Recent NIOSH published information has shown an increase of rapidly progressive coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) in the southern Appalachian coal region (SAR) of the U.S., despite the fact that compliance data indicates that most coal miners have been exposed to coal mine dust concentrations below the statutory limit of 2.0 mg/m3. While the exact cause of these elevated CWP levels in the SAR has not been established, several factors may be contributing to the increase in occupational lung disease among coal miners. The mining of high rank coal is known to lead to higher CWP rates, and this type of coal is mined in a portion of this region. Also, a high percentage of the mines in the region are on reduced dust standards because of the high silica content of the airborne dust resulting in miners possibly being exposed to excessive amounts of respirable silica dust. Exposure to excessive amounts of respirable silica dust can lead to silicosis, a disabling and potentially fatal lung disease. NIOSH's Respiratory Hazards Control Branch has been investigating the possible causes that would account for the observed higher trends in disease progression through literature review, data analysis, and inmine surveying. The investigation to date has revealed that underground mines are faced with cutting large amounts of rock in order to maintain haulage clearances. Cutting rock not only increases the potential for silica exposure, it increases the requirement for machine maintenance which was a concern observed during dust surveys conducted by NIOSH. Over half of the mines operating in the SAR are on reduced standards due to high silica content. Adequate face ventilation of the continuous miner and roof bolter and limited down-wind operations from the miner are also issues of concern and items which require the constant attention of miners operating in these conditions. Disclaimer: Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.


Abstract Euclid is a Europe-led cosmology space mission dedicated to a visible and near infrared survey of the entire extra-galactic sky. Its purpose is to deepen our knowledge of the dark content of our Universe. After an overview of the Euclid mission and science, this contribution describes how the community is getting organized to face the data analysis challenges, both in software development and in operational data processing matters. It ends with a more specific account of some of the main contributions of the Swiss Science Data Center (SDC-CH).


The application of technology and the rise in social media has not gone unnoticed in sports and has become a vital tool for sport marketers as sport consumers' media consumption grows. This paper offers an analysis on the development and maintenance of a social media strategy for a National Sport Organisation (NSO) in New Zealand. This initiative, implemented for Tennis New Zealand (TNZ) in 2010, was conducted to provide a minority sport (in terms of mainstream media) with its first online social media presence. This study involved a qualitative and quantitative analysis of Tennis New Zealand's (TNZ) development and maintenance of a social media strategy through fieldwork, social media metrics data collection and analysis, and evaluation, and highlights a number of issues in the development and effective utilisation of social media for an NSO. In particular applying a 'one size fits all' approach to its management despite the uniqueness of the sport product. Creative online strategies using technologies such as Facebook must be employed, monitored and evaluated to ensure they continue to meet the needs and expectations of all stakeholders. Such strategies include the use of promotions, 'behind-the-scenes' material, and constant engagement and conversation with fans and followers.


One primary difference between the online marketplace and the high street is the quality of information about product characteristics and prices that are available to all consumers and retailers. Successful online retailers exploit this rich information through innovative dynamic pricing strategies. This article identifies important considerations for devising online pricing strategies. It presents five case studies that illustrate how these strategies have been applied by successful online retailers and discusses complementary practices in innovative management and data analysis. We present a 9Dashboard9 of market specific information that will help managers identify and respond to opportunities and threats arising in the online marketplace.


We present performance results for dense linear algebra using the 8-series NVIDIA GPUs. Our matrix-matrix multiply routine (GEMM) runs 60% faster than the vendor implementation in CUBLAS 1.1 and approaches the peak of hardware capabilities. Our LU, QR and Cholesky factorizations achieve up to 80–90% of the peak GEMM rate. Our parallel LU running on two GPUs achieves up to ~300 Gflop/s. These results are accomplished by challenging the accepted view of the GPU architecture and programming guidelines. We argue that modern GPUs should be viewed as multithreaded multicore vector units. We exploit blocking similarly to vector computers and heterogeneity of the system by computing both on GPU and CPU. This study includes detailed benchmarking of the GPU memory system that reveals sizes and latencies of caches and TLB. We present a couple of algorithmic optimizations aimed at increasing parallelism and regularity in the problem that provide us with slightly higher performance.


This article explores disciplinary approaches to educational studies over the past fifty years, in particular those developed by exponents of the 'foundation disciplines' of history, philosophy, psychology and sociology. It investigates the establishment of the disciplines during the first half of the period, and their consolidation, survival, and adaptation since the 1970s in a rapidly changing educational and political context. The nature of the contribution of the disciplines, both separately and together, to the study of education is assessed. The article also considers the role of the disciplines in stimulating a pluralist and eclectic approach to the study of education, as opposed to the notion of a unitary and autonomous field of knowledge represented as 'educational research'.


The purpose of this research is to find out the implementation of the innovation of modern Islamic education system based on the progressive boarding school in Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Bima which is able to produce a new approach that can accommodate all the development of spiritual, emotional, intellectual and social students. Innovation of modern Islamic education system based on boarding school become an alternative strategy of PAI learning which able to give hope in teaching moral value for learners. This research is a qualitative descriptive, using sociological phenomenology approach.The result of this research shows that the innovation of the Islamic education system in the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Bima comes from a fundamental thought and contains a meaningful reconstruction of the nation for the realization of the ideals of the developed, equitable, prosperous, dignified, and sovereign state parallel to other nations and countries that have achieved excellence progressing in the spirit, mindset, behavior and always future oriented to realize better conditions as a result of an innovation. Keywords: Innovation in Education, Islamic Education, Boarding School


The roots of the Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI) Committee of POSNA started with a conversation among members concerned about the lack of diversity in orthopaedic surgery and persistent disparities in healthcare access and quality with a desire to do better for our patients and the profession. Then the events of 2020, including the deaths of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, caused all of us to reflect and reevaluate how we could do better within all facets of our personal and professional lives. The committee started through the collective efforts of then POSNA President Michael Vitale, POSNA Board Members Coleen Sabatini and Bob Cho, and POSNA Committee Chairs Corinna Franklin and Selina Poon. The Presidential Line authorized forming a task force to evaluate where we were with regards to DEI initiatives and where we wanted to be.


This study examined the effects of two inductive multimedia programs, one including the teaching and using of the coordinate graph and its language, on university students' ability conceptualize variables and create equations from word problems. The programs were designed to address the problem of syntactic and semantic translation misconceptions in world problems. For both treatments, posttest scores were significantly higher on both function construction and variable conceptualization than on the pretest. However, students receiving instructions via the inductive multimedia with graph program scored significantly higher on function construction than did those receiving the multimedia only program. This result is consistent with propositions recognizing the conceptual richness of visuals, specifically the coordinate graph, in mathematics education learning. Results suggest using inductive multimedia program treatments that incorporate many instructional strategies including inquiry learning from data, tutorial, schema, and core representational systems. This study also suggests using inductive multimedia programs that include the coordinate graph teaching strategy for the problem of translation, specifically creation of linear function. ********** In today's work environment, the ability to think critically, to communicate basic mathematical ideas, and to develop problem-solving strategies is essential (Smith, 1994). Furthermore, for students building toward a career, research indicates that a strong relationship exists between mathematical skills and success in college, regardless of major (Waits & Demana, 1988). However, despite the proven short- and long-term value of such skills, student underpreparedness in mathematics is a continuing and growing problem in higher education (Berenson, Best, Stiff, & Wasik, 1990). In algebraic problem-solving situations, students find algebraic applications difficult. Most students cannot, in fact, translate rational word problems into simple linear functions (Clement, 1982; Lewis & Mayer, 1987; Lochhead & Mestre, 1988; Mayer, 1982; Wollman, 1983). Further, students simply have difficulty with the concept of variables (Leinhardt et al., 1990; Philip, 1992; Usiskin, 1988); variables are an integral part of the concept of function. Misconceptions are a typical source of errors. Students maintain are incorrect conceptual systems regarding specific concepts in mathematics. These misconceptions may or may not have been intentionally instructed and have been misunderstood repeatedly by learners (Leinhardt et al., 1990). A considerable amount of research has been done in the area of algebraic misconceptions (e.g., Carlson, 1998; Kaur & Boey Peng, 1994), specifically misconceptions during translation tasks from problem situations to equations (Clement, 1982; Kaput & Sims-Knight, 1983; Lewis & Mayer, 1987; Mayer, 1982; Rosnick & Clement, 1980). Generally speaking, misconceptions, evidenced by persistent error patterns, have a psychological base. According to Piagetian learning theory, learners use their existing cognitive structures and construct new knowledge that will be adapted. The problem is that "learner's existing cognitive structures are difficult to change significantly" (Herscovics, 1989, p. 62). Misconceptions can also be viewed via current cognitive psychology. Mayer (1992) explained the matured (the 1970s and 1980s) cognitive learning theory as a three-part process: "selecting, organizing, and integrating." According to Mayer, integrating is "connecting the organized [new] information to other familiar knowledge structures already in memory" (1984, p. 33). The problem again may be that learners have difficulty opposing their already-existing cognitive structures during the connecting process, especially if their prior knowledge structures make sense to them. The following paragraphs identify two misconceptions that occur consistently during translation from problem situations to equations. …


A total of 1,260 weanling pigs (initially 18.6 lb) was used in a 19 d growth assay (d 10 to 29 after weaning) to determine the effects of increasing lysine in Phase II diets on nursery pig growth performance. All pigs were weaned and fed 1.2 lb per pig of a SEW diet, then switched to a transition diet until day 10 after weaning. Pigs were then weighed and switched to experimental diets containing true digestible lysine levels of 1.22, 1.32, 1.42, 1.52, and 1.62%, corresponding to approximately 1.36, 1.47, 1.56, 1.65, and 1.75% total lysine. All diets were formulated to contain 30% soybean meal, with increasing amounts of synthetic amino acids to achieve desired amino acid concentrations in the diets. From d 10 to 17 after weaning, increasing lysine increased ADG (quadratic, P<0.04) and improved feed efficiency (quadratic, P<0.01), with both appearing to be maximized at 1.52% true ileal digestible lysine. From d 17 to 24 and 24 to 29, ADFI and F/G improved (linear, P<0.05) with increasing true ileal digestible lysine. For the overall study, (d 10 to 29 after weaning), increasing true ileal digestible lysine increased ADG (quadratic, P<0.07) and improved feed efficiency (quadratic, P<0.001). In conclusion, 1.52% true ileal digestible lysine maximized both ADG and F/G early in the study, but the lysine requirement appeared to decrease to 1.42% from d 17 to 24. Results of two recent studies conducted at the University of Missouri with similar lysine levels fed to 15to 25-lb pigs suggest a requirement estimate between 1.32 and 1.42% true ileal digestible lysine, slightly lower than the requirements observed in the present study.


