This study explores how the monetization and commercialization of rural economy, peasant mobility, and the changing power of landholders in the countryside affected the nature of Salonikan society throughout the eighteenth century. It analyzes the ways in which the emerging power relations in rural areas altered both the status of different social groups and the contours of local administration in an Ottoman provincial setting. It aims to show that the new rural-urban dynamics not only shaped the political alliances and the workings of state, but also set stage for the Ottoman interventionist policy in Salonika. By writing the rural dynamics into the historical narrative, Kokdas's article thus provides a new understanding of the link between the town-country relationship and the sociopolitical transformation of provincial society in the early modern Ottoman world.


Abstract:  There have been few documented comparisons of serial murder cases committed in the United States with cases occurring internationally. The authors contrasted two unique serial murder series: one in Italy and one in the United States by examining the details of both series, including the M.O., motivation, crime scene interactions, sexual acts performed, and the general backgrounds of both offenders. The comparison revealed a number of similarities. Both offenders specifically targeted elderly women, who were attacked in their residences. The two series involved sexually motivated crimes, although the sexual interactions were different. Both offenders stole objects from their victims after the murders and each kept newspaper accounts of their crimes. In addition, both offenders claimed to have abusive upbringings, including sexual abuse.


The sweeping and far-reaching political, economical and demographical changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of 19th, beginning of the 20th century affected profoundly the linguistic situation of the country's Jewish, overwhelmingly Sephardic, minority. Having lost the unity with their brethren on Balkans, the Bosnian Jews had to rely more and more on their relations with other Bosnian ethno-religious communities. It is from this deepened contact with their Serbian, Muslim and Croatian neighbors on one side and from the constant need for new linguistic solutions, brought about by the ever changing reality, that Serbo-Croatian influences (once so superficial) started entering all the spheres of Bosnian Judeo-Spanish, its lexicon, morphology, phonology, syntax, and even grammar. The author analyzes those influences as they are, consciously or unconsciously, reflected in the literature produced by the members of the Sephardic Circle—the Sarajevo-based group of young and idealistic Sephardic intellectuals who tried to fight and prevent the oblivion of Judeo-Spanish language and culture.


We consider perturbations of the harmonic map equation in the case where the target manifold is a closed Riemannian manifold of nonpositive sectional curvature. For any semilinear and, under some extra conditions, quasilinear perturbation, the space of classical solutions within a homotopy class is proved to be compact. An important ingredient for our analysis is a new inequality for maps in a given homotopy class which can be viewed as a version of the Poincare inequality for such maps.


Politicizing a Film Practice. This is a practice-based Ph. D. in filmmaking and concerns the generation of a radical film practice. It is situated in the field of no-budget experimental film and video making and deploys a combination of deconstruction and critical perspectives of cultural production in the construction of its modus operandi. The contribution to knowledge is in two parts. First the bringing together in a film practice established and various knowledges from other areas; contemporary and historical experimental film and video, observational documentary and amateur film practices, specifically Home Movies, in connection to established but various extant modes of reading that material. The second part of the contribution to knowledge relates to the methodology underpinning this amalgamation of knowledges. This is enacted through the tri-partite positioning of the researcher as 'researcher', 'familymaker' and 'filmmaker'. From within those positional framings the submission has sought to utilize a politicization of contextualisation. The second part of the submission's contribution to knowledge can then be formulated as the advocacy of a committed contextualisation that treats the investigator's position as valid and crucial material for interrogation. The outcome is a film practice that does not rely on sporadic funding and vacillating public recognition but rather an ongoing, organic and sustainable film practice that arises from and is nourished by the contexts it seeks to critically engage in. This translates formally into two DVDs and 39,153 words. There are four chapters or 'Screenings' which are self-reflexive and imaginative interrogations of DVD I Home Movies Summer 2005 (13 mins) which take the form of fictionalised conversations. Screening 1, a conversation between the researcher and a senior academician interrogates the film practice in the context of academic, practice based research and outlines the relationship between the artefact and the written text as related objects of thinking. Screening 2, a conversation between the researcher and members of his family, investigates notions of the familial drawing on some feminist perspectives that query notions of representation. Screening 3, a conversation between the researcher and Media and Cultural Studies staff at the researcher's home institution, crossexamines the film practice in relation to a theoretical formulation of political resistance. Screening 4, a conversation between the researcher and other filmmaker colleagues, scrutinises formulations from historical and contemporary film practices and charts filmic influences upon the filmmaking itself DVD 2 (28 mins) contains five experimental Home Movies that work to illustrate the filmmaking evolution towards the principal Home Movie on DVD 1.


A hybrid approach to active vibration control is described in this paper. It combines elements of both wave and mode approaches to active control and is an attempt to improve on the performance of these approaches individually. In the proposed hybrid approach, wave control is first applied at one or more points in the structure. It is designed on the basis of the local behaviour of the structure and is intended to absorb vibrational energy, especially at higher frequencies. Then modal control is applied, being designed on the basis of the modified global equations of motion of the structure-plus-wave controller. These are now normally non-self-adjoint. Since the higher order modes are relatively well damped, hybrid control improves the model accuracy and the robustness of the system and gives better broadband vibration attenuation performance. Hybrid wave/mode active vibration control is described with specific reference to the control of a cantilever beam. The particular case considered is that of collocated, point force/sensor feedback wave control combined with modal control designed using pole placement. Numerical and experimental results are presented.


The rise of multicore architectures across all computing domains has opened the door to heterogeneous multiprocessors, where processors of different compute characteristics can be combined to effectively boost the performance per watt of different application kernels. GPUs, in particular, are becoming very popular for speeding up compute-intensive kernels of scientific, imaging, and simulation applications. New programming models that facilitate parallel processing on heterogeneous systems containing GPUs are spreading rapidly in the computing community. By leveraging these investments, the developers of other accelerators have an opportunity to significantly reduce the programming effort by supporting those accelerator models already gaining popularity. In this work, we adapt one such language, the CUDA programming model, into a new FPGA design flow called FCUDA, which efficiently maps the coarse- and fine-grained parallelism exposed in CUDA onto the reconfigurable fabric. Our CUDA-to-FPGA flow employs AutoPilot, an advanced high-level synthesis tool (available from Xilinx) which enables high-abstraction FPGA programming. FCUDA is based on a source-to-source compilation that transforms the SIMT (Single Instruction, Multiple Thread) CUDA code into task-level parallel C code for AutoPilot. We describe the details of our CUDA-to-FPGA flow and demonstrate the highly competitive performance of the resulting customized FPGA multicore accelerators. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CUDA-to-FPGA flow to demonstrate the applicability and potential advantage of using the CUDA programming model for high-performance computing in FPGAs.


We propose Bethe equations for the diagonalization of the Hamiltonian of quantum strings on AdS5 ×S 5 at large string tension and restricted to certain large charge states from a closed su(2) subsector. The ansatz differs from the recently proposed all-loop gauge theory asymptotic Bethe ansatz by additional factorized scattering terms for the local excitations. We also show that our ansatz quantitatively reproduces everything that is currently known about the string spectrum of these states. Firstly, by construction, we recover the integral Bethe equations describing semiclassical spinning strings. Secondly, we explain how to derive the 1/J energy corrections of M-impurity BMN states, provide explicit, general formulae for both distinct and confluent mode numbers, and compare to asymptotic gauge theory. In the special cases M = 2,3 we reproduce the results of direct quantization of Callan et al. Lastly, at large string tension and relatively small charge we recover the famous 2 4 √ n 2 � asymptotics of massive string modes at level n. Remarkably, this behavior is entirely determined by the novel scattering terms. This is qualitatively consistent with the conjecture that these terms occur due to wrapping effects in gauge theory. Our finding does not in itself cure the disagreements between gauge and string theory, but leads us to speculate about the structure of an interpolating Bethe ansatz for the AdS/CFT system at finite coupling and charge.


The Moloney murine sarcoma virus long terminal repeat (LTR) harbors two distinct positive activators of transcription, namely, a distal signal and an enhancer. In this report we demonstrate that infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) can markedly affect the utilization of these two Moloney murine sarcoma virus transcription signals. We investigated the HSV-mediated trans-acting effects with two goals in mind: first, to gain insight into LTR function, and second, to probe the mechanisms used by HSV to establish its own transcription cascade. In mock-infected cells, LTR-mediated expression was heavily dependent on the Moloney murine sarcoma virus enhancer but was effectively distal signal independent. HSV infection mobilized the use of the LTR distal signal and concomitantly alleviated enhancer dependence. Indeed, enhancer function may actually be inhibited by HSV trans-acting factors. These results suggest that the two positive control signals of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus LTR facilitate transcriptional activation by two different pathways. We further observed that the identity of the structural gene driven by the LRT, as well as the state of integration of a transfected template, can exert a substantial effect on the response of a template to HSV infection. According to these findings, we propose a tentative model to account for the initial temporal shift of the HSV transcriptional cascade.


