Sticherus (Gleicheniaceae) is a pantropical genus of about 95 species, characterized by scaly buds, mostly 1-forked veinlets in the segments, (2–)3–5(–7) sporangia per sorus, pseudodichotomously branched blades with pinnatifid or pinnate ultimate branches, and monolete spores. In the Neotropics, we recognize 54 species and three named hybrids. We provide typifications, distributional data, and a key for all species. Nine species are described as new: S. albus , S. antillensis , S. chocoensis , S. fuscus , S. jacha , S. moyobambensis , S. nervatus , S. ovatus , and S. rufus . The following new combinations are proposed: S. boliviensis , S. cubensis , S. decurrens , S. farinosus , S. ferrugineus , S. interjectus , S. lanosus , S . × leonis , S. × pseudobifidus , S. squamosus , and S. × subremotus .


The nature and the role of 1 to 5 nm thick TiO2 seed layers for the growth of textured PbTiO3 and Pb(Zr, Ti)O-3 thin films on textured Pt(111) thin film substrates have been studied. Under otherwise identical in situ sputter deposition process conditions, the PbTiO3 texture could be turned from (100) to (111) orientation by adding the seed layer. This is demonstrated by patterning the TiO2 film. Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy showed that the seed layer was a continuous TiO2 film. X-ray photoelectron diffraction measurements revealed epitaxial ordering in the seed layer. As there is no azimutal order among the Pt grains, the reduced information of azimutally averaged polar cuts is obtained. These give strong evidence for a strained rutile (110) structure. Various deposition experiments indicated that the TiO2 is effective only when it is ordered before the PbTiO3 nucleation starts. The epitaxial relationship between PbTiO3(111) and Pt(111) is thus mediated by the intermediate, epitaxial TiO2 film, which is dissolved of transformed to PbTiO3 afterwards. The observed growth behavior is discussed in terms of surface and interface energies. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(98)03607-X].


To secure the future of "new clockwork," research must overcome the current vulnerabilities of cyber-physical systems to malicious timing attacks. Such attacks can take a wide range of forms—from physical to cyber to a mixture of both— and can cause a wide range of impacts—from local outages to system-wide failures. This paper presents four "needs" that, if properly addressed, will lead to a better understanding of the impact of malicious timing attacks on today's CPS and offer a secure time transfer protocol to defend future CPS from such threats.


Validation, using a prototype of a novel sample digestion device (ColdBlock™ (patent pending, WO 2011/054086 A1)), for elemental determination, has been conducted. This device utilizes focused infra-red radiation to induce speedy sample breakdown and offers an alternative technique of wet sample dissolution that combines reduced digestion time with excellent accuracy and precision. The current study explores the digestion capacity of ColdBlock™ for a variety of solid environmental samples that include difficult matrices. Two certified materials (contaminated soil SS-1, bio-solid CRM030-040) were analyzed. The technology was also used to compare results from a recent inter-laboratory evaluation of an uncertified commercial sludge sample (LPTP12-S2) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Quantification of eleven major metals (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) yielded recoveries from 89–108% and relative standard deviations from 0.7–3.6%, employing a common aqua regia leach that required reduced volumes of acid. Digestion times were satisfactory, since the samples required only 15–20 minutes to deliver the results described above. This technique shows great potential to improve sample throughput while maintaining the quality of analytical results for both research and commercial applications.


The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is implicated in various crucial physiological processes including redox buffering and protection against heavy metal toxicity. GSH is abundant in plants, with reported intracellular concentrations typically in the 1-10 mM range. Various aminotransferases can inadvertently transaminate the amino group of the γ-glutamyl moiety of GSH to produce deaminated glutathione (dGSH), a metabolite damage product. It was recently reported that an amidase known as Nit1 participates in dGSH breakdown in mammals and yeast. Plants have a hitherto uncharacterized homolog of the Nit1 amidase. We show that recombinant Arabidopsis Nit1 (At4g08790) has high and specific amidase activity towards dGSH. Ablating the Arabidopsis Nit1 gene causes a massive accumulation of dGSH and other marked changes to the metabolome. All plant Nit1 sequences examined had predicted plastidial targeting peptides with a potential second start codon whose use would eliminate the targeting peptide. In vitro transcription/translation assays show that both potential translation start codons in Arabidopsis Nit1 were used and confocal microscopy of Nit1-GFP fusions in plant cells confirmed both cytoplasmic and plastidial localization. Furthermore, we show that Arabidopsis enzymes present in leaf extracts convert GSH to dGSH at a rate of 2.8 pmol min-1 mg-1 in the presence of glyoxalate as an amino acceptor. Our data demonstrate that plants have a dGSH repair system that is directed to at least two cellular compartments via the use of alternative translation start sites.


Mutations in the collagen XVII gene, COL17A1, are associated with junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Most COL17A1 mutations lead to a premature termination codon (PTC), whereas only a few mutations result in amino acid substitutions or deletions. We describe here two novel glycine substitutions, G609D and G612R, and a splice site mutation resulting in a deletion of three Gly-X-Y amino acid triplets. In order to investigate the molecular pathomechanisms of non-PTC mutations, G609D and G612R and two previously known substitutions, G627V and G633, and deletion of the amino acids 779-787 were introduced into recombinant collagen XVII. The thermal stability of the mutated collagens was assessed using trypsin digestions at incremental temperatures. All the four glycine substitutions significantly destabilized the ectodomain of collagen XVII, which manifested as 16 degrees C-20 degrees C lower T(m) (midpoint of the helix-to-coil transition). These results were supported by secondary structure predictions, which suggested interruptions of the collagenous triple helix within the largest collagenous domain, Col15. In contrast, deletion of the three full Gly-X-Y triplets, amino acids 779-787, had no overall effect on the stability of the ectodomain, as the deletion was in register with the triplet structure and also generated compensatory changes in the NC15 domain.


Typical corn and soybean meal diets fed to pigs in the US are known to contain as much as 80% of their phosphorus content in a form that is unavailable to the pig (NRC, 1998). Therefore, the phosphorus nutrient requirement has historically been met by inorganic phosphorus supplementation in the diet, often in excess of dietary requirements. Excess dietary phosphorus is excreted in the feces and urine of the pig. This can lead to increased nutrient accumulation in the environment as manure is utilized as a nutrient source for crop production. There have been several dietary manipulations studied in an attempt to achieve greater nutrient digestibility by the pig and prevent excess nutrient excretion. One attempt at reducing phosphorus excretion has been genetically selecting corn to contain less phytic acid phosphorus. Two mutant corn genes, Lpa-1 and Lpa-2, have been identified and used to create corn varieties reported to contain 66% and 33% reductions in phytic acid phosphorus, respectively (Raboy and Gerbasi, 1996). These corn varieties have been reported to increase the bioavialability of phosphorus to the pig approximately 54% (Spencer et al., 1998). Similar genetic selections have been made to increase the protein and energy content of corn. Recently, an elevated fat and protein corn has been developed and has been combined with the low phytic acid gene to create an elevated fat and protein corn with high available phosphorus content.


Recent bathymetric, hydrographic and direct velocity measurements indicate that a previously unexplored deep passage in the northeastern Caribbean Sea may play a significant role in the abyssal ventilation of this basin. The Anegada-Jungfern Passage complex has long been recognized as the sole pathway for deep Atlantic inflow to the eastern Caribbean. The Anegada Passage (sill depth 1915 m) connects the Atlantic Ocean with the small Virgin Islands Basin, while Jungfern Passage (sill depth 1815 m) connects the latter with the large and deep Venezuela Basin comprising the eastern third of the Caribbean Sea. In the region of Jungfem Passage recent bathymetric measurements reveal additional, shallower routes for Atlantic inflow at depths between 1710 and 1630 m. Despite the relatively shallow controlling depths of these passages, direct measurements of velocity and watermass properties reveal an active inflow of water of Atlantic origin. Bathymetric and other oceanographic observations indicate that the previously unexplored Grappler Channel (sill depth 17 10 m; located just west of Jungfern Passage) is responsible for up to 20% of the total inflow to the abyssal Caribbean from the mid-depth Atlantic (about 0.2 Sv).


Background The effectiveness of lithium is being questioned increasingly and requires clarification. Aims To assess the effectiveness of lithium treatment in depression and mania, syndromal types I and II, with predominantly mixed or psychotic episodes or rapid cycling, during treatment resumed following discontinuation, and across three decades. Method The longitudinal course of 360 patients with bipolar disorder compliant with lithium treatment for at least 1 year and without comorbidity for substance use disorder was reviewed. Results Risk of single-episode recurrences, a common index of treatment failure, was similar to that in other reports. Both episode frequency and 'time ill' improved more in type II than type I cases. Reduced morbidity during treatment was similar in patients with mixed or psychotic episodes, or rapid cycling, and in less complex cases. Retreatment yielded minor decrements in response, and there was no tendency for lesser responses in more recent years. Conclusions Based on overall affective morbidity, long-term lithium treatment in compliant patients without comorbid substance use disorder, though imperfect, remains effective, even in subgroups of supposedly poor prognosis.