In this paper, we test the Rodrik et al (2004) framework to explain differences in development levels across countries by using a broader set of definitions for institutions, geography and economic variables. We use a multi-faceted database to measure institutions in an attempt to go beyond the single-dimension measures that are often employed. We find that institutions trump other factors (geography and trade) when we use GDP per capita as an independent variable. When we expand the dependent variable to include other aspects of development, such as growth and investment, we find that institutions, growth and geography are all important variables. In this case, institutions no longer trump the other factors. In this case, we also find that the same institutions variable that was positively associated to GDP per capita is now negatively correlated with the more dynamic development variable.


The work herewith investigated the effect of the culture medium composition on rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBM10, previously isolated from an estuarine environment in Southern Brazil. Experimental design and surface response methodology were used in order to improve biosurfactant production using glycerol, a renewable carbon source. The assays were carried out in a rotary shaker at 30°C and 180 rpm for 120 h and the parameters studied were glycerol concentration, C/N (carbon/nitrogen) and C/P (carbon/phosphorus) ratios. Low glycerol concentration and a phosphorus-limiting condition were favorable for rhamnolipid production. Contour plots constructed by predictive polynomial equations led to a glycerol concentration of 13.2 g/l, a C/N ratio of 12.8 and a C/P ratio of 40 in order to maximize rhamnolipid concentration (4.15 g/l) associated with a high emulsification index (61%). Keywords: Biosurfactant, surface-active compounds, experimental design, phosphorus limitation


CONTEXT
Drinking lots of water is commonly suggested as a part of weight loss regimens. However, only few systematic studies have addressed this notion. In this study, the effect of drinking 1500 ml of water, over and above the daily water intake on body weight, body mass index (BMI) and body composition of overweight subjects was assessed.

AIM
To evaluate the role of drinking excessive water in weight reduction and body fat reduction of overweight subjects.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
This study was conducted on 50 overweight girls for eight weeks, during which they were instructed to drink 500 ml of water, three times a day, half an hour before breakfast, lunch and dinner, which was over and above their daily water intake.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Body weight was measured in kilograms (kgs). BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms, which was divided by the square of height in metres. Body composition score was calculated as a sum of skin fold thickness in millimetres at three different sites, which was measured by using skin fold calipers. Pre and post-study body weight, body mass index and body composition scores were measured.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
SPSS, version 14.0.1 and paired t-test were used to find out the statistical significance of the results.

RESULTS
The mean values of the pre-study and post-study body weight, body mass index and body composition scores were 65.86 kg and 64.42 kg, 26.7002 and 26.1224 and 79.626 mm and 76.578 mm respectively. All the three results were highly significant statistically.

CONCLUSIONS
The decrease in body weight, body mass index and body composition scores of overweight subjects at the end of study period establishes the role of water induced thermogenesis in weight reduction of overweight subjects.


The Zeeman effect is of limited utility for probing the magnetism of the quiet solar chromosphere. The Hanle effect in some spectral lines is sensitive to such magnetism, but the interpretation of the scattering polarization signals requires taking into account that the chromospheric plasma is highly inhomogeneous and dynamic (i.e., that the magnetic field is not the only cause of symmetry breaking). Here we investigate the reliability of a well-known formula for mapping the azimuth of chromospheric magnetic fields directly from the scattering polarization observed in the Ca ii 8542 Å line, which is typically in the saturation regime of the Hanle effect. To this end, we use the Stokes profiles of the Ca ii 8542 Å line computed with the PORTA radiative transfer code in a three-dimensional (3D) model of the solar chromosphere, degrading them to mimic spectropolarimetric observations for a range of telescope apertures and noise levels. The simulated observations are used to obtain the magnetic field azimuth at each point of the field of view, which we compare with the actual values within the 3D model. We show that, apart from intrinsic ambiguities, the method provides solid results. Their accuracy depends more on the noise level than on the telescope diameter. Large-aperture solar telescopes, like DKIST and EST, are needed to achieve the required polarimetric sensitivity using reasonable exposure times.


Soil erosion is one of the most important watershed processes in nature, yet quantifying it under field conditions remains a challenge. The lack of soil erosion field data is a major factor hindering our ability to predict soil erosion in a watershed. We present here the development of a simple and sensitive field method that quantifies soil erosion and the resulting particulate nutrient movements in a landscape. The method is based on the principle of the mesh-bag (MB) method that quantifies the redistribution of the eroded soil in a field. The mesh bags allow water and a negligible amount of soil particles to infiltrate the bottom mesh because they are intimately in contact with the bare soil surface. We evaluated the MB method with a runoff plot method and confirmed that soil erosion on a slope assessed by the two methods is significantly and positively correlated. The efficiency of the MB method to assess soil erosion increased with decreased slope or increased plot size. The practical upper limit of the MB method to assess total soil erosion is 15.5 t ha−1 (6.3 tn ac−1) in 26 to 47 m2 (280 to 506 ft2) plots with 5% to 10% slopes and 6.5 t ha−1 (2.6 tn ac−1) in a 35 m2 (377 ft2) plot with 25% slope. Mesh-bag sizes, ranging from 10 × 10 to 30 × 30 cm (3.9 × 3.9 to 11.8 × 11.8 in), had no significant effect on the amount of soil erosion assessed. The spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion and the associated nutrient movement revealed by the MB method may provide valuable insights into the soil erosion processes in agricultural and natural lands.


The edited volume, Contexts of Co-constructed Discourse: Interaction Pragmatics, and Second Language Applications, edited by Czerwionka, Showstack, and Liskin (2022), is presented as a tribute to Dr. Dale April Koike and her contributions to applied linguistics, co-constructed discourse, pragmatics, and language pedagogy. Building upon that body of work, this collection showcases new developments in co-construction in discourse research. Each contributing author endeavors to add a more nuanced understanding of emergent context in interactions through chapters that explore some of the dynamics between action and language in interaction and delve into identities, social roles and actions, pragmatic meaning-making, frames, and context. The collection both offers thanks to Dr. Koike for her contributions to these areas of study and adds to the existing body of research on how speakers jointly negotiate meanings, contexts, identities, and social positions in interaction.


Abstract. Monitoring near-surface soil freeze/thaw patterns is becoming essential under the context of global changes as it is more sensitive to climatic fluctuation compared with subsurface thermal characteristics and its evolution could be an early warning of changes in near-surface permafrost. It requires continuous long term and stable data record for understanding hydrological, ecological and biogeochemical responses of permafrost to global climate change. AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2) is designed as a successor of AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System) to ensure continuity of such observation. In this study, a linear regression is used to inter-calibrate the AMSR-E and AMSR2 brightness temperatures. Then discriminant function algorithm is adopted to produce a long term freeze/thaw data record. It is compared with in situ air temperature measurements from both the temporal and spatial aspects. The results show that the accuracy is consistent between AMSR-E and AMSR2 with a value above 85 %, according to the result of spatial distribution accuracy. Analysis is conducted with this data record to explore the spatial distribution of frost days, its changing trend and the frost probability of each pixel on a specific date. The mean annual frost days of high northern latitude (HNL, > 45° N) zone is 214.2 p 69.5 days and the trend of frost days indicates that the frost period is decreasing at a rate of −0.0065 day/month in 27 % of the domain which is defined by significance level of the F-test, and most of which are concentrated in the high latitude area specifically over the Northeast of Canada, Central and Eastern Russia and most part of Eastern Europe. The significant changes in frost days mostly occur in regions of discontinuous permafrost and transient permafrost. The spatial distribution of the frost days and its trend variations are found to be consistent with the minimum temperature anomalies trend. It indicates that the global warming is not constant at different regions over the globe. Further analysis over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau where discontinuous permafrost, island permafrost, seasonally frozen ground exist demonstrated that the frost period is shortening slightly over the past decade, and the last frost date is advanced over more than half of the region. It is considered to be a remarkable indication for permafrost degradation in this area.


