Corporate identity is something every organization has (Bernstein, 1984, cited in Abratt, 1989, p. 69). Balmer (2001, p. 254 & 257) describes the concept with the question "What are we?". Companies now recognize that a strong corporate identity is very beneficial because it can help them "align in the marketplace, motivate their employees, attract investments and also to serve as a means to differentiate their products and services" (Melewar & Karaosmanoglu, 2006, p. 846). Social networking sites (SNS), has become an integral part of both individuals' as well as companies' everyday life (Mangold & Faulds, 2009, p. 358-359). They allow companies to connect, communicate and share information directly with the target groups and also enables customers to talk to each other about the company (Mangold & Faulds, 2009, p. 358-359). The use of the SNS is easy and provides companies with a cost and time efficient method to instantly engage and connect with their target market (Bell & Loane, 2010, p. 213; Lacho & Marinello 2010, p. 128). Since SMEs have limited amounts of financial and technological resources, social media play a vital role for their ability to market themselves and their offerings (Narula, 2004, p. 153). There are lot of previously conducted research and studies on corporate identity and social networking sites, as two separate subjects. However, there is a lack of research of corporate identity and social networking sites combined and in relation to each other. The purpose of this study is to investigate and create an understanding for micro-sized companies' corporate identity and how they use the social networking site 'Instagram' to present it. Moreover, to give researchers within this research field some guidance and practical recommendations for future studies in how companies' corporate identity can be communicated via Instagram. To fulfil this purpose, five qualitative interviews with owners and managers of microsized companies, was performed. Via the findings from these interviews and with support from our constructed summarizing theoretical framework, we were able to answer our research question; How and in what way are micro-sized enterprises showing their corporate identity on the social networking site 'Instagram'? The result from the study shows that what and how micro-sized companies present and display on Instagram, is a consequence from their corporate identity. Thereof, their use of Instagram is a digital extension of their corporate identity. This study also concluded that the founders of the micro-sized company personifies the entire organization, because they have the fundamental idea of what they want their company to be and stand for. Furthermore, it was seen that all dimensions within corporate identity are linked together and since every company has their own corporate identity, it is unique and difficult to copy. Moreover, this study provides insights in the lack of previous research about the relationship between corporate identity and Instagram.


Okun's law is one of the best-known stylized facts in the economic literature, as well as one of the most widely used policy tools. The aim of this paper, which utilizes a comprehensive sample of 265 European regions by using annual observations covering the period from 2000 to 2019, is to deepen our knowledge of Okun's law from two perspectives: on one hand, by checking the existence and intensity of regional differences, and on the other hand, by assessing the factors that explain them. To this end, in the first part, we apply a heterogeneous panel approach that deals with cross-sectional dependence, which allows us to obtain an average coefficient as well as region-specific coefficients. In the second part, a cross-sectional spatial model is used to uncover explanatory factors. Our findings reveal quite remarkable regional differences, as well as a somewhat geographical pattern in them. Moreover, they point out the importance of demographic factors (such as gender and age), labor market variables (share of employment in industry and construction, as well as self-employment and part-time employment and the severity of long-term unemployment), R&D expenditure, and some national institutional factors when it comes to explaining differences across regions.


We propose a technique that takes a triangulated surface as input and outputs a surface with the same topology but altered geometry such that each polygon falls into a set of discrete equivalence classes. We begin by describing an error function that measures how close the polygons are to satisfying this criteria. To optimize this error function, we first cluster triangles into discrete sets such that the assignment of sets minimizes our error. We then find canonical polygons for each set using nonlinear optimization. Next, we solve a Poisson equation to find positions of vertices such that the surface polygons match the canonical polygons as close as possible. We also describe how to incorporate a fairness criteria into the optimization to avoid oscillations of the surface. We iterate this entire process until we reach a user specified tolerance, possibly adding clusters during iteration to guarantee convergence. We have been able to successfully reduce the number of unique triangles to lie within a small percentage of the total number of triangles in the surface and demonstrate our technique on various examples.


A new method was presented to study the content of the soluble alkali in mortar. The method was based on mixing powdered sample with distilled water with two water-solid ratios and measur-ing the pH of the suspension. According to the measurement result of the suspension, the content of soluble alkali in mortar was calculated. The parameters such as water-solid ratio and measuring ac-curacy which affected the calculated result were investigated. The calculated result of the content of soluble alkali in mortar was compared with the result of flame photometry. The calculation was in good agreement with the result of flame photometry.


DNA damage (caused by direct cellular exposure and bystander signaling) and the complex pathways involved in its repair are critical events underpinning cellular and tissue response following radiation exposures. There are limited data addressing the dynamics of DNA damage induction and repair in the skin particularly in areas not directly exposed. Here we investigate the mechanisms regulating DNA damage, repair, intracellular signalling and their impact on premature differentiation and development of inflammatory-like response in the irradiated and surrounding areas of a 3D organotypic skin model. Following localized low-LET irradiation (225 kVp X-rays), low levels of 53BP1 foci were observed in the 3D model (3.8±0.28 foci/Gy/cell) with foci persisting and increasing in size up to 48 h post irradiation. In contrast, in cell monolayers 14.2±0.6 foci/Gy/cell and biphasic repair kinetics with repair completed before 24 h was observed. These differences are linked to differences in cellular status with variable level of p21 driving apoptotic signalling in 2D and accelerated differentiation in both the directly irradiated and bystander areas of the 3D model. The signalling pathways utilized by irradiated keratinocytes to induce DNA damage in non-exposed areas of the skin involved the NF-κB transcription factor and its downstream target COX-2.


This book is about home. With Malawi as its focus, it seeks to understand ideas about home as expressed through poetry written by Malawians in English. Although African Literatures are studied those of Malawi have not received agreeable attention. This book surveys poetry by five Malawian writers ? Felix Mnthali, Frank Chipasula, Jack Mapanje, Lupenga Mphande, and Steve Chimombo. The discussion negotiates scribed experience of exile, engendered by Dr. Banda?s regime, and shows that the selected poets effectively converse with a sense of home, reflecting on its transformations in their work. Interrogating the strict definitions of home, the argument highlights that far from home-less exiles in fact clarify the sense of what ?home? is. The manoeuvre is one of thinking towards an unboundaried ?home?. This book will be of value not only to readers interested in the cultures of Africa but to all those with an interest in worldwide literary phenomena, and ideas therein of home and exile.


In this paper the ability to measure a radiation pattern of omnidirectional antennas without using an anechoic chamber is presented. For this purpose, the time domain technique is used and the influence of this solution on an antenna radiation pattern is shown. Moreover difference between radiation patterns obtained from an anechoic chamber and office room using postprocessing in time domain are presented.


Abstract The term 'intersectionality' is usually attributed to Kimberlé Crenshaw, a legal scholar, who coined the term in 1989. In this paper, we reflect on how the concept has travelled through both space and time. We trace the longer history and more complex geography of intersectional approaches rooted in grassroots women's movements in the Global South, where radical claims were made against the dominance of white, middle-class women's analysis of the situation of women in the world. These, together with the Black women's movement in the US, paved the way for the emergence and coining of the term intersectionality. We then reflect on how the concept travelled in three domains of migration-related knowledge: academic research, international policy and advocacy politics. We find that, while some academic research is true to the original politics of intersectionality, there is also some research that has strayed much further away from the original aims of intersectionality, to the extent that we would question whether it can be called intersectional at all. In international policy, we find that the original radicalism of the term has been watered down in the translation of the term into policy targets and measurements. Finally, in advocacy politics we find the greatest continuity with the original aims of the term.


The aim of this study was to identify the critical thinking skills utilized in the nursing diagnosis process. This was an exploratory descriptive study conducted with seven nursing students on the application of a clinical case to identify critical thinking skills, as well as their justifications in the nursing diagnosis process. Content analysis was performed to evaluate descriptive data. Six participants reported that analysis, scientific and technical knowledge and logical reasoning skills are important in identifying priority nursing diagnoses; clinical experience was cited by five participants, knowledge about the patient and application of standards were mentioned by three participants; Furthermore, discernment and contextual perspective were skills noted by two participants. Based on these results, the use of critical thinking skills related to the steps of the nursing diagnosis process was observed. Therefore, that the application of this process may constitute a strategy that enables the development of critical thinking skills.


The article contains the conclusions from research which concerns the social work with mentally ill clients and had been done for six months in Municipal Social Welfare Centre. Author had an opportunity to participate, as an observer, in social workers' everyday life and to get to know them better. Author adopted grounded theory research. The aim was to describe the process of construction the social work with mentally ill clients.


Abstract Most proteins have multiple functions. Obviously, conventional methods of manipulating the level of the protein of interest in the cell, such as over-expression, knockout or knockdown, affect all of its functions simultaneously. The key advantage of these methods is that over-expression, knockout or knockdown does not require any knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the function(s) of the protein of interest. The disadvantage is that these approaches are inadequate to elucidate the role of an individual function of the protein in a particular cellular process. An alternative is the use of re-engineered proteins, in which a single function is eliminated or enhanced. The use of mono-functional elements of a multi-functional protein can also yield cleaner answers. This approach requires detailed knowledge of the structural basis of each function of the protein in question. Thus, a lot of preliminary structure–function work is necessary to make it possible. However, when this information is available, replacing the protein of interest with a mutant in which individual functions are modified can shed light on the biological role of those particular functions. Here, we illustrate this point using the example of protein kinases, most of which have additional non-enzymatic functions, as well as arrestins, known multi-functional signaling regulators in the cell.