The aim of this article was to study whether the transition to lighter beverages in Sweden has been associated with a decrease in alcohol-related harm. The analyses were based on Swedish aggregate time-series data on alcohol consumption and different forms of alcohol-related mortality for the period 1950–2001. A descriptive trend comparison revealed that, since the 1970s, the mortality rates per liter for most studied outcomes followed the trend in proportion of spirits fairly well. Time-series model estimations only partially supported this picture: Beverage-specific models revealed that, of all beverages, spirits was significantly related to most different forms of mortality, but in models that included proportion of spirits (controlling for total consumption), the association was only significant for male liver cirrhosis. In conclusion, the findings do not support the idea that the composition of beverages in the total compossition has an independent effect on alcohol-related harm. However, because per capita consumption of spirits was significantly related to more forms of mortality than beer or wine, we cannot rule out alcohol policy measures directed towards the consumption of stronger beverages as being noneffective in terms of reducing alcohol-related harm.


Abstract This article discusses the prevalence of ASD with specific regard to the most ubiquitous current treatment, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). A discussion of some of the issues with the underlying theory of ABA in its current application is conducted, especially with regard to "lower functioning" and nonverbal autistic individuals; namely, the curtailing of soothing "stimming" behaviors, operant conditioning, behaviorist principles that research has continued to prove it is not apt for usage with autistic individuals, as well as the unintended but damaging consequences, such as prompt dependency, psychological abuse and compliance that tend to pose high costs on former ABA students as they move into adulthood. Serious issues with the application of ABA to autistic students, specifically "lower functioning" and nonverbal ones, are discussed, especially with regard to lack of current and longitudinal scientific testing and research with respect to these individuals. These effects and the trauma that occurs resultantly are categorized as abuse. Finally, drivers of the expanded usage of ABA within the autistic community despite a lack of efficacy are also discussed, such as a potential current market size as large as $17 billion annually and the deficiency of variety in techniques used by the psychologists and behavior technicians who utilize ABA with ASD students, as well as a lack of introspection about the true effectiveness of the technique amongst the whole population on the part of these professionals.


The volume, accuracy, accessibility and level of detail of near real-time data emerging from disaster-affected regions continue to significantly improve. Integration of dynamically evolving in-field data is an important, yet often overlooked, component of the humanitarian logistics models. In this paper, we present a framework for real-time humanitarian logistics data focused on use in mathematical modeling along with modeling implications of this framework. We also discuss how one might measure the attributes of the framework and describe the application of the presented framework to a case study of near real-time data collection in the days following the landfall of Typhoon Haiyan. We detail our first-hand experience of capturing data as the post-disaster response unfolds starting on November 10, 2013 until March 31, 2014 and assess the characteristics and evolution of data pertaining to humanitarian logistics modeling using the proposed framework. The presented logistical content analysis examines the availability of data and informs modelers about the current state of near real-time data. This analysis illustrates what data is available, how early it is available, and how data changes after the disaster. The study describes how our humanitarian logistics team approached the emergence of dynamic online data after the disaster and the challenges faced during the collection process, as well as recommendations to address these challenges in the future (when possible) from an academic humanitarian logistics perspective.


Summary The interaction between GPIb and thrombin promotes platelet activation elicited via the hydrolysis of the thrombin receptor and involves structures located on the segment 238-290 within the N-terminal domain of GPIbα and the positively charged exosite 1 on thrombin. We have investigated the ability of peptides derived from the 269-287 sequence of GPIbα to interact with thrombin. Three peptides were synthesized, including Ibα 269-287 and two scrambled peptides R1 and R2 which are comparable to Ibα 269-287 with regards to their content and distribution of anionic residues. However, R2 differs from both Ibα 269-287 and R1 by the shifting of one proline from a central position to the N-terminus. By chemical cross-linking, we observed the formation of a complex between 125I-Ibα 269-287 and α-thrombin that was inhibited by hirudin, the C-terminal peptide of hirudin, sodium pyrophosphate but not by heparin. The complex did not form when γ-thrombin was substituted for α-thrombin. Ibα 269-287 produced only slight changes in thrombin amidolytic activity and inhibited thrombin binding to fibrin. R1 and R2 also formed complexes with α-thrombin, modified slightly its catalytic activity and inhibited its binding to fibrin. Peptides Ibα 269-287 and R1 inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion induced by low thrombin concentrations whereas R2 was without effect. Our results indicate that Ibα 269-287 interacts with thrombin exosite 1 via mainly electrostatic interactions, which explains why the scrambled peptides also interact with exosite 1. Nevertheless, the lack of effect of R2 on thrombin-induced platelet activation suggests that proline 280 is important for thrombin interaction with GPIb.


Drug-induced liver injury is a ubiquitous issue in clinical settings and pharmaceutical industry. Hepatotoxicity elicited by drugs may be intrinsic or idiosyncratic, both which are driven by different molecular mechanisms. Recently, a unifying mechanistic model of drug-induced liver injury has been introduced. According to this model, drug-induced hepatotoxicity relies on 3 consecutive steps, namely an initial cellular insult that leads to the occurrence of mitochondrial permeability transition, which in turn ultimately burgeons into the onset of cell death. Clinically, drug-induced liver injury can be manifested in a number of acute and chronic conditions, including hepatitis, cholestasis, steatosis and fibrosis. These pathologies can be diagnosed and monitored by addressing well-established physical, clinical chemistry and histopathological biomarkers. In the last few years, several novel read-outs of drug-induced liver injury have been proposed, involving genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic parameters. These new concepts and recent developments in the field of drug-induced liver injury are revised in the current paper.


The duration of the period comprised between mating and the onset of laying and its correlates and consequences for aspects of female breeding performance are investigated in a population of pied flycatchers studied for 5 years. That duration may represent a compromise between the selective pressure on females to breed as early as possible and the need for females attempting to breed to be in prime nutritional condition. It is shown that the duration of the prelaying period is shorter for late breeders, but is apparently unrelated to subsequent condition of the female and indices of breeding performance. A low, significant between-year repeatability (R = 0.16) in the duration of female prelaying period was detected. However, there was a large component of environmental, as opossed to genetic, variation which may reflect stochasticity affecting timing of breeding and age factors. Overall, the evidence supports models of strategic adjustment of breeding date to offspring prospects, rather than those based on condition-constrained breeding date.


This is a finely judged piece of criticism. Is a dramatic poem the same as drama-as-a-poeml How different from either is poetic drama or poetry-in-the-iheatrel Is there a genre identifiable as Shakespearian tragedy! or are such plays merely Shakespearian tragedies! Should a series such as 'The Critics Debate', clearly identified as dealing in literary criticism, include, among its specimens for dissection, plays of the theatre? Is Othello to be criticized as literature or theatre? 'It ought to be obvious that the most intelligent and satisfying understanding of a drama will marry scholarship and dramatic practice.' Quite so. But in the final analysis should not a play be accounted ' the experience of the play as performed? In less than one hundred pages this book highlights most of the above arguments and most intelligently marries scholarship and dramatic criticism. There are comments on the play's contemporary background, its 'double-time', the importance or otherwise of Othello as Moor, arguments relative to 'black and white' morality, and, most importantly, the concept that the play is not 'about' any one specific issue jealousy, or race, or even prejudice broadly interpreted but that it is about itself: that 'the action ... springs from within it' and that we should resist attempts to import into it our own moral concerns. This book is most highly recommended to all students A-level crammers, undergraduates of both English and Drama Departments, the theatregoer, and the general reader.


We conducted a cross-sectional study of the spatial distribution of HTLV-I/II infection among blood donors of Hemominas Foundation, living in Belo Horizonte, from 1994 to 1996. Study population (1,022) was composed by 533 cases (positive Western Blot (WB), indeterminate WB and ELISA positive without WB result) and a random sample of 489 non-cases (HTLV-I/II serum negative). Cases and non-cases were georeferenced using the exact or an approximation of the household address reported at the blood donation interview. Using multivariate analysis, cases with WB result are less likely to be reposition blood donors compared to voluntary ones (OR = 0.70; CI 95%: 0.50-0.99). Using the difference between univariate K functions, we found no evidence that cases and non-cases differ in their spatial distribution. We found no evidence that cases with and without WB result differ in the distance between their residence and Hemominas Foundation. No donors without WB result were georeferenced by the exact address. These donors could not have received the Hemominas letter inviting them to return to collect the second blood sample.


In this work, the Z-type barium ferrite of single phase was prepared by the salt-molten method which was a novel, economical and environmentally friendly method. The results showed that the salt was helpful to get single phase and could effectively modify the shape of the powder. Based on the microwave measurement, reflection losses exceeding −20 dB of Co2Z composite were obtained in the frequency range of 4.1–14.5 GHz for absorber thicknesses of 2.1–3.5 mm and the minimum value of the reflection loss was -42.9 dB at 4.9 GHz for the thickness of 2.9 mm. For those unique properties, Co2Z could be a good candidate for electromagnetic (EM) materials and other practical applications at the high frequency.


