Arsenic is toxic to most living cells and has two soluble inorganic forms: arsenite (+3)
and arsenate (+5), which are ubiquitous in the environment. Microbial metabolism of
arsenic in the environment, contributes to its geochemical cycling. Prokaryotic
oxidation of arsenite has been reported and characterised in moderate and thermal
environments but not below 10°C.
Giant Mine is a discontinued gold mine located 250 miles south of the arctic circle in
the Northwest Territories, Canada. 230,000 tonnes of arsenic trioxide dust are stored
underground at the site and infiltrating surface waters have become contaminated with
>50 mM arsenic. Several microbial biofilms were found growing on the mine walls
beneath seepage points of the arsenic-contaminated water. The diversity of arsenite
oxidisers in two sub-samples (which differed in arsenite concentrations) of one biofilm
were compared using a functional gene approach. The diversity of the two sub-samples
did not differ but the relative abundance of the three identified clades did.
An arsenite-oxidising bacterium, designated GM1, was isolated from the Giant Mine
biofilm. GM1 was shown to be a member of the Polaromonas genus, had a growth
range of 0-25°C and oxidised arsenite in the early-log phase of growth. GM1's arsenite
oxidase was constitutively expressed. The arsenite oxidase genes were partially
sequenced and their role in arsenite oxidation confirmed by mutagenesis.
The arsenite oxidase of GM1 was purified and partially characterised. It consists of two
subunits (88 and 15 kDa) in a α1β1 conformation, and contained Mo and Fe as cofactors.
The Vmax, Kcat and Km were the highest of any known arsenite oxidase. The GM1
arsenite oxidase functioned over a broad temperature range and was more active than
that of the mesophile NT-26 at low temperatures. It was also found to be less stable than
that of NT-26, as observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy.


Forest biodiversity is exhibiting a worldwide decline in response to environmental changes that result in the rapid loss, degradation, and fragmentation of essential forest habitats. Saproxylic insects, especially beetles, are an important part of forest biodiversity by contributing to deadwood decomposition, and serving as important components of food webs. Many saproxylic beetles display negative population trends, and are listed on national and European Red Lists of threatened species. Despite their great importance, present knowledge on the ecology and conservation requirements of these beetles is limited, in part due to the absence of efficient tools to sample populations of many species. Recently, pheromone-based methods have been proposed as a novel tool to study saproxylic insects. Unfortunately, thus far, pheromones have only been identified for a small number of species of interest to conservation. In this work I identified the aggregation-sex pheromones of longhorn beetles dependent on fresh, recently dead, wood substrates of oak in Sweden, and examined the usefulness of the pheromone-based trapping approach for detecting local populations, and studying the species' ecology. The pheromone-chemistry of eight species was considered, with a total of seven identified pheromone compounds (hydroxyketones, alcohols, and one ketone). The pheromones were used for systematic, large-scale monitoring studies in southern Sweden. The results served to significantly change the perception of several species' distribution and abundance. Further, local beetle abundance (trap captures), was best correlated with habitat at relatively large spatial scales, indicating that future detailed analyses of the species' ecology need to consider large spatial scales. Effects of oak forest management and habitat structure were examined in a three-year monitoring study. Generally, beetle abundance did not differ between ordinary oak production stands and two types of set-aside habitats for biodiversity. Most species also preferred more open, sun-exposed oak habitats. In addition, the beetles displayed short-term positive responses to logging in oak production stands, when fresh oak substrates were retained on site. The work clearly demonstrated the advantages of using pheromones to study these species and also offered early insights into the complicated, and highly dynamic, ecology of the species.


Fibre composites existence in civil infrastructure and transportation is relatively new. Originally developed for aerospace, defence force and marine industries, composite materials did not make an appearance into large civil structures until the first legal road bridge was constructed in 2002. They have many advantages over
conventional materials such as improved durability and high strength to weight ratio just to name a few. The behaviour of pultruded fibre composites has been studied to help the design engineer to better understand the long term performance of composite structures.
This research project seeks to investigate the fatigue behaviour of pultruded fibre composites to help develop the fatigue curve or better known as the fatigue life of a
material. Firstly a literature review was undertaken to help better understand the theory behind fibre composites and secondly a series of small scale (coupons) and large scale (Composite bridge girder) testing was done to prove these theories. This project also aimed to determine whether small scale testing can predict the fatigue
life of large scale composite structures.
Fatigue testing is a lengthy process with many researchers spending years just to develop one fatigue curve. Testing a particular sample to one million cycles at one hertz for example takes roughly 12 days to complete, and this does not including setup time. It may seem like the results obtained throughout this research project are quite small, however that one fatigue curve that is obtained is extremely important for the long term performance of pultruded fibre composites.
By applying a prediction model to the small scale experimental data, the fatigue curve was developed. Initial results were not quite what were expected, however they did provide an insight into the fatigue performance of coupon testing as this was something that had never been done before on these products. There are minor flaws
in the coupon testing, however these did not become apparent until final tests were completed. Further research into the use of coupons for fatigue testing purposes would be recommended. The composite bridge girder on the other hand showed extremely satisfying results considering it was tested at more than double the serviceability load specified by the Queensland Department of Main Roads


You most likely are aware that in December 2003, Congress enacted the MMA (Medicare Modernization Act). Since the majority of Medicare's payments for drugs provided in physician's offices (Part B) are for cancer treatment, it's prudent to evaluate how MMA will affect specialty pharmacy reimbursement and provider revenues.


The quality of democracy, market economy and governance has fallen to its lowest level in twelve years on a worldwide average. This is the key nding of our latest Transformation Index BTI. Since 2006, it has regularly analyzed political and economic developments in 129 developing and transformation countries. Conclusion: 40 governments, including some of more advanced democracies, have curtailed the rule of law over the past two years, and 50 countries have seen restrictions on political freedoms. The rulers of many countries have addressed the global economic challenges only insuf ciently and frequently on the backs of the poor and marginalized. Many governments 22.03.2018, BTI 2018


The integration of tumor-on-a-chip technology with mini-tissues or organoids has emerged as a powerful approach in cancer research and drug development. This review provides an extensive examination of the diverse biofabrication methods employed to create mini-tissues, including 3D bioprinting, spheroids, microfluidic systems, and self-assembly techniques using cell-laden hydrogels. Furthermore, it explores various approaches for fabricating organ-on-a-chip platforms. This paper highlights the synergistic potential of combining these technologies to create tumor-on-a-chip models that mimic the complex tumor microenvironment and offer unique insights into cancer biology and therapeutic responses.


The potential of African agriculture to support livelihoods for millions of people and employment for up to 60% labour has been heavily impeded by the growing threat of climate change. This challenge has left farmers to face the pressure to adjust the agricultural systems under widespread poverty, high population and low productivity resulting in low coping capabilities. Consequently, this study sought to examine to socioeconomic response patterns of farmers to climate change in Southeast Nigeria. Specifically, it assessed the level of awareness of climate change adaptation options among farmers; determined the rate of adoption of climate change adaptation measures and estimated socio-economic factors influencing their choice of the adaptation categories. With multistage sampling technique, 360 farmers were selected from three out of five states that make up the Southeast of Nigeria from whom data and information were elicited using pretested and structured questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics, adoption formula and probit model. Results show that level of awareness of climate change adaptation measures and their adoption rate was low. The likelihood of adapting reactive options was influenced by predominantly by education, farm size and membership of cooperatives while the probability of choosing the anticipatory or proactive adaptation options was affected by extension contact. The need to sensitize and incentivize has become imperative if climate compatible development which involves food security paradigms is to be achieved.


Background: . The primary breast augmentation surgery was not popular for a long time in Bangladesh but with the gradual economic and educational development, as well as availability of silicone gel implant and skilled surgeons, the demand, popularity and acceptance of this surgery is increasing. Objective: This study was done to assess the efficacy of the implants in 30 consecutive patients who presented for breast augmentation . Methods: Data were prospectively collected for all patients who underwent bilateral breast augmentation between July 2011 to November 2012 . Breast augmentation was performed by placing textured, round, silicone gel implant in subglandular position via inframammary approach. The 30 patients included in this series were analyzed according to demographic details, preoperative findings, postoperative patient and observer satisfaction scores, and complications. Standard pictures were taken before surgery and during follow-up visits over 6 month; standardised objective measurements of breast and chest were also taken. The test statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANOVA .A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the subjects' global impression of clinical improvement and one independent observer visually reviewed pre and postoperative result to grade aesthetic results Results: Observers evaluation by predefined criteria (volume, shape, consistency, inframammry fold and scar) rated 60 % of patients with excellent outcome, 30% good, 10% fair and none had poor score .A significant percentage (63.3%) of the 30 patients rated their satisfaction as very good and nine (30%) patient rated as good. None of the patients responded the result as poor or as very poor. No serious complications such as implant malposition or significant capsular contracture were observed Conclusions: We conclude that round textured cohesive gel implants provide excellent results, are well accepted by patients and most short-term postoperative adverse effects following cosmetic implantation are clinically insignificant and do not require treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bdjps.v4i1.18689 Bangladesh Journal of Plastic Surgery January 2013, 4(1): 20-28


Tailoring specified vibration modes is a requirement for designing piezoelectric devices aimed at dynamic-type applications. A technique for designing the shape of specified vibration modes is the topology optimization method (TOM) which finds an optimum material distribution inside a design domain to obtain a structure that vibrates according to specified eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. Nevertheless, when the TOM is applied to dynamic problems, the well-known grayscale or intermediate material problem arises which can invalidate the post-processing of the optimal result. Thus, a more natural way for solving dynamic problems using TOM is to allow intermediate material values. This idea leads to the functionally graded material (FGM) concept. In fact, FGMs are materials whose properties and microstructure continuously change along a specific direction. Therefore, in this paper, an approach is presented for tailoring user-defined vibration modes, by applying the TOM and FGM concepts to design functionally graded piezoelectric transducers (FGPT) and non-piezoelectric structures (functionally graded structures—FGS) in order to achieve maximum and/or minimum vibration amplitudes at certain points of the structure, by simultaneously finding the topology and material gradation function. The optimization problem is solved by using sequential linear programming. Two-dimensional results are presented to illustrate the method.