Introduction The global burden of cancer continues to increase in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Botswana, a middle-income country in SSA, has the second highest prevalence of HIV worldwide and has seen an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer over the last decade in the setting of improved survival of HIV-infected women. There is an urgent need to understand more clearly the causes and consequences of HPV-associated cervical cancer in the setting of HIV infection. We initiated the Ipabalele ('take care of yourself' in Setswana) programme to address this need for new knowledge and to initiate long-term research programme capacity building in the region. In this manuscript, we describe the components of the programme, including three main research projects as well as a number of essential cores to support the activities of the programme. Methods and procedures Our multidisciplinary approach aims to further current understanding of the problem by implementing three complementary studies aimed at identifying its molecular, behavioural and clinical determinants. Three participant cohorts were designed to represent the early, intermediate and late stages of the natural history of cervical cancer. The functional structure of the programme is coordinated through programmatic cores. These allow for integration of each of the studies within the cohorts while providing support for pilot studies led by local junior investigators. Each project of the Ipabalele programme includes a built-in capacity building component, promoting the establishment of long-lasting infrastructure for future research activities. Ethics and dissemination Institutional review board approvals were granted by the University of Pennsylvania, University of Botswana and Ministry of Health and wellness of Botswana. Results will be disseminated via the participating institutions and with the help of the Community Advisory Committee, the project's Botswana advisory group.


This was a prospective study, which involved following up cases of colic and from which blood samples for haematology and serum for biochemical analysis were collected. The haematological parameters measured were total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Haematocrit (hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentartion (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet count, Total leucocyte count (TLC) and leucocyte differential count. The biochemical parameters measured were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, blood glucose and serum lactate. The data obtained from the reported cases of colic was then imported into StatPlus pro 5.9.8 statistical package and means±SD were calculated and student t-test was then used to compare the means from horses that had impaction colic with those that had spasmodic colic as well as the means of those horses that recovered with those of the horses that died. The level of significance was at P<0.05. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) was significantly higher (P=0.03) in horses with spasmodic colic (16.8±1.3 pg) than in those with impaction colic (15.6±1.2 pg). The mean leucocyte count (10/L) was significantly higher (p=0.02) in horses with impaction colic (12.9±5.9) than in those with spasmodic colic (9.0±1.5). Similarly, mean neutrophil count (10/L) was significantly higher (P=0.02) in horses with impaction colic (9.1±5.6) than in those with spasmodic colic (5.4±1.7). The mean values of blood glucose were significantly higher (P=0.02) in horses with impaction colic (5.7±2.0 mmol/l) than in those with spasmodic colic (3.7±1.4 mmol/l). The blood biochemical parameters that were significantly lower in horses that died than those that survived were total protein (P=0.002), albumin (P<0.01) and globulin (P=0.04). Apart from Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and slight leucocyte and neutrophil changes, there were no major significant haematological changes in horses with colic. Total blood proteins including albumin and globulin levels could serve as possible guides to prognosis of colic in horses. The general prognosis of spasmodic colic in horses was good, but fair to poor for impaction.


Linear mixed effects models are frequently used for estimating quantitative genetic parameters, including the heritability, of traits of interest. Heritability is an important metric, because it acts as a filter that determines how efficiently phenotypic selection translates into evolutionary change. As a quantity of biological interest, it is important that the denominator, the phenotypic variance, actually reflects the amount of phenotypic variance in the relevant ecological stetting. The current practice of quantifying heritability from mixed effects models frequently deprives the heritability of variance explained by fixed effects (often leading to upward-bias) and it has been suggested to omit fixed effects when estimating heritabilities. We advocate an alternative option of fitting complex models incorporating all relevant effects, while including the variance explained by fixed effects into the estimation of heritabilities. The approach is easily implemented (an example is provided) and allows corrections for the estimation of heritability, such as the exclusion of variance arising from experimental design effects while still including all biologically relevant sources of variation. We explore the complications arising depending on the nature of the covariates included as fixed effects (e.g. biological or experimental origin, characteristics of biological covariates). Furthermore, we discuss fixed effects in non-linear and generalized linear models when fixed effects. In these cases, the variance parameters depend on the location of the intercept and hence on the scaling of the fixed effects. Integration over the biologically relevant range of fixed effects offers a preferred solution in those situations.


The stability of phospholipid lipomes interacting with micelle-forming surfactants was studied under physiological conditions (150 mM NaCl and pH=7.4 unless otherwise stated) mainly by use of cryo-TEM and fluorescence. The pH-dependent phase propensity of oleic acid was shown to determine the phase behaviour when added to preformed egg-lecithin (EPC) liposomes. Micelles were formed at high pH when the fatty acid was deprotonated, while dispersed inverted structures were formed at lower pH.Alkyl sulphates with a hydrocarbon chain length of 12 or 14 carbons induced formation of defect (or holey) lamellar liposomes as intermediate structures when added to sonicated liposomes of egg-lecithin in 150 mM NaCl. The shorter C10SO4- surfactant instead formed cylindrical micelles as intermediates. At ionic strengths of 100 mM NaCl or less, C14SO4- induced small discoid micelles.The micelle-forming PEG(2000)-PE lipid, commonly used for the purpose of steric stabilisation, induced transitions of liposomes into bilayer fragments at concentrations of 8-10 mol% for the lipids investigated. Inclusion of cholesterol did not affect this general behaviour. At concentrations of 5 mol% and 8 mol% PEG-PE the intact cholesterol containing liposomes were less permeable to the hydrophilic dye carboxyfluorescein, while the presence of PEG lipids did not affect the leakage of the more hydrophobic ethidium.A number of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers were found to have severe drawbacks for the purpose of drug delivery. Pure EPC liposomes were structurally destabilised at low polymer to lipid molar rations (≈ 0.02). When cholesterol was included there were no visible structural defects, but the polymers still induced an increase in permeability of carboxyfluorescein. In addition, there were no indications of effective steric stabilisation.


Taking a social network perspective, the authors investigate consumers' intentions to use innovative mobile services. With a sociometric survey, they empirically assess how consumers integrate and connect through mobile social networks, as well as how their network position influences knowledge creation and intentions to use four innovative mobile services: multimedia messaging, gaming, information, and transactions. Both personal (i.e., opinion leadership and experience with the communication mode) and similarity attributes of social network members have a significant impact on network position, that is, their level of individual connectedness and integration. In addition, the impact of this network position on knowledge creation is contingent upon the type of innovative service. In three out of four mobile service categories, integration exhibits a negative effect on knowledge creation, whereas connectedness has a positive effect. Knowledge creation significantly influences intentions to use mobile services. Moreover, the authors demonstrate that carryover effects occur across the four service categories. Finally, the network's perceived ability to adopt innovative mobile services has a different impact on usage intentions across the four service categories.


Infant immunisation is currently a focus of national and global policy attention in relation to Africa as a key means to address ill-health and contribute to the Millennium Development Goals. Yet vaccination coverage is stagnant or falling in many African countries. Redressing such declines, and ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of proposed expansion of immunisation programmes, requires a sound understanding of the factors shaping vaccine delivery and acceptance in contemporary African health systems. This paper explores these issues through an anthropological approach. It considers how vaccine delivery is influenced by the wider context of the health care system; how vaccination demand is shaped by socially-differentiated knowledges and political identities, and how interactions with delivery institutions and their frontline health workers unfold. It focuses on urban and rural sites in the Republic of Guinea, where dominant policy perspectives often see increasing immunisation coverage as a matter of (a) improving demand through educational approaches that enhance people's biomedical understandings of the reasons for vaccination, and quell misguided 'anti-vaccination' rumours, and (b) redressing supply difficulties through improvements to vaccine delivery system infrastructure, financing and management. In contrast, our ethnographic findings suggest that high demand already exists, although underlain by socially-embedded forms of knowledge and reasoning that fail to match, and often contradict, biomedical views. Yet people frequently cannot realise effective access to vaccines, less because of inherent problems in vaccine delivery systems, but because of the ways these are embedded in the multiple, pluralised processes through which health services are now provided in the Guinean context. As health workers struggle to cope with provision dilemmas, interactions arise which mothers often experience as negative, and which can deter their future demand. Such an analysis, and its implications for policy, emerge only through detailed ethnography of what vaccination practices actually mean to Guinean parents in the context of everyday child care and social relations.


The chapter on ESWL is rather disappointing as it is written from a somewhat parochial perspective, comparing results obtained in Dublin with the 'gold standard' from Munich. Furthermore, the discussion of attempts to prevent primary, secondary, and tertiary stone formation is based on a speculative account of pathogenesis of recurrent stones, which again seems to be well beyond the scope of the chapter. Furthermore, speculation about a possible preventative role of NSAIDs is not helped by citing the wrong reference. Elsewhere in the book we read of parochialism of a different sort this time by American authors who state 'Only two bile salts ... are approved . . .'. One suspects that they are talking about approval for the use of these bile salts in the United States, by the Food and Drug Administration. If so, the presumption that the FDA is right, or that approval of drugs by one national authority has any relevance to the rest of the world, is rather myopic. A chapter on the use of 'Oral Agents' seems to get lost occasionally. Arguably, the effects of bile fistula, cholestyramine administration, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones on hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis are 'off-target'. Moreover, as the formation (pathogenesis) of cholesterol stones has been fully discussed in chapter 1, it seems inappropriate to repeat this in chapter 5. Indeed, there are more than four pages of text before the author starts to address the title of the chapter 'Oral Agents'. The range of treatments that has become available to treat gall stones is quite remarkable and is clearly a tribute to developments both in clinical science and in technology. It is a pity then, that this book does not consistently do justice to the magnitude of these achievements.