Engineers and many other professionals usually solve production issues by applying pre-existing polices, like Total Quality management, Six Sigma, Lean Production and World Class Manufacturing. These polices were created to solve some particular range of problems. We can summarize the work of these professionals as being to analyze the problem and then to select polices and tools that best fit it.
When solving a production problem we usually consider some dimensions, as: processes and professionals involved, material and information flow, machinery, etc. Then, we select a specific set of practices that, when applied, will result in improvements.
Sometimes polices that were developed and tested under certain conditions in a specific region are applied to a different country, with distinct environmental and cultural influences. This multi-cultural situation introduces another dimension to the solution of production issues. Trying to solve a problem without considering the cultural aspect can lead to a wrong implementation of some production management method, and consequently may not give the expected results.
Thus, this research aims to analye, through a literature review, how academics and practitioners understand the role of cultural differences on the implementation of production management tools. For this, it intends to explore existing studies on production management conducted in distinct countries.


Paul, the first Christian author, the missionary to the Gentiles who may be said to be the founder of Christian theology, has long been a figure of prime importance to New Testament theologians. By contrast Saul, the Jew who had a vision on the Damascus road, has been almost forgotten. In this study Martin Hengel sets out to remedy the imbalance. He examines the question of the apostle's origins and citizenship, his names, his social background and profession, his education, taking particular note of the differences between what is said in the Acts of the Apostles and Paul's own testimony. He discusses the nature of Pharisaic training in Jerusalem before the fall of the city in 70 CE and the connections between Pauline theology and rabbinic literature, while at the same time bringing out the features of Greek education current in Jerusalem at the time. A final section considers how Paul came to be a persecutor of Christianity, taking the account to the eve of his dramatic conversion.


With the increased use of small self-complementary adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, the design of compact promoters becomes critical for packaging and expressing larger transgenes under ubiquitous or cell-specific control. In a comparative study of commonly used 800-bp cytomegalovirus (CMV) and chicken β-actin (CBA) promoters, we report significant differences in the patterns of cell-specific gene expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The CMV promoter provides high initial neural expression that diminishes over time. The CBA promoter displayed mostly ubiquitous and high neural expression, but substantially lower expression in motor neurons (MNs). We report the creation of a novel hybrid form of the CBA promoter (CBh) that provides robust long-term expression in all cells observed with CMV or CBA, including MNs. To develop a short neuronal promoter to package larger transgenes into AAV vectors, we also found that a 229-bp fragment of the mouse methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2) promoter was able to drive neuron-specific expression within the CNS. Thus the 800-bp CBh promoter provides strong, long-term, and ubiquitous CNS expression whereas the MeCP2 promoter allows an extra 570-bp packaging capacity, with low and mostly neuronal expression within the CNS, similar to the MeCP2 transcription factor.


This report summarises the findings of an 18-month research project into 'Youth Voice in the work of Creative Partnerships ', 2007-9, conducted by Sara Bragg, Helen Manchester, Dorothy Faulkner at the Open University, funded by the Arts Council England.

Creative Partnerships (CP) was established in 2002 and is a 'flagship creative learning programme'. It aims to foster innovative, long term collaborations between schools (often in areas of socio-economic deprivation) and creative practitioners. In particular CP states that it places young people 'at the heart of what we do' and claims that its programmes are most effective when young people are actively involved in leading and shaping them.

CP highlights three key areas: involving young people in governance (the design, delivery and evaluation of the programme of work); building and maintaining 'positive relationships' with young people; working as 'co-constructors of learning' with them.

The report maps existing youth voice initiatives in Creative Partnerships in those three areas. In addition, it considers the nature of the links between creativity and participation; explores issues of access to youth voice, such as patterns of inclusion and exclusion; explores what skills, experiences, identities and relationships are developed through participation. More broadly it attempts to understand, analyse and theorise youth voice, starting from the empirical but aiming to interpret the features of particular activities or projects to understand them more fully.


In order theory, partially ordered sets are only equipped with one relation which decides the entire structure/Hasse diagram of the set. In this paper, we have presented how partially ordered sets can be studied under simultaneous partially ordered relations which we have called binary posets. The paper is motivated by the problem of operating a set simultaneously under two distinct partially ordered relations. It has been shown that binary posets follow the duality principle just like posets do. Within this framework, some new definitions concerning maximal and minimal elements are also presented. Furthermore, some theorems on order isomorphism and Galois connections are derived.


We solve the problem of asymptotic behaviour of the renewal measure (Green function) generated by a transient Lamperti's Markov chain $X_n$ in $\mathbf R$, that is, when the drift of the chain tends to zero at infinity. Under this setting, the average time spent by $X_n$ in the interval $(x,x+1]$ is roughly speaking the reciprocal of the drift and tends to infinity as $x$ grows.
For the first time we present a general approach relying in a diffusion approximation to prove renewal theorems for Markov chains. We apply a martingale type technique and show that the asymptotic behaviour of the renewal measure heavily depends on the rate at which the drift vanishes. The two main cases are distinguished, either the drift of the chain decreases as $1/x$ or much slower than that, say as $1/x^\alpha$ for some $\alpha\in(0,1)$.
The intuition behind how the renewal measure behaves in these two cases is totally different. While in the first case $X_n^2/n$ converges weakly to a $\Gamma$-distribution and there is no law of large numbers available, in the second case a strong law of large numbers holds true for $X_n^{1+\alpha}/n$ and further normal approximation is available.


The finite element solution of the continuous adjoint to the Navier-Stokes equations requires stabilization similar to that required for the flow problem. This paper presents the stabilized adjoint equations and their boundary conditions, with the weak forms for the equations and boundary conditions. In addition to this, the weak form of the direct differentiation method is also presented. Finally, a test case using an S-shaped duct shows the agreement between the direct differentiation method and the adjoint method. Sensitivities and values of the adjoint solutions are given as validation data.


We propose extensions to RSVP-TE to allow the establishment of traffic engineered LSPs with fast restoration requirements. We first discuss the problem of establishing explicitly routed interdomain LSPs and show that the current subobjects found in RSVP-TE are not sufficient to establish interdomain LSPs because they do not take into account the policy constraints of the interdomain environment. We then show how to extend the fast-reroute and detour objects to protect interdomain links and ASBRs on interdomain LSPs. We also discuss the establishment of disjoint interdomain LSPs for restoration and load balancing purposes in the appendix. Finally, we describe the necessary RSVP objects and flags and discuss the impact of the proposed solution on the syntax of existing RSVP-TE objects and the syntax of new required objects are presented. INTERNET-DRAFT RSVP-TE extensions for interdomain LSPs October, 2002


Large pre-trained models have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) research and applications, but high training costs and limited data resources have prevented their benefits from being shared equally amongst speakers of all the world's languages. To address issues of cross-linguistic access to such models and reduce energy consumption for sustainability during large-scale model training, this study proposes an effective and energy-efficient framework called GreenPLM that uses bilingual lexicons to directly ``translate'' pre-trained language models of one language into another at almost no additional cost. We validate this approach in 18 languages' BERT models and show that this framework is comparable to, if not better than, other heuristics with high training costs. In addition, given lightweight continued pre-training on limited data where available, this framework outperforms the original monolingual language models in six out of seven tested languages with up to 200x less pre-training efforts. Aiming at the Leave No One Behind Principle (LNOB), our approach manages to reduce inequalities between languages and energy consumption greatly. We make our codes and models publicly available at https://github.com/qcznlp/GreenPLMs.


Purpose. To investigate thickness changes of the total cornea and epithelium across the horizontal corneal meridian after 4 weeks of overnight corneal refractive therapy (CRT) rigid contact lens (Paragon Vision Sciences, Mesa, AZ) wear. Methods. Thirty subjects were fitted with CRT contact lenses (Dk/t = 67), which were worn overnight for 4 weeks. Corneal thickness was measured at nine locations along the horizontal meridian by using optical coherence tomography (OCT) before lens insertion in the evening. Corneal thickness was measured the next morning immediately after lens removal and 1, 3, 7, and 14 hours later. This was repeated on days 4, 10, and 28 of the study and then 3 days after discontinuing lens wear. Results. Twenty-three subjects completed the study. At lens removal on day 1, the central and paracentral cornea swelled by 4.9% and 6.2%, respectively (both P= 0.000). The central epithelium thinned by 7.3%, and the mid peripheral epithelium thickened by 13% (both P= 0.000). Corneal swelling recovered throughout the day, with most of the deswelling taking place within the first 3 hours after lens removal. Maximal central epithelial thinning reached 13.5% by day 4. Three days after the study completion, corneal and epithelial thickness had recovered to baseline values. Conclusions. This study shows that CRT lenses induce differential overnight swelling across the cornea, with rapid deswelling during the day. Central epithelial thinning and paracentral thickening occurs, with recovery 3 days after discontinuation of lens wear.


