After the great financial crisis in 2008, advanced countries have been shackled by low capital return, anemic demand in Europe and deflation worries. A self-fulfilling roundabout process, called secular stagnation, has settled down. Lately emerging market economies have met trouble. Many, China at the top, are plagued with overcapacities in industry, slowdown in foreign trade and a pervasive slump in commodity prices. Those intertwining processes point out to an incipient transformation of capitalism beyond the sheer impact of the financial crisis. A major feature is the inability of global market finance to fund long-term investments, which would be the drivers of a new growth regime, grounded on sustainable development. Another brand of finance, with public development banks at the core, will be needed along with an evolution of the international monetary system to multilateralism and acceptance of the SDR as international liquidity. Classification JEL: N20, O16, P16.


The present study aims "to study the growth status of the children of age group 0 to 5 years of Mahadev koli". This cross-sectional study focuses on growth of children of age group 0 to 5 years in Ambegaon Taluka, Pune district, Maharashtra. Using De-facto population, 110 Mahadev Koli- 51 girls and 59 boys were screened. Data were collected through Anthropometry and Interview Schedules. Anthropometric parameters, height and weight show that children of Mahadev koli have low growth status. According to Gomez Classification, in boys, Weight-for-age, shows, 13.79% Grade I, 60.34% Grade II malnutrition, 22.41% Grade III malnutrition and 3.44% are normal. In boys, Weight-for-height shows 48.27% severe malnutrition, 37.75% moderate malnutrition, 10.34% marginal malnutrition and 8.62% normal. In case of girls, by Weight-for-age, 1.96% girls are normal, 41.17% are Grade III malnourished, 21.56% are Grade II malnourished and 35.29% Grade I malnourished while by Weight-for-height, 13.72% girls are normal, 39.21% are severely malnourished, 27.45% are moderately malnourished and 19.60% are marginally malnourished. According to Waterlow's classification, in boys, 37.93% are severely malnourished, 39.65% are moderately malnourished, 18.96% are marginal malnourished and 3.44% are Normal while in girls, 49.01% are severely malnourished, 27.45% are moderately malnourished, 9.80% are marginal malnourished and 13.72% are normal. According to HC/CC ratio, only 1 year girls are malnourished and others are normal and boys of age group 1 to 5 years are normal. Maternal age, birth spacing and parity were found to be the influencing factors. The overall growth status of boys and girls are low.


Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in patients who have had a cardiac arrest and their partners. Accordingly, acute traumatic stress screening is recommended, but its association with later PTSD symptoms has never been addressed in postresuscitation settings. Objective The aim of this study was to examine whether acute traumatic stress is associated with PTSD symptoms in patients who have had a cardiac arrest and their partners. Methods This multicenter longitudinal study of 141 patients and 97 partners measures acute traumatic stress at 3 weeks and PTSD symptoms at 3 months and 1 year after resuscitation, using the Impact of Event Scale. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between severity of acute traumatic stress and PTSD symptoms and post hoc to explore effects of group (patients/partners), age, and sex on acute traumatic stress severity. We categorized Impact of Event Scale scores higher than 26 at 3 months and 1 year as clinical severe PTSD symptoms. Results Higher acute traumatic stress severity is significantly positively associated with higher PTSD symptom severity at 3 months (patients and partners: P < .001) and 1 year (patients and partners: P < .001) postresuscitation, with the strongest association for women compared with men (P = .03). Acute traumatic stress was higher in women compared with men across groups (P = .02). Clinical severe PTSD symptoms were present in 26% to 28% of patients and 45% to 48% of partners. Conclusion Experiencing a cardiac arrest may elicit clinical severe PTSD symptoms in patients, but particularly in their partners. Screening patients and partners for acute traumatic stress postresuscitation is warranted to identify those at increased risk of long-term PTSD symptoms.


The coronavirus pandemic represents a serious challenge for modern societies. Individuals' perception of risk influences their choice of action, and their collective actions determine the societal impact of the pandemic. The current data paper presents descriptive statistics of a survey from a representative sample of Norwegian citizens (N = 4,083), collected in the early phases of the pandemic (March 20-29, 2020). Most of the population considered the risk for being infected to be small and the risk for becoming seriously ill to be smaller still. On the other hand, most were worried that family members could be infected, and that their daily life could change drastically. The majority of participants were optimistic that they could handle the challenges that the virus would bring, and that they would receive good medical treatment if they were to become sick. Almost all stated that they intended to comply with the authorities' advice for limiting the contagion. Most stated that following the advice would be effective in preventing themselves and others from becoming sick. Most stated being careful in how they gather information about the pandemic. The survey showed that the Norwegian population at the time had realistic perceptions of risks, optimistic attitudes and intentions for prosocial behaviour that would limit the pandemic spread.


The energy system is today facing a major double issue: the shrinking of easily accessible and cheap fossil resources on the upstream side, and climate change on the downstream side. Energy policies must integrate this double physical constraint, as well as other physical limits, and have a long time and a global horizon, in order to anticipate and avoid a future energy and climate crisis that could be dramatic to society. However, politics tend to focus on other aspects (satisfying immediate social desires for instance).This report hence discusses options available to allow for a better consideration of physical constraints in energy policies design. As they strongly rely on energy scenarios, it appears that energy policy makers need a more transparent and didactic frame for scenario design and analysis. That is why The Shift Project has been developing an original, transparent and pedagogical energy scenario modeling tool, Rogeaulito, which is intended to highlight physical constraints. By developing narratives (quantified stories) and organizing and animating workshops with policy makers, using Rogeaulito, it is possible to convey messages and knowledge about the energy system and issues, and improve the policy making process. Nevertheless, policy makers remain subject to socio-political influences and to self-interest concerns, which can prevent them from making socially optimal choices on the long term. Therefore, the civil society as a whole must be included in a continuous and coherent debate to improve the common understanding of energy issues, of the (physical, cultural and psychological) obstacles to solving them and of concrete consequences of the possible choices. It will then be possible to give a democratic, legitimate and collaborative orientation to long term energy policies. At the end, it appears that a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach, involving physics, environmental science, economics, technology, sociology, political science and psychology is required to finally produce energy policies appropriate in order to face the issues mentioned above.


Micro porous ceramics made out of volcanic rock have been considered as a pollution control material, since they show unique functional properties such as far infrared ray(IR) radiation, deodorization, anti bacterial function, and hygroscopic function. Here, it is well known that the ceramics have shown a mere adsorption function rather than the decomposition of absorbed substances. In an attempt to endow a sustained deodorization capability into the micro porous ceramics made out of volcanic rock, which has a normal pollution control function, TiO2 slurry as a photo catalyst was prepared and spray coated on the surface of the ceramics. Specific heat treatment has been performed at 200°C for 30 minutes after spray coating of TiO2 slurry and the subsequent deodorization properties were evaluated using the standard gas-bag method, which was established by Korea Photo catalyst Association and Japan Photo catalyst Association.


Liposomes have been used therapeutically and as a local drug delivery system in the bladder. However, the exact mechanism for the uptake of liposomes by bladder cells is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of endocytosis in the uptake of liposomes by cultured human UROtsa cells of urothelium and rat bladder. UROtsa cells were incubated in serum-free media with liposomes containing colloidal gold particles for 2 h either at 37°C or at 4°C. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images of cells incubated at 37°C found endocytic vesicles containing gold inside the cells. In contrast, only extracellular binding was noticed in cells incubated with liposomes at 4°C. Absence of liposome internalization at 4°C indicates the need of energy dependent endocytosis as the primary mechanism of entry of liposomes into the urothelium. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the uptake of liposomes at 37°C occurs via clathrin mediated endocytosis. Based on these observations, we propose that clathrin mediated endocytosis is the main route of entry for liposomes into the urothelial layer of the bladder and the findings here support the usefulness of liposomes in intravesical drug delivery.


The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the extent and quality of voluntarily disclosed information regarding intellectual capital (IC) are correlated with certain characteristics of a company. IC is very important for IT companies. Therefore, financial and non-financial statements of 32 high-tech companies were investigated using the content analysis method. To test the influence of firm characteristics on the intellectual capital disclosure index (ICDI), the regression model was used. The size of the firm was the only independent variable that has had a statistically significant influence on the ICDI. The auditor type, as well as financial ratios, have not shown a statistically significant influence on the extent and quality of IC disclosures. This study reflects the state regarding the voluntary IC disclosures in Croatia and therefore the study may be a roadmap for further research and, more importantly, might promote awareness of the importance of transparent reporting.


State-space modelling is a powerful tool to study ecological systems. The direct inclusion of uncertainty, unification of models and data, and ability to model unobserved, hidden states increases our knowledge about the environment and provides new ecological insights. I extend the state-space framework to create multi-species models, showing that the ability to model ecosystem interactions is limited only by data availability. State-space models are fit using both Bayesian and Frequentist methods, making them independent of a statistical school of thought. Bayesian approaches can have the advantage in their ability to account for missing data and fit hierarchical structures and models with many parameters to limited data; often the case in ecological studies. I have taken a Bayesian model fitting approach in this thesis. The predator-prey interactions between the hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) are used to demonstrate state-space modelling's capabilities. The harrier data are believed to be known without error, while missing data make the cyclic dynamics of the grouse harder to model. The grouse-harrier interactions are modelled in a multi-species state-space model, rather than including one species as a covariate in the other's model. Finally, models are included for the harriers' alternate prey. The singleand multi-species state-space models for the predator-prey interactions provide insight into the species' management. The models investigate aspects of the species' behaviour, from the mechanisms behind grouse cycles to what motivates harrier immigration. The inferences drawn from these models are applicable to management, suggesting actions to halt grouse cycles or mitigate the grouse-harrier conflict. Overall, the multi-species models suggest that two popular ideas for grouse-harrier management, diversionary feeding and habitat manipulation to reduce alternate prey densities, will not have the desired effect, and in the case of reducing prey densities, may even increase the harriers' impact on grouse chicks.


Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations on liquid In20Sn80 alloy are carried out at six different temperatures from 798 K to 1193 K. The temperature dependences of binding energy, volume, pair-correlation function and structure factor are studied. The first-peak position of our calculated pair correlation function is in agreement with the experimental data. A shoulder is reproduced in the high wave number side of the first peak in our calculated structure factor, implying the existence of the residual directional bonds of Sn atoms in liquid In20Sn80 alloy. The first-peak height of our calculated structure factor and the coordination number of Sn atom decrease more sharply in the low-temperature region from 798 K to 986 K than that in the high-temperature region from 986 K to 1193 K, suggesting that a discontinuous structural change may occur at around 986 K in liquid In20Sn80 alloy.


To the Editor: Dr Soylemez Wiener and colleagues reported the results of a meta-analysis that included 29 studies on tight glucose control in critically ill adults. Several methodological issues limit the conclusions to be drawn from this study. First, the included studies have substantial differences, most importantly concerning the type of intervention (fixed vs titrated insulin dose) and the glucose levels actually achieved. The proof-of-concept study on tight glucose control in the intensive care unit (ICU) hypothesized that normalization of blood glucose (80-110 mg/dL) with insulin protects against complications (eg, severe infections, organ failure, death). (To convert glucose values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.) The scientific concept was that any degree of hyperglycemia above normal ( 110 mg/dL) in a condition of ischemia/reperfusion additionally damages those cells that take up glucose passively. The study by Soylemez Wiener et al pooled all published studies on insulin therapy (including glucose-insulin-potassium) and those that targeted glucose of 150 mg/dL or lower. Studies not achieving normoglycemia in the majority of patients should not be expected to provide the same benefit as in the original Leuven study. Methodological quality assessment in the metaanalysis should have addressed this issue of achievement of normoglycemia, as well as the varying blood glucose levels in the different control groups. Overlap of glucose levels in controls and the intervention groups should not exceed 20%. Achieving a glycemic target cannot be assessed using mean glycemia levels; high and low values may cancel out and falsely suggest goal achievement. The number of patients on average within the target would have been a better parameter. Second, the primary outcome measure used in the metaanalysis was inaccurate because hospital mortality is not identical to 30-day mortality. Benefit from tight glucose control in this population can only be expected after at least 30 days. Pooling lacks a scientific basis and predictably negates any possible benefit of tight glucose control. Third, presence of heterogeneity was not handled according to Cochrane guidelines. Studies contributing to statistical heterogeneity were identified and subsequently eliminated. This is methodologically inadequate as heterogeneity may indicate a true difference in effect size among studies differing in certain clinical or methodological characteristics (eg, actual achievement of normoglycemia). Cochrane guidelines advise the use of meta-regression for this purpose rather than calculating a summary effect estimate across a series of very different studies. This was not performed in the meta-analysis. Greet Hermans, MD Department of General Internal Medicine Miet Schetz, MD, PhD Greet van den Berghe, MD, PhD email@example.com Department of Intensive Care Medicine Catholic University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium


This study analyzed the role of R&D cooperation in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), specifically, the mediating effects of R&D cooperation between firm size and two types of performance: technological and financial performance. In addition, we investigated how spontaneity of R&D cooperation influences the relation between firm size and R&D cooperation in the context of national R&D projects. Our empirical analysis included approximately 13,000 SME-supporting programs for three years, from 2013 to 2015. The results showed that R&D cooperation had mediating but opposite effects on the relationship between firm size and the two types of performance. While R&D cooperation had a positive effect on financial performance, it had a negative effect on technological performance. We conclude that the goal of R&D cooperation should be determined before conducting or supporting R&D cooperation in SMEs. Also, we verified that spontaneity had a moderating effect on the relationship between firm size and R&D cooperation; it strengthened the positive relation. Ours is also the only paper to analyze the effects of this variable on two types of performance at the same time. As the role of SMEs evolves, the findings of this study provide valuable information for both policy makers and researchers.


Twelve doctors with special training in hepatology independently reviewed two to five cases each from a group of seven cases of complicated hepatobiliary problems. A doctor's willingness to take risks to improve his patients' health was quantified by a wagering technique based on the probability of achieving a successful intervention. These probabilities were then used to calculate "utilities," which represented the average opinion of the doctors about the relative worth of each of six predefined states of health. The results showed that, in the context of risky decisions for severely ill patients, a year of life was considered by the doctors to be worth 44% of a full recovery; being mobile for that year increased this value to 57%. Survival for up to five years with restricted mobility was considered to be worth 70% of a full recovery and the ability to work during that period increased this value to 85%. It is concluded that in clinical decision making the uncertainty and preferences implicit in a course of action can be quantified and thus made explicit.


State-dependent dynamical systems (DSs) offer adaptivity, reactivity, and robustness to perturbations in motion planning and physical human–robot interaction tasks. Learning DS-based motion plans from non-linear reference trajectories is an active research area in robotics. Most approaches focus on learning DSs that can (i) accurately mimic the demonstrated motion, while (ii) ensuring convergence to the target, i.e., they are globally asymptotically (or exponentially) stable. When subject to perturbations, a compliant robot guided with a DS will continue following the next integral curves of the DS towards the target. If the task requires the robot to track a specific reference trajectory, this approach will fail. To alleviate this shortcoming, we propose the locally active globally stable DS (LAGS-DS), a novel DS formulation that provides both global convergence and stiffness-like symmetric attraction behaviors around a reference trajectory in regions of the state space where trajectory tracking is important. This allows for a unified approach towards motion and impedance encoding in a single DS-based motion model, i.e., stiffness is embedded in the DS. To learn LAGS-DS from demonstrations we propose a learning strategy based on Bayesian non-parametric Gaussian mixture models, Gaussian processes, and a sequence of constrained optimization problems that ensure estimation of stable DS parameters via Lyapunov theory. We experimentally validated LAGS-DS on writing tasks with a KUKA LWR 4+ arm and on navigation and co-manipulation tasks with iCub humanoid robots.


An important issue in wireless multimedia communications is to cope with the traffic asymmetry between uplink and downlink. The asymmetrical slot allocation in the code division multiple-access systems with time-division duplex mode (CDMA/TDD systems) can be a good solution for this problem. However, the level of traffic asymmetry can be significantly different from cell to cell. In this letter, we calculate the utilization of a CDMA/TDD system for the multicell model. In addition, we suggest an optimal slot allocation that maximizes the frequency utilization.


The currently ongoing COVID-19 crisis has challenged healthcare around the world.  The call for global solutions in international healthcare pandemic outbreak monitoring and crisis risk management has reached unprecedented momentum.  Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data-derived inferences are supporting human decision making as never before in the history of medicine.  In today's healthcare sector and medical profession, AI, algorithms, robotics and big data are used as essential healthcare enhancements.  These new technologies allow monitoring of large-scale medical trends and measuring individual risks based on big data-driven estimations.  This article provides a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art of AI, algorithms, big data-derived inferences and robotics in healthcare.  Examining medical responses to COVID-19 on a global scale makes international differences in the approaches to combat global pandemics with technological solutions apparent.  Empirically, the article answers what countries have favourable conditions to provide AI-driven global healthcare solutions.  First, an index based on internet connectivity – as a proxy for digitalization and AI advancement – as well as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – as indicator for economic productivity – is calculated to outline global healthcare innovation hubs with economic impetus around the world.  The parts of the world that feature internet connectivity and high GDP are likely to lead on AI-driven big data insights for pandemic prevention.  When comparing countries worldwide, AI advancement is found to be positively correlated with anti-corruption.  AI thus springs from non-corrupt territories of the world.  Second, a novel anti-corruption artificial healthcare index is therefore presented that highlights those countries in the world that have vital AI growth in a non-corrupt environment.  These non-corrupt AI centres hold comparative advantages to lead on global artificial healthcare solutions against COVID-19 and serve as pandemic crisis and risk management innovators of the future.  Anti-corruption is also positively related with better general healthcare.  Therefore, finally, a third index that combines internet connectivity, anti-corruption as well as healthcare access and quality[i] is presented.  The countries that score high on AI, anti-corruption and healthcare excellence are promoted as ultimate innovative global pandemic alleviation leaders.  The advantages but also potential shortfalls and ethical boundaries in the novel use of monitoring Apps, big data inferences and telemedicine to prevent pandemics are discussed.