Intraocular lens implants are being used in ever increasing numbers for the correction of aphakia. For that reason optometrists should familiarize themselves with the types of implants used and the advantages and disadvantages of each. This article will review the types of implants the optometrist is likely to see. The changing trends in implant surgery will be considered along with explanations for the changes. Several studies of patients with implants are reviewed. Finally, a format for evaluating implant patients is presented.


The liberalization of the electricity markets causes power systems to work closer and closer to their limits. The online assessment of system security becomes a topic of paramount importance in control centers. In this context fast indices to quickly assess system security are fundamental in an on-line DSA session. This paper considers three voltage stability indices recently proposed in literature and carries out some comparisons. In the first part the authors briefly describe the theoretical background of each index. The second part is devoted to two comparisons: at first, the three indices are compared by using an IEEE test system. Secondly, the FVSI (Fast Voltage Stability Index) and the VCI (Voltage Collapse Index) are compared by adopting a model of the Italian HV transmission grid. The comparisons will show the peculiar information provided by each of the considered indices and will assess the performance of these indices also on a realistic power system. Final remarks are reported and discussed.


This essay compares popular and scientific responses to the accelerated climate change and resource exhaustion associated with the Anthropocene. Debates in stratigraphy and other scientific disciplines grapple with the convergence of geologic and historical time, while popular science discourses about diet, exercise, and sexuality insist on turning back the evolutionary clock. By returning to the Pleistocene or Paleolithic, these discourses display an evolutionary nostalgia in the face of massive ecological disruption. These popular works incorporate the science of human evolution into a new form described here as "middle epic" because it offers a slow, heroic temporality for the history of the species. By emphasizing human evolution over climate science, the popular science of lifestyles based on early human behavior constructs evolutionary nostalgia as an ideological response to climate change.


Background: The genetic architecture of complex traits in farmed animal populations is of interest from a scientific and practical perspective. The use of genetic markers to predict the genetic merit (breeding values) of individuals is commonplace in modern farm animal breeding schemes. Recently, high density SNP arrays have become available for Atlantic salmon, which facilitates genomic prediction and association studies using genome-wide markers and economically important traits. The aims of this study were (i) to use a high density SNP array to investigate the genetic architecture of weight and length in juvenile Atlantic salmon; (ii) to assess the utility of genomic prediction for these traits, including testing different marker densities; (iii) to identify potential candidate genes underpinning variation in early growth. Results: A pedigreed population of farmed Atlantic salmon ( n = 622) were measured for weight and length traits at one year of age, and genotyped for 111,908 segregating SNP markers using a high density SNP array. The heritability of both traits was estimated using pedigree and genomic relationship matrices, and was comparable at around 0.5 and 0.6 respectively. The results of the GWA analysis pointed to a polygenic genetic architecture, with no SNPs surpassing the genome-wide significance threshold, and one SNP associated with length at the chromosome-wide level. SNPs surpassing an arbitrary threshold of significance ( P < 0.005, ~ top 0.5 % of markers) were aligned to an Atlantic salmon reference transcriptome, identifying 109 SNPs in transcribed regions that were annotated by alignment to human, mouse and zebrafish protein databases. Prediction of breeding values was more accurate when applying genomic (GBLUP) than pedigree (PBLUP) relationship matrices (accuracy ~ 0.7 and 0.58 respectively) and 5,000 SNPs were sufficient for obtaining this accuracy increase over PBLUP in this specific population. Conclusions: The high density SNP array can effectively capture the additive genetic variation in complex traits. However, the traits of weight and length both appear to be very polygenic with only one SNP surpassing the chromosome-wide threshold. Genomic prediction using the array is effective, leading to an improvement in accuracy compared to pedigree methods, and this improvement can be achieved with only a small subset of the markers in this population. The results have practical relevance for genomic selection in salmon and may also provide insight into variation in the identified genes underpinning body growth and development in salmonid species.


In January 2006, this Journal published an article that set forth the social institutional argument for man/woman marriage, demonstrated how that argument is a sufficient response to all constitutional attacks leveled at the laws sustaining that social institution, and detailed how the courts mandating genderless marriage (and the dissenting judges favoring that result) had elided the argument ("the Judicial Elision article"). Since the Judicial Elision article's early December 2005 cutoff date, two more instances of judicial elision of social institutional realities have cropped up in New York. Both are dissenting opinions, one in the Appellate Division and one in the Court of Appeals. Because those dissenting opinions are interesting, and engagement with them intellectually productive, this article critically examines both. In preparation for doing so, and as an aid to the reader, this article also summarizes central aspects of the social institutional argument as set forth in the Judicial Elision article.


Background: Nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is frequently performed in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. This study evaluated whether NTI is easier when guided by Disposcope endoscopy or �breoptic bronchoscopy. Methods: Sixty patients (30 per group) requiring NTI were randomly assigned to undergo �breoptic bronchoscopy-guided (�breoptic group) or Disposcope endoscope-guided (Disposcope group) NTI. Then, the NTI time, which was de fi ned as the time from when the �breoptic bronchoscope or aseptic suction catheter was inserted into the nasal cavity to the time at which the tracheal tube was correctly inserted through the glottis, was recorded. Epistaxis was recorded using direct laryngoscopy fi ve minutes after completing NTI and was scored as one of four grades according to the following modi fi ed criteria: no epistaxis, mild epistaxis, moderate epistaxis, and severe epistaxis. Results: The time to complete NTI was signi�cantly longer in the �breoptic group than that in the Disposcope group (38.4 sec vs 24.1 sec; mean difference, 14.2 sec; 95% con�dence interval (CI), 10.4 to 18.1). In addition, mild epistaxis was observed in 8 patients in the �breoptic group and in 7 patients in the Disposcope group (26.7% vs 23.3%, respectively; relative risk, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4 to 3.9). No moderate or severe epistaxis occurred in either group. Furthermore, no obvious nasal pain was reported at any time point after extubation in the two groups (P = 0.74). Conclusion: NTI can be completed successfully using either �breoptic bronchoscopy or a Disposcope endoscope as a guide without any severe complications. However, compared to �breoptic bronchoscopy, the Disposcope endoscope requires less execution time (the NTI time).


Abstract
The Sharbot Lake Family Medical Centre has a number of features which are unusual for medical practices in this rural area, including a nurse practitioner, a secretary-receptionist, and the use of an appointment system. Surveys were conducted to determine the acceptability of this style of practice to the population of the area. The results suggest that the health centre is just as acceptable as is conventional solo practice, and that a high proportion of residents in the area have quickly come to regard the physician in the centre as their family doctor.


Deeds is a tool, specifically designed for educational applications, for design and simulation of digital systems based on combinational and sequential blocks, finite state machines and microcomputers. Deeds is characterized by an extremely simple user interface and it is associated with a large repository of application projects, available on the web. The paper presents a newly developed feature of Deeds, conceived for introducing FPGA-based systems in a first course of digital design based on Deeds. This extension allows students to compile a project into an FPGA chip directly from Deeds, leaving in the background the operations performed by the FPGA specific EDA tool. The main advantage is a smoother transition between Deeds and a professional design environment.


The study was aimed to examine the determinant factors in the effectiveness of Human Resources Planning in the higher learning institution, taking Mbeya University of Science and Technology as the case study. The study also wanted to
identify methods of Human resource planning. The study also wanted to establish whether existing human resources planning methods have been effective in acquisition and retain staff. Lastly to analyze challenges facing human resources planning.This was a case study and quantitatively research was used. To get primary data respondents were selected randomly and purposively for the case study and data was collected through administrating structured questionnaires. Interviews were conducted. For secondary data document review was used. Data was coded, edited
and analyzed. The study found that judgmental, forecasting, trend analysis, replacement and ratio are methods which MUST be applied in human resources planning. But also it was found that financial constraints, technology, lack of
expertise and the incapability of the staffs, and workforce diversity are challenges which influence human resource planning. Also the study found that to a large extent human resource planning is effective at the Mbeya University of Science and Technology. So it is recommended that to put more emphasis on human resources planning so as ensure University goals are achieved.


Taking the full complexity of subduction zones into account is important for realistic modeling and hazard assessment of subduction zone seismicity and associated tsunamis. Studying seismicity requires numerical methods that span a large range of spatial and temporal scales. We present the first coupled framework that resolves subduction dynamics over millions of years and earthquake dynamics down to fractions of a second. Using a two‐dimensional geodynamic seismic cycle (SC) model, we model 4 million years of subduction followed by cycles of spontaneous megathrust events. At the initiation of one such SC event, we export the self‐consistent fault and surface geometry, fault stress and strength, and heterogeneous material properties to a dynamic rupture (DR) model. Coupling leads to spontaneous dynamic rupture nucleation, propagation, and arrest with the same spatial characteristics as in the SC model. It also results in a similar material‐dependent stress drop, although dynamic slip is significantly larger. The DR event shows a high degree of complexity, featuring various rupture styles and speeds, precursory phases, and fault reactivation. Compared to a coupled model with homogeneous material properties, accounting for realistic lithological contrasts doubles the amount of maximum slip, introduces local pulse‐like rupture episodes, and relocates the peak slip from near the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone to the updip limit. When an SC splay fault is included in the DR model, the rupture prefers the splay over the shallow megathrust, although wave reflections do activate the megathrust afterward.