BACKGROUND
Chronic pain is a leading cause of disease burden and disability globally. The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed a major paradigm shift in health care delivery with the universal adoption of telemedicine. Telehealth physical examination is particularly challenging and little guidance is available on this topic.

OBJECTIVES
We attempt to describe the Point To the Area of Pain (PTAP) test and establish a consensus regarding its utility for musculoskeletal examination (MSK) via telehealth.

STUDY DESIGN
The authors drafted an online survey.

SETTING
The survey was sent to physicians and nurse practitioners within the authors' respective departments and institutions who routinely use telemedicine to treat pain METHODS: Respondents (n = 61) were asked about their primary specialty, comfort level in evaluating patients in pain, use of the PTAP test and its perceived clinical relevance to patient management, and other relevant questions.

RESULTS
Respondents were predominantly trained in Physiatry (47.5%), Anesthesiology (23%), Neurology (13.1%) and Family Medicine (11.5%); 67.2% of providers treat pain related diseases > 75% of the time; 50.8% of respondents were "somewhat comfortable" at performing a virtual MSK exam and 29.5% were "not comfortable"; 65.5% utilize the PTAP test and 88.5% agree or strongly agree that this test provides extrinsic clinically relevant information.

LIMITATIONS
The relatively small number of respondents.

CONCLUSION
PTAP tests should not replace the standard accepted in-person or virtual physical examination in practice, but in the absence of a hands-on exam, the PTAP test is a clear and concise test that can easily be performed in conjunction with other techniques via telehealth, and in the context of assessing pain provides useful clinical information that can help guide medical decision making.


This study estimates marginal increase in malnutrition for children ages 1-3 years from exposure to an extreme shock in the West African Sahel. The study uses knowledge of a child's birth and high resolution spatial and temporal distribution of shocks, calculated from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and satellite-based measures of rainfall and temperature to link a child to the shock experienced in-utero. The study finds that while around 20 percent of the children in the sample are stunted or underweight, more than 30 percent of the children in the sample are highly vulnerable to either form of malnutrition.


Two different surface treatments were adopted to form the film layers whose equivalent circuits were simulated by electrochemical impedance measurement. Discharge performance of each treated surface was studied by the electrochemical, potential step and current step in sodium chloride solution. The microstructures of treated and blank magnesium were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after discharge. According to the SEM observation, the discharge process of the sample treated by the nickel electroless plating had been deduced. For the electroless magnesium alloy, the experiments have proved that not only does the activity appear in the range of coating thickness, but the activity continues in the substrate metal under coating.


Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace nutrient but has negative health effects at high concentrations. Groundwater typically has low Mo (<2 μg/L), and elevated levels are associated with anthropogenic contamination, although geogenic sources have also been reported. Coal combustion residues (CCRs) are enriched in Mo, and thus present a potential anthropogenic contamination source. Here, we use diagnostic geochemical tracers combined with groundwater residence time indicators to investigate the sources of Mo in drinking-water wells from shallow aquifers in a region of widespread CCR disposal in southeastern Wisconsin. Samples from drinking-water wells were collected in areas near and away from known CCR disposal sites, and analyzed for Mo and inorganic geochemistry indicators, including boron and strontium isotope ratios, along with groundwater tritium-helium and radiogenic 4He in-growth age-dating techniques. Mo concentrations ranged from <1 to 149 μg/L. Concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency health advisory of 40 μg/L were found in deeper, older groundwater (mean residence time >300 y). The B (δ11B = 22.9 ± 3.5‰) and Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70923 ± 0.00024) isotope ratios were not consistent with the expected isotope fingerprints of CCRs, but rather mimic the compositions of local lithologies. The isotope signatures combined with mean groundwater residence times of more than 300 years for groundwater with high Mo concentrations support a geogenic source of Mo to the groundwater, rather than CCR-induced contamination. This study demonstrates the utility of a multi-isotope approach to distinguish between fossil fuel-related and natural sources of groundwater contamination.


Donovanosis or granuloma inguinale is caused by infection with Klebsiella granulomatis , formerly known as Donovania granulomatis , and Calymmatobacterium granulomatis , and was recently renamed following comparative DNA sequencing studies.1 Alternative phylogenetic analyses have argued in favour of retaining the previous species name Calymmatobacterium .2 The infection produces ulceration at the primary site of inoculation which is usually genital but may be oral, anal, or at other extragenital locations. Prominent local lymphadenopathy usually ensues, often leading to further ulcerative lesions in the skin overlying the nodes involved. In the absence of treatment the disease may spread locally and cause lymphoedema and genital mutilation. Rare cases of systemic spread have been reported. Transmission to infants during birth has been reported. The disease is rarely reported in the United Kingdom and patients seen are likely to have lived in one of the main endemic areas, which are currently in India, Papua New Guinea, among Australian aboriginals, Brazil, and South Africa. Screening is recommended only for patients presenting with unusual forms of ulceration where other diagnoses have been ruled out and a suggestive travel history is obtained. Screening of asymptomatic patients attending UK genitourinary medicine clinics is not indicated. Contacts of known cases should undergo careful examination.

### Examination of stained smears for Donovan bodies (evidence level IV, recommendation grade C)

This method was that originally described by Donovan in 19053 and has been …


Kraepelinian theory posits that schizophrenia (SZ) is a degenerative disorder that worsens throughout the lifespan. Behavioral studies of cognition have since challenged that viewpoint, particularly in the early phases of illness. Nonetheless, the extent to which cognition remains functionally stable during the early course of illness is unclear, particularly with regard to task-associated connectivity in cognition-related brain networks. In this study, we examined the 1-year stability of the frontoparietal control network during the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) from a new baseline sample of 153 participants scanned at 3T, of which 29 recent onset individuals with SZ and 42 healthy control (HC) participants had follow-up data available for analysis. Among individuals that had both baseline and follow-up data, reduced functional connectivity in SZ was observed between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and superior parietal cortex (SPC) during the high control (B cue) condition. Furthermore, this deficit was stable over time, as no significant time × diagnosis interaction or effects of time were observed and intraclass correlation coefficients were greater than 0.6 in HCs and SZ. Previous 1.5T findings showing stable deficits with no evidence of degeneration in performance or DLPFC activation in an independent SZ sample were replicated. Overall, these results suggest that the neuronal circuitry supporting cognitive control is stably impaired during the early course of illness in SZ across multiple levels of analysis with no evidence of functional decline.


This paper studies the relationship between gender and corruption in the health sector. It uses data collected directly from health workers, during a recent public expenditure tracking survey in Tajikistan's health sector. Using informal payments as an indicator of corruption, women seem at first significantly less corrupt than men as consistently suggested by the literature. However, once power conferred by position is controlled for, women appear in fact equally likely to take advantage of corruption opportunities as men. Female-headed facilities also are not less likely to experience informal charging than facilities managed by men. However, women are significantly less aggressive in the amount they extract from patients. The paper provides evidence that workers are more likely to engage in informal charging the farther they fall short of their perceived fair-wage, adding weight to the fair wage-corruption hypothesis. Finally, there is some evidence that health workers who feel that health care should be provided for a fee are more likely to informally charge patients. Contrary to informal charging, moonlighting behavior displays strong gender differences. Women are significantly less likely to work outside the facility on average and across types of health workers.


Liquefaction is a natural phenomenon on the earth surface of the earth that quite dangerous to deadly if occurs in area with high population density. The case of Sigi Regency which took place on 28 September 2018 as a domino effect of 7,4 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter distance of 80 km from Palu City or 90 km from Petobo area, Sigi Regency. The aftershock that occur propagate below the surface, condensing and mixing loose material that accumulates with ground water when reaches target area. Those disasters had been predicted since 2012 by a number of researchers opened society mind about after impact phenomena from a main disaster that followed. The main result of this research focused on giving simple explanation about how the liquefaction occur in timescale using combination of remote sensing, geoscience data, and 3D-modelling. Through the analyzing of Landsat 8 as main remote sensing data from different acquisition time, it was found that there were significant changes in land use appearance between before and after the disaster. The topography shown through Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data presented both 3D and cross section increase the potential indication for liquefaction material movement that tends to descend the slope, from east to west. The geological approach taken refers to the literature study related to regional condition of study area which includes lithology – sedimentology, and structural geology. The result of the regional geology study found the combination of unconsolidated rocks in form of alluvium (Qa) – Pakuli Formation (Qp) and interaction of Palu – Koro fault line as deriving factor of liquefaction. Another factor such hydrogeology and geotechnical aspect indicated to play a role as a sufficiently strong trigger factor for the disaster to occur. From some aspect above are further overlayed in simple geological 3D-modelling to explain the sequence of events that occur and the role of each factor in causing liquefaction in the case study area.


Psychodynamic therapists use the interpersonal experience in therapeutic relations to understand the subconscious background of a clients disorder, use it for diagnosis, treatment plans, interventions and supervision. Transference and countertransference were defined and described in the article. In the presented article the five skills of the therapist were distinguished in the five stages of therapy, beginning with the perception of one's own feelings in the transference.


