The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any significant difference in average days of Enterococcus faecalis microleakage through the coronal seal of four temporary restorative materials used in endodontics , Cavit® (3M), Duotemp® (Coltene), Clip® (VOCO) y Cimpat L.C® (Septodont). Ninety caries free extracted human premolars were randomly divided into 4 groups after the coronal access preparation; Group 1. Cavit® , Group 2 Duotemp® , Group 3. Clip , Group 4 Cimpat and controls were not restored with any material. Each group were mounted in 24 sterile well plates. Each well contained 2 ml of broth with bromocresol purple indicator 1% glucose. All Samples, except negative controls, were inoculated with E. faecalis in saline 0.85% 10 ^ 6 U / ml. The groups were observed daily for 30 days to detect changes in the indicator color from purple to yellow. ®. Jonckheere-Terpstra test was used with a 95% of confidence. The average days Filtration of materials was 12.50 for Clip®, 12.83 for Cavit®, 13.44 for DuoTemp® and 14.44 for Cimpat LC®. The temporary restorative materials studied shows microbial leakage after 15 days.


The Grey-Taguchi method was adopted in this study to optimize the injection molding parameters for the MIM green compacts with multiple quality performance. A Grey relational grade obtained from the Grey relational analysis is used as the quality performance in the Taguchi method. Then, the optimum injection molding parameters are determined using the parameter design proposed by the Taguchi method. The result concluded that the mold temperature (D) is very significant, by the fact that the ANOVA shows its contribution to excellent surface appearance as well as strong and dense green compacts is 38.82%.


Soil moisture is the central focus of land surface and atmospheric modeling because it controls surface water and energy fluxes and consequently affects land-atmosphere interactions. Although global or regional satellite-derived surface soil moisture data sets are readily available, knowledge about assimilating them into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is limited. The methods of assimilating soil moisture products in NWP models have several limitations, and they cannot be applied in near-real-time applications. As a result, this paper focuses on the development of a system [a Land Data Assimilation System coupled with a mesoscale Atmospheric model (LDAS-A)] that couples satellite land data assimilation with a mesoscale model to physically introduce land surface heterogeneities into the mesoscale model. The LDAS-A consists of a sequential LDAS that directly assimilates the lower frequency passive microwave brightness temperatures, and therefore, its use is feasible for near-real-time NWP applications. The LDAS-A was validated for the Tibetan Plateau using surface, radiosonde, and satellite observations. The simulation results show that the LDAS-A effectively improved the land surface variables (i.e., surface soil moisture and skin temperature) compared with the no-assimilation case and that it has the potential to correct uncertainties resulting from model initialization, model-specific parameters, and model forcing on a wider scale. The improved land surface conditions in the LDAS-A improve the land-atmosphere feedback mechanism, and the assimilated results provide better prediction of atmospheric profiles (i.e., potential temperature and specific humidity) than the no-assimilation case when compared with radiosonde soundings. Improvements in solar radiation, in addition to soil moisture, are necessary to introduce realistic land-atmosphere interactions into a mesoscale model.


Family life education was as a new and important method for improving marital
satisfaction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of family life education in increasing marital
satisfaction among welfare office employees.
Materials &Methods: This Quasi-experimental study included a pre-test and post-test design with a
control group. The statistical population included all welfare office employees of Urmia suburbs in 2015.
Totally 40 employees were selected through randomly sampling method and randomly assigned into
two groups (each group 20 people). The experimental groups were educated for15 sessions of 90 minutes
by family life education and the control group didn't receive any treatment. In order to collect data all
groups completed the Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire as a pre-test and post-test. The data were
analyzed using the SPSS-19 software and by univariate analysis of covariance (UNCOVA) method.
Results: The findings showed that intervention with using the family life education led to increase
marital satisfaction among employees. Also, the findings showed that family life education led to
increasing the marital satisfaction among male and female employees. (P<0/01)
Conclusion: The results showed that family life education method led to increase marital satisfaction
among welfare office employees. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use family life education
method to improve the marital satisfaction


Problems of violent youth groups have escalated in Indonesia, following economic recession, unemployment, and weakened state institutions. Young people have been hit by the lack of income and broken expectations. In consequence, youth groups emerge and arrange for members' economic revenue as well as identity creation and confidence. Religion in some cases is used to legitimize violence and to strengthen the boldness of group members. The paper offers a brief overview of gangster (preman) traditions in Indonesia. Empirical findings on violent youth groups in the two selected provinces are presented within a multi-factor analytical framework, where the need for income and identity strengthening, political élite interests, and the lack of law enforcement contribute to explaining criminal and vigilante violence. Interviews with leaders and members of movements engaged in violent actions offer insights into a problem that threatens national security and control.


Data dependence analysis is a fundamental step in an optimizing compiler. The results of the analysis enable the compiler to identify code fragments that can be executed in parallel. A number of data dependence tests have been proposed in the literature. In each test there are different tradeoffs between accuracy and efficiency. In this paper we present an experimental evaluation of several data dependence tests, including the Banerjee test, the I-Test and the Omega test. We compare these tests in terms of accuracy and efficiency. We run various experiments using the Perfect Club Benchmarks and the scientific libraries Eispack, Linpack and Lapack. Several observations and conclusions are derived from the experimental results, which are displayed and analyzed in this paper.


Requirement specifications written in natural language might cause miscommunication among developers depending on how they are understood. Without removing any ambiguities, we cannot construct systems satisfying the need for software safety. Removing ambiguities should be performed in early steps during the development. In this paper, Requirement Analysis Support Tool (RAST) will be introduced. RAST system analyzes requirement specifications based on linguistic information. By using RAST system, we can expect that requirement engineers can communicate with each other in common notations, and use logical expressions rather than using requirement specifications written in natural language.


Sulfur monoxide (SO) is a highly reactive species that cannot be isolated in bulk. However, SO can play a pivotal role as a fundamental building block in organic synthesis. Reported herein is the design and application of a sulfinylhydrazine reagent as an easily prepared sulfur monoxide surrogate. We show facile thermal SO transfer from this reagent to dienes where a reaction using a mechanistic probe suggests the generation of singlet SO. Combined with Grignard reagents and appropriate carbon or nitrogen electrophiles, the reagent serves as an effective "SO" donor to enable the one-pot, three-component synthesis of sulfoxides and sulfinamides.


The objective of this study was to examine the nonlinear, three-dimensional behavior of a fiber-reinforced polymer. The material that was considered for this study was the carbon fiber composite, AS4/PEEK, graphite fibersin a semi-crystalline thermoplastic matrix. Arcan specimens were chosen for this study because the specimens are compact and biaxial stress states can be easily obtained. Strains were measured using geometric moire, and specimens were subjected to shear and biaxial loading up to failure. The nonlinear behavior was examined in both the longitudinal and transverse planes of the composite. The effects of shear on the axial stress-strain behavior were obtained, as well as the effects of axial stress on the shear stress-strain behavior. A one-parameter plasticity model was used to characterize the obtained nonlinear stress-strain curves. The original model was unable to characterize the nonlinear behavior. The effect of two-dimensional mean stress on the shear yield surface was then added to the model and a significant improvement was achieved. The work potential model with only one internal state variable was also used for characterizing the nonlinear behavior. It could not predict the observed difference of the nonlinear behavior of the composite under shear plus tension and shear plus compression.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fatigue on motor performance and learning of a gross motor task. Thirty-two college men (20.1 ± 1.9 years) practiced a task involving repetitive displacement of body weight over a four-week period. The task required hopping on one or both feet to a sequence of 32 footprints painted on a patterned board. Correct placement of the feet on the footprints was the response score used to assess performance and learning. Subjects were randomly assigned either to a group (F-P) that was fatigued before practice or to a control group (C). Fatigue levels were leg strength decrements of 20 percent or 40 percent of maximum strength. A maximum number of repetitions was performed with loads of 80 percent or 60 percent of maximum strength to achieve, respectively, a 20 percent or 40 percent strength decrement on the last repetition. Subjects in Group C were divided into two subgroups (n = 8), with one experiencing fatigue (30 percent strength decrement) immediately after practice. Comparisons between the two subgroups after four weeks disclosed significant differences (p < 0.05) in leg strength favoring the fatigued subgroup but no difference in performance or learning. Leg strength was not considered a learning variable. No significant differences were found in performance or learning between subjects in Group F-P who were fatigued to 20 percent or 40 percent strength decrement. Subgroup comparisons in Group C verifying that strength was not a learning variable and in Group F-P that 20 percent and 40 percent strength decrements did not have differential effects supported the use of a 2 by 5 ANOVA to analyze test scores recorded under nonfatigued trials. Significant differences were found between Groups F-P (mean = 8.90) and C (mean = 10.95) (p < 0.05), and among the five testing sessions in performance and learning. Fatigue was considered a performance and learning variable.


Three fluoro-barbiturates were synthesised, showing in vivo sedative efficacy. One of them, [(18)F], was synthesised in radiofluorinated form. PET/CT Imaging with [(18)F] identified β-amyloid over-expressing transgenic mice (βA mice) compared to wild type and tau lines. The fluorescent barbiturate 9 was able to label βA plaques in brain sections of βA mice, and co-localise with a fluorescent Zn(II) indicator.