Purpose: To review the scientific literature published in the last 14 years on the different types of manual wheelchairs. Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to find the recent research on manual wheelchairs. Results: The findings of 77 references on pushrim-propelled wheelchairs, crank-propelled wheelchairs, lever-propelled wheelchairs, geared manual wheelchairs and pushrim-activated power-assist wheelchairs are reported. Conclusion: The pushrim-propelled wheelchair is light, easy to steer and has good indoor manoeuvrability but is very inefficient and causes serious upper body overloading so that long-term use leads to steadily deteriorating capability for the user and ultimately a transition to a powered chair. Whilst the latter is less physically demanding, the sedentary lifestyle and decreasing muscle use lead to several secondary health problems. Crankand lever-propelled wheelchairs and geared pushrim wheelchairs are more efficient and less demanding and may improve the quality of life of the user by expanding the range of accessible environments, reducing upper body pain, increasing independence and avoiding or delaying the 'debilitating cycle'. However, wheelchairs with these alternative modes of propulsion are often heavier, wider and/or longer and are less easy to steer, brake and fold than the pushrim wheelchair. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Pushrim-propelled wheelchairs are difficult to drive on outdoor paths (grass and gravel/sand surfaces) and ramps so that users are confined to restricted environments and have limited participation in everyday activities. The repetitive strain imposed on the upper body by pushrim propulsion leads to very high prevalence of shoulder and wrist pain in manual wheelchair users. Crank-propelled and lever-propelled wheelchairs are more efficient and less straining than pushrim propelled wheelchairs, allowing users to access more challenging environments, prolong independence and improve the quality of life. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 29 June 2015 Revised 14 September 2015 Accepted 21 September 2015 Published online 15 October 2015


The hypothesis of this paper is that topics, expressed through large-scale social media networks, approximate electricity utilization events (e.g., using high power consumption devices such as a dryer) with high accuracy. Traditionally, researchers have proposed the use of smart meters to model device-specific electricity utilization patterns. However, these techniques suffer from scalability and cost challenges. To mitigate these challenges, we propose a social media network-driven model that utilizes large-scale textual and geospatial data to approximate electricity utilization patterns, without the need for physical hardware systems (e.g., such as smart meters), hereby providing a readily scalable source of data. The methodology is validated by considering the problem of electricity use disaggregation, where energy consumption rates from a nine-month period in San Diego, coupled with 1.8 million tweets from the same location and time span, are utilized to automatically determine activities that require large or small amounts of electricity to accomplish. The system determines 200 topics on which to detect electricity-related events and finds 38 of these to be valid descriptors of energy utilization. In addition, a comparison with electricity consumption patterns published by domain experts in the energy sector shows that our methodology both reproduces the topics reported by experts, while discovering additional topics. Finally, the generalizability of our model is compared with a weather-based model, provided by the U.S. Department of Energy.


In this paper, we empirically test the effect that food aid had on children's educational attainment and work decisions following the 2002 drought. Difference-in-differences and inverse-propensity score weighting regression results suggest that participation in Ethiopia's food-for-work program following the 2002 drought decreased the number of years of schooling for younger children and increased the likelihood that older children were not enrolled in school because of work responsibilities. Participation in Ethiopia's free distribution program following the 2002 drought increased the number of years of schooling for younger boys. This paper contributes to our understanding of determinants of schooling decisions and child labor. It provides valuable lessons on how unconditional transfers can impact schooling decisions and child labor.


CD4+ T cells classically recognize antigens that are endocytosed and processed in lysosomes for presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Here, endogenous Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) was found to gain access to this pathway by autophagy. On inhibition of lysosomal acidification, EBNA1, the dominant CD4+ T cell antigen of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection, slowly accumulated in cytosolic autophagosomes. In addition, inhibition of autophagy decreased recognition by EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cell clones. Thus, lysosomal processing after autophagy may contribute to MHC class II–restricted surveillance of long-lived endogenous antigens including nuclear proteins relevant to disease.


The THz radiation by exciting photoconductive antennas or semiconductor surfaces with femtosecond laser pulses opens a new field of ultrashort laser applications. The transient current induced by the laser pulse irradiation is the source of the radiation in these cases. We proposed and demonstrated that the THz radiation is also emitted from high-T/sub c/ superconductor (HTSC) thin films under a bias current by exciting with femtosecond laser pulses, and interpreted this phenomenon in terms of the transient supercurrent decrease and recovery associated with the transient Cooper pair breaking. We show the properties of the THz radiation from the HTSCs in some detail and the applications to the visualization of the supercurrent distribution.


OBJECTIVE: TO longitudinally evaluate unbound and total serum Phenytoin concentrations during intravenous phenytoin maintenance dosage and to determine the relationship among phenytoin protein binding, serum albumin, and unbound fatty acid concentrations in patients with head injuries during intensive care unit (ICU) and convalescent care. DESIGN: Serum albumin and phenytoin unbound fraction were determined twice weekly during ICU and convalescent care in 10 patients receiving phenytoin following acute brain injury. Phenytoin protein binding was also determined in 10 healthy control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Longitudinal serum phenytoin concentrations associated with dosage adjustments targeted to achieve unbound phenytoin serum concentrations between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L were documented during ICU and convalescent care. Longitudinal phenytoin protein binding was correlated with serum albumin and unbound fatty acid concentrations in neurotrauma patients. RESULTS: ICU patients received intravenous therapy for a mean of 15.0 days. The mean ± SD initial phenytoin intravenous dosage regimen of 6.0 ± 0.7 mg/kg/d resulted in mean ± SD total and unbound phenytoin concentrations of 3.2 ± 2.3 and 0.3 ± 0.2 mg/L. Two patients had seizures associated with low phenytoin concentrations. Four patients continued to receive oral phenytoin therapy during convalescent care; phenytoin dosage requirements decreased over time in these patients. During acute and convalescent care, the phenytoin unbound fraction ranged from 6.0% to 18.3% and correlated with albumin (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.0001) but did not correlate with unbound fatty acid concentrations. The mean phenytoin unbound fraction was 10.1% and 8.9% for the ICU and convalescent patients with brain injuries, respectively, and was 7.0% for the healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Phenytoin protein binding was significantly correlated with albumin and was more variable in ICU and convalescent patients with brain injuries than in healthy volunteers. The high dosage requirements and subtherapeutic unbound phenytoin concentrations observed during acute care are best explained by increased metabolism. Phenytoin dosage requirements decreased during convalescence.


Early diagnosis and early medical treatments are the keys to save the patients' lives and improve the living quality. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can distinguish malignant from normal tissues at the molecular level. In this paper, programs were made with pattern recognition method to classify unknown samples. Spectral data were pretreated by using smoothing and standard normal variate (SNV) methods. Leave-one-out cross validation was used to evaluate the discrimination result of support vector machine (SVM) method. A total of 54 gastric tissue samples were employed in this study, including 24 cases of normal tissue samples and 30 cases of cancerous tissue samples. The discrimination results of SVM method showed the sensitivity with 100%, specificity with 83.3%, and total discrimination accuracy with 92.2%.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a 20-gauge fenestrated catheter with an 18-gauge nonfenestrated catheter for i.v. contrast infusion during MDCT.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Two hundred five adult outpatients imaged on a dual-source 128-MDCT scanner with arterial phase body CT (flow rates, 5.0-7.5 mL/s) were randomized to either an 18-gauge nonfenestrated or 20-gauge fenestrated catheter. After randomization, any 18-gauge nonfenestrated subjects whose veins were deemed insufficient for that catheter gauge were assigned to a third cohort for placement of a 20-gauge fenestrated catheter. Catheter placement success, infusion rate, contrast volume, maximum pressure, complications, and aortic enhancement levels were recorded.

RESULTS
Catheters were placed on the first attempt in 97% (100/103) for 18-gauge nonfenestrated and 94% (96/102) for 20-gauge fenestrated placements and in two or fewer attempts in 99% of both groups. Mean infusion rates (5.74 mL/s for 18-gauge nonfenestrated and 5.58 mL/s for 20-gauge fenestrated placements) and aortic enhancement levels were not significantly different. Maximum pressure was higher with 20-gauge fenestrated catheters (mean ± SD, 230.5 ± 27.6 pounds per square inch [psi]) than 18-gauge nonfenestrated catheters (mean ± SD 215.6 ± 32.8 psi) (p = 0.002). One subject with an 18-gauge nonfenestrated catheter had a high-pressure alarm. In the third cohort, a 20-gauge fenestrated catheter was successfully placed in two or fewer attempts in 85% (28/33), with one minor extravasation attributed to vein insufficiency.

CONCLUSION
A 20-gauge fenestrated catheter performs similarly to an 18-gauge nonfenestrated catheter with respect to i.v. contrast infusion rates and aortic enhancement levels and can be placed in most subjects whose veins are deemed insufficient for an 18-gauge catheter.


International strategies to improve election outcomes for women candidates focus heavily on campaigning schemes targeting change in voter attitudes, defending female quota systems, scrutinizing political parties' approaches, and challenging gender stereotypes. In the Pacific, these strategies have dominated pre-and post-election discussions. There has been less focus on two areas of growing significance: the type of electoral system and the media. This study examines the impact of these two factors on election outcomes for women candidates in Fiji's 2014 election. Our findings indicate that, on the surface, both appeared to make a positive contribution to the results for winning women candidates. At a deeper level, however, a different narrative constituted by various other aspects of electoral engineering and media politics in Fiji can be identified.