A nurse-driven progressive mobility protocol was developed and implemented in a thoracic cardiovascular intensive care, coronary intensive care and thoracic cardiovascular acute care unit, evaluating the impact on ventilator associated pneumonia, ventilator days, pressure ulcers, venous thromboembolism, discharge placement, length of stay and the number of patient falls. A multidisciplinary team approach was used to develop progressive mobility guidelines, protocol, education and interventions for 3 different patient care units. Several techniques were used to educate unit staff and implement the protocol. In-services, demos and hands on methods were used for education. In addition, mobility champions, laminated charts, incentives and a physician champion were approaches used for implementation. Research on immobility has found muscle weakness and wasting to be the most prominent complications responsible for disability in patients evaluated after discharge. Up to 60% of discharged critically ill patients may have long-term complications inhibiting them from complete functional recovery. In fact, critically ill patients who are on strict bed-rest have a decline of 1% to 1.5% per day and up to 50% of total muscle mass in 2 weeks. Prolonged immobilization of patients in intensive care contributes to the risk of ventilator associated pneumonia; weaknesses associated with immobility have been associated with deep vein thrombosis, falls, and pressure ulcers. Studies have been published demonstrating that early mobilization contributes to an improvement in patients' quality of life, endurance, and facilitated early weaning from the ventilator. Exercising patients may be challenging, but with a dedicated interprofessional team and protocols, early mobility has been found to be safe. ISSN 2639-9474 Review Article Citation: Darla K. Topley. Let's Move It: Progressive Mobility in the Cardiac Intensive and Acute Care Environment. Nur Primary Care.


: In a retrospective study covering a period of 15 years (1976-1991), we investigated 673 births after previous caesarean section compared to a matched pair group. During the observation period, an increase of vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section occurred. This decrease in resection rate (first five years period: 59%, 60% in the period of 1981-1985 and 42% within the last five years) could be achieved mainly in births after only one previous caesarean section. In patients with more than one previous caesarean section, the resection rate remained almost stable at 95%. The rate of complication was low in our study group, especially, if compared to studies in the USA. Three uterine ruptures with one maternal death occurred during the entire observation period. No correlation of the complication rate with an increase of vaginal delivery was observed. The more conservative obstetrical management had no negative impact on foetal outcome.


The growth kinetics of 3C-SiC heteroepitaxial layers on α-SiC substrates by Vapour-Liquid-Solid (VLS) mechanism in Ge-Si melts was investigated. Various parameters were studied such as temperature, melt composition, propane flux and substrate nature (polytype, polarity and misorientation). It was found that the growth rate increases with increasing temperature, propane flux, Si content of the melt and misorientation of the substrate. The calculated activation energy (from 4.7 to 6.6 kcal/mole depending on the substrate type) is very small suggesting that the limiting process is the diffusion of the dissolved carbon inside the melt. The carbon solubility inside the melt mainly affects the carbon dissolution kinetics from the gas phase. The results also suggest that surface effects are important through the layer polarity and crystalline quality.


This practice note describes and critiques the initial years of the International Criminal Court's (ICC) involvement in Uganda from the perspective of local civil society actors. It argues that the substance and process of the ICC's intervention fell chronically short of generating justice for those who had lived with the conflict for over two decades, and therefore created a disconnect between the priorities of those on the ground, and the priorities of the Court and its international minders. In order to unravel some of the dynamics that underpinned this disconnect, the paper asserts that the pivotal relationship between citizen and state provides a lens through which to assess any approach to generating justice in Uganda. It concludes that those promoting international justice need to be more cognisant of the fact that international justice mechanisms are obsolete unless they can move from theory to practice and make a genuine difference in people's lives. In this regard, a better understanding and awareness of the political and social context in which they are operating, as well as greater self-critique and honesty, is critical.


Oxygen regimen, hemodynamics, hemocoagulation, vegetative status, and immune status of patients subjected to multiple surgical interventions under anesthesia are analyzed. Three premedication schemes are considered. Routine fluothane anesthesia with nitrogen oxide + oxygen or calypsol after standard premedication is inadequate in children when used repeatedly. Tramal, a new analgesic, used in premedication, is highly effective, causes no side effects, and ensures sufficiently deep and prolonged analgesia. Use of neurovegetative blocking for premedication is a new and most physiological method of analgesia to be used in multiple minor surgical interventions in patients with burns.


The purpose of this thesis is to design a solution to the problem of random and fast movement of a ground platform which normally prevents the use of a high gain, pencil beam antenna.
Through the use of accelerometers and position filtering, the antenna constantly switches its beam in order to maximise directivity in the intended direction. As a proof of concept, a 10 GHz, single dimension dish was built and tested in laboratory. The results confirmed that the concept is viable and would open the door to not only truly mobile radar, but could potentially greatly improve mobile satellite communications.


Entrepreneurs are networking with others to get advice for their businesses. The networking differs between men and women; notably, men are more often networking for advice in the public sphere and women are more often networking for advice in the private sphere. The purpose of this study is to account for how such gendering of entrepreneurs' networks of advisors differs between societies and cultures.,Based on survey data from the Global Entrepreneurships Monitor, a sample of 16,365 entrepreneurs is used to compare the gendering of entrepreneurs' networks in China and five countries largely located around the Persian Gulf, namely Yemen, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.,Analyses show that female entrepreneurs tend to have slightly larger private sphere networks than male entrepreneurs. The differences between male and female entrepreneurs' networking in the public sphere are considerably larger. Societal differences in the relative prominence of networking in the public and private spheres, and the gendering hereof, correspond well to cultural and socio-economic societal differences. In particular, the authors found marked differences among the religiously conservative and politically autocratic Gulf states.,As a main limitation to this study, the data disclose only the gender of the entrepreneur, but not the gender of each advisor in the network around the entrepreneur. Thus, the authors cannot tell the extent to which men and women interact with each other. This limitation along with the findings of this study point to a need for further research on the extent to which genders are structurally mixed or separated as entrepreneurs network for advice in the public sphere. In addition, the large migrant populations in some Arab states raise questions of the ethnicity of entrepreneurs and advisors.,Results from this study create novel and nuanced understandings about the differences in the gendering of entrepreneurs' networking in China and countries around Persian Gulf. Such understandings provide valuable input to the knowledge of how to better use the entrepreneurial potential from both men and women in different cultures. The sample is fairly representative of entrepreneur populations, and the results can be generalized to these countries.


This thesis discusses the control and operation of dividing wall columns. In particular the attention is on the Kaibel column, a four-product dividing wall column with two side-streams. The Kaibel column has for a given feed potentially 6 degrees of freedom available for control once inventory control loops are in place. These degrees of freedom are the vapour rate, reflux rate, two side-stream rates and the split ratios for vapour and liquid. They can be used to operate the column in such a way as to meet predefined goals and specifications. The goals of operation may be formalized by an economic cost (or objective) function. Optimal operation is when the best possible operation in terms of the cost function is achieved. The normal (in literature) cost function to evaluate dividing wall columns is to minimize the energy input to the column while keeping the product purities at specified values. This is a good formulation to evaluate the potential energy savings of the dividing wall compared to conventional distillation sequences, and is particularly useful in a design phase. For an existing column within a processing plant, other operational objectives may also be important, however. In this work, optimal operation of a dividing wall column is investigated from a perspective of different operational modes (objectives). It is common to separate a control system into different layers based on the time-scale that the different control loops operate. The supervisory control layer should help us achieve the operational objectives - optimal operation, while the faster regulatory control layer should deal with stabilization and fast control. In this thesis the emphasis is on selecting the correct controlled variables for both layers. Methods for selecting self-optimizing controlled variables are applied with an aim of optimal operation, while column dynamics are more important when selecting variables to control in the regulatory control layer. For the regulatory control layer, the importance of utilizing the liquid split for closed loop control is emphasized. A Kaibel column pilot plant has been constructed during the work of this thesis. Initial experiments have been reported and valuable lessons were learned about the design and operation of the column. A purposebuilt valve for adjusting the vapour split in the column has been included in the apparatus. The first experiment with closed loop control using the vapour split as a manipulative variable is reported.


