We investigate the mass function of cold, dusty clumps in 11 low- and high-mass star-forming regions. Using a homogeneous fitting technique, we analyze the shape of each region's clump mass function and examine the commonalities among them. We find that the submillimeter continuum clump mass function in low-mass star-forming regions is typically best fitted by a lognormal distribution, while that in high-mass star-forming regions is better fitted by a double power law. A single power-law clump mass distribution is ruled out in all cases. Fitting all of the regions with a double power law, we find that the mean power-law exponent at the high-mass end of each mass function is αhigh = -2.4 ± 0.1, consistent with the Salpeter result of α = -2.35. We find no region-to-region trend in αhigh with the mass scale of the clumps in a given region, as characterized by their median mass. Similarly, nonparametric tests show that the shape of the clump mass function does not change much from region to region, despite the obvious changes in the intrinsic mass scale. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the clump mass distribution is determined by a highly stochastic process, such as turbulent fragmentation. It may also suggest that the data reduction and analysis techniques strongly affect the shape of the derived mass function.


As with most recent turbulence experimental researches, data are collected, stored and analyzed by digital computers. In this investigation, a wind tunnel measurement and analysis of flow field with high turbulence and recirculation is carried out. A sophisticated electronic/computer system is designed and implemented to permit data acquisition and on-line analysis either for in-situ calibration of the X-hot-wires or for measurement of high turbulence quantities and re-circulating flows. The technique is called Flying Hot-Wire probe system which is entirely controlled and operated by computer interfacing. The present paper involves description the interfacing of the measuring instruments with a PDP11-23 minicomputer. Also, it presents the digitizing technique to capture high turbulence and reverse flow. The hardware and the software which permit precise positioning of the measurement points in the flow field and the transfer of the flow field signals are presented. The procedure allows evaluation of the velocity components and the Reynolds stresses in axial and traverse directions. Validation test in still air and in uniform flow are conducted. The results are compared with those obtained from stationary hot-wires system. The in-situ calibration of the wires is successfully carried out with resulted normalized standard deviation of 0.7. The measurements error in the mean flow velocity is within 0.01% to 0.2%. The longitudinal turbulence intensity measured by the present technique is 1% compared with 0.8% measured by stationary hot wire. The results obtained are demonstrating that this is a successful technique for high turbulence intensity measurement


The necessity for experimental verification of leakage currents using Sm-doped ceria electrolytes (SDC) in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has been indicated. This paper describes the theoretical limitations of Wagner's equation and details the analytical work that has been performed to support the experimental results. These limitations cannot be solved, even considering polarization voltage losses. Globally, there are several research groups working on SOFCs to solve the current-voltage relation with mixed ionic electronic solid conductors (MIECs). However, this problem must be solved considering the electric field (E) in MIECs. Thus, even though articles have already been published in similar areas, no approach has been taken within this body of work that considers the E in MIECs. In this report, a new calculation method considering E is expressed only from Wagner's equation, with continuity expressed using the Choudhury and Patterson style. The calculated results match the values from conventional models. The constant field approximation is verified using the conventional definition of E. However, the definition of E should be changed when there is a large voltage drop in the thin area of the electrolyte compared with the lattice constant. In this study, the electric field near the cathode is sufficiently large to cause dielectric breakdown, which has never been reported.


Paddy cultivation plays a significant and vital role on rice production. Most of the global population depends on the 480 million tons of rice produced each year as the basis for their lives. While about 90% of the world ' s 160 million hectares of paddy fields are in Asian countries, mainly in monsoon regions, paddies are also seen in North America and Africa, even in dry regions. Most of the paddy fields are flooded naturally or artificially during rice production period. In the case that paddy fields are kept submerged artifi- cially, hydraulic structures are required. Irrigated paddy fields produce traditionally much rice, taking befits of stable water supply and continuous ponding. Paddy fields are simultaneously performing other functions for local environment, including climate mitigation, flood control, groundwater recharge, biodiversity, and ecosystem development. On the other hand, since paddy fields require much water and modify the original and natural hydrological regime, they might cause adverse effect on local environment. Much water supply by irrigation sometimes requires drainage system, which also might alter local water balance. In this chapter, implication of paddy fields as artificial and temporal wetland is reviewed comprehensively with various aspects, focusing mainly on their role for local hydrological environment.


This paper details practices and lessons learned from a sanitation programme implemented at Embangweni and Ekwendeni in Mzimba district, northern Malawi. The programme began in 2002 when the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) Synod of Livingstonia partnered with WaterAid, a British charity exclusively dedicated to provision of safe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene education messages to the world's poorest people. The partnership was established to focus on sanitation and hygiene within the coverage area of the CCAP Synod of Livingstonia's Embangweni and Ekwendeni mission hospitals. In this paper the activities and practices which influenced the success of the programme are highlighted together with the sustainability issues influencing the experimentation, innovations and behavioural change initiatives in the programme. Finally, this paper brings to light a detailed account of what worked and what did not work.


The site of origin of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although unsettled, is increasingly recognized as being cortico-fugal, which is a dying-forward process primarily starting in the corticomotoneuronal system. A variety of iterations of this concept date back to over 150 years. Recently, the hallmark TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology, seen in >95% of patients with ALS, has been shown to be largely restricted to corticofugal projecting neurons ("dying forward"). Possibly, soluble but toxic cytoplasmic TDP-43 could enter the axoplasm of Betz cells, subsequently causing dysregulation of nuclear protein in the lower brainstem and spinal cord anterior horn cells. As the disease progresses, cortical involvement in ALS becomes widespread, including or starting with frontotemporal dementia, implying a broader view of ALS as a brain disease. The onset at the motor and premotor cortices should be considered a nidus at the edge of multiple cortical networks which eventually become disrupted, causing failure of a widespread cortical connectome.


of the Clinical Problem Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in the United States, affecting 233 000 men annually and the second most common cancer-related cause of death among US men.1 Because local disease is amenable to definitive local therapy and metastatic prostate cancer has a 5-year survival of 20% to 25%, early diagnosis to improve overall mortality is the goal. Prostate-specific antigen was approved in 1994 to screen asymptomatic men for prostate cancer. Together with digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA screening has led to increased prostate cancer detection, and many have argued this has directly contributed to the 40% reduction in prostate cancer–related mortality over the last 2 decades.2 However, widespread PSA screening has also led to a surge in men diagnosed and treated for clinically insignificant disease.2


In this article we report on one of four schools involved in a research project aiming to develop knowledge about the way in which teaching knowledge is conveyed with the help of information and communication technology. A particular interest was issues of fundamental values. Two classes in Grade 9 of Swedish compulsory school were studied, by observations and interviews, when seeking information about international conflicts on the Internet. The results show that most students searched for and collected information with a focus on mainly one dimension: the temporal dimension of the conflict in question. How this focus on chronologically ordered historical events affected the students' ability to develop the capacity for individual standpoints on questions concerning ethics, morals, equality, and democracy by way of studying conflicts is discussed.


ABSTRACT This trial was designed to evaluate the effects of fully immersive virtual reality (IVR) treatment combined with exercise training in fibromyalgia patients. Twenty patients were randomized into exercise group (EG) or IVR combined with exercise group (Exercise+IVR). The EG had combined exercise training consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic training and 30 minutes of Pilates training and Exercise+IVR group had the same protocol with EG plus 20 minutes of IVR, twice a week for 8 weeks. Visual analogue scale for pain, Modified Sensory Organization Test for balance, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia for kinesiophobia, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire for impact of fibromyalgia, Fatigue Severity Scale for fatigue, International Physical Activity Questionnaire for level of physical activity, six-minute walk test for functional capacity, and Short-Form 36 Health Survey for quality of life were used for evaluation. Pain, balance, kinesiophobia, impact of fibromyalgia, fatigue, level of physical activity, functional exercise capacity and quality of life scores improved significantly in both groups (p < .05). Exercise+IVR group showed significant improvement compared to the EG regarding pain, kinesiophobia, fatigue, level of physical activity, and mental component of quality of life (p < .05). IVR treatment may be an effective method as an adjunctive therapy with other exercise trainings in fibromyalgia.


A Chinese six-rowed barley landrace, Mokusekko 3, exhibits a wide resistance spectrum to all the barley yellow mosaic virus strains in Japan (BaYMV-I, -II, -III) and in Europe (BaYMV-1, -2) as well as to barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). To identify the genetic basis for the resistance to BaYMV, a cross between a Japanese malting barley cultivar Ko A (susceptible) and Mokusekko 3 was made to generate F2 and F3 populations. The reaction of the F2-derived F3 lines to BaYMV was investigated in a field infected with BaYMV (-I or both -I and -II) during two growing seasons, 1996 and 1997. BaYMV disease severity of the F2 individuals was quantitatively expressed as the percentage of the susceptible seedlings within the F3 line. For the linkage analysis along the whole chromosome, a map of the barley genome consisting of 100 markers was used. The map covers 1291cM with an average density of 14cM. The interval mapping method was used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to BaYMV. A new QTL for resistance to the BaYMV was located in the terminal region of chromosome 7HS, explaining 20-25% of the phenotypic variance, in addition to those in the terminal region of chromosome 3HL and centromeric region of chromosome 4H. The three QTLs accounted for 55-57% of the total phenotypic variance. The location of the QTLs on chromosomes 4H and 3HL corresponded well to that of rym1 and rym5 which were previously mapped for resistance to BaYMV in Mokusekko 3 using morphological and isozyme markers. Based on these results, the effect of pyramiding of these resistance factors into modern barley cultivars by marker-assisted selection is was examined.