Background: The arid and nutrient-poor Southwestern Australia is one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Embedded in this landscape, granite outcrops are considered terrestrial insular habitats supporting habitat heterogeneity when compared to the more homogenous surrounds. Ecology of plant species and communities on granite outcrops has been addressed in numerous studies. However, functional diversity (FD) in context of the environmental heterogeneity remained unexplored. Aims: We tested whether mesic deep-soil habitats on granite outcrops can sustain larger FD than dry shallow-soil habitats. Methods: We calculated FD for dominant species for five single traits (leaf dry matter content, foliar δ13C, foliar C:N ratio, plant height and specific leaf area) and their combinations. We employed Generalized Additive Mixed Models to quantify the relationship between selected climate and soil depth variables, and FD. Results: More benign (deep-soil) habitats supported larger FD for foliar C:N, plant height and for multiple traits than did shallow-soil habitats. Conclusions: We suggest that: (1) functional diversification, likely aimed at avoiding intra- and interspecific competition for light and nutrients acquisition, might be the important factor in deep-soil habitats; (2) deep-soils patches on and around granite outcrops may serve as ecological microrefugia for biota associated with resource-rich environments.


Company's stakeholders make business decisions based on information presented by management. The quality of decisions, among other things, depends on the quality and reliability of information in the financial reports. Business practice demonstrates that managers tend to present a false picture of the financial position and profitability of the company, often in cooperation with the owners of the capital. Procedures that management and investors take, in order to create a false impression about the performances of the enterprise, the contemporary literature defines as creative financial reporting. Presentation of better financial performance than realistic one provides misleading signals about the company, while the users of information are misinformed. The goal of this paper is the analysis of opportunities to implement creative cash flow reporting and the factors that encourage the company's management and the owners of the capital to wrong and misleading interpretation of performance items. After the presentation of the main motive of creative financial reporting, we shall focus on examples of erroneous classification of cash flows. Earnings management and the shaping of cash flows may be realised within and beyond the boundaries of accounting regulations on several ways, but a special review in the paper is dedicate to creative reporting procedures of cash inflow and outflow related to receivables, investments, liabilities, and expenses. Consequences of creative reporting on cash flow and other performances could be serious both for stakeholders and for survival of the company, which is discussed in the last part of the paper


This study examines how disabled people become entrepreneurs, using the
concept of 'entrepreneurial identity' as a theoretical lens for explaining the effects
of disability on venture creation. The original theoretical contribution is a novel
conceptualisation of entrepreneurial identity, one that applies to all entrepreneurs
whilst including the experiences of disabled people and people with long-term
impairments and health conditions. Drawing on a critical realist philosophy, and a
stratified, emergent ontology, entrepreneurial identity is defined as a personal
power to create a new venture that succeeds in the marketplace. Entrepreneurial
identity, as a causal power, is a tendency that may be possessed unexercised,
exercised unrealised and realised unperceived. Although most people have the
potential to become an entrepreneur, not everyone can, or is motivated to, exercise
that power because of other countervailing powers – personal, material and social.
Theorising identity as a causal power can account for both stability and change in
identity formation, in contrast to studies that define entrepreneurial identity in
terms of fixed characteristics determining behaviour, or as a dynamic process
encompassing narrative performances. The empirical material comprises
entrepreneur and stakeholder interview data, online visual data and shadowing
field notes. The analysis reveals that the emergence of entrepreneurial identity
presupposes three lower-level personal powers that must be exercised
simultaneously: (1) the power to conceive of a new venture idea; (2) the power to
commit to venture creation; and (3) the power to acquire new venture legitimacy.
Depending on circumstances, disability can both enable and constrain individual
capacity to realise the three powers, with implications for venture creation. The
findings highlight the role of human relations with nature and the material culture
of artefacts as well as society in the emergence of entrepreneurial identity. This
novel theoretical framework is more inclusive in terms of the multiplicity of
mechanisms at different identity strata and levels of reality that it can examine
whilst accommodating the alternative approaches.


Traditional CO2 absorption methods that are integrated into underwater life support systems use alkali metal hydroxide chemical beds—mostly calcium hydroxide—which have been shown to have poor absorption efficiencies at cold temperatures, and must be replaced at considerable trouble and expense on a frequent basis. With chemical utilizations as low as 20% in water temperatures of 2 °C, these hydroxides do not lend themselves to applications requiring extended durations due to the inability to carry sufficient quantities of these expendables. Experimental evidence suggests that seawater, a readily accessible medium during submersible operations, could be a highly efficient scrubbing medium to remove metabolically-produced carbon dioxide, particularly in cold water missions. This paper describes a feasibility assessment for using seawater to remove metabolically-produced carbon dioxide from a submersible atmosphere and proposes a multi-path scrubber design for use as an underwater life support system.


This briefing focuses on a particular type of rebound effect, which results from re-spending decisions as households realise savings due to reduced energy requirements. Measuring rebound from re-spending involves identifying changes in emissions-relevant energy use embodied in the supply chains of different goods/services that households may switch consumption between as their energy requirements are reduced In assessing re-spending options, we consider a carbon saving multiplier (CSM). This measures the change in embodied supply chain emissions per kilotonne (kt) directly saved by UK households. A key aim of policy will then be to limit the erosion of this multiplier value. Our central finding is that upward rebound effects in supply chains supporting re-spending decisions erode carbon saving multiplier effects of reduced energy spending. There may also be important effects in terms of increased emissions overseas (carbon leakage) because non-energy supply chains tend to be more international than energy supply chains.


Author(s): Perez, Melissa J. | Advisor(s): Campos, Belinda | Abstract: Despite low socioeconomic status and lack of resources, Latinas are found to have better-than-expected birth outcomes, which deteriorate with higher US acculturation. In addition, as the incidence of obesity rises amongst Latinas, it is necessary to study this acculturation paradox in the context of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between US acculturation and poor birth outcomes, particularly examining preterm birth and/or low birth weight (PTLBW), in a sample of Mexican origin women. Furthermore, the differential effect of obesity on the association between acculturation and birth outcomes was examined. This was a longitudinal observational study using data from the Study for Hispanic Acculturation, Reproduction, and the Environment (SHARE). Participants were 1,062 pregnant women recruited from six Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in San Joaquin County, California between 1999 and 2001. The majority of women were of Mexican descent at varying lengths of US residency. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations among acculturation, obesity and poor birth outcomes. Results demonstrated a significant association between US acculturation and PTLBW such that moderately acculturated women had over three times the odds of experiencing PTLBW, while low and highly acculturated women did not show an increased risk. In moderately acculturated women who were also obese, their chance of PTLBW decreased, indicating that obesity acted as a buffer for PTLBW. This effect was not demonstrated in low or highly acculturated women. In conclusion, this study re-examines the Latina Acculturation Paradox in the context of obesity. It is unique in that it demonstrates deviation from the paradox, as the most highly acculturated women did not experience the worst birth outcomes. Additionally, this is among the first study to demonstrate a protective effect of obesity in terms of perinatal health.


The precipitation behavior of MX nitrides during aging was investigated for Cr-Mo-N-X (X=V,Nb,Ti) ferritic steels. MX nitrides, which are finely dispersed in the matrix of Cr-Mo ferritic heat resistance steel, increase the creep strength of the steels by the precipitation strengthening mechanism. However, MX particles usually coarsen during aging, and this results in a decrease of creep strength. In order to clarify the coarsening process of MX particles, TEM samples were prepared from the aged for up to 3000hours specimens. During the aging, V, Nb and Ti containing nitrides (called MX nitrides) were precipitated out. From TEM observation, particle size distribution was confirmed and size distribution follows a typical log-normal distribution. The observed coarsening behavior well agreed with the calculated coarsening behavior of precipitates by Oswald ripening equation.


In this project, we investigate possibilities to control plant diseases caused by bacteria according to three different approaches, i.e. genetic modification of plants (two approaches) and application of avirulent competitive bacterial strains. For that purpose we selected Ralstonia solanacearum and Erwinia carotovora as model organisms for controlling diseases, caused by both agents, in genetically modified potato lines and constructed avirulent mutants of R. solanacearum for suppression of brownrot in unmodified potato lines. Genetically modified potato lines are obtained from MPB Cologne (Germany) and from the Austrian Research Centre , Seibersdorf and these lines possesses insertions of genes encoding for bacterial lytic proteins. The lines obtained from MPB Cologne, denoted DL11, DL 12 and DL13 containT4 Lysozym gene from bacterial fage T4, whereas lines mas2C4-mas1 C4 and mas2C4-mas1 Att posses genes cecropin and both cecropin and attacin, respectively, from the giant silk moth Hyalophora cecropia. Further, mutants of R. solanacearum corrupted in expression of virulence genes via transposon insertion into the hrpB gene are used to control brownrot disease in potato. Using transgenic potato lines and non-pathogenic R. solanacearum strains, greenhouse and field studies are performed to investigate the efficacy of both approaches. Next to efficacy screening, the impact of heterologous gene expression and the presence of non-pathogenic R. solanacearum mutants on the microbial phytosphere community of potato will be investigated.