The General Agreement on Trade in Service calls for members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to further liberalize and expand opportunities for international trade in services. With legal services included in this mandate, requests for specific commitments and offers have been made by WTO Member States. While services as components of international trade is new to many of the WTO Member States, free movement of services has been addressed by the European Union (EU) since the inception of the European Economic Community. Thus EU directives, declarations, codes and case law serve as valuable resources to WTO Member States as they seek to liberalize the provision of legal services. Within the EU, lawyers from EU Member States can work temporarily or permanently in another EU Member State by complying with the provisions of the Lawyers' Services Directive or the Lawyers' Establishment Directive. The EU, however, proposes handling cross-border practice with lawyers from non-EU Member states who are WTO members through Foreign Legal Consultant recognition, something considerably more restrictive than what is accorded lawyers from EU Member States. In that the EU is looked to as a leader in facilitating the provision of legal services, it seems the EU is missing an opportunity to shape the globalization of the legal profession by further expanding liberalization opportunities for international trade in legal services.


In their approach to managing athletes who sustain concussions, sports physicians differ at least as widely as do the many published guidelines on the subject. The scarcity of scientific evidence makes practical decisions about when an athlete can safely return to the field difficult. Efforts to forge a consensus are underway, but controversy persists around such questions as whether a brief loss of consciousness should be classified as a severe concussion.


ABSTRACT The Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus; redwing) is a commonly used accepter host species that incubates eggs and cares for nestlings and fledglings of the obligate brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater; cowbird). This host species, however, may reduce the risk of parasitism with a frontloaded antiparasite strategy in which it attacks parasites that approach active host nests. To test this frontloaded parasite-defense hypothesis (FPDH), we presented taxidermic models of a female Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), which represents no threat to redwings, a male cowbird, which cannot lay a parasitic egg, and a female cowbird, together with species- and sex-specific vocalization playbacks for 5 min. We conducted these presentations at 25 active redwing nests at Newark Road Prairie in south-central Rock County, Wisconsin, USA, where 18% of redwing nests were parasitized by cowbirds in 2015. As predicted by the FPDH, the female cowbird mount elicited the most aggressive responses and the female cardinal mount the least aggressive, as measured by number of times more than one male redwing responded and number of times the male host attacked the mount, and by Principal Component Analyses yielding the highest redwing aggressive behavior and intimidation scores. Contrary to the predictions of FPDH regarding the success of nest defense behaviors, male redwings responding at naturally parasitized nests were significantly more likely to attack the mount than males with nests that were not parasitized, although our sample size was small. We also compared our results with those of a study using the same methods in New York State where cowbird parasitism was rare. Redwings in Wisconsin were more aggressive toward the female cowbird mount than redwings in New York. Red-winged Blackbirds appear to frontload their antiparasite defenses, but the success of those defenses depends on individual and population-level experience with parasites.


Background: Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is highly recommended for patients with coronary artery disease, as it improves physical fitness and reduces mortality and morbidity. Physical fitness per se does not always correlate with the patient's physical function. For this reason, additional measurements of physical function could be included in cardiac rehabilitation programmes to further tailor interventions to suit the individual patient. As a result, reliable measurements to assess physical function are required for patients with coronary artery disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) and the Disability Rating Index (DRI) in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Material: Fifty-one patients (11 women), age 63.9 (SD 7.6) years, with stable coronary artery disease and coronary-angiographic changes indicating an elective percutaneous coronary intervention, were recruited at the Cardiology Department at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg. Methods: The reliability tests included stability over time, evaluated with a test–retest procedure using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and internal consistency, measured with Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlation coefficients. Results: Both questionnaires were stable over time (DRI, ICC=0.74, and PSFS, ICC=0.72). The internal consistency for the DRI was good, with a Cronbach's alpha value of > 0.85 for all items. The item-total correlation coefficients presented acceptable values of > 0.40, apart from two items. Conclusion: We have provided introductory support for the reliability of the DRI and PSFS questionnaires in patients with stable CAD. These questionnaires can be used to assess physical function and to evaluate the effect of interventions in addition to measuring physical fitness.


This paper presents a new approach to identify the important aspects of packaging. The approach uses experimentally designed concepts dealing with packages, their uses, and their benefits. The concepts comprise "elements," which are short words, pictures, and video clips (short videos lasting 3 to 5 s), combined by an experimental design and presented to the consumer on a computer screen. The consumer rates each combination on acceptance and expected performance. The computer acquires the ratings just after presenting the concept stimulus. The resulting database, comprising concept elements and consumer responses, is analyzed by dummy variable regression analysis to reveal which specific elements drive each consumer-rated attribute, respectively. The results of the analysis yield a model that allows the developer to "optimize" the package concept in order to maximize acceptance and/or to communicate different end benefits while so doing. The paper illustrates the method by an experiment with "baby wipes" (premoistened towelettes).


The concept of Regional Innovation System (RIS) builds upon an integrated perspective of innovation, acknowledging the contribution of knowledge production subsystem, regulatory context and enterprises to a region's innovative performance. Science and Technology parks can act as a platform to the production of knowledge and its transfer to the economy in the form of spin-offs or simple knowledge spillovers, enhanced by the co-location of R&D university centers and high technology enterprises on site. Although reflecting mainly a science push perspective, they may constitute central nodes in an infrastructural system of competitiveness that articulates other entrepreneurial location sites and bridges Universities to the economy in a more efficient and effective way, being crucial to increasing technology transfer and interchange speed, promoting the technological upgrading of the regional economy. In this paper we discuss the importance of Science and Technology Parks in the building up of a Regional Innovation System, promoting the technological intensification of the economy, a more effective knowledge transfer and sharing and the construction of competitive advantages, with particular importance in follower regions facing structural deficiencies. We oppose to the predominant closed paradigm, which understands science parks' role in a narrow and "enclavist", arguing in favor of an open and "integrative" paradigm where the interconnection to other infrastructures and agents boosts the park's performance and upgrades the regional economies competitiveness infra-structures and innovation capability. We further stress the importance of science parks in signaling capabilities and hence attracting R&D external initiatives, namely, R&D FDI.


Rearrangement of the lambda light chain locus is considered a late event in pre-B cell differentiation which occurs after successful heavy chain and unsuccessful kappa light chain rearrangement. However, this view has recently been challenged by the observation of apparently independent lambda rearrangement in certain B cell lines and Ig transgenic populations. In this study we have examined the pattern of Ig rearrangements and expression in several tissue culture-derived murine B cell lines. One pre-B cell line (BDL-1) displayed germline heavy and kappa light chain genes despite the presence of a productive lambda 1 light chain rearrangement. Two other cell lines (DAC-2, BDL-2) had multiple lambda rearrangements despite the presence of productive kappa chain rearrangements. These cell lines provide new precedents for rearrangement of the lambda locus independent of the kappa locus. Their phenotype suggests that accessibility at the different Ig loci may be controlled by a non-sequential mechanism.


Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.


Glutamylation is the major posttranslational modification of neuronal and axonemal tubulin and is restricted predominantly to centrioles in nonneuronal cells (Bobinnec, Y., M. Moudjou, J.P. Fouquet, E. Desbruyères, B. Eddé, and M. Bornens. 1998. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 39:223–232). To investigate a possible relationship between the exceptional stability of centriole microtubules and the compartmentalization of glutamylated isoforms, we loaded HeLa cells with the monoclonal antibody GT335, which specifically reacts with polyglutamylated tubulin. The total disappearance of the centriole pair was observed after 12 h, as judged both by immunofluorescence labeling with specific antibodies and electron microscopic observation of cells after complete thick serial sectioning. Strikingly, we also observed a scattering of the pericentriolar material (PCM) within the cytoplasm and a parallel disappearance of the centrosome as a defined organelle. However, centriole disappearance was transient, as centrioles and discrete centrosomes ultimately reappeared in the cell population. During the acentriolar period, a large proportion of monopolar half-spindles or of bipolar spindles with abnormal distribution of PCM and NuMA were observed. However, as judged by a quasinormal increase in cell number, these cells likely were not blocked in mitosis. Our results suggest that a posttranslational modification of tubulin is critical for long-term stability of centriolar microtubules. They further demonstrate that in animal cells, centrioles are instrumental in organizing centrosomal components into a structurally stable organelle.


The alignment precision of the electron lenses is one of the most critical factors that determine overall performance of the microcolumn system including the image resolution and aberration. Since the lens apertures are usually as small as 5 ~ 300 μm, the alignment is difficult to carry out, even if the expensive and complicated aligner is used. In this work, we have developed a novel alignment method using laser diffraction pattern, with which we can easily obtain high-precision alignment. The images of Cu grid (mesh# 1000) and carbon nanotubes (200-nm diameter) taken by the microcolumn fabricated by the new alignment scheme has confirmed that the new method was very simple and useful.