1.27-/spl mu/m InGaAs: Sb-GaAs-GaAsP vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and exhibited excellent performance and temperature stability. The threshold current changes from 1.8 to 1.1 mA and the slope efficiency falls less than /spl sim/35% as the temperature raised from room temperature to 70/spl deg/C. With a bias current of only 5 mA, the 3-dB modulation frequency response was measured to be 8.36 GHz, which is appropriate for 10-Gb/s operation. The maximal bandwidth is measured to be 10.7 GHz with modulation current efficiency factor (MCEF) of /spl sim/5.25 GHz/(mA)/sup 1/2/. These VCSELs also demonstrate high-speed modulation up to 10 Gb/s from 25/spl deg/C to 70/spl deg/C.


The current study examined the intergenerational similarity of middle adolescents' and emerging adults' social value orientations (SVO) using different variable-centered and person-centered approaches and whether perceived parental autonomy support and conditional regard would play a role in similarity. The sample consisted of 218 middle adolescents (ages 14–15, eighth and ninth grades) and 219 emerging adults (ages 19–25, attending university) and their mothers and fathers in a metropolitan area of Ankara, Turkey (N = 437 triads). Our findings revealed that mother-father similarity was higher than parent-child similarity. Results indicated more similarities between emerging adults-parents than adolescents-parents, and autonomy support contributed to the similarity. Higher levels of maternal and paternal SVO has linked with prosociality of offsprings. Besides, when mothers and fathers were incongruent in reporting SVO, the emerging adults' probability of having prosocial SVO was lower.


In mouse embryos, loss of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) activity is associated with an ectopic activation of WNT signalling responses in the precursors of the craniofacial structures and leads to a complete truncation of the head at early organogenesis. Here, we show that ENU-induced mutations of genes coding for two WNT canonical pathway factors, the co-receptor LRP6 and the transcriptional co-activator β-catenin, also elicit an ectopic signalling response and result in loss of the rostral tissues of the forebrain. Compound mutant embryos harbouring combinations of mutant alleles of Lrp6, Ctnnb1 and Dkk1 recapitulate the partial to complete head truncation phenotype of individual homozygous mutants. The demonstration of a synergistic interaction of Dkk1, Lrp6 and Ctnnb1 provides compelling evidence supporting the concepts that (1) stringent regulation of the level of canonical WNT signalling is necessary for head formation, (2) activity of the canonical pathway is sufficient to account for the phenotypic effects of mutations in three different components of the signal cascade and (3) rostral parts of the brain and the head are differentially more sensitive to canonical WNT signalling and their development is contingent on negative modulation of WNT signalling activity.


A dramatic change in approach to corporate board composition, conduct, and responsibility has occurred at the legal and regulatory level, largely in response to a perceived failure by the Enron board to have prevented management conduct that led to the company's downfall. Because the Enron board had significant relationships with company management, both transparent and latent, it had difficulty recognizing numerous warning signals including waiver of the company code of ethics, stock sales by executives, external auditors taking large consulting fees and engaging in internal audit work, and individuals in the company's finance department with connections to the external auditor. The key common element of the numerous resulting governance mandates following Enron and other corporate incidents has been a focus on the independence of corporate directors.


The long wavelength limit of a recent microscopic phase-field crystal (PFC) theory of a binary alloy mixture is used to derive an analytical approximation for the segregation coefficient as a function of the interface velocity, and relate it to the two-point correlation function of the liquid and the thermodynamic properties of solid and liquid phases. Our results offer the first analytical derivation of solute segregation from a microscopic model, and support recent molecular dynamics and numerical PFC simulations. Our results also provide an independent framework, motivated from classical density functional theory, from which to elucidate the fundamental nature of solute drag, which is still highly contested in the literature. 7


Objectives: Approximately half of sexual assaults involve alcohol; these assaults tend to be more severe and may be more likely to result in negative emotional outcomes like anxiety and depression (Ullman & Najdowski, 2010). Self-compassion (SC; extending kindness and care towards oneself) may promote resilience from the negative emotional consequences of alcohol-involved sexual assault (AISA). This study examined SC as a resilience factor, testing whether it attenuates and/or counteracts the association between AISA and negative emotional outcomes. Methods: Undergraduate drinkers (N = 785) completed measures tapping past-term AISA (Kehayes, et al., 2019), SC (i.e., Self-Compassion Scale; Neff, 2003), and anxiety and depression (Kessler et al., 2002). The Self-Compassion Scale was scored as two higherorder domains (self-caring, self-criticism) each with three lower-order facets (self-kindness, mindfulness, and common humanity; over-identification, self-judgment, and isolation). Results: Supporting compensatory effects, the higher-order SC domains showed main effects: the presence of self-caring and relative absence of self-criticism counteracted the adverse effects of AISA on both anxiety and depression. Similarly, the lower-order SC facets showed main effects: the presence of self-kindness and relative absence of overidentification counteracted the adverse effects of AISA on anxiety/depression – with therelative absence of self-judgment and isolation additionally counteracting the effect of AISA on depression. Conclusion: SC works as a compensatory resilience factor for the association between AISA and anxiety/depression. Implications: SC interventions with attention towards increasing self-kindness and decreasing negative facets of SC may be important for negative emotional outcomes in general, including those following AISA.


The increasing demand for healthcare and the static resources available necessitate data driven improvements in healthcare at large scale. The SnoMAP tool was rapidly developed to provide an automated solution that transforms and maps clinician-entered data to provide data which is fit for both administrative and clinical purposes. Accuracy of data mapping was maintained.


Employing robots in the real world to perform a large variety of tasks remains a great challenge to current perception, planning and control algorithms. Various specialized representations, such as for mapping or localization, have been proposed which are typically used in fixed pipelines that fuse perception, planning and control. These approaches are typically highly interpretable in a way that humans can reason about the prediction uncertainty of the system, or what additional measurements are necessary to improve the predictions. On the other hand, such static frameworks do not allow the robot to learn from experience or adapt to changing task requirements. Learning-based approaches have found great success in domains where large amounts of labelled data is available. Many problems in robotics, however, do not belong to such regime where training data is easily obtainable. Instead, it is often only possible to provide few kinesthetic demonstrations, or rely entirely on self-supervised or reinforcement learning. While the longstanding motivation behind such learning approaches is to enable robots to improve by learning from their own experience, the current instantiations of state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, even model-based, require extensive amounts of interaction samples, such that, in most cases, simulators are necessary to provide a riskfree environment that runs orders of magnitude faster than real time. With regards to accountable AI, many of these approaches are not human-interpretable – they may achieve high performance on certain tasks but it remains an open research question how the training setup must be designed to guarantee performance throughout all metrics over the tasks of interest. Whether control policies are learned through reinforcement learning, or feedback control laws are optimized – in most approaches simulators are used to validate the algorithms before deploying them on the real system. An inherent problem to such techniques is the disparity between the simulated and the real world, i.e., the sim2real gap. Various methods have been proposed to overcome this issue, such as domain randomization and domain adaption. In this work, we approach the problem of visuomotor control from a different angle. Instead of learning a separate model or policy in a simulator, we use the simulator as the model that we can use to derive controllers and estimate the state of our system of interest. Simulators, such as physics engines, already encode our understanding of the world through the laws of physics and generalize well to a wide variety of application scenarios. Most quantities, such as the geometry of the objects, are human-interpretable and can be even verified through a variety of specialized tools. We propose to design the simulator from the ground up to be invertible, i.e., such that we can estimate the simulation settings from the observations of the real system.


We extracted a glycoprotein from the brown alga Laminaria japonica (LJGP). We previously demonstrated that LJGP induced apop- tosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells via the Fas- and the mitochondrial signaling pathway, and cell-cycle arrest. However, its effect on the cell membrane remained unknown. In this study, we identified the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), integrin, and Epi- thelial (E)-cadherin in LJGP-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells. LJGP treatment increased the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, LJGP decreased the expression of integrin αν, β3, β5, β6 and E- cadherin. Consistent with a decreased expression of E-cadherin, LJGP inhibited the Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, activation of downstream molecules of integrin, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), the Src family of protooncogenic tyrosine kinases, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), and phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI-3K) were also decreased. These findings suggest that LJGP-induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells involves possible ECM disruption and cell detachment, which are executed principally through the activation of MMPs and by a decrease of adhesion molecules, contributing to a down-regulation of the PI-3K, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways. Apoptosis induced by ECM disruption or cell detachment is also known as anoikis. We can say that LJGP induces anoikis in HT-29 cells.


Abstract Caridroit, De Wever, and Dumitrica (1999) promoted stauraxon (Radiolaria) to an order, order Latentifistularia, and De Wever et al. (2001) proposed a classification using family and genus levels. However, the taxonomy of this order in genus level is still problematic because some genera were named according to broken specimens. A radiolarian fauna with a high diversity was collected from the late Changxingian in southern Guanxi, China. These specimens are very well preserved so that they are rare material for roundly describing the characters of some genera. They are identified as 42 species belonging to 16 genera and 5 families. Fifteen new species and one new genus are described, some genera are discussed, and some species are revised.