Background Obesity is associated with the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) could contribute to this association due to its localization in the knee joint and secretion of inflammatory mediators. However, little is known about the effects of obesity on the IFP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of obesity-related features in adipocytes and infiltrating immune cells in the IFP of OA patients. Materials and methods IFP volume was determined by MRI in 79 knee OA patients. IFP and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) were obtained from 106 knee OA patients (total n=155: 68% women, mean age 65 years, mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) 29.9 kg/m2 (5.7)) undergoing joint replacement surgery. Crown-like structures (CLS) were determined using immunohistochemistry. Adipocyte size was determined by light microscopy and histology. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were characterised by flow cytometry. Results IFP volume (mean(SD) 23.6 (5.4) mm3) associated with gender and height, but not with BMI. Likewise, volume and size of IFP adipocytes (mean 271 pl, mean 1933 μm) was not correlated with BMI. Few CLS were observed in IFP and the number did not correlate with BMI. Moreover, high BMI was not associated with higher SVF immune cell numbers in IFP, nor with changes in their phenotype. No molecular differences were observed with BMI, besides an increase in TNFα expression. Extensive characterisation of IFP macrophages revealed that CD206 and CD163, usually associated with an anti-inflammatory phenotype were the most abundantly expressed surface markers on macrophages (81% and 41% respectively), while macrophages produced predominantly IL-6 and TNFα, but little IL-10. Interestingly, surface marker and cytokine expression revealed that CD163+ macrophages had an activated and pro-inflammatory phenotype. Conclusions Obesity-related differences usually observed in SCAT and visceral adipose tissue could not be detected in IFP of OA patients, a fat depot implicated in OA pathogenesis.


In order to develop effective interventions for restoring upper extremity function after cervical spinal cord injury, tools are needed to accurately measure hand function throughout the rehabilitation process. However, there is currently no suitable method to collect information about hand function in the community, when patients are not under direct observation of a clinician. We propose a wearable system that can monitor functional hand use using computer vision techniques applied to egocentric camera videos. To this end, in this study we demonstrate the feasibility of detecting interactions of the hand with objects in the environment from egocentric video. The system consists of a pre-processing step where the hand is segmented out from the background. The algorithm then extracts features associated with hand-object interactions. This includes comparing motion cues in the region near the hand (i.e. where the object is most likely to be located) to the motion of the hand itself, as well as to the motion of the background. Features representing hand shape are also extracted. The features serve as inputs to a random forest classifier, which was tested with a dataset of 14 activities of daily living as well as non-interactive tasks in 5 environments (total video duration of 44.16 minutes). The average F-score for the classifier was 0.85 for leave-one-activity out in our dataset set and 0.91 for a publicly available set (1.72 minutes) when filtered with a moving average. These results suggest that using egocentric video to monitor functional hand use at home is feasible.


By using a histochemical procedure NADPH-diaphorase the topographical distribution of neurons and fibers containing NADPH-diaphorase activity in the cat's inferior colliculus is examined. Neurons and fibers positive for NADPH-diaphorase are observed throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the inferior colliculus, located in its three main subdivisions: nucleus centralis, nucleus pericentralis and nucleus externus. According to the size of the perikarya, dendritic and axonal morphology the positive neurons are classified as follows: large, medium-sized and small. The morphological differences could contribute to the different functions of these cells. The results support the hypothesis that large and medium-sized NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons represent the projections neurons while the small NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons have morphological characteristics that corresponds to the interneurons. Finally, results demonstrating existence of dense network of NADPH-diaphorase positive fibers and fragments suggest that they are dendrites and axons of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons distinguished in inferior colliculus.


At this time, no abstract is available. Scopus has content delivery agreements in place with each publisher and currently contains 30 million records with an abstract. An abstract may not be present due to incomplete data, as supplied by the publisher, or is still in the process of being indexed.


Purpose This study was conducted to investigate the production impacts and use phase benefits of a catalytic converter using the disability adjusted life year (DALY) indicator over its life cycle, starting from resource extraction to end of life management. The assessment was
conducted for a generic three way ceramic honeycomb catalytic converter. The aims of the case study were to identify social hotspots of the catalytic converter's life cycle and to evaluate whether the catalytic converter is saving more lives than are lost during production.
Methods The case study was based on the human health focus approach and on the social life cycle assessment (SLCA) method described in the Guidelines for SLCA. All relevant
stakeholders are included. Material and energy inputs, as well as outputs for unit processes of the catalytic converter production system, are determined from relevant patents and studies, and from the Ecoinvent V. 2.2 life cycle inventory database. To assess the human health benefits and production impacts, the ReCiPe impact assessment method was used. To assess the occupational health impacts, occupational DALY characterization factors (CFs) reported by Scanlon, et al., (2015) were used. Calculations were performed using the openLCA V. 1.4.1
software (GreenDelta, Berlin, Germany). Results and discussion In general, a catalytic converter causes more loss of lives (11 days) then it saves (4.5 days) under the egalitarian value perspectives for the baseline production scenario of 160,000 km functional life. Contrary to that, the catalytic converter saves lives (5.5 days and approx. 6 days for the hierarchist and individualist perspectives, respectively) than it causes loss (about 1 day and 0.6 days for the hierarchist and individualist perspectives, respectively)for the baseline production scenario for 160,000 km functional life under hierarchist and
individualist perspectives. The geographical hotspot analysis reveals that, while the catalytic converter saves lives in Sweden where it is used, it causes more loss of lives elsewhere in the world, particularly in South Africa and Russia. In total, the loss of lives is around 11 days for the base line production system at low recycling rate and egalitarian perspective; at high recycling rate the loss of lives reduced to about 7 days. Overall, the DALY varies between 0.62 days and 11.3 days, mainly due to differences in value perspective. Conclusions The study showed that increased use of recycled platinum group metals, extended functional life of the catalytic converter, and value perspective can alter the health balance of the product system. This human health-focused SLCA case study identified methodological issues that need further attention, for example development of occupational DALY characterization factors (CFs) for the countries involved in the production of three way ceramic honeycomb catalytic converter, and emission DALY CFs for platinum group elements (PGEs)emitted during the use phase of catalytic converter.


Among surgical intensive-care units (ICUs), we assessed differences in risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates between cardiothoracic (CT) and general surgery ICUs, using National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance data from 1987 to 1995. Device-associated rates and average length of stay were significantly lower in CT ICUs. Comparisons of risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates among CT ICUs should be made separately from rates from general surgery ICUs.


There has been a widely accepted belief that employment growth is fundamental in the fight against poverty and social exclusion. The existence of working poverty proves that even if employment growth still represents the best way to avoid poverty risk it is not always enough, actions being needed to create not only more jobs, but also better jobs. The aim of this paper is to highlight the main causes and mechanism of working poverty in the EU countries, in the recent economic crisis and recovery period (2007–2012), in order to identify some possible measures that need to be taken so that in-work poverty reduces. The comparative analysis shows that the phenomenon of working poverty has been growing in sixteen EU countries and the prevalence of in-work poverty varies significantly across these countries. The correlation and regression analysis results suggest that gaps in the national human and economic development can be explained by disparities in working poverty rate. Vulnerable and precarious employment represents an important factor behind the high level of working poverty from the EU countries in the analysed period. By taking into consideration the cumulative influence of multiple socio-economic variables, for the 2007–2012 period, results of principal components analysis and cluster analysis highlight that there are common features and differences between the EU Member States according to their working poverty, employment performances, efficiency of welfare state system and the level of human and economic development. The findings of this study can be useful for policy makers in order to reduce the phenomenon of working poverty. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.25.4.6339


Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) has become even more important research area in recent years with the widespread usage of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. WSD task has two variants: "Lexical Sample" and "All Words" approaches. Lexical Sample approach disambiguates the occurrences of a small sample of target words that were previously selected, while in the latter all the words in a piece of text are disambiguated. In the scope of this work, a Lexical Sample Dataset for Turkish has been prepared. As a first step, highly ambiguous words in Turkish have been selected. Collection of text samples for chosen words has been completed. Five taggers have annotated the word senses. This paper summarizes the step-by-step building-up process of a Lexical Sample Dataset in Turkish and presents the results of some experiments on it.


Introduction: Melasma is an acquired chronic hyperpigmentation which mainly affects women on sun-exposed areas of the body, especially on the face in Fitzpatrick skin types III-V. The study setting is at the Dermatology Clinic at NILES, Cairo University, Egypt.
The aim: This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of fractional ablative erbium:YAG Laser therapy versus chemical peeling in treatment of melasma.
Patients, materials and methods: This study included 30 patients with melasma on their face aged 20-50 years. The patients were divided into two groups. In group I, 15 patients were treated by four sessions of fractional erbium YAG laser at 4 weeks interval. In group II, 15 patients were treated by four sessions of chemical peeling with glycolic acid 70%.
Results: The percentage of improvement in patients treated by fractional erbium YAG laser was 20 – 80% with amean 54.33 ± 18.01 and the percentage of improvement in patients treated by chemical peeling was 30 – 85 % with a mean 53.33 ± 18.09. So, there was no significant difference in the percentage of improvement in both groups (P- value = 0.881).
Conclusion: It was observed that fractional erbium YAG is as effective as 70% glycolic acid peel in patients with melasma.