Inaccurate self-reported data on medication exposure lead to less reliable study findings. From 2013 to 2015, we assessed the validity of information on medication use collected via a mailed medication inventory among 223 Women's Health Initiative participants who were members of a health-care delivery system. Self-reported information on medication usewas compared with pharmacy records for statins, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, and bisphosphonates. We assessed sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) for current medication use. We assessed agreement on duration of use (<2, 2, 3, 4, or ≥5 years) by means of the weighted κ statistic. The mean age of participants was 77 years. Statins, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers were each reported by over 15% of women, and bisphosphonates were reported by 4.5%. Compared with pharmacy records, the sensitivity, specificity, and PPV for self-reported use of statins, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers were all 95% or greater. The sensitivity and PPV for bisphosphonate use were both 80% (95% confidence interval: 44, 97), and specificity was 99% (95% confidence interval: 97, 100). The κ statistic for duration of use was 0.87 or greater for all 4 medication classes. Compared with pharmacy records, self-reported information on current medication use and duration of use collected via mailed medication inventory among older women had almost perfect agreement for use of statins, β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers.


The shame surrounding the construct of disability strikes at the very context of an individual's soul. The overcoming of shame associated with a learning disability diagnosis is a journey. To be free requires the inner looking into the core of self, once viewed and acknowledged healing enters. In this journey the individual is held by hands greater than their own. The path of healing is an individual passage and choice.
We Walk Through Corridors by Lisa Boskovich is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://rdsjournal.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://www.rds.hawaii.edu/.


We present the use of direct bonded copper (DBC) for the straightforward fabrication of high power atom chips. Atom chips using DBC have several benefits: excellent copper/substrate adhesion, high purity, thick (>100 μm) copper layers, high substrate thermal conductivity, high aspect ratio wires, the potential for rapid (<8 h) fabrication, and three-dimensional atom chip structures. Two mask options for DBC atom chip fabrication are presented, as well as two methods for etching wire patterns into the copper layer. A test chip, able to support 100 A of current for 2 s without failing, is used to determine the thermal impedance of the DBC. An assembly using two DBC atom chips is used to magnetically trap laser cooled (87)Rb atoms. The wire aspect ratio that optimizes the magnetic field gradient as a function of power dissipation is determined to be 0.84:1 (height:width).


Restaurants and dining out are an important part of the tourism industry and are a major business in their own right. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived service fairness, relationship quality, and switching intention in fine dining restaurants. Data were collected through a convenience sampling method from 164 customers from only fine dining restaurants in the northern region of West Malaysia (Kedah, Perak, Penang, and Perlis States). Unlike all previous studies which have focused exclusively on the role of justice in service failure and recovery, this study considers all-inclusive service delivery contexts. The results of this study showed that all the dimensions of perceived service fairness have a significant relationship with switching intention. In addition, perceived service fairness has a positive relationship with trust in all dimensions except for outcome fairness. Moreover, the results found that among the perceived service fairness dimensions, only procedural fairness and interactional fairness had a positive relationship with commitment and price fairness; outcome fairness was not related to commitment. Finally, the results confirmed the negative and significant relationship between relationship quality (trust and commitment) on switching intention. Managerial implications of these findings are briefly discussed.


The effect of irradiation on color, lipid oxidation, and volatile production of precooked, irradiated turkey breast during frozen storage was studied. Turkey breast muscles were precooked, aerobically or vacuum-packaged, irradiated at 0, 2.5, or 5.0 kGy using a linear accelerator (electron beam), and then frozen-stored at -40 C. Lipid oxidation, volatiles, color values, gas production, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of meat were determined during 3-mo storage periods. Ionizing radiation produced characteristic off-odor volatiles (dimethyldisulfide and methylthioethane) and lipid oxidation products in precooked, frozen turkey breast. The production of volatiles was accelerated by the confounding effect of high irradiation dose, aerobic packaging, and increased storage time. Volatile production and color changes in irradiated, precooked turkey breast were induced by different mechanisms. Irradiation increased pink color in precooked, vacuum-packaged turkey breast, and the pink color was stable during frozen storage. Decreased ORP and increased CO in irradiated meat indicated that denatured CO-heme pigments could be responsible for the pink color in precooked, irradiated turkey breast. Vacuum packaging was better than aerobic packaging in preventing lipid oxidation and oxidation-dependent volatile production, but pink color in precooked, irradiated turkey breast during frozen storage was maintained.


Experimental infections were produced in 78 quarters of 17 cows by the infusion of small numbers of a single strain of Staphylococcus aureus. In each single experiment three quarters in a cow were infected, with the fourth left as a control. At times varying from three to 60 days after the infusion of organisms, a standard intramammary antibiotic treatment was administered on a single occasion. A cure was arbitrarily defined as the absence of the organism in foremilk, from direct plating and replated incubated milk, together with return to normal somatic cell count levels as determined by an electronic counter. With these standardized conditions the effects of a number of cow associated factors on the outcome of the therapy were determined. Forty-three of the 78 quarters (55%) were cured by the standard treatment. Significant differences in percentages of quarters cured were found to be associated with the duration of infection before therapy, the lactation age of the cow, the length of time in lactation, somatic cell count in milk at time of treatment, the location of the quarter in the udder and individual cows. No significant effects on the outcome of the standard treatment were found associated with the number of bacteria in the secretion at the time of treatment, previous infection and cure in a quarter nor the season of the year in which treatment was given. Of *Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Guelph, Gueiph, Ontario. Submitted January 14, 1974. the 35 quarters in which infection recurred following treatment, organisms were reisolated from 12 within four days, 18 between five and nine days, four between ten and 17 days and one after 28 days. From these data it is apparent that if, as has been suggested, models such as described are to be used for efficacy trials, standardization of some parameters is essential.


AbstractOBJECTIVE: To compare strategies for diagnosing cancer in primary care patients with low back pain. Strategies differed in their use of clinical findings, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and plain x-rays prior to imaging and biopsy.
 DESIGN: Decision analysis and cost effectiveness analysis with sensitivity analyses. Strategies were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic cost effectiveness ratios.
 SETTING: Hypothetical.
 MEASUREMENTS: Estimates of disease prevalence and test characteristics were taken from the literature. Costs were represented by the Medicare reimbursement for the tests and procedures employed.
 MAIN RESULTS: In the baseline analysis, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the imaging procedure prior to a single biopsy, strategies ranged in sensitivity from 0.40 to 0.73, with corresponding diagnostic costs of $14 to $241 per patient with average cost effectiveness ratios of $5,283 to $49,814 per case of cancer found. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios varied from $8,397 to $624,781; five strategies were dominant in the baseline analysis. Use of a higher ESR cutoff point (50 mm/hr) improved specificity and cost effectiveness for certain strategies. Imaging with MRI, or bone scan followed in series by MRI, resulted in fewer unnecessary biopsies than imaging with bone scan alone. Cancer prevalence was an important determinant of cost effectiveness.
 CONCLUSIONS: We recommend a strategy of imaging patients who have a clinical finding (history of cancer, age ≥ 50 years, weight loss, or failure to improve with conservative therapy) in combination with either an elevated ESR (≥50 mm/hr) or a positive x-ray, or using the same approach but imaging directly those patients with a history of cancer.


OUTOKUMPU MODA 430/4016 is a 16% chromium ferritic stainless steel that combines good mechanical properties with good corrosion resistance and heat and oxidation resistance up to 815 °C (1500 °F). It is the most commonly used ferritic stainless steel grade and can be used to replace type 304 austenitic stainless steel in certain applications. It is best suited for mildly corrosive environments. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1340. Producer or source: Outokumpu Oyj.


The purpose of this study was to increase student activeness in online learning with discovery learning models and interactive media for grade 4 students at SD Negeri 2 Karanganyar. The subjects were grade 4 SD Negeri 2 Karanganyar, totaling 9 students. The CAR design uses interactive media to increase student activeness in thematic subjects for grade 4 SD Negeri 2 Karanganyar students. Data collection techniques using observation and tests. The data analysis used descriptive quantitative and qualitative statistics. The results showed an increase in student activeness, this can be seen from the observation sheet of the pre-action activities and each cycle, namely in the pre-action it was 22.2%, in cycle I it was 55.6%, while in cycle II it was 88.9 %. This was accompanied by an increase in the average student learning outcomes from pre-action by 54.4, cycle I was 63.9, while in cycle II was 81.1. Thus it can be concluded that the use of interactive media can increase student activity in the Thematic learning of grade 4 elementary school students.


