being situated on a higher level. Krauss has described the body without organs as analogous to the idea of the pictureplane as a homogenous totality, a vertical and abstracted reflection of the spectator's self. By contrast, the art that Krauss relates to the concept of informe often involves a multitude of dispersed organs, or "part-objects." The part-objects, explicitly related to sexual desires, replace the abstract, homogenous totality. In Bachelors, the concepts of part-objects and informe prove to be helpful as means of defining and analyzing the work of artists as dissimilar as Cindy Sherman, Agnes Martin, Louise Bourgeois and Sherrie Levine. But I think that the problems of Krauss's structuralist (or poststructuralist) approach become apparent when she neglects certain topics which, from her point of view, may seem irrelevant. I would argue that her critique of formalism's reductionism involves a certain blindness when it comes to the reductionism of her own textual model. In this context I would like to discuss her text, in Bachelors, about Sherrie Levine's three-dimensional version of the bachelors in Duchamp's Large Glass. In Levine's work (from 1989), the nine three-dimensional bachelors are cast in glass and displayed in nine showcases. The proportions of the showcases are similar to those of the Large Glass (the base being approximately three-fifths the height), and so the cases could be regarded as three-dimensional versions of the Large Glass. Now, Krauss readily accepts that the sections of Levine's bachelors are circular (or nearly circular), because she does not even mention this fact. But why? Where, in the Large Glass, do we find the visual and geometrical evidence that the bachelors are representations of three-dimensional forms with circular sections? According to the Swedish curator and essayist Ulf Linde, an analysis of the linear perspective in the lower part of the Large Glass shows that the bachelors' sections are in fact narrow ellipses (see his Marcel Duchamp, Stockholm, 1986). One may object that this kind of analysis, necessarily involving the Albertian unity of pictorial space, represents exactly the dominant, symbolic order that which Duchamp apparently sought to subvert in his work. However, the crucial point here is the choice between the circular and the elliptical. The circle as a plastic signifier has certain connotations. For instance, let us think about the circle as a symbol of the self, the universe, the totality that Rudolf Arnheim writes about in his Visual Thinking, in which he makes reference to Galileo Galilei's cosmology. Galilei, stuck with traditional thinking, was not able to accept Kepler's finding that the planets move in ellipses. According to everyday visual perception, "my self" is always the center of a circular world. Reductionism makes things symmetric and easy to grasp, turning the ellipse into a circle. In the Large Glass, the structural opposition of partobjects (i.e. the bachelors) versus picture-plane (the Large Glass) implies the plastic opposition between organic roundness (bachelors) and inorganic angularity (glass). In semiotic terms, the general opposition of roundness versus angularity is a form, while the various variants of roundness (interpreted as circles or ellipses) form a substance. By making the bachelors circular or nearly circular, Levine emphasizes the generality of the form. What she really shows is the circular, self-contained autism (and eroticism?) of nine partobjects that are also bodies without organs. But when Krauss writes, in her text about Levine, that "to cast the bachelors in glass, and then to frost the glass, is therefore to add nothing, to create nothing" (p. 182), this is obviously not true. Levine has added and chosen a certain plastic content. By comparison: what would elliptical Bachelors have looked like? Levine's work surely belongs to the realm of appropriative art—art that negates the modernist notion of creative individuality by being largely confined to the reproduction and re-creation of pre-existing images and forms as ready-mades. But the example of Levine's Bachelors may demonstrate that an act of appropriation could also be an act of interpretation—to turn something into one's own. By merely confirming Levine's interpretation of Duchamp's work, Krauss fails to really discuss the complexity of her art. This example may also illustrate another question worth discussing: to what extent have surface-models and reductive binary schemes limited the scope of visual semiotics?


