Abstract Paul Broca (1824-1880) was a French physician and anthropologist whose belief in the polygenesis of human origins was inextricably linked to the question of human hybridity. His studies on hybridity began in 1857 after he observed leporids, the crossing of a hare and a rabbit. He applied his methods of analyzing these animal hybrids to mixed-race individuals, a task he believed would prove polygenism. His studies laid the basis for French anthropology and led to the founding of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, the world's first anthropological society. Broca's background in mathematics led him to expand upon methods of quantifying human difference and to develop new anthropometric measurements, which are arguably his greatest contribution to biological anthropology. Broca was one of the purest scientists of his age and exclusively relied on quantitative data. His portrayal in secondary literature does not demonstrate this fact and he is often considered a key figure in 19th century racist science. Drawing from the work of philosophers of science Georges Canguilhem and Ian Hacking, this paper argues that Broca develops anthropometry to classify mixed-race individuals, effectively creating the biological concept of a human hybrid, a type of person that did not exist before. ABSTRACT Paul Broca (1824-1880) was a French physician and anthropologist whose belief in the polygenesis of human origins was inextricably linked to the question of human hybridity. His studies on hybridity began in 1857 after he observed leporids, the crossing of a hare and a rabbit. He applied his methods of analyzing these animal hybrids to mixed-race individuals, a task he believed would prove polygenism. His studies laid the basis for French anthropology and led to the founding of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris , the world's first anthropological society. Broca's background in mathematics led him to expand upon methods of quantifying human difference and to develop new anthropometric measurements, which are arguably his greatest contribution to biological anthropology. Broca was one of the purest scientists of his age and exclusively relied on quantitative data. His portrayal in secondary literature does not demonstrate this fact and he is often considered a key figure in 19 th century racist science. Drawing from the work of philosophers of science Georges Canguilhem and Ian Hacking, this paper argues that Broca develops anthropometry to classify mixed-race individuals, effectively creating the biological concept of a human hybrid, a type of person that did not exist before.


Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and HIV are individually responsible for the most deaths worldwide among all infectious agents, and coinfection with M.tb and HIV is a significant public health challenge in the developing world. Although the lung is the primary target organ for tuberculosis (TB), M.tb can also cause extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) such as in the bones and joints. Treatment of EPTB is much more challenging than treatment of pulmonary TB. The hallmark of the host immune response against TB is the formation of organized structures called granulomas that are infiltrated with immune cells and are rich in cytokines and chemokines. Inside granulomas, the host confines the M.tb bacteria to a particular region of the organ and avoids dispersion. In this study, we analyzed immune cells in bone granulomas of patients with EPTB that are also coinfected with HIV. We found that HIV-infected TB patients have dispersed bone granulomas, with reduced T cell numbers and a concomitant increase in plasma cells. Additionally, HIV-infected patients exhibited dramatically increased serum levels of IgM and IgG1 antibodies, which is indicative of T-cell-independent B-cell activation and mucosal T-cell activation, respectively. Interestingly, we also observed that CD29+ stem cells are increased in HIV–TB coinfection, suggesting a link with HIV infection. Therefore, our work provides new insights into the architecture of spinal TB granulomas and the role of B-cells and humoral immunity against a highly infectious intracellular pathogen. We propose that our findings will inform biomarker identification for EPTB and possibly the development of related therapeutics and/or vaccines to protect HIV-infected patients against disseminated TB.


The operation control strategies of free-piston engine are investigated in this paper. To start the engine, it needs to adjust the compression pressure and the reset valves should cooperate with the frequency control valve to avoid squirm of the piston for hydraulic leakages. The reset valves should be closed before frequency control valve is opened. A piston position feedback modulation control method which can make sure the piston accelerated continuously is presented. It has fixed frequency control valves open signal moment but no fixed frequency control valves closed signal moment, and the closed signal was activated by piston position feedback.


Learning is often thought of as 'formal', 'informal' or 'non-formal'. This report suggests that these are not discrete categories, and to think that they are is to misunderstand the nature of learning. It is more accurate to conceive 'formality' and 'informality' as attributes present in all circumstances of learning. The priority for research is then to identify these attributes, explore their relationships, and identify their effects on learners, teachers and the learning environment.


Windows 2000 development had two apparently contradictory goals, to add functionality whilst improving dependability to the end customer. This paper describes the difficulty in developing the processes to characterizing the dependability goals for Windows 2000. The paper further describes how Windows 2000 met those goals through addition of dependability features and comprehensive testing in laboratories and production environments. These goals could not be achieved solely through improvements to the operating systems but also required addressing additional issues, such as improving the installation process and quality of driver software. The development of Windows 2000 highlighted a number of research opportunities, discussed later in the paper, to impact the development and release of highly dependable software.


The use of Electronic Commerce (EC) technologies enables Small-to-Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) to improve their efficiency and competitive position. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive framework that gives a multi-faceted account for the phenomenon of EC technologies adoption by SMEs. This paper therefore develops a theoretical framework of EC technologies adoption which is composed of four dimensions: perceived organisational readiness (micro level), perceived industry readiness (meso level), perceived national readiness (macro level) and the perceived environmental pressure. The proposed framework is then used to develop a more specific research model to guide future study in exploring EC technologies adoption by SMEs. The proposed framework and research model will be empirically validated by administering a survey questionnaire among SMEs in a number of developing countries.


We describe a new technique to measure the piezo-optical constants of a material in a frequency region where it is opaque. The technique employs Raman scattering. Using this new method we measure the magnitudes of the piezo-optical constants π11 − π12 and π44 in silicon at 1.92 eV. Previous measurements were limited to below and near the fundamental edge at 1.1 eV. Using this technique it should be possible to extend the measurements of the piezo-optical constants in a large number of opaque materials.


In this paper, a novel model for dynamic reliability analysis of a PEM fuel cell system is developed using Modelica language in order to account for multi-state dynamics and aging. The modelling approach constitutes the combination of physical and stochastic sub-models with shared variables. The physical model consist of deterministic calculations of the system state described by variables such as temperature, pressure, mass flow rates and voltage output. Additionally, estimated component degradation rates are also taken into account.
The non-deterministic model, on the other hand, is implemented with stochastic Petri nets which represent different events that can occur at random times during fuel cell lifetime. A case study of effects of a cooling system on fuel cell performance was investigated. Monte Carlo simulations of the process resulted in a distribution of system parameters, thus providing an estimate of best and worst scenarios of a fuel cell lifetime.


The nervous system is an intricate and highly specialized network of neurons. Neuronal differentiation involves complex reprogramming of gene expression. Alternative splicing of precursor mRNAs increases the complexity of transcriptomes and diversifies protein functions at the post-transcriptional level. Indeed, alternative splicing plays an important role in neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. Because the delicate structure and function of neurons make them particularly susceptible to dysregulation of splicing, aberrant expression or function of splicing factors may cause neuronal disorders. Therefore, it is important to improve our understanding of the mechanisms and physiological functions of alternative splicing regulation in neurons. Regulation of alternative splicing primarily involves the binding of regulatory factors to specific cis-elements of precursor mRNAs, and interplay between splicing factors may lead to fine tuning of splicing regulation, thereby diversifying the cadre of mature products. In addition, transcription rate and the availability of the basal splicing machinery may also influence alternative splicing. Recently, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying alternative splicing have been advanced from studies of several neuronal splicing factors; these studies have utilized genetic knockout or disease models as well as genome-wide analysis of mRNA isoforms. In this chapter, we review current understanding of alternative splicing in neurons.


Degradation of simulated winery wastewater was studied in a pilot-scale compound parabolic collector (CPC) solar reactor. Total organic carbon (TOC) reduction by heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO(2)) and homogeneous photocatalysis with photo-Fenton was observed. The influence of TiO(2) concentration (200 or 500 mg/L) and also of combining TiO(2) with H(2)O(2) or Na(2)S(2)O(8) on heterogeneous photocatalysis was evaluated. Heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO(2), TiO(2)/H(2)O(2) and TiO(2)/S(2)O(8)(2-) is revealed to be inefficient in removing TOC, originating TOC degradation of 10%, 11% and 25%, respectively, at best. However, photo-Fenton experiments led to 46% TOC degradation in simulated wastewater prepared with diluted wine (WV) and 93% in wastewater prepared with diluted grape juice (WG), and if ethanol is previously eliminated from mixed wine and grape juice wastewater (WW) by air stripping, it removes 96% of TOC. Furthermore, toxicity decreases during the photo-Fenton reaction very significantly from 48% to 28%. At the same time, total polyphenols decrease 92%, improving wastewater biodegradability.