Do party systems matter? Funding agencies think so. In fact, they spend millions of dollars annually to create and cultivate democratic party systems in developing countries. They want competitive party systems with stable factions that avoid fragmentation. These party system traits--competitiveness, stability, and lack of fragmentation--are important in the world of party aid. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Thomas Carothers describes these funding efforts in Confronting the Weakest Link: Aiding Political Parties in New Democracies. International aid to parties blossomed in the 1970s, when German foundations aided democratic parties in Southern Europe and Latin America. In the mid-1980s, the United States created the National Endowment for Democracy, which funded the international Republican Institute (IRI) and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) to support party development in countries across the globe. Since then, foundations in other Western European countries developed and expanded their own programs of party aid. International agencies, such as the Organization of American States, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the 'United Nations joined in funding party development in the context of democratic assistance. The UN Democratic Governance Group's Handbook of Working with Political Panics set forth the rationale, saying that "political parties are an essential part of the apparatus of governance." It cited many contributions of political parties: aggregating interests, mobilizing the electorate, shaping public policies, holding politicians accountable, and fostering future leaders. Citizens across the world, however, do not share the UN's positive view of political parties. When the World Values Survey asked people in 55 countries "how much confidence" they had in their parties, almost 75 percent on average said either "not much" or "very little." Only in China, Vietnam, and Malaysia did a majority say they had "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their parties. Notwithstanding the public's negative views, most scholars agree with the UN Democratic Governance Group and regard parties as necessary to democratic government and value their contributions to governance. Assuming that political parties contribute to the quality of country governance, international organizations and non-governmental organizations have poured millions of dollars into party development under the framework of democratic assistance. Carothers offers a "very rough estimate" of US$200 million spent in 2005 on total worldwide party aid. By 2011, the AP reported that the IRI and NDI alone spent over US$100 million to support the democratic movement in Egypt. Agencies providing the funds assume that their spending has positive effects, but there is little measurable evidence. Case studies in different countries show mixed results. African and Asian leaders and scholars have accused Western donors of pressing multiparty politics on skeptical publics that think parties represent corrupt elites, while ruling elites fear that party reforms threaten their hold on power. Carothers described these national concerns and problematic results anecdotally in Confronting the Weakest Link. He offers an "up-to-date analytic treatment of party aid," but he does not demonstrate that aiding political parties helps country governance in any measurable way. Relying on a comprehensive cross-national survey of political parties and country governance in 212 countries, we addressed the underlying assumption of funding party aid in developing countries. In Party Systems and Country Governance, written with Korean scholar Jin-Young Kwak, we ask, "Does the quality of the party system affect the quality of governance?" We sought to explain variance in the World Bank's six 2007 Worldwide Governance Indicators for 212 countries by traits of their party systems. …


In the aftermath of the 1997/1998 crisis, Asian economies have built up large holdings of international reserves. Although initially encouraged to do so by the IMF, more recently they have been criticised for maintaining undervalued currencies, running large current account balance of payments surpluses and accumulating excessive reserves, policies that have been blamed in part for causing global economic imbalances. This paper examines two related issues. The first is the role of closer international macroeconomic policy co-ordination in rectifying the imbalances and the institutional mechanisms through which this may be achieved. The second is the alternative ways in which the liquidity needs of Asian economies may be met without them having to acquire large reserve holdings. There may be an inconsistency in opposing reserve accumulation in Asia and at the same time blocking reform that would provide additional security against subsequent economic and financial crises.


This study was an investigation into finding out if football stadiums of the 21st century should be built in the surroundings of a city-centre to benefit the wider community. Many stadiums are built for the initial purpose of hosting major sporting events. The UK finds itself entering the Golden Era for sport (see Chapter 1.6), giving such a research paper a reputable current worth. This research paper will discuss how the choice of locating a football stadium in the outskirts of a city is outdated and without good reason. In the history of Portsmouth Football Club's proposals for a new stadium, the Portsmouth City Council has had reasons in which to veto the commencement of construction. Some of these reasons include: lack of developable land in the inner city, contamination and environmental issues and problems tackling traffic congestion and flood risks. This report is not a research paper about why the proposal of positioning the stadium in Gunwharf Quays was specifically turned down: it is a research paper on the optimal location of a football stadium in the UK, using the proposal in Gunwharf Quays as a case study. For example, flood risk is not an issue concerning the majority of cities in the country, and hence is not an issue in this report. Topics which are both relevant and imperative to this research are 'impacts on residential markets', 'the perception of a preferred location for citing stadium', 'problems with hooliganism and security' and 'issues concerning traffic congestion and car parking'. These are all factors pertaining to any city across the country, and so are important in this report. This paper sets out to disprove the widely held belief that living in close proximity to a football stadium is perceived negatively by the general public. Furthermore, with the aid of recently published work, it will argue that the myth-like belief that football stadia effect negatively on residential markets is wrong and without foundation.


What beliefs do citizens who perceive levels of corruption in their countries to be of significance hold? Do those beliefs arise from their exposure to corruption? Furthermore, do perceptual and experiential corruption decrease the reservoir of legitimacy of a democratic regime? We attempt to answer these questions using the 2012 Americas Barometer survey of 24 Latin American countries. We find that whereas "rational-choice corruptors," males and, to a lesser extent, individuals with resources are particularly exposed to corruption, perceived corruption originates from a sense of impunity derived from a negative evaluation of the state's ability to curb corruption. In addition, we show that perceived corruption significantly decreases citizen satisfaction with democracy, but exposure to corruption does not. All in all, the policy implications of our study are straightforward: having an efficient and trusted judiciary is central to curbing both experiential and perceived corruption, even if it increases the latter in the short run.


Alpers' syndrome is a fatal neurogenetic disorder first described more than 70 years ago. It is an autosomal recessive, developmental mitochondrial DNA depletion disorder characterized by deficiency in mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (POLG) catalytic activity, refractory seizures, neurodegeneration, and liver disease. In two unrelated pedigrees of Alpers' syndrome, each affected child was found to carry a homozygous mutation in exon 17 of the POLG locus that led to a Glu873Stop mutation just upstream of the polymerase domain of the protein. In addition, each affected child was heterozygous for the G1681A mutation in exon 7 that led to an Ala467Thr substitution in POLG, within the linker region of the protein. Ann Neurol 2004


Collision is among the important processes for the growth of continents, and the way in which subduction becomes a collision is still an active research topic. Here, I examine the seismogenic structures of southern and central Taiwan where the subduction along the Manila Trench has terminated and given way to an arc-continent collision on land. Based on focal mechanisms and seven finite-fault slip models, coseismic tectonic extrusion is active in this region, in which the basement highs on the incoming passive margin are acting as indentors and strongly modifying the seismic moment release patterns in the collision zone. At least three magnitude 7 earthquakes have ruptured both north and south of an indentor called the Peikang high in the past hundred years. After examination, the basement highs show little global positioning system (GPS)–recorded relative motion with respect to the incoming passive margin; high Bouguer gravity anomalies associated with denser materials of the basement; and low heat flow due to less dewatering and exhumation. With regard to seismogenic structures, faster GPS relative motions, lower Bouguer gravity anomalies, and higher heat flow characterize the regions surrounding the indentors. Similar processes might be operating in other arc-continent collision zones. For other regions where there are fewer seismic instruments to monitor earthquakes, it might be helpful to combine a geological survey with gravity and other geophysical data sets to help identify such potential seismogenic structures.


UNLABELLED
Adenosine modulates brain activity through 4 G protein-coupled receptors, primarily adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)ARs). A(1)ARs are heterogeneously distributed throughout the brain and participate in many physiologic processes-for example, the induction of sleep and feedback inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission. There is also evidence that A(1)ARs are involved in brain pathologies, including cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, measuring A(1)ARs in the living brain has been a long-standing goal. This report describes the preclinical evaluation of (18)F-8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ((18)F-CPFPX), a novel A(1)AR PET ligand.

METHODS
CPFPX, a xanthine-based A(1)AR antagonist, was labeled with either (18)F or (3)H, maintaining identical chemical structures, and evaluated in rats as a putative radioligand for in vivo or in vitro imaging of brain A(1)ARs by quantitative receptor autoradiography and the combination of high-resolution small animal PET and MRI.

RESULTS
(3)H-CPFPX bound with nanomolar affinity (K(d), 4.4 nmol/L) to A(1)ARs and showed a distribution typical of cerebral A(1)ARs. In extensive in vitro competition studies, (3)H-CPFPX proved to be a highly selective and specific A(1)AR radioligand. Neither the nonxanthine-type adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist ZM 241385 nor multiple cholinergic, serotoninergic, and glutamatergic receptor compounds competed for (3)H-CPFPX below the micromolar level. In vivo animal PET and ex vivo autoradiographic experiments measured radioactivity in discrete brain regions after intravenous injection of (18)F-CPFPX. (18)F-CPFPX had excellent in vivo stability and penetrated the blood-brain barrier immediately after injection due to its high lipophilicity. Brain uptake was rapid and particularly high in gray matter regions. Retention of (18)F-CPFPX was highest in the cerebellum, thalamus, and neocortex with evidence of saturable binding. Low binding potentials were found in the midbrain. In vivo displacement PET experiments with the A(1)AR antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine showed a 72% +/- 8% displacement of (18)F-CPFPX.

CONCLUSION
(18)F-CPFPX is a highly selective and specific ligand for A(1)ARs and a suitable radioligand for noninvasive PET imaging of A(1)ARs in the living brain. These studies also support the application of high-resolution animal PET as an effective in vivo imaging tool in the evaluation process of new radioligands.