This thesis is a case study and field research which study the kinship terms of address of Hing Hwa Chinese Indonesian in Surabaya. In Chinese communities there are many ethnic groups and each ethnic group has its own tradition, dilalect, and kinship system, such as Cantonese, Hakka, Teo-Ciu, Cuan Ciu and Hing Hwa. In this study, the researcher chooses the Hing Hwa Chinese Indonesian because she is interested in knowing the kinship system in Hing Hwa, besides she is also a Hing Hwa Chinese Indonesian herself. The writer carries out a research for her thesis entitled The Kinship Terms Of Address Of Hing Hwa Chinese Indonesian As Spoken By Plus-One Generation And Zero Generation which the respondents are linuted only in writer's families who stay in Surabaya. The problems which come up in this research are what kind of kinship terms of address used and also what social factors which influence the terms of address. For the theory, the writer uses Brown and Gilman's, Burgess and Locke's theories. Brown and Gilman's theories are about 'The Pronouns Of Power And Solidarity', Burgess and Locke's are about 'The Characteristics Of Chinese Family' and also other researchers as the support theories.. As her respondents, the researcher uses her families and relatives who still live in Surabaya and ask some questions how they address their families or relatives in paternal line, within family, and maternal line. Besides, the writer limits the respondents only in plus-one and zero generations. Then, the results of the data are shown on tables based on generation, paternal line, within family, maternal line and also social factors: sex, age, relationship. The conclusion shows that there are 27 kinship terms system of Hing Hwa Chinese Indonesian as spoken by Plus-One such as A-kong. A-ma, A-ko. A-L Cik-de/Cik-nga. A-liau. Piau-ko. Piau-ti. Dang-ko. Dang-cie, Dang-me and 19 Zero generations such as A-kong. A-ma, A-ko. Papa. Koko+name. A-I. I-liau. name, Sau-sau based on the social factors: sex, age, and relationship.


Charting the life course of Malathi, a young Sri Lankan Tamil woman, this article attempts to discuss the ways in which people and places in Sri Lanka are remade through experiences of violence. The article suggests moving away from a notion of 'home' as fixed on one place; instead, it considers the movement of people between different places. Further, it suggests that senses of home are also embedded within uneasy, constantly negotiated relationships with those people with whom we feel at home. Moreover, the article argues that ideas about 'the fu- ture' as equally as 'the past' inform the possibility of being at home.


Get up to speed on Word 2003's capabilities with concise, step-by-step tips from a Word expert!Finally, readers without any Word experience have a book that was created just for them! This book is written for the reader who may be using Word for the very first time. Everything a reader needs to learn how to use Word is right here, presented in an easy-to-follow format. Absolute Beginner's Guide to Microsoft Office Word 2003 takes the reader through the basics, from starting Word to creating, editing, and formatting documents. The reader will learn how to use Word's productivity tools, with lots of numbered steps to lead them through the process. Everything from styles to tables to clip art to charts is covered so when finished, the reader will feel confident about using Word's most powerful features.


Engineers play a prominent role in the development of devices that improve nearly every aspect of life; however, the general public, including potential engineering students, often fails to see engineering as a profession that helps society. To help address this, the culminating capstone course in the first-year engineering program at Ohio Northern University recently incorporated requirements for student projects to address poverty alleviation in a Third World country. This allows students to better establish a connection between engineering and society, and to design a system within realistic engineering constraints. When assessing student performance after adding this requirement, evidence indicated that students had difficulty relating to the problem of poverty, as it was presented abstractly. Accordingly, personas — fictitious characters created to represent the goals and behaviors of a particular demographic of interest — are being developed to "humanize" the problem for the students. A persona is presented as a one- or two-page description that includes appropriate background information regarding a "typical" member of the targeted demographic along with a few fictional personal details to make the persona subject appear to be a realistic, believable character. Personas have been successfully used in fields such as marketing as they constitute effective "test platforms" for guiding decisions about a product, such as features, interactions, and visual design.


: Heat stress causes a decrease in the productivity of livestock by negatively aff ecting some important economic features such as fertility, growth and milk production. Th e heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) gene plays a key role in the regulation of the stress response. Th erefore, the present study aimed to predict the most deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNP) on the cattle HSF1 gene via in silico analyses. Out of 170 nsSNPs in the HSF1 gene, 14 SNPs were predicted as deleterious by all the nine servers (PredictSNP, Mapp, PhDSNP, PolyPhen-1, PolyPhen-2, Sift , Snap, nsSNPAnalyzer, and Panther). Consurf analysis determined that the vast majority of SNPs predicted to be deleterious were evolutionary conserved. Protein structural analyses were performed I-Mutant, Mupro, Hope Project server, RaptorX and Swiss Model server. Th e 12 amino acid substitutions (V15G, F18L, L19R, K21M, I35T, V46E, V56G, F61L, A67D, Y76D, V81G, L112P) in the DNA binding region of the cattle HSF1 protein were predicted to be highly deleterious. Th e P112 variant was predicted to disrupt an α-helix structure. It was determined that the two amino acid changes (K21M, Y76D) on the surface of the protein were diff erent in terms of hydrophobicity, charge, and size. Th ese variants (M21, D76) might hamper the protein's interaction with the heat shock elements.