A representative but irrelevant conditional is an if-then statement that implies, but does not logically establish, a link between evidence and a product claim. For example, in the argument "If kids are cramped, then they will start fighting. Model X has plenty of room. What's left to fight about?" the product claim (i.e., no fighting) does not follow from the conditional, which states what happens when there is a lack of space, but logically establishes nothing about what happens when there is plenty of space in a car. In a lab experiment, subjects exposed to an actual 30-second TV ad based their acceptance of the claim more on an irrelevant but representative conditional than on a conditional that logically linked the evidence to the claim. Disciplines Business Publication Details Areni, C. S. (2010). Representative but irrelevant arguments in advertising. Proceeding of the ANZMAC 2010 Conference (pp. 1-7). New Zealand: University of Canterbury. This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/gsbpapers/492


This article analyses one of the 'worst movies ever made', Robot Monster (Tucker 1953), demonstrating how the text, through weirdness, pulpy absurdity and cinematic ineptitude, examines and mediates on the existential anxieties of modern America during the Cold War.
 Through the strange language of gorilla-robots and alien invasion, the text articulates those existential anxieties that arise from our awareness of freedom vs. the need to be contingent under increasingly interconnected societal conditions. As such, Robot Monster is also posited as
 a contribution to contemporary intellectual currents of the 1950s. This article will investigate the sense in which the key aspects of the film: Ro-Man society as mass society; Ro-Man as conflicted between 'must' and 'cannot'; Ro-Man as a gorilla-robot; the perspective
 of Johnny's dream, articulate and mediate on those anxieties. An examination of Robot Monster allows us to appreciate the ways in which 'bad' cinema creates alternative ways of seeing the problems and existential anxieties of contemporary American modernity.


For pt.1 see ibid., vol.43, no.4, p.28-43 (2001). An integrated maritime surveillance (IMS) system, based on high-frequency surface wave radars (HFSWR), for monitoring surface and low-level air activity within the 200 nautical mile (nm) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is described in this two-part paper. The science behind the long-range performance of HFSWR was presented in Part 1(Sevgi et al. 2001). The system described was installed on Canada's east coast, where it is being used to demonstrate continuous, all-weather surveillance of the EEZ to beyond 200 nm. The system consists of two land-based HFSWRs and an operations control center (OCC). The two unmanned radars provide coverage of the Grand Banks region of Newfoundland, renowned for its offshore resources, particularly fish and oil. The system has been designed to assist authorities to more efficiently monitor such illegal activities as drug trafficking, smuggling, piracy, illicit fishing and illegal immigration. In addition, the system may be used for tracking icebergs, environmental protection, search and rescue, resource protection, sovereignty monitoring, and remote sensing of ocean surface currents and winds. Extensive performance testing of the system has been conducted using the two fully functional radars. It is shown that the HFSWR system complements existing surveillance assets to dramatically increase the effectiveness of air and surface reconnaissance missions by vectoring them directly to targets of interest.


With a simple operation, and provides a record of the portable terminal apparatus and an information reading program and a program that can accurately read a code recording medium. LCD that displays the camera-equipped mobile phone 10, the camera 12 and light 13 in the small that light emitted by the on / off button 21 is operated when the bar code reader for inputting image information to the destination, information and a display unit 15, the control section 31 including a CPU for controlling the entire apparatus. The controller 31 switches the photography procedure depending on the subject, such as natural images or bar codes. The controller 31 when the switching to bar code photography mode, the reading of the barcode. As a result, the portable terminal apparatus based on the notice of the recognized result to a user and recognizes the information and executes the predetermined processing. Mobile phones, liquid crystal panel, a camera, a bar code


In this study, Trichoderma harzianum EGE-K38 was used for micropropagule production in solid-state fermentation. Various inexpensive agricultural co-products including wheat bran, sawdust, rice straw, hazelnut shell, grape marc, and cotton seed cake were tested as natural substrates, and zeolite was tested as an inert support for micropropagule production. Several parameters were determined to obtain maximum micropropagule production: the effects of various nitrogen sources, initial moisture content, initial pH, incubation temperature, and incubation time. Maximum micropropagule count achieved was (1.30 ± 0.68) × 1010 cfu/g dry substrate with a wheat bran-malt sprout mixture (3:2), at 28 °C, an initial moisture content of 70% (w/w), and an initial pH of 5.8 ± 0.3 after 4 days of cultivation. In zeolite-based medium, a maximum micropropagule count of (5.12 ± 0.61) × 108 cfu/g dry inert support was achieved. Optimized parameters were used in a higher scale where micropropagules were produced in trays using a wheat bran-malt sprout medium and harvested to determine the drying conditions in both lyophilization and oven-drying. It was found that up to 97% of micropropagules retained their viability with glycerol as a protectant after 1 day of oven-drying at 40 °C.


In the early to mid-2000s, at the height of 'Web 2.0', blogs represented many potential ideals: the ability for anyone to publish what they wanted; the possibility of an audience of millions; the ability to break news and change politics. But these ideals are just a small part of what blogging was, and what it continues to be. This chapter examines the evolution of blogging as practice, genre, and influence, as key elements that defined the 'web log' as such have become adopted and standardized in contexts that otherwise might not be considered 'blogs'. From personal reflections on LiveJournal to international communities of mp3 bloggers, citizen journalism from around the world and news websites live-blogging developments as they happen, blogging took, and continues to take, many forms. This chapter provides an overview of this diversity and the changes of forms and perceptions around blogging, including in response to the popularity of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr.


Since the cultural and social turn, translation studies has been interested in the role translation practices play in the construction of the socio-cultural world. In particular, it has been concerned with the effects translation practices have on the formation of all kinds of groups, communities or identities: national cultures, genders, social/political movements, and linguistic minorities, for example, have been examined in different ways as to their translational constructedness. In this introductory article, the authors propose to bring these various research endeavours together under one conceptual umbrella by adopting the notion of 'collectivities.' The notion serves as a cover term encompassing different shapes, durations, and sizes of collectivities and as a heuristic device within a coherent framework. The analytical value of such a framework, it is argued, consists in integrating existing and future research by relating individual approaches to each other and comparing them.


Background
Human LECs can express telomerase activity, which participates in the formation of cataract.It is reported that estrogen can increase the expression of telomerase activity in human endometrial cancer and breast cancer cells and play an important role in promoting proliferation and anti-apoptosis, but whether estrogen exerts its role on human LECs is still unclear.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate whether β-estradiol (β-E2) can increase the telomerase activity of human LECs and the influence of β-E2 on proliferation and apoptosis of human LECs.

Method
Human LECs line was cultured and passaged in vitro, and 1×10-6 mol/L β-E2 was added in the medium for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and reverse transcription PCR was used to determine the optimal time of the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in the cells.Cultured cells were divided into five groups.The cells in the blank contol group were cultured in the routin medium.Ethanol of 0.1% was added in the solvent control group, and 1×10-8, 1×10-7 or 1×10-6 mol/L β-E2 was added in the medium in different contents of β-E2 groups, respectively.The relative expression level of hTERT mRNA in different groups was detected by reverse transcription PCR.Telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)-ELISA was employed to determine the telomerase activity.The proliferative value of the cells was assayed by cell counting kit-8, and the apoptosis rate of the cells was examined by Hoechst33258 staining.

Results
The optimal time of β-E2 to rise the expression of hTERT mRNA (absorbance) was at 24 hours under the 1×10-6 mol/L.The relative expression levels of hTERT mRNA in the cells were 0.477±0.015, 0.712±0.013 and 0.914±0.031 in the 1×10-8, 1×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L β-E2 group, which were signifincatly higher than 0.428±0.010 in the blank control group and 0.426±0.010 in the solvent control group(all at P<0.05). The telomerase activity values (absorbance) were 0.711±0.015, 0.941±0.010 and 1.249±0.047 in the 1×10-8, 1×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L β-E2 group, which were higher than 0.535±0.013 in the blank control group and 0.543±0.013 in the solvent control group (all at P=0.000). The proliferantive values of the cells (absorbance) were significantly raised in the 1×10-8 mol/L β-E2 group compared with 1×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L β-E2 group (both at P=0.000), and no significnant difference was found in the proliferetive values between the blank control group and the solvent control group (P=0.718, 0.856). The apoptosis rates of the cells in the 1×10-8, 1×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L β-E2 group were lower than those in the the blank control group and the solvent control group (all at P=0.000), and there was no significant difference between the blank control group and the solvent control group (P=0.777). No obvious correlation was found between the HLECs preliferative values and hTERT mRNA expression levels or telomerase activity values (r=-0.299, P=0.278; r=-0.157, P=0.576). However, significantly negative correlations were seen between apoptosis rates and hTERT mRNA expression levels or telomerase activity values (r=-0.975, P=0.000; r=-0.981, P=0.000).

Conclusions
β-E2 can increase the activity of telomerase in human LECs, and high dose of β-E2 can inhibit apoptosis, but it dose not promote proliferation.

Key words:
Epithelial cells, lens; Estradiol; Telomerase; Cataract, age-related; Apoptosis; Proliferation; Cell, cultured; Cell line


The research target for DNA hybridization through microfluidics is to achieve a fast and very sensitive hybridization reaction by investigating the effect of different pertinent parameters using computational method. The mathematical model that we developed couples mass transport of DNA from the bulk of the solution with the surface reaction kinetics for the heterogeneous DNA Hybridization reaction in a micro fluidic channel. A two-dimensional analysis of the classical mass transport equation under laminar flow conditions combined with an overall second order rate constant for the surface hybridization reaction elucidates the effect of changing the fluid flow rates, bulk concentration and channel heights on the DNA hybridization efficiency. The model enables the DNA researcher to optimize his DNA assays for speed and lower limit of detection.