We examined the adrenocortical function in 14 italian thalassemic patients (8 f., 6 m.) aged 12 to 28. The following hormones were determined in each subject: plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels in both basal conditions and after maximal and submaximal stimulus (250 and 5 micrograms respectively) with synthetic corticotrophin beta 1-24 (Synacthen Ciba); corticotrophin and cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (0.15 U/kg iv.). Tests were repeated in all patients four years later. Normal controls were a group of 10 normal subjects matched for age, sex and body mass. Normal basal values of cortisol, aldosterone and ACTH were observed. Impaired cortisol response after stimulation with 5 micrograms of ACTH (6 patients) and after hypoglycaemia (4 patients) was identified. At the second test, four years later, one patient showed impaired cortisol response to both ACTH (5, micrograms) and hypoglycaemia, unlike the normal response to the first test. In all the others the cortisol response to stimulation did not differ from previous ones. In conclusion reduced ACTH and cortisol reserves detected in some thalassemic patients may be related to iron infiltration in the pituitary and adrenal glands. However, the present study did not indicate any significant correlation between either total blood load or serum ferritin and adrenal function parameters. Alteration in circulating hormones catabolism and impaired synthesis of transport proteins caused by chronic liver disease made adrenocortical hypofunction an even more complex picture to understand.


Missing values are unavoidable when working with data. Their occurrence is exacerbated as more data from different sources become available. However, most statistical models and visualization methods require complete data, and improper handling of missing data results in information loss, or biased analyses. Since the seminal work of Rubin (1976), there has been a burgeoning literature on missing values with heterogeneous aims and motivations. This has resulted in the development of various methods, formalizations, and tools (including a large number of R packages). However, for practitioners, it is challenging to decide which method is most suited for their problem, partially because handling missing data is still not a topic systematically covered in statistics or data science curricula. To help address this challenge, we have launched a unified platform: "R-miss-tastic", which aims to provide an overview of standard missing values problems, methods, how to handle them in analyses, and relevant implementations of methodologies. The objective is not only to collect, but also comprehensively organize materials, to create standard analysis workflows, and to unify the community. These overviews are suited for beginners, students, more advanced analysts and researchers.


Although 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a widely used promising biomarker of DNA damage, there are concerns about which tissues or body fluids should be sampled. The objective of this study is to evaluate the correlation of DNA oxidative damage biomarkers, 8-OHdG, between blood and urine and risk factors associated with 8 OHdG. The study population was recruited from a baseline survey of a worksite lifestyle study including 96 office workers aged 23 to 60 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on personal characteristics. The plasma and urinary 8-OHdG was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In linear regression, a positive relation was found (t = 2.3, p < 0.05) between the log-transformed plasma and urinary 8-OHdG levels adjusted for gender, age, BMI, and smoking status. Our findings showed that age, gender and smoking were significantly associated with plasma 8-OHdG, but not with urinary 8-OHdG. Our results suggest that there is a positive relation between the biomarkers of plasma (steady state DNA damage) and urinary 8-OHdG (total DNA damage). However, the plasma 8-OHdG is more sensitive than urinary 8-OHdG to detect increased oxidative damages induced by risk factors.


The geometric characteristics of incised features such as channels, rills, ephemeral gully, gully, represent the erosional transport regime and the fluvial dynamic equilibrium, and thus it is critical for the understanding of the long‐term evolution of natural, agricultural, and anthropogenic landscapes. This paper examines the morphological similarity of channelized erosion in two different environments such as Alpine landscapes and cultivated hillslopes. The first dataset comprises six rivers in the Italian Alps, three in the Carnia region and three in the Dolomites, where erosion is mainly the effect of discharges with high sediment loads or landslides and debris flows. The agricultural areas dataset includes rills, ephemeral gullies, and gullies surveyed in literature. This research highlights that the eroded volume in Alpine rivers is in line with that of agricultural landscapes or badlands around the world. Dolomites rivers of colluvial origin, flowing on soils that are not particularly deep and subject to natural disaggregation, tend to behave similarly to ephemeral gullies. Contrarily, channels that exhibit evident alluvial morphologies and coarse grain sizes are more similar to gully erosion. At different spatial scales, the results demonstrated that length–volume equations calibrated on rills, ephemeral gullies, gullies and badlands, might be feasible also for Alpine channels. The research areas present soils and bedrock lithology that differs from those in literature, thus suggesting that the morphology of linear erosion is independent of the intrinsic soil characteristics. Differences emerged between Dolomites and Carnia rivers: this highlights the importance of taking into account in future analyses other forcing factors (e.g. climate) on land degradation processes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


SUMMARY: During a study of genetic factors affecting the morphology of Aspergillus nidulans a novel and characteristic variant was observed among the progeny of crosses involving certain morphologically normal parents. This type, which had a diminished linear growth rate, segregated in constant proportion; it was designated 'crinkled'. It carried a duplication for a chromosome segment as a result of an unequal translocation in one parent. Crinkled colonies showed vegetative instability and sectored types which, in varying degree, approached normal morphology and growth rate. These revertants probably arose by loss of a variable part of the chromosome segment carried in duplicate. The loss occurred from either the translocated or untranslocated segment.


Nano-composites consisting of a primary matrix phase of hard nanocrystalline SiC and a secondary nanocrystalline GaAs semiconductor phase were obtained by high-pressure zone infiltration. The synthesis occurs in three stages: (i) at room- temperature the SiC nanopowder is compacted under high pressure to 8 GPa, (ii) the temperature is increased to 1240°C, above the melting point of GaAs, and the pores were filled with liquid, (iii) on cooling GaAs nanocrystallites grow in the pores. The synthesis was performed using a toroid-type high-pressure apparatus (IHPP PAS, Warsaw) and a six anvil cubic press (MAX80 at HASYLAB, Hamburg). X-ray diffraction studies were performed with a laboratory D5000 Siemens diffractometer. The phase compositionn, grain size and macrostrains in the synthesized materials were examined. The microstructure of the composites was characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Far-infrared reflectivity and Raman spectroscopy measurements were used to trace built-in strains.


The resonance phenomenon is suppressed by adjusting the damping of the comb accelerometer structure to widen the frequency bandwidth of the capacitive accelerometer. The capacitive accelerometer with asymmetrical combs, fabricated with DRIE and anodic bonding, is presented. The damping category of the accelerometer is introduced, in which the squeeze-film damping coefficient and the damping ratio factor are detailed. The damping ratio factor of the accelerometer, measured by a vibration method, is 0.17. The damping ratio factor of the optimized structure is calculated of 0.15 to 0.18 with the change of experiential modulus C from 25 to 30, theoretically.


The kinematic behavior of a mechanism may be modeled using a number of different formalisms. In this paper, the description of machine tool errors is examined using screw coordinates. The six components of error associated with each axis motion, three rotational errors about the three coordinate axes and three translational errors of the origin along the coordinate axes, are shown to be identically the six components of an "error twist," or screw displacement. This "error twist" is a motor, and the six components of the motor are, in general, functions of the axis position. Thus, the "error twist" is a motor valued function of a scalar variable which describes axis errors in an extremely compact form. Furthermore, this approach allows clearer insights into errors which arise due to the Abbe effect. Using screw-coordinates to describe the machine errors, it becomes clear that the so-called Abbe errors cannot be eliminated in the general case, even if the tool point is collinear with the machine scale. However, the relative importance of these errors can be easily determined since the location of the instantaneous axis of rotation is easily found. Expressions are developed which allow the translational components of the errors to be measured at any convenient points on the body, including differing points for each component, and properly transformed into error motions of any desired point. Finally, a method for determining the total error at the tool point due to the individual error components of each of the members is presented.


Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission in dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), triggered by a single cocaine injection, represents an early adaptation linked to the more enduring effects of abused drugs that characterize addiction. Here, we examined the impact of in vivo cocaine exposure on metabotropic inhibitory signaling involving G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (Girk) channels in VTA DA neurons. Somatodendritic Girk currents evoked by the GABAB receptor (GABABR) agonist baclofen were diminished in a dose-dependent manner in mice given a single cocaine injection. This adaptation persisted for 3–4 d, was specific for DA neurons of the VTA, and occurred in parallel with an increase in spontaneous glutamatergic neurotransmission. No additional suppression of GABABR–Girk signaling was observed following repeated cocaine administration. While total Girk2 and GABABR1 mRNA and protein levels were unaltered by cocaine exposure in VTA DA neurons, the cocaine-induced decrease in GABABR–Girk signaling correlated with a reduction in Girk2-containing channels at the plasma membrane in VTA DA neurons. Systemic pretreatment with sulpiride, but not SCH23390 (7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol), prevented the cocaine-induced suppression of GABABR–Girk signaling, implicating D2/3 DA receptor activation in this adaptation. The acute cocaine-induced weakening of somatodendritic Girk signaling complements the previously demonstrated cocaine-induced strengthening of glutamatergic neurotransmission, likely contributing to enhanced output of VTA DA neurons during the early stages of addiction.


The French Football Federation was the first football governing body to put in place, in 1990, a financial regulation system. It might be expected that UEFA's Financial Fair Play (FFP) system established in 2010 would be similar to French DNCG (National Direction for Management Control) regulations. However, while FFP is concerned with profitability, DNCG is focused on solvency. Hence, a French club may be loss-making and not compliant with FFP, while at the same time being solvent in accordance with DNCG rules. Our research confirms that most French clubs do not conform to FFP rules. As such, it provides further evidence that DNCG has not prevented poor financial management within French clubs. The coexistence of DNCG and FFP– or any other domestic financial regulation and FFP –may result in disparities between domestic clubs. As a consequence, there should be consistent financial regulation in all European leagues.