Water use and electricity use, which generate negative environmental externalities, are susceptible to a second externality problem: with household-level billing, each person enjoys private benefits of consumption but shares the cost with other household members. If individual usage is imperfectly observed (as is typical for water and electricity) and family members are imperfectly altruistic toward one another, households overconsume even from their own perspective. We develop this argument and test its prediction that intrahousehold free-riding dampens price sensitivity. We do so in the context of water use in urban Zambia by combining billing records, randomized price variation, and a lab-experimental measure of intrahousehold altruism. We find that more altruistic households are considerably more price sensitive than are less altruistic households. Our results imply that the socially optimal price needs to be set to correct both the environmental externality and also the intrahousehold externality.


In this study of 100,000 websites, we document how Advertising and Analytics (A&A) companies have used WebSockets to bypass ad blocking, exfiltrate user tracking data, and deliver advertisements. Specifically, our measurements investigate how a long-standing bug in Chrome's (the world's most popular browser) chrome.webRequest API prevented blocking extensions from being able to interpose on WebSocket connections. We conducted large-scale crawls of top publishers before and after this bug was patched in April 2017 to examine which A&A companies were using WebSockets, what information was being transferred, and whether companies altered their behavior after the patch. We find that a small but persistent group of A&A companies use WebSockets, and that several of them engaged in troubling behavior, such as browser fingerprinting, exfiltrating the DOM, and serving advertisements, that would have circumvented blocking due to the Chrome bug.


Abstract Objectives To examine the efficiency of a bacteria-resistant coating for the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) casing of cochlear implants. Methods The coatings are based on thin titania films that are made by liquid phase deposition or atomic layer deposition. The antibacterial activity of the coating was tested by two different detection assays: BCA protein and confocal microscopy. Results Coating the PDMS with thin films (10–40 nm) of titania significantly reduces the accumulation of bacteria. Discussion Thin oxide films made under conditions that do not undermine the integrity of polymeric materials can be used as anti-microbial coatings for soft polymers such as the PDMS that is used as a casing for cochlear implants or other medical devices.


Flooding of request packet in the route discovery phase in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) creates a broadcast storm which increases the probability of packet collisions. With location information of the destination node, the source node and also of the current node, route request will be more directed towards destination since nodes that are within the directed region will participate in the routing process. Hence, nodes that are out of the trajectory will ignore the packet and thus reduces the number of broadcasting nodes and consequently, less probability of collisions. This paper presents Quadrant- based directional routing protocol (Q-DIR) algorithm that limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the destination node and source node are located. Q-DIR utilizes location information of the destination node, the source node and the current node. With Q-DIR as a reactive routing protocol, routing overhead will be reduced and consequently, reduces total network power consumption through limited flooding. This paper will present the performance of Q-DIR in a densely populated network of 49 nodes.


Despite being criticized for its inconsistencies, China's mercantilism is considered a commonplace in the literature focused on Chinese economic development. This paper intends to criticize the foundations of China's 'monetary' and 'financial' mercantilism arguing that both provide only a feeble explanation of its economic success. In particular, rather than echoing the practices of classical mercantilism, such supposed 'mercantilist' approach, on the contrary. Reflects the Gerschenkronian model of development, according to which the growth of the 'backward' countries is based massively on banks and State support.


Transcriptional and translational control are key determinants of gene expression, however, to what extent these two processes can be collectively coordinated is still poorly understood. Here we use long-read sequencing to document the 5'and 3'untranslated region (UTR) isoform landscape of epidermal stem cells, wild-type keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinomas. Focusing on squamous cell carcinomas, we show that a small cohort of genes with alternative 5'UTR isoforms exhibit overall increased translational efficiencies and are enriched in ribosomal proteins and splicing factors. These 5'UTR isoforms with identical coding sequences either include or exclude 5'terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs and result in vastly altered translational efficiencies of the mRNA. Our findings suggest that switching between TOP and non-TOP motif-containing 5'UTR isoforms is an elegant and simple way to alter protein synthesis rates, set their sensitivity to the mTORC1-dependent nutrient-sensing pathway and direct the translational potential of an mRNA by the precise 5'UTR sequence.