© KULINCHENKO, O.S., and VAINOLA, R.Kh., 2019 Introduction. Nowadays, student self-government is one of the effective forms of student self-organization; it appears to be the mechanism of representing and protecting students' rights. It is the factor of self-realization and development of social activity in conditions of higher education institution. Problem Statement. The formation of student social activity is a problem of modern pedagogy, since it requires the development of technologies for participating in socially significant activities within the social environment of higher education institutions. Purpose. To characterize and to analyze the stages of the pedagogical experiment regarding the state of the students' proficiency in terms of social activity. Materials and Methods. A series of diagnostic methods has been used: overt observation, surveys (polls), testing, ranking, moderation method, method of independent expert assessments, a modified version of E. Shakirova's methodology for diagnosing student social activity, and V. Yadov's methods. Results. The stages of the assessment of the levels of the formation of student social activity as well as their indicators and criteria have been characterized and analyzed; the socio-pedagogical conditions for the formation of student social activity within the self-government bodies of a higher education institution have been determined: the creation of the structure and bodies of student self-government alongside with the ensuring of the representation of each student groups; the organization of student self-government activities in various fields (organizational, public, research-oriented, physical culture and health-targeted, artistic, creative, educational, informational, and volunteering); the self-organization of students' life and their involvement into various forms of work performed by self-government bodies; the involvement of teachers into the work of student self-government and promotion of step-by-step formation of student social activity. Conclusions. Currently, students are considered to be not only an intellectual and demographic, but also a spiritual resource of our country. Therefore, social and pedagogical support for the formation and development of indicators of student social activity is a priority task of social and educational work of higher education institutions.


Purpose: Patients with claudication have altered gait, characterized by slower pace and shorter stride length, compared with matched controls. Rhythmic auditory music stimulation has been used successfully to reduce symptoms of pain and improve walking ability in patients with neurological gait alterations. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that rhythmic auditory music stimulation via increased tempo and bass would immediately increase total walking distance in patients with claudication compared with music-without rhythm-enhancement condition or a no-music condition (standard). Methods: Fourteen patients with claudication (mean age = 66.1 ± 7.7 y; ankle-brachial index = 0.63 ± 17) underwent three 6-min walk tests on the same day in random order. One with music-without rhythm enhancement with the tempo set at the usual walking cadence of the patient, one without music, and one with rhythmically enhanced music with the tempo increased 10 to 15 beats/min above the usual walking cadence of the patient. This increase in tempo is considered imperceptible to the untrained ear. Results: The paired t test indicated an increase in total walking distance by 22.1 ± 25.4 m (P = .006) during the rhythmic auditory stimulation condition compared with the no-music condition and by 20.7 ± 24.4 m compared with the music-without enhancement condition (P = .007). Functional claudication distance increased by 40.0 ± 49.0 m during the rhythmically enhanced music condition (P = .009) compared with the no-music condition. Conclusions: These results suggest that rhythmic auditory stimulation immediately increases total walking distance in patients with claudication due to peripheral artery disease. This technology may provide a tool for clinicians to use when prescribing exercise, improve motivation, and increase adherence to exercise rehabilitation programs.


Online gaming is a multi-billion dollar industry that entertains a large, global population. One unfortunate phenomenon, however, poisons the competition and the fun: cheating. The costs of cheating span from industry-supported expenditures to detect and limit cheating, to victims' monetary losses due to cyber crime. This paper studies cheaters in the Steam Community, an online social network built on top of the world's dominant digital game delivery platform. We collected information about more than 12 million gamers connected in a global social network, of which more than 700 thousand have their proles agged as cheaters. We also collected in-game interaction data of over 10 thousand players from a popular multiplayer gaming server. We show that cheaters are well embedded in the social and interaction networks: their network position is largely undistinguishable from that of fair players. We observe that the cheating behavior appears to spread through a social mechanism: the presence and the number of cheater friends of a fair player is correlated with the likelihood of her becoming a cheater in the future. Also, we observe that there is a social penalty involved with being labeled as a cheater: cheaters are likely to switch to more restrictive privacy settings once they are tagged and they lose more friends than fair players. Finally, we observe that the number of cheaters is not correlated with the geographical, real-world population density, or with the local popularity of the Steam Community. This analysis can ultimately inform the design of mechanisms to deal with anti-social behavior (e.g., spamming, automated collection of data) in generic online social networks.


I discern in Greek myths of the goddess Athena traces of the idea of domination of mind over senses, and that men were seen as superior to women because of their naturally ruling mind. The Athenian, Platonic, androcentric, hierarchical worldview saw women as physically inferior to men. Behind courageous, wise Athena, lies Plato's dualistic philosophy of reason, and the ideology of control. We must make a distinction between a dualistic philosophy and a holistic approach to reality. Ancient goddess Hestia's inextinguishable flame as energy of all life extended to the entire world can be read as symbolizing the interrelatedness of all life.


We consider the decentralized exploration problem : a set of players collaborate to identify the best arm by asynchronously interacting with the same stochastic environment. The objective is to ensure privacy in the best arm identification problem between asynchronous, collaborative, and thrifty players. In the context of a digital service, we advocate that this decentralized approach allows a good balance between conflicting inter-ests: the providers optimize their services, while protecting privacy of users and saving resources. We define the privacy level with respect to the amount of information an adversary could infer by intercepting all the messages concerning a single user. We provide a generic algorithm D ECEN TRALIZED E LIMINATION , which uses any best arm identification algorithm as a subroutine. We prove that this algorithm ensures privacy, with a low communication cost, and that in comparison to the lower bound of the best arm identification problem, its sample complexity suffers from a penalty depending on the inverse square of the probability of the most frequent players. Then, thanks to the generality of the approach, we extend the proposed algorithm to the non-stationary bandits. Finally, experiments illustrate and complete the analysis.


In this work, spark plasma sintering is used to mold non conventional chalcogenide glasses of high refractive index at low temperature (<400°C). This equipment, usually used for sintering refractory materials, is presented as efficient for both densification and high precision molding of IR transparent bulks and lenses of telluride glasses. Thermo-mechanical and optical characteristics of the selected Ge25Se10Te65 glass composition were investigated showing a refractive index of 3,12@10 µm and with however a limited resistance to crystallization. Mechanical milling of raw Ge, Se, Te elements leads to a major amorphous phase with the formation of a small proportion of GeTe crystals. Remaining GeTe crystals induce a fast crystallization rate during the sintering process leading to the opacity of the material. SPS flash moldings were then performed using melt quenched glass powders to produce complex lenses. It has been found that the critical parameter to reach optimal IR transparency is mainly the powder granulometry, which should be superior to 100 µm to prevent from MIE scatterings. The possibility of producing high refractive index infrared lenses has been demonstrated even with unstable glasses against crystallization.


This paper investigates the impacts of regional integration processes on poverty in Bolivia. It first demonstrates that regional integration has stimulated a diversion of trade away from traditional US and EU markets towards countries of MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. At the same time, the composition of exports has changed from predominantly minerals towards slightly more elaborated goods, such as vegetable fats, food and beverages. The paper presents econometric analyses of the impact of imports, exports and FDI (by sector, and trade block) on individual labor incomes and household poverty status. The results show that higher exports generally tend to benefit the workers who work in the exporting sectors. However, this result only holds for export sectors that exploit some natural resource rents (mining, hydrocarbons, modern agriculture), and not for those which rely purely on low wages in order to be competitive (most manufacturing sectors). Imports typically have a negative effect on worker salaries, except the imports of capital goods, which do not compete with local production. This implies that the change towards more regional trade of goods with a smaller natural resource rent component is unlikely to contribute to a reduction in poverty. For exports and FDI to be helpful for reducing poverty, they would have to focus on sectors, which are labor intensive and at the same time exploit some natural resource rents. Sectors that might fulfill these criteria are modern agriculture and tourism.


Most manufacturing companies realize its technologies, implemented through concrete machinery parts. They differ in terms of importance, the relevance of their selection and the level of their modernity. Modernity and efficiency of the machine are also very important during production process of the metal products. They have an influence on the quality of these products. The purpose of this article is to analyse the chosen production machine (CNC machine AFE-3D8-T) used during production process of metal products in terms of its modernity. The ABC technology method was chosen to do this research. Individual parts of this machine were divided into 3 subassemblies (parts of main subassembly A, parts of supportive subassembly B, parts of collateral subassembly C) and then each part was evaluated on the basis of Parkers' five-point scale.


Background: The role of video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) is
still being defined in the management of thoracic trauma. We report our
trauma cases managed by VATS and review the role of VATS in the
management of thoracic trauma. Materials and Methods: All the trauma
patients who underwent VATS from 2000 to 2007 at Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center were retrospectively studied. Results: Twenty-three trauma
patients underwent 25 cases of VATS. The most common indication for
VATS was retained haemothorax. Thoracotomy was avoided in 21 patients.
VATS failed in two cases. On an average VATS was performed on trauma
day seven (range 1-26) and the length of hospital stay was 20 days
(range 3-58). There was no mortality. VATS was performed in an
emergency (day 1-2), or in the early (day 2-7) or late (after day 7)
phases of trauma. Conclusion: VATS can be performed safely for the
management of thoracic traumas. VATS can be performed before or after
thoracotomy and at any stage of trauma. The use of VATS in trauma has a
trimodal distribution (emergent, early, late), each with different
indications.


Reverse engineering CAD models from raw geometry is a classic but strenuous research problem. Previous learning-based methods rely heavily on labels due to the supervised design patterns or reconstruct CAD shapes that are not easily editable. In this work, we introduce SECADNet, an end-to-end neural network aimed at reconstructing compact and easy-to-edit CAD models in a self-supervised manner. Drawing inspiration from the modeling language that is most commonly used in modern CAD software, we propose to learn 2D sketches and 3D extrusion parameters from raw shapes, from which a set of extrusion cylinders can be generated by extruding each sketch from a 2D plane into a 3D body. By incorporating the Boolean operation (i.e., union), these cylinders can be combined to closely approximate the target geometry. We advocate the use of implicit fields for sketch representation, which allows for creating CAD variations by interpolating latent codes in the sketch latent space. Extensive experiments on both ABC and Fusion 360 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, and show superiority over state-of-the-art alternatives including the closely related method for supervised CAD reconstruction. We further apply our approach to CAD editing and single-view CAD reconstruction. Code will be released at https://github.com/BunnySoCrazy/SECAD-Net.