Re-engineering of electronic circuits has received considerable interest in the design automation community. Re-engineering is the examination and alternation of a system to reconstitute it in a new form, which potentially involves changes at the requirements, design, and implementation level. This paper deals with "redesign" problem in which the original implementation information is either missing or incomplete. Given a target circuit with a test set and blocks of missing gates, a circuit is redesignable if the transfer function of each block of missing gates can be derived from the partial knowledge in existing implementation. The derived transfer functions are then used to construct the missing blocks. This paper presents a redesign process for digital circuits and systems.


There has been a tremendous methodological development of Bayes factors for hypothesis testing in the social and behavioral sciences, and related fields. This development is due to the flexibility of the Bayes factor for testing multiple hypotheses simultaneously, the ability to test complex hypotheses involving equality as well as order constraints on the parameters of interest, and the interpretability of the outcome as the weight of evidence provided by the data in support of competing scientific theories. The available software tools for Bayesian hypothesis testing are still limited however. In this paper we present a new R-package called BFpack that contains functions for Bayes factor hypothesis testing for the many common testing problems. The software includes novel tools (i) for Bayesian exploratory testing (null vs positive vs negative effects), (ii) for Bayesian confirmatory testing (competing hypotheses with equality and/or order constraints), (iii) for common statistical analyses, such as linear regression, generalized linear models, (multivariate) analysis of (co)variance, correlation analysis, and random intercept models, (iv) using default priors, and (v) while allowing data to contain missing observations that are missing at random.


Tuberculosis is still of top priority in health care of the not numerous peoples of the Extreme North and will preserve its importance as a prevalent infection for the nearest ten years. All aborigines must be included in high-risk groups of tuberculosis and the system of its control should be based on a state status, which supposes the immediate solution of socio-economic and medico-biological problems. It is advisable to organize the interdepartmental committee for tuberculosis at the Association of northern peoples and envisage additional assignments, including foreign currency, to be spent on research work, fluorographic++ technology, diagnostic means and equipment and medicaments. Under conditions of a new economic mechanism and market economy assignments aimed at anti-tuberculosis aid should include donations brought by the leading industrial branches; separate enterprises and state structures.


Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved stress response mechanism that often occurs in apoptosis-defective cancer cells and can protect against cell death. In this study, we investigated how apoptosis and autophagy affect each other in cancer cells in response to chemotherapeutic treatment. We found that specific ablation of the proapoptotic function of cytochrome c, a key regulator of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, enhanced autophagy following chemotherapeutic treatment. Induction of autophagy required Beclin 1 and was associated with blockage of Beclin 1 cleavage by caspase 8 at two sites. To investigate the role of Beclin 1 cleavage in the suppression of autophagy and cell survival, a caspase-resistant mutant of Beclin 1 was knocked into HCT116 colon cancer cells. Beclin 1 mutant knockin resulted in markedly increased autophagy and improved long-term cell survival after chemotherapeutic treatment but without affecting apoptosis and caspase activation. Furthermore, Beclin 1 mutant tumors were significantly less responsive to chemotherapeutic treatment than were wild-type tumors. These results show that chemotherapy-induced apoptosis inhibits autophagy at the execution stage subsequent to cytochrome c release through caspase 8-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1. If apoptosis fails to execute, autophagy is unleashed due to lack of Beclin 1 cleavage by caspases and can contribute to cancer cell survival and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, Beclin 1 may be a useful target for inhibiting autophagy to sensitize chemotherapy.


Perspective on the paper by Patton and Hey (see page 263)

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of death in infancy in term babies. It accounts for 3% of all infant deaths and 46% of all deaths from congenital malformations.1 Those surviving beyond infancy have a 96% chance of reaching 16 years.2 It is for these reasons that screening for CHD is essential. Routine antenatal screening for congenital heart defects is performed as part of the general anomaly scan at 18–20 weeks gestation. At present, this identifies on average about 25% of affected fetuses. Because of this low yield, routine clinical examination of all newborn babies remains necessary with the expectation that those with heart defects will be picked up.

The vast majority of these early deaths, particularly those occurring in the first two weeks of life, are due to a handful of lesions. They are the so called duct dependent lesions, namely coarctation of the aorta, critical aortic stenosis, interrupted aortic arch, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary atresia, and critical pulmonary stenosis. To these must be added obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. These lesions, although individually rare, form the bulk of the life threatening heart conditions in the newborn period. The aim of any screening examination should therefore be to identify them.

To date, the reported results of such examinations have been uniformly poor from various studies. In one study, routine neonatal examination failed to detect more than half of babies with heart defects of all types.3 In …


Some key techniques and realizations of Virtual Endoscopy are systematically investigated in this thesis. It consists of the reading of CT data, the pre-processing of medical images, the techniques of segment tissues, 3D Reconstruction and the techniques of path planning. Great stress is laid on 3D Reconstruction and the techniques of path planning in this thesis. The primary work of studies is as follows: First of all, Study the loading of the chest CT data and the pre-process of filtering and interpolation. Secondly, the semi-automatic thresholding algorithm based on thresholding segmentation is proposed. The CT images are segmented using the methods. In addition, Marching Cubes algorithms is improved in the process of VE rendering algorithm to improve the efficiency of rendering. Finally, based on the technique of distance transform method, this thesis puts forward a distance transform method on the basis of maximum-cost spanning tree, which is able to create central path quickly and to solve some branch questions.


Ma'mar Bin Rashid (714 CE) was born in Basra. Ma'mar was belonged to wing of powerful Arab clan Azd. That wing name Hādān was comprised over people who were once slaved. Azd clan had a strong hold on Ma'mar birthplace, Basra and adjacent area like Oman. Like other scholars of that age Ma'mar was also a Persian descendent. Basra was not a Persian city indeed but built as a miltiray camp for Arab Army over the ruin of some dwellings. Beside the river bank and beneath the stones of Basra the ruin of wahshat Abad UrdShair was laying. Book Al-Magazi written by Ma'mar bin Rashid on life of Prophet Muhammad pbuh is considered a highly notable work of that era. This literary work got importance from many dimensions. This work achieved high value as oldest, fine and classical piece of work on Prophet Muhammad pbuh life. It dates back to second century after Hijra. It also reflects the culture and civilization of that era. It is recorded in Arabic language. This book is not only useful for scholars but for common   people too. This book contains sufficient material about the history of Prophet Muhammad PBUH companions. So as a primary source it is inevitable to explore which types of efforts were made by early Muslims to record and repress-ent Prophet Muhammad PBUH life. Introduction and analysis of Ma'mar work will be done in following lines.


Abstract We investigated the occurrence of nonnative invasive plants on approximately 175 ha comprising a long-term, 60-year-old U.S. Forest Service silvicultural experiment and old-field stands in the Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF) in central Maine. Stands in the silvicultural experiment were never cleared for agriculture, but have been repeatedly partially cut. Our objectives were to determine the extent of nonnative invasive plant populations in the PEF, and to relate invasive plant abundance and distribution to management history and environmental factors (overstory composition and basal area, canopy openness, and soil characteristics). We found ten invasive plant species in the study area. Very few occurrences of these were in the silvicultural experiment; where present, invasive plants there appear to be associated with proximity to seed source, and a greater degree of recreational or silvicultural disturbance. Ordination showed that the environmental variables which were associated with invasive species in the old fields were not associated with the presence of invasives in the silvicultural treatments. In the old-field stands, invasive plant cover was positively related to exposed mineral soil and negatively related to organic horizon thickness; invasive plant richness was negatively related to hardwood litter cover. Frangula alnus was the most frequent invasive plant species in both the old-field stands and silvicultural experiment; its distribution was not correlated with observed environmental variables. Control measures are recommended to prevent further encroachment of invasive plants into the silvicultural experiment.


We investigated and compared the learning environment perceptions of students, teachers and guides who participated in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)-based outreach activities in secondary education. In outreach activities, schools and teachers work together with companies and other external institutions in learning activities in order to motivate students for the STEM domain. In this study, we identified characteristics of outreach activities that explain variance in perceptions of students. Data were gathered from 729 high-school students as well as 35 teachers and guides in 12 activities both in the US and the Netherlands. A questionnaire was used to asses outreach activities based on subscales from validated questionnaires such as the What Is Happening In this Classroom, Constructivist Learning Environments Survey, Classroom Environment Scale and the Learning Climate Questionnaire. Teachers' perceptions were more positive than students' perceptions for most scales, while guides perceived the outreach learning environment in almost the same way as students. Student perceptions were very positive for outreach activities. Outreach activity characteristics such as teaching method and emphasis were found to be the most important factors in explaining variance in students' perceptions between activities. Long-term problem-based activities and the perspective of new views of science and scientists were perceived as providing the most positive learning environments. Additionally, outreach learning environments can create opportunities to increase students' motivation in STEM.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify antecedents and consequences of customers' value co-creation behaviour (VCB). VCB as a means to facilitate value realisation processes is gaining importance in service research and practice. Encouraging such enactments can be challenging, but can also offer competitive advantages.

Design/methodology/approach

We empirically investigate a conceptual model by converging three contemporary concepts of co-creation research – embeddedness, VCB and value-in-context – and examining the interdependencies between them. Data were collected in an online forum of a leading international weight-management firm.