Overview of neonatal and infant pain. Development of peripheral and spinal nociceptive systems. Development of supraspinal pain processing. Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates. Long-term consequences of neonatal and infant pain from animal models. Assessment of pain in neonates and infants. Infant colic: clinical implications and current controversies. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of analgesic drugs. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesic drugs. Evidence for systemic morphine and fentanyl analgesia. Central and peripheral regional analgesia and anesthesia. The social and environmental context in which pain is experienced in neonates. Pain and the human fetus. Viceral pain in infancy. Ethical issues in the treatment of neonatal and infant pain. Neonatal Pain in the Family and Social and Cultural Context. Evidence-based practice as a means for clinical decision-making. Pain in vulnerable populations and palliative care. Infant Pain in Developing Countries: a South-African perspective. Health policy and health economics related to neonatal pain. Complementary and alternative approaches to pain in infancy. Parenting and pain during infancy. Future directions.


Large and highly successful companies all over the world have to deal with the problem of industrial espionage at one time or another. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Industrial Espionage as "acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors" and goes on to state that "... industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many business to keep secret their designs, formulas, manufacturing processes, research and future plans in order to protect or expand their shares of the market." Thus we can say that companies spy on other companies to obtain information related to trade secrets and intellectual property that can bring financial payoffs, market leadership, economic growth and, in some cases, political clout to the spying companies. It should be well understood that spying is an illegal and covert activity in almost every country in the world, where laws to deal with it have been enacted. Thus, industrial espionage qualifies as an illegal activity by virtue of its nature itself. Nevertheless, organizations and governments still engage in it because of the benefits it can bring and the fact that legal proceedings are extremely complicated and time consuming. Where specific laws do not exist, legal proceedings can still be initiated by framing charges of theft and unauthorized access. The United States enacted the Industrial Espionage Act of 1996, also called the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996 to deal with such espionage.


Electrical explosion of wire has a prosperous future in fine powder producing. In the process of electrical explosion of segmented metal wire (EESW),energy deposited in the wire was influenced by process variables such as the initial charging voltage of the capacitors, the length and the diameter of the segmented wire,and the electrode spacing. For understanding their relation completely, a series of experiments of electrical explosion was carried out with variations of the initial charging voltage and the segmented wire lengths and diameter. Results show that, energy deposition efficiency was weakly dependent on the wire length , whereas it has a strong dependence on the wire diameter, the initial charging voltage of the capacitors have an important influence on the energy deposition.


A worldwide re-emergence of tuberculosis in infants has been observed during the last decade. Endothoracic tuberculosis predominates. However, few studies of infants with tuberculosis appear in the recent literature. As early diagnosis and treatment appear to prevent complications and reduce mortality, pediatricians should be alert for tuberculosis in infants with an atypical picture suggestive of infection. We report a 5-month-old Lebanese female infant, living in Abidjan, who presented first with non-productive cough treated as pneumonia without clinical improvement, and diagnosed later on as primary tuberculosis. This case highlights the rare presentation of tuberculosis in infancy and the co-infection of respiratory syncytial virus. We describe the features, clinical diagnosis, and management of this case. Int J Clin Pediatr. 2016;5(3-4):54-55 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/ijcp261w


Work presented in this report describes a workflow developed to produce and animate a realistic virtual human for animation. Production of the avatar makes use of infrared depth sensing technology to produce a representative avatar of a scanned subject. The potential is that this could be used to contribute to a virtual fashion show or for motion analysis purposes. Several methods of constructing a clean polygonal character mesh from the scan data are trialled and discussed. The preparation of the resulting character mesh for animation involves rigging techniques used within three-dimensional (3D) animation and are optimised using scripts developed for this specific task. The report investigates how extracted measurement data can be used to place joints as a starting point for the rigging process. Pre-recorded motion capture data are successfully used to animate a representative avatar of a human subject in a realistic and natural way within a virtual 3D environment.


Using idealized simulations, we examine the storm-scale wind field response of a dry, hurricane-like vortex to prescribed stratiform heating profiles that mimic tropical cyclone (TC) spiral rainbands. These profiles were stationary with respect to the storm center to represent the diabatic forcing imposed by a quasi-stationary rainband complex. The first profile was typical of stratiform precipitation with heating above and cooling below the melting level. The vortex response included a mesoscale descending inflow and a midlevel tangential jet, consistent with previous studies. An additional response was an inward-spiraling low-level updraft radially inside the rainband heating. The second profile was a modified stratiform heating structure derived from observations and consisted of a diagonal dipole of heating and cooling. The same features were found with stronger magnitudes and larger vertical extents. The dynamics and implications of the forced low-level updraft were examined. This updraft was driven by buoyancy advection because of the stratiform-induced low-level cold pool. The stationary nature of the rainband diabatic forcing played an important role in modulating the required temperature and pressure anomalies to sustain this updraft. Simulations with moisture and full microphysics confirmed that this low-level updraft response was robust and capable of triggering sustained deep convection that could further impact the storm evolution, including having a potential role in secondary eyewall formation.


ABSTRACT Assessing prisoners' risk of recidivism and making risk-management recommendations is central to the work of prison-based psychologists. Risk assessment is particularly crucial when it involves indeterminate sentenced prisoners: psychologists' recommendations have potentially significant consequences both for prisoners and the public. However, little is known about psychologists' experiences of conducting such high stakes risk assessments. This paper reports the results of an exploration of psychologists' experiences, via interviews and discussions with qualified, prison-based psychologists. Analysis using Grounded Theory methods identified one super-ordinate category of meaning, namely The Challenging Context of Risk Assessment, which comprised two sub-categories: (1) pressure of limited resources and (2) pressure of the environment. An additional major category, Risk Assessment as a Weighty Task, comprised three sub-categories: psychologists described (1) a weight of responsibility relating to the magnitude and range of their responsibilities; (2) a weight of expectation from colleagues to provide solutions, and (3) the trainee dilemma associated with the need to balance development of trainee psychologists' competence in risk assessment with being held accountable for their work. Understanding qualified psychologists' experiences of undertaking risk assessments with indeterminate sentenced prisoners can facilitate improvements and build on areas of existing good practice.


In 2009 Foundation Degree Forward and Help the Hospices encouraged member hospices to collaborate in developing a Foundation Degree in Palliative and End of Life Care. The objective was to provide a nationally recognised qualification for palliative care professionals, who traditionally, have not engaged in career development through academic achievement. A uniformity of approach would provide consistency and transferability across sectors. Within palliative care, this 'new' role would assist the delivery of future workforce planning, through cost effective and flexible skill mix enrichment. Three pilot initiatives emerged from across the UK; St. Ann's Hospice Manchester, St. Margaret's Hospice, Somerset and St Nicholas Hospice, Bury St Edmonds. A steering group was formed with representation from relevant provider organisations including Strategic Health Authorities, educational providers, Social Services, community providers and hospices. A scoping exercise ascertained how the Assistant Practitioner role could be integrated into existing services. Job descriptions were subsequently written encompassing the Palliative Care and End of Life module. Recruitment to the degree programme commenced in 2010. Pilot implementation ▶ St Ann's Hospice in partnership with NHS North West and NHS Bolton: 15 Trainee Assistant Practitioners (TAP's) commenced Foundation Degree programme in January 2011 (University of Bolton as the Education provider) ▶ St Margaret's Hospice in partnership with Strode College commenced a level 5 Diploma for TAP's in 2011 ▶ St Nicholas Hospice in partnership with a local HEI have a Foundation Degree starting in 2011 with 2 candidates to date. Future steps Evaluation of the foundation degree programme throughout training and 12 months post qualification. Evaluation will include perceptions of course participants on course content, delivery and relevance to role, followed by observational activity analysis post qualification and delivery of Assistant Practitioner role.


Keyword list: HIDENETS, dependability, communication systems, ad hoc networks, wireless, middleware solutions, car-to-car communication, applications, use cases, business impact, preliminary reference model This document provides the starting point for the development of dependability solutions in the HIDENETS project with the following contents: (1) A conceptual framework is defined that contains the relevant terminology, threats and general requirements. This framework is a HIDENETS relevant subset of existing state-of-the-art views in the scientific dependability community. Furthermore, the dependability framework contains a first list of relevant functionalities in the communication and middleware level, which will act as input for the architectural discussions in HIDENETS work packages (WPs) 2 and 3. (2) A set of 17 applications with HIDENETS relevance is identified and their corresponding dependability requirements are derived. These applications belong mostly to the class of car-tocar and car-to-infrastructure services and have been selected due to their different types of dependability needs. (3) The applications have been grouped in six HIDENETS use cases, each consisting of a set of applications. The use cases will be the basis for the development of the dependability solutions in all other WPs. Together with a description of each use-case, application-specific architectural aspects are identified and corresponding failure modes and challenges are listed. (4) The business impact of dependability solutions for these use cases is analysed. (5) A preliminary definition of a HIDENETS reference model is provided, which contains highlevel architectural assumptions. This HIDENETS reference model will be further developed in the course of the HIDENETS projects in close cooperation with the other WPs, which is the reason why the preliminary version also contains a collection of potential contributions from other WPs that shall be developed and investigated in the course of the HIDENETS project. In summary, the identified use-cases and their requirements clearly show the large number of dependability related challenges. First steps towards technical solutions have been made in this report in the preliminary reference model, whereas the other work-packages have started in the meanwhile to develop such solutions further based on 'middleware technology' (WP2), 'communication protocols' (WP3), 'quantitative analysis methodology' (WP4), and 'design and testing methodology' (WP5).