The effects of phencyclidine, etoxadrol and dexoxadrol were compared in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30-response, fixed-interval 5-minute schedule of grain presentation. Etoxadrol was half as potent as phencyclidine in suppressing responding, and dexoxadrol was half as potent as etoxadrol. These three drugs, along with ketamine and cyclazocine, were also compared in pigeons trained to discriminate injections of 0.64 mg/kg of phencyclidine from injections of distilled water. All five drugs produced phencyclidine-like responding at the higher doses, with the order of potency being phencyclidine, etoxadrol, cyclazocine, dexoxadrol and ketamine. These data showed that a phencyclidine-like discriminative cue can be demonstrated across three classes of chemical compounds, as exemplified by phencyclidine and ketamine, etoxadrol and dexoxadrol, and cyclazocine.


This article seeks to experimentally evaluate the thesis that marriage is deinstitutionalized in the United States. To do so, we map the character of the norm about whether different-sex couples ought to marry, and we identify the extent to which the norm is strong or weak along four dimensions: polarity, whether the norm is prescriptive, proscriptive, bipolar (both prescriptive and proscriptive), or nonexistent; conditionality, whether the norm holds under all circumstances; intensity, the degree to which individuals subscribe to the norm; and consensus, the extent to which individuals share the norm. Results of a factorial survey experiment administered to a disproportionate stratified random sample of U.S. adults (N = 1,823) indicate that the norm to marry is weak: it is largely bipolar, conditional, and of low-to-moderate intensity, with disagreement over the norm as well as the circumstances demarcating the norm. While the norm to marry is different for men and women and for Black and White respondents, the amount of disagreement (or lack of consensus) within groups is comparable between groups. We find no significant differences across socioeconomic status (education, income, and occupational class). Overall, our findings support key claims of the deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis.


The majority of Lithuanian municipalities are facing the challenges of aging population – growing morbidity of chronic diseases and special nursing and health care needs for the aged citizens, demanding complex social and health care. These factors also induces the additional activities that are not directly associated with health care, and deficiency of resources in primary health care sector. In 2019 European Assessment of progress on structural reforms, prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and results of in-depth reviews is underlined, that institutional care model, dominating in Lithuania, is not sufficient for the aging society and growing needs for integrated and long-term care services. The aim of this article is to analyze and evaluate the needs of health care and social care services at home for long care patient hospitalized in the nursing hospital and to offer measures for developing for these services. The results of the study showed that more than half of patients with chronic illnesses had never received primary health care (57 %) and social care services at home (80 %), more than half (57 %) of the respondents didn't know about the social services organized and provided by the municipality. Most respondents (59 %) would prefer long-term health care services provided at home, but respondents (80 %) would not agree to pay extra for these home care services. Differences in the legal framework for home health care and social services does not allow organize and delivery the flexible, long-term, integrated home-based health care and social care services.


About the book: Learning English focuses on young children's acquisition of spoken and written English in monolingual and bilingual contexts and explores the debates surrounding English in schools and colleges, and the often controversial nature of the English curriculum in different parts of the world.

English is learned in most parts of the world, both through use in the home and community, and as a major language of education. Learning English represents just some of this diversity.


We consider the problem of cross-layer resource allocation in time-varying cellular wireless networks and incorporate information theoretic secrecy as a quality-of-service constraint. Specifically, each node in the network injects two types of traffic, private and open, at rates chosen in order to maximize a global utility function, subject to network stability and secrecy constraints. The secrecy constraint enforces an arbitrarily low mutual information leakage from the source to every node in the network, except for the sink node. We first obtain the achievable rate region for the problem for single- and multiuser systems assuming that the nodes have full channel state information (CSI) of their neighbors. Then, we provide a joint flow control, scheduling, and private encoding scheme, which does not rely on the knowledge of the prior distribution of the gain of any channel. We prove that our scheme achieves a utility arbitrarily close to the maximum achievable utility. Numerical experiments are performed to verify the analytical results and to show the efficacy of the dynamic control algorithm.


Purpose. To assess the relationship among objectively measured urban form variables, age, and walking in youth. Design. Cross-sectional analyses of travel diary data mapped against urban form characteristics within a 1-km buffer of participant's place of residence. Setting. Youth in the Atlanta, Georgia region with selection stratified by income, household size, and residential density. Subjects. A total of 3161 5- to 20-year-olds who completed 2-day travel diaries. Diaries of those under 15 years were completed by a parent or legal guardian. Measures. Walking distances were calculated from a 2-day travel diary. Residential density, intersection density, land use mix, and commercial and recreation space were assessed within a 1-km network distance around residences. Analysis. Logistic regression analyses were performed for each urban form variable by age groups controlling for the demographic variables. All variables were then entered simultaneously into an analysis of the whole sample. Results. All five urban form variables tested were related to walking. Recreation space was the only variables associated with walking across the four different age groups. All the urban form variables were related to walking in the 12 to 15 years age cohort. For this group, the odds of walking were 3.7 times greater for those in highest- versus lowest-density tertile and 2.6 times greater for those with at least one commercial and 2.5 times greater for those with at least one recreational destination within 1 km from home. In the analysis of the full sample, number of cars, recreation space, and residential density were most strongly related to walking. Conclusions. Access to recreation or open space was the most important urban form variable related to walking for all age groups. Children aged 12 to 15 years old may be particularly influenced by urban form.


AIM
To determine how extended orientation enhances the work readiness of new graduate nurses as they transitioned to their professional role in a specialty care hospital.

BACKGROUND
Given increased complexity of care and high-patient acuity, there is concern about the work readiness of new graduate nurses in specialty areas.

DESIGN
Qualitative exploratory study using an inductive approach.

METHODS
An integrative literature review was conducted to abstract characteristics of work readiness among new graduate nurses. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 41 participants from a large paediatric specialty hospital in Ontario, Canada, in 2014. The sample of nurses was stratified and included nurse managers, new graduates, and preceptors. Interview texts were interpreted using thematic analysis.

RESULTS
A framework for enhancing work readiness of new graduates transitioning to specialty care was developed from the interview and literature findings. Interview data demonstrate an extended orientation that includes mentorship, a gradual increase in clinical responsibilities, and involvement in the professional role during the early stages of a nurse's career can enhance work readiness of new graduates. Four key areas of work readiness were identified in the literature: personal characteristics, clinical characteristics, relational characteristics, and organizational acuity.

CONCLUSION
Based on the study results, new graduate nurses can be an integral part of the team in specialty care provided certain conditions are met during their transition to practice. Our study gives further evidence that extended orientation enhances new graduates' work readiness as they transit to their professional role.


The depth of superstructure is the summation of the height of girders and the thickness of the deck floor. In this study, it is aim to determine the maximum span length of girders and minimum depth of the superstructure of prestressed concrete I-girder bridge. For this purpose the superstructure of the bridge with the width of 10m and the thickness of the deck floor of 0.175m, which the girders length was changed by two meter increments between 15m and 35m, was taken into account. Twelve different girders with heights of 60, 75, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170 and 180 cm, which are frequently used in Turkey, were chosen as girder type. The analyses of the superstructure of prestressed concrete I girder bridge was conducted with I-CAD software. In the analyses AASHTO LRFD (2012) conditions were taken into account a great extent. The dead loads of the structural and non-structural elements forming the bridge superstructure, prestressing force, standard truck load, equivalent lane load and pedestrian load were taken into consideration. HL93, design truck of AASHTO and also H30S24 design truck of Turkish Code were selected as vehicular live load. The allowable concrete stress limit, the number of prestressed strands, the number of debonded strands and the deflection parameters obtained from analyses were compared with the limit values found in AASHTO LRFD (2012) to determine the suitability of the girders. At the end of the study maximum span length of girders and equation using for calculation for minimum depth of the superstructure of prestressed concrete I-girder bridge were proposed.


Historically, the island of Newfoundland has had  a culturally homogeneous population. For this reason, newcomers report a distressing insider/outsider dynamic of disconnect and challenges accessing local social support systems (Anderson, 2012; Baker, Price, & Walsh, 2015; El-Bialy & Mulay, 2016; Li, Doyle, Lymburner, & Ghadi, 2016). This is disconcerting, as a scoping review conducted by Guruge and Butt (2015) found that post-migration experiences of discrimination and othering are as important as traumatic pre-migration experiences in determining mental health variance in newcomers. Indeed, moving to a new country is challenging in itself, beyond experiencing loss of the familiar, culture shock, and discrimination. Cultural bereavement, defined as experiencing the "loss of identity, culture, home, familiar surroundings, and loss of family and friends" (Ishafani, 2008, p. 79), may negatively impact an individual's wellbeing. However, it is important to emphasize the resiliency of newcomers when relocating to a new country and not stereotype refugees as "helpless victims that need to be studied, uplifted, and cured" (Guruge, Hynie, Shakya, Akbari, Htoo, & Abiyo, 2015, para. 1)


Twelve obligate heterozygotes from two kindreds were ascertained through phytosterolemic probands homozygous for molecular defects in the ATP binding cassette (ABC) half transporter, ABCG8. The response of these heterozygotes to a Step 1 diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, and to 2.2 g daily of plant sterols (as esters) was determined in Protocol I (16 weeks) and Protocol II (28 weeks) during three consecutive feeding periods: Step 1/placebo spread; Step 1/plant sterol spread; and Step 1/placebo spread (washout). At baseline, half the heterozygotes had moderate dyslipidemia and one-third had mildly elevated campesterol and sitosterol levels. On the Step 1/placebo spread, mean LDL cholesterol decreased significantly, 11.2% in Protocol I (n = 12), and 16.0% in Protocol II (n = 7). Substitution with plant sterol spread produced a significant treatment effect on LDL levels in Protocols I and II. Conversely, the mean levels of campesterol and sitosterol increased 119% and 54%, respectively, during the use of plant sterol spread for 6 weeks in Protocol I, an effect mirrored for 12 weeks in Protocol II. During the placebo spread washouts, LDL levels increased, while those of plant sterols decreased to baseline levels in both protocols. In conclusion, phytosterolemic heterozygotes respond well to a Step 1 diet, and their response to a plant sterol ester challenge appears similar to that observed in normals.