Findings

Results suggest that customers' embeddedness is a key antecedent of customers' VCB in a service system. The three embeddedness dimensions – structural, relational and cultural – have a differential impact on customers' VCB. Furthermore, findings illustrate that customers' VCB has a significant impact on their object-oriented, self-oriented and brand-oriented social value-in-context outcomes.

Research limitations/implications

This study contributes by empirically investigating and validating antecedents and consequences of VCB in a service system. In doing so, the study highlights the significance of the nature of customer's social constellations to develop contexts where value outcomes are actualised. Understanding the factors that shape VCB offers insights for firms to recognise how and where value propositions can be deployed that drives on-going co-creation processes.

Originality/value

This study is the first empirical research to offer insights into important pre-conditions and subsequent outcomes concurrently to illustrate how customers' VCB can be managed and nurtured for sustainable value co-creation processes within service systems. This research further advances mid-range theorizing and microfoundational perspectives in marketing.


Functional imaging identifies areas of abnormal bone turnover, providing a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteomyelitis and bone tumors. The low resolution and lack of anatomical detail limit the application of bone scans in craniofacial surgery, however. Multimodality image registration addresses this problem by fusing functional images (single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) to high-resolution structural images (computed tomography [CT]) for precise anatomical delineation of bone activity. This article describes a technique for spatial registration of CT and SPECT images to provide precise anatomical delineation of abnormal bone turnover, thereby guiding the extent of resection in the management of craniofacial osteomyelitis. Standard CT and SPECT imaging protocols were used in imaging the skull from the vertex to the mentum. Image data were imported into Analyze (Biomedical Imaging Resource; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN) on a dedicated Windows NT (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) workstation. Using the CT data, the craniofacial skeleton, osteotomy segments, and bone grafts were interactively mapped out. Consecutive axial slices were then reconstructed to form a three-dimensional volume of interest. The CT-derived volume of interest was registered to the technetium Tc 99m–methylene diphosphonate SPECT scan using the Analyze program to provide a fused multimodality image. The imaging technique was used to localize osteomyelitis in a complex craniofacial reconstruction. The fused images guided the extent of resection during surgery, and postoperative microbiological and histological testing confirmed the diagnosis. Multimodality image registration provides a readily available method to relate facial skeletal anatomy and physiology. This technique is valuable in planning and monitoring therapeutic interventions in clinical conditions in which bone turnover is abnormal.


Aim: Successful treatment of aggressive periodontitis is considered to be dependent on early diagnosis, targeted antimicrobial therapy and modifying the tissue architecture that is conducive to long-term maintenance. Osseous defects present a challenge in periodontal practice and successful treatment depends primarily on selection of the correct technique and materials. Case Series: This case series presents three cases treated with different techniques and with same materials. The defect was filled up with a equine based bone graft substitute Collagen granules Bio-Gen (Bioteck®, Italy) and covered with a restorable pericardial derived equine based Biocollagen GTR membrane (Bioteck® Italy). Treatment for the endo-perio lesion is also managed where required. The results in all four cases discussed here are satisfactory and have shown long-term stability emphasizing the importance of selection of technique and material. Conclusion: There are different techniques and a variety of newer materials available for elimination of osseous defects. The key to successful management of such defects is correct diagnosis, early intervention and proper selection of technique and materials. Use of equine based xenograft with pericardial originated GTR bioresorbable membrane showed significant improved outcomes in treating aggressive periodontitis.


The evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during warm-air advection over sea ice in the Fram Strait is investigated. A hierarchy of numerical models is applied and the results are validated against aircraft observations. Operational HIRLAM (HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model) runs suffered from inaccurate information on the location of the sea ice edge. When this was improved, together with improving the horizontal resolution, the HIRLAM results became much better. Two-dimensional model runs with inflow boundary conditions prescribed according to the aircraft observations demonstrated that the contribution of thin ice (re-frozen leads) is important. The modelled turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat showed a large vertical divergence from the surface to the height of the aircraft observations. Above a 4-km-wide open lead, the modelled heat fluxes at the observation height of 24 m agreed reasonably well with the observations but were on average only 6% (sensible heat) and 13% (latent heat) of the modelled surface values. Model experiments showed that in this case relatively high values for the roughness length z0 over sea ice yielded better agreement with the observed wind speed than values commonly used in numerical models.


This paper describes a visual surveillance system for remote monitoring of unattended outdoor environments. The system, which works in real time, is able to detect, localize, track, and classify multiple objects moving in a surveilled area. The object classification task is based on a statistical morphological operator, the statistical pecstrum (called specstrum), which is invariant to translations, rotations, and scale variations, and it is robust to noise. Classification is performed by matching the specstrum extracted from each detected object with the specstra extracted from multiple views of different real object models contained in a large database. Outdoor images are used to test the system in real functioning conditions. Performances about good classification percentage, false and missed alarms, viewpoint invariance, noise robustness, and processing time are evaluated.


Document classification usually requieres of structural features such as the physical layout to obtain good accuracy rates on complex documents. This paper introduces a descriptor of the layout and a distance measure based on the cyclic Dynamic Time Warping which can be computed in $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$. This descriptor is translation invariant and can be easily modified to be scale and rotation invariant. Experiments with this descriptor and its rotation invariant modification are performed on the Girona Archives database and compared against another common layout distance, the Minimum Weight Edge Cover. The experiments show that these methods outperform the MWEC both in accuracy and speed, particularly on rotated documents.


With the continued advances in wireless communications, geo-positioning, and consumer electronics, an infrastructure is emerging that enables location-based services that rely on the tracking of the continuously changing positions of entire populations of service users, termed moving objects. This scenario is characterized by large volumes of updates, for which reason location update technologies become important. A setting is assumed in which a central database stores a representation of each moving object's current position. This position is to be maintained so that it deviates from the user's real position by at most a given threshold. To do so, each moving object stores locally the central representation of its position. Then, an object updates the database whenever the deviation between its actual position (as obtained from a GPS device) and the database position exceeds the threshold. The main issue considered is how to represent the location of a moving object in a database so that tracking can be done with as few updates as possible. The paper proposes to use the road network within which the objects are assumed to move for predicting their future positions. The paper presents algorithms that modify an initial road-network representation, so that it works better as a basis for predicting an object's position; it proposes to use known movement patterns of the object, in the form of routes; and, it proposes to use acceleration profiles together with the routes. Using real GPS-data and a corresponding real road network, the paper offers empirical evaluations and comparisons that include three existing approaches and all the proposed approaches.


The paper is focused on the question when Constitutional Court's of the Republic of Lithuania precedents have to be followed and when they should be departed from. The answer is sought in the Court's explicitly provided principles of the doctrine of precedent and cases where the Court refused to follow its precedential rules. Among these cases, most are the Court's rulings which dealt with the issue of precedent's applicability under very similar circumstances. In the majority of them the Court found that precedential rule in the later case had to be departed from. These cases contain several indicators which help to foresee whether the Court will follow precedential rules which it has established in its rulings: that some reasons from the previous decision cannot be used in the later case, while maintaining consistency of entire reasoning; requirements of the rule in the later case are not ignored fully, but are implemented at least to some extent. Also in dealing with the question of precedent's applicability, it is important to bear in mind, that the Court follows its position on individual cases and position on more common aspects – with regard to that and precedent's role in the evaluation of the later case, standard of precedent's applicability may vary. The research leads to a conclusion that in some cases literal application of court's explicitly formulated reasons would be inconsistent with the court's doctrine of precedent.


The product of the envelope gene (gp55) of Friend spleen focus-forming virus is responsible for the acute form of erythroleukaemia caused by this virus. In order to investigate the role that the four known N-linked carbohydrate side-chains of gp55 play in pathogenesis, we have inactivated the four N-glycosylation signals by mutating the asparagine residues of these four sites into serine. When glycosylation sites 1 and/or 2 were altered, the viruses remained fully pathogenic. However, mutation at either of glycosylation sites 3 or 4 rendered the virus apathogenic, independent of mutations at other sites. Furthermore, when site 3 was changed, a new product appeared which seemed to have acquired a carbohydrate chain at a position normally not glycosylated, presumably at position Asn378.


This paper concerns with heterogeneous modeling of deep-bed grain dryers based on two-phase model by taking into account coupled heat and mass transfer within grains. This model also consider axial mass and heat dispersion in the fluid phase. The dynamic two-phase equations are solved numerically by finite difference with alternating direction implicit method algorithm, and then applied to simulate humidity and temperature profile of drying gas across dryers together with moisture content and temperature of grains. The capabilities of these models were compared with experimental data obtained from available literatures, under drying conditions such as temperature and absolute humidity of drying gas and moisture content of grains. The simulation results show that the dynamic of corn drying within the bed is well predicted by the two-phase model.


Introduction Sometimes a clinical 'hunch' prompts urgent management in order to prevent life-threatening complications; illustrated by this case of herpes simplex viral (HSV) encephalitis which presented with an atypical rash, visual and tactile hallucinations. Case History An 18-year-old man presented with a rash following unprotected sexual intercourse. On examination, he was pyrexial and had a florid erythematous, pustular rash on his face, trunk, arms and genitalia (see poster images). Three days following admission he became disorientated, emotionally labile and developed hallucinations of small animals and a sensation of rain drops on his shoulders. Investigations Vesicle swab PCR was positive for HSV 1. A CT scan of head was normal and CSF analysis demonstrated a normal opening pressure, 4 white cells, glucose 4.1mmol/L (serum glucose 6.4mmol/L) and an elevated protein, 0.6 g/L. CSF viral PCR for HSV 1 was positive. Conclusions HSV encephalitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in untreated cases or when there is diagnostic delay. This rare case secondary to eczema herpeticum, coupled with the known poor clinical outcomes illustrates the need for a high level of clinical suspicion and the timely role of a diagnostic hunch.