Knowledge and technology take indispensable place in developing world. Firms are in a continuous competition in the production sector. Thus, in order to be successful in this competition and get the place in market, firms should be compatible with knowledge and technology. This knowledge and technology meet with production at Technology Development Zones (TDZs) and in TDZs, manager firms are responsible for management and other important operational processes of Zone. Firms can not overcome all these tasks solely that they need to make collaboration. Collaboration process is a decision-making process, which needs to decide with whom to collaborate and there exist various criteria affect this decision-making process. Since, this process is somehow a complex one, a mathematical model as Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is proposed in this study. Data was obtained from a three parted data form, which was applied to specialists, who are occupied at Technology Development Zones in Ankara city. As compared main criteria, it is found that institutional development got highest rank among other criteria, which means when manager firm decides to make collaboration, it gives more importance on this criterion. Among the sub criteria, project improvement, intellectual property rights, activities (academic and practical ones) and social responsibilities were found as more important than other sub criteria. Among the alternatives, collaboration with universities, national and international institutes got the highest rank compared with other alternative choices. For further studies, it will be beneficial to expand the framework of this study.


This paper describes an attempt at developing an evolutionary algorithm capable of solving non-trivial cases of integer factorisation, which are at the heart of security behind the modern public key cryptography systems. After reviewing previous work in integer factorisation and describing the developed genetic algorithm the paper addresses issues of convergence to a local maxima associated with the performance of genetic algorithms. Specifically, properties and statistical distribution of local maxima points associated with the integer factorisation problems are reviewed. Finally, performance of the developed system is analysed and recommendations are made for future research paths.


The dissertation is organised in four parts. The first part (Chapter 2) sets the background. It explores the status quo and explains the need for transparency in the food chain. This chapter argues that transparency is a condition for responding to the set of changes that occurred in the food system during the last decades. The second part (Chapters 3, 4 and 5) presents the theoretical approaches that this dissertation draws on as well as the analytical perspective and methods used. Chapter three examines the theories and approaches most valuable for analyzing the process of promoting transparency in a multi-actor context. Having reviewed the major approaches, the dissertation?s own analytical perspective is presented in chapter four. We view the formation of policy outputs for transparency, as a result of both actor strategies and network structures. More specifically, the network is considered to set the context within which individual strategies can evolve. The way actors and network characteristics are operationalised and measured is presented in chapter five. We also present the dissertation?s methodology for the collection as well as analysis of data and case selection in this chapter. The third part (Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9) presents the empirical analyses. Putting the model into force, chapters six and seven assess the political feasibility of efforts to improve transparency in the pork chain in the Netherlands and the EU respectively. In a similar vein, chapters eight and nine focus on the farmed-fish chain in the Netherlands and the EU respectively.
Finally, the fourth part (Chapter 10) concludes the dissertation, interprets the results and discusses their implications for transparency and sustainability related policies and politics.


In order to explore the social realities and centrality of race for African American students at a predominantly white institution, this inquiry applied case study methodology to the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI). Rather than following quantitative methodology which operationalizes racial identity through surveys, the study utilized in-depth interviews to capture students' racial realities. Directly utilizing survey items from the multidimensional inventory of black identity (MIBI) in the interview protocol, this methodology allowed participants to be reflective of the influence of the institutional environment. Findings revealed insight regarding how African American students exhibit their understandings of race through involvement in student organizations. Challenges to overcoming stereotypes and barriers to black group connectivity gave evidence to the need for a heterogeneous approach to the involvement and identity development of African American students.


Early recordings made between the 1880s and mid-1930s reveal a wide gap between the performance practices of a century ago and those of today. Though many contemporary musicians often claim fidelity to composers' intentions, they clearly prefer to avoid the risks associated with playing in ways familiar to the very composers to whom they pledge fidelity. Given this state of affairs, I suggest a re-thinking of the concept of Werktreue, predicated upon the notion that 19th-century performers enacted their fidelity to works and composers by creating altered and highly personalized versions of the detail, structure and time of composers' works.My own performances aim to enact this performer-centred Werktreue in order circumvent the frequently restrictive nature of modern performance practices while closing the gap between these practices and those heard on early recordings of viola solo, viola/piano and string quartet repertoires. The question my work engages with is: how might viola and string quartet playing in the performer-centered, moment-to-moment and communicative style heard on early recordings be brought about today? In order to achieve this aim, the study of relevant literatures on early-recorded style is combined with historical research and the detailed analysis and 'all-in' copying of early recordings.


The Dudes project explored young people's experiences of living with diabetes and how they would like to be supported in self-management using digital resources. In the early stages of development, Dudes is an interactive online education site for young people living with type 1 diabetes, situated within My Diabetes My Way. Dudes aims to support young people aged 17-25 years to understand self-management for their lifestyle, and has been developed by a collaborative team from Edinburgh Napier University, NHS Lothian and the University of Dundee. It was accepted by the Digital Health & Care Institute as part of an integrated 'Digital Diabetes' programme of projects seeking to develop digital resources to support self-management.

The Dudes Experience Lab took place in November 2016, following Pre- and General Labs exploring themes and questions that cut across the projects in the Digital Diabetes programme (commenced November 2015).

This report describes the Experience Lab activity for the Dudes project and a detailed set of findings. It begins by providing project background and aims, and summarises the relevant findings of the Pre- and General Labs (described in full in previous reports).
The findings are mapped onto the objectives of the Dudes project, presenting a detailed discussion of the current experiences of young people, in terms of the insights, attitudes and actions that relate to self-management. Feedback on existing resources for young people are presented, and information gaps and opportunities are identified.
Finally, the report presents design requirements, concepts and scenarios of use for the enriched young person's zone, and the conclusions of the Experience Lab Team.


Nowadays, Indonesia is faced to the phenomenon of equitable development. President Joko Widodo is building infrastructure projects intensively to remote areas. Indirectly it makes the construction service as one of the six sectors that contribute to the Indonesian economy. The concern is that construction disputes are rising in line with the intensity of this development. However, construction disputes are still a serious problem in some countries. This problem is able to overcome under Law No. 2 Year 2017 on Construction Services. Since the implementation rules mandated by this law have not yet been published, this research needs to be done in order to avoid the formation of regulations from misperception. Therefore, this study contains the author's normative analysis of the philosophy and dispute resolution mechanism of construction in Indonesia after the issuance of Law No. 2 Year 2017 on Construction Services.


The purpose of this study was to perform wet forward combustion experiments for Bati Kozluca heavy oil under different experimental conditions. In the experiments, a vertical combustion tube was packed with crushed limestone and saturated with crude oil and water. A total of five wet combustion tube runs were conducted. It was observed that peak temperatures were higher when stabilized combustion was achieved and decreased as the combustion front approached the outlet of combustion tube. In wet combustion experiments, excess carbon dioxide productions were observed due to the decomposition of carbonate minerals. The concentration of carbon dioxide increased after the injection of water while the concentration of the oxygen and carbon monoxide decreased. Atomic H/C ratio of the fuel consumed decreased as the average peak temperature increased. Fuel consumption rate also decreased as the water-air ratio increased. The oil recovery was increased with the water injection until the optimum value. After this point, a decrease in oil recovery was observed due to the decrease in peak temperatures in Bati Kozluca crude oil. The main advantage of wet combustion was to reduce air requirements and improve the sweep efficiency by expanding the steam plateau region. Since most of the oil was displaced ahead of the burning front, the steam plateau becomes the primary driving mechanism for oil production.


It is often assumed that parents completing behavior rating scales during the assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can deliberately manipulate the outcomes of the assessment. To detect these actions, items designed to detect over-reporting or under-reporting of results are sometimes embedded in such rating scales. This study presents the results of an experimental study in which parents (a) read a scenario telling them that their hypothetical son's teacher has suggested their son may have ADHD and (b) considered assigned goals for the assessment. Parents then completed the accompanying Conners 3Parent Short form (Conners 3-P[S]) in a manner that they believed would achieve their assigned goals. Findings showed that parents are able to engage in deception when completing behavior rating scales. The validity scales embedded in the Conners 3-P(S), however, demonstrated mixed results for detecting parental deception with the Negative Impression validity scale, accurately detecting attempts to malinger in the majority of cases, whereas the Positive Impression validity scale appears to have little to no diagnostic utility for the detection of defensive responding. Clinicians utilizing behavior rating scales should carefully consider results, and nonresults, obtained from embedded validity scales when interpreting parent responses to behavior rating scales as part of an ADHD assessment.


Two thermophilic bacteria HP83 and HC181 with fast growth and good decomposition ability of protein and cellulose were separated from 48 samples such as landfill, composting and animal manure by identical medium and activity assaying. Complex microbial community HP83 and HC181 were applied during municipal solid waste aerobic composting that was carried out in a composting reactor under controlled conditions. The comparison of inoculation and no-inoculation ones were examined through inspection of temperature, volatile organic compounds (VOC), NH 4 + N /NO 3 - N, main composting period and other physical parameters. The result show that compared with the no-inoculation one, the inoculation composting period was shortened by four days; the maximum temperature was increased by 10°C and the time to get to peak temperature was shortened by two days. Organism degradation was effectively accelerated and the volume and weight reduction were superior to the no-inoculation one. Key words: Thermophilic bacteria, screen, complex microbial agency, municipal solid waste (MSW), aerobic composting.