[i] https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30994-2/fulltext


This thesis work looks at uncertainties and contract management of research projects that are operating in changing environments. The study has been initiated by understanding the knowledge gap that exists in this topic area. The study will help to identify a combination of factors that can help attain a successful project even in the midst of changes, uncertainties and different kinds of contracts. Based on the research done for this master thesis, the conclusion was that a successful project is possible when there is trust between the partners, effective communication of important things happening and if the supplier strives to produce a good quality product. It was found that from the project management iron triangle quality was the aspect that the client considered very important despite the uncertainties faced or the type of contract. Keywords Uncertainty, contract management, changes, trust quality of work and communication


We design an algorithm for computing the p-curvature of a differential system in positive characteristic p. For a system of dimension r with coefficients of degree at most d, its complexity is O~ (p d rω) operations in the ground field (where ω denotes the exponent of matrix multiplication), whereas the size of the output is about p d r2. Our algorithm is then quasi-optimal assuming that matrix multiplication is (i.e. ω = 2). The main theoretical input we are using is the existence of a well-suited ring of series with divided powers for which an analogue of the Cauchy--Lipschitz Theorem holds.


BACKGROUND
Non-operating room (non-OR) airway management has previously been identified as an area of concern because it carries a significant risk for complications. One reason for this could be attributed to the independent practice of residents in these situations. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether differences in performance exist between residents working alone vs with a resident partner when encountering simulated non-OR airway management scenarios.

METHODS
Thirty-six anaesthesia residents were randomized into two groups. Each group experienced three separate scenarios (two scenarios initially and then a third 6 weeks later). The scenarios consisted of one control scenario and two critical event scenarios [i.e. asystole during laryngoscopy and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) upon post-intubation institution of positive pressure ventilation]. One group experienced the simulated non-OR scenarios alone (Solo group). The other group consisted of resident pairs, participating in the same three scenarios (Team group).

RESULTS
Although the time to intubation did not differ between the Solo and Team groups, there were several differences in performance. The Team group received better overall performance ratings for the asystole (8.5 vs 5.5 out of 10; P<0.001) and PEA (8.5 vs 5.8 out of 10; P<0.001) scenarios. The Team group was also able to recognize asystole and PEA conditions faster than the Solo group [10.1 vs 23.5 s (P<0.001) and 13.3 vs 36.0 s (P<0.001), respectively].

CONCLUSIONS
Residents who performed a simulated intubation with a second trained provider had better overall performance than those who practised independently. The residents who practised in a group were also faster to diagnose serious complications, including peri-intubation asystole and PEA. Given these data, it is reasonable that training programmes consider performing all non-OR airway management with a team-based method.


Models of deception processing suggest the use and manipulation of truthful and context relevant schema information to construct a lie. Debate exists, however, between a greater cognitive cost associated with lying compared to truth telling. Lying is proposed to be no more difficult than truth telling related to a path of least effort in processing, where lies are provided in contexts that truth telling would be difficult or resource demanding. Related to a working memory approach, however, lying will be more demanding than truth telling due to the additional processing steps in processing and the associated resource consumption of this. The role of additional factors upon processing is largely absent from current models despite a large body of work highlighting the impact these have. The work of this thesis investigated further into the processing of lies, their associated load, and the impact upon processing of factors of applied cognitive load and rehearsal. Facial stimuli were utilised with response time and response accuracy measured to provide a focus upon the cognitive mechanisms involved within processing as suggested in literature. Findings overall indicated a greater difficulty in the processing of lies compared to truth telling, a negative effect of applied load at the same magnitude for both truth and lie responses, a positive effect of truth rehearsal and no effect of lie rehearsal. A model of the processing of truths and lies is offered, with explanations of how each factor affects this processing expanding upon current deception processing models.


Canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) derived from umbilical cord blood represent a potentially useful source of stem cells for therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different transplantation times of cMSCs after spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 21 dogs were subjected to SCI by balloon-induced compression of the first lumbar vertebrae for 12 h. Of the 21 dogs, 12 were divided into four groups of three according to the time of stem cell (1 × 106) transplantation at the injury site: control no treatment, 12 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. The remaining 9 animals were negative harvest (HA) time controls for each treatment group (n = 3). Olby and Tarlov scores were used to evaluate functional recovery of the hindlimbs. Markers for neuronal regeneration (Tuj-1, nestin, MAP2, and NF-M), astrogliosis (GALC, GFAP, and pSTAT3), signal molecules for actin cytoskeleton (RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1), inflammation (COX-2), and neurotrophins (NT-3) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Scores of the 1-week transplantation group showed significant improvement compared to controls. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed less fibrosis at the injury site in the 1-week transplantation group compared to other groups and immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of neuronal markers. Furthermore, in both 1-week and 2-week transplantation groups, Tuj-1, nestin, MAP2, NF-M, NT-3, and GFAP increased, but pSTAT3, GALC, and COX2 decreased. RhoA decreased and Rac1 and Cdc42 increased in the 1-week transplantation group. In conclusion, transplantation of cMSCs 1 week after SCI was more effective in improving clinical signs and neuronal regeneration and reducing fibrosis formation compared to the other transplantation times evaluated. Subsequently, these data may contribute to the optimization of timing for MSC transplantation used as a therapeutic modality.


VISA (also known as MAVS, IPS-1 and Cardif) is an essential adaptor protein in innate immune response to RNA virus. The protein level of VISA is delicately regulated before and after viral infection to ensure the optimal activation and timely termination of innate antiviral response. It has been reported that several E3 ubiquitin ligases can mediate the degradation of VISA, but how the stability of VISA is maintained before and after viral infection remains enigmatic. In this study, we found that the ER-associated inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2) plays an essential role in mounting an efficient innate immune response to RNA virus by maintaining the stability of VISA through distinct mechanisms. In un-infected and early infected cells, iRhom2 mediates auto-ubiquitination and degradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF5 and impairs the assembly of VISA-RNF5-GP78 complexes, thereby antagonizes ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of VISA. In the late phase of viral infection, iRhom2 mediates proteasome-dependent degradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 and impairs mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD) of VISA. Maintenance of VISA stability by iRhom2 ensures efficient innate antiviral response at the early phase of viral infection and ready for next round of response. Our findings suggest that iRhom2 acts as a checkpoint for the ERAD/MAD of VISA, which ensures proper innate immune response to RNA virus.


The fruit and vegetable industry does not have a risk management instrument or a well-structured price discovery system, such as commodity futures contracts, to aid in the marketing and management of its price risk. Since the 1980s, financial futures contracts based on indexes of stocks, commodities and currencies have been used to hedge these groups of assets. The purpose of this study was to apply the concept of index futures contracts to the produce industry by developing indexes based on prices of fruits and vegetables and to determine the hedging effectiveness of potential futures contracts written on these indexes. Twenty representative fruits and vegetables were chosen to compile indexes for fruits, for vegetables, and for fruits and vegetables together using a trade-weighted arithmetic average of 1989 to 1992 wholesale prices of selected commodities traded on the Dallas Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Market. The indexes were then tested by simulating a short and long hedge of a portfolio of commodities and by cross hedging selected individual New Mexico and California produce commodities with the indexes.


The Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH) decided in 2006 through its Mapping Committee to implement the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe (NA2RE: http://na2re.ismai.pt) as a chorological database system. Initially designed to be a system of distributed databases, NA2RE quickly evolved to a Spatial Data Infrastructure, a system of geographically distributed systems. Each individual system has a national focus and is implemented in an online network, accessible through standard interfaces, thus allowing for interoperable communication and sharing of spatial-temporal data amongst one another. A Web interface facilitates the access of the user to all participating data systems as if it were one single virtual integrated data-source. Upon user request, the Web interface searches all distributed data-sources for the requested data, integrating the answers in an always updated and interactive map. This infrastructure implements methods for fast actualisation of national observation records, as well as for the use of a common taxonomy and systematics. Using this approach, data duplication is avoided, national systems are maintained in their own countries, and national organisations are responsible for their own data curation and management. The database could be built with different representation levels and resolution levels of data, and filtered according to species conservation matters. We present the first prototype of NA2RE, composed of the last data compilation performed by the SEH (Sillero et al., 2014). This system is implemented using only open source software: PostgreSQL database with PostGIS extension, Geoserver, and OpenLayers.


This paper was originally presented at Towards Radical Approaches to International Law Conference at the London School of Economics in 2011, and a revised version at the European Society of International Law's 2012 International Legal Theory Working Group Panel in 2012. It is currently being revised for publication consideration in Fall 2013. The argument of the paper centers on the role that 'culture' plays as a heuristic devise and goal within the literature and practice of contemporary international law. My hypothesis is that while many of the methodological approaches and political commitments associated with 'culture' are important contributions to the discipline, its overall effect on the conceptual vocabulary and possibilities of law and politics are detrimental to either an accurate understanding of the structural dynamics or distributional stakes at play within contemporary global regulation. The paper maps out and critically evaluates the various themes commonly employed within international legal argument related to 'culture' in the hopes of tracing out some tentative methodological directions – what I will call 'structural realism' - towards a new framework of the legal subject.