Every decade since 1950 has seen more floods and more wildfires on every continent. Deserts are expanding, coral reefs are dying, fisheries are declining, and hurricanes are strengthening. The debate about climate change is over: there's no question that global warming has made the Earth sick, and the outlook for the future calls for ever-warmer temperatures and deadlier results. Something must be done - but how quickly?With "Global Fever", William H. Calvin delivers both a clear-eyed diagnosis and a strongly worded prescription. In striking, straightforward language, he first sets out the current state of the Earth's warming climate and the disastrous possibilities ahead should we continue on our current path. Increasing temperatures will kill off vegetation and dry up water resources, and their loss will lead, in an increasingly destructive feedback loop, to even more warming. Resource depletion, drought, and disease will follow, leading to socioeconomic upheaval - and accompanying violence - on a scale barely conceivable.It is still possible, Calvin argues, to avoid such a dire fate. But we must act now, aggressively funneling resources into jump-starting what would amount to a third industrial revolution, this one of clean technologies - while simultaneously expanding our use of existing low-emission technologies, from nuclear power to plug-in hybrid vehicles, until we achieve the necessary scientific breakthroughs.Passionately written, yet thoroughly grounded in the latest climate science, "Global Fever" delivers both a stark warning and an ambitious blueprint for saving the future of our planet.


The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, follows an XX (female) and XY (male) sex determination system. Maternal supply of the protein Transformer (Tra) is required for XX insects to follow the female pathway. The nature and source of the signal that regulates male sex determination in XY beetles are not known. Parental RNAi-aided knockdown in expression of tra masculinizes genetic females (XX) that are fertile. The virgin females mated with these masculinized genetic females produced all female progeny. We present the genetic evidence to show that the factor responsible for male sex determination is present on the Y chromosome. These data also suggest that the Y chromosome in T. castaneum is not required for male fertility.


The mechanical heart valve (MHV) is commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nonphysiological hemodynamic in the MHV may cause hemolysis, platelet activation, and an increased risk of thromboembolism. Thromboembolism may cause severe complications and valve dysfunction. This paper thoroughly reviewed the simulation of physical quantities (velocity distribution, vortex formation, and shear stress) in healthy and dysfunctional MHV and reviewed the non-Newtonian blood flow characteristics in MHV. In the MHV numerical study, the dysfunction will affect the simulation results, increase the pressure gradient and shear stress, and change the blood flow patterns, increasing the risks of hemolysis and platelet activation. The blood flow passes downstream and has obvious recirculation and stagnation region with the increased dysfunction severity. Due to the complex structure of the MHV, the non-Newtonian shear-thinning viscosity blood characteristics become apparent in MHV simulations. The comparative study between Newtonian and non-Newtonian always shows the difference. The shear-thinning blood viscosity model is the basics to build the blood, also the blood exhibiting viscoelastic properties. More details are needed to establish a complete and more realistic simulation.


This article examines the wording, tone, and meaning of the Qur'ân, and its effective and persuasive language in presenting ideas, thoughts, and the psychological situation. The study uses modern linguistic approach, combined with synchronic and diachronic methods. This article reveals the following conclusions: first, the description of the Qur'ân is formed from a series of words chosen carefully in accordance with the tone of meaning, and is organized in accordance with the ideas and situations presented; second, the properties of the Qur'ân in describing the ideas, thoughts and situation is very connotative, leading to multiple interpretations, and demonstrating the effect of musicality; and third, the description of the Qur'ân in presenting ideas and psychological situation is very effective and persuasive because it is delivered in the form of a real and coherent picture.


OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the epidemiologic features of the confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Pyeongtaek St. Mary's Hospital, where the outbreak first began, in order to identify lessons relevant for the prevention and control of future outbreaks. METHODS: The patients' clinical symptoms and test results were collected from their medical records. The caregivers of patients were identified by phone calls. RESULTS: After patient zero (case #1) was admitted to Pyeongtaek St. Mary's Hospital (May 15-May 17), an outbreak occurred, with 36 cases between May 18 and June 4, 2015. Six patients died (fatality rate, 16.7%). Twenty-six cases occurred in the first-generation, and 10 in the second-generation. The median incubation period was five days, while the median period from symptom onset to death was 12.5 days. While the total attack rate was 3.9%, the attack rate among inpatients was 7.6%, and the inpatients on the eighth floor, where patient zero was hospitalized, had an 18.6% attack rate. In contrast, caregivers and medical staff showed attack rates of 3.3% and 1.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The attack rates were higher than those of the previous outbreaks in other countries. The outbreak spread beyond Pyeongtaek St. Mary's Hospital when four of the patients were moved to other hospitals without appropriate quarantine. The best method of preventing future outbreaks is to overcome the vulnerabilities observed in this outbreak, such as ward crowding, patient migration without appropriate data sharing, and the lack of an initial broad quarantine.


Objectives: To review the imaging findings and outcome of unilateral pulmonary agenesis in the fetus. Methods: Retrospective review at a single academic center. Results: Case 1: Presented at 29 weeks with severe IUGR, occipital encephalocele, left renal agenesis, arthrogryposis, small stomach and left lung agenesis. The infant died at 30 hrs of age, no intervention occured. Case 2: Presented at 18 weeks with unilateral left lung agenesis, small right lung, right renal agenesis, interrupted aortic arch, facial dysmorphism. The infant lived about 30 mins after resuscitation attempts ceased. Case 3: Presented at 20 weeks with left pulmonary agenesis, right renal agenesis, club foot, caudal regression sequence and other vertebral segmentation anomalies as well as a single umbilical artery. The infant survived; she had emergency repair of aortic coarctation and is alive at age 3. All had normal karyotype. Conclusions: Pulmonary agenesis is described as an isolated finding in the pediatric literature however 50% of live born infants have features of the VACTERL association. Our series suggests that the prognosis is guarded when the diagnosis is made prenatally. All three had significant associated abnormalities, some of which were not appreciated on fetal US or MRI. Two infants died in the neonatal period and the third had a difficult time during repair of an unanticipated coarctation of the aorta.


OBJECTIVE
Treatment approaches used in community residential facilities for patients with substance use disorders were identified, and patients' participation in treatment and case-mix-adjusted one-year outcomes for substance use, symptoms, and functioning in facilities with different treatment approaches were examined.

METHODS
A total of 2,376 patients with substance use disorders treated in a representative sample of 88 community residential facilities were assessed at entry to and discharge from the facility and at one-year follow-up. The community residential facilities were classified into four types based on the major emphasis of the treatment program: therapeutic community, psychosocial rehabilitation, 12-step, and undifferentiated.

RESULTS
Patients in programs that used the therapeutic community, psychosocial rehabilitation, and 12-step approaches had comparable one-year outcomes in symptoms and functioning that were better than those of patients in undifferentiated programs. A more directed treatment orientation, a longer episode of care, and completion of care were independently related to better one-year outcomes. These findings held for patients with only substance use disorders and for patients with both substance use and psychiatric disorders.

CONCLUSIONS
Community residential programs that have a more directed treatment orientation and that motivate patients to complete treatment have better substance use outcomes. As an increasingly important locus of specialized care, community residential facilities need to develop and maintain more differentiated and distinctive treatment orientations.


Background Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes often find it difficult to control their blood glucose level on a daily basis because of distance or physical incapacity. With the increase in Internet-enabled smartphone use, this problem can be resolved by adopting a mobile diabetes monitoring system. Most existing studies have focused on patients' usability perceptions, whereas little attention has been paid to physicians' intentions to adopt this technology. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the perceptions and user acceptance of mobile diabetes monitoring among Japanese physicians. Methods A questionnaire survey of physicians was conducted in Japan. The structured questionnaire was prepared in a context of a mobile diabetes monitoring system that controls blood glucose, weight, physical activity, diet, insulin and medication, and blood pressure. Following a thorough description of mobile diabetes monitoring with a graphical image, questions were asked relating to system quality, information quality, service quality, health improvement, ubiquitous control, privacy and security concerns, perceived value, subjective norms, and intention to use mobile diabetes monitoring. The data were analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) path modeling. Results In total, 471 physicians participated from 47 prefectures across Japan, of whom 134 were specialized in internal and gastrointestinal medicine. Nine hypotheses were tested with both the total sample and the specialist subsample; results were similar for both samples in terms of statistical significance and the strength of path coefficients. We found that system quality, information quality, and service quality significantly affect overall quality. Overall quality determines the extent to which physicians perceive the value of mobile health monitoring. However, in contrast to our initial predictions, overall quality does not have a significant direct effect on the intention to use mobile diabetes monitoring. With regard to net benefits, both ubiquitous control and health improvement are significant predictors. Net benefits in turn significantly motivate physicians to use mobile health monitoring, and has a strong influence on perceived value. Perceived value and subjective norms are predictors of intention to use. In our sample, concerns over privacy and security risk have no significant effects on intention to use mobile diabetes monitoring. Among the 3 control variables, only age significantly affected intention to use mobile diabetes monitoring, whereas experience and gender were not significant predictors of intention. Conclusions Physicians consider perceived value and net benefits as the most important motivators to use mobile diabetes monitoring. Overall quality assessment does affect their intention to use this technology, but only indirectly through perceived value. Net benefits seem to be a strong driver in both a direct and indirect manner, implying that physicians may perceive health improvement with ubiquitous control as a true utility by enhancing cost-effective monitoring, and simultaneously recognize it as a way to create value for their clinical practices.


Environmental decisions made by individuals, civil society, and the state involve questions of economic efficiency, environmental effectiveness, equity, and political legitimacy. These four criteria are constitutive of the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, which has become the dominant rhetorical device of environmental governance. We discuss the tendency for disciplinary research to focus on particular subsets of the four criteria, and argue that such a practice promotes solutions that do not acknowledge the dynamics of scale and the heterogeneity of institutional contexts. We advocate an interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of environmental decisionmaking that seeks to identify legitimate and context-sensitive institutional solutions producing equitable, efficient, and effective outcomes. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by using it to examine decisions concerning contested nature conservation and multiple-use commons in the management of Hickling Broad in Norfolk in the United Kingdom. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches enable the generalisation and transfer of lessons in a way that respects the specifics and context of the issue at hand.