Purpose: Key workers are deemed "essential" for keeping the country going while the rest of us have been resigned to the safety of our homes Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, key workers have become the exalted symbol of the pandemic;although, during pre-pandemic many of these roles were considered "low skilled" and were (and still are) low paid Design/methodology/approach: The analysis uses newspapers as data sources to discuss occupational prestige and situate it within previous theory Findings: This social commentary discusses how occupational prestige evolves and devolves during times of social change, and how elevated status, dependent on one's service to the country in the spirit of a "war-time" narrative, is just temporary and fleeting Prestige is wrapped up in notions of class, income and education, and during the pandemic, "key workers" have become their own sub-group with an almost mythologised status and value, which the authors argue might take the focus away from genuine efforts to improve working conditions (e g access to PPE and pay rises etcetera) Originality/value: The article considers the current value of key workers and how elevated levels of prestige are transitory The enduring nature of this new status is yet to be seen More qualitative nuanced research is required around how occupational prestige changes, evolves and devolves and more quantitative research on why and how widespread some of the critical issues might be © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited


This paper studies aligning knowledge graphs from different sources or languages. Most existing methods train supervised methods for the alignment, which usually require a large number of aligned knowledge triplets. However, such a large number of aligned knowledge triplets may not be available or are expensive to obtain in many domains. Therefore, in this paper we propose to study aligning knowledge graphs in fully-unsupervised or weakly-supervised fashion, i.e., without or with only a few aligned triplets. We propose an unsupervised framework to align the entity and relation embddings of different knowledge graphs with an adversarial learning framework. Moreover, a regularization term which maximizes the mutual information between the embeddings of different knowledge graphs is used to mitigate the problem of mode collapse when learning the alignment functions. Such a framework can be further seamlessly integrated with existing supervised methods by utilizing a limited number of aligned triples as guidance. Experimental results on multiple datasets prove the effectiveness of our proposed approach in both the unsupervised and the weakly-supervised settings.


This article analyzes the mission-based component testing problem of devices which consist of series connection of 1-out-of-n subsystems or series connection of m-out-of-n subsystems. The device is designed to perform a mission that has a random sequence of phases with random durations. It is assumed that the deterioration of the components of the system is modulated by the mission process in such a way that the component failure rates depend on the phase that is performed. The objective is to find optimal component test times that yield desired levels of system reliability. An algorithmic procedure that is based on a column generation technique and d.c. programming is presented. This procedure eventually solves a semi-infinite linear program and it is illustrated by numerical examples. The existence of optimal component test times is discussed and sufficient conditions for the feasibility of the underlying semi-infinite linear programming model are determined.


This study compares how two small communities in rural settings tried to promote sustained economic development by capitalizing on local music festivals. Merritt, British Columbia, Canada, home to a large country music event, focused on place branding, marketing, and related entertainment initiatives. Hultsfred, Sweden, in contrast, used its iconic rock festival to create a year-round music industry cluster called RockCity. Our study argues that the alternative strategies reflect fundamental differences in economic development policies and governance structures. We subsequently question whether RockCity-like cluster initiatives are possible in the Canada without coordinated tools and programs for supporting cultural industries in small communities.


Objectives: In recent years advanced technologies, such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), allow for tracking of human spatial activity and provide the ability to intervene to manage that activity. The purpose of this study is to examine the issue of who should decide about the use of electronic tracking using GPS for people with dementia. Methods: Based on quantitative data collected from 296 participants comprising cognitively intact elderly, family caregivers of people with dementia, social workers, other professionals, and social work students, study participants were asked to rate nine different potential decision-makers to make this decision. Results: The results show that figures inside the family, particularly the spouse or the most involved family caregiver, were perceived more important in the decision-making process than figures outside the family, whereas the person with dementia was ranked third in the order of the figures. Since the decision to use GPS for tracking raises the ethical dilemma of personal safety versus autonomy and privacy of people with dementia, the findings seem to indicate that the reluctance of professional caregivers to assist family caregivers to make this decision is experienced as frustrating. Conclusions: The findings imply that in order to reach a balance between the wishes and interests of both people with dementia and their family caregivers, there is a need for more active involvement of the professional caregivers to facilitate the family decision-making process.


This study sought to explore the type of fundamental movement skills (FMS) performed during Active Video Game (AVG) play, as well as the frequency with which these FMS are performed. In addition, this study aimed to determine the relationship between FMS performance and energy expenditure during 15 min of AVG play across two Microsoft Xbox Kinect AVGs. Fundamental movement skills were observed via video by two raters and energy expenditure derived using Actiheart monitors in children aged 10–15 years. Six different FMS were observed during AVG play with differences in the number of FMS performed between the two AVGs. The overall energy expended (Joules/kg/minute), however, was similar between the AVGs, suggesting the frequency of FMS did not influence overall energy expended during play. The movements observed during AVG play that possibly accounted for the energy expenditure, were not of a quality that could be classified as FMS. This research demonstrates that children playing these two games have the o...


Environmental crimes pose serious and growing problems and are a roadblock to the implementation of policies and laws for protection of the environment. They pose a considerable challenge to institutions and authorities tasked with the responsibility to combat them. Despite the gravity and threat imposed to the environment itself and to human beings, environmental crimes are not accorded the desired response from the government and the enforcement community. The environmental legislation establishes a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for compliance and enforcement together with crimes that regulate activities of environmental polluters and violators of environmental laws and regulations. Prosecution of environmental crimes however is highly challenged for being poorly and in effectively conducted due to deficiencies in the laws and regulations, poor investigation and prosecution, lack of expertise and experience, scarcity of special equipment and inadequate budgetary and human resources. The study aims to reveal the scale, impacts of environmental crimes and the institutions involved in enforcement and prosecution of environmental crimes. The relevant laws are reviewed and a critical discussion is made on the prosecution of environmental crimes under the Environmental Management Act, No.4 of 2004. The study gives a critical analysis of the issue "whether or not prosecution of environmental crimes is effective" through underlying the causes of failure of environmental criminal cases prosecuted under the environmental legislation.


This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the climate of southwest USA (the 'Southwest'). Low annual precipitation, clear skies, and year-round warm climate over much of the South- west are due in large part to a quasi-permanent subtropical high-pressure ridge over the region. However, the Southwest is located between the mid-latitude and subtropical atmospheric circulation regimes, and this positioning relative to shifts in these regimes is the fundamental reason for the region's climatic vari- ability. Furthermore, the Southwest's complex topography and its geographical proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of California, and the Gulf of Mexico also contribute to this region's high climatic vari- ability. El Nino, which is an increase in sea-surface temperature of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean with an associated shift of the active center of atmospheric convection from the western to the central equa- torial Pacific, has a well-developed teleconnection with the Southwest, usually resulting in wet winters. La Nina, the opposite oceanic case of El Nino usually results in dry winters for the Southwest. Another im- portant oceanic influence on winter climate of the Southwest is a feature called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which has been defined as temporal variation in sea-surface temperatures for most of the Northern Pacific Ocean. The effects of ENSO and PDO can amplify each other, resulting in increased annual variability in precipitation over the Southwest. The major feature that sets the climate of the South- west apart from the rest of the United States is the North American monsoon, which in the US is most noticeable in Arizona and New Mexico. Up to 50% of the annual rainfall of Arizona and New Mexico oc- curs as monsoonal storms from July through September. Instrumental measurement of temperature and precipitation in the Southwest dates back to the middle to late 1800s. From that record, average annual rainfall of Arizona is 322 mm (12.7''), while that of New Mexico is 340 mm (13.4''), and mean annual tem- perature of New Mexico is cooler (12°C (53°F)) than Arizona (17°C (62°F)). As instrumental meteorolog- ical records extend back only about 100 to 120 yr throughout the Southwest, they are of limited utility for studying climate phenomena of long time frames. Hence, there is a need to extend the measured meteo- rological record further back in time using so-called 'natural archive' paleoclimate records. Tree-ring data, which provide annual resolution, range throughout the Southwest, extend back in time for up to 1000 yr or more in various forests of the Southwest, and integrate well the influences of both temperature and pre- cipitation, are useful for this assessment of climate of the Southwest. Tree growth of mid-elevation forests typically responds to moisture availability during the growing season, and a commonly used climate vari- able in paleo-precipitation studies is the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), which is a single variable derived from variation in precipitation and temperature. June-August PDSI strongly represents precip- itation and, to a lesser extent, temperature of the year prior to the growing season (prior September through current August). The maximum intra-ring density of higher elevation trees can yield a useful record of summer temperature variation. The combined paleo-modern climate record has at least 3 occurrences of multi-decadal variation (50 to 80 yr) of alternating dry (below average PDSI) to wet (above average PDSI). The amplitude of this variation has increased since the 1700s. The most obvious feature of the temperature record is its current increase to an extent unprecedented in the last 400 yr. Because this warming trend is outside the variation of the natural archives, it is possible that anthropogenic impacts, such as increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse trace gases, are playing a role in climate of the Southwest. Accordingly, this pattern merits further research in search of its cause or combination of causes.