Accumulating evidence that microRNA (miRNA) genes are involved in different processes associated with gastric carcinogenesis. The polymorphisms located on miRNA sequences may affect the interaction with their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and, consequently, genetic susceptibility to disease. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of miR-149 rs2292832 C>T polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility in Romanian patients. A total of 142 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and 288 healthy controls were included in this study. The miR-149 rs2292832 allelic variants were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific TaqMan predesigned probes. The association between polymorphism and gastric cancer risk was estimated by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The miR-149 rs2292832 C>T was not associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer, when TT genotype was compared with the more frequent AA genotype (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.55–1.77, p=0.96) or when we used dominant and recessive models. Also, we compared allele frequencies and no correlation was found (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.68–1.24, p=0.57). The sub-classification of gastric cancer into non-cardia and cardia or intestinal and diffuse type did not reveal any statistically significant difference for investigated polymorphism.


In this paper, the direct reduction of iron ore pellets was carried out by simulating the typical gas composition in coal gasification process, Midrex and Hyl Ⅲ process, the influence of gas composition and temperature on reduction was studied. Results show that the proportion of H2 increasing is helpful to improve the reduction rate, while when H2/CO>1.6, changes of H2 content will have very little influence on it. Appropriate reduction temperature is about 950°C, higher temperature(1000°C) may unfavorably slowed the reduction rate. From the kinetics analysis at 950°C and 1000°C, when H2/CO=0.4 the prophase of reduction course (~90%) is likely controlled by interfacial chemical reaction mechanism and in the later controlled by gaseous diffusion mechanisms. However, when H2/CO>0.4 the whole reduction course is likely controlled by interfacial chemical reaction mechanism. The reaction rate constant (k) and effective diffusion coefficient (De) at 950°C are both better than those at 1000°C. Research also shows that the coal-water slurry gasification based on Texaco furnace is more suitable for iron ore direct reduction than other coal gasification processes.


Over the course of a thousand years, from 600 to 1600 CE, the Java Sea was dominated by a ring of maritime kingdoms whose rulers engaged in long-distance raiding, trading, and marriage alliances with one another. And the Sun Pursued the Moon explores the economic, political, and symbolic processes by which early Makassar communities were incorporated into this regional system. As successive empires like Srivijaya, Kediri, Majapahit, and Melaka gained hegemony over the region, they introduced different models of kingship in peripheral areas like the Makassar coast of South Sulawesi. As each successive model of royal power gained currency, it became embedded in local myth and ritual. By the time the kings of South Sulawesi converted to Islam at the beginning of the seventeenth century, at least six such models were present in the area. Islam introduced a whole new set of competing religious and political models, adding to the symbolic complexity of the area. To better understand the relationship between symbolic knowledge and traditional royal authority in Makassar society, Thomas Gibson draws on a wide range of sources and academic disciplines. He shows how myth and ritual link practical forms of knowledge (boat-building, navigation, agriculture, warfare) to basic social categories such as gender and hereditary rank, as well as to environmental, celestial, and cosmological phenomena. He also shows how concrete historical agents have used this symbolic infrastructure to advance their own political and ideological purposes. Gibson concludes by situating this material in relation to Islam and to life-cycle rituals.


We describe 2 Dutch patients with recurrent fever attacks undiagnosed for more than 40 years. The diagnosis of periodic fever was made when molecular analysis revealed novel mutations in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene (TNFRSF1A), establishing the diagnosis of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome. This syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by recurring episodes of fever, arthralgia, and skin lesions that is caused by mutations in the 55-kd TNFRSF1A gene. This finding has facilitated treatment for TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome because blocking of TNF signaling seems to alleviate the symptoms. Use of a short course of recombinant p75TNFR:Fc fusion protein (etanercept) induced prolonged remission in one patient.


In this work, the fabrication of Rochelle salt based piezoelectric textiles are shown. Structures composed of fibers and Rochelle salt are easily produced using green processes. Both manufacturing and the material itself are really efficient in terms of environmental impact, considering the fabrication processes and the material resources involved. Additionally Rochelle salt is biocompatible. In this green paradigm, active sensing or actuating textiles are developed. Thus processing method and piezoelectric properties have been studied: (1) pure crystals are used as acoustic actuator, (2) fabrication of the textile-based composite is detailed, (3) converse effective d33 is evaluated and compared to lead zirconate titanate ceramic. The utility of textile-based piezoelectric merits its use in a wide array of applications.


According to the crane dynamics theory, the dynamical model of a bridge crane's three main mechanisms is established and the dynamical load is determined under different work conditions in the paper. The three-dimensional solid model of the bridge crane is built by Pro/E, and then which is imported in ADAMS through the interface module of Mech/Pro. The virtual prototype model of the bridge crane is formed in ADAMS when relevant constraints and loads are applied. Based on the model, the bridge crane's kinematics and dynamics performances are simulated and analyzed, and which shows that the simulation results can provide valuable guidances for design of the bridge crane.


Biofilms are organized bacterial communities embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix attached to living or abiotic surfaces. The development of biofilms is currently recognized as one of the most relevant drivers of persistent infections. Among them, chronic respiratory infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients is probably the most intensively studied. The lack of correlation between conventional susceptibility test results and therapeutic success in chronic infections is probably a consequence of the use of planktonically growing instead of biofilm-growing bacteria. Therefore, several in vitro models to evaluate antimicrobial activity on biofilms have been implemented over the last decade. Microtitre plate-based assays, the Calgary device, substratum suspending reactors and the flow cell system are some of the most used in vitro biofilm models for susceptibility studies. Likewise, new pharmacodynamic parameters, including minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration, minimal biofilm-eradication concentration, biofilm bactericidal concentration, and biofilm-prevention concentration, have been defined in recent years to quantify antibiotic activity in biofilms. Using these parameters, several studies have shown very significant quantitative and qualitative differences for the effects of most antibiotics when acting on planktonic or biofilm bacteria. Nevertheless, standardization of the procedures, parameters and breakpoints, by official agencies, is needed before they are implemented in clinical microbiology laboratories for routine susceptibility testing. Research efforts should also be directed to obtaining a deeper understanding of biofilm resistance mechanisms, the evaluation of optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models for biofilm growth, and correlation with clinical outcome.


I ought perhaps to add one further observation about the litigation of such claims. In a recent case the claim was brought against the surgeon and the sister who had been responsible for the counting of the swabs. I suppose that this was done on the basis that the combined duties of the two of them together covered the whole field of activity, within which any negligence connected with the non-extraction of the swab must have occurred. A similar joinder of defendants would be likely to be made in any similar case. If more than two persons may be involved in the negligence, more than two may be brought in as defendants. This is, after all, a natural procedure, if it is certain or almost certain that, assuming negligence to have occurred, one or more of (say) three persons are guilty of the negligence, but it is still uncertain to which the blame is to be attributed, and only the investigation of the facts at the trial will settle the matter. The plaintiff will have good reason for being cautious about joining as defendants persons against whom he is not likely to succeed, inasmuch as he may have to pay their costs. The questions of the assessment of the damages which a successful plaintiff is entitled to recover, and of the apportionment of damages if the plaintiff succeeds against more than one defendant, do not fall within the scope of this article.


Sculpture surface machining is a critical process commonly used in die/mold industries. Since there is a lack of scientific tools in practical process planning stages, feedrates for CNC machining are set individual constant values all along the toolpath. In this paper, an enhanced mathematical cutting force model is presented and is used for selecting varying and 'appropriate' feed values along the tool path in order to decrease the cycle time in sculpture surface machining. The model is tested under various machining conditions and proved to be effective.


Parkinson's disease is the most common age-related motor movement disorder. Pathological changes in Parkinson's disease are the loss of melanin-containing dopaminergic neurons and the detection of inclusion bodies in the cells, which contain alpha-synuclein and ubiquitinated proteins, called as Lewy bodies. In this review; the structure of Lewy bodies, structural features and intracellular localization of α-synuclein protein, intracellular functions and intercellular spread of α-synuclein protein are discussed. The physiological and pathologic features of α-synuclein protein are reviewed based mostly upon review of the literature. α-synuclein has significant functions especially at central nervous system. α-synuclein is a protein that can be found in various areas within the cell, particularly in the presynaptic axon terminals. Under pathologic conditions, cellular accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein oligomers and aggregates are observed in a group of neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies. The mechanisms of how α-synuclein protein takes part in the neurodegeneration process and physiologic roles of the protein have not been fully elucidated yet. It's important to unravel the secrets of this protein and understand its behaviours in order to improve existing treatment protocols and also to develop new and more effective treatments for Parkinson's Disease.