We present a 3D computational imaging system based on a mode-mixing cavity at microwave frequencies. The core component of this system is an electrically large rectangular cavity with one corner re-shaped to catalyze mode mixing, often called a Sinai Billiard. The front side of the cavity is perforated with a grid of periodic apertures that sample the cavity modes and project them into the imaging scene. The radiated fields are scattered by the scene and are measured by low gain probe antennas. The complex radiation patterns generated by the cavity thus encode the scene information onto a set of frequency modes. Assuming the first Born approximation for scattering dynamics, the received signal is processed using computational methods to reconstruct a 3D image of the scene with resolution determined by the diffraction limit. The proposed mode-mixing cavity is simple to fabricate, exhibits low losses, and can generate highly diverse measurement modes. The imaging system demonstrated in this letter can find application in security screening and medical diagnostic imaging.


Do you think of your company's talent as an investment to be managed like a portfolio? You should, according to authors Becker, Huselid, and Beatty, if you're interested in strategy execution. Many companies fall into the trap of spending too much time and money on low performers, while high performers aren't getting the necessary resources, development opportunities, or rewards. In The Differentiated Workforce, the authors expand on their previous books, The HR Scorecard and The Workforce Scorecard, and recommend that you manage your workforce like a portfolio - with disproportionate investments in the jobs that create the most wealth. You'll learn to: Rise above talent management "best practice" and instead create a differentiated workforce that can't be easily copied by competitors Differentiate those capabilities in your company that are truly strategic Identify your wealth-creating "A" positions Create a new relationship between HR and line managers, and articulate the role each plays in a differentiated workforce strategy Develop the right measures for your organization Based on two decades of academic research and experience working with hundreds of executives, The Differentiated Workforce gives you the tools to translate your talent into strategic impact.


African American bankruptcy filers select Chapter 13 far more often than other debtors, who opt instead for Chapter 7, which has higher success rates and lower attorneys' fees. Prior scholarship blames racial discrimination by attorneys. We propose an alternative explanation: Chapter 13 offers benefits, including retention of cars and driver's licenses, that are more valuable to African American debtors because of relatively long commutes. We study a 2011 policy change in Chicago, which seized cars and suspended licenses of consumers with large traffic-related debts. The policy produced a large increase in Chapter 13 filings, especially by African Americans. Two mechanisms explain the disparate racial impact: African Americans were more likely to have traffic debts and incurred greater costs from car seizures and license suspension due to relatively long commutes. When we match African Americans to other debtors with similar commutes, we find no racial difference in Chapter 13 filing propensities.


The reported recent success of cloud computing has attracted attention for cost effective IT services with many signs for continuing spread out if not dominating in the coming years. However, challenges are being faced by both research and professional communities including quality reliable services, optimized architectures and security. Meanwhile, IT services in Cloud Computing face the overwhelming challenges to ensure the proper physical, logical and personnel security controls, especially when considering the fact that cloud computing moves the application software and databases to the large data canters. Moreover, while moving such large volumes of data and Software, the management of the data and services may not be fully trustworthy. In this paper, the main focus is given to highlight the security aspects of data storage from perspectives of threats and attacks from one side and approaches for solutions from the other side. The paper also proposes an effective and flexible distributed scheme with two salient features, opposing to its predecessors. Our scheme achieves the integration of storage correctness insurance and data error localization.


For many years various experiments have been devised in order to find out whether an acquired characteristic can be inherited, but the results on the whole do not appear to have received general scientific sanction. C. P. Martin and Bradford Hill in recent years have both made surveys of this subject, but from different points of view. Martin (1937), in making a survey of the literature on the subject, points out many of the difficulties which confront the experimentalist and indicates possible causes for the apparent discrepancies in results. He also raises the possible existence of a temporary form of inheritance which obeys the Mendelian laws. Hill (1934) reviews a great deal of the work which has been done on the possibility of resistance to bacterial infection being inherited. He points out that much of this work is unconvincing, as it is very difficult in the case of bacterial infections to be quite sure that the offspring of the experimental animals have not been infected to some extent, as well as the parents. The experiments recorded in this paper have resulted from observations made in the course of our work on the propagation of Jensen's rat sarcoma. This tumour is easily transplanted from one rat to another by subcutaneous inoculation of small grafts, and when a sensitive breed of rat is used the tumour very rarely retrogresses, provided a scrupulous technique is followed (Chambers and Scott 1930). Many years ago we noticed that the offspring of rats in which tumours had disappeared were not so susceptible to the tumour grafts as other rats of the same breed, and it seemed worth while to find out how far this apparently acquired characteristic was transmitted to the offspring. The data now recorded provide evidence in support of the view that this acquired characteristic is transmitted to the offspring to some extent.


Abstract This article analyzes the particular circumstances of temporary dispatched workers (haken rōdōsha) and a feature of their job insecurity as one facet of the growing inequality in contemporary Japanese society, focusing on the relative ease with which these workers are dismissed both legally and in practice. By contrasting with other more familiar forms of insecure labor in Japan, the paper examines the triangular relationship involving the three parties that characterize dispatched labor: the user, the employer, and the employee. The Worker Dispatching Act, which was enacted and then deregulated, enabled Japanese corporations to use dispatched workers while securing the capacity to remove them from their workplaces as a business transaction and not within the bounds of an employer-employee relationship. Using the theoretical framework of risk, the paper analyzes the emergence and spread of the triangular labor relationship as risk being shifted from the corporate level to the individual dispatched workers. It examines the consequences of the shift of risk by introducing cases of dismissal from fieldwork conducted during the global recession over the winter of 2009.


Global estimation is the first and most important step in evaluating a coal deposit. Assessing accuracy for estimates constitutes the most difficult stage of this procedure. In this study, I introduce the ranked tile resampling method to assess uncertainty for the global means. It is based on producing a simulated version of the original field. The simulation is achieved by dividing the observation field into tiles, resampling them at random with replacement, and joining them together in a ranked order. The method is applied to thickness and ash yield of a simulated coal deposit. The simulation results show that the ranking significantly improves the correlation structure of the resampled field, especially over short tile sizes.


This article explores the ways in which memory and humiliation can shape the social engagement of persistently violent men. Drawing upon field data from two of our previous ethnographic studies conducted in the North East of England, we hope to make a few basic points about the importance of emotion and memory as constitutive and dynamic components in the core of identity. Focusing on the emotional 'feelings' of humiliation and regret, we will outline how violent incidents or verbal challenges from earlier stages of the individual's life-course can be drawn upon, both directly and indirectly, as motivational and justificatory instruments in potentially violent interactions in the here and now. The intention is to propose what might be important psychosocial elements of Bourdieu's concept of habitus and how an exposition of these elements might further our understanding of subjective violence.


Climate change is likely to cause higher temperatures and alterations in precipitation patterns, with potential impacts on water resources. One important issue in this respect is inflow to drinking water reservoirs. Moreover, deteriorating infrastructures cause leakage in water distribution systems and urbanization augments water demand in cities. In this paper, a framework for assessing the combined impacts of multiple trends on water availability is proposed. The approach is focused on treating uncertainty in local climate projections in order to be of practical use to water suppliers and decision makers. An index for water availability (WAI) is introduced to quantify impacts of climate change, population growth, and ageing infrastructure, as well as the effects of implementing counteractive measures, and has been applied to the city of Bergen, Norway. Results of the study emphasize the importance of considering a range of climate scenarios due to the wide spread in global projections. For the specific case of Bergen, substantial alterations in the hydrological cycle were projected, leading to stronger seasonal variations and a more unpredictable water availability. By sensitivity analysis of the WAI, it was demonstrated how two adaptive measures, increased storage capacity and leakage reduction, can help counteract the impacts of climate change.


The recent finding that retinoic acid induces terminal granulocytic differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, prompted an investigation of the sensitivity to this inducer of human myelocytic leukemia cells in primary suspension culture. Of the 21 leukemic specimens, only cells from the two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia differentiated in response to retinoic acid. After an incubation period of 5--7 days in 1 microM retinoic acid, the cells from these two patients showed extensive morphological and functional maturation. Thus, because it appears that retinoic acid specifically induces granulocytic differentiation of leukemic promyelocytes, this compound may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.


This study contributes to characterization of satellite precipitation error which is fundamental to develop uncertainty models and bias reduction algorithms. Systematic and random error components of several satellite precipitation products are investigated over different seasons, thresholds and temporal accumulations. The analyses show that the spatial distribution of systematic error has similar patterns for all precipitation products. However, the systematic (random) error of daily accumulations is significantly less (more) than that of high resolution 3‐hr data. One should note that the systematic biases of satellite precipitation are distinctively different in the summer and winter. The systematic (random) error is remarkably higher (lower) during the winter. Furthermore, the systematic error seems to be proportional to the rain rate magnitude. The findings of this study highlight that bias removal methods should take into account the spatiotemporal characteristics of error as well as the proportionality of error to the magnitude of rain rate.


Diversity techniques are very effective tools to increase signal reception quality in Rayleigh fading channels. A well-known method to increase diversity in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication is transmit antenna selection (TAS). However, TAS is very sensitive to feedback errors. One of the alternative techniques to TAS is balanced space-time block coding (BSTBC) which guarantees full diversity for any number of transmit antennas, provided that few bits of feedback from the destination to the source are available. The main drawback of the BSTBC is limited coding gain since few numbers of code matrices can be generated in the originally proposed scheme. In this work, the authors extend the balanced space-time block code family to improve its coding performance. In our proposed scheme, larger number of codes can be generated for improved coding gain. The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated for both multi-input single-output (MISO) and cooperative communication cases. Relay selection (RS) algorithm - the TAS equivalent in the cooperative communications - is also considered. Simulation results show that near optimal (infinite feedback) performance can be achieved with four bit extension of the BSTBC and better signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained compared to TAS or RS schemes. The difference in performance becomes more prevalent in the presence of feedback errors.