This study aims primarily to identify if participants experience attrition in speaking, speed and in-depth reading comprehension, short conversation and passage listening comprehension and writing abilities over a two-month holiday. Another research objective is to identify the attrition in vocabulary knowledge. Taking into consideration research practicability and efficiency,
different numbers of participants took different tests. Three hundred and forty tertiary students from Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT) were randomly selected to participate in the reading and listening tests before and after the holiday, 50 participants took part in the tests of writing, and 121 participated in the vocabulary tests.
A questionnaire was administered to 340 tertiary students and it included numerous variables in relation to language attrition such as self-assessment of speaking skills, motivation and social activities. The data collected from
the tests and questionnaire were analyzed via nonparametric and parametric tests using SPSS. Cranach's alpha coefficient and MFRM (Multi Facets Rasch Model) were used to validate the reliabilities.
The results of the tests indicated that participants' short conversation listening comprehension scores gained significantly (p=.05) over the holiday period, showing improvement. However, no statistical significance was found
in the passage listening comprehension scores, thus indicating no presence of significant attrition or improvement. In addition, the results did not indicate
any statistically significant attrition in both modes of reading comprehension though a slight increase was found in speed reading comprehension scores and evidence of slight attrition was obtained in in-depth reading comprehension. No significant gender differences were found in speed and
in-depth reading, short conversation listening and passage listening conversation scores. The results also showed that participants experienced a statistically significant level of attrition in not only overall writing skills but also specific writing skills such as pertinence, coherence, clarity and grammar over the holiday period. Females suffered a higher level of attrition than males in all tested specific writing skills except for grammar. Significant attrition was also found in vocabulary knowledge.
The results of the questionnaire showed that participants believed that their overall English proficiency (including speaking skills) attrited over the holiday period although the listening and reading test results did not reveal any
statistically significant attrition. Participants showed a lower level of positive motivation and fewer social activities for studying English language during the holiday than before the holiday and this could have contributed to the attrition in some of the linguistic abilities.
The findings suggested that attrition was not an overall phenomenon affecting all language skills. Thus, it might point to students having different threshold levels in learning and maintaining the language skills learnt.
Institutions would need to initiate measures that address attrition in order that the problem be minimized. A low level of attrition would lead to graduates having a better language ability to serve the China economy that is fast
expanding. More proficient graduates in English would help to realize the economic goals and to participate more efficiently both locally and globally.


Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. PE is diagnosed by new onset hypertension and proteinuria or end-organ damage at or after mid-gestation. Although it is known that excessive maternal inflammation contributes to PE, the underlying mechanisms that cause hypertension during pregnancy are still unclear. Excessive maternal inflammation may be in part mediated by ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns. MicroRNAs are small endogenous regulators of gene expression and recently numerous inflammation-related microRNAs have been identified. Several clinical studies reported that miR-155 expression, which is known to regulate inflammation in various disease conditions, is also up-regulated in the placentas of women with PE. We confirmed by qRT-PCR that miR-155 expression was significantly increased in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded placentas from patients with PE compared to normal pregnant women. Poly I:C (a TLR3 agonist) treatment of human placental cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) for 24 hours significantly increased miR-155 expression compared to vehicle-treated CTBs. Based on these data we hypothesized that TLR3 activation induces placental miR-155 expression which in turn contributes to excessive maternal inflammation leading to PE whereas miR-155 deficiency will attenuate PE-like symptoms in a TLR3-induced PE mouse model. Pregnant WT and miR-155 KO mice were treated with poly I:C or saline on gestational days (gd) 13, 15, and 17 prior to sacrifice on gd 18. Poly I:C treatment induced hypertension in pregnant WT mice (P-PIC WT) (gd 17 SBP: 139±4 mmHg) compared to P WT mice (99±4 mmHg), however this was attenuated in P-PIC miR-155 KO mice (100±1 mmHg ). P-PIC WT mice exhibited endothelial dysfunction and splenomegaly compared to P WT mice and these were also attenuated in PPIC miR-155 KO mice. Our data taken together suggest that miR-155 plays a role in the pathogenesis of PE likely by increasing the maternal inflammatory response.


India, a late integrator in the global market for clothing, has followed a path to integration that is quite different from the experience of some of its major competitors. Unlike China, Mexico, Eastern Europe and other South Asian countries, India's recent surge in clothing exports has occurred despite the lack of major FDI in textile and apparel, or entry into preferential regional trade agreements with buyer countries, or any significant direct role of global buyers. Arguing that changes in domestic policy and in the structure of domestic demand throughout the 1980s and 1990s played an important role in triggering new growth in India's textiles and apparel exports, and reshaping the capabilities of local firms, this paper examines three features of India's recent integration into global clothing markets: the striking emergence of design as a source of comparative advantage in Indian apparel, the growing importance of outward-bound investment by Indian clothing firms in recent years, and the powerful new role that retail is playing in organizing the Indian domestic market, driven in part by surging consumer demand from entirely new mid-market youth segments associated with the country's IT-BPO boom.


Despite availability of standardized drug therapies with proven beneficial outcomes, heart failure is associated with poor quality of life, increased hospital readmission, and high mortality rate. In the recent years, comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure has led to the development and approval of 2 new pharmacological agents, sacubitril–valsartan and ivabradine. These agents are currently approved for use in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and present as novel approaches to further improve prognosis and outcomes in patients with HF. They offer alternative treatment options for patients who are intolerant or continue to be symptomatic despite utilization of standard HF drug therapies at optimally tolerated dosages. A review of these 2 novel agents in HFrEF, including information on pivotal trials that led to its approval and its place in therapy for HFrEF, is presented.


Abstract A standard method for evaluating weed seed predation is needed to facilitate generalizations across studies. Identification of general trends could allow practical recommendations for enhancing weed seed predation in agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to compare the commonly used sandpaper and soil substrate methods for offering weed seeds when assessing seed predation rates. Invertebrate seed predators and associated weed seed predation levels were measured in June to July, August, and September of 2005 and 2006 within a conventionally managed corn system. Seed predation levels of three common weed species, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and common lambsquarters, were estimated using feeding trials in which 40 seeds of each species were offered over a 48 h period using the two substrates. Exclosures were used to distinguish total predation from predation by invertebrates alone. In addition, we investigated the use of geospatial analysis to estimate spatial autocorrelation of invertebrate populations and seed removal rates. Results suggest caution in using synthetic substrates, such as sandpaper, when assessing seed predation, especially when investigating small-seeded species (< 1 mg seed−1) or when seed predators are predominantly invertebrates. By contrast, predation of the larger-seeded species, velvetleaf, was less affected by substrate, perhaps because of removal predominately by vertebrates. One way to overcome problems with the sandpaper substrate method is for studies to include some soil substrate samples for on-site calibration of the sandpaper substrate. If necessary, data could then be corrected by multiplying by the ratio of soil substrate measured-predation rate to sandpaper measured-predation rate. Spatial autocorrelation explained between 6 and 9% of the variation in giant foxtail and common lambsquarters removal rates attributed to invertebrates alone. Researchers should, therefore, be careful not to neglect the impact of clustered invertebrate populations and associated seed removal rates. Nomenclature: Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH; corn, Zea mays L.


Endogenous l-tri-iodothyronine content in an hepatic nuclear extract was measured by a new unextracted-sample radioimmunoassay method using 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid to inhibit the l-[(125)I]tri-iodothyronine binding to the nuclear l-tri-iodothyronine receptor within the extract. For this method, the lower sensitivity limit was 3.125 pg/tube, the recovery of added l-tri-iodothyronine was 90-120%, and the between-assay coefficient of variation was 10%. The amount of endogenous l-tri-iodothyronine was 10-40 pg/0.2 ml of hepatic nuclear extract from euthyroid rats, compared with less than 3.125 pg/0.2 ml from thyroidectomized rats. The results obtained by this new method were compared with a Sephadex G-25 column extracted-sample radioimmunoassay method and showed a good agreement. The values for the endogenous l-tri-iodothyronine content were utilized to correct for the l-tri-iodothyronine concentration within the binding assay mixture in order to accurately determine by Scatchard analysis the binding characteristics of the nuclear l-tri-iodothyronine receptor. The validity of the correction for endogeneous l-tri-iodothyronine was demonstrated by using a nuclear extract from a thyroidectomized rat which was preincubated with a small known amount of l-tri-iodothyronine before determining the nuclear l-tri-iodothyronine receptor binding characteristics. When the Scatchard plots were corrected for the preincubated dose, the results obtained were similar to true values, but they were falsely lower when not corrected. It is concluded that the necessity and validity of using endogenous l-tri-iodothyronine corrections in the Scatchard analytical computations of the nuclear l-tri-iodothyronine receptor binding characteristics has been demonstrated, being particularly more important for affinity constant than maximum binding capacity.


We describe the effect of pretreatment with alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) on the susceptibility of the human neuroblastoma SKNMC cell line to infection by herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1). ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the A2M-HSV-1 interaction in vitro. Indirect immunofluorescence shows that A2M exacerbated the cytopathic effect induced after HSV-1 infection. However, A2M-pretreated SKNMC cells notably produced fewer HSV-1 particles than did the untreated cells, suggesting that A2M could induce a restrictive infection. Furthermore, high levels of HSV-1 and A2M induced the production of nitric oxide (NO) in SKNMC. Preliminary results suggest that A2M might induce apoptosis in HSV-1-infected cells. These findings affirm the conclusion that A2M may interact directly with HSV-1 and modulate the course of the infection in SKNMC human neuroblastoma cells.


South Africa is one of the driest countries in the world and is facing a water crisis. In addition to inadequate infrastructure and poor planning, the country is experiencing high rates of water wastage due to pipe leaks. This study outlines the level of water wastage and develops a smart solution to efficiently manage and reduce the effects of pipe leaks, while monitoring the situation before and after fixing the pipe leaks. To understand the issue in depth, a literature review of journal papers and government reports was conducted. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the general public. Additionally, the municipality office was contacted from a managerial perspective. The analysis from the study indicated that the majority of the citizens are aware of the water crisis and are willing to participate positively to decrease the level of water wasted. Furthermore, the response from the municipality acknowledged that more practical solutions are needed to reduce water wastage, and resources to attend to pipe leaks swiftly. Therefore, this paper proposes a specific solution for municipalities, local plumbers and citizens to minimize the effects of pipe leaks. The solution provides web and mobile application platforms to report and manage leaks swiftly. The solution is beneficial to the country in achieving water security and would promote a culture of responsibility toward water usage. Keywords—Urban Distribution Networks, leak management, mobile application, responsible citizens, water crisis, water security.