DFET creates new training methods/techniques to support judicial authorities, law enforcement agencies and associated stakeholders in the fight against cybercrime through the development of a virtual (cloud-based) cybercrime training environment to include real life simulation and scenario analysis. Aim: To improve crime detection rates by providing scenario-based training in line with the dynamic nature of cybercrime. Overall DFET aims to create a training infrastructure which can share cyber training across Europe, and allow access to hands-on environments, no matter the physical location of trainer.


In the eighteenth cemury, abandoned children were usually given only a first name, usually that of some saint. Later, French occupation and the Civil Code attempted to turn the children of unknown parents into «Enfants naturels de la Patrie», dictating that they too should bear a surname to pass on to their descendants. This led to a new repertory, with the addition of names inspired by literature and ancient and recent history, as well as hagionyrns. The laws were not, however, implemented consistently throughout the occupied territory and gave rise to varying solutions. This paper compares naming policies in two different geographical areas (Emilia Romagna and Piedmont), based on the consultation of unpublished local sources, such as the archives of important foundling institutions.


AN AUTOETHNOGRAPHY: A MATHEMATICS TEACHER'S JOURNEY OF IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION AND CHANGE by Anthony B. Stinson Despite some gains, improving secondary mathematics instruction remains an area of concern of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Recitation, also known as lecturing, prevails as the practice of choice of mathematics teachers in the United States. However, the report of the NCTM Research Advisory Committee 2000 indicates that the mathematical proficiency of students increases when the practice of choice includes more than recitation. Therefore, changes in instruction in the mathematics classroom should occur to improve student learning. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a personalized account of one mathematics teacher's use of reflective teaching as an agent of change. This dissertation is about a journey of change in instruction fostered by a change of identity as a mathematics teacher. This dissertation chronicles the identity construction of the teacher. This study has relevance because the process utilized by the teacher provides a method of self-examination and identity construction for other mathematics classroom teachers who want to improve their practices. This study also has relevance because it describes the process of how a classroom teacher takes ownership of self-improvement. This qualitative dissertation uses autoethnography as the methodology. Autoethnography is research, writing and story where the researcher is the subject and the researcher's experiences are the data (Ellis and Bochner 2000). The theoretical frame for this autoethnography is identity theory as it relates to teacher identity construction. Memory, videotaped lessons, student commentary and a reflective journal serve as supporting data sources to render narratives detailing the findings. The research question guiding this dissertation is: In what ways does a teacher's reflection on mathematics practice facilitate teacher identity construction and change of practice? The findings show that a teacher's identity can be interwoven by many characteristics that at times work simultaneously. The findings also indicate that changing one's practices is an arduous process but can be accomplished and the process given "voice." AN AUTOETHNOGRAPHY: A MATHEMATICS TEACHER'S JOURNEY OF IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION AND CHANGE by Anthony B. Stinson


SUMMARY We examined the long-term effects of closed instrumental mitral commissurotomy on mitral valve area (MVA) in 18 patients, followed for as long as 14 years after successful operation. Each patient had preoperative and early postoperative cardiac catheterization; a late postoperative determination ofMVA was obtained 10-14 years (mean 12.2 years) after commissurotomy. In 17 patients, the MVA was determined by cross-sectional echocardiography and in one patient by repeat cardiac catheterization. Thirteen of 18 patients had no change in MVA between early postoperative study (mean MVA = 2.7 cm2) and late postoperative study (mean MVA = 2.9 cm2). MVA in five patients decreased 0.7-2.2 cm2 (mean 1.4 cm2) during the followup period. In these five patients, the mean MVA at early postoperative study was 2.7 cm2 and at late postoperative study was 1.3 cm2 (p < 0.001). At late postoperative evaluation, cardiac symptoms were associated with severity of mitral stenosis but did not predict restenosis. A successful, closed, instrumental mitral commissurotomy can provide substantial long-term improvement in MVA.


Kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) is one of the native underexploited tree spices. It is found in Western Ghats of India and some parts of north-eastern India. In spite of its incredible medicinal and nutritive properties, it is generally not cultivated systematically on orchard scale. It is mostly confined to kitchen garden or as a mixed crop in plantations of coconut and arecanut, as roadside plant or in forest. It is commonly known as kokum (Hindi), kokum butter tree, Goa butter tree and mangosteen oil tree. It is a tropical evergreen tree, related to the mangosteens. It flourishes well up to an elevation of about 800 m a.s.l., requiring warm and humid tropical climate. Ripe fruits are harvested during April-May. Fruit rind is widely used in refreshing drinks and curries. The fruit is anti-helminthic, appetizer, cardio-tonic, useful against piles and dysentery. Hydroxyl citric acid (HCA) extracted from kokum is used against obesity, which is available in the form of tablets. The fruit is rich in anti-oxidants that bind with free radicals and prevent oxidative damage to body cells. The anthocyanin pigments obtained from it are used as natural colouring agents for food preservation. From kokum many processed products can be prepared viz., kokum syrup (amrit kokum), kokum amsul, kokum agal (salted juice), R.T.S., kokum butter, kokum rind powder, kokum honey, etc., are prepared. Advanced processed products like HCA, garcinol, wine and purified pigments would create more domestic and international demand for kokum. There has been immense scope for kokum cultivation in 11 districts of Karnataka and in most areas of Uttara Kannada. Until recently, the fruits and seeds of this species had importance only at the household level. Now, it has importance at the commercial market. With the availability of a vast area of suitable forests and private lands and sufficient planting material an efficient approach towards propagation and cultivation of kokum should be emphasized for generation of employment and income to the community.


This paper reviews social protection trends and policy responses in Latin America as part of a global scoping study on social protection commissioned by Ford Foundation (See Appendix One for ToR for this paper). The paper is organised as follows (following the paper contents as described in Appendix One): Section 1 identifies the main trends in poverty and vulnerability in the region, with particular references to rural-urban and life course poverty incidence. Section 2 provides a review of social protection trends. It discusses the two main areas of change and innovation in the last two decades: the reform of social insurance provision and the rapid expansion of social assistance schemes. Section 3 identifies some potential points of engagement between Ford Foundation work and the social protection policy agenda in the region.


The article providing in-depth analysis of pathogenesis of obstructive jaundice shows that this disease is manifest not only as changes at the hepatic level (cholestasis, cholehemia, cholangitis, cholangio- and lymphovenous shunts, hepatic encephalopathy) but also as marked dysbiotic disturbances due to anacholia and toxic metabolites that cause bacterial translocation and endotoxemia complicating liver insufficiency. Based on the literary data and original observations, a new scheme for the treatment of obstructive jaundice is proposed including simultaneous correction of both components of hepatoenteric turnover, also, it permits to improve the outcome of the postoperative period.


ABSTRACT: This paper presents a model that illustrates the enablers of corruption, and delineates how eGovernance, based on the principles of transparency and accountability, can dismantle the enablers of corruption. Key enablers of corruption, such as economic rents, discretionary power of bureaucrats, and weak institutions, are identified from the extant literature to argue that these enablers undermine the public interest through unequal access to basic goods and services. The critical role of accounting and accounting information systems is highlighted by examining selected eGovernance initiatives that enhance transparency and accountability in dismantling corruption. Reduction of the discretionary power of bureaucrats, enforced consequences, and the demand for accountability enables equal access to information and public goods and services that could result in a bridging of the economic divide in a developing country such as India. Hence, a case study of India is utilized to analyze and assess the su...


A series of DNA-binding potential antitumor agents, (ω-aminoalkyl)-4-acridinecarboxamides, has been prepared either by reduction of the corresponding (ω-aminoalkyl)-9-oxo-9,10-dihydro-4-acridinecarboxamides with aluminum amalgam or by aminolysis of the corresponding (ω-aminoalkyl)-1-chloro-4-acridinecarboxamides with the suitable amine. The noncovalent DNA-binding properties of these compounds have been examined using a fluorometric technique. In vitro cytotoxic potencies of these derivatives toward six tumor cell lines, including human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29) and human ovarian carcinoma (A2780-sensitive, A2780cisR cisplatin-resistant, CH1-sensitive, CH1cisR cisplatin-resistant, and SKOV-3) cells, are described and compared to that of reference drugs. One highly DNA affinic analogue (3a) has been identified with a useful broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity in the 4−7 nM range (mean IC50 of 6 nM).