The 4m Advance Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) will be the most powerful solar telescope in the world, providing a unique scientific tool to study the Sun and possibly other astronomical objects, such as solar system planets. We briefly summarize the science drivers and observational requirements of ATST. The main focus of this paper is on the many technical challenges involved in designing a large aperture solar telescope. The ATST project has entered the design and development phase. Development of a 4-m solar telescope presents many technical challenges. Most existing high-resolution solar telescopes are designed as vacuum telescopes to avoid internal seeing caused by the solar heat load. The large aperture drives the ATST to an open-air design, similar to night-time telescope designs, and makes thermal control of optics and telescope structure a paramount consideration. A heat stop must reject most of the energy (13 kW) at prime focus without introducing internal seeing. To achieve diffraction-limited observations at visible and infrared wavelengths, ATST will have a high order (order 1000 DoF) adaptive optics system using solar granulation as the wavefront sensing target. Coronal observations require occulting in prime focus, a Lyot stop and contamination control of the primary. An initial set of instruments will be designed as integral part of the telescope. First telescope design and instrument concepts will be presented.


Continued unsustainability and surpassed planetary boundaries require not only scientific and technological advances, but deep and enduring social and cultural changes. The purpose of this article is to contribute a theoretical approach to understand conditions and constraints for societal change towards sustainable development. In order to break with unsustainable norms, habits, practices, and structures, there is a need for learning for transformation, not only adaption. Based on a critical literature review within the field of learning for sustainable development, our approach is a development of the concept of transformative learning, by integrating three additional dimensions—Institutional Structures, Social Practices, and Conflict Perspectives. This approach acknowledges conflicts on macro, meso, and micro levels, as well as structural and cultural constraints. It contends that transformative learning is processual, interactional, long-term, and cumbersome. It takes place within existing institutions and social practices, while also transcending them. The article adopts an interdisciplinary social science perspective that acknowledges the importance of transformative learning in order for communities, organizations, and individuals to be able to deal with global sustainability problems, acknowledging the societal and personal conflicts involved in such transformation.


Therion Biologics, the NCI and Aventis Pasteur are investigating CEA-TRICOM, a recombinant, pox virus-based vaccine that incorporates a triple dose of costimulatory molecules as well as the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor antigen, for the potential treatment of colorectal cancer. CEA-TRICOM is designed to stimulate and strengthen the body's immune system to kill colorectal cancer cells. CEA-TRICOM is administered in a priming and boosting protocol using two unique pox virus vectors, rV-CEA-TRICOM (recombinant vaccinia vector) and rF-CEA-TRICOM (recombinant fowlpox vector). The TRICOM component of both rV-CEA-TRICOM and rF-CEA-TRICOM comprises three costimulatory molecule transgenes (B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3) [414643], [414645], known to elicit strong cellular immune responses necessary for complete tumor destruction. In preclinical studies conducted by the NCI and Therion, researchers have demonstrated that this combination of three costimulatory molecules dramatically boosts the immune response to eradicate cancer in murine models [399610], [414631]. In February 2001, Therion Biologics and the NCI initiated a phase I trial of CEA-TRICOM [399610]. The phase I trial of CEA-TRICOM is designed to demonstrate proof-of-principle for using multiple costimulatory molecules in conjunction with a tumor antigen to improve the strength of cellular immune responses. It is a multistage, dose-escalation study that will assess the safety and immunologic effects of CEA-TRICOM in up to 42 patients who have advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. Subjects will receive rF-CEA-TRICOM alone, rV-CEA-TRICOM followed by booster vaccinations with rF-CEA-TRICOM or rV-CEA-TRICOM followed by rF-CEA-TRICOM and GM-CSF adjuvant. The primary measure of immune response will be the level of CEA-specific T-cells stimulated by vaccination, with levels of CEA-expressing tumor cells in the blood used as a potential secondary measure of treatment effect [399610].


AimTo describe the occurrence of arrhythmic death among survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the availability of a primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). MethodsConsecutive patients who fulfilled the criteria for AMI admitted to the Sahlgrenska University Hospital during 21 months were prospectively followed for 2 years with a focus on echocardiography and mode of death. ResultsAmong the 471 patients, for whom information on ejection fraction (EF) was available and who survived the first week, 10 patients died between days 7 and 30 – of whom one had an arrhythmic death. Among the 461 survivors on day 30, 34 patients (7.4%) had an EF of 30% or less. Among these, 24 were judged to be available for ICD implantation, of whom one died an arrhythmic death during follow-up. Among the remaining 10 patients who were excluded from ICD indication because of either high age and/or severe comorbidity, two patients died an arrhythmic death. Among the remaining 427 patients who had an EF greater than 30%, six died an arrhythmic death. Thus, 10 patients, with EF assessed, died an arrhythmic death between day 7 and 2 years after AMI, but only one would have received an ICD according to the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II criteria and clinical judgement. ConclusionOf the 471 consecutive survivors of AMI, 10 (2%) died an arrhythmic death, of whom only one would have received an ICD according to current guidelines and clinical judgement. Predictors of subsequent arrhythmic death after an AMI, useful on a per patient basis, remain an unmet need.


Autonomous driving in multi-agent dynamic traffic scenarios is challenging: the behaviors of road users are uncertain and are hard to model explicitly, and the ego-vehicle should apply complicated negotiation skills with them, such as yielding, merging and taking turns, to achieve both safe and efficient driving in various settings. Traditional planning methods are largely rule-based and scale poorly in these complex dynamic scenarios, often leading to reactive or even overly conservative behaviors. Therefore, they require tedious human efforts to maintain workability. Recently, deep learning-based methods have shown promising results with better generalization capability but less hand engineering efforts. However, they are either implemented with supervised imitation learning (IL), which suffers from dataset bias and distribution mismatch issues, or are trained with deep reinforcement learning (DRL) but focus on one specific traffic scenario. In this work, we propose DQ-GAT to achieve scalable and proactive autonomous driving, where graph attention-based networks are used to implicitly model interactions, and deep Q-learning is employed to train the network end-to-end in an unsupervised manner. Extensive experiments in a high-fidelity driving simulator show that our method achieves higher success rates than previous learning-based methods and a traditional rule-based method, and better trades off safety and efficiency in both seen and unseen scenarios. Moreover, qualitative results on a trajectory dataset indicate that our learned policy can be transferred to the real world for practical applications with real-time speeds. Demonstration videos are available at https://caipeide.github.io/dq-gat/.


Illegal immigrant has become a major problem in many countries. On closer look, It is actually ties to the concept of nationalism. Indonesia even though still lacking in gross domestic product but because of its potential natural resources the risk of illegal immigrant In Indonesia may as well be calculated.
The main problem is why Indonesia become the Target of Illegal Immigration and How to deal with the illegal immigration phenomena analyzed using the paradigm of constructivism with the method of qualitative research and Grounded theory study approach, which is based on primary data in the form using comparative law and secondary data of relevant literature and tertiary data of bibliography processed using data triangulation for a better results.
The result showed that the concept of nationalism is a neccessity in need to be understandable deeply as it is actually acts as a natural defense against illegal immigrant because nationalism itself are usually limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities. The factor that drives the people to do immigration is internal and external factor. The internal factor such as the nation's wealthy land and resources is the factor that drives them to com to the country and the external factor or push factor are the factor that drives the immigrant out from their countries such as seen in the rohingya ethnic cases and the suggestion that can be given is that to get a better immigration law in handling the illegal immigrant Indonesia must either ratify the 1951 International Convention and the 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugees, or presidential decree for the law No. 37 of 1999 on Foreign Relations so that the government can immediately identify whether or not one is a illegal immigrant or a refugees or asylum seeker.
Keywords : Nationalism, Comparative Law, Immigrant, Indonesia


The shared wireless medium of mobile ad hoc networks facilitates passive, adversarial eavesdropping on data communications whereby adversaries can launch various devastating attacks on the target network. To thwart passive eavesdropping and the resulting attacks, we propose a novel anonymous on-demand routing protocol, termed MASK, which can accomplish both MAC-layer and network-layer communications without disclosing real IDs of the participating nodes under a rather strong adversary model. MASK offers the anonymity of senders, receivers, and sender-receiver relationships in addition to node unlocatability and untrackability and end-to-end flow untraceability. It is also resistant to a wide range of attacks. Moreover, MASK preserves the high routing efficiency as compared to previous proposals. Detailed simulation studies have shown that MASK is highly effective and efficient


The major threats to the sustainable supply of forest tree products are adverse climate, pests and diseases. Climate change, exemplified by increased drought, poses a unique threat to global forest health. This is attributed to the unpredictable behavior of forest pathosystems, which can favor fungal pathogens over the host under persistent drought stress conditions in the future. Currently, the effects of drought on tree resistance against pathogens are hypothetical, thus research is needed to identify these correlations. Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the most economically important tree species in Europe, and is considered highly vulnerable to changes in climate. Dedicated experiments to investigate how disturbances will affect the Norway spruce - Heterobasidion sp. pathosystem are important, in order to develop different strategies to limit the spread of H. annosum s.l. under the predicted climate change. Here, we report a transcriptional study to compare Norway spruce gene expressions to evaluate the effects of water availability and the infection of Heterobasidion parviporum. We performed inoculation studies of three-year-old saplings in a greenhouse (purchased from a nursery). Norway spruce saplings were treated in either high (+) or low (-) water groups: high water group received double the water amount than the low water group. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Similarly, we quantified gene expression levels of candidate genes in biotic stress and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways using qRT-PCR, through which we discovered a unique preferential defense response of H. parviporum-infected Norway spruce under drought stress at the molecular level. Disturbances related to water availability, especially low water conditions can have negative effects on the tree host and benefit the infection ability of the pathogens in the host. From our RNA-seq analysis, 114 differentially expressed gene regions were identified between high (+) and low (-) water groups under pathogen attack. None of these gene pathways were identified to be differentially expressed from both non-treated and mock-control treatments between high (+) and low (-) water groups. Finally, only four genes were found to be associated with drought in all treatments.


