students for curbing this social evil, 37.8% school students were of the view that awareness among the masses is the solution to stop this practice, while 25% of the students responded that equal status to girls will stop this practice of female feticide. Conclusions: The school students had optimum level of awareness about female feticide and almost all of them strongly felt that this harmful practice should be stopped altogether.


Structural correlations in disordered media are known to affect significantly the propagation of waves. In this Letter, we theoretically investigate the transport and localization of light in 2D photonic structures with short-range correlated disorder. The problem is tackled semianalytically using the Baus-Colot model for the structure factor of correlated media and a modified independent scattering approximation. We find that short-range correlations make it possible to easily tune the transport mean free path by more than a factor of 2 and the related localization length over several orders of magnitude. This trend is confirmed by numerical finite-difference time-domain calculations. This study therefore shows that disorder engineering can offer fine control over light transport and localization in planar geometries, which may open new opportunities in both fundamental and applied photonics research.


SOM neural network is a fully connected array of neurons composed of non-teachers and self-learning network, which has a strong nonlinear mapping ability and flexible network structure and a high degree of fault tolerance and robustness. This paper introduces the structure of SOM neural network and learning algorithm and presents an instance of marine diesel engines in MATLAB environment. The diagnosis of marine diesel engine showed that the model can reduce the cost of diagnosis and increase the efficiency of diagnosis. There will be well application prospect in practice.


A system is disclosed that provides sound control for an acoustic musical instrument. Typical to all acoustic instruments, the instruments have a structure or housing that defines a vented acoustic chamber. An input or sound inducing mechanism (such as strings of a guitar) imparts a vibration to the structure which causes acoustic waves to resonate within the acoustic chamber. The motion of air in and out of the vent causes acoustic waves to emanate from the chamber that combine with the acoustic waves emanating from the structure to form sound/musical notes. In accordance with the invention, a system controls the sound emanating from such an acoustic instrument. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, at least one integral or smart sensor is disposed adjacent a sensing location of the structure, and the sensor is configured to generate sensed electric signals indicative of the magnitude of structural vibration of the structure at the sensing location. A controller in communication with the sensor, includes a processor for processing the sensed electric signals in accordance with a predetermined method (e.g., computer program). In response, the controller produces output electrical signals. At least one integral or smart actuator is disposed adjacent an actuator location of the structure, and the actuator is in communication with the controller and is configured to receive the output electrical signals and induce structural vibration of the structure at the actuator location. As a result of the foregoing structure and operation the induced vibration of the structure at the actuator location creates acoustics that alter the sound emanating from the acoustic chamber as well as that emanating from the structure. Specifically, signature frequency response characteristics of acoustic instruments like damping and frequency values of structural and acoustic resonances can be altered to alter the sound of the acoustic instruments. The use of integral or smart sensors and actuators put no restrictions on the movement of the acoustic instrument player since they are part of the guitar structure.


Grid is an emerging infrastructure which enables effective coordinate access to various distributed computing resources in order to serve the needs of collaborative research and work across the world. Grid resource management is always a key subject in the grid computing. We first analyze the resource management in the grid computing environment, then according to the load imbalance question in the ant colony optimization algorithm, propose an improved algorithm that suits to be used in the grid environment.


The growth performance and feeding behaviour of bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on several varieties of rice plant were evaluated. The reproductive duration, fecundity and longevity were measured. Feeding behaviour was investigated using the DC electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Results revealed that bird cherry-oat aphids do not prefer rice as a primary host. This EPG study confirmed that aphids are only able to ingest phloem sap (E2) even on a young plant for only 19.9% (1.19 h) of the total 6 h feeding period. This duration reduced sharply to only 1.5% (0.09 h) on mature plants. Therefore, this process affects their fecundity and longevity. It was found that they can only survive for 13 days on average. During that time, only 3.4 nymphs were produced. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences of feeding behaviour of the aphids on different varieties of rice.


After decades of accumulating evidence, the inappropriate use of laboratory services has now become a well-known critical issue. An interesting survey, just recently published in JAMA Internal Medicine (1), describes some interesting aspects concerning the prescription attitudes and the overuse of inpatient laboratory testing in a large American cancer center (i.e., Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA).