Introduction:
Reports of paediatric cases of primary cutaneous nocardiosis are rare in Japan. We report the case of a 5-year-old immunocompetent boy with primary cutaneous nocardiosis.
Case presentation:
One week after injuring his left knee, the boy presented with fever, pain in the left hip joint and gait disturbance. Oral administration of cephalosporin proved ineffective, and he was not able to stand due to pain in the inguinal region. On admission, swelling of the left inguinal lymph nodes and abscess with microsatellite pustules in the left knee were found. Gram-positive bacilli with branching filaments grew in the culture from the drained pustule. They were partially acid fast on Ziehl–Neelsen staining. His symptoms improved after initiating treatment with sulbactam/cefoperazon and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (TMP-SMX). Nocardia brasiliensis was identified from 16S rRNA gene sequencing. TMP-SMX was administered for 5 weeks, and no relapses have occurred as of the 1-year follow-up.
Conclusion:
N. brasiliensis lives in soil and is the major cause of primary lymphocutaneous nocardiosis. A cutaneous abscess with surrounding microsatellite lesions and lymphadenopathy suggest the possibility of cutaneous nocardiosis. Because growth of Nocardia spp. is very slow, adequate incubation time is necessary.


The extent to which relationships in organizations are co-operative depends on the level of internal integration between functional and departmental groups. These relationships become even more critical in international businesses as well as in geographically dislocated subsidiaries. Cultural characteristics and different factors which manager, facilitatr and/or hinder internal integration present the basis for studying internal integration of different functions. Therefore, the following paper discusses various theories of internal integration and its role in organizations. More specifically, it focuses on logistics and marketing functions and explores studies that have investigated and examined the levels of internal integration of logistics and marketing functions. With the objective to identify potential implications, high/low levels of internal integration may have on intercultural communication which occurs in international business practices, the most prominent cultural frameworks are presented to identify implications different levels of internal integration may have for intercultural communication, in particular between Slovenian companies and their foreign subsidiaries.


We discuss the systematic effects arising from the cosmological redshift space (geometric) distortion on the statistical analysis of the isodensity contour using high-redshift catalogs. In particular, we present a simple theoretical model for isodensity statistics in cosmological redshift space, as a generalization of earlier work by Matsubara. The statistical quantities considered here are the two- and three-dimensional genus of the isodensity contour, the surface area, the length of the contour intersecting with a plane, and the number of crossing points of the isodensity contour on a line. We give useful analytic formulae for the isodensity statistics, which take into account corrections from the geometric distortion, the nonlinear clustering, and the nonlinear velocity distortion phenomenologically. We then demonstrate how the geometric distortion and the nonlinear corrections alter the shapes of the statistical quantities on the basis of plausible cosmological models. Our results show that the nonlinear correction can be sensitive to a choice of the redshift-space coordinate as increasing the redshift. The low-dimensional quantities, such as the two-dimensional genus, systematically yield anisotropy due to the geometric and velocity distortions, and their angle-dependence shows a 10%-20% difference of amplitude. Sensitivities for typical high-redshift samples are estimated in an analytic manner, and the influence of the light-cone effect for the isodensity statistics is also discussed. A simple estimation suggests that the systematic effects of geometric and redshift-space distortions can become comparable to or even dominate the statistical error of deep cluster samples and future high-redshift galaxy surveys. These systematic effects might be a useful tool in probing the cosmological model of our universe.


Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are currently one of the major research topics in Grid Computing. Among many system components for supporting of SLA-aware Grid jobs, the SLA mapping module holds an important position and the capability of the mapping module depends on the runtime of the mapping algorithm. With the previously proposed mapping algorithms, the mapping module may develop into the bottleneck of the system if many requests come in during a short period of time. This paper presents parallel mapping algorithms, which can cope with the problem. Performance measurements thereby deliver evaluation results showing the quality of the method.


Indonesia's Constitutional Court has heard many constitutional challenges to electoral legislation and its decisions have had important ramifications for the way elections operate in Indonesia. In particular, the Court has fleshed out the meaning of 'democracy', a principle enshrined in Indonesia's Constitution. For example, the Court has held, in several cases, that democracy requires that people have the right to vote and to stand for office with very few limitations. This article focuses on four election-related issues significantly affected by the Court's decisions: the need for voter registration on the electoral roll; whether a party's list of preferred candidates can trump voter choice; the permissibility of independent candidates standing for election as president or head of a regional government; and whether presidential and general legislative elections must be held together or can be held three months apart (as had previously been the case). While many of these decisions appear to be well-intentioned efforts to improve democratic practice in Indonesia, the Court's electoral jurisprudence is marred by poorly reasoned and inconsistent legal arguments, and undesirable side effects. In some respects at least, the Court's decisions appear to have done more to harm democratic practice than improve it.


Damage from occupational or accidental exposure to ionising radiation is often assessed by monitoring chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and these procedures have, in several cases, assisted physicians in the management of irradiated persons. Thereby, circulating lymphocytes, which are in the G0 stage of the cell cycle are stimulated with a mitogenic agent, usually phytohaemagglutinin, to replicate in vitro their DNA and enter cell division, and are then observed for abnormalities. Comparison with dose-response relationships obtained in vitro allows an estimate of exposure based on scoring: Unstable aberrations by the conventional, well-established analysis of metaphases for chromosome abnormalities or for micronuclei; So-called stable aberrations by the classical G-banding (Giemsa-Stain-banding) technique or by the more recently developed fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) method using fluorescent-labelled probes for centromeres and chromosomes. Three factors need to be considered in applying such biological dosimetry: (1) Radiation doses in the body are often inhomogeneous. A comparison of the distribution of the observed aberrations among cells with that expected from a normal poisson distribution can allow conclusions to be made with regard to the inhomogeneity of exposure by means of the so-called contaminated poisson distribution method; however, its application requires a sufficiently large number of aberrations, i.e. an exposure to a rather large dose at a high dose rate. (2) Exposure can occur at a low dose rate (e.g. from spread or lost radioactive sources) rendering a comparison with in vitro exposure hazardous. Dose-effect relationships of most aberrations that were scored, such as translocations, follow a square law. Repair intervening during exposure reduces the quadratic component with decreasing dose rate as exposure is spread over a longer period of time. No valid solution for this problem has yet been developed, although, in theory, both deterministic damage and aberrations might be repaired to a similar degree; a comparison of aberrations following a linear dose relationship might also help when the doses have been sufficiently large. (3) Investigations might have been possible only a certain time after the exposure. The relatively rapid disappearance of lymphocytes carrying unstable aberrations limits their use in retrospective dosimetry, years after exposure. Scoring stable aberrations, thought to persist in the circulating lymphocytes, might appear more appropriate in such situations. However, the examination of a representative number of cells by G-banding is extremely laborious, and the FISH method is not only expensive but has not yet been fully validated in different laboratories. In conclusion, biological dosimetry has serious limitations exactly for situations where the need for information is most urgent. It renders its most useful results when an individual has been exposed to a rather homogeneous high-level radiation over a short time interval, i.e. accidents at high-intensity radiation devices. On the other hand, it yielded less satisfactory information even when the most recent techniques were used for situations, where a low level, low dose rate exposure has occurred at some time in the past, for example for persons living in areas contaminated from the Chernobyl accident. Such negative experiences should be kept in mind in order to avoid futile and expensive investigations in the case of populations exposed from radioactivity and, notably, also from potentially clastogenic chemical agents.