Species distribution modelling, or ecological niche modelling, is a collection of techniques for the construction of correlative models based on the combination of species occurrences and GIS data. Using such models, a variety of research questions in biodiversity science can be investigated, among which are the assessment of habitat suitability around the globe (e.g. in the case of invasive species), the response of species to alternative climatic regimes (e.g. by forecasting climate change scenarios, or by hindcasting into palaeoclimates), and the overlap of species in niche space. The algorithms used for the construction of such models include maximum entropy, neural networks, and random forests. Recent advances both in computing power and in algorithm development raise the possibility that deep learning techniques will provide valuable additions to these existing approaches. Here, we present our recent findings in the development of workflows to apply deep learning to species distribution modelling, and discuss the prospects for the large-scale application of deep learning in web service infrastructures to analyze the growing corpus of species occurrence data in biodiversity information facilities.


It has been suggested by H. Zondek, B. Zondek, and Hartoch (1) that the so-called ovarian follicle ripening component of the anterior pituitary hormone (Prolan A) may act to hinder tissue growth in general, and particularly the growth of tumors. To test this hypothesis, these authors carried out a series of experiments in which anterior pituitary hormone containing a mixture of both the follicle ripening component (Prolan A) and the luteinizing component (Prolan B) was administered to mice inoculated with transplantable carcinoma. The tumor used was the Frankfurt strain of Ehrlich mouse carcinoma, which had never regressed spontaneously in 1019 inoculations.

The plan used by the authors was to give their mice frequent and exceedingly large doses of the hormone. The injections were begun on the day following inoculation with the tumor and were continued for twenty-two days. The tail vein was used for all but the last 4 to 6 injections, which were given subcutaneously. From 0.1 to 0.2 c.c. of the solution of the hormone was injected daily. Each cubic centimeter contained from 500 to 1000 rat units. The maximum daily dose was therefore 200 rat units. On the 23d day the animals were killed and the tumor removed. The results can be summarized as follows:


Rajasthan is a region with very limited water resources. Water is the most crucial for maintaining an environment and ecosystem conducive to sustaining all forms of life. The principle of watershed management is the proper management of all the precipitation by the way of collection, storage and efficient utilization of runoff water and to recharge the ground water. The present study aim's to identify suitable zones for water harvesting structures in Pisangan watershed of Ajmer district, Rajasthan by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Evaluation (MSE). Multi criteria evaluation is carried out in Geographic Information system to help the decision makers in determining suitable zones for water harvesting structures based on the physical characteristics of the watershed. Different layers which were taken into account for multi criteria evaluation are; Soil texture, slope, rainfall data (2000–2012), land use/cover, geomorphology, lithology, lineaments, drainage network. The soil conservation service model was used to estimate the runoff depth of the study area Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP) is used to find suitable water harvesting structures on the basis of rainfall. Produced suitability map will help in the selection of harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, storage tank, check dams and stop dams.


The transverse broadening of jets produced in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) off a large nucleus is studied in the collinear limit. A class of medium enhanced higher twist corrections are resummed to calculate the transverse momentum distribution of the produced collinear jet. In contrast to previous approaches, resummation of the leading length enhanced higher twist corrections is shown to lead to a two-dimensional diffusion equation for the transverse momentum of the propagating jet. Results for the average transverse momentum obtained from this approach are then compared to the broadening expected from a classical Langevin analysis for the propagation of the jet under the action of the fluctuating color Lorentz force inside the nucleons. The set of approximations that lead to identical results from the two approaches are outlined. The relationship between the momentum diffusion constant D and the transport coefficient q-circumflex is explicitly derived.


Approximately 50% of HER2 positive breast cancer cases are also estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Data supports a role for close cross-talk between the ER and HER2 signaling pathways as an important contributor to the development of de novo or acquired resistance to hormone therapies. Therefore a strategy that simultaneously blocks both signaling pathways is a reasonable approach to prevent or overcome either endocrine or anti-HER2 therapy resistance. Moreover, preclinical data support the idea that PI3K inhibitors and CDK4/6 could be an attractive target that functions downstream of both ER and HER2 pathways. We conducted a literature review of the results of phase II and III studies testing targeted therapies in metastatic breast cancer with HER2-positive and hormonal-receptor-positive disease. The analyses included efficacy and toxicity data from earlier studies with a single anti-HER2 drug combined with hormonal therapy up to more recent studies testing new molecules targeting these signaling pathways. The aims of this review are to summarize current knowledge and to discuss research development including the possibility to spare chemotherapy in this subgroup of HER2-positive breast cancer patients.


With this study we aim to learn more about the process in creating an identity onFlashback Forum. We have observed four members of the forum to find what themesdefine thier way of making an identitity. Besides to our empirical material we foundearlier research that could support our study. The methods we used was qualitativesince we wanted to get a deep understandning for their behaviour. We found thattheese three themes were central: Language, Content and the feeling of beingAnonymous. Theese three themes combined show us how the process of creating anidentity works, but also we learned that the feeling of being anonymous is the maincore and that it effects the language and content.


The paper evaluates the potential work performance benefits of increased ventilation. We analysed the literature relating work performance with ventilation rate and employed statistical analyses. The studies included in the review assessed performance of various tasks in laboratory experiments and measured performance at work in real buildings. Almost all studies found increases in performance with higher ventilation rates. The studies indicated typically a 1-3 % improvement in average performance per 10 L/sperson increase in outdoor air ventilation rate. The performance increase per unit increase in ventilation was bigger with ventilation rates below 20 L/s-person and almost negligible with ventilation rates over 45 L/s-person. The performance increase was statistically significant with increased ventilation rates up to 15 L/s-person with 95% confidence interval. This relationship has a high level of uncertainty; however, use of this relationship in ventilation design and feasibility studies may be preferable to the current practice, which ignores the relationship between ventilation and productivity. With an example we show that that an increase of ventilation rate from 6,5 or 10 L/s to 20 L/s per person results in much greater benefits with increased productivity than corresponding in crease in total energy consumption in a typical Finnish office building.


We consider a stochastic contextual bandit problem where the dimension $d$ of the feature vectors is potentially large, however, only a sparse subset of features of cardinality $s_0 \ll d$ affect the reward function. Essentially all existing algorithms for sparse bandits require a priori knowledge of the value of the sparsity index $s_0$. This knowledge is almost never available in practice, and misspecification of this parameter can lead to severe deterioration in the performance of existing methods. The main contribution of this paper is to propose an algorithm that does \emph{not} require prior knowledge of the sparsity index $s_0$ and establish tight regret bounds on its performance under mild conditions. We also comprehensively evaluate our proposed algorithm numerically and show that it consistently outperforms existing methods, even when the correct sparsity index is revealed to them but is kept hidden from our algorithm.


BACKGROUND
Phlebotomy, a commonly performed medical procedure in healthcare, is essential for disease diagnosis and patient management. However, poorly performed phlebotomy can compromise patient safety, healthcare worker (HCW) safety, and specimen quality. We carried out a study between June and July 2010 to assess knowledge, quality and safety of phlebotomy before implementation of a public-private partnership between Becton, Dickinson and Company and the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.

METHODS
This was a cross-sectional observational study in 8 healthcare facilities within 4 regions of Kenya. HCWs were observed conducting venous and capillary blood collections, and pre- and posttests were offered during HCW training.

RESULTS
Of 283 blood samples obtained, 194 were venous draws conducted by 72 HCWs and 89 were capillary draws performed by 33 HCWs. Based on 12 preset quality-associated criteria, none of the 194 observed phlebotomies met the standard. In total, 91 HCWs were trained in phlebotomy. The mean knowledge increase between pre- and posttraining test was 41%, ranging from 39% to 45% (95% confidence interval, 29.3%-53.5%;P< .001).

CONCLUSIONS
Inadequate knowledge and imperfect phlebotomy procedures were noted. This formed the basis for the safe phlebotomy partnership to address these deficiencies. To ensure sustainability, safe phlebotomy practices were integrated into preservice training.