The self-similar expansion of a blast wave, well-studied in air, has peculiar counterparts in dense and dissipative media such as granular gases. Recent results have shown that, while the traditional Taylor-von Neumann-Sedov (TvNS) derivation is not applicable to such granular blasts, they can nevertheless be well understood via a combination of microscopic and hydrodynamic insights. In this article, we provide a detailed analysis of these methods associating molecular dynamics simulations and continuum equations, which successfully predict hydrodynamic profiles, scaling properties, and the instability of the self-similar solution. We also present new results for the energy conserving case, including the particle-level analysis of the classic TvNS solution and its breakdown at higher densities.


BAZITOV, R., A. STOYANOVA and S. ENCHEV, 2018. Biophysical coefficients of irrigated Sudan grass grown as a second crop. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 24 (Suppl. 1): 47–51 The experiment was conducted in the period 2014-2015 with sudan grass grown as a second crop, variety Endje 1 on the experimental field at the Agricultural Institute Stara Zagora on the soil type of meadow-cinnamon. The variety was created at the Agricultural Institute Shumen. Irrigation was performed gravitationally with seasonal flexible polyethylene pipelines. The following variants were tested: Variant 1. Non irrigation (Control); Variant 2. Optimal irrigation, 70-75% of WFD (100% irrigation rate); Variant 3. Irrigation as var. 2, but with removal of first watering; Variant 4. Irrigation as var. 2, but with removal of second watering; Variant 5. Irrigation as var. 2, but with the removal of third watering. Evapotranspiration (ET) for the vegetation period was established by water-based calculations under optimal irrigation for var. 2 for layer 0-80 cm. Based on experimental data, biophysical coefficients Z, R and Kb in sudan grass grown as a second irrigation crop in periods and years vary within certain limits and depend on specific weather conditions. In the years with insufficient rainfall and high pressure of meteorological elements, their values were low. During the growing periods the biophysical coefficients Z, R and Kb have different values which reach their maximum during the period of occurrence of the panicle, respectively: Z 0.18, R 0.43 and Kb 0.84.


The purpose of this research is to explore how an intelligent digital companion (agent) can support persons (human) with stress-related exhaustion to manage daily activities. In this paper, we explore in particular how information about a person's emotions can be communicated to the agent with means of non-verbal communication through tangible interfaces. The purpose is to explore how different individuals approach the task of designing their own tangible interfaces for communicating emotions with a digital companion, and the range of different preferences and expectations. Six participants were interviewed and created tangible prototypes during a co-creation workshop. The data was analysed using theories about human emotions and activity, and translated into a generic user model, an architecture for a multiagent system and interface design proposals. The results include increased understanding of how different individuals would like to express their emotions with tangible interfaces, and informed the design of the information models regarding representing emotions. The study illuminated the importance of personalisation of functionality and interface design to address the diversity among individuals, as well as the design of the adaptive behaviour of a digital companion. Future work includes further studies involving additional participants, the development of the stress management application and conducting user studies where prototypes are used in daily activities.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
As health care institutions adopt policies on substance use and abuse and mandatory substance abuse testing in the workplace, applicants for house staff positions may become the subjects of testing as a requirement for acceptance into a residency program. This study attempted to learn what directors of family practice residency programs feel about mandatory preemployment drug testing and its effect on house staff recruitment.

METHODS
We surveyed the directors of 420 US family practice residency programs, as listed by the American Academy of Family Physicians, in November 1994. All programs (community based, university affiliated, university based, and military) were included in the survey.

RESULTS
A total of 308 (73%) program directors responded. Of these, almost half disagreed with mandatory substance abuse testing and felt it should not be a condition of acceptance for a house staff position. Eighty-eight percent believed that the existence of a policy did not hinder recruitment. None felt it was an enhancement.

CONCLUSIONS
Preemployment drug testing for potential house staff remains a controversial issue, and it is unlikely that it will be universally implemented in the near future.


Revised! What is the best way to fill your pantry? It depends on what you like to eat and your style of cooking. Whatever your style, follow the suggestions in this 2-page fact sheet for filling up your pantry and freezer. It will help you be prepared and save time and money. Written by Claudia Peñuela and Isabel Valentin-Oquendo. Published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, June 2010.
2010 PDF version unavailable, 2000 version included instead.