Fracking is an emotive issue. That is the starting point for this thesis which explores public engagement in the context of environmental controversy in Ireland. Love Leitrim, an anti-fracking community campaign, opposes fracking. They do so not just through scientific knowledge practices, but through a felt and meaningful performative imaginary. This thesis aims to explore the richness of this anti-fracking imaginary by paying attention to the affective practices involved. This is with a view to considering what value this understanding might have for public engagement.
The empirical work involved unstructured interviews, participant observation, and image and video analysis. The findings explore what affective practices are evident in the anti-fracking imaginary, detailing love, hate, positivity, enchantment, anger, fear, and more. The analysis examines how emotions such as shock and fear unsettle the community, opening a fracking future that produces distinct orderings of time, space, and society. It looks at the settling of temporal, spatial and social order in an affectively-charged counter-imaginary whereby fracking is imagined as absent. It uncovers a politics of violation and consent, ownership, and healing that deal with traumatic memories of Troubles-era violence, hopeful sustainable futures, and the protection of community, place, and a way of life.
The thesis ends by examining these issues in more detail, suggesting that affectively charged imaginaries provide unique opportunities for engagement. I argue that the creative capacity of affect could allow us to imagine together in playful, performative, and participatory ways which foster care, trust, sensitivity and empathy. I suggest that this kind of engagement constitutes a politics that is just and in which collective visions can be reimagined and resettled in ways that embrace and value difference.


Most tissues in metazoans undergo continuous turnover due to cell death or epithelial shedding. Since cellular replication is associated with an inherent risk of mutagenesis, tissues are maintained by a small group of stem cells (SCs) that replicate slowly to maintain their own population and that give rise to differentiated cells. There is increasing evidence that many tumors are also maintained by a small population of cancer stem cells that may arise by mutations from normal SCs. SC replication can be either symmetric or asymmetric. The former can lead to expansion of the SC pool. We describe a simple model to evaluate the impact of (a)symmetric SC replication on the expansion of mutant SCs and to show that mutations that increase the probability of asymmetric replication can lead to rapid mutant SC expansion in the absence of a selective fitness advantage. Mutations in several genes can lead to this process and may be at the root of the carcinogenic process.


To his contemporaries, Odo of Tournai-master of the cathedral school of Tournai, first abbot of the restored monastery of St. Martin of Tournai, and, later, Bishop of Cambrai-was one of the most illustrious teachers and philosophers in Christendom. Yet only one of his works, a treatise on the Mass, has heretofore been translated into English. Irven M. Resnick here provides the first English-language translation of two of Odo's other works. The first, On Original Sin, is at once an exposition of Christian doctrine and a philosophical investigation into the origin of the soul, the character of the sin that all human beings inherit from Adam, and the relationship of the individual to the species. The second translated text, A Disputation with the Jew, Leo, Concerning the Advent of Christ, the Son of God, continues the discussion, in dialogue form, of original sin and its effects.


Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Developmental Trauma Disorder are discussed as new diagnostic entities representing the broad spectrum of trauma-related symptoms of children and adolescents. However, the psychotherapy of severe and complex trauma during adolescence is challenging because trauma-associated symptoms like attachment problems, the expectation of self-inefficacy and dissociation may complicate therapeutic work and limit treatment outcome. Therefore it is necessary to develop evidence-based treatment approaches for these mental disorders. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy has been successfully evaluated for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Actual treatment approaches combine strategies from Dialectal Behavioral Therapy (DBT) with cognitive behavioral techniques of trauma therapy for the treatment of complex trauma disorder. This article gives a practical overview about cognitive-behavioral treatment approaches and discusses problems of their implementation in the clinical routine of child and adolescent psychiatrists/psychotherapists.


Food supply chain is a complex process. The author develops a model that will provide both researchers and practitioners with a means of determining the optimal ordering policy for multi-products in fresh food supply chain. By using computer simulation. this paper conduct for a numerical analysis to the ordering policy of products of a food company in Hubei province to analyze the properties of total cost functions under each of the six different ordering policies and proposes an approximate optimal ordering policy of multiple products. Based on the models and analysis, it is found that agglomeration effect plays an important role in determine ordering policy of multiple products.


A simple, flow-physics-based model of flat-plate, transitional boundary layer skin friction and heat transfer is presented. The model is based on the assumption of negligible time-, spanwise-, and streamwise-average wall-normal velocity at the top of the boundary layer. This results in a threefold increase in boundary layer thickness over the transition region. This simple velocity assumption and its boundary-layer growth implications seem to be reasonably consistent with more sophisticated (DNS) modeling simulations. Only two modeling parameters need be assumed, the Reynolds numbers at the onset and at the completion of transition, for which there is guidance based on freestream turbulence intensity for smooth plates. Several experimental data sets for air are modeled. New criteria are proposed to help define the onset and completion of transition: zero net vertical (wall-normal) velocity or mass flux (integrated in time and space, spanwise and streamwise) at the top of the boundary layer, and tripling of boundary layer thickness. Also presented is a minor improvement to a previously published unheated starting length factor for flat-plate laminar boundary layers with uniform wall heat flux.


The presence of a predator can result in the alteration, loss or reversal of a mating preference. Under predation risk, females often change their initial preference for conspicuous males, favouring less flashy males to reduce the risk of being detected by predators. Previous studies on predator-induced plasticity in mate preferences have given females a choice between more and less conspicuous conspecific males. However, in species that naturally hybridize, it is also possible that females might choose an inconspicuous heterospecific male over a conspicuous conspecific male under predation risk. Our study addresses this question using the green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) and the southern platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus), which are sympatric in the wild. We hypothesized that X. helleri females would prefer the sworded conspecific males in the absence of a predator but favour the less conspicuous, swordless, heterospecific males in the presence of a predator. Contrary to our expectation, females associated more with the heterospecific male than the conspecific male in the control (no predator) treatment, and they were non-choosy in the predator treatment. This might reflect that females were attracted to the novel male phenotype when there was no risk of predation but became more neophobic after predator exposure. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, our results suggest that predation pressure may affect female preferences for conspecific versus heterospecific males. We also found striking within-population, between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity: females differed in the strength and direction of their preferences, as well as in the extent to which they altered their preferences in response to changes in perceived predation risk. Such variation in female preferences for heterospecific males could potentially lead to temporal and spatial variation in hybridization rates in the wild.


The Internet deeply changed the way people share their knowledge. Almost all content that people produces is now available in digital formats, like e-books, apps, newspapers, and magazines. That content has commonly some metadata available that can be used to generate complex recommendation systems that track content similarity. Since there is some effort in the literature to explore this direction, almost all use classical recommendation approaches, like collaborative filter data and information present on websites that sells books. While most efforts in the literature use features derived from the text syntax to create a recommendation model, our approach aims to trace an emotional fingerprint of authors extracted from their texts. This approach, known as psychometry, consists of the study of behavioral characteristics like positivity, negativity, sadness, fear, religiosity, sexuality, which are able to disguise individuals. Using two sentiment analysis lexicons and a collection of 641 books from the English literature written by 56 authors, we show the effectiveness of these psychometric features in order to trace those authors emotional fingerprint.


This is the first of four Volumes in a collection of Major Works on Consciousness commissioned by Routledge, London. As the collection forms part of a Critical Concepts in Psychology series, this selection of major works focuses mainly on works that have a direct psychological relevance. From the mid 19th Century onwards, psychology began to separate itself from philosophy, and the development of psychological thought about consciousness links intimately to the development of psychology itself. In order to trace this development, the four volumes of this collection follow a rough, historical sequence. Volume 1 deals with The Origins of Psychology and the Study of Consciousness. Volumes 2 and 3 deal with contemporary Cognitive and Neuropsychological Approaches to the Study of Consciousness. And Volume 4 focuses mainly on New Directions: Psychogenesis, Transformations of Consciousness and Non-reductive, Integrative Theories, which deal with issues likely to expand current, mainstream thought in potentially novel, and, sometimes, challenging directions.

The introduction to and the 23 readings in Volume 1 set the stage for the entire, printed collection. They focus on the selection criteria for the collection, the problems presented by consciousness and how to organize these into groups, the ancient history of thought about consciousness, mind and soul, the emergence of psychology as the empirical study of consciousness and mind, the emergence of behaviorism, cognitive psychology and the re-emergence of the study of mind, initial ideas about the role of consciousness in human information processing, the strengths of functionalist accounts of mind, the weaknesses of functionalist accounts of consciousness, competing psychological theories about the nature and function of consciousness, interdisciplinary influences, and the formation of Consciousness Studies.