This 456-page single-volume textbook of neuromuscular disease fills the need for a smaller, more succinct text aiming at physicians who want to seek practical and up-to-date information for this highly specialized field. The two authors are able to avoid the repetition of material often found in books with multiple authors, each writing only one chapter. It achieves what the authors stated in the preface: to assess each disease clinically, electrophysiologically, and pathologically. The first chapter, "Clinical Assessment," is followed by basic electromyography (EMG) techniques, muscle and nerve biopsies, and pathophysiology. Then chapters are arranged in order of anatomic location, from the anterior horn cell, peripheral nerve, and neuromuscular junction to muscle. This organization of materials leads to easy use and comprehension. The section on each disease entity discusses the clinical features, laboratory investigations, EMG assessment, biopsies, and management. Well-chosen references as recent as 1987 provide excellent sources and aids for


1. Raw soya-bean meal (RS) was fractionated into soya-bean lyophilized extract (SLE), soya-bean lyophilized residue (SLR), acid-precipitated proteins (APP) and whey proteins. 2. Trypsin (EC 188.8.131.52) and chymotrypsin (EC 22.214.171.124) inhibitors (TI) were soluble at pH 8 and remained soluble after the extract was acidified to pH 4·4. Except for whey, heating abolished, almost totally, their inhibiting activity. 3. Feeding SLE diet (high TI content) and APP diet (low TI content) resulted in growth depression below the RS level. Feeding the SLR diet resulted in an optimal growth. Feeding diets containing heated fractions improved the growth rate though not to the level observed with heated RS (HS) diet. 4. RS, SLE, APP and whey diets produced similar pancreatic enlargement which could be totally (RS, whey) or partially (SLE, APP) abolished by heating. 5. Feeding the RS diet reduced pancreatic amylase content. The factor responsible for this effect cofractionated with SLE and whey proteins. 6. Two groups of factors in the various diets were probably responsible for the elevation in pancreatic proteases. The first group were the heat-labile factors present in RS, SLE and whey whereas the second group resisted the heat treatment and were found in APP and SLR. 7. The results suggest that for optimal growth rate of rats, heat treatment should be given to the unfractionated soya-bean proteins rather than to the isolated fractions. The results further indicated that TI are not the only factors that can lead to pancreatic enlargement and changes in pancreatic enzymes composition.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we focussed on Greek employees that are heavily affected by austerity-led organizational changes, and studied whether job crafting (defined as seeking resources, seeking challenges, reducing demands) helps them deal with these changes. In the first, cross-sectional study we examined whether job crafting relates to adaptive performance, and whether individuals' assessment of changes moderates this relationship. The results showed that the relationship between reducing demands and adaptive performance was positive for those assessing the changes more positively, and negative for those assessing them more negatively. This interaction was replicated in the second, quasi-experimental field study, where we examined the effects of an intervention designed to help employees deal with organizational changes and increase their well-being, adaptive performance and openness to such changes by stimulating job crafting behaviours. Participants received training and worked for 3 weeks on self-set job crafting goals. The intervention was effective in increasing reducing demands, positive affect and openness to change. Moreover, it had a positive effect on openness to change and adaptive performance through positive effect, but a negative effect on adaptive performance through reducing demands. Thus, the intervention facilitated to some extent employee functioning under unfavourable working conditions that result from austerity measures.


Objectives
This study aimed to quantify the amount of plate waste, by food category, generated in the university dining hall facility, and estimate the frequency patterns and resulting nutritional and environmental implications.

Methods
This study took place in a large, public university setting, and adopted a cross-sectional study design. A food waste audit was conducted during six intermittent days. Student plate waste was collected for the entire full-day service and weighed in hourly intervals. Food waste was categorized into seven food groups, determined based on nutritional value and environmental stress of food production. The average means of student plate waste was calculated, and frequency patterns of waste generation was determined. The university food services food production records were used to determine the proportion of food wasted, and the top food groups most wasted by students. The USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28 was used to contextualize the nutrient loss of food waste. Foods were coded and aggregated by food group, and nutrition was calculated per ounce of food wasted. The "Food Availability & Losses and Estimated Greenhouse Gas emissions," table proposed by Heller & Keoleian, 2014, was used to estimate GHG emissions of wasted food.

Results
Food waste represented 18.65% of all food produced for consumption in the dining hall facility. The top three food groups most wasted by students were whole grains, dairy and fruits and vegetables, respectfully. An average of 257.44 lb of plate waste was collected per day, and an average 2026.33 meals were served per day yielding an average 0.13 lb (2.06 oz.) plate waste/meal. Frequency of plate waste generation mainly accumulated during traditional hours of meal time, between 12:30 to 2:30 PM and 6 to 8 PM. Food waste represented 102 kcal, 7 g protein, 1.9 g dietary fiber, 75.7 mg calcium, 0.35 µg vitamin D., and 0.37 kgCO2 eq/kg per meal, comparable to national estimates.

Conclusions
This study confirmed that food waste in higher education institutions may be a significant issue with plate waste quantities comparable to national studies. It highlights that food waste reduction strategies may alleviate the amount of harmful greenhouse gas emissions and may provide more nutritious foods to vulnerable populations.

Funding Sources
University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland Dining Services, University of Maryland, Office of Sustainability.


A pilot plant study was carried out to evaluate the performance of continuous cross flow micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) method for the simultaneous separation of phenol and ortho-cresol from the aqueous phase using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The membranes used in this study are polysulfone tubular hollow fibre membrane with 6 kDa and a ceramic membrane having pore diameter 50 nm with an active layer of microporous zirconia (ZrO2) supported on α-alumina, respectively. The work includes comparing the effectiveness of membranes based on pollutants structural parameters, membrane properties and membrane modules. The characteristic parameters such as the distribution coefficient (D), micelle binding constant (Kp) and micelle loading (Lm) were obtained at optimal experimental conditions. High initial rejections were observed (above 95%) for both the membranes and the permeate flux remained almost constant at 17 LMH. It was found that the polysulfone material membrane suited better for MEUF with higher and steady rejections over a period of time. High micelle leakage was observed in ceramic membrane. The energy consumption for hollow fibre polysulfone membrane was less than the ceramic membrane. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering


This contribution aims at studying the fundamental challenges that shape the very essence of the European Merger Control System. In this respect, the core of the thesis relates to the rationale behind enacting a merger control mechanism in the European legal system and the goals that it is meant to achieve. While investigating these issues, the contribution's recurrent theme gravitates around concepts such as legal certainty, effectiveness and welfare enhancement, principles which are acknowledged to be essential to the generic functioning and development of the European construction and, more particularly, to the appropriate operation of the competition and merger control policies. We have argued that the European Merger Control System embodies a dual purpose: attaining consumer and societal welfare. One has to go beyond assessing the anti-competitive effects that a merger might induce and investigate the different economy-wide effects that concentration transactions and policy approaches may have. Still, the Commission's practice to date reveals no clear inclination to take societal welfare considerations into account while appraising concentration transactions, thus emphasizing certain conflicts between the goals set by the Treaties and the means used to achieve them. We have debated on which of the two possible methods of assessment, ex-ante or ex-post merger control serves the purpose of attaining consumer and societal welfare best. We concluded that the ex-ante method of control seems more appropriate for fulfilling the societal welfare goal and the ex-post method of control does better when talking about consumer welfare. In the current setup, the ex-ante method may be flawed, due to the limited capacity of grasping the future outlook of essential elements of the market dynamics, the uncertainty which surrounds the concept of standard of proof, the limited possibility of predicting corporate and competitive strategies, the use of assumptions and template test which base their findings on previous market behavioural patterns. The ex-ante method is designed to attain societal welfare; however, we may suggest that it may miss certain essential elements necessary for fulfilling the consumer welfare goal. These elements and features may be provided under an ex-post scheme. We proposed that a reconstruction of the merger control system would seem necessary. On conceptual grounds, we suggested a clear acknowledgment of the societal welfare goal in the Merger Control Regulation's text and in the Commission's appraisal process. We proposed a departure from the current approach of sole hard core (a priori) prevention towards a more complex construction entailing lighter ex-ante scrutiny combined with consistent ex-post monitoring. We consider that by contemplating the proposed reforms aimed at a better use of the direct effect concept, private enforcement and consistent efficiency review in an ex-post judiciary setting, the system would be more susceptible to appropriately test the attainment of its goals. Also, a proper concentration transaction follow-up procedure would alleviate the 'legal certainty realization' critique and the current system's inherent prediction shortcomings would be resolved. Thus, the merger control would contribute in a more active and effective manner to the expansion of the European construction.


Fuel pricing, CO2 emission and conservation of nature have become a hot topic on the international agenda. Due to CO2 emission and other factors global warming is increasing drastically and it is a topic of discussion among engineers, environment mentors and researchers globally. The past decade is driven largely by an effort to meet legislated carbon emissions reduction goals for vehicle fleets. The automakers have introduced technologies that enable internal combustion engines (ICEs) to turn off automatically when vehicles are stopped. These stop-start vehicles are also known as micro hybrids, idle stop vehicles, and a variety of names branded by automakers. These vehicles can offer significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, although the actual saving depends heavily on the drive cycle. Stop-start vehicles require more robust batteries and starter systems than are found in internal combustion engine vehicles and are priced at a small premium over ICEs but considerably less than hybrid vehicles. With the most aggressive environmental goals in the world, Europe has seen so far the greatest selection of vehicles with stop-start technology and, not surprisingly, the greatest volume of vehicles (cars) sold. North America has experienced a relatively slow penetration of the technology due to less stringent emissions reduction goals and an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing cycle that underestimates the benefits of the technology. Worldwide, Pike Research expects more than 41 million of these vehicles (car) to be sold annually by 2020 - nearly a tenfold increase over 2012 sales.