Background: Inflammation and hemostasis perturbation may be involved in vascular complications of HIV infection. We examined atherogenic biomarkers and subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected adults before and after beginning highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: In the Women's Interagency HIV Study, 127 HIV-infected women studied pre and post HAART were matched to HIV-uninfected controls. Six semiannual measurements of soluble CD14, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alfa, soluble interleukin (IL) 2 receptor, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, D-dimer, and fibrinogen were obtained. Carotid artery intima–media thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasound. Results: Relative to HIV-uninfected controls, HAART-naive HIV-infected women had elevated levels of soluble CD14 (1945 vs 1662 ng/mL, Wilcoxon signed rank P < 0.0001), TNF-&agr; (6.3 vs 3.4 pg/mL, P < 0.0001), soluble IL-2 receptor (1587 vs 949 pg/mL, P < 0.0001), IL-10 (3.3 vs 1.9 pg/mL, P < 0.0001), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (190 vs 163 pg/mL, P < 0.0001), and D-dimer (0.43 vs 0.31 &mgr;g/mL, P < 0.01). Elevated biomarker levels declined after HAART. Although most biomarkers normalized to HIV-uninfected levels, in women on effective HAART, TNF-&agr; levels remained elevated compared with HIV-uninfected women (+0.8 pg/mL, P = 0.0002). Higher post-HAART levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (P = 0.02), IL-6 (P = 0.05), and D-dimer (P = 0.03) were associated with increased carotid artery intima–media thickness. Conclusions: Untreated HIV infection is associated with abnormal hemostasis (eg, D-dimer), proatherogenic (eg, TNF-&agr;), and antiatherogenic (eg, IL-10) inflammatory markers. HAART reduces most inflammatory mediators to HIV-uninfected levels. Increased inflammation and hemostasis are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in recently treated women. These findings have potential implications for long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients, even with effective therapy.


This paper introduces a new framework for supervised sound source localization referred to as virtually-supervised learning. An acoustic shoe-box room simulator is used to generate a large number of binaural single-source audio scenes. These scenes are used to build a dataset of spatial binaural features annotated with acoustic properties such as the 3D source position and the walls' absorption coefficients. A probabilistic high- to low-dimensional regression framework is used to learn a mapping from these features to the acoustic properties. Results indicate that this mapping successfully estimates the azimuth and elevation of new sources, but also their range and even the walls' absorption coefficients solely based on binaural signals. Results also reveal that incorporating random-diffusion effects in the data significantly improves the estimation of all parameters.


Responsibility for training general paediatricians in Canada lies primarily with the 17 paediatric academic health sciences centres with more programmatic emphasis on subspecialty training and less on preparing residents for general paediatrics. However, the greatest unmet demand in the paediatric workforce will be for consulting paediatric generalists. Here, we define the need for paediatric generalists and list deficiencies in current models to promote more consulting community general paediatricians. The limited presence of general paediatricians as role models reduces the potential for learners to better understand the role of generalists in our specialty. Nationally, we need to advocate for change in teaching models to guide the career choices of our graduates to meet societal needs through better mentorship and educational models that heavily include community-based paediatric consulting generalists. This will be essential to meet our responsibility of supporting primary care colleagues closer to home for our funders, patients and families.


A number of different CT classifications of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were applied to a consecutive series of 50 patients with aneurysmal SAH. The best correlation with delayed ischaemic deficits (DID) was obtained with a score formed by the sum of the individual cisternal grades except that of the cortical subarachnoid space. The findings emphasize the significance of the extent of the SAH, rather than the presence of a localized cisternal clot with regard to the development of DID.


Iris diagnosis is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents believe that patterns, colors, and other characteristics of the iris can be examined to determine information about a patient's systemic health. However, because most of previous studies only find a sign pattern in a gray iris image, they are not enough to be used for a iris diagnosis system. In this paper, we developed an iris diagnosis system based on a color image processing and iris medical information stored in database. The system includes four modules : input module with an iris camera, iris signs extraction module, medical database, output module with printing. Based on a color image processing approach, this paper presents the extraction algorithms of 7 major iris signs and correction manually for improving the accuracy of analysis. We can use the iridology and patient's health DB in the stage of signs analysis. Compared with the existing system, the developed system can be applied to an iris diagnosis system since it provides various additional functions.


Genetically dwarf female mice are sterile but reproduction and lactation can be induced with prolactin-producing heterotopic pituitary homografts. To test if prolactin deficiency is the sole cause of the sterility, female dwarf mice were treated with purified prolactin. Dwarf (dwdw) and Ames dwarf (dfdf) mice in which the vaginae opened spontaneously were mated to non-dwarf males and injected with sheep prolactin starting on the day ofplug formation. Pregnancy, delivery and lactation were obtained in both kinds of dwarf mouse indicating that, in the stocks used, the addition of prolactin alone is sufficient for reproduction.