Inland transportation of maritime freight conducted by trucks creates extensive emissions. These emissions can be mitigated by using intermodal-rail transport through dry ports. In that regard, this study evaluated the environmental benefits of dry port usage by using discrete event simulation modelling. The results show that the current level of dry port-based intermodal transportation decreases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 5.79% compared to transportation of all containers on the road. Evaluating the impact of the electrified railway line on the GHG emissions revealed unexpected results; the electrification of the railway line would decrease GHG emissions only by 0.06%. The improvements in empty container movement and scheduling slightly reduced GHG emissions by 0.69% and 0.63% respectively, however, highest GHG emissions reduction resulted from modal shift by 6.56%. This study extended the previous literature by assessing not only the environmental benefits of dry port usage but also its effects on train capacity usage, while taking the empty container movement into account.


Internationalisation of the curriculum (IOC) is a major issue for administrators, students, policy makers and academics in the higher education. Though this concept is important, it is not yet clear that what internationalisation of the curriculum means? or how should be implemented in the near future? IOC is a "process of integrating an internationalisation/intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and service functions of the university" (Knight & de Wit, 1997:2). IOC involves the development of new skills, knowledge and attitudes among staff and students. A large number of foreign students on campus exposes domestic students to foreign people and cultures. Therefore, an important component of internationalizing students may be a well organized study abroad program. The establishment of partnerships with overseas business schools is another powerful tool to increase the global orientation of business education. Internationalisation of the university curriculum is as much about who teaches and how as it is about what we teach (Leask, 2001). Overseas linkages can take several forms, from student exchange programs to common business education and degree programs. Which form a school adopts often depends on its need, size, mission, and aspiration. The globalization of business demands that business schools internationalize their curricula. The findings of Anand and Rudell (2002) and Tyagi (2001) illustrated that business schools that have internationalized their programs have attempted to raise levels of awareness, understanding, or competency, depending on institutional commitment and available resources. The aim and objective of this research is to investigate and examine How do academics and students experience internationalisation of the curriculum? This study is based on an empirical research method because an intervention would take place, with the participant observations and views gathered pre and post intervention from academics and the students however, there will be no control group for comparison purpose.


In this paper, we investigate the relation between disk mass and mass accretion rate to constrain the mechanism of angular momentum transport in protoplanetary disks. We find a correlation between dust disk mass and mass accretion rate in Chamaeleon I with a slope that is close to linear, similar to the one recently identified in Lupus. We investigate the effect of stellar mass and find that the intrinsic scatter around the best-fit – and – relations is uncorrelated. We simulate synthetic observations of an ensemble of evolving disks using a Monte Carlo approach and find that disks with a constant α viscosity can fit the observed relations between dust mass, mass accretion rate, and stellar mass but overpredict the strength of the correlation between disk mass and mass accretion rate when using standard initial conditions. We find two possible solutions. In the first one, the observed scatter in and is not primordial, but arises from additional physical processes or uncertainties in estimating the disk gas mass. Most likely grain growth and radial drift affect the observable dust mass, while variability on large timescales affects the mass accretion rates. In the second scenario, the observed scatter is primordial, but disks have not evolved substantially at the age of Lupus and Chamaeleon I owing to a low viscosity or a large initial disk radius. More accurate estimates of the disk mass and gas disk sizes in a large sample of protoplanetary disks, through either direct observations of the gas or spatially resolved multiwavelength observations of the dust with ALMA, are needed to discriminate between both scenarios or to constrain alternative angular momentum transport mechanisms such as MHD disk winds.


Various concept of liaison function have expanded in such a manner, but in its applying, without existence of various symptom "deviation" in meaning disagree with existing liaison theory. Internal public (employees, company head, and others) still seldom be paid attention, more than anything else in the form of levying of communications two direction reciprocally. For a while basically theoretically
construction of good relation with public of eksternal shall is beforehand started from good relation with internal public of him, so that owning dedication, adherence, and also support the cont inuity of and growth of company ( Efendi, 1989:144-146). A officer of liaison might possibly fail in to run its role better a company because he do not know embraced by culture is that company, harder if in the reality culture embraced by that man in the reality alien to handled company culture it, causing
misunderstanding will a wrong fact, this matter can bear issues able to harm. Basically liaison (public relations) representing certain function or area needed by each; every organization, good that organization having the character of is commercial (organization and also perusahaan) of nonkomersial. this Formula research internal issue is: "how perception of employees to execution of liaison function in regional Perum Perhutani of Kediri"? This research use descriptive approach qualitative. Informan in this research is 7 employees of Perum Perhutani Kediri with reason 7 the people can deputize researcher in obtaining more complete data about execution of liaison function in company.
To obtain;get needed data, researcher use the following technique : (1) circumstantial Interview (2) Documentation. In a research after data collecting process have been conducted by hence datas which have been obtained to be to be compiled, to be processed, to be analysed, and presented for the diinterprestasikan of. Researcher use data analysis qualitative. After to analyse data hence can be concluded that perception of employees to execution of liaison function in Unity Of Lap Forest (KPH) Kediri is goodness, its meaning of employees in Perum Perhutani perception that execution of liaison function is run better. As evidence that pelaksanaa of liaison function have been executed better is by intern very assisting in giving information. By ekstern liaison orientation is to improve;repair and take care of company image, which as place of the forwarding of information of perhutani, specially information which is disapaikan to sides in environment of Perum Perhutani. For example in the field of Police car
forest (Polhutmob), liaison assist in problem of the division of duty and give clarifications of forest security problem of KPH Kediri.


G alpha q and G alpha 11, members of the Gq family of G-proteins, transduce signals from receptors to the beta isoenzymes of phosphatidyl-inositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). The receptor specificity of these alpha subunits is unknown. G alpha q and G alpha 11 are ubiquitously expressed in tissues; however, there have been conflicting reports of the presence or absence of G alpha 11 protein in haematopoietic cells. Platelet thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 (TXA2/PGH2) receptors activate PI-PLC via G alpha q, but the role of G alpha 11 is uncertain. To define their roles in platelet activation we studied G alpha q and G alpha 11 gene expression by immunotransfer blotting and by reverse transcription of mRNA followed by PCR (RT-PCR) and direct sequencing. An antiserum specific for mouse G alpha 11 failed to identify G alpha 11 in dog or human platelets or in dog liver, a tissue known to contain G alpha 11. RT-PCR performed with gene-specific primers demonstrated G alpha q mRNA, but not G alpha 11 mRNA, in normal human and mouse platelets and in thromboxane-sensitive and thromboxane-insensitive dog platelets. Studies of mouse and dog liver and human retina confirmed that the cDNA, primers and probes used could amplify and recognize G alpha 11 in other tissues. However, species-specific oligonucleotide primers and probes were essential to demonstrate G alpha 11, but not G alpha q, mRNA. Compared with mouse cDNA, dog and human G alpha 11 cDNA had twice as many nucleotide substitutions (approx. 12% compared with approx. 6%) as G alpha q, G alpha q mRNA was also found in mature erythrocytes but G alpha 11 mRNA was not identified, whereas both G alpha q and G alpha 11 mRNAs were found in bone marrow stem cells. Therefore G alpha 11 gene expression in haematopoietic cells is linked with cellular differentiation. The lack of G alpha 11 indicates that signal transduction from platelet TXA2/PGH2 receptors to PI-PLC occurs via G alpha q, and that G alpha 11 deficiency is not responsible for defective activation of PI-PLC in thromboxane-insensitive dog platelets. Despite the high degree of similarity that exists between G alpha q and G alpha 11, significantly greater species-specific variation in nucleotide sequence is present in G alpha 11 than in G alpha q. Cellular specificity and species specificity are important characteristics of these Gq family G-proteins.


Ultrasonography is an important routine examination for breast cancer diagnosis, due to its non-invasive, radiation-free and low-cost properties. However, the diagnostic accuracy of breast cancer is still limited due to its inherent limitations. Then, a precise diagnose using breast ultrasound (BUS) image would be significant useful. Many learning-based computer-aided diagnostic methods have been proposed to achieve breast cancer diagnosis/lesion classification. However, most of them require a pre-define region of interest (ROI) and then classify the lesion inside the ROI. Conventional classification backbones, such as VGG16 and ResNet50, can achieve promising classification results with no ROI requirement. But these models lack interpretability, thus restricting their use in clinical practice. In this study, we propose a novel ROI-free model for breast cancer diagnosis in ultrasound images with interpretable feature representations. We leverage the anatomical prior knowledge that malignant and benign tumors have different spatial relationships between different tissue layers, and propose a HoVer-Transformer to formulate this prior knowledge. The proposed HoVer-Trans block extracts the inter- and intra-layer spatial information horizontally and vertically. We conduct and release an open dataset GDPH&SYSUCC for breast cancer diagnosis in BUS. The proposed model is evaluated in three datasets by comparing with four CNN-based models and three vision transformer models via five-fold cross validation. It achieves state-of-the-art classification performance (GDPH&SYSUCC AUC: 0.924, ACC: 0.893, Spec: 0.836, Sens: 0.926) with the best model interpretability. In the meanwhile, our proposed model outperforms two senior sonographers on the breast cancer diagnosis when only one BUS image is given (GDPH&SYSUCC-AUC ours: 0.924 vs. reader1: 0.825 vs. reader2: 0.820).