Wojciech Piotrowicz (born in 1940) is a Vilnius poet, prose writer, translator, journalist, social and cultural activist. He is the author of several poetry collections and volumes of memoirs. Research on which this paper is based consists of two main parts: we present the writer's biography, which introduces a representative of the Polish intelligentsia in Lithuania, and an analysis of his lexis from his collection of short stories Moja czasoprzestrzen (My Space-Time) (2015). The aim of the research is to investigate the lexical layers in the idiolect of the writer. Piotrowicz's idiolect is the domain where the erudite vocabulary of the standard language blends in with the dialectical vocabulary of the Svencionys district, in which words of rural life are frequent. In the vocabulary of his idiolect, we distinguish the following groups of lexemes: words from family language, archaisms, dialect words, and postwar Russian borrowings, referred to as "Soviet words". The multi-layer nature of Piotrowicz's idiolect is a result of a complicated reality on the border between cultures, languages, times, and evidence of changes in social stratification. To summarize the research results, it can be stated that the analysis of 179 words (phrases) from the writer's individual language shows a world of concepts, thoughts, and values that are characteristic of representatives of the intelligentsia of peasant origin, born in the 1940s. The authors of the paper consider that this study is only a contribution toward determining the peculiarities of the Polish language spoken by the intelligentsia in Lithuania in the 20th century, and that this article does not exhaust all issues of Wojciech Piotrowicz's idiolect.


The resonant sensing technique is highly sensitive, has the potential for large dynamic range, good linearity, low noise and potentially low power. The detection principle is based on frequency change that is induced by rigidity changes in the resonator. In order to compensate the loss of performances when scaling sensors down to NEMS, it proves convenient to find physical conditions in order to maximise the signal variations and to push the limits of the linear behavior. To do so, a comprehensive model including the main sources of nonlinearities is needed. In the present paper, a process, characterization methods and above all an original analytical model are presented. Mots clefs : MEMS, NEMS, Resonator, non linear dynamics, dynamic range, characterization


Content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, DOPA and normethanephrine was estimated by means of the hydroxyindole method in brain tissue and hypothalamic region of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (loss of 3% of blood during 20 min) within 15 min, 2, 24 and 72 hrs. At the first day after the hemorrhage an increase in content of adrenaline and a distinct decrease in content of noradrenaline were observed in hypothalamic region, although the biosynthesis the neurotransmitters was not inhibited. Then, the noradrenaline concentration was normalized but the content of its precursors was decreased. In brain a constant posthemorrhagic increase in content of dopamine and the phase alterations in patterns of the catecholamine metabolism were observed: an initial decrease in synthesis and turnover of noradrenaline followed by its increased metabolism.


Diabetic kidney disease is one of the many complications that may develop in association with diabetes. Whilst lowering blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent the loss of kidney function, additional therapies are still required. Previous studies have demonstrated that mitochondria become dysfunctional in the diabetic kidney, however, the present findings suggest that kidney mitochondria retain some capacity to adapt to the early challenges of diabetes. Further, by investigating the role of mitochondrial cell death proteins it was determined that a distinct approach will be required to improve kidney mitochondrial health in diabetes, due to their unique metabolic profile.


Tourism is one of sectors that is much enthused by the world community, this demand has increased annually. Garut  is one of the districts in West Java which is interested by tourists. Furthermore, the promotion for the tourism product  roles the prominent for the development of communities and regions. The promotion can use media of video through  social media. This media is used to provide an illustration and the knowledge of tourism, and convince young travelers  to visit the tourist attraction which is offered. The purpose of this study involves 1) to test the effect of visual presentation  and style of language through video in increasing students' knowledge, 2) to analyze the most effective message  combination on the media of video about tourism in Garut regency, 3) to analyze the relationship between individual  characteristics with improvement knowledge of students. This study employed true experimental methods with 2 x 2  factorial design by using pretest posttest control group design. Dealing with this, factors are used in the visual  presentation consists of photos and infographics, and the language style consists of formal and conversational forms.  The subjects participating in this study are 75 students of Bogor Agricultural University. The result of this study  confirms that the visual presentation and the language style through video have significant influence on the increase  of knowledge. The whole combination of treatment is not significantly different from the improvement of knowledge,  and the individual characteristics are not significantly related to the improvement knowledge. Keywords: improvement knowledge, language style, video tourism, visual presentation


The present work deals with the thermogasodynamic analysis of the segmented annular seal provided with Rayleigh pockets. The paper is a continuation of the work presented Arghir, M., and Mariot, A. (2017, "Theoretical Analysis of the Static Characteristics of the Carbon Segmented Seal," ASME J. Tribol., 139(6), p. 062202.) where an isothermal model of the segmented annular seal was first presented. Each segment had three degrees-of-freedom, and its static position was obtained by solving the nonlinear equations of equilibrium. Thermal effects are now introduced by considering a simplified form of the energy equation in the thin gas film coupled with the three dimensional heat transfer in a segment of the seal and in the rotor. An efficient numerical algorithm is developed. A parametric study was performed for a segmented annular seal with pockets taken from the literature and operating with air. First, a test case proved the necessity of considering three degrees-of-freedom for the segment and not only its radial displacement. The parametric study was then performed for two different pocket depths, two pressure differences, and different rotation speeds. The results showed a non-uniform heating with larger temperatures at the leading edge of the segment where the minimal film thickness occurs. Heating is proportional to the pocket depth that lowers the lift force of the segment and to the pressure difference that closes the seal.


Leaves of T. danielli are mostly used as food wrappers, and for
thatching roofs in the rural and sub-urban areas of south-western
Nigeria. Phytochemistry of the leaf extracts revealed the presence of
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, cardenolides and
steroidal nucleus compounds. Thin layer chromatography of the leaf
extracts confirmed the presence of these secondary metabolites.
Antimicrobial screening of the leaf extract against selected microbes
associated with food spoilage revealed a lack of activity against these
microbes; viz; Salmonella typhimurium , Shigella dysentarieae ,
Shigella sp, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus
lactis , Leuconostoc sp, Pediococcus cerevisae , Bacillus cereus ,
Candida krusei , candida albicans , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus
flavus and Trichoderma konigii . Aromatic (sweet smelling) oil was
extracted from the leaves of the plant, which likely accounts for the
enhanced flavour associated with foods wrapped with these leaves.


The problem in prostitution and indecent action can be regarded as the available problem in the whole area in Indonesian Republic, from big cities to the corner of small villages. Emerging problems in prostitution and indecent action in Malang get many reactions from society. After all, from many responses and opinions develop in society; the government of Malang has given special attention toward prostitution and indecent action in this city. The attention is realized in 2005 PERDA No. 8 about the interdiction of place for prostitution and indecent action.
Approach that is used in this study is juridical sociological approach based on norm approach and conceptual approach that is relevant with the study need. Primary data of this study is obtained by observation, interview and documentation. While, secondary data is obtained from books of law, scientific literatures, papers and the result of study in correlation with the purposes of this study. In analysis, the researcher uses technique of inductive thinking; that is, based on one or more propositions, and then it will be implemented in logical principles in the form, especially toward stipulation of prostitution and indecent action.
In this study, the result shows that in 2002 up to 2006 there were 262 agents of prostitution and indecent action had been ordered. 2 agents has been charged because they break article 290 KUHP and article 3, 2005 PERDA No. 8 and they given sanction in jail for 3 months by the court. There were 7 agents had been charged because they break article 293 KUHP and article 3, 2005 PERDA No. 5 and they given sanction in jail for 2 months by the court. There were 253 agents had been charged by article 3, 2005 PERDA No. 8 and they given sanction to pay fine for about Rp. 100.000 up to Rp. 200.000 and they given advisory for 3 days up to 2 weeks by Satpol PP Malang.
Based on the analysis in the problem about the cause factors of prostitution, is that economic is the most dominant factor in moral, status marriage (widow) or injustice factor in household. The result of analysis shows that the implementation of violation sanction of 2005 PERDA No. 8 has not run effectively, especially in arresting the same person.
In implementing the result of this study, the implementation and the maintenance of 2005 PERDA No. 8 about the Interdiction of Place for Prostitution and Indecent Action still be implemented like as usual. Satpol PP Malang needs to tight the coordination and consolidation in preventing and overcoming the problem in prostitution and indecent action in Malang. Advisory toward the agents of prostitution and indecent action should be optimalized by humanity approach to emerge agents' awareness in doing nothing like before, prostitution. Stipulation/sanction on the violation of the rule should run explicitly to reach more optimal result. For Satpol PP, they need to be more intense in having field operation by expending net target, for PERDA maker needs to re-review the articles of 2005 PERDA No. 8 especially in relation with the sanction. Beside, there is needed a PERDA that gives more opportunity toward ex-prostitute to improve their life quality through advisory and given skill they need


Inactivated oil based avian influenza vaccines are being used to confront viral outbreaks but seem to be ineffective due to the shorter life span of broiler birds. In such situations immunostimulating agents may play a vital role to overcome the problem. The current study was designed to investigate the co-stimulatory effect of levamisole on humoral response of chicken against inactivated oil based influenza vaccines in broiler birds. The efficacy of levamisole (LMS) hydrochloride, a standard immune modulator was evaluated on one hundred broilers in association with inactivated adjuvanted avian influenza vaccines. Avian influenza susceptible broilers were divided into nine groups, each having ten birds. The birds in groups G1, G2, G3, G5, G6 and G7 were offered 30 , 20 and 15mg kg-1 bwt levamisole for four consecutive days after being vaccinated with oil and gel based inactivated influenza vaccines respectively; birds in group G9 were kept as control. Whereas, birds in Group G4 were kept as oil base vaccinated control and Group G8 were kept as gel base vaccinated control without levamisole medication. Blood samples were obtained from wing vein on 14th, 28th and 36th days post vaccination. Anti-influenza antibody response was measured using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) technique.  Data analyzed by one way ANOVA and DMR test showed that levamisole in both regimens had appreciable effect on antibody titers (p<0.05). In conclusion, LMS can stimulate immune system which causes better response to vaccination. Further studies are needed to evaluate other effective factors for each of the best results of LMS.