Abstract— We report concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 41Ca in the metal phase of 26 ordinary chondrites from Frontier Mountain (FRO), Antarctica, as well as cosmogenic 14C in eight and noble gases in four bulk samples. Thirteen out of 14 selected H chondrites belong to two previously identified pairing groups, FRO 90001 and FRO 90174, with terrestrial ages of ˜40 and ˜100 kyr, respectively. The FRO 90174 shower is a heterogeneous H3–6 chondrite breccia that probably includes more than 300 individual fragments, explaining the high H/L chondrite ratio (3.8) at Frontier Mountain. The geographic distribution of 19 fragments of this shower constrains ice fluctuations over the past 50–100 kyr to less than ˜40 m, supporting the stability of the meteorite trap over the last glacial cycle. The second H‐chondrite pairing group, FRO 90001, is much smaller and its geographic distribution is mainly controlled by wind‐transport. Most L‐chondrites are younger than 50 kyr, except for the FRO 93009/01172 pair, which has a terrestrial age of ˜500 kyr. These two old L chondrites represent the only surviving members of a large shower with a similar preatmospheric radius (˜80 cm) as the FRO 90174 shower. The find locations of these two paired L‐chondrite fragments on opposite sides of Frontier Mountain confirm the general glaciological model in which the two ice flows passing both ends of the mountain are derived from the same source area on the plateau. The 50 FRO meteorites analyzed so far represent 21 different falls. The terrestrial ages range from 6 kyr to 500 kyr, supporting the earlier proposed concentration mechanism.


During the last few years, using the ultra-feeble cold luminescence signal of the body surface as an indicator, we had previously characterized quantitatively the dominant propagated sensation along the classical channels and the regulatory effects of acupuncture on human body. There was a great improvement upon our original apparatus for the measurement which permitted the precise detection for the superficial luminescence phenomena at the acupoints along the classical channels on body surface, by which the intense luminescence lines (various points were described as a line) were found. The nature bio-luminescence of human body surface was investigated in 158 healthy subjects, 158 times for regular channels and 11,582 times for acupoints. It was found that existed intense cold luminescent points (or described as the lines) on body surface along the courses identical with Fourteen Classical Channels, i.e. Back Middle Channel, Front Middle Channel, Lung Channel of Hand Taiyin, Heart Channel of Hand Shaoyin, Pericardium Channel of Hand Jueyin, Large intestine Channel of Hand Yangming, Small Intestine Channel of Hand Taiyang, Triple Burners (warmer) Channel of Hand Shaoyang, Stomach Channel of Foot Yangming, Urinary Bladder Channel of Foot Taiyang, Gall Bladder Channel of Foot Shaoyang, Spleen Channel of Foot Taiyin, Kidney Channel of Foot Thaoyin and Liver Channel of Foot Jueyin. The intensity of luminescence at the classical acupoints was 1.5 times higher than that of the matched points bilaterally 0.5 cm apart from either side of each classical channel, providing that the observation data were displayed by an automatic digital computer, the mean values and standard errors calculated logarithmically and the comparisons assessed with T-test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Glucose transporter (GLUT)1 has become an attractive target to block glucose uptake in malignant cells since most cancer cells overexpress GLUT1 and are sensitive to glucose deprivation. Methylxanthines are natural compounds that inhibit glucose uptake; however, the mechanism of inhibition remains unknown. Here, we used a combination of binding and glucose transport kinetic assays to analyze in detail the effects of caffeine, pentoxifylline, and theophylline on hexose transport in human erythrocytes. The displacement of previously bound cytochalasin B revealed a direct interaction between the methylxanthines and GLUT1. Methylxanthines behave as noncompetitive blockers (inhibition constant values of 2-3 mM) in exchange and zero-trans efflux assays, whereas mixed inhibition with a notable uncompetitive component is observed in zero-trans influx assays (inhibition constant values of 5-12 mM). These results indicate that methylxanthines do not bind to either exofacial or endofacial d-glucose-binding sites but instead interact at a different site accessible by the external face of the transporter. Additionally, infinite-cis exit assays (Sen-Widdas assays) showed that only pentoxifylline disturbed d-glucose for binding to the exofacial substrate site. Interestingly, coinhibition assays showed that methylxanthines bind to a common site on the transporter. We concluded that there is a methylxanthine regulatory site on the external surface of the transporter, which is close but distinguishable from the d-glucose external site. Therefore, the methylxanthine moiety may become an attractive framework for the design of novel specific noncompetitive facilitative GLUT inhibitors.


Abstract An undesirable characteristic in lyophilized parenteral products is the potential presence of particulate matter in the final product, which may affect patient safety. In this study, quality risk management tools described in the International Conference on Harmonization Guideline Q9 were used to estimate the risks for a pharmaceutical manufacturing line, based on three critical quality attributes: (1) visible particulate matter; (2) lyo-cake collapse traces; and (3) lyo-cake melt-back traces. Together with a Process Failure Mode Effect Analysis (PFMEA), an input-output analysis of the individual unit operations identified seven major material classes of extrinsic particulate matter. In addition to the process assessment, an experimental investigation of the location of impurities in lyophilized products was performed. To that end, intentionally contaminated vials were examined to locate the particulate matter and its possible migration. The results emphasize the importance of a full transmission mode release testing since the particles may enter the interior of the lyo-cake. A theoretical explanation of the observed impurity locations is provided. Graphical Abstract


Bhakti Wira Tamtama Hospital (RSBWT) is owned by the Departement of Hankam. Compared to the other similar hospitals, the rate of occupancy in the inpatient is only 40 %. Cahyono (1999) analyzed the marketing strategy of RSBWT with the result that RSBWT is weak according the ability to response the market and market its product.
To anticipate the increasingly global environment and the tight competition, a survey was done to the answer the question: "What kind of service of inpatient at RSBWT is suitable for the patients using the service of inpatient"?
The goal of this survey can be proposed to managerial decision of RSBWT in developing service of inpatient based on the identification of the wish of the inpatients.
The research methods is based on the quantitative and qualitative approach. The data collected in cross sectional. The respondents were inpatients in July 2001, the total number of inpatient 30 people was the questionnaire the data was conducted to collect from inpatient. The result of inpatient was consulted matched to the opinions of 15 hospital executives by using a through interview, then another interview with the 15 managers using Delphi method. Based on the above result, an analysis is done based on the theory of organization and hospital management, marketing theory.
In general, the inpatients of RSBWT were from the middle to low class level. The reason to choose RSBWT was the flow tariff, the closeness to their residence and the good relation between inpatients and the officials. The patients expected the building should be improve. The administrative and the clinical services as well as the more qualified service for the patients. The opinions of the patients were aknowledged by the executives and managers.

Sumber Utama : www.mikm.undip.ac.id


In this work, effective methods for monitoring friction and wear of journal bearings integrated in future UltraFan® jet engines containing a gearbox are presented. These methods are based on machine learning algorithms applied to Acoustic Emission (AE) signals. The three friction states: dry (boundary), mixed, and fluid friction of journal bearings are classified by pre-processing the AE signals with windowing and high-pass filtering, extracting separation effective features from time, frequency, and time-frequency domain using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the classifier. Furthermore, it is shown that journal bearing friction classification is not only possible under variable rotational speed and load, but also under different oil viscosities generated by varying oil inlet temperatures. A method used to identify the location of occurring mixed friction events over the journal bearing circumference is shown in this paper. The time-based AE signal is fused with the phase shift information of an incremental encoder to achieve an AE signal based on the angle domain. The possibility of monitoring the run-in wear of journal bearings is investigated by using the extracted separation effective AE features. Validation was done by tactile roughness measurements of the surface. There is an obvious AE feature change visible with increasing run-in wear. Furthermore, these investigations show also the opportunity to determine the friction intensity. Long-term wear investigations were done by carrying out long-term wear tests under constant rotational speeds, loads, and oil inlet temperatures. Roughness and roundness measurements were done in order to calculate the wear volume for validation. The integrated AE Root Mean Square (RMS) shows a good correlation with the journal bearing wear volume.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the motivations, challenges and perceptions of the educational environment of emerging researchers in chiropractic.

METHODS
A descriptive web-based survey of higher-degree chiropractic research students was performed between October and November 2013. The survey consisted of open and closed questions and the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure.

RESULTS
Twenty-two students currently enrolled in a higher-degree research program participated. Students were most commonly enrolled in a doctor of philosophy program at a part-time rate. Motivations of research were desire to improve the clinical care aspects of chiropractic for the public and belief that chiropractic research is lacking. The greatest challenges were the negative attitudes towards chiropractic, finding enough time to do everything required, and feelings of isolation. The higher-degree research educational environment was perceived to be more positive than negative, with the stimulating nature of research a positive feature. A negative feature of the educational environment was poor undergraduate preparation for higher-degree research.

CONCLUSION
This study is the first study to describe higher-degree chiropractic research students. Primary motivations included building research, while challenges included not only negative attitudes toward the chiropractic profession but also negative attitudes toward researchers from within the profession. The higher-degree research educational environment was perceived to be positive. By acknowledging the issues that surround emerging researchers in chiropractic, the profession is better placed to foster academics and build research capacity.


Inferring the dependence structure of complex networks from the observation of the non-linear dynamics of its components is among the common, yet far from resolved challenges faced when studying real-world complex systems. While a range of methods using the ordinal patterns framework has been proposed to particularly tackle the problem of dependence inference in the presence of non-linearity, they come with important restrictions in the scope of their application. Hereby, we introduce the sign patterns as an extension of the ordinal patterns, arising from a more flexible symbolization which is able to encode longer sequences with lower number of symbols. After transforming time series into sequences of sign patterns, we derive improved estimates for statistical quantities by considering necessary constraints on the probabilities of occurrence of combinations of symbols in a symbolic process with prohibited transitions. We utilize these to design an asymptotic chi-squared test to evaluate dependence between two time series and then apply it to the construction of climate networks, illustrating that the developed method can capture both linear and non-linear dependences, while avoiding bias present in the naive application of the often used Pearson correlation coefficient or mutual information.