In Memory of Brooke Meanley, Jack Temple Kirby, and James Kilgo Beneath the canopy we paused at the edge of what appeared to be not water but a pale green floor; through it rose a thin forest of tupelo gum, red maple, pond cypress, and pine ... As I glanced over my shoulder at the green surface beneath me, I felt suddenly that I was suspended above the primal generative slime itself composite of earth, air, fire and water ... --James Kilgo, Deep Enough for Ivorybills [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] GAITHER'S LAGOON & THE GREAT DISMAL Gaither's Lagoon, a small, dark backwater off the Pasquotank River in northeastern North Carolina, was less than two blocks from my childhood home in Elizabeth City, and my boyhood friends and I were always roaming its seemingly enormous vine-shrouded reaches at will. Hurricane Hazel had laid a big gum over into the crotch of an oak, and someone had nailed steps onto it and built a platform up there, and we climbed it and sat in this crow's nest and looked down on our swampy world. Always there seemed to be more birds and turtles and bullfrogs at-large than snakes, and we felt little if any fear in that place. The vast Great Dismal Swamp lay not far north of town, and our river, the Pasquotank, wound down out of the Swamp. On field trips up to Norfolk, our metropolis, we stared out of the school bus windows at the Great Dismal's unbroken forest during the twenty-two-mile swampside transit up the Canal Bank, the old towpath and swamp highway that paralleled the Dismal Swamp Canal. At every turn in this country, there was a branch, a slough, a poquoson, a swamp, and most of us sensed that we did not simply live near swamp--we belonged to it. Yet we were often warned against the swamps--of their desperado hideouts, of runaway slave camps of old, of moonshiners who had no use for company, and of ghost lights that could lure you in and lose you. And how no one, not even the law, would come in looking for you. My father and I once did get lost (though we never used that word--if anything, we might have said turned around) for a spell in a branch of the southern Dismal one wintry Sunday afternoon, but we made it out all right before sunset. We marched any number of times into our family's swamp woods on Big Flatty Creek in southern Pasquotank County. I recall very well the first time when we studied the big pines and the cypress-fringed branches one late fall afternoon, and how we made it out of there too. We roamed the sound-side woods of Kitty Hawk and Nags Head on the Outer Banks, maritime forests, wooded dunes with ponds and swampy bogs set close in between them, green with duckweed in summer, and these dense, wild places always accepted us readily and then let us go without threat. But we were mindful: I learned to step lightly, and carefully to test wet ground that may be solid, or that might be the quaggy top of a deep pit of sandy, silty mud, deeper than I was tall. I was twenty-three before I ever spent a night in such a place. In September of 1972, John Foley and I camped for a week at the Feeder Ditch spillway, a quarter mile east of fabled Lake Drummond at the heart of the Great Dismal, tens of thousands of wilderness acres memorialized in the nineteenth century by poets Thomas Moore and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and by novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose preacher Dred lived and led his people there. We got to know Old Frank, as the Corps of Engineers spillway operators called him, a self-proclaimed swamp rat without portfolio, a slow-moving sexagenarian who spent his days projecting around the wild edges near the dam and who seemed to live off of coffee and cigars. We sat up late jawing with Corpsman Nate Midgette, a Hatteras Islander nearing retirement, and listening to his tales of swamp life, days and years haunting this jungle well away from the mainstream of modern American life. We watched him take off at the end of his shift, piloting the launch down the ditch back to the landing, without lights. …


CACNB genes encode membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins once thought to function exclusively as auxiliary β subunits in assembly and gating of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Here, we report that zygotic deficiency of zebrafish β4 protein blocks initiation of epiboly, the first morphogenetic movement of teleost embryos. Reduced β4 function in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) leads to abnormal division and dispersal of yolk syncytial nuclei, blastoderm retraction, and death, effects highly similar to microtubule disruption by nocodazole. Epiboly is restored by coinjection of human β4 cRNA or, surprisingly, by mutant cRNA encoding β4 subunits incapable of binding to Ca2+ channel α1 subunits. This study defines a YSL-driven zygotic mechanism essential for epiboly initiation and reveals a Ca2+ channel-independent β4 protein function potentially involving the cytoskeleton.


Effects of sleep on productivity of individuals have been suggested by different social scientists but less work has done with reference to our society. Due to rapid use of technology, it is generally observed that people mostly remain awake till late night using internet and mobile phones, having chats with social groups, using face book, watching movies, playing games etc. Sleep plays a vital role not only in the psycho-physiological health but also on the work performance, decision making abilities and socialization of individuals. Youth is an important segment and future potential of society, also following this unhealthy life style. Which is affecting them badly in terms of their poor academics, improper attention and concentration during day time, inadequate decision making and inefficient working capacity beside having poor health. There is a need to understand and analyze their sleep pattern and its effects on their academics. Thus, this research was conducted to analyze the sleep pattern of young adolescent students at Hyderabad city. The data were collected from one hundred and twenty college students. The participants' age ranged from 16-18 years. Data were collected from high and low academic achievers. Both groups were analyzed on the sleep pattern inventory. Results indicated differences in the sleep pattern of both groups. High achievers were found to have more adequate sleep pattern than the low achievers. Low academic achievers take sleep of less than 4 hours. The implications of the study are important for the policy makers, education department and educationists who planned to improve the academic performance and skills of the young students. Results of the study pointed out the need to aware our youngsters about the importance of sleep for better cognitive functioning and good psycho-physiological health to play their role more effectively for the stable and bright future of country


A striking characteristic of superconducting circuits is that their eigenspectra and intermode coupling strengths are well predicted by simple Hamiltonians representing combinations of quantum circuit elements. Of particular interest is the Cooper-pair-box Hamiltonian used to describe the eigenspectra of transmon qubits, which can depend strongly on the offset-charge difference across the Josephson element. Notably, this offset-charge dependence can also be observed in the dispersive coupling between an ancillary readout mode and a transmon fabricated in the offset-charge-sensitive (OCS) regime. We utilize this effect to achieve direct, high-fidelity dispersive readout of the joint plasmon and charge-parity state of an OCS transmon, which enables efficient detection of charge fluctuations and nonequilibrium-quasiparticle dynamics. Specifically, we show that additional high-frequency filtering can extend the charge-parity lifetime of our device by two orders of magnitude, resulting in a significantly improved energy relaxation time $T_1\sim200~\mu\mathrm{s}$.


Dirofilariasis is a parasitic infection caused by a nematode, which typically infects dogs. Incidental human infection remains rare but is increasing. Dirofilariasis typically presents as a subcutaneous lesion or pulmonary nodules. Here we present the case of a 32-year-old British man who presented with mealtime symptoms from obstruction of Stensen's duct. On histology the cause of this mass was found to be Dirofilaria. He reported a travel history of repeated visits to Sri Lanka and it is thought that he acquired the infection during one such visit. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.


The influence of the substrate temperature on the formation of high-temperature phases of hafnium dioxide in the process of pulsed laser ablation is investigated. It is established that the HfO2 nanoparticles of the high-temperature tetragonal and cubic phases with a quantitative content up to 50 % are formed on the surface of the substrate at room temperature during the laser ablation with intensity of 1010 W/m2. It is shown that with increasing the substrate temperature the average size of the ablated nanoparticles decreases and the quantitative content of the high-temperature phases is increased up to 70 %.


As travellers, we are usually aware that a map is not the territory it represents. However, as researchers, inquiring into practice, are we always aware of the domain within which that practice is situated? Descriptions of practice sometimes suggest that this is not the case. For example, do engineers actually believe that the models they develop and use are reflections of some reality? It is likely that an engineer never actually follows his models when developing an artefact or process. Similarly, we can ask ourselves whether we believe that a chef actually cooks by following a recipe. Possibly, only someone who does not know how to cook would think so. These idealised models are simply the basis for discussion/reflection and experimentation. It is sometimes the case, however, that descriptions of practice are produced based in a kind of rationality that suggests these misapprehensions are appropriate. In the context of research, can we say that postmodernism has any relevance? If, in the field of practice, only the uninitiated ever had illusions that the 'grand theories' of 'modernism' could be directly applicable, then informed research must recognize this also. To those with no illusions, such 'grand theories' were a basis for reflection and critique. Thus, to this extent we have always been 'modern' and still are. Rather than espousing a Postmodernist perspective, we might point to 'Hypermodernism' - a recognition that the 'grand theories' can only be used as metaphors, i.e. a basis for practical philosophy. By adopting such a stance, it is possible to avoid a false step of fighting 'straw men' and dismissing as worthless research that which could be useful material for reflection and learning when juxtaposed with other perspectives on practice. Models and explanatory frameworks within which research has been conducted need not be rejected as 'modernist' if there is recognition of their useful role as metaphor. At the same time, we suggest a need for a critically-informed approach to research which sheds light upon taken-for-granted assumptions and naive rationalities, illuminating metaphor and stimulating reflection.


Developing and maintaining ontologies is an expensive and error-prone task. After an error is detected, users may have to wait for a long time before a corrected version of the ontology is available. In the meantime, one might still want to derive meaningful knowledge from the ontology, while avoiding the known errors. We introduce brave and cautious reasoning and show that it is hard for EL. We then propose methods for improving the reasoning times by precompiling information about the known errors and using proof-theoretic techniques for computing justifications. A prototypical implementation shows that our approach is feasible for large ontologies used in practice.