How do we formalize the challenge of credit assignment in reinforcement learning? Common intuition would draw attention to reward sparsity as a key contributor to difficult credit assignment and traditional heuristics would look to temporal recency for the solution, calling upon the classic eligibility trace. We posit that it is not the sparsity of the reward itself that causes difficulty in credit assignment, but rather the \emph{information sparsity}. We propose to use information theory to define this notion, which we then use to characterize when credit assignment is an obstacle to efficient learning. With this perspective, we outline several information-theoretic mechanisms for measuring credit under a fixed behavior policy, highlighting the potential of information theory as a key tool towards provably-efficient credit assignment.


An interesting result of magnetic chaos reduction in RFX-mod high current discharges is the development of strong electron transport barriers. An internal heat and particle transport barrier is formed when a bifurcation process changes the magnetic configuration into a helical equilibrium and chaos reduction follows, together with the formation of a null in the q shear. Strong temperature gradients develop, corresponding to a decreased thermal and particle transport. Turbulence analysis shows that the large electron temperature gradients are limited by the onset of micro-tearing modes, in addition to residual magnetic chaos. A new type of electron transport barrier with strong temperature gradients develops more externally (r/a = 0.8) accompanied by a 30% improvement of the global confinement time. The mechanism responsible for the formation of such a barrier is still unknown but it is likely associated with a local reduction of magnetic chaos. These external barriers develop primarily in situations of well-conditioned walls so that they might be regarded as attempts towards an L–H transition. Both types of barriers occur in high-current low-collisionality regimes. Analogies with tokamak and stellarators are discussed.


This report provides an overview of U.S. and international policy objectives in Kosovo from 1998 to mid-1999, when NATO ended an 11-week air strike operation against Yugoslavia (Serbia) and began to deploy a U.N.-authorized peacekeeping force in Kosovo. It reviews stated objectives at various points during this period. It provides an analysis of how certain policy objectives evolved and discusses the extent to which they were or were not achieved.


The numerical tsunami model NAMI-DANCE solving the equations of the nonlinear-dispersive theory of long waves is described. It is developed in cooperation of Turkish and Russian specialists and has been used to simulate tsunami characteristics since 2003. The basic model solver simulates the wave propagation with the well-known nonlinear shallow-water equations. The numerical scheme is based on the Leap-Frog method. The long wave dispersion related to the finiteness of water depth is modeled with the help of numerical dispersion by using specific conditions for spatial and temporal steps. The equations are solved in spherical (geographical) coordinates on rotated Earth taking into account nonlinear quadratic friction in the near-bottom layer. The NAMI-DANCE model is adapted to simulate the generation and propagation of tsunamis of various origin from: underwater earthquakes, submarine landslides, and meteo-tsunamis. For the seismic origin tsunami waves, the initial conditions for hydrodynamic equations are found from the Okada solution; the model allows simulating several sources from different fault segments in the earthquake zone. In the case of the meteo-tsunami, the spatial and temporal distribution of the atmospheric pressure is used as external force. The process of generating the landslide origin tsunami waves, is analyzed in the framework of the two-layer model with a lower viscous layer modeling the submarine landslide motion and an upper layer is the water body. The boundary conditions on the open boundaries correspond to the free-wave passage. The run-up process is also computed using the bathymetry and topography at the coastal boundaries. The NAMIDANCE code has been verified with several benchmarks according to the NTHMP benchmarks. The difficulties of tsunami modelling connected with the lack of accuracy in the bottom bathymetry and the land topography are mentioned. The use of the developed code for the tsunami action analysis on the coasts and constructions is demonstrated.


We consider the problem of system reconstruction from higher order spectra (HOS) slices. We establish that the impulse response of a complex system can be reconstructed up to a scalar and a shift based on any pair of HOS slices, as long as the distance between the two slices satisfies a certain condition. One slice is sufficient for the reconstruction in the case of a real system. We propose a cepstrum-based method for system reconstruction. We also propose a new method for the reconstruction of the system Fourier phase based on the phase of any odd-indexed bispectrum slice. Being able to choose the slices to be used in the reconstruction allows us to avoid bispectrum regions dominated by noise.


Background/Context At a time when educational research is recognized as capable of improving teaching and learning, it is under attack for falling short of this promise. Part of the solution lies in improving the preparation of educational researchers. Toward this goal, the UW-Madison School of Education (SOE) participated with the Spencer Foundation in developing a model program now called the Wisconsin-Spencer Doctoral Research Program. The program endeavored to educate selected students in interdisciplinary research and, as a result, indirectly affect the structure of doctoral education in participating departments. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The Spencer Foundation announced that its funding would end in 2007, requiring the SOE to make decisions about continuing the DRP and about doctoral education more generally. Therefore, the dean requested an extensive evaluation of the program's impact. The resulting study analyzed faculty members' and student fellows' assessments of the DRP's contribution to graduate education. Setting Research was conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Population/Participants/Subjects The study included three populations: SOE faculty members on campus in 2001–2002 (n = 85), fellows admitted to DRP in 1997–2001 (n = 46), and fellows who had received their PhDs (n = 9). Thirty-four percent of faculty, 85% of fellows, and 100% of graduates participated. Intervention/Program/Practice The DRP's guiding principles were interdisciplinarity (literacy in/respect for diverse inquiry approaches), methodological rigor, theoretical orientation, concern with practice, and research experience. The program was implemented through key components: four years' funding for five fellows, professional expense funds, fall and spring proseminars, advanced research seminar, systematic training in methods/theory, mentor committee, annual progress reporting, participation in research, presentation of research, and community. Research Design We evaluated the DRP's effectiveness in a case study approach that included both qualitative and quantitative data. Data Collection and Analysis Data collection included surveys (with Likert, multiple-choice, and open-ended items) of faculty and fellows, and semistructured interviews of faculty with key roles in the program and fellows who had graduated. Findings/Results The DRP was at least partially effective in achieving its goals. Students and faculty shared positive views of funding and the interdisciplinary focus, and there was some evidence of changes in departmental programs. Challenges included the top-down implementation approach taken in a faculty-governed institution and attempting to change departments with a student-focused program. Conclusions/Recommendations This study raises questions about the DRP's development and implementation, but it concludes that the DRP provided a good educational experience for many fellows, changed some faculty members' beliefs, and acted as a catalyst and an opportunity to seriously consider graduate education for the 21st century.


*These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: In 2020, an international expert consensus proposed a novel concept, defined as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). We aimed to investigate the association between MAFLD and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: A total of 4869 subjects with demographic data, laboratory tests, and ultrasound transient elastography from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of the United States (NHANES) 2017–2018 were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed to test the independent association between the demographic data, laboratory tests, and non-invasive liver fibrosis scores in subjects with different subgroups of MAFLD. Results: A total of 4869 subjects were identified in the NHANES 2017–2018, of which 1032 (21.2%) subjects were diagnosed with CKD. There was a higher prevalence of CKD in MAFLD subjects than in non-MALFD subjects (22.2% vs 19.1, p=0.048). After 1:1 propensity score matching by gender, age and race, we enrolled 1983 subjects with MAFLD diagnosed based on liver ultrasound transient elastography and 1983 PS-matched subjects without MAFLD. MAFLD was not independently associated with CKD after PSM. Further investigation showed that age (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03~1.05, p<0.001), hypertension (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.38~2.00, p<0.001), DM (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.89~3.11, p<0.001), hyperuricemia (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.55~2.36, p<0.001), ALP (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 1.00~1.01, p=0.010), and FIB-4 score (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05~1.01, p=0.011) were independently associated with CKD. In the subgroup analysis, the subgroups of MAFLD complicated with DM, age, hypertension, and hyperuricemia were independently related to the incidence of CKD. In the subgroup of DM without MAFLD, age, hyperuricemia, ALP, and NFS score were independently related to the incidence of CKD. In the subgroup of MAFLD without DM, age, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and ALP were independently related to the incidence of CKD. Conclusion: Based on the NHANES 2017–2018, MAFLD was not independently associated with CKD. Thus, the link between MAFLD and CKD may be mediated by metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia.


A study to characterize and document information on dairy farms and their profitability in central Kenya was carried out with the view to addressing concerns raised by stakeholders on the country's inability to supply affordable milk at both the local and export market. Data were collected from 135 randomly selected farms in Central Kenya. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Results revealed that farmers owned cattle of high milk production potential in terms of their genetics, but which produced low (9.2 kg) quantities daily. The reasons attributed to underperformance were; overstocking, underfeeding, poor housing and sub-optimal animal husbandry. The size of land owned could not supply enough roughages, and both the concentrates and mineral supplements were inadequate. Farms averaged about 2 acres on which mixed livestock-crop farming was practiced. They employed 2.2 hours per cow per day against the standard 1.6, a situation attributed to ownership and management of small land parcels in different places. Only 23.7% of the farms had chaff-cutters. Animals were uncomfortable in the feeding area resulting from poorly constructed zero-grazing units. Extension service was inadequate. Among the entire farmer characteristics assessed; age, education level, experience, group membership, and attendance to business related courses; none showed a significant relationship with milk yield. The average cost of milk production (Ksh. 37) was higher than its farm-gate price (Ksh. 25.5), a condition that was attributed to relatively high input prices and farm level resource utilization inefficiency. Only a few farms made any profits from dairy farming. It was recommended that a policy regarding minimization of household land sub-division be put in place. Additionally, there was a felt need for providing inducements that encourage agricultural enterprises specialization. Dairy farmers require improving on dairy and fodder crop husbandry, as well as farm level feed resource utilization efficiency. Policies targeting reductions in the cost of farm inputs were also recommended. Researchers require developing drought resistant fodders.