Since the inception of the World Wide Web, security agencies, researchers, and analysts have focused much of their attention on the sentiment found on hate-inspired web-forums. Here, one of their goals has been to detect and measure users' affects that are expressed in the forums as well as identify how users' affects change over time. Manual inspection has been one way to do this; however, as the number of discussion posts and sub-forums increase, there has been a growing need for an automated system that can assist humans in their analysis. The aim of this paper, then, is to detect and measure a number of affects expressed in written text on Stormfront.org, the most visited hate forum on the Web. To do this, we used a machine learning approach where we trained a model to recognize affects on three sub-forums: Ideology and Philosophy, For Stormfront Ladies Only, and Stormfront Ireland. The training data consisted of manual annotated data and the affects we focused on were racism, aggression, and worries. Results indicate that even though measuring affects is a subjective process, machine learning is a promising way forward to analyze and measure the presence of different affects on hate forums.


Tunable wavelength conversion of a 10-Gb/s, return-to-zero on-off-keyed (RZ-OOK) signal has been carried out in a silicon (Si) nanowire waveguide (Si nanowire) using a pump-probe configuration and cross-phase modulation (XPM), followed by a tunable filter. This filter spectrally emulated the pass-band of a commercial 50-GHz DWDM arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The tunability of the wavelength conversion process was demonstrated over a range of 20 nm, limited only by the amplifiers and the filter, while keeping the 10-9-BER receiver sensitivity penalty of the converted signal to a 0.5-dB maximum. A comprehensive model of wavelength conversion by XPM (XPM-WC) was developed, which took into account two-photon absorption, the Kerr effect, and free-carrier generation. The results of the model demonstrate good agreement with the experiment, especially with respect to the observed spectral broadening. The numerical model was also used to assess the dominant contribution among the various mechanisms within the context of XPM-WC, and to investigate the potential of multicasting by XPM in the nanowire.


Sr/Ca ratios in the otoliths of 2 marine eels, the moray eel Gymnothorax reticularis and the pike eel Muraenesox cinereus, decreased greatly when the crystal structure of otolith daily growth increments changed from concentric to radiate form. This decrease is proposed to correspond to the timing of metamorphosis from the leptocephalus to glass eel stage, similar to freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.). In freshwater eels, ontogenetic and habitat shifts might influence the decrease. How- ever, marine eels do not migrate into freshwater after completing metamorphosis, so the decrease in these species must be the result of metamorphosis-related physiological, rather than environmental, effects. The mean age at metamorphosis of the moray eels was significantly lower than that of pike eels, and both were lower than that of freshwater eels (p < 0.05). Consequently, the spawning ground of marine eels is presumed to be closer than that of freshwater eels to the continental shelf.


In general, the clustering problem is NP-hard, and global optimality cannot be established for non-trivial instances. For high-dimensional data, distance-based methods for clustering or classification face an additional difficulty, the unreliability of distances in very high-dimensional spaces. We propose a distance-based iterative method for clustering data in very high-dimensional space, using the $\ell_1$-metric that is less sensitive to high dimensionality than the Euclidean distance. For $K$ clusters in $\mathbb{R}^n$, the problem decomposes to $K$ problems coupled by probabilities, and an iteration reduces to finding $Kn$ weighted medians of points on a line. The complexity of the algorithm is linear in the dimension of the data space, and its performance was observed to improve significantly as the dimension increases.


Methods for whole-body PET imaging have been developed to provide a clinical tool for the detection and evaluation of primary and metastatic cancers. The axial FOV of the PET system is extended by imaging at multiple bed positions to cover the whole body. In typical rectilinear PET scans, only a small fraction of the data is collected to form two-dimensional projection images. In this work, 100% of the projection data was collected to form the two-dimensional projection images. These projection images were generated for continuous angles over 180 degrees by resorting sinogram data. In addition, tomographic images were formed by using filtered backprojection reconstruction without attenuation correction. Coronal and sagittal cuts were then extracted from the three-dimensional data set. The tomographic images were reconstructed to a resolution of 10.8 mm in all dimensions because of statistical limitations of the data. Both methods of image formation resulted in images of high quality with the tomographic reconstruction providing the highest contrast and resolution. An acquisition time of 1-2 min/bed position after a 10-mCi injection of [18F]fluoride ion or [18F]FDG was found to give a sufficient number of counts for producing images of good resolution and contrast, from a total scanning time of 32-64 min.


Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly conserved protein that has been observed to regulate ion channels. Calcium (Ca 2+ ) binds to Calmodulin in order to activate Ca 2+ activated Potassium channels (SK Channels). Calmodulin is known to responsible for gating the SK channel; however, the mechanism in which it does this is unclear. In order to study this interaction, wild-type CaM, single lobe or half CaM, double lobe CaM, and a SK channel peptide (SKp) were all purified. Purification of proteins was done through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and verified with SDS gels. The CaM-SKp complex was analyzed through CG-MALS (composition gradient multi-angle light scattering). CG-MALS can be used to determine the molar mass of complexes formed. Stoichiometry can be determined if molar mass of the proteins complexing are known. Results from CG-MALS show the formation of stoichiometries that have not been observed before. The introduction of these new stoichiometries adds complexity to the SKp-CaM interaction and require more testing in order to fully elucidate the mechanism of SK channel gating.


EDITOR,-M J Davies's editorial outlines the difficulties faced by coroners' pathologists in establishing the correct cause of death in fit young people.' Though I concur with the main thrust of the arguments, I am not wholly in accord with Davies's conclusion as to how the problem should be solved. Davies welcomes the fact that some coroners and pathologists have arrived at a mutually agreeable conclusion that, in cases in which the cause of death cannot be diagnosed with confidence after exhaustive investigation, it should be described as "natural-but cause unknown"; in other words, that there should be an adult version of the sudden infant death syndrome. With unexplained infant deaths the entity the sudden infant death syndrome is obviously needed-among other reasons, to reassure parents or guardians who think that they are in some way to blame for the death of a child who was in their care, as well as to obviate the need for an inquest. In adult deaths, however, the question of guilt in that sense in not as relevant. Though I appreciate the parallels drawn with the sudden infant death syndrome and the comfort that such a categorisation would give to relatives, I am worried as to the outcome if this became universally accepted practice. In 18 years as a forensic pathologist I have seen cases that would fall into this category and that were given a convenient label (rather than simply labelled "cause unascertained") because the circumstances fitted; later, however, when further information became available, it became clear that they were unnatural deaths or due to foul play. I believe that the greater good is served by leaving the cause of death as unascertained and by the coroner bringing in an open verdict at the inquest. Relatives can still be counselled effectively on the basis that a natural cause was the most likely but that the results ofnecropsy were not conclusive. This approach is preferable to accepting a diagnosis of "natural death-cause unascertained," which may have to be reviewed later, to the embarrassment of all concerned.


The use of improved maize seed is being promoted in Ethiopia as one of the agricultural extension packages to support smallholder agricultural production. Despite the important role adoption of improved maize seed plays in maize productivity, very few studies have been conducted to analyze the factors influencing their speed of adoption rate. This study analyses the determinants of speed of latest improved maize seed adoption rate using data from a cross-sectional smallholder maize producer in Southwestern Ethiopia. Poisson and Negative binomial models of the count regression model, the latter found to best fit the data, are used for the analysis. The results show that age of the household, extension service, proximity to development center, livestock holding, cooperative membership, use of mobile-cell phone, played an important role in the speed of adoption of improved maize seed among smallholder producers'.


Theoretical explanations of short-term memory for serial order can be classified on the basis of whether or not they invoke time as a causal variable. According to time-based accounts, such as temporal distinctiveness theories, there is an intimate link between time and memory. Event-based theories, by contrast, postulate processes such as interference or rehearsal to account for seemingly temporal phenomena in short-term memory. We report an experiment that examined whether extended temporal isolation benefits serial recall performance. Regardless of whether the participants were quiet or performed articulatory suppression during list presentation, temporal isolation did not benefit memory even if items were separated from their neighbors by up to 7 sec. These findings challenge time-based theories of short-term memory.


When developing semantic applications, constructing the underlying ontologies is a crucial part. Construction of both Semantic Web and enterprise ontologies need to be semi-automatic in order to reduce the effort required and the need for expert ontology engineers. Another important issue is to introduce knowledge reuse in the ontology construction process. By basing our semi-automatic method on the principles of case-based reasoning (CBR) we envision a novel semi-automatic ontology construction approach and also a novel application of case-based reasoning. The development of OntoCase is still ongoing work, in this paper we report mainly on the motivation for using CBR and the possible benefits of this.


OBJECTIVES: The multicultural study aims at examining Physical Activity Change of English, French and Chinese speaking immigrants in Ottawa and Gatineau, Canada, and identifying demographic factors that correlate with the change and impact the change. METHODS: 810 immigrants of three language sub-groups were recruited by purposive-sampling. Using self-reports, respondents answered questions regarding Physical Activity Change and Demography in Multicultural Lifestyle Change Questionnaire of English, French or Chinese version. Data were analyzed statistically in percentage, correlation, regression and factor analysis. RESULTS: Immigrants of different gender, language and category sub-groups exhibited different rates in Physical Activity Change, and different language sub-groups displayed different Physical Exercise Items rates after immigration, but no statistical difference between the rates. Physical Activity Change (Physical Activity Behavior Change + Physical Activity Belief Change) was negatively correlated with Gender, Category of Immigration, Employment Status and Primary Occupation. Physical Activity Behavior Change was negatively correlated with Age, Gender, Category of Immigration, Employment Status and Primary Occupation. Age, Gender, Category of Immigration and Employment Status significantly impacted Physical Activity Change. Mother Tongue, Age, Gender, Category of Immigration and Employment Status significantly impacted Physical Activity Behavior Change. Two factors (factor one: physical activity behavior change factor and factor two: physical activity belief change factor) influenced significantly Physical Activity Change. Factor one exposed more significant effect than factor two. CONCLUSIONS: Different immigrant sub-groups experienced different Physical Activity Change and three language sub-groups presented different physical activity patterns after immigration. Age, Gender, Category of Immigration, Employment Status and Primary Occupation were main factors impacting significantly Physical Activity Change. Mother Tongue was an important factor influencing significantly Physical Activity Behavior Change. Culture and acculturation were relating contributing factors. Data may provide evidence and implication for physical exercising policy-making and policy-revising in Canada.