One of the causes of recurrent maxillary sinusitis may be a too narrow natural ostium, which becomes blocked easily. As the mucus transport inside the sinus is directed towards the ostium, i.e, towards the middle nasal meatus, the most suitable place for an artificial extra ostium is in the middle meatus. In the posterior fontanelle such an ostium can be made comparatively easily under endoscopic control. For this purpose a special coagulating perforating instrument has been designed.


This paper extends standard GARCH models of volatility with realized measures for the realized GARCH framework. A key feature of the realized GARCH framework is the measurement equation that relates the observed realized measure to latent volatility. We pay special attention to linear and log-linear realized GARCH models. Moreover, the framework enhance the joint modeling of returns and realized measures of volatility. An empirical application with ICE Brent Crude Oil future front month contracts shows that a realized GARCH specification improves the empirical fit substantially relative to a standard GARCH model. The estimates give weak evidence for a skewed student's t distribution for the standardized error term and the leverage function shows a clear negative asymmetry between today's return and tomorrow's volatility.


A steady-state model of pesticide leaching through the unsaturated zone was used with readily available hydrologic, lithologic, and pesticide characteristics to estimate the vulnerability of the near-surface aquifer to atrazine contamination from non-point sources in Kent County, Michigan. The modelcomputed fraction of atrazine remaining at the water table, RM, was used as the vulnerability criterion; time of travel to the water table also was computed. Model results indicate that the average fraction of atrazine remaining at the water table was 0.039 percent; the fraction ranged from 0 to 3.6 percent. Time of travel of atrazine from the soil surface to the water table averaged 17.7 years and ranged from 2.2 to 118 years. Three maps were generated to present three views of the same atrazine vulnerability characteristics using different metrics (nonlinear transformations of the computed fractions remaining). The metrics were chosen because of the highly (right) skewed distribution of computed fractions. The first metric, rm = RM^ (where K was 0.0625), depicts a relatively uniform distribution of vulnerability across the county with localized areas of high and low vulnerability visible. The second metric, rni^ ' , depicts about one-half the county at low vulnerability with discontinuous patterns of high vulnerability evident. In the third metric, rm^~l '° (RM)> more than 95 percent of the county appears to have low vulnerability; small, distinct areas of high vulnerability are present. Aquifer vulnerability estimates in the RM metric were used with a steady-state, uniform atrazine application rate to compute a potential concentration of atrazine in leachate reaching the water table. The average estimated potential atrazine concentration in leachate at the water table was 0.16 jig/L (micrograms per liter) in the model area; estimated potential concentrations ranged from 0 to 26 jig/L. About 2 percent of the model area had estimated potential atrazine concentrations in leachate at the water table that exceeded the USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) maximum contaminant level of 3 Uncertainty analyses were used to assess effects of parameter uncertainty and spatial interpolation error on the variability of the estimated fractions of atrazine remaining at the water table. Results of Monte Carlo simulations indicate that parameter uncertainty is associated with a standard error of 0.0875 in the computed fractions (in the rm metric). Results of kriging analysis indicate that errors in spatial interpolation are associated with a standard error of 0. 146 (in the rm metric). Thus, uncertainty in fractions remaining is primarily associated with spatial interpolation error, which can be reduced by increasing the density of points where the leaching model is applied. A sensitivity analysis indicated which of 13 hydrologic, lithologic, and pesticide characteristics were influential in determining fractions of atrazine remaining at the water table. Results indicate that fractions remaining are most sensitive to the unit changes in pesticide half life and in organic-carbon content in soils and unweathered rocks, and least sensitive to infiltration rates. The leaching model applied in this report provides an estimate of the vulnerability of the near-surface aquifer in Kent County to contamination by atrazine. The vulnerability estimate is related to water-quality criteria developed by the USEPA to help assess potential risks from atrazine to the near-surface aquifer. However, atrazine accounts for only 28 percent of the herbicide use in the county; additional potential for contamination exists from other pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Therefore, additional work is needed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the relative risks associated with specific pesticides. The modeling approach described in this report provides a technique for estimating relative vulnerabilities to specific pesticides and for helping to assess potential risks.


A certain difference of the body's reaction to castration and to growing old should be expected, because at the former fully functioning ovaries are suddenly removed from the system, but in the latter ovarian activity slowly has ceased, together with the loss of the ova. Further, a woman ovariectomized at the age of about 35 may live fifty more years, but a woman of 70 certainly not. Characteristics of old women, such as senile skin changes, loss of hair pigment, and growth of beard, do not commonly occur after ovariectomy, especially not involution of the whole of the body (osteoporosis, etc.), nor the pronounced emaciation often seen in senile women. After the menopause gradual shrinkage of the adrenal cortex occurs, its function becomes weaker, and the 17-ketosteroids excretion decreases. As a result of castration, however, hypertrophy of the cortex, at least in some species, is observed. Especially in the male and in older female animals the hypertrophic phase may continue. Unlike what happens in old age, hypertrophy of the thymus occurs after castration in adult rats. Among eunuchs in Oriental ,countries there have been men of high intelligence who led long and active lives. Variations in fat metabolism and muscular weakness are due to individual differences in the influence of the hypothalamic centres. On the other hand, spermatogenesis is not unknown in old men of 80 or more, in spite of obvious signs of senility.


This article is about judicial reform in the Southern Cone in the 1990s. It shows that for Argentina and Chile, procedural code reforms were motivated by three central factors linked to the twin processes of democratisation and economic liberalisation: i) concern with human rights violations stemming from the past authoritarian regimes; ii) the desire to create a stable legal environment for property rights and foreign investment; and iii) public concern with rising crime rates. By contrast, constitutional reforms affecting the Supreme Courts in Argentina and Chile tended to be driven by narrow political self-serving interests. These reforms ultimately came about as the result of political compromises between the left and the right in response to particular catalytic national events. In Uruguay, unsuccessful attempts at both criminal procedure reform and Supreme Court reform may be attributed to a combination of a lack of political will, lack of support from the judiciary itself, and a lack of financial recourses. Interestingly, the analysis shows that in none of the three countries examined have international agencies of foreign donors played a central role in pushing for or offering financial or technical assistance to procedural code or Supreme Court reforms. This suggests that these two types of judicial reforms in the three Southern Cone countries have principally been driven by national demand rather than external pressure –which makes the context for reform different from that of many other Latin American countries–.


Calculation on a mathematical model showed that for distortion-free conduction of excitation through a net of excitatory elements (EEs) a system is necessary of optimum correlation of EEs parameters, links between them and of external influences. When these parameters are deviated from their optimum values, excitation is conducted through the net either with attenuation or with intensification (as a result of divergence and convergence of the influences of the previous layer on the following one). The background activity which is above threshold of impulse activity emergence and which is created by common effects on all EEs, prevents the revealing of the input EEs activation at the net output. Near-threshold tonic net activation facilitates excitation conduction through it. Periodic net activity facilitates excitation conduction through it only under optimum correlation of its parameters and the time of its conduction through the net. At disturbance of this condition, excitation conduction through the net is limited.


In the present study, the catalytic activity of palladium oxide (PdOx) supported on ceria nanorods (CeO2-NR) for aerobic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) to benzaldehyde (PhCHO) was evaluated. The CeO2-NR was synthesized hydrothermally and the Pd(NO3)2 was deposited by a wet impregnation method, followed by calcination to acquire PdOx/CeO2-NR. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the TPR-reduced PdOx/CeO2-NR (PdOx/CeO2-NR-Red) was studied by XRD, BET, and XPS. Characterizations showed the formation of CeO2-NR with (111) exposed plane and relatively high BET surface area. PdOx (x > 1) was detected to be the major oxide species on the PdOx/CeO2-NR. The activities of the catalysts in BnOH oxidation were evaluated using air, as an environmentally friendly oxidant, and various solvents. Effects of temperature, solvent nature and palladium oxidation state were investigated. The PdOx/CeO2-NR showed remarkable activity when protic solvents were utilized. The best result was achieved using PdOx/CeO2-NR and boiling ethanol as solvent, leading to 93% BnOH conversion and 96% selectivity toward PhCHO. A mechanistic hypothesis for BnOH oxidation with PdOx/CeO2-NR in ethanol is presented.


The study explores issues around human resources and training within Eskom using the Medupi Power Station as a case study. This power station is currently being constructed in the Limpopo province approximately 350 kilometres north of Gauteng. The main aim of the study was to identify the skills shortages on the project and make recommendations on how to manage them in the long and short term. The research objectives included ascertaining the types of skills shortages being experienced and perceptions regarding the employment of expatriates and their contribution to knowledge transfer at Eskom. The mixed methods approach was utilised to conduct the research. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using questionnaires and interviews provided detailed and relevant data for addressing the research questions. A sample of 48 highly skilled employees who are currently working on the Medupi Project participated in the study. They included senior management, engineering and other technical staff and human resources personnel. The results revealed the nature of the skills shortages on the Project, namely supervisory, civil engineering and contracts management skills. The findings regarding the employment of expatriates reveal that they are employed on a contract basis and can terminate their contract on a short notice. This has an adverse effect on continuity on the Project. In addition, the local employees believed that the expatriates are chiefly motivated by the financial incentives and are not fully capable of transferring skills as they do not have power station experience. The study proposes a new knowledge transfer model for the Medupi Project. According to this model, the line management's ability to provide an enabling work environment and support for on-the-job training influences knowledge transfer. Furthermore, employee motivation to acquire and utilise a newly learnt skill on the job, the setting of goals that are achievable given the multitude of constraints experienced on the Project, and senior management support are key determinants of line managements' success in providing an enabling knowledge transfer environment.