We have studied the peculiarities of the heart lesions in 177 children with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), among them 73 children had accompanying residual organic lesion of the central nervous system (ROL CNS). While examining the patients general clinical findings, the results of the complex electrophysiological and endoscopic investigations were used. The disturbance of the heart rhythm and the conduction of the heart were revealed in most children with GERD and with accompanying ROL CNS. It was revealed that the role of disbalance of vegetative innervation is of great importance in the functional lesion of the heart.


Despite MYC is one of the most referenced molecules in biology, new unanticipated roles are being found for this key protein, proving we are still far from understanding its full biological
potential. During my PhD thesis, I investigated MYC function in a number of cancer traits using Drosophila larval organs as a model. Given that tumours develop in a complex landscape, where the entire cancer community continuously remodels local microenvironment, the conceptual scaffold of my work was built as to take into account both the cell-autonomous and non cell-autonomous MYC functions.

The central findings of my study are:
- Field cancerisation: I show that MYC, contrariwise to other growth-promoting molecules, is able to form a field where secondary mutations may originate multifocal cancers. This has
great implication in human recurrent cancers.
- Growth and migration/tracheogenesis: I show that MYC plays opposite but correlated roles in these two central cancer hallmarks: while it exerts a pro-growth effect following stabilisation by different upstream pathways, its presence inhibits cell migration by counteracting the JNK signalling. This has implication in cancer metastasis.
- Cell competition/apoptosis: I show that apoptosis induced by MYC-mediated cell competition stimulates tumour growth; its inhibition indeed favours cancer collapse and prolongs animal
life under heavy cancer burden. This has great implications in cancer treatment: while proapoptotic therapies may transiently reduce tumour mass, they may create a cytokine-rich
environment which helps feed the tumour.


The laser peen forming (LPF) uses high-power pulsed laser beam replacing the tiny medium balls to peen the surface of plate and generate compressive stress near the surface, the metals respond to this residual stresses by elongating at the peened surface and effectively bend the overall shape. In this paper, the deforming process of metal plate induced by repetitive pulsed laser was discussed from theory firstly, and the bending mechanism of LPF was investigated. Then a mathematical model of bending curvature concerning the depth of residual stress was presented, the influence of residual stresses on the deformation of plate was analyzed. Lastly, the line-track-peening experiment for SUS 304 plate was carried out to evaluate the reasonability of the theoretical analysis model.


This collection of papers from the 2007 International Conference on Knowledge Management, organized by the Executive Academy of the Vienna University of Economics jointly with the International Knowledge Management Society (IKMS), the Austrian Society for Technology Policy (OGTP), the Platform Knowledge Management (PWM), the Society of Learning (SoL Austria), the Competence Centre for Knowledge Management Linz, the Austrian Computing Society (OCG), Business Innovation Consulting (BIC-Austria) and Knowledge Management Associates (KMA), represents recent outstanding work by researchers and practitioners in the field of knowledge management.


Due to the unexpected findings of the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol in products of animal origin, feed, and straw, the hypothesis was studied that the drug is naturally present in soil, through production by soil bacteria, and subsequently can be transferred to crops. First, the stability of chloramphenicol in soil was studied. The fate of chloramphenicol highly depends on soil type and showed a half-life of approximately one day in nonsterile topsoil. It was found to be more stable in subsoil and sterile soils. Second, the production of chloramphenicol in soil was studied, and it was confirmed that Streptomyces venezuelae can produce chloramphenicol at appreciable amounts in nonsterile soil. Third, a transfer study was carried out using wheat and maize grown on three different soils that were weekly exposed to aqueous chloramphenicol solutions at different levels. Chloramphenicol was taken up by crops as determined by chiral liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric analysis, and the levels in crops were found to be bioavailability related. It was concluded that chloramphenicol residues can occur naturally in crops as a result of the production of chloramphenicol by soil bacteria in their natural environment and subsequent uptake by crops.


Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cornea is the first step in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas corneal ulceration. To determine the roles of epithelial and stromal adherence, a quantitative in vivo model of adherence was developed in the mouse. More than twice as many organisms were recovered from mouse corneas in which two linear abrasions were created compared with corneas totally denuded of epithelium. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated poor adherence of Pseudomonas to bare stroma, but large numbers of organisms were seen adhering to the injured edge of epithelium. This study supports the concept that corneal trauma predisposes to Pseudomonas corneal ulceration by creating an injured epithelial edge as a site for adherence of the organisms, rather than by exposing areas of bare stroma susceptible to penetration by the organisms.


In recent years, coaching has become a major form of personal and professional development service offered to executives to help develop leadership skills, enhance performance, and remediate patterns of problematic workplace behavior. This dissertation examines the emergence and development of executive coaching in the United States as a new form of professional expertise. Drawing on eighteen months of ethnographic research, the majority of which took place in New York City, this study analyzes the ways in which executive coaching brings together theories of individual psychology and of organizational efficiency in order to increase functionality and productivity at work. Executive coaching is: a) a new form of professional expertise, b) a management tool to increase productivity and efficiency at work, c) a window to changing notions of the self and personhood in America and, finally d) an access point to the corporate world. This study explores these four dimensions of executive coaching. I argue that the emergence of coaching is a product of and a response to a fast changing business environment where continuous improvement is required to adapt to the volatility of changes. Change in the larger context (corporate settings and business environments) is not to be resisted or criticized but to be enabled through the change of the self. This dissertation illustrates and explains the grounds of a shift away from systemic approaches and systemic criticism towards individualistic approaches. Coaching emerges in and becomes an illustration of a neo-liberal economy that emphasizes constant retraining of a self that is versatile, pragmatic and fragmented. Thesis supervisor: Michael M. J. Fischer Title: Professor of Anthropology


Tradition vs science, custom vs rationality, folklore vs fact . . . the ever-challenging encounter between these opposing forces and influences is invitingly depicted for the mental health professional and informed layman in this second of the three volumes from the International Study Group on Mental Health. The book defines the basic dilemma of contemporary society as a deficiency of ability in interpersonal relations. By this pragmatic definition, the study group places international relations, intergroup (political, cultural, and subcultural) relations, the impact of industrialization, technology, and social and geographic mobility, and the effect of increasing population directly in the context of mental health concern and planning. The study group demonstrates clearly how tradition, custom, and folklore inhibit or confine action for improvement in mental health and propose a comprehensive, multi-faceted blueprint for a world-wide plan of action. The four parts of the report have differential appeal and