! Purpose: To demonstrate that the disadvantage of missing anatomical information in heavily T2-weighted MR myelography images can be elimin-ated by image fusion and phase encoding in the coronal direction of the source images, resulting in MR myelography images comparable to the gold standard, i.e., post-myelography CT. Materials and Methods: This study included 110 patients suffering from extradural pathologies of the cervical and lumbar spine. All patients were investigated using 3D MR myelography and post-myelography CT. The MRI data were post-proces-sed using image fusion and reconstruction algo-rithms and were compared to the corresponding images of post-myelography CT. Results: Our approach for visualization (3D MR myelography) was able to depict intradural struc-tures in high spatial resolution and without arti-facts. The results of our visualization approach were comparable to the gold standard – post-myelography CT. Anatomical correlation was reached by image fusion of different MR data sets. The required post-processing steps were performed quickly and were available on a com-mercial workstation. Conclusion: Image fusion of different MR data sets allows for visualization of 3D data sets with en-hanced quality. The results for the visualization of MR myelography in particular are comparable to conventional myelography and post-myelogra-phy CT. The missing anatomical information in heavily T2-weighted MR myelography images can be compensated by image fusion with conventional MRI.


Abstract In this paper, we study a credit risk (collateral) management scheme for the Canadian retail payment system designed to cover the exposure of a defaulting member. We estimate ex ante the size of a collateral pool large enough to cover exposure for a historical worst-case default scenario. The parameters of the distribution of the maxima are estimated using two main statistical approaches based on extreme value models: Block-Maxima for different window lengths (daily, weekly and monthly) and Peak-over-Threshold. Our statistical model implies that the largest daily net debit position across participants exceeds roughly $1.5 billion once a year. Despite relying on extreme-value theory, the out of sample forecasts may still underestimate an actual exposure given the absence of observed data on defaults and financial stress in Canada. Our results are informative for optimal collateral management and system design of pre-funded retail-payment schemes.


In modern portfolio theory, real estate can reduce substantially the total risk in a portfolio. Therefore, a flaw in the aggregate real estate index would cause a tremendous consequence for all the stakeholders in the industry. In general, there are two major approaches in producing property indices: the appraisal-based and the transaction-based approach. The transaction-index approach is more statistical or econometric in nature, tending therefore to be more formally explicit and objective or transparent in its application procedure. Hedonic regression model is considered as the most suitable for constructing cross-sectional quality adjusted house price indices. The author thus has chosen the hedonic regression model in the empirical part as the opponent method against the Official method, the one which is adopted by the Ministry of Construction of Vietnam. The results show the Official index has a different pattern compared to the indices derived from hedonic and other models. Due to the limitation and constraints during the research period, this study does not attempt to argue for which method is more appropriate than the others, but it does provide the recommendations for the better performance of those index series in the future research.


Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinson's disease, chronic inflammation and mycobacterial infections. Although there is evidence supporting the idea that LRRK2 has an immune function, the cellular function of this kinase is still largely unknown. By using genetic, pharmacological and proteomics approaches, we show that LRRK2 kinase activity negatively regulates phagosome maturation via the recruitment of the Class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex and Rubicon to the phagosome in macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity in mouse and human macrophages enhanced Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome maturation and mycobacterial control independently of autophagy. In vivo, LRRK2 deficiency in mice resulted in a significant decrease in M. tuberculosis burdens early during the infection. Collectively, our findings provide a molecular mechanism explaining genetic evidence linking LRRK2 to mycobacterial diseases and establish an LRRK2dependent cellular pathway that controls M. tuberculosis replication by regulating phagosome maturation.


In a description of a historical case in 19th Century Persia, this article endeavours to show how changes in medical thought occurred. It argues that Medical Modernisation was apparent in the internal changes in traditional medicine. While cholera was frequently recorded, as an epidemic disease, over several centuries in the Persian Medical literature, why and how it became at this period, before contact with Western medicine, under close scrutiny by the traditional medicine. This new scrutiny is illustrated in the writings of Shirazi, a traditional court doctor, who endeavoured to describe cholera, diarrhoea and plague. In doing this, he introduced a significant change in the meanings of vaba and ta'un (generic terms attributed to any epidemic disease). Shirazi used them specifically to mean what we understood as cholera, for the former, and plague for the latter. The internal change in traditional medical thought, together with the awakening of socio-political consciousness regarding the spread of epidemics, were the main factors clearing the path to a natural integration of Western medicine in 19th century Iran.


We investigate the potential of several artificial neural network architectures to be used as an index on a sorted set of strings, namely, as a mapping from a query string to (an estimate of) its lexicographic rank in the set, which allows solving some interesting string-search operations such as range and prefix searches. Our evaluation on a variety of real and synthetic datasets shows that learned models can beat the space vs error trade-off of the classic (possibly compressed) trie-based solutions for relatively dense datasets only, while being slower to be trained and queried. This leads us to conclude that learned models are not yet competitive with classic trie-based solutions, and thus cannot completely replace them, but possibly only integrate them. Although our study does not settle the question conclusively, it highlights appropriate methods, provides a baseline for comparison, and introduces several open problems, thereby serving as a starting point for future research.


Environmental energy is becoming a feasible alternative for many low-power systems, such as wireless sensor nodes. Designing an environmentally powered device faces several challenges: choosing the exact type of the energy harvester, the energy storage elements and determining the duty cycle of the application. With harvesting, the design process becomes even more difficult because it also has to take into account the unpredictability of the energy source. The contribution of this paper is a methodology that facilitates the analysis of energy harvesting nodes. The existing modeling strategies for battery powered systems are not suitable because they do not capture the uncertainty of the power source. Also, the metrics of interest for battery powered devices are different, as opposed to the harvesting powered ones: in the former case we search to maximize the system lifetime, while in the latter case a more expressive goal is to increase the system availability.


I read the excellent review and case report by Walsh et al 1 that appeared in the December 1995 issue of theArchivesrelating to the impressive hair regrowth observed in a single subject with male pattern androgenetic alopecia. The authors also informed us that human trials using combinations of finasteride and minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia "are currently underway." I was surprised, however, that the authors had sufficient comfort at this time to recommend that "this regimen should be considered for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia who desire medical therapy following informed consent." The authors describe the use of this regimen in a 32-year-old healthy white man with androgenetic alopecia. The regimen consists of a combination of topical solutions of minoxidil and tretinoin (final solution, 3% minoxidil and 0.01% tretinoin, with 1 mL applied twice daily to the balding scalp) combined with the


A patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia had a cyclic oscillation of blood neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, platelets, normoblasts, and reticulocytes but not of lymphocytes. The cycle interval was 53--69 days. Except for reticulocytes all other cells cycled with neutrophils. Plasma colony-stimulating factor (CSF) oscillated out of phase with neutrophils, suggesting that granulocytopoiesis is regulated through CSF by a feed-back mechanism. Plasma erythropoiesis-stimulating factor (ESF) also oscillated. ESF crests preceded or coincided with reticulocyte crests, indicating that the ESF elevation may have been responsible for the reticulocyte peaks. The relationship between neutrophils and reticulocytes and their oscillations with plasma CSF and ESF suggests that there is a common stem cell which differentiates along one cell line or the other depending upon the balance of regulatory stimuli. The fraction of blood neutrophilic precursors (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes) in DNA synthesis fluctuated with neutrophil level. The calculated generation time was shorter at the crests than at the troughs of the neutrophil cycles. This finding suggested that the rate of proliferation of the neutrophils changed periodically. This observation, along with a periodic increase in differentiation of the stem cell toward the neutrophilic cells, is the probable explanation of oscillation of the neutrophil count in the blood.


This article deals with the teaching reading and writing tripod: phonological awareness, explanation of the alphabetical principle and literacy. Rigatti-Scherer's research (2008) presents evidence regarding the three guiding axes. Are they: developing phonological awareness throughout the literacy period provides the learning of writing more effectively and that, being established, provides better performance in phonological awareness; the explanation of the alphabetical principle during the teaching reading and writing period facilitates the learning of writing for students of regular classes and students with special needs; literacy enables interaction and the real use of reading and writing functions. The balanced three "feet" support teaching reading and writing.


Although crosshole first arrival travel-time tomography is now a relatively routine procedure, there are very few examples of field data studies involving imaging based on the full wavefield or indeed any part of the data other than the first arrival. This is in spite of the existence of several imaging algorithms which aim to provide increased resolution of geological structure using later, scattered energy. The main problem is that even in apparently high-quality datasets the requisite later phases are often obscured by strong tube waves and other types of 'noise' in the form of arrivals which are not taken into account by these algorithms. In this paper, we describe a crosshole reflection seismic experiment carried out at a borehole seismic test site at Whitchester, Northumberland, England. It is a good illustration of various problems that may be encountered in the acquisition and processing of reflection crosshole seismic data. The validity of reflection imaging is investigated with the aid of full elastic wave equation synthetic data.


Our society is today grappling with a myriad of social, political and economic problems in a time of greatly reduced and very costly resources. All of these problems are connected, in some way, with each other. It is the very nature of societies and this interconnectedness must be understood and appreciated, because, if left unheeded, the consequences can be quite dramatic. With the advent of social marketing, society now has proven methods of effectively attacking these problems to create many types of desired social changes. Prisoner recidivism is just such a problem. It has intense social, political and economic ties to our communities. Its struggle is in determining how best to establish a process by which society can effectively deal with people who break our laws and yet still be held accountable. Like most social problems, it is complex and has advocates, on many sides of the issues, advancing solutions that are being recognized, at best, as incomplete. Can social marketing be the impetus that connects all these disparate solutions into one cohesive whole? Can it influence people enough to change behavior? This paper examines the potential role that social marketing can have in dealing with these questions.