Theoretical research on inequity and social justice as well as experimental research indicate that perceived injustice may cause stress and thus may have negative effects on health. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) of the years 2005 to 2011, this study investigates if perceptions of earnings (un)fairness impact employees' health. The analyses show that a change in the justice evaluation of one's earnings coincides with a change in one's health: Earnings that are evaluated as unjustly low are associated with a decline in subjective health. The analysis indicates that this effect is not due to respondents' actual earnings or occupational position, but that the perception of one's earnings as unjustly low appears to have an independent effect on respondents' health. The study, moreover, shows that low-skilled employees, employees in temporary employment, and those with low gross hourly wages are particularly prone to perceive their earnings as unjustly low.


The Reserve Bank of New Zealand uses a range of core inflation inflation measures in order to assess the underlying inflationary pressures. One definition of core inflation is that it represents the level of inflation to which headline inflation converges to in the future. This definition is similar to the idea of trend inflation. We build on this definition, by specifying an econometric test to evaluate which of the Reserve Bank's core inflation measures are a good gauge of underlying inflation pressures and possess properties similar to trend inflation. According to the test, the sectoral factor model and CPI inflation excluding food and energy are, among the Bank's current suite of measures, most consistent against this definition. We interpret our result as suggesting either of these measures as being reasonable approximation for where one might expect the level of headline inflation to converge to at a sufficiently long horizon.


Plants are frequently attacked by consumers that reduce seed numbers. However, our ability to predict whether seed loss results in parallel changes in future recruitment or plant abundance remains poor. Progress in this area requires simultaneously understanding: (1) how spatial variation in environmental conditions influence recruitment and other demographic rates, and (2) how the magnitude of seed loss varies spatially and relative to seed limitation. We experimentally assessed how postdispersal seed predation by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) influenced recruitment of the native perennial forb, Gaillardia aristata, in western Montana (USA) grasslands. To explore whether seed limitation and the population‐level consequences of seed predation varied predictably based on environmental conditions, we added seeds to plots where mice had access or were excluded at sites occurring over a strong gradient of soil characteristics and plant community productivity. We also quantified whether components of Gaillardia demography varied in ways that may compensate for or exacerbate the population‐level effects of seed predation across this environmental gradient. Across two replicate years, recruitment was highest at low productivity/soil nutrient sites and decreased towards the opposite end of the gradient. Postdispersal seed predation strongly reduced Gaillardia recruitment in both years, and the impacts of seed predation on recruitment were greater at sites with lower productivity and fewer soil nutrients and decreased towards the opposite end of the gradient. Growth and fecundity varied among populations in ways that could buffer Gaillardia populations from stronger effects of seed predation, whereas survival varied among populations in a way that may intensify these effects. Synthesis. Together, these results show that postdispersal seed predation can importantly limit plant recruitment and that the magnitude of these effects were predicted by variation in underlying environmental conditions that influence recruitment and other key demographic rates.


The histologic features of adenopathy associated with intramuscular injections of gold sodium thiomalate in a woman with rheumatoid arthritis are presented. We believe that the light microscopic features of the above process are sufficiently distinctive that a diagnosis of gold-associated lymphadenopathy could be rendered. A review of the literature revealed no descriptions of the light microscopic appearance of gold in lymph nodes. In this case, the diagnosis of gold-associated lymphadenopathy was confirmed by scanning electron microscopic studies.


Long established as a staple reference for all radiation oncologists, "Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers: Indications and Techniques" is now in its fourth edition. This completely updated edition presents the state-of-the-art protocols currently used at the MD Anderson Cancer Center and thoroughly explains the principles, nomenclature, and clinical use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The first section discusses the practical aspects of external beam therapy, brachytherapy, and endocavitary beam therapy and offers guidelines on patient care before and during radiotherapy. The second section provides detailed coverage of site-specific indications and techniques.


As computing systems continue their unquenchable rise towards and through million core architectures, two considerations that used to be unimportant become more and more dominant: power consumption (be it FLOPS/W or W/mm2) and reliability. This study is concerned with the latter: in a system of a million cores, it is unrealistic to expect 100% functionality on power-up; equally, operational availability degrades with time. Monitoring and maintaining the health of such a system using traditional techniques is costly, and most rely on the concept of some sort of central overseer or monitor to make a final judgement about system availability, giving a single point of failure. Large systems of the future will consist of hardware and software that work synergistically to cope with isolated points of failure, allowing the gross behaviour of the system to degrade gracefully and in a meaningful way in the face of faults. This study describes one such system: spiking neural network architecture is a million-core machine with layered fault tolerance built in at many levels. The authors show how the system may be used to solve the canonical distributed heat diffusion equation, and how the quality of solution is modulated by the effects of partial system failure.


We compared the behavioural responses of an indigenous South African mussel (Perna perna) and an invasive mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to the risk of predation. Both species were subjected to the specific risk of predation by the native rock lobster Jasus lalandii and the general risk of predation simulated by the presence of damaged conspecifics. We hypothesised that, because M. galloprovincialis evolved in allopatry from the rock lobster, P. perna would respond more strongly to J. lalandii, but that there would be less difference between species in their response to damaged con- specifics. The results confirmed our initial hypotheses. M. galloprovincialis crawled farther under both predation treatments and generally aggregated more than P. perna. P. perna has a larger foot, and our results therefore do not reflect morphological differences between the species but imply greater sensitivity in M. galloprovincialis to chemical cues. Crawling distance was not enhanced under predation threat relative to the control; therefore, increased clumping due to more rapid ran- dom movement cannot explain our results, indicating that chemical attraction among individuals is important. P. perna clumping behaviour was significantly greater when exposed to local lobster efflu- ent or damaged conspecifics, whereas M. galloprovincialis clumped more when exposed to a general threat of predation but exhibited naive behaviour to local predator effluent. This lack of responsive- ness to a native predator could be due not only to the recent arrival of the European mussel, but also to the relatively low selective effects of predation in South Africa.


Living the American Dream? Second Generation Dominican High School Students in a Diverse Suburb Jacquelyn Durán My dissertation examines second generation Dominican high school students and their parents in a diverse, middle-class suburb. At a moment when immigrant families are arriving directly to suburban locations, and the number of second generation immigrants in our public schools is growing, it is important to examine how they are making sense of their experiences in this new context. In my study, I consider how one sub-group of Latinx high school students, with at least one parent born in the Dominican Republic, are experiencing a new place. Specifically, I look at their experiences within their community, school and family influence their assimilation processes, their ideas about future success, and the role of education in reaching that success. I also explore how the parents' experiences in this community inform their definitions of success for their children and the role that education plays in achieving it, and how those beliefs affect their children. I examine the parents' accounts through in-depth interviews and the students' accounts through pre and post in-depth interviews two years apart, as well as photo elicitation interviews. I found that the location of this suburb, adjacent to an ethnic enclave, provides a context that supports the process of selective acculturation, whereby the students are learning English and American customs while also developing and maintaining their Dominican cultural practices, including speaking Spanish. I also uncovered nuances to their understanding of the role of education in securing future success, through the use of open-ended questions. I found that the students with college-educated parents were more cautious about believing in the American Dream, and the idea that education guarantees success. Despite this, all of the families in the study approached education in similar ways, a style typically attributed to low-income families. And lastly, I found that the families lacked the social and cultural capital to gain educational advantages, specifically in the college application process. My study challenges the assumption that immigrant families arriving to middle-class suburbs are equipped to take advantage of the resources that their place of residence can afford them. Living in this type of place signals an achievement of the American Dream, but we have to question whether their children will be able to maintain it.


A laboratory-type camera is readily assembled using the following off-the-shelf components: a 3-mW He-Ne laser; an acoustooptic modulator; an electromechanical beam deflector; and a video (TV) tape recorder. The present camera is distinct in its operation in that submicrosecond laser flashes freeze the image motion while still allowing the simplicity of (millisecond range) electromechanical image deflection. The gating and pulse delay circuits of an oscilloscope synchronize the modulator and scanner relative to the subject being photographed. The pictures consist of a 3-64 frame sequence; the interframe time ranged from ~1 microsec to >1000 microsec. Video recording provides immediate monitoring of the picture quality and accuracy of synchronization. A number of variations are available for particular applications. For example, one can change the electrical pulsing to produce either streak or stroboscopic pictures instead of frames, and film can be substituted for video recording in order to retain more details of the image.


Abstract Projected shifts in climate forcing variables such as temperature and precipitation are of great relevance to arctic freshwater ecosystems and biota. These will result in many direct and indirect effects upon the ecosystems and fish present therein. Shifts projected for fish populations will range from positive to negative in overall effect, differ among species and also among populations within species depending upon their biology and tolerances, and will be integrated by the fish within their local aquascapes. This results in a wide range of future possibilities for arctic freshwater and diadromous fishes. Owing to a dearth of basic knowledge regarding fish biology and habitat interactions in the north, complicated by scaling issues and uncertainty in future climate projections, only qualitative scenarios can be developed in most cases. This limits preparedness to meet challenges of climate change in the Arctic with respect to fish and fisheries.