A multifunctional nanomaterial based wound healing matrix was fabricated by modified co-precipitation and chemical reduction method. The matrix was comprised of either a bimetallic Fe-Cu nanocomposite powder or a wound bed made up of absorbent cotton swab impregnated with bimetallic Fe-Cu nanocomposite. The detailed analytical studies of both dressing materials (powder and cotton bed) were carried out with transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and bright field microscopy. Both the nanocomposite powder and the nanocomposite impregnated cotton swab exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria (such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) as well as against fungus isolated from different human biological samples (pus/tissue culture/urine). For real time applications, the in vivo wound healing ability of both dressing materials was also carried out in Wistar albino rats with infected diabetic wounds. These biocompatible and biodegradable dressing materials with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties have exhibited more than 20 mm in diameter zone of microbial growth inhibition against several types of microbes. Remarkably, they have also been found to assist in healing of infected diabetic wounds and show a prospect in the management of other infectious wounds.


Structural equation modeling (SEM) has become a regular staple of social science research, however very little is known about small sample size use. A sample size of 200 or larger for SEM models has been advocated (Boomsma, 1983; Kline, 2011) and the main test of model fit ( 2 goodness-of-fit) is sample size dependent and performs optimally in a range of at least 200-400 (Kenny, 2012). Model complexity in SEM can vary, however, a simple model could hold potential benefits to a researcher without the ability to attain 200 observations. Thus research with models with less than 200 need to be considered more. Two manuscripts are presented, both stemming from a 3x 3 factorial simulation with varied sample sizes (n = 50, 100, 200), factor loadings ( = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90), and bootstrap samples to the sample size n and a population sample of size N = 400. One study looks at SEM fit indices and independence from the 2 test as well as bootstrap extension potential. The second study analyzed the use and ease of bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) for any of the fit indices used in tradition SEM publications, a much needed addition to the field.


233U is the fissile nuclei in the Th-U fuel cycle with a particularily small neutron capture cross setion which is on average about one order of magnitude lower than its fission cross section. Hence, the measurement of the 233U(n,γ) cross section relies on a method to accurately distinguish between capture and fission γ-rays. A measurement of the 233U α-ratio has been performed at the n_TOF facility at CERN using a so-called fission tagging setup, coupling n_TOF 's Total Absorption Calorimeter with a novel fission chamber to tag the fission γ-rays. The experimental setup is described and essential parts of the analysis are discussed. Finally, a preliminary 233U α-ratio is presented.


While most e-mail clients allow users to file messages into folders, the process they must go through to file each message is often tedious and slow. For each message, the user must first decide which folder is most appropriate. Then, the user must inform the e-mall reader of that choice by selecting the appropriate icon or menu item from among what is typically a set of several dozen choices. The combined effort of choosing a folder and conveying that choice to the application often discourages users from filing their mall, resulting in unmanageable inboxes that contain hundreds or even thousands of unfiled messages. SwiftFile encourages users to file their mall by simplifying the task. Using an adaptive classifier, it predicts the three folders that are most likely to be appropriate for a given message and provides shortcut buttons that permit the user to effortlessly file it into a predicted folder. For typical users, SwiftFile's predictions are accurate over 80% to 90% of the time, resulting in a substantial reduction in the time and cognitive burden required to file messages.


Adequate and accessible housings are among the essential features of housing components. In most cities of developing countries, considerable emphasis was placed on the construction of housing units that does not fully consider adequacy and accessibility. This study examined factors affecting housing adequacy and accessibility in Harar city using descriptive and explanatory research designs. The theoretical bases of this study are theory of housing adjustment and the right to the city. A total sample of 275 respondents were randomly selected from six condominium housing sites. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and binary logistic regression model. The mean adequacy score obtained from all of the housing attributes revealed that there is inadequate housing. The most important housing attributes with significant influence on residents" perception of housing adequacy are services, facilities, and quality management. However, there is no variation in perception based on respondents" sex, age, marital status, family size, education level, and monthly income difference. The housing sites were not accessible to adequate and qualified schools, transport terminals, health centres, and market centres. Majority of the respondents which comprised 72% and 71.3% believed that the housing sites are inadequate and inaccessible, respectively. A decrease in the accessibility of housing sites is associated with decreasing number and quality of infrastructural and social services. In conclusion, this study provided a holistic picture of housing adequacy and accessibility, and associated factors. It can aid policy makers to revisit and implement a housing policy that consider adequacy and accessibility to upsurge residents' satisfaction.
Keywords: Accessibility; Adequacy; Housing; Housing adjustment theory; The right to the city


This book is for the early childhood pre-service teachers, which includes the period from infancy until eight years of age. Mathematics skills must be taught in early childhood and children should be provided a foundation to succeed in elementary school and beyond.\r Mathematics Methods for Early Childhood was designed to help early childhood teacher candidates develop an understanding of why lessons in early childhood should focus on mathematics in order to help children be successful. Young children are naturally curious, and the best time to begin mathematics is at a time while the young child's brain is rapidly developing. Mathematics in early childhood helps children develop critical thinking and reasoning skills early on and it's the key to the foundation for success in their formal schooling years.\r This book references the Kansas Mathematics Standards. These standards are closely aligned to the Common Core Standards for School Mathematics.


In this paper, a neuro-fuzzy classification method is used for identifications of ECG signals. A feature extraction method with a QRS like filter (first order Gaussian derivative filter) is used. Five standard parameters (energy, mean value, standard deviation, maximum and minimum) are extracted from these disease features and then used as inputs for the neuro-fuzzy classification system. The ECG signals are imported from the standard MIT-BIH database. Five types of ECG signals are used for classification; they are normal sinus rhythm (NSR), left bundle branch block (LBBB), right bundle branch block (RBBB), premature ventricular contraction (PVC) and pacemaker (PM). The proposed system combines the neural network adaptive capabilities and fuzzy inference system with the suitable filter design to give a promising classification accuracy of 99%.


ABSTRACT James Turrell's perceptual cells incorporate the neurophysiological apparatus as an active participant not only in the reception of projected moving-images, but also in the very production and transmission of virtual moving-images. Combining two perceptual phenomena—the stroboscopic effect and the Ganzfeld Effect—Turrell's perceptual cells integrate the architecture of projection with the architecture of organic vision to produce a single networked extra-sensory medium. This paper performs a phenomenological analysis of Turrell's Light Reignfall (2011) perceptual cell, following its design, effects on the viewer, and cultural and material history. In the process, the paper situates the perceptual cell between the history of avant-garde cinema (what historians have called "paracinema") and the history of perceptual psychology and parapsychology (what the author terms "para-cinema"). Between these two paracinemas, Turrell's perceptual cells activate the aesthetic potential of what the author discusses as "edgeless projection."


Morphogenesis, the process by which the tissues and organs of the embryo are properly shaped, is a fundamental feature of development. In the sea urchin, the formation of the calcified enodoskeleton is a major morphogenetic event. Differentiation of the skeletogenic primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) has been considered to occur in two phases: the autonomous specification of PMCs followed by signal-dependent patterning of PMCs and the embryonic skeleton they produce. Autonomous specification creates a homogenous population of PMCs, but the later differentiation of these cells is influenced by extrinsic signals that provide essential positional information. Recent studies showed that ectodermal growth factors are critically involved in the guidance of PMC migration and skeletal differentiation. However, a better understanding of the various signaling pathways that regulate skeletogenesis and their role in PMC gene expression remains to be established. This study examines the regulation of morphogenesis by signaling pathways, using skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo as a model. The aim of this study was to identify and study the roles of extrinsic signals in regulating PMC gene expression, focusing on the later, signal-dependent phase of PMC differentiation. By analyzing and classifying spatial expression patterns of 39 genes preferentially expressed in PMCs, I find that: 1) these genes are expressed non-uniformly within the PMC syncytium, reflecting a widespread influence of locally activated signals; 2) regions with elevated gene expression correlate with sites of rapid biomineral deposition at each stage; 3) non-uniform expression of genes within the PMC syncytium is controlled by multiple signal in a precise temporal sequence. I also provide evidence that ectoderm-derived VEGF signaling regulates gene expression in PMCs via the MAPK pathway on the ventral side of the embryo. Additionally, my work has identified an essential role for TGF-β signaling in skeletogenesis. Previous studies indicate that a complete repertoire of TGF-β signaling components is present in the sea urchin genome and TgfbrII mRNA is preferentially expressed in PMCs at the early gastrula stage. In this study, I show that TgfbrII mRNA is specifically expressed in the PMC lineage from the hatched blastula to the mid-gastrula stage. Perturbation experiments indicate that TgfbrII is activated by the single, sensu stricto TGF-β ligand in sea urchins and is required for skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo. I also show that the late activity of Alk4/5/7, the putative Type I receptor, regulates skeletogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Isolation and in vitro culture of PMCs demonstrates that both Alk4/5/7 and TgfbrII function cell autonomously in these cells. I provide evidence that TGF-β-TgfbrII signaling is not involved in dorsal-ventral axis patterning or PMC specification; instead, this pathway plays a selective role in later skeletal patterning. Taken as a whole, my research demonstrates that skeletogenesis is regulated by a much more diverse suite of signaling pathways than was previously appreciated. These findings significantly expand our understanding of the complex regulation of skeletal morphogenesis by extrinsic signals during embryonic development.