We have determined the patterns of expression of tenascin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, by indirect immunohistofluorescence and immunoblots during the post-traumatic regeneration of the tail distal part of the amphibian urodele Pleurodeles waltl. In normal tails of adult Pleurodeles, tenascin expression is mostly restricted to few connective tissues including the periosteum, the ligaments of vertebral articulation, myotendinous structures, the perimysium and the pia mater; the extracellular matrix is virtually negative. In certain areas of the adult skin the molecule is expressed around cells of the inner epidermal layer, apparently associated with the cell surface. In the first 4–6 days following tail amputation, tenascin expression increases in the stump region in areas surrounding dedifferentiating tendons; the early blastemic epithelium does not express the molecule. The local increase of tenascin in areas where cells dedifferentiate and start to migrate, precedes the increase in fibronectin that occurs later in the mesenchyme of the blastema. From the 8th day of regeneration, there is a sharp increase of the level of expression of the molecule in the extracellular matrix of the loose mesenchyme underlying the epithelium of the blastema which remains negative. The maximal expression in the matrix is reached in 4- to 6-week-old regenerates and then gradually decreased. High levels of tenascin are present in sites of muscle condensation as fibrils oriented parallel to the direction of alignment of myogenic cells and in sites of chondrogenesis particularly in regions of precartilage formation. After the second week of regeneration, tenascin is strongly expressed in the basal lamina of the regenerated skin and, after the fourth week, also at the level of epidermal-dermal junctional areas. Like in normal tail ends, in regenerates older than 8–9 weeks, tenascin expression is nearly restricted to the muscle connective tissue and myotendinous structures. These results are discussed in view of the possible multiple morphogenetic roles of tenascin in tissue regeneration and repair.


We present the direct measurements of magnetoexciton transport. Excitons give the opportunity to realize the high magnetic field regime for composite bosons with magnetic fields of a few Tesla. Long lifetimes of indirect excitons allow the study kinetics of magnetoexciton transport with time-resolved optical imaging of exciton photoluminescence. We performed spatially, spectrally, and time-resolved optical imaging of transport of indirect excitons in high magnetic fields. We observed that increasing magnetic field slows down magnetoexciton transport. The time-resolved measurements of the magnetoexciton transport distance allowed for an experimental estimation of the magnetoexciton diffusion coefficient. An enhancement of the exciton photoluminescence energy at the laser excitation spot was found to anti-correlate with the exciton transport distance. A theoretical model of indirect magnetoexciton transport is presented and is in agreement with the experimental data.


The predictive performance equation (PPE) is a mathematical model of learning and retention that uses regularities seen in human learning to predict future performance. Previous research (Collins, Gluck, Walsh Krusmark & Gunzelmann,, 2016) found that prior data could be used to inform PPE's free parameters when generating predictions of a group's aggregate performance, allowing for more accurate initial performance predictions. Here we investigate an extension of this methodology to predict performance of individuals, rather than aggregate samples. This paper documents the results of that investigation, which is on the critical path to the use of this cognitive technology in education and training.


This chapter examines the differential inclusion of overseas Americans in the American polity; overseas Americans are included, and vote, as individual citizens in all primary and general elections but are recognized as a distinct overseas constituency only in the Democrats Abroad Global Primary. Constitutional, federal and state law shapes this differential American inclusion. The right to vote was extended on the basis of a constitutional right to electoral equality. On the other hand, an overseas constituency in which US citizens voted for dedicated representatives would be possible only with a constitutional amendment. In a state with a strong sense of itself as an immigration country, and not as a state with a diaspora identity, such an amendment is unlikely. The contestation of the profile of the overseas American population feeds into this discussion. Party-led inclusion is the strongest way in which overseas US citizens can be included as a distinct constituency.


CONTEXT
The "Standards, Options and Recommendations" (SOR) project, started in 1993, is a collaboration between the Federation of the French Cancer Centres (FNCLCC), the 20 French Cancer Centres and specialists from French Public Universities, General Hospitals and Private Clinics. The main objective is the development of clinical practice guidelines to improve the quality of health care and outcome for cancer patients. The methodology is based on literature review and critical appraisal by a multidisciplinary group of experts, with feedback from specialists in cancer care delivery.

OBJECTIVES
To develop practice guidelines according to the definitions of the Standards, Options and Recommendations project for the content of the anatomic and surgical pathology or cytopathology reports in field of oncology.

METHODS
Data were identified either by searching on Medline or via members of the expert groups personal references lists. When the guidelines were defined, the document was submitted to 49 independent reviewers, and to the medical committees of the 20 French Cancer Centres.

RESULTS
The main recommendations for the composition of the anatomic and surgical pathology or cytopathology reports in oncology are 1/ The reports must contain the identification of the pathologist, of the patient and of the specimen, a gross description for the surgical specimen, eventually a microscopic description, the diagnosis, all the elements essential for establishing the prognosis and for the clinical care, and a conclusion. 2/ The reports could contain some comments. 3/ The reports must be brief, precise, clear, homogeneous and ideally standardised, in order to be comprehensible for all the clinicians and the pathologists.


Eros and Greek Athletics-Thomas F. Scanlon 2002-02-07 Ancient Greek athletics offer us a clear window on many important aspects of ancient culture, some of which have distinct parallels with modern sports and their place in our society. Ancient athletics were closely connected with religion, the formation of young men and women in their gender roles, and the construction of sexuality. Eros was, from one perspective, a major god of the gymnasium where homoerotic liaisons reinforced the traditional hierarchies of Greek culture. But Eros in the athletic sphere was also a symbol of life-affirming friendship and even of political freedom in the face of tyranny. Greek athletic culture was not so much a field of dreams as a field of desire, where fervent competition for honor was balanced by cooperation for common social goals. Eros and Greek Athletics is the first in-depth study of Greek body culture as manifest in its athletics, sexuality, and gender formation. In this comprehensive overview, Thomas F. Scanlon explores when and how athletics was linked with religion, upbringing, gender, sexuality, and social values in an evolution from Homer until the Roman period. Scanlon shows that males and females made different uses of the same contests, that pederasty and athletic nudity were fostered by an athletic revolution beginning in the late seventh century B.C., and that public athletic festivals may be seen as quasi-dramatic performances of the human tension between desire and death. Accessibly written and full of insights that will challenge long-held assumptions about ancient sport, Eros and Greek Athletics will appeal to readers interested in ancient and modern sports, religion, sexuality, and gender studies.


Abstract Recent studies demonstrated a relationship between mass burn rates of straight-grade cigarettes and heats of combustion of the tobacco materials. In the present work, relationships between measured heats of combustion and elemental composition of the tobacco materials were further analyzed. Heats of combustion measured in oxygen were directly correlated with the carbon and hydrogen content of the tobacco materials tested. Ash content of the materials was inversely related to the heats of combustion. The water insoluble residues from exhaustively extracted tobacco materials showed higher heats of combustion and higher carbon content than the non-extracted materials, confirming a direct relationship between carbon content and heat of combustion. A value for the heat of formation of tobacco was estimated (1175 cal/g) from the heat of combustion data and elemental analysis results. The estimated value for heat of formation of tobacco appears to be constant regardless of the material type. Heat values measured in air were uniformly lower than the combustion heats in oxygen, suggesting formation of CO and other reaction products. Gases produced during bomb calorimetry experiments with five tobacco materials were analyzed for CO and CO2 content. When the materials were burned in oxygen, no CO was found in the gases produced. Measured heats of combustion matched estimates based on CO2 found in the gas and conversion of the sample hydrogen content to water. Materials burned in air produced CO2 (56% to 77% of the sample carbon content) and appreciable amounts of CO (7% to 16% of the sample carbon content). Unburned residue containing carbon and hydrogen was found in the air combustion experiments. Estimated heat values based on amounts of CO and CO2 found in the gas and water formed from the hydrogen lost during combustion in air were higher than the measured values. These observations indicate formation of products containing hydrogen when the materials were burned in air. CO and CO2 formation during combustion in air were related to the composition of the tobacco materials. Materials with high carbon and low ash content showed evidence of higher CO2 formation. Amounts of unburned residue also varied with material composition. Thus, energy released during tobacco combustion in air is related to material-dependent formation of reaction products in addition to the carbon oxides and to the quantity of unburned material.


4D human sensing and modeling are fundamental tasks in vision and graphics with numerous applications. With the advances of new sensors and algorithms, there is an increasing demand for more versatile datasets. In this work, we contribute HuMMan, a large-scale multi-modal 4D human dataset with 1000 human subjects, 400k sequences and 60M frames. HuMMan has several appealing properties: 1) multi-modal data and annotations including color images, point clouds, keypoints, SMPL parameters, and textured meshes; 2) popular mobile device is included in the sensor suite; 3) a set of 500 actions, designed to cover fundamental movements; 4) multiple tasks such as action recognition, pose estimation, parametric human recovery, and textured mesh reconstruction are supported and evaluated. Extensive experiments on HuMMan voice the need for further study on challenges such as fine-grained action recognition, dynamic human mesh reconstruction, point cloud-based parametric human recovery, and cross-device domain gaps.