The aim of this text is to isolate and define the recurring female character types in Dickens' early novels – Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby. The research of women's roles in Victorian culture when middle and upper-class women were "'protectively' enclosed in the home and subordinate to senior male figures: father and brothers when single, husband once married" (Moran 36), has demonstrated that female characters in the novels reflect these roles. Furthermore, it has been shown that Dickens' involvement in the rehabilitation of prostitutes and his relationship with his mother also played a major role in the development of his characters.
In Victorian novels, mothers are "almost always … incapacitated, abandoning, or dead" (Dever i). The portrayal of mothers in Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby does not deviate from this claim, as it has been shown that the mothers of both novels fit into one of these categories. That "the maternal ideal in fiction … takes its shape and its power in the context of almost complete maternal absence" (xi) can be demonstrated by the absence of Oliver Twists' mother who, right before her death, kissed Oliver on the forehead and, with that, established herself "as the standard of goodness and virtue for the boy" (27). In Chapter XXXVII of Nicholas Nickleby, another dead mother is praised through an emotional speech given by her son, Edwin Cheeryble.
However, a great number of orphaned characters are given one or several parental surrogates. The wealthy and respectful Maylie family adopts Rose Maylie, while Oliver encounters Mrs Bedwin who takes care of him for a short period of time, but is later adopted by the Maylies as well. However, Nancy, the prostitute, does not share the same luck as the two aforementioned characters, and is instead raised by a gang of criminals for whom she has to engage in immoral activities. It is evident that Oliver Twist provides dead or missing and therefore idealized mothers who are usually replaced with parental surrogates, whether positively or negatively portrayed. In Nicholas Nickleby, however, apart from dead and idolized mothers, much revolves around the concept of living but incompetent mothers. The foolish Mrs Nickleby was modelled after Dickens' mother, while Mrs Kenwigs fails at mothering due to her materialistic pretences, much like Mrs Mann from Oliver Twist. Therefore, in these novels mothers are either dead and idealized, or alive and demonized.
Female characters who are innocent, pure, passive, humble, and beautiful represent the ideal which corresponds to the Victorian ideal of femininity. Dickens bestows his angelic characters with beauty and modesty and, consequently, rewards them with a marriage to good men if they remain pure. Rose Maylie is the character who represents the feminine ideal in Oliver Twist, while Miss Nickleby and Madeline Bray epitomize this ideal in Nicholas Nickleby. Consequently, they are all rewarded with marriage for love. However, women who do not embody this feminine ideal and deviate from the norm, are ultimately unrewarded, or in the case of Nancy the prostitute from Oliver Twist, even brutally murdered. Dickens also used minor characters to portray either the virtuous or the fallen. Therefore, kind and cheerful Miss La Creevy is rewarded with marriage, while the Kenwigs and the Squeers women who harbour aristocratic pretensions do not receive what they want – wealth and marriage.
Finally, Dickens portrays both his angelic and fallen characters as victims of men and society. Apart from suffering tremendously in the novel and being murdered at its end, Nancy is used as a means of economic exchange as she is forced into prostitution. In Nicholas Nickleby both Kate and Madeline are also used as means of economic exchange. Madeline was supposed to enter an arranged marriage with an old and despicable man in exchange for settlement of her father's debts. Kate was forced to attend a dinner party through which Dickens aimed to show the problematic aspect of using an innocent girl as a means of economic exchange by utilizing an array of economic terms in attempts to transact her.
Based on the evidence provided by the novels, the authors who argue that Dickens was a man of his time, but not ahead of his time, are certainly correct, as he rewards the angelic and punishes the fallen. However, glimpses of Dickens' social activism are present in Oliver Twist through Nancy who is, in the end, portrayed as a positive character despite her status of a "fallen woman." Fallen women "illustrate and express what Dickens condemns in society: the role of money and commercial value [and] the brutality of manners in the underworld" (Basch 228). Dickens "really did sympathize with every sort of victim of every sort of tyrant" (Chesterton 52). However, although Dickens was wholly sympathetic to victimized and fallen women, and believed that they could be saved – which can be confirmed with his involvement in the rehabilitation of prostitutes at Urania Cottage – he ultimately does not allow Nancy to have a good life and rise above her condition. In the novel, she is given a choice to join one of the asylums that were supposed to give her an opportunity to live a better life, far away from the corrupted city, but because Nancy rejects this opportunity, she ultimately cannot be saved. Her redemption lies in gruesome death.
In comparing the female characters in these two novels it can be argued that Dickens held views typical of the Victorian era and that "in all his tales there is a latent desire to improve and strengthen the charities of life, raise the trampled upon, soften intolerance, diffuse knowledge, [and] promote happiness" (Armstrong 44). In these novels, he parodies aristocratic pretentions and greediness, praises purity and morality, and condemns the victimization of women.
He also condemns the harsh living conditions of the lower classes, especially women, and the societal circumstances that lead to crime and prostitution. However, by not allowing his fallen character to rise above her condition unless she joins one of the asylums for fallen women and rewarding only the ones who remain pure and quiet, he subtly affirms the rules of the patriarchal Victorian society and relegates women to the domestic sphere.


For improvement of planetary rover locomotion, a new type of tracked vehicle was designed for planetary exploration based on the concept of reconfigurability. By applying the planetary wheel principle, the system can give output in different forms under various constraint conditions. As a reconfigurable module, the vehicle can be integrated into a larger system using two basic configurations. As a stand-alone rover, it has two moving modes. The whole design was analyzed by conducting dynamics simulations and experiments.


Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs) are one of the main gravitational wave (GW) sources for a future space detector, such as eLISA/NGO, and third generation ground-based detectors, like the Einstein Telescope. These systems present an interest both in astrophysics and fundamental physics. In order to make a high precision determination of their physical parameters, we need very accurate theoretical waveform models or templates. In the case of a circular equatorial orbit, the key stumbling block to the creation of these templates is the flux function of the GW. This function can be modeled either via very expensive numerical simulations, which then make the templates unusable for GW astronomy, or via some analytic approximation method such as a post-Newtonian approximation. This approximation is known to be asymptotically divergent and is only known up to 5.5PN order for the Schwarzschild case and to 4PN order for the Kerr case. A way to improve the convergence of the flux is to use re-summation methods. In this work we extend previous results using the Pad\'e and Chebyshev approximations, first by taking into account the absorption of the GWs by the central black hole which was neglected in previous studies, and secondly by using the information from the Schwarzschild and absorption terms to create a Kerr flux up to 5.5PN order. We found that these two additions both improve the convergence. We also demonstrate that the best re-summation method for improving the flux model is based on a flux function which we call the "inverted Chebyshev approximation".


Learning a language is always a difficult thing and more so when it comes to learning a second language (L2) for it reflects the complexity of learning a language which is the other tongue rather than the mother tongue of a person. The present paper proposes to focus on the prospects and benefits of the skill-based learning of the L2. All learners, as such pick up a language by two means: a) acquisition of one's own language/mother tongue, and b) learning another language. Acquisition is a subconscious and intuitive process, similar to that used by a child to pick up the first language (L1); and the second is conscious learning, in which a learner is aware of his/her own learning process.


This paper develops a three degree-of-freedom sagittal-plane hybrid dynamical systems model of a bounding quadruped. Simple within-stance controls yield a closed form expression for a family of hybrid limit cycles that represent bounding behavior over a range of user-selected fore-aft speeds as a function of the model's kinematic and dynamical parameters. Controls acting on the hybrid transitions are structured so as to achieve a cascade composition of in-place bounding driving the fore-aft degree of freedom thereby decoupling the linearized dynamics of an approximation to the stride map. Careful selection of the feedback channels used to implement these controls affords infinitesimal deadbeat stability which is relatively robust against parameter mismatch. Experiments with a physical quadruped reasonably closely match the bounding behavior predicted by the hybrid limit cycle and its stable linearized approximation. Disciplines Electrical and Computer Engineering | Engineering | Systems Engineering This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/ese_reports/24


This paper describes how, given the complexity and number of constraints to be taken into account, train timetabling is a difficult and time-consuming task. A feasible train timetable should specify the departure and arrival time of each train to each location of its journey so that the line capacity and other operational constraints are met. Traditionally, train timetables have been generated manually by drawing trains on the time-distance diagram, where train schedules are manually adjusted so that all constraints are fulfilled. This process can take a long time and it usually stops once a feasible timetable is found. The difficulty of the process increases in complex and high-loaded networks and the resulting timetabling may be far from optimal. This paper presents MOM: a friendly, flexible, computer-based Decision Support System (DSS) whose main goal is to support the railway planner to efficiently obtain optimized train timetables. The system generates feasible and high quality timetables by considering the set of constraints of the problem and optimization criteria related to the use of railway infrastructures and operator requirements. The railway planner can obtain several solutions automatically, by modifying certain parameters (departure interval, frequencies, among others). Hence, the user can analyze them and take decisions about conditions related to railway traffic and infrastructure. Furthermore, an important feature of the DSS is the consideration of hard and soft constraints which makes the search process more flexible and reaches better solutions. The developed DSS offers assistance in train scheduling, conclusions about the maximum capacity of the network, identifying bottlenecks, determining the consequences of changes, providing support in the resolution of incidents, and alternative planning in on-line scheduling for real traffic control. This DSS software is being successfully used by the Spanish Manager of Railway Infrastructure (ADIF).


Background Critically ill patients who require treatment with proton pump inhibitors are often unable to swallow solid dosage forms and have nasogastric (NG) or orogastric (OG) tube placement. Many of these patients will need medications in a liquid dosage form for easy administration. The aim of this study was to determine which extemporaneous preparation of lansoprazole is least likely to cause NG or OG tube blockage. Methods Lansoprazole capsules, oral disintegrating tablets, and packets were each dissolved in apple juice, cranberry juice, orange juice, ginger ale, water, and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The resulting suspension was individually passed through an 18-French NG tube and collected in a graduated cylinder. The tubes were then inspected for clots. The amount of drug retrieved from the cylinder was rated as none, partial, or complete. The physical consistency and pH changes of the suspension were assessed for stability at 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Results Complete drug retrieval and no clots were observed when any of the lansoprazole dosage forms were mixed with 8.4% NaHCO3 or when the disintegrating tablet was mixed in any of the solutions. The pH of each admixture remained fairly constant over 15 minutes, but the packet-in-water combination showed a significant lowering in pH immediately after mixing. Conclusion The use of NaHCO3 to make suspension for any lansoprazole formulation is associated with the least likelihood of tube blockage or pH variations. Thus, it may be the preferred delivery vehicle for NG/OG administration of lansoprazole, unless the Solutab is available.