We present a large-scale study on Geospatial Big Data Analytics in a festival management and crowd safety scenario based on our volunteer work at the largest music festival in Northern Europe, the 2017 and 2018 Roskildemusic festival. As large crowdsmove between concerts, campsites, private parties and public viewing of the FIFAworld cup soccermatches across the vast festival area, previously available visualization solutions for the crowd safety staff at Roskilde Festival lack a real-time visualization of crowd trajectory for monitoring of previously known chokepoints and the discovery of potential future chokepoints. We present a real-time visualization of crowd trajectory based on mobile device GPS data that is collected through the festival's smartphone app from a significant subset of all festivalgoers. Hence, we present a recent case for the applications of real-time visualization of geospatial data for large-scale open-air events outside the confinements of urban architecture. Furthermore, we investigate and quantify the phenomenon of festivalgoers staying at the camping areas and sometimes not once visiting the musical performances in the inner perimeters of the festival, thereby finding that up to 3,000 festivalgoers both in 2017 and 2018 chose to not attend musical performances at all. Subsequently, we evaluate a Facebook-based approach on concert audience prediction based on social media audience overlaps between artist and festival Facebook pages, and benchmark its predictive power with a GPS-based measurement of audience sizes based on mobile device GPS data.


Seabrook Island is a barrier island approximately 28 km south of Charleston, South Carolina (SC). As a residential and resort area, Seabrook Island is important to the economic health of the Charleston, SC, region. Portions of Seabrook Island are impacted by accelerated erosion, which has been combated with engineered stabilization methods, inlet relocation, and beach nourishment. Despite stabilization attempts, localized erosion is continuing, leading to potential economic and ecological losses. We used the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to determine long- and short-term erosion rates on the island, focusing on natural and anthropogenic changes to the beach. We assessed beach change by comparing historical aerial photographs and satellite imagery. The use of digital imagery allows for rapid assessment of the shoreline to highlight areas experiencing change, to monitor the impacts of structural controls, and to focus site-specific field investigations. Our results show that since 1939, Seabrook has experienced erosion up to 52.4 m/yr at the north end of the island near Captain Sams Inlet that is likely related to relocations of the inlet, accretion of up to 9.0 m/yr on Seabrook Beach because of nourishment of the beach, and relatively stable conditions near the south end of the island as a result of structural control and nourishments. This method of analysis is useful to support urban planning consistent with preservation of natural resources and thus may be suitable for application and testing elsewhere.


would seem to the reviewer much more satisfactory to show th a t all these integrals are particular instances of the same theory, than to display the various alternative treatm ents of the Riem ann theory which are possible. The printing of the book m aintains the high standard of the Clarendon Press. The reviewer hopes, however, th a t the au thor's use of a formula reference num ber to represent the relevant expression in subsequent formulae (e.g. the inequality WKJIrb*


Chaucer's Wife of Bath and Rachel Speght are both women who spoke out against misogyny in the querelle des femmes. Although the former was a fictional creation of a male author and the latter a historical woman, they had this in common: they both understood the power of language and that controlling it could be empowering. In her refutation of a contemporary attack on women by Joseph Swetnam, Speght draws up her line of defense on two fronts: illiteracy and irreligion, which she sees as being mutually connected. She exposes in A Mouzell for Melastomus how Swetnam's stylistic inadequacies and lack of command over language are symptomatic of his moral, intellectual, and spiritual inferiority. In contrast, by showing her knowledge of the Bible and classical authors, and of rhetoric and an ability to argue logically, she shows herself to be intellectually and morally superior to Swetnam, whom she reduces to being a brute. Through such strategies, she creates an authorial presence that justifies female authorship in a manner that could serve as a model for succeeding generations of women writers in the early modern period.


The aim of this study is to construct a diverse process of electrical discharge machining (EDM) in gas media, and then the new developed machining approach was used to investigate the effects of machining parameters on machining characteristics. Firstly, the feasibility of the EDM in gas media was established with consecutive electrical sparks generated within the machining gap. Moreover, the main machining parameters such as peak current, pulse duration, machining polarity, and gas media supply conditions like air compressed pressure were varied to evaluate the effects on machining characteristics of SKD 61 mold steel in the developed EDM process. The surface morphology of machined surface was observed by a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) to determine the influences of EDM discharge energy on surface integrities. From the result shown in experiments, the material removal rate (MRR) increased with peak current, pulse duration, and air pressure. In addition, the electrode wear rate (EWR) went up with peak current at first, and then attained a peak value with extending the pulse duration and the air pressure, but the EWR declined with further increasing of the pulse duration and the air pressure. Furthermore, the integrities of the machined surface revealed dramatically rough features when the peak current was set at high value. While the pulse duration was further extending, the surface integrities of the machined surface exhibited a smoothened trend obtained by EDM in gas media. Consequently, the developed technique of EDM in gas media possesses the potential of promoting machining performance, reducing environment impact, and extending the EDM applications.


Dan Lapworth, Jim Wright and Steve Pedley are working to find out how to provide safe water for poor people living in African cities. Dan co-ordinated a team of Zambian and UK scientists to carry out a groundwater quality survey across Kabwe in 2013-14. This revealed that shallow household supplies (less than 10m underground) were highly contaminated throughout the year with faecal bacteria and nitrate, as well as elevated concentrations of the commonly-used insect repellent DEET. As part of the work Dan is leading, the team tested a field sensor designed to measure a protein called tryptophan, an indicator of waste-water contamination, particularly with faecal matter. Jim co-ordinated a follow-up survey by the same team to see what had changed over the past decade in Kisumu, Kenya's third largest city. As well as recording hazards and testing wells, the team also interviewed well owners and those using the groundwater. The survey showed that the groundwater from the wells is still heavily contaminated with faecal bacteria.


Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach that exhibits favourable exploration properties in high-dimensional models such as neural networks. Unfortunately, HMC has limited use in large-data regimes and little work has explored suitable approaches that aim to preserve the entire Hamiltonian. In our work, we introduce a new symmetric integration scheme for split HMC that does not rely on stochastic gradients. We show that our new formulation is more efficient than previous approaches and is easy to implement with a single GPU. As a result, we are able to perform full HMC over common deep learning architectures using entire data sets. In addition, when we compare with stochastic gradient MCMC, we show that our method achieves better performance in both accuracy and uncertainty quantification. Our approach demonstrates HMC as a feasible option when considering inference schemes for large-scale machine learning problems.


The CLO shapes and enforces corporate governance, but is faced with a dual-role paradox that requires her to act as both monitor of corporate governance and executive of the firm. We study the role of the CLO under environments that are most likely to impact governance and pressure the firm to either emphasize or marginalize the CLO's role as monitor or facilitator. Using the financial shock of a securities class action lawsuit on large corporations, we measure changes in CLO value through the metrics of total and relative compensation of the CLO and other C-suite members. After controlling for relevant variables such as growth and total assets, we find that when firms have more insiders on their board of directors, the CLO's compensation declines when the preceding year's Tobin's Q is high. CLO compensation increases under conditions of high opacity, but that compensation partially erodes in high Tobin's Q environments. We also find that a lawsuit increases CFO and CEO turnover but not the CLO's. Our results have implications for corporate governance, the dual and potentially conflicting role of CLO as gatekeeper and monitor, executive compensation, and agency costs.


The European gender equality approach is a developing, multifaceted concept, based on economic-centred principles of equal treatment between men and women in employment. Furthermore, since 1995 has the European gender equality approach been determined by the international concept of gender mainstreaming having at its core the substantive idea of interventions to achieve gender equality by means of positive action. Looking retrospectively at the general development of European equality laws from 1951 to 1995, there has been a shift towards fundamental human rights in the field of gender equality law as a general principle of European law. The principle of gender equality was for a long time limited to the field of employment-related sex discrimination, until a newly adopted systematic approach, namely gender mainstreaming and the strengthening of the legal basis for positive action measures within EU-antidiscrimination law, were introduced. Moreover, the former purely market unifying European legal system went through considerable changes towards a regime that recognises and incorporates a human rights dimension. During, the development of European law, became the principle of equal treatment and gender equality constitutionalized as general principles of community law and recognized as part of its human rights dimension. Turning to gender mainstreaming and the new approach on positive action measures within gender equality law, the Union made since 1951 considerable progress in that field, recognising as the essential community method "gender neutral" legislation and optional positive action measures to tackle gender equality within the community. Thus, the EU has started to take on its extended competences and the duty to apply these newly established human rights dimension and to eliminate any discrimination based on gender within the community. The research design is based on a descriptive literature review within the research area of gender mainstreaming. The research concentrated on the development of the legal framework of the European Union from 1951-2010 and one intervention, namely the Beijing Conference in 1995.