We examined the expression of N‐myc, c‐myc, and c‐src in four embryonic carcinoma (EC) cell lines during different states of cell growth and following induction of in vitro differentiation. N‐myc mRNA was detected in undifferentiated cells of four EC cell lines (PCC7, PCC3, PCC4, F9) neither of which showed N‐myc gene amplification. No N‐myc transcripts could be detected in mRNA prepared from a murine neuroblastoma cell line and from a murine fibroblast line. The level of N‐myc mRNA decreased by 85% when PCC7 EC cells were induced by retinoic acid and cAMP treatment to form nerve‐like cells. Six days after induction, the PCC7 cells changed into aggregates of neurofilament positive cells with massive neurite outgrowths. At this stage DNA replication had been reduced by more than 95%. The decreased N‐myc expression in induced PCC7 cells was parallelled by 300–500% increase in c‐src expression. Slowing of cell multiplication by serum starvation, on the other hand, did not affect the level of N‐myc or c‐src mRNA levels in PCC7 cells. C‐myc was expressed in all EC lines except PCC7, which surprisingly did not express c‐myc even at an exponential rate of proliferation. Chemical induction of F9 EC cells to form visceral endoderm or parietal endoderm resulted in markedly reduced (85%) levels of N‐myc transcripts. A similar decline in c‐myc expression was found in differentiated F9 cells. No c‐src transcripts were detected in proliferating or differentiated F9 cells. These results suggest that N‐myc may be expressed not only in neural development, but also in very early, undetermined embryonic cells. The activation of c‐src expression when PCC7 EC cells differentiate into nerve‐like cells shows that the pattern of proto‐oncogene expression may change during a differentiation process, some proto‐oncogenes increasing, others decreasing their representation in the mRNA pool.


This article on the civic struggles of residents of the demolished Bedouin village of Al-'Arakeeb in Israel demonstrates how social media have helped marginalized communities acquire a voice. It is based on site visits to the village over the course of a year beginning in July 2010, and on interviews with residents, Bedouin and Jewish activists, and journalists covering the conflict. Media strategies of villagers and activists are described and analyzed, and use of new and old media by people with limited access to telecommunications infrastructure is explored. Subsequent news accounts of the struggle and the journalist interviews point to a multifaceted role social media play in progressive social change for the Bedouin.


There is presented a basic model of damage to the environment,
impacted by political changes in the country's leadership, and
clean-up costs of this damage. We discuss the model of level of
environmental damage by bio-waste landfilling X(t), in time t.
Further we consider that amount of governmentally inspired
reduction in environmental damage of biowaste landfilling
(parameter p) is likely to depend on the interaction between
the amount of damage that exists, and current level of public
concern for that damage. Also we consider ability of
environment (parameter r) to repair itself over time (biowaste
in landfill does not produce biogas)and write the complex
expression of change in environmental damage by biowaste
landfilling. We extend the this model to include gradual
changes in parameter p that would reflect European legislation
for landfilling. It gives a non-linear system of four ordinary
first-order differential equations and one delay. In the case
study, we numerically simulated 16-years period of
environmental damage by biowaste landfilling with Maple to
illustrate the solution of the above model describing
differential equations with the delay.


Dysrhythmias are commonly encountered in the Emergency Department (ED). Timely management and recognition of dysrhythmia in the ED is essential and crucial. Physicians working in the ED should be familiar with atypical presentation of common dysrhythmias. This case report illustrates atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with an unusually slow heart rate in an adolescent.
 A 16-year-old male presented to the ED twice for palpitations. His electrocardiograms showed narrow complex tachycardia with absent P waves. Electrophysiology studies confirmed typical slow-fast AVNRT which was treated successfully with radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway.
 Diagnosing rare dysrhythmias or common dysrhythmias which manifest atypically can be challenging for non-cardiologists. Although AVNRT generally occurs with a heart rate of >130 bpm, emergency physicians should be aware that AVNRT can take place with a relatively slower rate in both the elderly and young.


23 years after the ICJ's Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, a general treaty prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons has been adopted. It may be anticipated that the TPNW will probably not enter into force very soon, and when it does, it will neither be universally accepted, nor will it significantly influence thepractice of the nuclear weapon States. It is therefore justified to analyse the problem under consideration, not from a State-oriented perspective, but from a human and environmentally centred one. The article argues not only that any use of nuclear weapons would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, in particular the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, but it would also violate international human rights law. The article further dwells upon the customary international law aspects of the problem under consideration.


School principals, superintendents, and other administrative personnel must have a solid understanding of the general finance and appropriation structure of federal, state, and local government as well as the ability to formulate and manage school budgets. With the guidance of this new text, educational leadership candidates preparing for such roles will learn the realities of school finance policy, issues, and applications. By providing critical analysis and by including unique chapters on misconceptions about school finance, demographic issues, spending and student achievement, and future trends, authors William Owings and Leslie Kaplan exceed the coverage of these topics as found in other texts.


In this paper, we propose a particle filtering (PF) method for indoor tracking using radio frequency identification (RFID) based on aggregated binary measurements. We use an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID system that is composed of a standard RFID reader, a large set of standard passive tags whose locations are known, and a newly designed, special semi-passive tag attached to an object that is tracked. This semi-passive tag has the dual ability to sense the backscatter communication between the reader and other passive tags which are in its proximity and to communicate this sensed information to the reader using backscatter modulation. We refer to this tag as a sense-a-tag (ST). Thus, the ST can provide the reader with information that can be used to determine the kinematic parameters of the object on which the ST is attached. We demonstrate the performance of the method with data obtained in a laboratory environment.


The distribution of the genetic markers of leukocytes (HLA I and II), serum proteins (allotypes Gm, transferrin, haptoglobin, group-specific component), red cell enzymes (acid phosphatase--AP, phosphoglucomutase--PGM, esterase D, adenosine deaminase) was found to be universal in patients suffering from various pyoinflammatory diseases. The incidence of HLA A10, Cw4, DR5 antigens, IgG allotype G1m (2) and phenotype G1m (+1+2) and AP (aa) and PGM (2-2) phenotypes was found increased in patients with maxillofacial suppuration and pyoinflammatory complications of maxillofacial injuries as against normal subjects and patients with maxillofacial injuries without such complications. Traumatic osteomyelitis much more often develops in the carriers of the before genetic markers than in those in whom these markers are absent (61.6 and 20.4%, respectively).


Design Case Studies is one of the new courses that has been developed through the National Science Foundation Coalition, SYNTHESIS, to initiate systemic reform of undergraduate engineering education. The course is designed to update and enhance the case study method of teaching by using multimedia technology and hypermedia to combine live video examples of current engineering processes to illustrate that design is an interdisciplinary, cooperative and dynamic process. These extensive case studies cover all aspects of the life cycle of selected engineered products in which exemplary design practices have been followed. The case studies provide useful examples of design synthesis, interplay between technical and societal factors, industrial practice, multiple engineering disciplines and business considerations. These multimedia case studies, a component of the NSF Synthesis Coalition to improve engineering education, are available for distribution to other coalition campuses. Selected cases will be made downward extensible for use in high school and precollege programs to spark students interest in engineering. The Multimedia Design Case Studies course has been taught at Tuskegee University as a design elective course since Fall 1993.


ABSTRACT Diverse pathological insults trigger a cardiac remodeling process during which myocytes undergo hypertrophy, with consequent decline in cardiac function and eventual heart failure. Multiple transcriptional regulators of pathological cardiac hypertrophy are controlled at the level of subcellular distribution. For example, prohypertrophic transcription factors belonging to the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and GATA families are subject to CRM1-dependent nuclear export but are rapidly relocalized to the nucleus in response to cues for hypertrophic growth. Here, we demonstrate that the antihypertrophic chromatin-modifying enzyme histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) is shuttled out of the cardiomyocyte nucleus via a CRM1-mediated pathway in response to diverse signals for hypertrophy. CRM1 antagonists block the agonist-mediated nuclear export of HDAC 5 and repress pathological gene expression and associated hypertrophy of cultured cardiomyocytes. Conversely, CRM1 activity is dispensable for nonpathological cardiac gene activation mediated by thyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1, agonists that fail to trigger the nuclear export of HDAC5. These results suggest a selective role for CRM1 in derepression of pathological cardiac genes via its neutralizing effects on antihypertrophic factors such as HDAC5. Pharmacological approaches targeting CRM1-dependent nuclear export in heart muscle may have salutary effects on cardiac function by suppressing maladaptive changes in gene expression evoked by stress signals.


The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-known The Legal Nature of Corporations (1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.


ZG30Cr06A as a newly developed material is made into needling of mining machinery's hydraulic support. Its tensile strength is up to 800MPa. In the paper, the weldability of ZG30Cr06A was thoroughly studied. The sensitivity to cold crack of ZG30Cr06A was tested by means of maximum hardness of HAZ and Y-slit type cracking test. And the variation of microstructure and properties of weld joints under different welding energy conditions was studied. The results show that ZG30Cr06A steel has a certain cold crack and hot crack tendency and a little reheat crack sensitivity in welding. Embrittlement and softening often appear in the HAZ. When the workspaces of 30mm were welded at room temperature, the maximum hardness of HAZ was up to 389HV. And the joints have a tendency to quenched hardening and bigger sensitive to cold crack. The welded joints would not produce cold crack when the preheat temperature is up to 120°C in welding. Because there is more influence of welding energy input on the microstructure and properties of joint, so in order to avoid the appearance of embrittlement and softening in HAZ and ensure weld quality, the welding energy input of ZG30Cr06A steel whose thickness is 30mm should be controlled less than 40 kJ/cm during the welding.