The aim of this study are: First, to explore the effect of brand awareness towards brand equity. Second, to explore the effect of brand image towards brand equity. Third, to explore brand loyalty towards brand equity. The method of data collection is convenience sampling. The samples of this research are collected from 165 respondent, who used Nike shoes in Jakarta. The technique of data analysis used in this study was multiple regression analysis via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer programme version 18. The result are: (1) brand awareness has a positive impact toward brand equity; (2) brand image has a positive impact towards brand equity; (3) brand loyalty is the main impact towards brand equity.


The natural organic matter (NOM) components causing fouling of nanofiltration membranes used in drinking water applications consists in a complex mixture of humic and fulvic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates of various molecular size and functional groups. Understanding the characteristics of NOM fractions such as humic substances (HS) and biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides) as foulants is of paramount importance to develop fouling control strategies. Fluorescence spectroscopy is becoming an increasingly popular method for characterizing NOM and shows good potential for online monitoring, as minimal sample pre-treatment and preparation is required, high instrumental sensitivity is available and the technique is non-destructive in nature. In this research an innovative approach involving both fluorescence and LC-OCD analyses is used to identify and to characterise organic membrane foulant.


Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant digestive tract tumors with the worst prognosis. Dauricine (Dau) can inhibit the proliferation of the pancreatic cancer cell line, and has the potential to be used as an adjuvant drug against pancreatic cancer; however, the working mechanism of Dau has not been elucidated. To unravel the effects and mechanisms of Dau on proteins and metabolic pathways, we evaluated the mRNA and microRNA expression in BxPC3 cells treated with Dau. The differences in the gene expression were compared using principal component analysis using mRNA and miRNA data to detect and analyze the sample discrimination. 187 miRNA and 907 mRNA that were significantly differentially expressed were identified using Python programming. On comparing genes and miRNAs in the DISEASES database, 79 known miRNA and 47 mRNA were found to be affected by Dau. The up-regulated and down-regulated genes were annotated with GO biological processes to determine the functional effect. Interactions between mRNA and mRNA were analyzed using the STRING database and the miRBase database was queried to obtain experimentally verified interactions between miRNA and mRNA as edges of miRNA and mRNA in the network. Finally, 413 sites and 2125 sides of the network were obtained, including 1 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated miRNAs. The expression of 19 miRNAs was identified by qPCR. The analysis of the protein-protein interaction network, using the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plug-in of cytoscape, helped in identifying 12 important sub-networks. Most subnets are indirectly or directly related to specific miRNAs. This study provides evidence for the anticancer effect of Dau as a potential anticancer compound.


— The study focuses to investigate the thermal response of delaminations and develop mathematical models using numerical results to obtain the optimum heat requirement and time to identify delaminations in GLARE type of Fibre Metal Laminates (FML) in both reflection mode and through-transmission (TT) mode of step pulsed active thermography (SPAT) method in the type of nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDTE) technique. The influence of applied heat flux and time on various sizes and depth of delaminations in FML is analyzed to investigate the thermal response through numerical simulations. A finite element method (FEM) is applied to simulate SPAT through ANSYS software based on 3D transient heat transfer principle with the assumption of reflection mode and TT mode of observation individually. The results conclude that the numerical approach based on SPAT in reflection mode is more suitable for analysing smaller size of near- surface delaminations located at the thermal stimulator side and TT mode is more suitable for analysing smaller size of deeper delaminations located far from thermal stimulator side or near thermal detector/Infrared camera side. The mathematical models provide the optimum q and T at the required MRTD to identify unidentified delamination 7 with 25015.0022W/m 2 at 2.531sec and delamination 8 with 16663.3356 W/m 2 at 1.37857sec in reflection mode. In TT mode, the delamination 1 with 34954W/m 2 at 13.0399sec, delamination 2 with 20002.67W/m 2 at 1.998sec and delamination 7 with 20010.87 W/m 2 at 0.6171sec could be identified.


Many approaches to 3D image segmentation are based on hierarchical clustering of supervoxels into image regions. Here we describe a distributed algorithm capable of handling a tremendous number of supervoxels. The algorithm works recursively, the regions are divided into chunks that are processed independently in parallel by multiple workers. At each round of the recursive procedure, the chunk size in all dimensions are doubled until a single chunk encompasses the entire image. The final result is provably independent of the chunking scheme, and the same as if the entire image were processed without division into chunks. This is nontrivial because a pair of adjacent regions is scored by some statistical property (e.g. mean or median) of the affinities at the interface, and the interface may extend over arbitrarily many chunks. The trick is to delay merge decisions for regions that touch chunk boundaries, and only complete them in a later round after the regions are fully contained within a chunk. We demonstrate the algorithm by clustering an affinity graph with over 1.5 trillion edges between 135 billion supervoxels derived from a 3D electron microscopic brain image.


We present an implementation of the trimmed serendipity finite element family, using the open-source finite element package Firedrake. The new elements can be used seamlessly within the software suite for problems requiring H1, H(curl), or H(div)-conforming elements on meshes of squares or cubes. To test how well trimmed serendipity elements perform in comparison to traditional tensor product elements, we perform a sequence of numerical experiments including the primal Poisson, mixed Poisson, and Maxwell cavity eigenvalue problems. Overall, we find that the trimmed serendipity elements converge, as expected, at the same rate as the respective tensor product elements, while being able to offer significant savings in the time or memory required to solve certain problems.


Macro-modelling approaches are widely used for assessing the effects of infill panels. However, they contain some specific uncertainties concerning the definition of the equivalent strut (such as the width of the strut, the non-linear constitutive law under cyclic actions and assignment of mechanical properties in multiple strut models) that causes the variability of global structural response. As a result, there is the need to identify what are the parameters that influence the overall response of the building. After the identification of significant parameters, it is crucial to quantify the variation of the results regarding the safety verification of the building. In order to investigate this aspect, for two existing buildings with different heights, using a range of permissible values, the characteristic points (yield strength and maximum point) of the cyclic non-linear law were changed. The procedure has been carried out with the other preliminarily fixed parameters of the equivalent struts. With this approach, a variation of the safety in performance terms was assessed by carrying out a sensitivity analysis of the non-linear cyclic law. The results proposed lay the foundations for further consideration of issues relating to the modelling uncertainties and the development of simplified models for the assessment of existing structures designed to withstand only vertical loads.


Rethinking Race, Politics, and Poetics offers a critical appraisal of C.L.R. James as a major twentieth-century activist-intellectual, exploring his prolific output spanning decades within genres as diverse as history, philosophy, sociology, literary and cultural criticism, prose fiction, and reportage. The book also analyzes some of the flaws and contradictions that surfaced within James' writings as a consequence of the difficult circumstances in which he worked and lived as an itinerant migrant intellectual invariably involved with fringe political groups. Assessing James as a lifelong committed Marxist and humanist, the book argues that his core concern with racial, political, and cultural questions as central to human and social understanding led him to develop a distinctive critique of the modern world.


Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode focuses on Stevens's doubled stance toward the apocalyptic past: his simultaneous use of and resistance to apocalyptic language, two contradictory forces that have generated two dominant and incompatible interpretations of his work. The book explores the often paradoxical roles of apocalyptic and antiapocalyptic rhetoric in modernist and postmodernist poetry and theory, particularly as these emerge in the poetry of Stevens and Jorie Graham. This study begins with an examination of the textual and generic issues surrounding apocalypse, culminating in the idea of apocalyptic language as a form of "discursive mastery" over the mayhem of events. Woodland provides an informative religious/historical discussion of apocalypse and, engaging with such critics as Parker, Derrida, and Fowler, sets forth the paradoxes and complexities that eventually challenge any clear dualities between apocalyptic and antiapocalyptic thinking. Woodland then examines some of Stevens's wartime essays and poems and describes Stevens's efforts to salvage a sense of self and poetic vitality in a time of war, as well as his resistance to the possibility of cultural collapse. Woodland discusses the major postwar poems "Credences of Summer" and "The Auroras of Autumn" in separate chapters, examining the interaction of (anti)apocalyptic modes with, respectively, pastoral and elegy. The final chapter offers a perspective on Stevens's place in literary history by examining the work of a contemporary poet, Jorie Graham, whose poetry quotes from Stevens's oeuvre and shows other marks of his influence. Woodland focuses on Graham's 1997 collection The Errancy and shows that her antiapocalyptic poetry involves a very different attitude toward the possibility of a radical break with a particular cultural or aesthetic stance. Wallace Stevens and the Apocalyptic Mode, offering a new understanding of Stevens's position in literary history, will greatly interest literary scholars and students.


Background and Objective : Injection-site pain and bruising associated with subcutaneous injection of Heparin is one of the physical and psychological discomforts in patients. This study aimed at determining the effect of injection duration on the size of bruising and the severity of injection pain. Material and Methods : This quasi-experimental study was designed on 119 patients hospitalized in Panje Azar teaching center in Gorgan, 2009. For each patient, two subcutaneous injections of 10 and 30 seconds were performed with a 12-hour interval. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made checklist that consists of two sections, demographic characteristics and a section to record the extent of bruising and pain intensity. The Extent of bruising was measured using clear flexible ruler within 48-72 hours and pain intensity by visual analog scale (VAS) immediately after Heparin injection. Data were analyzed using SPSS- 16 by central tendency and statistical tests. Results: The Findings show that 10-second injection in comparison to 30-second injection is more effective in increasing the exent of bruising and pain intensity. There is significant difference between the two methods (P<0.05). Conclusion: The duration of subcutaneous injection has an effect on bruising extent and the pain following the administration of Heparin in hospitalized patients. The findings can be used in clinical setting and nursing education.


Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known as chaperones that help with folding of other proteins when cells are under environmental stresses. The upregulation of HSPs is essential for cold survival during insect diapause. The ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor, a potential biological control agent, can enter reproductive diapause when reared at low temperature and short photoperiod. However, the expression of HSPs during diapause of H. hebetor has not been studied. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the full‐length complementary DNAs of three Hsp70 genes (HhHsp70I, HhHsp70II and HhHsp70III) from H. hebetor. Their deduced amino acid sequences showed more than 80% identities to their counterparts from other insect species. However, the multiple sequence alignment among the three deduced amino acid sequences of HhHsp70s showed only 46% identities. A phylogenetic analysis of the three HhHsp70s and all other known Hsp70 sequences from Hymenoptera clustered all the Hsp70s into four groups, and the three HhHsp70s were distributed into three different groups. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of the three HhHsp70 genes in H. hebetor reared at different conditions was quite different. HhHsp70I showed higher relative expression when H. hebetor were reared at 27.5°C than at two lower temperatures (17.5°C and 20°C) regardless of the photoperiod, whereas HhHsp70II showed higher expression when H. hebetor were reared at 20°C and 10 : 14 L : D than when reared at 17.5°C and either 16 : 8 L : D or 10 : 14 L : D. In contrast, HhHSP70III was expressed at similar levels regardless of the rearing conditions. These results may suggest functional differences among the three HhHsp70 genes in H. hebetor.


This paper develops a meta-regression analysis to explain the variation
of mean technical efficiency (PETP) measurements from a total of 65
frontier studies that report technical efficiency (ET) measurements at
the dairy farm level in the literature published in English and
Spanish. The analysis includes the effect of methodology on ET
measurements, as well as the effect of the econometric procedure on the
meta-regression estimates. Eight models were estimated, and two of
these were selected: a fixed effects specification with dummy variables
for the most significant studies without geographical effects (EFS),
and a specification where the multiple observations are averaged and
geographical effects included (OP). Based on model performance, the EFS
option is chosen for the analysis. The results of the EFS model
suggested that non-parametric deterministic models generate higher PETP
estimates than the parametric cases (stochastic and deterministic
frontier models). In addition, the Cobb-Douglas and translog forms
yield higher average PETP than all other functional forms,
cross-sectional data produce higher ET estimates than panel data, and
the PETP is higher when the study is input-oriented. The primal
approach implies a higher ET estimate than the dual analysis, and when
more variables are included in the model, the PETP value is higher.


Non-volatile analog memory and in-memory computing have great potential to enable high-performance Deep Neural Network (DNN) inference accelerators with significantly better performance and efficiency than digital processors. Analog Phase Change Memory (PCM) arrays, combined with CMOS circuitry, can achieve software-equivalent accuracy and high energy efficiency. At the same time, non-ideal device characteristics of analog memories have to be carefully addressed. This paper reviews some novel techniques to reduce the impact of write noise, variability, and drift of PCMs to enable high-performance inference accelerators, as demonstrated in Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks.


This paper examines determinants of aspirations and expectations among children of immigrants based on a statistically representative sample of 3,375 second generation youths interviewed in 101 public and private secondary schools in metropolitan Madrid. We review the past literature on status attainment in general and aspirations and expectations, in particular, and draw from it a set of six hypotheses to guide the analysis. Most theoretical statements in this field have been developed on the basis of U.S. data; studies in other immigrant-receiving countries, especially outside the Anglophone world, have been scarce. The study thus provides an opportunity to test and refine existing hypotheses in a different national context. We present breakdowns of educational and occupational aspirations and expectations by gender, parental education and type of school attended. This is followed by multivariate regressions of all four dependent variables on these three plus other predictors suggested by the research literature. This analysis ends with structural equation models – recursive and non-recursive – that provide an integrated theoretical statement of the causal structure of ambition in the Spanish context. Implications of our findings for theory and policy are examined. Suggestions for future research in this field are discussed.


Until three years ago, few civil/surveying firms had automated both surveying (including digital recording of angles and distances shot in the field) and the related design and drafting. Almost none had linked the two in such a way as to minimize human massage of all the field data in the office. That is being changed, thanks to radical price reductions in total station surveying hardware, the coming of powerful microcomputers, and the conversion to the micros of software written for minis. Another element in the transformation includes the software package Retriever, by CADServ, of New Hudson, Mich. Retriever is said to have slashed the amount of human worker hours in readying surveying data for the computer-driven map plotter. CADServ helps the transition to fully automated operation by doing early portions of newly automated jobs itself, by working closely with its clients, and by providing a variety of service and product lease/sale options that help ease the cost of the transition.


to the editor: My attention has been drawn to an article titled "The looped heart does not save energy by maintaining the momentum of blood flowing in the ventricle" (4). The study questions previously postulated functional implications of cardiac looping (2).

Watanabe et al. (4) used finite element numerical modeling to compare the hemodynamics of virtual left ventricles rather than whole hearts, with physiological and nonphysiological intraventricular flow paths. The differences of flow paths were induced by changes in the direction of inflow, tangential to the cavity in each case, but inclined either toward or away from the lateral wall. The geometries of the ventricles did not differ. Neither of them represented the ventricle of an unlooped heart if, as illustrated in Fig. 1, that were interpreted to mean a heart with an atrium, a ventricle, and an aorta lying in approximate alignment without a change of direction between ventricular inflow and outflow. In that sense, all hearts found in humans, and possibly all found in mature vertebrates, are looped, even in those with congenital malformations. A degree of direction change at the ventricular level and the inclusion of an atrial as well as a ventricular cavity within a pericardium seem to be fundamental features of the hearts of vertebrates.

Fig. 1.

Schematic illustration of the interactions between atrium, ventricle, and blood in a linearly arranged heart (top) contrasted with those of a looped heart (bottom), as described in the text (reprinted from Nature; see Ref. 2).

Watanabe et al. (4) reasonably refuted the concept of conservation of inflow momentum, which prompts me to reformulate the postulated functional advantages of cardiac looping that were put forward in relation to magnetic resonance studies of human intracardiac flow (2) (see Fig. 1).

Three factors are illustrated schematically in Fig. 1 [republished with permission from Nature (2)]. First, the tendency in a looped heart for inflows to be aligned tangential to a cavity predisposes to more stable intracavity flow. Second, the recirculation of inflowing streams in the atrial and ventricular cavities of a looped heart then tends to turn predominantly toward rather than away from the next cavity, which could facilitate an efficient onward passage (given the time relations at peak exercise, at least). Third, in a looped heart, the appropriate direction of the inertial recoil of a vigorously ejecting ventricle (black arrowheads pointing away from the direction of the acceleration of blood into the outflow tract) can enhance rather than suppress the structural coupling (indicated by the white arrowheads) of ventricular systole to atrial filling.

All three of these factors, even if trivial at rest, are likely to gain significance during strenuous exertion, a state likely to have been relevant to vertebrate survival through the course of evolution, but not necessarily so important to patients with cardiovascular disease. The third factor, concerning ventriculo-atrial coupling, is probably the most potent of the three. Of note, the velocities, volumes, and time courses of inflowing and outflowing streams, and hence the rates of change of momentum and the associated directional exchanges of force, change greatly from rest to strenuous exercise in humans. The heart rate of a physically fit young adult can increase more than threefold with exertion, and the cardiac output of an endurance-trained athlete, more than sixfold (3). The two peaks of early and late left ventricular filling of the resting heart become one during exertion, when a single peak of rapid ventricular filling is followed by vigorous ejection with little or no intervening isovolumetric period (1). In this state, the minimization of the dissipation of the kinetic energy of inflow would be functionally advantageous, allowing efficient transfers of energy between inflowing blood, myocardium, outflowing blood, and arterial walls. Even on exercise, only part of the momentum of blood flowing into a chamber is likely to be conserved and redirected. There will also be an initial deceleration and decline of momentum as streamlines diverge, with an associated force field that may contribute to the expansion of the cavity, priming the myocardium for its subsequent contraction.


The aim of this study was investigate the effect of total classic body massage on some recovery and circulation parameters. Fourteen non-athlete physically active male university students voluntarily participated in the study. Participants randomly divided into two group Massage Group (MG) and Control Group (KG). All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, food consumption and not join the exercise before the test. 30 second Wingate Test protocol was used as exhaustive exercise. Heart Rate (KAH), systolic (SKB) and diastolic (DKB) blood pressures and blood lactate measured immediately after and 15 min recovery after exhaustive exercise. During 15 min recovery, total classic body massage was applied to MG group. Passive recovery was applied to KG group. The Shapiro Wilk Test of normality was used to determine if the data were normally distributed. Pair Sample T-Test was used for data's were normally distributed, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used for data's were not normally distributed. All analyses were set at p<.05 significance level. Results showed that no significant differences were observed on KAH, SKB, and DKB after both enforcement (p>.05). Both groups blood lactate levels were significantly decreased (MG; t = 4.47, p = .004; KG; t = -2.36, p = .018). Blood lactate levels were determined as -51.60% and -24.63% on MG group and KG group respectively. Consequently, the total classic body massage thought to be effective on lactate removal level in short period of recovery.