Abstract Machine learning applications on large-scale network-structured data commonly encode network information in the form of node embeddings. Network embedding algorithms map the nodes into a low-dimensional space such that the nodes that are "similar" with respect to network topology are also close to each other in the embedding space. Real-world networks often have multiple versions or can be "multiplex" with multiple types of edges with different semantics. For such networks, computation of Consensus Embeddings based on the node embeddings of individual versions can be useful for various reasons, including privacy, efficiency, and effectiveness of analyses. Here, we systematically investigate the performance of three dimensionality reduction methods in computing consensus embeddings on networks with multiple versions: singular value decomposition, variational auto-encoders, and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Our results show that (i) CCA outperforms other dimensionality reduction methods in computing concensus embeddings, (ii) in the context of link prediction, consensus embeddings can be used to make predictions with accuracy close to that provided by embeddings of integrated networks, and (iii) consensus embeddings can be used to improve the efficiency of combinatorial link prediction queries on multiple networks by multiple orders of magnitude.


Schlusselworter: Argentinien, Konflikt, Territorium, Staat, Bergbau ----- Conflict and Territory. Thinking about Mining Conflicts in Argentina. Abstract Throughout the last years, the arrival of big mining projects in Argentina  has sparked important conflicts and resistance in, up until now,  unexplored cities and towns. This article argues that these circumstances have modified experiences of space. It suggests that not only does  territory become filled with conflict, but also that conflict becomes  impregnated with territory. Taking this analytical framework, the article  proposes an approach in order to explain the emergence of territorial  disputes from two different plot lines. The first line of inquiry refers to the particular nexus between territory, capital, and the state, which sustains a certain ideological and symbolic definition of space. The second line of inquiry recounts social struggles as instances of dispute with the nearest powers. Social struggles are frequently inscribed by the contradictions  between territory, capital, and the state, but in their clear antagonism to  dominant discourses, they also test and challenge the symbolic  construction of space. This paper's insights come from the authors' empirical research in Argentina over the last four years. Keywords: Argentina, conflict, territory, state, mining


This paper evaluates the performance of users with cerebral palsy (CP) using an inertial human-computer interface (HCI) based on head movements and a novel facilitation algorithm for users with mild to severe motor disorders that we named MouseField. Seventeen users from 3 centers specialized in CP participated in a series of tests that analyzed 10 measures of rapidity and accuracy in reaching tasks using an inertial interface with and without the MouseField algorithm. Cluster analysis was used to classify the users in three categories, C1-C3 ordered by rapidity. MouseField improved rapidity in C2 and C3 and accuracy in C3. Although a loss of accuracy was detected for the least impaired (C1, MACS IV-V), MouseField proved to improve task performance of users with severe motor disorders (MACS V), with decrements of 33.3% and 65.5% in the movement times. Our experiments show that MouseField can be used to complement the inertial interface, ENLAZA, in order to facilitate navigation and minimize targeting errors, respectively, for users with severe motor impairments that are not able to use traditional mice or joysticks.


This article explicates Averroes's understanding of human knowledge and abstraction in these three commentaries on Aristotle's De Anima . While Averroes's views on the nature of the human material intellect changes through the three commentaries until he reaches his famous view of the unity of the material intellect as one for all human beings, his view of the agent intellect as 'form for us' is sustained throughout these works. In his Long Commentary on the De Anima he reveals his dependence on al-Farabi for this notion and provides a detailed critique of the Farabian notion that the agent intellect is 'form for us' only as agent cause, not as our true formal cause. Although Averroes argues that the agent intellect must somehow be intrinsic to us as our form since humans per se rational and undertake acts of knowing by will, his view is shown to rest on an equivocal use of the notion of formal cause. The agent intellect cannot be properly our intrinsic formal principle while remaining ontologically separate.


In this paper we analyze the performance of scheduling algorithms applied in the radio link control/medium access control (RLC/MAC) layer of the (E)GPRS base station subsystem (BSS). At first, scheduling algorithms are presented for an EGPRS best-effort service. While today's GPRS scheduler designs are based on the logical split between RLC and MAC, we propose to use information from the RLC layer for radio block scheduling on the MAC level. Additionally we propose the usage of information on the actual link quality for adaptive scheduling. The performance of the proposed algorithms is compared to that of basic implementations typical for today's GPRS networks. In the next step we introduce scheduling algorithms for the support of different traffic classes. Both priority scheduling and fair scheduling approaches are extended by adaptive scheduling concepts. The interworking with admission control in the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is discussed and proposals for parameterization of the weights defined in the MAC scheduler and the maximum number of admitted flows for each traffic class in the admission control entity are presented.


Background Recent studies suggest that employees in low grade and poor quality work improve in mental health and well-being upon retirement, although there is no evidence on whether this is accompanied by an improvement in biological measures associated with stress around the period of retirement. The Research Questions of the study were: 1) Does the occupational gradient in salivary cortisol, a marker of the primary stress response axis, change around retirement? 2) Is retirement associated with a reduction in adverse diurnal cortisol profiles for those at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy compared to those at the top? Methods Data from the 7th (2002–2004), 8th (2006) and 9th (2007–09) phases of the Whitehall II study were analysed. 1,143 respondents who were employed at phase 8 (mean age 59.9 years) and who had salivary cortisol measured from six samples collected across the day at phases 7 and 9 were included in the analysis. Data were analysed using multilevel growth curve models. Results Compared to employees in highest occupational grades at phase 7, employees in the lowest grades were associated with adverse diurnal cortisol slopes (flatter decline across the day). A similar pattern was observed for those who remained in employment at phase 9, and those who had recently retired. The occupational gradient changes around retirement, with those formerly working in highest employment grades having the steeper diurnal slopes compared to their peers who remain in employment. Discussion Occupational grade differences in a biomarker associated with stress increase around the period of retirement. Employees working in the highest employment grades appear to benefit the most from retirement in terms of steeper diurnal cortisol slopes, while there is no apparent benefit of retirement among those working in the lowest grades. These biological differences associated with transitions into retirement for different occupational groups may partly explain the pattern of widening social inequalities in health in early old age.


Gallivare is a remote city in the middle of the northern Swedish wilderness. The city was established as iron ore was found in the ground just over a century ago. Until the 60's the mining industry and the city grew together in what seemed to be a perfect symbiosis. But as times changed and the industry had to adapt to a globalized market and bigger production volumes, the symbiosis was broken. The mines started expanding at a much higher speed, and the same industry that once founded the city is now threatening its whole existence. The last decades have been a story of destruction and relocations. The problems of dealing with destruction and relocating people have overshadowed the needs for visions and dreams. Experts from all over the world have gathered to solve the situation. The first step will be to build a knowledge center for cities in movement. Gallivare offers a very rare context. Most of the moving cities of the world are moved within a short period of time, while Gallivare is moving step by step every year. Many moving cities are actually disappearing as the inhabitants are forced to move, which makes documentation and research very difficult. Gallivare offers the opportunity to take part of the whole process, from planning to relocation. The knowledge center is the starting point for the visionary work of transforming Gallivare.


The collapse of a spherical vapour cavity in the vicinity of a compliant boundary is examined numerically. The fluid is treated as a potential flow and a boundary-element method is used to solve Laplace's equation for the velocity potential. Full nonlinear boundary conditions are applied on the surface of the cavity. The compliant wall is modelled as a membrane with a spring foundation. At the interface between the fluid and the membrane, the pressure and vertical velocity in the flow are matched to the pressure and vertical velocity of the membrane using linearized conditions. The results of calculations are presented which show the effect of the parameters describing the flow (the initial cavity size and position, the fluid density and the pressure driving the collapse) and the parameters describing the compliant wall (the mass per unit area, membrane tension, spring constant and coating radius) on the interaction between the two. When the wall is rigid, the collapse of the cavity is characterized by the formation of a re-entrant jet that is directed toward the wall. However, if the properties of the compliant wall are chosen properly, the collapse can be made to occur spherically, as if the cavity were in an infinite fluid, or with the reentrant jet directed away from the wall, as if the cavity were adjacent to a free surface. This behaviour is in qualitative agreement with the experiments of Gibson & Blake (1982) and Shima, et al. (1989). Calculations of the transfer of energy between the flow and the coating are also presented.


We show that the inclusion of antidumping (AD) and countervailing subsidy (CVD) regulations can increase the range of feasible preferential trade agreements (PTA), given that governments are sensitive to pressure groups defending import competing industries. AD and CVD regulations serve as an "escape valve" for pressure groups affected by the PTA in some states of the world. If the preferences of government do not differ by much from those of a welfare maximizing planner, there exist PTAs with escape clauses that provide more welfare than PTAs without escape. AD and CVD differ from safeguards in not requiring compensation to exporting countries, so a feasible agreement requires testing for injury caused by imports. Cheating on trade agree-ments is likely unless the level of pressure for protection is verifiable, and this is the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) injury tests. If the injury tests are weakened, and the level of political pressure is less observable than expected, agreements become less valuable or may collapse.