Five different texture methods are used to investigate their susceptibility to subtle noise occurring in lung tumor Computed Tomography (CT) images caused by acquisition and reconstruction deficiencies. Noise of Gaussian and Rayleigh distributions with varying mean and variance was encountered in the analyzed CT images. Fisher and Bhattacharyya distance measures were used to differentiate between an original extracted lung tumor region of interest (ROI) with a filtered and noisy reconstructed versions. Through examining the texture characteristics of the lung tumor areas by five different texture measures, it was determined that the autocovariance measure was least affected and the gray level co-occurrence matrix was the most affected by noise. Depending on the selected ROI size, it was concluded that the number of extracted features from each texture measure increases susceptibility to noise.


OBJECTIVE: To estimate which is the best period to realize uterine artery Doppler for the prediction of pregnancy complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 45 women without a history of chronic diseases and in their first pregnancy. The uterine artery Doppler was performed between the pregnancy weeks 18-20, 24-26, 28-30 and 34-36, with determination of the resistance index, the pulsatility index, the A/B ratio and presence or absence of notch on the flow velocity waveform, as well as the result of the pregnancy. RESULTS: The Doppler index showed decrease in the course of the pregnancy, more pronounced in the normal pregnancies in comparison with the complicated pregnancies. This was most noticed in the examinations performed between the weeks 24-26. The best sensitivity/specificity relation for detecting pregnancy complications was achieved in the examination performed in this same period. CONCLUSION: The best period to perform uterine artery Doppler for prediction of pregnancy complications is between weeks 24-26 of gestation.


Conflict management is critical to project human resource and communication management. Conflict is inevitable in project and teamwork. Properly managed, a certain amount of conflicts is beneficial. However, the relationships between conflict management and team performance are inconsistent in previous studies. This study investigates the how project members' interpersonal relationships among internal members and external actors are related to the conflict solution satisfaction, and examines the effectiveness social interaction and satisfaction on the relationship between conflict management style and team performance. This study strives to make two contributions. First, this study adds to the sparse empirical evidence on the impact of social interaction ties on conflict management. Second, recent work on social interaction in organization has emphasized how social ties provide information and resource to a focal individual. We attempt to extend this concept at team level. In examining the relationship between social interaction ties and conflict solution satisfaction, and further affect the relationship among conflict management and team performance, this study provides a rationale for project managers to develop their conflict management skills.


One of the currently discussed topics of research in science education is "nature of science" and its implementation in science curricula. In German secondary schools science is taught in separate subjects: physics, chemistry, and biology.
In the course of the adoption of philosophy of science topics basic research concerning the differences between epistemic stances of science teachers has not been conducted yet. The German "Bildungsstandards" do not explicitly mention aspects of nature of science. Additionally the epistemological aspects of the standards in physics and chemistry education are quite similar.
Theoretical works of different authors lead to the assumption that the subject of study influences the epistemological stances of students. Ludwik Fleck's approach of domain-specific styles of reasoning ("Denkstile") is one of the central aspects of the works of Thomas S. Kuhn and Ian Hacking.
This study contributes to (1) the understanding of epistemic stances of pre-service physics and chemistry teachers in Germany and (2) the relation of teachers' epistemic stances and their views about models and modelling in science education.
Regarding pre-service teachers, views on aspects of nature of science can differ between biology, physics, and chemistry teachers. The first research question aims at these differences. Due to missing quantitative instruments examining epistemological stances in respect of the degree of scientific realism, a questionnaire is developed and carried out with additional questionnaires and tests to measure variables like knowledge and interest in philosophy of science.
The second research question is concerned with the relations of teachers' epistemological
stances and their representation and activities with models and modelling in classroom contexts. Different questionnaires are applied to examine the extent of the correlations. The results show the sample of pre-service chemistry teachers to be more attracted to a realistic epistemology then the physics teachers. The variable knowledge of philosophy of science is found to be influencing the degree of scientific realism. Within the group of physics teachers the degree of scientific realism also turns out to be dependent on the interest in philosophy of science.
Teachers' attitudes towards models and modelling in science education seem to be related to their epistemic stances. The strongest correlation is found between the degree of scientific realism and the teacher's representation of models in science education contexts. Pre-service teachers with realistic stances tend to represent models as direct copies, while less realist persons describe models as tools or instruments. Furthermore, teachers with low-realistic stances discuss the meaning and nature of models more often. The relation of the degree of scientific realism and the way of introducing models in school education by pre-service science teachers is not significant.


Over the past decade, the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) action plan has emerged as a key global initiative in addressing deforestation and forest degradation. Yet, there is considerable scholarly debate and disagreement about the impact of FLEGT on forest governance, and ultimately, its effectiveness in arresting deforestation and degradation. This article contributes to this debate through a detailed examination of FLEGT in the case of Ghana. It applies a governmentality analytical lens that examines practices of problematization, knowledge production, intervention and subjectification. The article builds on a detailed review of the substantial literature on FLEGT in Ghana, the first timber producing country to enter into a voluntary partnership agreement with the EU. The article illustrates how FLEGT frames illegal logging as the central problem, and how this focus relegates other problems – especially those concerning tree tenure and benefit sharing – to secondary positions. This goes hand in hand with production of knowledge that stabilizes illegal logging as the key problem and provides legitimacy to the FLEGT implementation. The article then examines the many interventions which FLEGT has triggered. On the positive side, it has enhanced consultation and participation of private sector and civil society in forest governance, as well as increased forest sector transparency. Despite its stipulated aims, FLEGT has been less successful in nurturing deeper forest governance reforms that could provide incentives for agents in the sector to engage actively in forest conservation and cultivation of trees. FLEGT focuses on technical issues and challenges, failing to address inherently political issues concerning forest and tree tenure. It maintains local populations living in and close to the forest as passive subjects with limited rights to the forest or influence over its management. The article concludes that to achieve its aims, FLEGT needs to move away from its current technical focus and colonial forest governance model to seriously address issues of tree tenure, benefit sharing and access. It discusses what is required for such a change to take place, and more generally, what a governmentality lens has to offer political ecology.


Data mining is the process of extracting informative and useful rules or relations, that can be used to make predictions about the values of new instances, from existing data. A wide range of commercial and open source software programs are used for data mining. In this study, a comparison of several classification algorithms included in some open source softwares such as WEKA, Tanagra and Scikit-learn using SEER (Survillance Epidemiology and End Results) data set which consists of 60948 instances is performed.

 Key words: Data mining, classification analysis, open source data mining tools.


The bone calcium resorption activities of three different types of cells that are present either within or in the vicinity of an osteogenic sarcoma tumor mass were examined: osteogenic sarcoma cells, normal fibroblasts, and macrophages. Release of calcium was measured in bone organ cultures in live and killed 45Ca-labeled fetal or newborn mouse long bones. The bone explants, tibiae and humeri, were co-cultured with various numbers of effector cells in microwell plates. Cultured osteogenic sarcoma cells resorb calcium from both live and heat-devitalized bones in a cell-number-dependent manner. A reduced effect of the tumor cells on killed bone suggests that the release of calcium from living bone by tumor cells is mediated partially through stimulation of the endogenous bone-resorbing systems. Fibroblasts also resorb calcium both from live and killed bones but at a lower rate than osteogenic sarcoma cells. Peptone-elicited peritoneal macrophages are capable of sustaining calcium resorption from live bones as well as from bones devitalized by a mild nondenaturating method. Macrophages, however, failed to resorb calcium from heat-killed bones. The release of osseous calcium and bone damage associated with osteogenic sarcoma are manifestations of the resorbing properties and interactions among the tumor, bone, and host tumor infiltrating cells.


Angiotensin I convertase activity has been found in human alveolar macrophages from normal volunteers and patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. This activity is higher in the alveolar macrophages from smokers than from nonsmokers, and is even more elevated in sarcoid patients. The activity can be detected with both angiotensin I and bradykinin analogs and appears to require protein synthesis, but the enzyme is not secreted by alveolar macrophages in culture.


This article analyses and reviews the literature currently available on sign languages' use of space. It focuses on two main topics within the literature: the types of signing space and how space is used at different linguistic levels. The first part focuses on the three types of signing space: real, topographic and syntactic space. Moreover, it includes an explanation of the different perspectives of signing, the structured use of syntactic space, and a summary of the experiments that support the distinction between topographic and syntactic space. The second part describes how the signing space is used at the phonological, morphological and discourse level, including key topics such as verbs that use space, pointing and time lines. Although this article focuses mainly on British Sign Language (BSL), it also includes literature on other sign languages (Australian Sign Language, American Sign Language and Danish Sign Language) since there seems to be relatively little research on the use of space within BSL research.


In this paper, a novel method for optimum video camera positioning is presented, which maximizes visual coverage in complex indoor environments. Based on a suitable modeling of the camera field-of-view and of the environmental setup, the optimization procedure determines the most appropriate configuration of the sensors to satisfy a coverage target. The final configuration is achieved through the particle swarm optimizer (PSO). The proposed solution has been validated in different setups, taking into account the presence of obstacles, as well as various global and target coverage objectives. Results are provided for different configurations or real environments.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
The NOD2 variants R702W, G908R, and L1007fsinsC are strongly associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in both European and American populations, but whether this susceptibility extends to all ethnic groups remains unknown. Except for the L1007fsinsC mutation, which produces a truncated NOD2 protein, the functional activity of the major CD-associated variants G908R and R702W is unknown.