Multiple ultra-short laser irradiation enabling direct writing of high aspect ratio barriers is used for structuring of nanoporous glass. Shape and morphology of laser-modified regions are examined, and high aspect ratio laser-induced material densification is founded. Experimental results are analyzed by modeling describing laser propagation, non-linear ionization and thermal effects. The role of laser focusing, laser energy and pulse number are examined. Several regimes are distinguished. Particularly, high-aspect ratio densified zones are obtained for the numerical aperture of 0.25, whereas either more symmetric densified regions or spherical cavities are shown to be formed for numerical aperture of 0.4. The resulting laser irradiation conditions required for deep and prolonged densification are explained by a lower ionization rate, leading to the under-critical free electron plasma density, longer filamentation and pulse-to-pulse elongation effects. Furthermore, filling of the porous glass with water is demonstrated to particularly extend the length of the densified region in depth. The presented study provides insights facilitating laser-based fabrication of barriers, membrane and patterns suitable for the environmental gas-phase analysis.


We propose a dual polarization waves reuse scheme, which will double the wireless communication capacity. Due to the cross polarization and antenna misalignment, most of current wireless communication systems only use single polarized wave to carry information. Some of them may employ other polarized wave for diversity application. The proposed scheme, which simultaneously utilizes two polarized waves to carry information, has the ability to reduce the effect of cross polarization and antenna misalignment significantly. The result shows that even in the large misalignment and cross polarization environment the BPSK system with the proposed scheme still maintains satisfactory performance.


Biofouling control of cooling water systems has been one of the severe problems for power plant operation. A lot of works have been carried out and many physical/chemical control methods are available. However, practical measures satisfied following criteria have not been developed: (1)reliable control for a long enough term, (2)broad availability, (3)low environment impacts, (4)simply operating, and (5)reasonable cost. Power plants have been coping with biofouling, using a combination of some measures applicable. Possible research targets of practical anti-biofouling are discussed from a user's view.


A method for finding a global optimum to the on-off minimum-time control problem with limited fuel usage is presented. Each control can take on only three possible values: maximum, zero or minimum. The simplex method for linear systems naturally yields nearly such a solution for the reformulation presented because it always produces an extreme point solution to the linear program. Numerical examples for the benchmark linear flexible system are presented.


The roles of heterotrophic organisms (microzooplankton, mesozooplankton, bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates) were examined during a nutrient enrichment experiment using a mesocosm in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. Grazing rates of microzooplankton, copepods, and Noctiluca scintillans were respectively estimated by the dilution method, from the egg production, and the apparent growth rate. The primary production increased by about 11 times during the initial 3 days, and the grazing rate by zooplankton also increased by 7.4 times. The primary production exceeded the grazing rate during the initial 5 days, after that, almost balanced rates were observed. Biomass peaks of bacteria and HNFs (heterotrophic nanoflagellates) were observed after the decline of the phytoplankton bloom. Bacterial production and HNF bacterivory gradually increased from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Microzooplankton consistently removed about half of the primary production. The contribution of microzooplankton to grazing was largest during the initial 7 days. Heterotrophic dinoflagellates were the most dominant component of the microzooplankton, but oligotrich ciliates showed the fastest growth response to phytoplankton production. Noctiluca scintillans became an important grazer after the bloom. Overall, the contribution of microzooplankton grazing was the largest of the processes through which phytoplankton were lost. Cell sinking was a minor component contributing to loss of phytoplankton. Thus, oligotrich ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates were the most plausible organisms contributing to the steady state of phytoplankton concentrations.


. We obtain some L 2 -results for the ∂ operator on forms that vanish to high order on the singular set of a complex space.


The International Jobs Report offers an analysis of labor market conditions since the end of the 2008-09 global recession. It also provides forecasts of GDP and employment by the IMF and the International Labor Organization (and by a private-sector company, The Economist Intelligence Unit), to spur discussion and debate. Future editions will update and expand on this analysis, opening a window on to a global labor market that is improving, but not nearly fast enough to help the tens of millions of workers who are still without jobs. This report also introduces, on an experimental basis, a new barometer of employment, the Global Jobs Index (GJI). Developed by the IMF and the EIU, the index provides quarterly estimates of global employment. Although most advanced economies publish monthly employment reports, usually promptly, many emerging markets do not. The GJI has been designed to make estimates of employment levels in 64 large economies—including China and India. For countries where quarterly employment data are not available, the employment level is derived by estimating the relationship between national employment and gross domestic product (GDP) in each of the economies. The country estimates are then aggregated into a global total. The forwardlooking features of the GJI will be rolled out later in 2015.


Sustainable forest management and conservation require understanding of underlying basic structural and competitive relationships. To gain insight into these relationships, we analyzed spatial continuity of tree basal area (BA) and crown projection area (CPA) on twelve 0.64-ha plots in four mixed bottomland hardwood stands in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Variogram range indicated that BA spatial continuity of trees with dbh 10.0 cm extended an average 4.5 m. This distance equaled the quadratic mean crown radius (QMCR) of the overstory trees. Overall, 95% of the variability in BA was accounted for by the spatially structured variance and could be modeled as spatial dependence. Removal of suppressed trees from the analyses reduced the variability in BA at small separation distances and increased the variogram range. The average spatial continuity of unsuppressed trees averaged 18.2 m and was 17.6, 18.5, and 18.5 m based on the BA variograms, CPA variograms, and cross-variograms, respectively. This distance corresponded to four times the QMCR of the overstory trees and extended far enough to encompass the first- and second-order neighbors. The results suggest an existence of complex competitive influences and confirm findings in nonwoody vegetation that competitive effects can propagate beyond the direct neighbors. FOR .S CI. 51(6):532-540.


In a time and place where the modern lifestyle often takes its toll on both body and mind, it is no wonder that the concern for personal health has become increasingly palpable in all sectors of society today. Gyms, spas and wellness centers are no longer merely places to exercise but carefully created environments where aesthetics and design are extremely important. Health Clu ] Design gathers an impressive collection of contemporary health club establishments that testify to this new trend. This book features a wide variety of installations that incorporate the latest equipment, treatments and therapies devoted to the improvement of health, designed by a host of international contemporary architects and designers. ? Another great addition to the innovative Designfocus series ? An unique and in-depth look at a section of design that is constantly growing in importance


Mule deer numbers have declined precipitously in the San Andres Mountains of southcentral New Mexico. To assess reasons for population declines, we monitored condition, survival, and causes of mortality for a range of 37 to 64 radio-collared, >1.5-year-old female mule deer annually, and a range of 14 to 31 radio-collared, >1.5-year-old male mule deer annually from 2003 to 2009, and modeled environmental factors affecting survival. We found annual survival rates of 0.74 to 0.86 for females and 0.74 to 0.92 for males, rates that were similar among years within sexes. Causes of mortality for 50 radio-collared females and 22 radio-collared males included predation (13 females, 2 males), accidents (4 females, 1 male), malnutrition (13 females, 7 males), disease (6 females, 2 males), unknown-not-predation (3 females, 6 males), unknown (11 females, 3 males), and harvest (0 females, 1 male). Condition of females varied among years and was poor in most years (i.e., lactating females had <7% body fat). Probability of survival of individual females was most closely related to indices of muscle and body mass in late autumn at the annual peak of condition, whereas probability of survival of individual males was unrelated to size or condition. Probability of survival of individuals of either sex was not related to any index of condition or size at the seasonal low of condition in late-winter, lactation or pregnancy status, geographic location, or any measure of annual or seasonal precipitation. Mean annual survival rates of both males and females were negatively correlated to total precipitation during July to September (primary lactation period), but female survival was positively correlated to total precipitation from January to June (conception–parturition). Ratios of fawns to adult females during April 2005 to 2010 ranged from 31 to 57 fawns/100 adult females, and maximum potential rates of increase (λ) showed a signifi cant positive rate of increase only in 2004 and 2005 (P [λ > 1.0] > 0.937). Potential rates of increase of mule deer in the greater San Andres Mountains were limited by production and survival of fawns, rather than adult mortality.


Vector architectures lack tools for research. Consider the gem5 simulator, which is possibly the leading platform for computer-system architecture research. Unfortunately, gem5 does not have an available distribution that includes a flexible and customizable vector architecture model. In consequence, researchers have to develop their own simulation platform to test their ideas, which consume much research time. However, once the base simulator platform is developed, another question is the following: Which applications should be tested to perform the experiments? The lack of Vectorized Benchmark Suites is another limitation. To face these problems, this work presents a set of tools for designing and evaluating vector architectures. First, the gem5 simulator was extended to support the execution of RISC-V Vector instructions by adding a parameterizable Vector Architecture model for designers to evaluate different approaches according to the target they pursue. Second, a novel Vectorized Benchmark Suite is presented: a collection composed of seven data-parallel applications from different domains that can be classified according to the modules that are stressed in the vector architecture. Finally, a study of the Vectorized Benchmark Suite executing on the gem5-based Vector Architecture model is highlighted. This suite is the first in its category that covers the different possible usage scenarios that may occur within different vector architecture designs such as embedded systems, mainly focused on short vectors, or High-Performance-Computing (HPC), usually designed for large vectors.