The characterization of general control principles that underpin metabolic dynamics is an important part of systems analysis in biology. It has been long argued that many biological regulatory mechanisms have evolved so as to optimize cellular adaptation in response to external stimuli. In this thesis we use an optimal control framework to solve dynamic optimization problems associated with metabolic dynamics. The analysis is based on a nonlinear control-affine model of a metabolic network with the enzyme concentrations as control inputs. We consider the optimization of time-dependent enzyme concentrations to activate an unbranched network and reach a prescribed metabolic flux. The solution accounts for time-resource optimality under constraints in the total enzymatic abundance. We identify a temporal pattern in the solution that is consistent with previous experimental and numerical observations. Our analysis suggests that this behaviour may appear in a broader class of networks than previously considered. In addition, we address the optimization of time-dependent enzyme expression rates for a metabolic network coupled with a model of enzyme dynamics. The formulation accounts for the transition between two metabolic steady states in networks with arbitrary stoichiometries and enzyme kinetics. We consider a finite horizon quadratic cost function that weighs the deviations of metabolites, enzymes and their expression rates from their target values, together with the time-derivative of the expression rates. The problem is recast as an iterative sequence of Linear Quadratic Tracking problems, and we derive conditions under which the iterations converge to a suboptimal solution of the original problem. Additionally, if constant metabolite concentrations are enforced, the nonlinear system can be written as a linear Differential-Algebraic system. In the infinite horizon case the problem can be recast as a standard Linear Quadratic Regulator problem for a lower-dimensional system, the solution of which is readily available.


Aspects of the toxicology of bracken (Pteridium aguilinum) were studied in sub-acute and chronic studies using male Wistar-albino rats. In a chronic study, bracken induced ileal adenomas in an 8.5 month period but after 24 months, no tumours were seen in both the quercetin- and shikimate-fed rats. Tissue ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) levels were enhanced over a 90-day test period when shikimate was fed alone or in conjunction with BBN and MNNG as initiators and with cyclophosphamide, saccharin and lithocholate as promoters, suggesting that shikimate might be a tumour promoter. Quercetin, was able to enhance ODC levels in conjunction with cyclophosphamide, BBN and MNNG as initiators and with cyclophosphamide, saccharin and lithocholate as promoters. However, it did not enhance tissue ODC levels when administered alone. Bracken, shikimate and quercetin induced a macrocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative anaemia with thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia at the termination of the 90-day study.The bracken-induced ataxia of monogastrics was attributed additionally to nitrite and cyanide, due to the very high levels found in the urine and serum respectively of bracken-fed rats over a 28-day test period. The high urinary nitrite levels of the bracken-fed rats prompted an investigation into the role of N-nitrosation in bracken-induced carcinogenesis. To this end, the Nitrosation Assay period (NAP) revealed the presence of nitrosatable entities in the gut of the bracken-, quercetin- and shikimate-fed rats and in the urine of the bracken- and quercetin-fed rats. This suggests that nitrosation, probably via the formation of nitrosamides, might be an important mechanism for the mediation of bracken-induced carcinogenesis. The plausibility of explaining various aspects of the sub-acute and chronic toxicity of bracken in monogastrics and ruminants on the basis of a "nitrosamide hypothesis" is discussed.


Importance
Adolescents and young people have been historically understudied populations, and previous studies indicate that during epidemics, these populations, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are at high risk of developing mental disturbances.

Objective
To identify the existing evidence regarding the association of mental health with outbreaks of the influenza A (H1N1), Zika, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2 virus in exposed youth and adolescents in LMICs.

Evidence Review
Across 6 databases (Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science), the mental health outcomes of adolescents and youth (aged 10-24 years) associated with 4 major pandemic outbreaks from January 2009 to January 2021 in LMICs were reviewed. A group of 3 authors at each stage carried out the screening, selection, and quality assessment using Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The social determinants of adolescent well-being framework was used as a guide to organizing the review.

Findings
A total of 57 studies fulfilled the search criteria, 55 related to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and 2 covered the H1N1 influenza epidemics. There were no studies associated with Zika or Ebola outbreaks that met screening criteria. The studies reported high rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms among adolescents, including posttraumatic stress disorder, general stress, and health-related anxiety. Potential risk factors associated with poor mental health outcomes included female sex; home residence in areas with strict lockdown limitations on social and physical movement; reduced physical activity; poor parental, family, or social support; previous exposure to COVID-19 infection; or being part of an already vulnerable group (eg, previous psychiatric conditions, childhood trauma, or HIV infection).

Conclusions and Relevance
Results of this systematic scoping review suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and H1N1 epidemic were associated with adverse mental health among adolescents and youth from LMICs. Vulnerable youth and adolescents may be at higher risk of developing mental health-related complications, requiring more responsive interventions and further research. Geographically localized disease outbreaks such as Ebola, Zika, and H1N1 influenza are highly understudied and warrant future investigation.


In connection with adverse effects of the single battery's performance inconsistency of Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle, we've designed the battery management system and its balanced module. The systems based on MCU(Micro Controller Unit) STC12C5A60S2 accurately real-time capture and analyzes processing on the parameters of the battery pack, and then carry out function of balanced charge and discharge, management and protection by control circuit for battery pack. The results show that the system not only could make the charge and discharge of battery balance but also could effectively compensate the battery's inconsistency, so that each battery has played the best performance.


Background: Trans fatty acids are known as the most harmful type of dietary fats. Food and Drug Administration (FAD) has announced that TFAs consumption should be reduced to less than 1% of energy consumption. The aim of this study was to compare the amount of fatty acids with emphasis on trans fatty acids of ghee (animal oil) and tail sheep.
Materials and Methods: 10 samples of ghee and 5 samples of tail sheep were transformed into methyl ester and analysis of fatty acid methyl esters were performed by gas chromatography (GC) with 100 meter capillary column and flame ionization detector (1m lit injected to GC).
Results: Results show that total trans fatty acid in tail sheep samples were 4.3 ± 2.5 and total saturated fatty acid were 47.6 ± 4.7 g/100g fat, and in ghee oil samples were 0.3 ± 0.1 and 40.7 ± 6.4 g/100g fat, respectively.
Conclusion: Ghee and tail sheep contains high percentage of saturated fatty acids including trans and saturated fatty acids. Therefore, people who consume these foods may put themselves at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
Keywords: Trans fatty acids, Ghee, Tail sheep, Gas chromatography.


UNLABELLED
Little is known about the interaction of novel anticancer drugs with other treatment modalities. THE AIM of this study was to examine the effect of combining imatinib mesylate (STI-571) with radiation or cisplatin on the survival of two human solid tumor cell lines - SKNMC cells derived from Ewing sarcoma and breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

METHODS
Cell proliferation was determined using the sulphorodamine B cytotoxicity assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed with flow cytometry. Apoptosis was determined using a commercial cell death ELISA plus kit. Phosphorylated AKT, which has been suggested to be involved in radiation resistance, was detected by Western blot analysis.

RESULTS
Exposure of SKNMC cells to STI-571 resulted in a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect and a decrease in phosphorylated AKT expression. There was no evidence of apoptosis. The combination of STI-571 with radiation or cisplatin had an additive antiproliferative effect in SKNMC cells (60% reduction in cell number). A similar effect was observed in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

CONCLUSION
STI-571 improves the outcome of cisplatin or irradiation treatment in vitro. AKT pathway may play a role in the additive effect of STI-571 and irradiation.


Salient object detection (SOD) has been in the spotlight recently, yet has been studied less for high-resolution (HR) images. Unfortunately, HR images and their pixel-level annotations are certainly more labor-intensive and time-consuming compared to low-resolution (LR) images and annotations. Therefore, we propose an image pyramid-based SOD framework, Inverse Saliency Pyramid Reconstruction Network (InSPyReNet), for HR prediction without any of HR datasets. We design InSPyReNet to produce a strict image pyramid structure of saliency map, which enables to ensemble multiple results with pyramid-based image blending. For HR prediction, we design a pyramid blending method which synthesizes two different image pyramids from a pair of LR and HR scale from the same image to overcome effective receptive field (ERF) discrepancy. Our extensive evaluations on public LR and HR SOD benchmarks demonstrate that InSPyReNet surpasses the State-of-the-Art (SotA) methods on various SOD metrics and boundary accuracy.


This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic effects of fractionated neem leaf extract (IRC) on alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats. IRC dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) PH 7.2 was administered as 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg single doses and 5 mg/ kg, 50 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg repeated doses in the diabetic rats while in the normoglycaemic rats 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg were used respectively. The positive control groups received single and repeated doses of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) while the negative control groups were left untreated in each case. Single doses of the extract in diabetic wistar rats produced maximal dose dependent percentage reduction after 4 hours of administration with percentage reductions of 13.10% (500 mg/kg), 14.40% (1000 mg/kg) and 17.50% (2000 mg/kg) respectively. The result shows that 500 mg/kg repeated doses gave the highest percentage reduction in fasting blood glucose in alloxan induced diabetic rats after 7, 14 and 21 days as follows 55%, 31.7% and 29.3% while 250 mg/kg repeated doses produced the highest percentage reduction of fasting blood glucose in non-diabetic rats at 7, 14 and 21 days and are 21.4%, 26.6%, 25.16% respectively. In conclusion, IRC lowered fasting blood glucose levels in non-diabetic and alloxan induced diabetic rats when given orally.


Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are heterogeneous and aggressive pathologies, with distinct morphological and clinical characteristics associated with their genetic diversity, epigenetics, transcriptional changes and aberrant molecular patterns. Treatment with anti-neoplastic drugs exerts systemic effects with low specificity, and incipient improvement in overall survival due to chemoresistance and recurrence. New alternatives for TNBC treatment are urgent and parthenolide or its analogues have been explored. Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone with promising antitumor effects against TNBC cell lines. This review highlights the importance of parthenolide and its analogue drugs in TNBC treatment.


The current study compared children's memory for information accompanied by emotional or non-emotional talk, and also investigated the utility of emotion knowledge in prediction of recall. Seventy-five children aged 5-6 years participated in a staged event that involved visiting separate stations containing connected, causal information of an emotional or non-emotional theme. Children were assessed with a memory interview one week later. Children reported significantly more correct information from stations with an emotional focus. Children's emotion knowledge did not predict recall, however. Results show children better recall emotion-related information even when causality and connectedness is controlled for. Implications of the finding are discussed.


We introduce MTT, a dependent type theory which supports multiple modalities. MTT is parametrized by a mode theory which specifies a collection of modes, modalities, and transformations between them. We show that different choices of mode theory allow us to use the same type theory to compute and reason in many modal situations, including guarded recursion, axiomatic cohesion, and parametric quantification. We reproduce examples from prior work in guarded recursion and axiomatic cohesion --- demonstrating that MTT constitutes a simple and usable syntax whose instantiations intuitively correspond to previous handcrafted modal type theories. In some cases, instantiating MTT to a particular situation unearths a previously unknown type theory that improves upon prior systems. Finally, we investigate the metatheory of MTT. We prove the consistency of MTT and establish canonicity through an extension of recent type-theoretic gluing techniques. These results hold irrespective of the choice of mode theory, and thus apply to a wide variety of modal situations.


Diffusion models have emerged as powerful generative models in the text-to-image domain. This paper studies their application as observation-to-action models for imitating human behaviour in sequential environments. Human behaviour is stochastic and multimodal, with structured correlations between action dimensions. Meanwhile, standard modelling choices in behaviour cloning are limited in their expressiveness and may introduce bias into the cloned policy. We begin by pointing out the limitations of these choices. We then propose that diffusion models are an excellent fit for imitating human behaviour, since they learn an expressive distribution over the joint action space. We introduce several innovations to make diffusion models suitable for sequential environments; designing suitable architectures, investigating the role of guidance, and developing reliable sampling strategies. Experimentally, diffusion models closely match human demonstrations in a simulated robotic control task and a modern 3D gaming environment.


While many industries are facing challenges from new companies employing so-called "sharing economy" models of service delivery, those companies are bringing benefits to consumers while also operating at times in a legal vacuum, where the regulatory infrastructure seems incapable of responding adequately to the need for appropriate oversight that both encourages innovation but builds consumer trust and provides consumer protection. The legal profession, however, is an industry that has deployed features of sharing economy models for nearly the last two centuries, and, as a result, is an industry that has developed a sophisticated infrastructure for regulating actors within the industry deploying approaches that share sharing economy characteristics, although they have not leveraged new technologies the way sharing economy providers have done to date. Advances in the delivery of legal services are making a true sharing economy approach closer to reality, however. Indeed, a technology-enabled, sharing economy approach to the delivery of legal services, if instituted, could bring benefits to consumers seeking such services, while offering the consumer protections that regulation of the legal profession already has in place, sidestepping some of the consumer protection concerns the sharing economy raises. What this Article explores is whether a true sharing economy approach to the delivery of legal services — "Uber for Lawyers" — is a viable model for the legal profession. It attempts to address the ways in which new, technology-enabled organizations are changing the way in which legal services are being delivered in the United States, with a particular focus on LegalZoom, as well as a new model for the delivery of legal services that offers what I call "Just in Time/Just Enough Services." Such an approach would (1) be situated within a sophisticated regulatory infrastructure that would encourage innovation while preserving consumer protection and (2) increase access to and affordability of legal services. It would open up new opportunities for lawyers to exercise their skills and practice their craft. Such an approach might therefore serve the ends of tapping into the latent market for legal services, increasing access to justice, and improving both lawyer job satisfaction as well as employment prospects.


There is growing consensus about the need to develop sustainable use of forest resources, but no consensus about how to interpret and implement this goal. Political institutions, governmental agencies, forest companies, and environmental organizations have partly different views on what sustainable forestry means and what strategies to use to achieve it. Not least, the climate change issue has put higher and partly new demands on forests, both as providers of biomass and as carbon sinks, which may be in conflict with other services of the forest's ecosystem. This paper analyses how different Swedish stakeholders evaluate the possibilities for intensive forestry, that is, to increase the production of woody biomass through increased use of fertilizers, improved genetic material, the introduction of exotic tree species, and the use of fast-growing deciduous tree species. The analysis shows that the pros and cons are evaluated differently, with some stakeholders assessing intensive forestry as a radical break from the current goal of sustainable forestry and others viewing it as according with it. It is concluded that this conflict should be understood as concerning not competing knowledge claims, but competing frames – schemes of interpretation through which the complexity of reality is reduced. This means that the solution is not to be found in improved knowledge but in increased awareness that the involved frames are the source of the conflict.


A novel track switch concept has been developed at Loughborough University, which allows parallel-channel, fault-tolerant functions for the first time. This paper demonstrates, through mathematical modelling, real-world data and conservative assumptions, that using a multi-channel, fault-tolerant switching concept can allow an increase
in switch availability over baseline scenarios. Performance of four existing switch types is analysed for baseline performance using field data. Multi-channel architectures are then analysed across a range of reactionary maintenance regimes. Availability measures are obtained which show the range of possible switch availability against maintenance response times. The most significant improvements occur
when maintenance practice is also revised, the novel system offering the option to run to subsystem failure and remain functional. Results indicate that for multi-channel installations, gains in system availability are possible even when emergency response times are set orders of magnitude longer than currently achieved, indicating a signifi
cant reduction in ongoing maintenance commitment. The work also demonstrates that the particular choice of subsystem architecture is of low significance.


The paper aims to investigate Iris Murdoch's Platonic mysticism, setting it in the context of the contemporary debate between perennialists and constructivists. Like many perennialists, Murdoch believed in the existence of an essential link between mysticism and morality: this clarifies why she was fascinated by Plato's philosophy. She conceived of mysticism and morality as having the same essence, love intended as an eros purified from selfishness, and viewed mysticism as the perfection of moral life. Like constructivists, however, Murdoch rejected the idea that mystical experiences are essentially unitive: she used Plato's imagery of the eternal forms to emphasize that complete unity with the mystical "You" can never be achieved, and that this impossibility assures the existence of a relationship. Mysticism is essentially this relationship, for Murdoch.


Allergen-induced inflammation manifests as allergic asthma, dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, food allergies, and life- threatening anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions consist of an acute phase hypersensitivity reaction and late phase inflammation. Current therapeutic strategies consist of immunotherapy to induce tolerance to an allergen or pharmacotherapy to treat either the acute phase reaction or the chronic inflammation associated with allergic disease. For bronchial asthma, the allergic disease with the greatest worldwide burden, three medications (β2-adrenoceptor agonists, glucocorticoids and leukotriene antagonists) are the mainstays of therapy, which when used alone or in combination control asthma symptoms in many asthmatics. A recent anti-IgE therapy has benefited some difficult to manage patients, however a significant proportion of asthma patients do not respond well to currently available drugs. There is a need for new effective lost-cost therapies for asthma and other allergic diseases to complement existing therapies and improve long-term outcomes. There are several potential therapeutic targets including transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, proteases, and cell adhesion molecules. Within the next generation of anti-allergy drugs one or more will probably be a peptide or a peptide mimetic.


The response of the adrenocortical glomerular zones to different aldosterone-stimulating and aldosterone-inhibiting effects was analyzed in 178 patients with pronounced thyrotoxicosis. Basal indices of aldosteronemia in the patients under examination did not differ from those of the controls, whereas the plasma renin activity, hormone and its 3-hydroxy metabolite excretion with the urine significantly increased. Obsidan blocked renin secretion and lowered the blood plasma aldosterone content. Prednisolone, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, inhibiting adrenocorticotropic function, hindered aldosterone secretion, whereas injections of a synthetic ACTH analog synacten and insulin, mobilizing the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system, markedly enhanced the blood plasma aldosterone level. Therefore, the response to the drugs, activating and blocking aldosterone secretion in patients with thyrotoxicosis, was completely adequate and sometimes even more intensified. Further investigation of causes, inducing an increase in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in thyrotoxicosis, is necessary. Studies of the factors, capable of influencing aldosterone secretion, are in progress.