METHODS
Individuals were genotyped for R702W, G908R, and L1007fsinsC. The ability of G908R, R702W, and L1007fsinsC variants in the presence and absence of P268S to confer responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN) was determined in HEK293T kidney cells.

RESULTS
G908R and L1007fsinsC, but not R702W, were associated with disease susceptibility in Ashkenazi Jews. Ashkenazi Jews with CD had significantly higher allele frequency carriage of G908R and lower carriage of R702W compared with non-Jewish whites with CD. Functional studies revealed that the G908R, R702W, and L1007fsinsC variants in the presence and absence of P268S are defective in their ability to respond to bacterial LPS and PGN, whereas P268S alone exhibited wild-type activity.

CONCLUSIONS
R702W is not associated with susceptibility to CD in Ashkenazi Jews. The G908R, R702W, and L1007fsinsC variants share a common signaling defect in response to bacterial components, providing evidence for a unifying molecular mechanism whereby NOD2 mutations contribute to disease susceptibility.


Aim Outlining ethical dilemmas in special care baby unit (SCBU)—distinguishing between formula and expressed breast-milk, addressing a mother's claim that bottles of milk were breast-milk. Background/Method A premature baby in SCBU was subject to Child Protection Plan under "neglect" prior to birth. His mother felt pressurised to demonstrate she was a "good" mother, having experienced the consequences of parental inadequacy: her first child was placed in custody through failure to provide adequate care. The father was assessed by Social Services as irresponsible/unsupportive. Initially the baby was fed maternal expressed breast-milk. By day 19 minimal amounts of breast-milk were expressed, feeds consisted primarily of formula. Day 20, mother returned to SCBU with four bottles (400 ml) of what parents claimed was expressed-breast-milk. Quantity and appearance raised suspicions. Three experienced nurses thought the milk smelt and appeared to be formula. Mother expressed only 1 ml breast-milk under nurse-supervision. Staff explained their concerns to her non-confrontationally; inappropriate to feed baby an unknown substance. It was agreed that the milk be analysed biochemically. Samples of claimed breast-milk and breast-milk collected under supervision were sent to the laboratory for identification: detecting presence of cells in breast-milk. Results Both parents felt the need to perform under constant monitoring/scrutiny by health-professionals, assessing their parental capability. Testing milk samples was challenging: clinical laboratories are not set-up to undertake this type of identification. Haematologists were unable to detect white-blood-cells in either sample. Results were inconclusive. The samples appeared different clinically (colour/smell/consistency). On analysis, the undisputed sample contained large numbers of bacilli not present in claimed breast-milk. Samples were not identical although evidence was insufficient to refute mother's claim. External confounding parameters were not limited. Conclusion For safety, unknown substances cannot be fed to baby. However, was it ethical confronting the mother, mistrusting her word? Was she pressurised to make false claims to be perceived as an adequate mother? Are techniques/initiatives employed to promote breast-feeding ethical—celebrities advocating benefits, positive reinforcement through patient-education from healthcare professionals. This initiative to promote positive social reconditioning may evoke negative emotive responses. Mothers unable to produce sufficient breast-milk should not feel inadequate/uncaring.


CO and H2 have been implicated in methanogenesis from acetate, but it is unclear whether they are directly involved in methanogenesis or electron transfer in acetotrophic methanogens. We compared metabolism of H2, CO, and formate by cultures of the thermophilic acetotrophic methanogens Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 and Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1. M. thermophila accumulated H2 to partial pressures of 40 to 70 Pa (1 Pa = 0.987 × 10-5 atm), as has been previously reported for this and other Methanosarcina cultures. In contrast, Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1 accumulated H2 to maximum partial pressures near 1 Pa. Growing cultures of Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1 initially accumulated CO, which reached partial pressures near 0.6 Pa (some CO came from the rubber stopper) during the middle of methanogenesis; this was followed by a decrease in CO partial pressures to less than 0.01 Pa by the end of methanogenesis. Accumulation or consumption of CO by cultures of M. thermophila growing on acetate was not detected. Late-exponential-phase cultures of Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1, in which the CO partial pressure was decreased by flushing with N2-CO2, accumulated CO to 0.16 Pa, whereas cultures to which ca. 0.5 Pa of CO was added consumed CO until it reached this partial pressure. Cyanide (1 mM) blocked CO consumption but not production. High partial pressures of H2 (40 kPa) inhibited methanogenesis from acetate by M. thermophila but not by Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1, and 2 kPa of CO was not inhibitory to M. thermophila but was inhibitory to Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1. Levels of CO dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, and formate dehydrogenase in Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1 were 9.1, 0.045, and 5.8 μmol of viologen reduced min-1 mg of protein-1. These results suggest that CO plays a role in Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1 similar to that of H2 in M. thermophila and are consistent with the conclusion that CO is an intermediate in a catabolic or anabolic pathway in Methanothrix sp. strain CALS-1; however, they could also be explained by passive equilibration of CO with a metabolic intermediate.


The proliferation of the ICT ,smart phone, mobile technologies and other devices such as tab, note pad has encourage the users, financial organization and banks to use more m-banking services than before. The adoption of ICT varies on country to country according to the nature or characteristics of the people. And now a days, m-banking is considered to be an inseparable factor for financial firms for developing and developed country. Since the prior studies has limited focus on cultural dimensions and very few study considered the importance of website quality on m-banking adoption .Therefore, we proposed a model in this study that extended the original UTAUT2 model with cultural dimensions and website quality to know the influences on the m-banking services adoption of Bangladeshi consumer. As a developing country like Bangladesh m-banking services adoption can play an important role and also motivate people to use m-banking services. This paper analyzed by applied partial least squares (PLS) with 220 samples. The study found that performance expectancy, facilitating condition and price value influences on behaviour intention but effort expectancy had no influence on m-banking adoption in this research. This study also revealed that power distance had influence on m-banking adoption and masculinity and uncertainty avoidance had no influence on behavioral intention to adopt m-banking services. The paper offers valuable insights to decision-makers involved in the implementation and deployment of m-Banking services. Moreover, the results endorse the relative significance of websites quality and culture to the adoption of m-banking services adoption. It will help the banking sectors to regulate their strategies and future plans to advance successful adoption and diffusion of m-banking services in Bangladesh. Keyword: m-banking, Cultural dimension, Website quality, UTAUT2 and PLS-SEM and Bangladesh.


Background: Laser treatment in melasma has previously failed because of the resulting inflammation and consequent pigmentation and excessive thermal damage caused by the use of high fluence. Objective: This study is aimed at establishing the concept of the collimated low fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser as a treatment for melasma by investigating its therapeutic effects clinically as well as histopathologically. Methods: 27 patients were treated weekly with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm wavelength, 7 mm spot size, 1.6∼2.5 J/cm2 fluence) for 8 weeks. The results were evaluated based on standardized clinical images that used Robo skin analyzer, spectrophotometer, MASI score and general severity. Results: 17 (58.8%) patients showed "GOOD" (50∼75% improvement) and no case of full recurrence was examined and partial recurrence was detected in 12/17 patients. Common adverse effects include pain, erythema, and temporary edema. Rarely partial hypopigmented macules and diffuse hyperpigmentation appeared. Additional studies, such as immunohistochemical examination and electron microscopic examination, are also currently in progress. Conclusion: The collimated low fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG Laser is effective in melasma treatment. This treatment method is a new concept that can be described as selective photothermolysis with minimal thermal damage and inflammation reaction to affected tissues by pigmentation. We consider this treatment method should be regarded as Minimized Selective Photothermolysis (MSP) that will provide a new effective treatment for melasma. (Korean J Dermatol 2008;46(9):1163∼1170)


We examine how analysts' incentives to build their reputation through accurate forecasting changes the relative association between analyst recommendations and rigorous valuation models versus valuation heuristics. Controlling for the firm-specific difficulty of valuation, we show that the recommendations of the most accurate forecasters within each industry have a significantly higher correlation with rigorous valuation models and a significantly lower correlation with valuation heuristics than their less accurate peers. Our results are robust to potentially confounding firm-specific effects using a within-firm sample design, a changes analysis, and for short-term, long-term and combined measures of forecast accuracy. Consistent with reputation building, we find that the recommendations of "All-Star" analysts and accurate forecasters have similar associations on rigorous and heuristic valuation approaches. Our results are consistent with the incentive to build a good reputation mitigating the influence of factors other than identifying mispriced securities, using fundamental analysis, on stock recommendations.


Goitrous thyroid lesion is postulated as precursor lesion to thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is the most frequently diagnosed endocrine malignancy and enlarged thyroid gland due to goitre is worldwide problem. The association of autoimmune thyroiditis including Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid neoplasms has often been reported. In the present five year retrospective study, coexistence of neoplastic lesions of thyroid among goitrous thyroid lesions and among autoimmune thyroiditis were studied. In our study one case of Follicular adenoma (1.12%), three cases of papillary carcinoma (3.36%), one case of follicular carcinoma (1.12%) and one case of medullary carcinoma(1.12%) were associated with multinodular goitre. A single case of follicular adenoma and Hurthle cell adenoma and single case of Hurthle cell carcinoma(33.33% each) were associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Two cases of follicular adenoma (25%) were associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.