 Key words: Levamisole, AIV H7N3, Immunomodulation.


The project presented in this article is to create a completely seamless and cloud-free mosaic of Mexico at a resolution of 5m, using approximately 4,500 RapidEye images. To complete this project in a timely manner and with limited operators, a number of processing architectures were required to handle a data volume of 12 terabytes. This paper will discuss the different operations realized to complete this project, which include, preprocessing, mosaic generation and post mosaic editing. Prior to mosaic generation, it was necessary to filter the 50,000 RapidEye images captured over Mexico between 2011 and 2014 to identify the top candidate images, based on season and cloud cover. Upon selecting the top candidate images, PCI Geomatics' GXL system was used to reproject, color balance and generate seamlines for the output 1TB+ mosaic. This paper will also discuss innovative techniques used by the GXL for color balancing large volumes of imagery with substantial radiometric differences. Furthermore, post-mosaicking steps, such as, exposure correction, cloud and cloud shadow elimination will be presented.


The behavior and toxicological properties of nanoparticles (NP) in biological medium depends heavily on their interactions with proteins. In return, the structure, stability and biological properties of the proteins that interact with the nanoparticles are strongly affected by this interaction. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of interaction and their structural consequences are very difficult to analyse. Here we show how biophysical techniques used in structural biology can be adapted to study the changes in structure and stability of proteins upon interaction with nanoparticles. By using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy it is possible to detect changes in the secondary structure and stability of proteins upon interaction with nanoparticles [1]. In some cases it is also possible to identify the proteinnanoparticle interaction domain by using high resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy [2].


This book represents a fine and interesting ambiguity of joke and seriousness, adressing the young progressive radiologists as well as the elderly colleagues having grown grey in hard but extremely interesting service. A specific high-point is in my mind the autobiographical sketch by the great Paul C. Hodges, enjoyable for everyone, Markowitz: 'Roentgen: Application denied' is a real hit in the face of bureaucracy, regardless of period of time in our specialty. Everyone of the chosen papers, however, is of great interest, chosen as they are by a person of great knowledge, sharp critical judgement and subtle humour.


Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, with an incidence of about 5 per 100,000 inhabitants. As no study on NETs has ever been specifically conducted on the population of Campania, we performed a retrospective analysis of all newly diagnosed NETs at the "Antonio Cardarelli" hospital between 2006–2009. A search of the registry of the Pathology Department of the "Antonio Cardarelli" hospital was carried out to retrieve available data on all newly diagnosed NET cases. Two hundred and ninety-nine NET tumors were diagnosed at our Institution from January, 2006 to December, 2009. Globally, 121 patients (40% of the population) had a lung NET, while 92 patients (30% of the population) presented a GEP-NET. The most common primary tumor site varied by sex, with female patients being more likely to have a primary NET in the lung, breast or colon, and male patients being more likely to have a primary tumor in the lung. Also, twenty-three cases of breast NETs were identified, and clinical information regarding therapy and response was available for 22 patients. Our study represents a pioneering effort to provide the medical community in Campania with basic information on a large number of patients with different types of NETs. The "Antonio Cardarelli" hospital could greatly benefit from cooperation with other hospitals in order to become a highly specialized center for NETs in the region and Southern Italy.


Introduction Concretions do not lend themselves to the exact methods of description used by the mineralogist. Paleontologists are likely to mention them only casually in connection with the fossils which they often inclose. Other geologists are apt to let them severely alone save for the briefest possible mention. Concretions may therefore be said to belong to a sort of "no-man's-land" in geology. Notwithstanding excellent descriptions of particular kinds of concretions which have appeared, we are still without criteria which will enable geologists to agree as to whether certain forms are of organic or inorganic origin. Cases have been recorded where structures of undoubted concretionary origin have been considered fossils by some geologists.[2][1] A number of forms which have been described as fossils are considered by some competent students of concretions to be partially or entirely due to inorganic agencies. As long as diversity of opinion exists as to whether a . . .

 [1]: #fn-2


It is widely appreciated that an attractive polymer-substrate interaction can slow relaxation in thin supported polymer films and polymer nanocomposites. Recent measurements and simulations on nancomposites have indicated that this slowing of polymer dynamics occurs more strongly near a highly attractive particle surface where a "bound" layer having a much lower mobility can form, strongly influencing the thermodynamics and dynamics of the film. Here we use molecular simulations to show that a bound interfacial layer having a very similar nature arises in thin supported polymer films when the polymer-polymer attraction is stronger than the polymer-polymer interaction strength. This bound polymer layer effectively insulates the remainder of the film from the strong interfacial interactions, and the resulting thermodynamically determined Tg is relatively insensitive to the polymer-substrate interaction strength when it exceeds that of the polymer-polymer interactions. The presence of this layer gives rise to an additional relaxation process in the self-intermediate scattering function that is not observed in the bulk material and leads to a slowing down of the average relaxation time of the film as a whole. On the other hand, the average relaxation time of the film outside the bound layer does not grow in proportion to the strength of the substrate attraction due to the weak coupling of the substrate relaxation to the relaxation in the interior of the film. At large substrate attraction, the bound layer effectively "cloaks" the substrate, reducing the effect of the polymer-surface interaction on Tg.


Networks often represent systems that do not have a long history of study in traditional fields of physics; albeit, there are some notable exceptions, such as energy landscapes and quantum gravity. Here, we consider networks that naturally arise in cosmology. Nodes in these networks are stationary observers uniformly distributed in an expanding open Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe with any scale factor and two observers are connected if one can causally influence the other. We show that these networks are growing Lorentz-invariant graphs with power-law distributions of node degrees. These networks encode maximum information about the observable universe available to a given observer.


Addiction has been a divisive term when applied to various compulsive sexual behaviors (CSBs), including obsessive use of pornography. Despite a growing acceptance of the existence of natural or process addictions based on an increased understanding of the function of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward systems, there has been a reticence to label CSBs as potentially addictive. While pathological gambling (PG) and obesity have received greater attention in functional and behavioral studies, evidence increasingly supports the description of CSBs as an addiction. This evidence is multifaceted and is based on an evolving understanding of the role of the neuronal receptor in addiction-related neuroplasticity, supported by the historical behavioral perspective. This addictive effect may be amplified by the accelerated novelty and the 'supranormal stimulus' (a phrase coined by Nikolaas Tinbergen) factor afforded by Internet pornography.


In this paper we study exact boundary controllability for a linear wave equation with strong and weak interior degeneration of the coefficient in the principle part of the elliptic operator. The objective is to provide a well-posedness analysis of the corresponding system and derive conditions for its controllability through boundary actions. Passing to a relaxed version of the original problem, we discuss existence and uniqueness of solutions, and using the HUM method we derive conditions on the rate of degeneracy for both exact boundary controllability and the lack thereof.


Information security risks are frequently assessed in terms of the probability that a threat will be realized and the severity of the consequences of a realized threat. In methods and manuals, the product of this probability and severity is often thought of as the risk to consider and manage. However, studies of human behavior and intentions in the field of information security suggest that in general, this is not the way security is perceived. In fact, few studies have found an interaction (i.e., a multiplicative relationship) between probability and severity. This paper describes a study where the ratings of risk and the two variables probability and severity were collected on 105 security threats from ten individuals together with information about the respondents' expertise and cognitive style. These ten individuals do not assess risk as the product of probability and severity, regardless of expertise and cognitive style. Depending on how risk is measured, an additive model explains 54.0% or 38.4% of the variance in risk. If a multiplicative term is added, the mean increased variance is only 1.5% or 2.4%, and for most of the individuals the contribution of the multiplicative term is statistically insignificant.


This is an exploration of Greek theatre as seen through its many depictions in classical art. "The Art of Ancient Greek Theater" addresses the vibrant imprint that ancient Greek tragedy and comedy left on the visual arts of classical Greece. Theatrical performance as we know it originated in mid-sixth century BCE with choral dances held in honour of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and patron of the theatre. The great tragedies by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, and the comedies of Aristophanes and Menander are preserved as some of the world's most revered literature and have formed the basis for theatrical performance up to the modern day. Over 90 objects - pottery vases, sculpture, reliefs, and masks - from museums across the world are featured with nine insightful essays and over 130 illustrations revealing the origins of Greek theatre and its multifaceted representation in the visual arts.


Gas metal arc (GMA) welding has over the years grown both in stature and strength to become a widely used welding process in the industries related to manufacturing. With sustained and noticeable developments in the technologies related to welding a need to automatically detect and even control the quality of welding has become both essential and desirable. Since defects present in the weld are mainly caused by an instability of the welding process, the overall quality of the welds can be detected from this instability. In order to detect the quality of the weld made by GMA welding, the arc light spectrum was collected and thoroughly analyzed and is the basis of presentation and discussion in this technical manuscript. The instability of the welding process is caused by either an improper selection and use of the welding parameters or the disturbance factors that are introduced during the welding process. Preliminary studies have shown that radiation of arc light comprised of spectral zones each having different characteristic. Some zones were abundant in the line spectra of elements (to include metal and the shielding gas argon), while some other zones were lacking in line spectra. Based on this, the spectral zones for detecting the welding process were selected. A chosen spectral zone lacking in a characteristic signal that revealed different transfer modes for the weld droplet for different arc lengths was carefully analyzed. With the introduction of disturbance factors in the welding process the resultant spectral signal of the welding arc was collected for the purpose of studying and resultant analysis. Results revealed the different disturbances to have a unique signal characteristic in the different spectral zones.