Trauma remains the leading cause of death for children aged 1 to 14 years. Thoracic trauma is seen in 4% to 6% of pediatric patients presenting to pediatric trauma centers and rarely occurs in isolation. The medical and surgical evaluation of children is a challenging task to even the most experienced physician. Effective treatment of the pediatric trauma patient can only be provided if the physician understands the major pitfalls which are common in the pediatric population. The assessment of the pediatric patient is simplified by an understanding of specific anatomic and physiologic differences between children and adults. While noting children are not small adults, the systematic approach taken towards the evaluation of an adult is similar. Sequential evaluation and management of the ABCs by a caregiver familiar with age specific norms is the most important initial consideration. The care of specific injuries is similar to those found in adults but the patient's size limits the physician's options in many cases.


The emotions involved in the learning process, which are in a permanent state of interconnection, can be considered the main factor and/or trigger of the process through each information is acquired by any sensory means.
According to the american psychologist P. Ekman, "...emotions are reactions to aspects which seem extremely important to our well-being [...] emotions are created so rapidly in most situations that we still cannot fully understand the triggering mental processes." (Ekman P., 2011, Emotion Revealed. Understanding Faces and Feelings, p.48). On the other hand, "Visual sensations are the result of the interaction between electromagnetic waves and the visual analysis apparatus." (Popescu - Neveanu P., Zlate M., Cretu T., 1995, Psychology, p.31).
This article aims to highlight the way in which emotions (even when induced in a controlled manner) act on: ocular movements, facial expressions and postural behaviour, and also the way in which they influence their response. Taking these aspects into account, alongside the idea that: "the cultivation of beneficial emotions plays a role in disease treatment in any medical field" (Salzberg S. apud. Goleman D., 2008,Healing Emotions: Conversation with DALAI LAMA on Mindfulness, Emotions and Health, p.20), the first part of the paper presents the general framework of the concept of emotion, alongside its visual, facial and postural parameters of definition. In the second part of the article the theoretical framework of research is established and the experimental system is presented. The focus is on the influence of controlled emotions on the level of information acquisition (at every one the three levels previously established). The final part of the paper presents the results of conclusions relating to the influence of triggering factor on the responses and the process of data or information acquisition.


Officials replaced safe water sources with contaminated water sources for tens of thousands of people living in Flint, Michigan from April 2014 to October 2015. Overwhelming evidence indicates that the officials knew the water was potentially harmful to residents' health and property. This unfathomable disregard for the residents of Flint sparked national outrage and prompted criminal charges as well as multiple civil suits.
Residents' civil claims included two strands of substantive due process: that the actions infringed residents' fundamental liberty rights to bodily integrity and to state protection from harmful acts by third parties, and that the government actions "shocked the conscience." The litigants also raised equal protection arguments that government targeted the community based on race and poverty.
This Article makes three claims. First, it asserts that fundamental rights and equal protection arguments that challenge the denial of uncontaminated water face the serious, perhaps insurmountable obstacles that plague any call for new or expanded constitutional rights. Constitutional law is clunky and often formalistic. Doctrine and principles of judicial restraint here militate against categorically elevated judicial scrutiny—which we call thick rights strategies—of these and similar public officials' actions. Moreover, the thick rights strategies may entail liability questions that are not—as yet—judicially manageable.
Second, it asserts that shocks the conscience arguments offer a viable alternative to a thick rights strategy. Properly understood, this test enforces a liberty baseline, even absent a fundamental right or suspect classification. This thin rights test is properly reserved for worst-case scenarios, not for garden-variety government blunders. Flint qualified.
Third, it argues that this constitutional baseline liberty may apply to all environmental cases in which shocking government conduct elides established fundamental rights or suspect classification categories. Invoking it would not open judicial floodgates or risk undue judicial intrusion into regulatory matters better left to other government branches. It would maintain a difficult-to-flunk but critical liberty limit on extreme official disregard for human well-being and environmental justice. It also would provide space for the development of a potential fundamental right to uncontaminated water while allowing public airing of the serious harms to life, the failure of government processes, the citizen powerlessness, and how grave environmental harms threaten multiple communities but impose their most horrific costs on the most vulnerable people. The Flint tragedy offers a constitutional cautionary tale that should be noted and heeded.
"The Flint water crisis is a story of government failure, intransigence, unpreparedness, delay, inaction, and environmental injustice." 1
1 Flint Water Advisory Task Force, Final Report 1 (2016), https://www.michigan.gov/documents/snyder/FWATF_FINAL_REPORT_21March2016_517805.


Bone tissue is a complex biocomposite material with a variety of organic (e.g., proteins, cells) and inorganic (e.g., hydroxyapatite crystals) components hierarchically organized with nano/microscale precision. Based on the understanding of such hierarchical organization of bone tissue and its unique mechanical properties, efforts are being made to mimic these organic–inorganic hybrid biocomposites. A key factor for the successful designing of complex, hybrid biomaterials is the facilitation and control of adhesion at the interfaces, as many current synthetic biomaterials are inert, lacking interfacial bioactivity. In this regard, researchers have focused on controlling the interface by surface modifications, but the development of a simple, unified way to biofunctionalize diverse organic and inorganic materials remains a critical challenge. Here, a universal biomineralization route, called polydopamine‐assisted hydroxyapatite formation (pHAF), that can be applied to virtually any type and morphology of scaffold materials is demonstrated. Inspired by the adhesion mechanism of mussels, the pHAF method can readily integrate hydroxyapatites on ceramics, noble metals, semiconductors, and synthetic polymers, irrespective of their size and morphology (e.g., porosity and shape). Surface‐anchored catecholamine moieties in polydopamine enriches the interface with calcium ions, facilitating the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that are aligned to the c‐axes, parallel to the polydopamine layer as observed in natural hydroxyapatites in mineralized tissues. This universal surface biomineralization can be an innovative foundation for future tissue engineering.


War used to be a lucrative business. It was waged as a matter of course to expand territory, convert the religion of populations, resolve disputes, collect an unpaid debt, restore property, or punish another sovereign for a treaty violation. This was not only true as a matter of practical statecraft. It was also the accepted ethical prescription of Just War Theory.
The modern jus ad bellum has transformed our view of war: From an instrument of self-interest, enforcement and punishment war has been proclaimed an evil which must be carried out only as a last resort and in self-defense. Yet, in this undoubtedly progressive move, we have also lost something – our ability to articulate the precise goals of the war, and consequently, to determine when the war must end.
When self-defense is the only legitimate justification for waging war, every goal must be articulated in terms of self-defense and self-defense, in turn, becomes articulated through an endless array of goals: installing a democratic government in enemy territory, improving child literacy, empowering girls and women through education, enhancing agricultural production, building infrastructure or eliminating all terrorist threats around the globe. While the question of whether a military campaign is justified as a matter of self-defense is often debated, the question of what goals actually promote self-defense remains largely unaddressed. The problem lies not so much in lack of attention; rather, it is that even where a just cause of self-defense exists, the law is inadequate in giving us sufficient guidance on what and how much counts as a legitimate security interest.
As a result, we can have no consensual vision of what victory can or should look like. Nor do we have a clear metric by which we can argue about it. In a world of perpetual threats, our existing legal framework invites perpetual war.


Abstract Trench and wetland coring studies show that northeast‐striking strands of the Saddle Mountain fault zone ruptured the ground about 1000 years ago, generating prominent scarps. Three conspicuous subparallel fault scarps can be traced for 15 km on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) imagery, traversing the foothills of the southeast Olympic Mountains: the Saddle Mountain east fault, the Saddle Mountain west fault, and the newly identified Sund Creek fault. Uplift of the Saddle Mountain east fault scarp impounded stream flow, forming Price Lake and submerging an existing forest, thereby leaving drowned stumps still rooted in place. Stratigraphy mapped in two trenches, one across the Saddle Mountain east fault and the other across the Sund Creek fault, records one and two earthquakes, respectively, as faulting juxtaposed Miocene‐age bedrock against glacial and postglacial deposits. Although the stratigraphy demonstrates that reverse motion generated the scarps, slip indicators measured on fault surfaces suggest a component of left‐lateral slip. From trench exposures, we estimate the postglacial slip rate to be 0.2  mm/yr and between 0.7 and 3.2  mm/yr during the past 3000 years. Integrating radiocarbon data from this study with earlier Saddle Mountain fault studies into an OxCal Bayesian statistical chronology model constrains the most recent paleoearthquake age of rupture across all three Saddle Mountain faults to 1170–970 calibrated years (cal B.P.), which overlaps with the nearby M w  7.5 1050–1020 cal B.P. Seattle fault earthquake. An earlier earthquake recorded in the Sund Creek trench exposure, dates to around 3500 cal B.P. The geometry of the Saddle Mountain faults and their near‐synchronous rupture to nearby faults 1000 years ago suggest that the Saddle Mountain fault zone forms a western boundary fault along which the fore‐arc blocks migrate northward in response to margin‐parallel shortening across the Puget Lowland.