The intersection of the patent and antitrust laws presents a formidable paradox. The patent laws increase invention and innovation by offering inventors a right to exclude. The antitrust laws foster competition, sometimes through the condemnation of such exclusion. Courts and commentators have struggled with this conflict for generations. To determine whether a company's patent-based actions constitute monopolization, for example, courts have focused on rebuttable presumptions, the scope of the patent, the intent of the defendant, and the denial of an essential facility. This Article proposes a new reconciliation of the patent and antitrust laws. It proffers a common denominator by which the laws can be measured and compared: innovation. And it offers a test that courts should apply when evaluating monopolists' patent-based activity under Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The test takes the form of a rebuttable presumption that proceeds in three steps: (1) a presumption that, as long as the monopolist has a justification for the patent-based action other than harming competitors, the conduct is lawful; (2) a rebuttal if competition (and not patents) is responsible for innovation in the industry; and (3) a surrebuttal by which the monopolist can demonstrate that the relevant market in the industry is characterized by innovation. The centerpiece of the analysis is the rebuttal, which evaluates three ex ante factors (the presence of market-based incentives to innovate, the ease of creating the patented product, and the difficulty of imitating the product) and the ex post factor of the cumulative nature of innovation in the industry. If both the ex ante and ex post factors reveal the primacy of competition in attaining innovation in an industry, then the rebuttal will be met. The Article concludes by applying the test to three hypothetical patentee monopolists: the Bully Monopolist, the Biopharmaceutical Patentee, and the Internet Auctioneer.


Two isomeric series of homologous N-(acryloyloxy)alkylated pyrazolo-3-sulfolenes 10a−c and 18a−c have been efficiently synthesized from a common starting material, 4,6-dihydro-1H-thieno[3,4-c]pyrazole (5). Thermolysis of these fused 3-sulfolenes provides the corresponding o-quinodimethanes which simultaneously undergo "type-two" intramolecular Diels−Alder reactions to form two- and three-atom-bridged tricyclic pyrazoles which are otherwise difficult to prepare. It was also demostrated that, depending on the N-substitution position of the pyrazolo-fused 3-sulfolenes, the temperature required for the thermal extrusion of SO2 and the regioselectivity of the T2-IMDA reactions were influenced substantially.


The current investigation presents a finite difference simulation of a homogeneous tubular reactor under laminar flow conditions. The present simulation considers the unsteady operation where transients in flow hydrodynamics, temperature field, and species concentrations have been considered. Flow development in the entrance region of the present reactor has been considered. Present results exhibit reactant concentration and mixing cup temperature profiles for a variety of operating conditions. Effects of several parameters on the performance of the current reactor have been examined, including, reaction parameter, order of reaction, and Schmidt number. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009


Abstract The Colombian conflict has lasted for around 50 years. It has been fueled by the financial opportunities coming from production and traffic of illegal drugs, and predation of other natural resources. In such a context it is not clear what policies are more effective to reduce conflict. Two public policies that are frequently mentioned as effective to reduce conflict are investments in roads and education. However, a priori, both investments in roads and education may either increase or reduce conflict. After controlling for possible problems of endogeneity, we show that increases in roads provision reduces conflict while education does not. Because this is robust to controlling for measures of state capacity and governance, and the opportunity cost of conflict, our results are likely to be explained by the relative mobility of education and roads. Policies that increase roads provision might help to fight against the intensity of conflict.


The authors report a case of bilateral primary malignant lymphoma of the breast presenting during pregnancy in a 24-year-old woman. After delivery of a healthy premature infant by Caesarean section, polychemotherapy was employed. The efficacy of the treatment could not be evaluated since the patient died within a very short period of time. Autopsy and histological examination revealed infiltration of Burkitt-type lymphoma in the breast, ovary, brain, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, stomach, bone marrow and myocardium.


Maps of standing timber volume provide valuable decision support for forest managers and have therefore been the subject of recent studies. For map production, field observations are commonly combined with area-wide remote sensing data in order to formulate prediction models, which are then applied over the entire inventory area. The accuracy of such maps has frequently been described by parameters such as the root mean square error of the prediction model. The aim of this study was to additionally address the accuracy of timber volume classes, which are used to better represent the map predictions. However, the use of constant class intervals neglects the possibility that the precision of the underlying prediction model may not be constant across the entire volume range, resulting in pronounced gradients between class accuracies. This study proposes an optimization technique that automatically identifies a classification scheme which accounts for the properties of the underlying model and the implied properties of the remote sensing support information. We demonstrate the approach in a mountainous study site in Eastern Switzerland covering a forest area of 2000 hectares using a multiple linear regression model approach. A LiDAR-based canopy height model (CHM) provided the auxiliary information; timber volume observations from the latest forest inventory were used for model calibration and map validation. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.64) and the cross-validated root mean square error (RMSECV = 123.79 m3 ha−1) were only slightly smaller than those of studies in less steep and heterogeneous landscapes. For a large set of pre-defined number of classes, the optimization model successfully identified those classification schemes that achieved the highest possible accuracies for each class.


Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) subjects have high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and may be at high risk of erectile dysfunction and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated the effect of PCSK9-i on sexual function evaluated by the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire and on pulse wave velocity (PWV) in FH male subjects. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated 30 FH male patients on high-intensity statins plus ezetimibe and with an LDL-C off-target. All patients added PCSK9-i treatment and obtained clinical assessment at baseline and after six months of PCSK9-i. As expected, LDL-C significantly decreased after adding-on PCSK9-i (−48.73%, p < 0.001). MSHQ and PWV significantly improved after adding-on PCSK9-i (for MSHQ 93.63 ± 6.28 vs. 105.41 ± 5.86, p < 0.05; for PWV 9.86 ± 1.51 vs. 7.7 ± 1.42, p < 0.05); no significant change of IIEF-5 was found. Finally, a simple regression showed that ∆ MSHQ was significantly associated with ∆ LDL-C and ∆ PWV (p value for both <0.05). In conclusion, PCSK9-i therapy significantly improves lipid profile, PWV, and sexual function in FH male patients; our results support the favorable function of PCSK9-i on these parameters.


ABSTRACT Thermophilic aerobic bacteria were isolated from two geothermal areas in Neuquén province using two different enrichment methods and a total of 30 isolates were obtained. From chicken feather enrichment cultures, strains affiliated to Bacillus cytotoxicus and Bacillus licheniformis were isolated and all of them demonstrated the capability to degrade completely chicken feather. A preliminary research on biotechnological enzymes' potential demonstrated that all the isolates displayed at least one of the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes tested. Most of the isolates showed protease, inulinase and/or pectinase activities, while cellulase and xylanase activities were less common. In light of these findings, geothermal areas of Argentina may be considered as a potential source of thermophilic bacteria able to produce many industrially relevant enzymes.


The paper sets out to distinguish four kinds of copyright limitations, of which only one can be regarded as a true exception. There are (a) subject matter limitations, (b) scope limitations, (c) miscellaneous exceptions, and (d) exceptions properly so-called. The upshot of this classification is that "exceptions properly so-called" denote instances where copyright as a juridical order encounters claims recognized in other juridical orders, with the result that the resolution of the ensuing dispute requires reaching beyond or outside the copyright regime itself. The encounter between copyright and freedom of expression is an example of such a situation. One might say that exceptions properly so-called are sites wherein the language of copyright encounters other juridical languages, thereby giving rise to efforts of translation. From this viewpoint, the problem of language and copyright to which this volume is devoted turns out to be less about examining the relationship between different tongues, than about conceptualizing the nexus between copyright and other juridical orders. In this vein, the paper considers the definitions of and distinctions between subject matter limitations, scope limitations and miscellaneous exceptions. It then discusses aspects of the relation between copyright and human rights as an example of an encounter between copyright and other juridical orders. On that basis, it suggests by way of conclusion that "proportionality" is the name we give to the efforts of translation to which exceptions properly so-called give rise. Exceptions are not peripheral phenomena, but rather invitations to understand the relatedness of different juridical orders as aspects of a comprehensive system of rights.


In 2007, 1.2 million people in the United States were hospitalized with pneumonia, and more than 52 000 died from the disease. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) can be caused by a variety of organisms as a result of patient factors such as comorbidities, epidemiologic conditions, or the setting in which the infection was contracted. Treatment of CABP differs depending on the types of bacteria that are suspected. In the last several years, due to the concern regarding multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), 2 new antibiotics have been developed and approved for use in CABP. Ceftaroline fosamil (Teflaro) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2010 and tigecycline (Tygacil) in March 2009. In clinical trials, both agents have been shown to be efficacious and are generally well tolerated. Although these agents have received approval as therapy for CABP, it is the responsibility of physicians and pharmacists to prudently use these antimicrobials where they are truly needed. Until these agents show superiority over conventional therapy for selected patient populations, given the wide variety of pharmacotherapy that can prove efficacious for pneumonia, the new agents should be reserved for patients who have known risk factors for MDROs. Further studies are warranted for these agents in the setting of CABP.