This study attempts to document the progress in Islamic banking industry of Pakistan towards fostering an egalitarian and equitable financial intermediation. It
evaluates the progress of Islamic banking in enhancing socio-economic mobility, financial inclusiveness and fostering equitable distribution of income. This study uses a set of quantitative indicators to objectively assess the performance of Islamic banks towards fostering a participative, inclusive, cost-effective and real sector oriented financial intermediation. The results highlight that currently, the performance of Islamic banks on these fronts leaves much to be desired. This study highlights that high average cost of financing and limited focus on agriculture and small and medium enterprises requires improvement to achieve the goal of circulation of wealth and equitable distribution of income. It also identifies that various categories of poor people who need finance for their health, education and small business working capital needs cannot be served by Islamic banks by using the available product structures. This study gives a geographical presence of Islamic banks which shows that they are mainly based in big urban cities. It argues that most of the Islamic banking debt-based products are close, but relatively expensive substitutes. The study will help the industry to review its performance in contributing towards financial inclusiveness, social mobility, need fulfillment and equitable income distribution.


The emergence of wireless sensor networks and their potential for a multitude of novel applications, especially in the industrial automation domain, are noteworthy. This paper presents research and development perspectives on wireless sensor networks from the Virtual Automation Networks project in terms of prototype development and coexistence with other chosen wireless technologies. The project-specific design and specification aspects, implementation and integration issues, and coexistence tests, measurements and results are covered in detail. The paper illustrates the successful integration of wireless sensor networks into the overall prototype and shows that they can coexist with other wireless technologies.


Resume de l'editeur : Wild Plants, Mushrooms and Nuts: Functional Properties and Food Applications is a compendium of current and novel research on the chemistry, biochemistry, nutritional and pharmaceutical value of traditional food products, namely wild mushrooms, plants and nuts, which are becoming more relevant in diets, and are especially useful for developing novel health foods and in modern natural food therapies. Topics covered will range from their nutritional value, chemical and biochemical characterization, to their multifunctional applications as food with beneficial effects on health, though their biological and pharmacological properties (antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor capacity, among others).


We consider interacting Bose gases trapped in a box $\Lambda = [0;1]^3$ in the Gross-Pitaevskii limit. Assuming the potential to be weak enough, we establish the validity of Bogoliubov's prediction for the ground state energy and the low-energy excitation spectrum. These notes are based on \cite{BBCS3}, a joint work with C. Boccato, C. Brennecke and S. Cenatiempo.


The development of communication technology through the internet brings a digital gap for women, especially for housewives who tend to be associated with domestic work. This study examines the use of internet and web newspaper (suaramerdeka.com) access by housewives. This study breaks the patriarchal ideology and the digital gap in family communication in the terms of access to information via internet. The theory used in this study is Gender Structure and Liberal Feminist Theories. This study is a descriptive qualitative research with critical phenomenology design. The results of study suggest that housewives are still excluded from access to information via internet due to unequal power in the use of communication technology in families. This happens because of the pattern of family communication that embraces patriarchy culture believing that housewives only need to take care of domestic issues and do not require internet access.


Physician researchers Edgar Rey Sanabria and Héctor Martínez-Gómez developed the Kangaroo Mother Program in Bogotá, Colombia, in 1979, as an alternative to conventional incubator treatment for low birth weight infants. As of 2018, low birth weight and its associated complications are the leading causes of infant death, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries where access to technology and skilled healthcare providers is limited. Kangaroo Mother Care is a simple and low cost method for treating low birth weight infants. Even though researchers developed the Kangaroo Mother Care method for infants born in hospitals with limited resources, they demonstrated that the method could be just as effective as conventional treatments. Kangaroo Mother Care changed the standard of care for low birth weight infants, making life-saving medical treatments accessible to thousands of infants in developing and undeveloped countries.


In the speech of some educated Cairenes, the coronal stops /t d tˤ dˤ/ acquire a secondary palatal articulation before high front vowels and glides, resulting in [t j ] or [d j ]. Based on first-hand data, this article provides a detailed phonetic and phonological investigation of this palatalization process in an attempt to fill a descriptive gap in the literature on Cairene Arabic. By examining the full range of triggers, targets, and potential blockers, I demonstrate that this is a phonetic coarticulatory effect, and that it should be distinguished from phonological assimilation. I also explore the hypothesis that this process – characterized as a sound change in progress – has been phonologized in a different sociolect of Cairene Arabic.


Have you ever worried that literature on library instruction deals more with methods of assessing student attitude than student learning? If so, you'll be glad to know someone is doing something about it! Eight unique disciplinary modules are presented, each identifying a series of information literacy objectives developed in accordance with Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Objectives. A substantive curriculum map embedded within each module lists the sequence of courses required for the disciplinary major and the level at which the course is taught (sophomore, junior, etc.), notes whether information literacy instruction is currently taught by the library for that particular course, and delineates the specific information literacy learning objectives the students must master in order to fulfill the course assignments. Collaborative responsibility for teaching the information literacy skills is also outlined, with specific recommendations for ways the library can strengthen its support for the specific discipline. In addition, assessment methodologies are identified; including scoring rubrics designed specifically for the disciplinary information literacy objectives. An indispensable resource for academic librarians ready to take the leap from episodic reactive response to programmatic sequenced integration into the curriculum.


Based on the Hamiltonian theory and method of elasticity, a ring and a circular hyper-analytical-elements are constructed and formulated. The hyper-analytical-elements give a precise description of the displacement and stress fields in the vicinity of crack tip for the bilinear cohesive crack model. The new analytical element can be implemented into finite element method program systems to solve crack propagation problems for plane structures with arbitrary shapes and loads. Numerical results for typical problems show that the method is simple, efficient and accurate.


Yildirim Sara, Ege Kavalali, and colleagues (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX) show that nerve terminals possess two independent vesicle populations: one for activity-dependent neurotransmitter release, and one for spontaneous release.

Figure

Vesicles formed by spontaneous (left) or activity-dependent (right) uptake look the same but differ in their release.

Activity-dependent release is the typical action potential–generating mechanism. But occasionally a vesicle leaks its contents without provocation. Most scientists figured these events—which affect synaptic development and inhibit translation in dendrites—reflect the occasional escape of a vesicle primed for activity-dependent release. But the new results reveal that spontaneously released vesicles comprise a pool of their own.

The two pools were distinguished by their filling mechanism: vesicles loaded with dyes by spontaneous endocytosis were then unloaded more rapidly by spontaneous release than by stimulated release. Activity-dependent endocytosis filled vesicles that were more rapidly unloaded by stimulated release. Blocking neurotransmitter refilling into vesicles at rest only affected spontaneous release, suggesting that the pools do not intermix.

Spontaneous vesicles may be defective in fusion yet occasionally fuse where and when they should not. The two pools looked the same by EM and were similarly localized, so the differences probably lie in lipid or protein content. How the differences originate is unclear. "There could be two recycling pathways" such as local and endosomal routes, says Kavalali. "Or [the spontaneous pool] might just be the use-dependent accumulation of defective vesicles over time."

Reference:

Sara, Y., et al. 2005. Neuron. 45:563–573. [PubMed]


We theoretically analyze the optical nonlinearity present at very low optical power in a system consisting of a quantum dot strongly coupled to a cavity, and show that this system can be used for ultralow power and high-speed all-optical switching. We also present numerical simulation results showing both the detailed temporal behavior of such switch and the time-integrated energy transmission through the cavity. We use two different approaches-a quantum optical one and a semiclassical one-to describe the system's behavior, and observe reasonable agreement between the outcomes of numerical simulations based on these two approaches.


Objective: To compare the effectiveness of dopamine versus epinephrine as 1st line vasoactive therapy among children aged 6 months to 12 years and presenting with fluid-refractory septic shock in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Multan, Pakistan. Period: August 2022 to January 2023. Material & Methods: A total of 156 children aged between 6 months to 12 year presenting to PICU with fluid refractory shock. Children were randomized to either Group-A (epinephrine) or Group-B (dopamine) till end points of resolution of shock was achieved. When the maximum recommended dose of the study drugs was reached, open-label vasoactive was initiated. Frequency of resolution of shock within 1st hour of resuscitation was noted. Results: In a total of 156 children, there were 85 (54.5%) children between 7 to 12 years of age. There were 90 (57.7%) males and 66 (42.3%) females. The efficacy was observed in 41 (52.6%) children in Group-A (epinephrine) versus 18 (23.1%) in Group-B (dopamine), p=0.0001. Conclusion: The epinephrine was more effective than dopamine as first-line vasoactive therapy in fluid-refractory septic shock in children aged 6 months to 12 years presenting in PICU.