Concrete structures built on sulfate rich soil or wetland, or directly exposed to seawater are subjected to sulfate attack, which might be critical, as the durability of concrete is highly dependent on its resistance against sulfate compounds. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for the prediction sulfate resistance capabilities of sulfate resistance of mortars prepared with cements incorporating granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) and steel slag (SS) as partial replacement of Portland cement clinker in different ratios. Three different combinations of GBFS and SS were utilised to partially replace Portland cement clinker at various proportions from 20% to 80%. Parameters such as specific surface, specific gravity, volumetric expansion, Vicat setting time, compressive strength, sulfate resistance and durability against high temperature were investigated on the produced cement samples. Furthermore, experimental results were also obtained by building models in accordance with the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to predict the sulfate resistance of cements. The results showed that ANNs can be successfully used to model the relationship between the sulfate resistance and each of the observed parameters.


A VORTEX PAIR NEAR A DENSITY-GRADIENT INTERFACE by Nicholas S. Jenkins University of New Hampshire, May, 2010 The dynamics of a vortex pair in a stratified atmosphere near a density gradient interface is considered here using direct numerical simulations. The vortex pair is released below the interface and allowed to propagate vertically toward the interface. The results show that strong vortices propagate through the interface without much change in dynamics. Weaker vortices will dissipate energy when they reach the interface and although a remnant of the vortex pair transits the interface, it does not achieve the same altitude that it would have without the interface. Overall, the interface is not a barrier to vortex pairs, but would be expected to change the distribution of energy in more complicated flows.


We study the rate-distortion relationship in the set
of permutations endowed with the Kendall t-metric and the
Chebyshev metric. Our study is motivated by the application of permutation rate-distortion to the average-case and worst-case analysis of algorithms for ranking with incomplete information and approximate sorting algorithms. For the Kendall t-metric we provide bounds for small, medium, and large distortion regimes, while for the Chebyshev metric we present bounds that are valid for all distortions and are especially accurate for small
distortions. In addition, for the Chebyshev metric, we provide a construction for covering codes.


tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) is a common intermediate in the oxidation of organic compounds that needs to be accurately quantified in complex gas mixtures for the development of chemical kinetic models of low temperature combustion. This work presents a combined theoretical and experimental investigation on the synchrotron-based VUV single photon ionization of gas-phase tBuOOH in the 9.0 - 11.0 eV energy range, including dissociative ionization processes. Computations consist of the determination of the structures, vibrational frequencies and the energetics of neutral and ionic tBuOOH. The Franck-Condon spectrum for the tBuOOH+ (X+) + e- ← tBuOOH (X) + hν transition is computed, where special treatment is undertaken because of the flexibility of tBuOOH, in particular regarding the OOH group. Through comparison of the experimental mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectra with explicitly correlated coupled cluster calculations and Franck-Condon simulations that account for the flexibility of the molecule, an estimation of the ionization energy is given. The appearance energy of the only fragment observed within the above-mentioned energy range, identified as the tert-butyl C4H9+, is also reported. Finally, the signal branching ratio between the parent and the fragment ions is provided as a function of photon energy, essential to quantify tBuOOH in gas-phase oxidation/combustion experiments via advanced mass spectrometry techniques.


The coupling of the motion of two ion species in separate Penning traps via a common tank circuit is discussed. The enhancement of the coupling assisted by the tank circuit is demonstrated by an avoided crossing behavior measurement of the motional modes of two coupled ions. An intermittent laser cooling method for sympathetic cooling is proposed and a theoretical description is provided. The technique enables tuning of the coupling strength between two ion species in separate traps and thus allows for efficient sympathetic cooling of an arbitrary type of single ion for high‐precision Penning‐trap experiments.


In nature, sensors evolve to capture relevant information needed for organisms of a particular species to survive and reproduce. In this paper we study how sensor layouts may evolve in different environments and under pressure of different informational constraints. To do this we evolve sensor layouts for different environments and constraints using a fitness measure with weighted terms for redundancy and novelty, using, respectively, mutual information and Crutchfield's information metric. The results show how different sensor layouts evolve depending on the structure and complexity of the environment but also how selective pressure for redundancy or novelty might affect the design.


BACKGROUND
The experimental observation that plasma from TTP patients sometimes exhibits a protein which can cause platelet agglutination, and that such agglutination can be inhibited in vitro by the use of IgG led some authors to treat plasma exchange-resistant TTP patients with high-dose IgG (HDIgG).

METHODS
We report the results obtained with HDIgG treatment in 17 patients retrospectively examined by the Italian Cooperative Group for the study of TTP: 6 males and 11 females, mean age was 31.7 years for the women (range: 20-65) and 44.6 for the men (range: 26-66). In all cases HDIgG administration was combined with other treatment modalities.

RESULTS
Of the 17 patients, 7 died from disease progression (41.1%), 2 achieved partial remission (11.7%) and the remaining 8 achieved complete remission (47%). Of the 10 cases (58.8%) with a positive response, only in 4 did the addition of HDIgG seem to produce significant improvement. All efforts made to characterize the subgroup of patients who responded to HDIgG and compare them with the non responders failed.

CONCLUSIONS
Although our results do not unquestionably demonstrate the role of HDIgG in the treatment of TTP, they suggest a possible role for HDIgG in the treatment of those rare plasma exchange-resistant TTP cases.


A method is presented which can estimate the linear and nonlinear damping parameters in a lightly damped multidegree of
freedom system which allows the system to be decomposed into a set of single degree of freedom nonlinear systems. Only a single response measurement from a free decay test is required as input ensuring that the magnitude of the damping parameters is not compromised by phase distortion between measurements. The response is band-pass filtered in the time domain, around each of the natural frequencies. While this provides a free response measurement for each mode, it introduces a restriction as the natural frequencies must be distinct and separated. The instantaneous energy of each trace is used to describe the long-term evolution of the mode. This is achieved by using only the peak amplitudes in each period, and so the stiffness and inertial forces are effectively ignored, and only the damping forces are considered. Thus, the method is not unlike the familiar decrement method, which can estimate the viscous damping in linear systems. The method is developed for a weakly nonlinear, lightly damped two-degree-of-freedom system, with both linear and Coulomb damping. Simulated response data is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique.


The interaction of the public legal orders of states upon each other, and upon the emerging public legal order in outer space, and in general, has long been recognized "by civilized nations." The perspectives of this civilizing process as the perspective of law are critical, because law has always been identified as the assurance of protections it affords to peoples--or to states. This is the correct meaning of "equality before the law." It is also the reason why the concern with human rights goes to the essence of the legitimacy of any legal order. Moreover, the peoples of states, as the_United Nations Charter declares at the outset, are the true repositories of "sovereignty" among, within and between states. In a true spirit of d~tente, disagreements among jurists like those that arise from the states from which they come, are relieved and moderated by open debate, by recourse to scientific and objective perspectives, by reasoned argument, and by the continuing and candid exchange of views. Jurists for this reason, as professional members of an internationally-oriented endeavor, extend their own efforts and analysis far beyond governments, primarily because they are not constrained in their communications with each other. It is under these conditions that the present inquiry examines the general principles of law, and seeks their constructive application in order to make public order-projecting recommendations for decision-makers. The policy content is a critical indicia of law-projecting decisions, and shares with the authoritative element of such decisions and their controlling force, the three factors that characterize the law-oriented policy processes. Against these elements of policy, authority and control, this inquiry examines and compares the views of two distinguished jurists: Professor Grigori Tunkin of the Soviet Union and Professor Myres S. McDougal of the United States. This inquiry is preliminary in nature intended to consider the differences in perspectives of these jurists, and also intended to consider the policy implications arising from those differences. Accordingly, the primary focus is upon clarification of policies relating to the global social processes. It is assumed that most jurists will agree that the law itself and the legal instruments of law are, like all strategies, aimed at strategic goals, and applied as strategic instruments of policy, among the major power blocs, and by smaller states and regional groupings of states as well. Because in their *Professor of International Law and Strategic Studies, National War College, Washington, D.C. Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University and American University, Washington, D.C. The views expressed are the personal views of the author and not of any of the institutions. This paper is declared a work of the U.s. Government and therefore is in the public domain. 1 relations generally, these strategies determine in large measure the shaping of law, jurists are compelled to face strong tendencies, which, if unchecked under law, will degenerate into instruments of naked power. Such instruments can undermine the existing law, and deny the flourishing of law itself. Jurists engaged in justifying the use of naked power as advocates of the policies of states to control, without invoking valid and validated claims to authority, become part of a state's strategic policy apparatus. Jurists, thenJface the possibilities in the growing tolerances for naked power and its exercise that their common quest for serving global order, for accommodating and adjusting the differences of opposing social orders, and for helping to shape strategies and the global social order itself toward peace and security, will falter or fail. Such jurists will be diverted from an effective pursuit for the optimization of the value demands of peoples, projected in the civilizing and law-oriented claims for human dignity, and the quest to uncover and overcome the obstacles in achieving these goals. Like the Melians arguing before the Athenians in Thucydides'Peloponnesian War they will be tempted to acquiesce to naked power alone.