Ab s t r Ac t Introduction: Cystic lesions are one the most common pathologies in the oral and maxillofacial region. A number of software are available to assess the progress of bone healing following their surgical management. Aim and objective: The aim and objective of this study was to assess the changes in size and bone density following treatment (either marsupialization or enucleation) of benign odontogenic cystic lesions in eight patients using computer analysis on preand postoperative panoramic radiographs. Materials and methods: The study was undertaken in 8 patients with mean age of 35.37 years (range = 11–50 years). The male–female ratio was 3:5. All lesions (n = 7) were present in the mandible except one that involved right maxilla. Out of the total eight cystic lesions, six cystic lesions were treated by marsupialization, and two cystic lesions were treated by enucleation. Results: There was a significant decrease in cystic volume postoperatively in all patients treated by marsupialization (n = 6) and also decrease in size of radiolucent (in all 8 patients) area radiographically, with progressive increase in bone density when compared to contralateral healthy side. The mean difference in bone density between preoperative and postoperative values was highly significant in the first 2 months, significant in third, fourth, and fifth month, and nonsignificant in the last 3 months. It was observed that the mean postoperative speed of shrinkage of the radiolucent areas was almost similar in the first 5 months and then decreased progressively over the next 4 months. The average speed of shrinkage was maximum for odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) (n = 3), followed by unicystic ameloblastoma (UAB) (n = 1), dentigerous cyst (DC) (n = 1), and was the least for residual cyst (n = 1). Conclusion: The study noted that there might be a direct relation between size of primary radiolucent area and postoperative speed of shrinkage. Hence, digitalized orthopantomograph can be considered as an economical alternative to assess postoperative bone regeneration along with the added benefit of reduced radiation exposure to the patient.


Intensive coastal and marine resource management, climate change investigations and nature conservation needs, boost the demand for adequate seafloor mapping. Habitat mapping encompasses a variety of ocean floor parameters such as sediment texture, bedforms and benthic biota allows complementing and supporting scientific studies as well as stakeholder decisions. Politics or directives are often reliant on data and experiences from science. In this course, diverging scientific and stakeholder interests increase debates about the three focal questions in habitat mapping: which map resolution to choose, which parameter to consider and which classification to apply? This conflicts arise because stakeholders have to work with simplified classifications to fulfill e.g. European guidelines (e.g. EUNIS) while scientists work with a higher degree of complexity.
In the southeastern North Sea, considerable effort went into highly resolved area-wide acoustic investigation of sediment-dynamic processes. While a huge amount of grab samples have been taken through the past 50 years (~ 500,000 station in the German Bight), the systematic collection of precisely referenced backscatter data has not commenced before the turn of the millennia. Results of both approaches offer useful comparison and are matter for future discussions. Grab data support statistical model approaches, in which grain-size fraction are modeled as continuous variables with the resolution and accuracy highly depending on the method used. Sidescan sonar data provide very precise high-resolution maps. However, the backscatter data require categorization into distinct sediment classes which is a difficult, and time-consuming task since automated standard-classification routines usually fail and (sometimes subjective) expert knowledge must be implemented.
This study presents advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches (grab-sample data analysis, modelling, acoustic-data analysis) and how these complement each other in a case study undertaken in the Sylter Outer Reef, a protected (FFH) area in the German Bight. The southwest of the study area is characterized by homogeneous distributed muddy fine sands while the northeastern part is shaped by multiple Pleistocene glacial advances and retreats. As a result, the seafloor is characterized by heterogeneous glacial deposits (medium sand to gravel size with stones) partly covered with Holocene marine sediments. We discuss the different options, including automatic (unsupervised classification) and manual classification of back scatter data (following a national mapping program in Germany; cf. Propp et al.) or statistical models (based on principle component analysis). Modelling is able to provide the distribution of 'unclassified fractions', but may not reach the accuracy and resolution of hydroacoustic methods (particularly in areas with heterogeneous sediment distribution). Finally we discuss the value that can be added when merging the three methods.


Cavitation normally causes severe damage in hydraulic machinery such as pumps and turbines by the impact produced by cavitation bubbles collapsing. Although cavitation is known as a factor of erosion, Soyama et al. succeeded in utilizing impacts of cavitation bubble collapsing for surface modification by controlling cavitating jet in the same way as shot peening. The local plastic deformation caused by cavitation impact enhances the fatigue strength of metallic materials, and the surface modification technique utilizing cavitation impact is called "cavitation peening (CP)". It is well known that the peening improves fatigue strength by introducing compressive residual stress on the surface, but little attention has been paid to the behavior of fatigue crack growth of the material which was modified by CP. In the present study, the fatigue behavior of austenite stainless steel with and without CP was evaluated by a plate bending fatigue test, and the results revealed that the compressive residual stress introduced by CP suppresses fatigue crack growth rate by 70 % compared to that without CP.


Indigenous knowledge is a valuable but under-used source of information relevant to landscape change research. We interviewed Inupiat elders, hunters, and other knowledge-holders in the villages of Barrow and Atqasuk on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska to gain further insight into the processes governing the ubiquitous lakes and the dynamics of landscape change in this region of continuous permafrost. The interviews provided a suite of information related to lakes and associated drained lake basins, as well as knowledge on landforms, environmental change, human events, and other phenomena. We were able to corroborate many observations independently and verify the timing of several large and significant lake drainage events using either aerial photography or remotely sensed time series. Data collected have been incorporated into a geodatabase to develop a multi-layer Geographic Information System that will be useful for local and scientific communities. This research demonstrates that indigenous knowledge can reveal a new understanding of landscape changes on the Arctic Coastal Plain in general and on lake processes in particular. We advocate ongoing, community-oriented research throughout the Arctic as a means of assessing and responding to the consequences of rapid environmental change.


Although Western medicine has tended to ignore other systems of preventing and treating disease and illness, practitioners of these systems serve more of the world's population than do allopathic practitioners. This paper contrasts allopathy with Chinese medicine, curanderismo, and a Native American healing system, using a 12-facet model. It points out the importance of knowing about alternative models of healing, especially in regard to religious and spiritual problems, in a multicultural society.


Being a competent communicator is complex and goes beyond expressing simple needs and wants to include havingthe ability to ask and respond to wh-questions. For individuals with autism spectrum disorders who use pictures tocommunicate, initiating communications such as questions can be difficult and it has been shown that some picturesystems do not include question asking in the curriculum, such as the Picture Exchange Communication System. Thisstudy attempted to address this lack of question asking in teaching communication with pictures. The current studyinvestigated how augmentative and alternative communication users learn to communicate, with methods of how vocalindividuals with autism spectrum disorders have been taught to ask wh-questions, to teach nonvocal individuals withautism spectrum disorders to ask the question "What's that?" using a picture communication. The results showed that all 3 participants learned to vocally ask "What's that?" withoutrequiring the communication picture, and the training for all participants was completed within 1 to 2 days. Secondary findings included the successful generalization of this question to nontrained settings, communicativepartners, and stimuli. This study extends the limited literature on teaching wh-questions to individuals with autismspectrum disorders and supports findings of vocal outcomes with individuals who use picture systems tocommunicate.


This paper develops a new approach to the estimation of consumer demand models with unobserved heterogeneity subject to revealed preference inequality restrictions. Particular attention is given to nonseparable heterogeneity. The inequality restrictions are used to identify bounds on counterfactual demand. A nonparametric estimator for these bounds is developed and asymptotic properties are derived. An empirical application using data from the UK Family Expenditure Survey illustrates the usefulness of the methods.


We use the 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S) survey to place direct constraints on the ubiquity of z ≈ 2 heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in K < 22 BzK-selected galaxies. Forty-seven (≈21%) of the 222 BzK-selected galaxies in the central region of the CDF-S are detected at X-ray energies, 11 (≈5%) of which have hard X-ray spectral slopes (Γ ≲ 1), indicating the presence of heavily obscured AGN activity (NH ≳ 3 × 1023 cm−2). The other 36 X-ray detected BzK galaxies appear to be relatively unobscured AGNs and starburst galaxies; we use X-ray variability analyses over a rest-frame baseline of ≈3 years to further confirm the presence of AGN activity in many of these systems. The majority (7 out of 11) of the heavily obscured AGNs have excess infrared emission over that expected from star formation (termed "infrared-excess galaxies"). However, we find that X-ray detected heavily obscured AGNs only comprise ≈25% of the infrared-excess galaxy population, which is otherwise composed of relatively unobscured AGNs and starburst galaxies. We find that the typical X-ray spectrum of the heavily obscured AGNs is better characterized by a pure reflection model than an absorbed power-law model, suggesting extreme Compton-thick absorption (NH ≳ 1024 cm−2) in some systems. We verify this result by producing a composite rest-frame 2–20 keV spectrum, which has a similar shape as a reflection-dominated X-ray spectrum and reveals an emission feature at rest-frame energy ≈6.4 keV, likely to be due to Fe K. These heavily obscured AGNs are likely to be the distant analogs of the reflection-dominated AGNs recently identified at z ≈ 0 with >10 keV observatories. On the basis of these analyses, we estimate the space density for typical (intrinsic X-ray luminosities of L2-10 keV ≳ 1043 erg s−1) heavily obscured and Compton-thick AGNs at z ≈ 2. Our space-density constraints are conservative lower limits but they are already consistent with the range of predictions from X-ray background models.


The purpose of this research is to analyze the development of sangko' production
in sapeken sub district, to analyze the contribution of sanko' agroinstry towards
household revenue/income in Sapeken sub district and to analyze the future of
sangko' agroindustry development. To accomplish the first purpose, the analysis
used is the trend one, second puspose using both income/revenue and
contribution analusis moreover the third purpose using descriptive analysis. The
development of sangko' production volume per 4 months from Juni 2088 to
Auggust 2012 tends to be increasing sangko' production contribution towards
household income shows a positive manner and the development of sangko'
production in Sapeken sub district is prosperous, it can be seen both from
internal and eksternal factors in supporting sangko' agroindustry development.
Kata Kunci : Agroindustry Development Based on Local Resources (sangko')