This work evaluated kinetic and adsorption physicochemical models for the biosorption process of lanthanum, neodymium, europium, and gadolinium by Sargassum sp. in batch systems. The results showed: (a) the pseudo-second order kinetic model was the best approximation for the experimental data with the metal adsorption initial velocity parameter in 0.042-0.055 mmol.g-1.min-1 (La < Nd < Gd < Eu); (b) the Langmuir adsorption model presented adequate correlation with maximum metal uptake at 0.60-0.70 mmol g-1 (Eu < La < Gd < Nd) and the metal-biomass affinity parameter showed distinct values (Gd < Nd < Eu < La: 183.1, 192.5, 678.3, and 837.3 L g-1, respectively); and (c) preliminarily, the kinetics and adsorption evaluation did not reveal a well-defined metal selectivity behavior for the RE biosorption in Sargassum sp., but they indicate a possible partition among RE studied.


Wintertime cold-air outbreaks from the polar ice and land surfaces over the open sea lead to organized convective patterns (OCP) in the atmosphere, visible as cloud streets and cellular cloud structures on satellite images. Large amounts of energy are transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere and convective organized flows contribute substantially to the vertical fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum in the boundary layer. However, little is known about the frequency of OCP occurrence. The paper is aimed to fill this gap and presents a climatology of OCP occurrence over the Greenland Sea and Barents Sea. The study is based on daily NOAA satellite images of 10 winters (November till March) for the years from 1985/1986 to 1994/1995. It covers the area from 70°N to 82.5°N and from 20°W to 60°E and is subdivided into 40 subareas with a grid size of 10 degrees in longitude and 2.5 degrees in latitude. OCP occur in more than 50% of the time averaged over the 10 winters. Complete absence of OCP is observed in less than 5% of the time. OCP occur most frequently over the Westspitsbergen current and around the border between the Greenland Sea and the Barents Sea. Cloud streets are the dominating OCP mode close to the ice edge, whereas cellular structures dominate at farther distances. Variability of OCP occurrence may be large on all timescales. A relation between ice extent and frequency of OCP occurrence is present occasionally.


The purpose of this paper is to analyse the consequences of the compulsory online education at university studies level during COVID-19 period. Current trends and goals in the education system such as focusing on practical sides of learning and creativity seem to be prone to improvement due to the possibilities of the new online medium, through the use of online platforms such as Microsoft Teams, Google Classroom, Webex, and Zoom. The paper analyses features of these online platforms which prompt use of visual material such as PowerPoint presentations during the lectures, ease of access to using video and audio material, comparatively to the face to face lecture halls where access to foreign languages laboratories and translation software was not always available, as well as encouraging possibilities of interaction during seminars and lectures by using buttons indicating go faster, go slower, yes, no as feedback from students to teachers present on Zoom platform. The methodology of the paper will combine teaching as a foreign language using face-to-face methods as well as using teaching and learning software and online materials, together with psychological theories of motivation in learning. The findings will be applied to teaching English as a foreign language seminars and to Culture and Civilization courses and seminars to students in Engineering at the Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest where the author of the paper currently teaches as a lecturer. Activities of teaching with video and listening comprehension are encouraged due to the use of platforms and are readily available.


Data from a controlled nighttime driving experiment along a complex, two-lane rural highway in Pennsylvania were used to investigate participant speed and lateral vehicle position. Additionally, the association of pavement marking visibility and the roadway geometry on speed and lateral vehicle position was investigated. The modeling methodology employed considered a variety of single equation and systems methods to estimate models for speed and lateral vehicle position. These include ordinary least-squares regression models, random effects panel data models, a three-stage least-squares technique, and seemingly unrelated regression. These methods were used to determine if there was an endogenous relationship between the speed and lateral vehicle position metrics, and to account for the repeat observations on the research participants in the experiment. The results suggest that endogeneity did not exist in the speed and lateral vehicle position measures in the present experiment. A single-equation random effects panel regression model was an improvement over the ordinary least-squares regression model for the change in speed metric. However, the ordinary least-squares regression model was appropriate for the lateral vehicle position metric. A seemingly unrelated regression model was also specified to account for contemporaneous correlation across the change in speed and lateral vehicle position models. It was found that the roadside hazard rating, horizontal curve direction, vertical grade, horizontal curve radius, upstream horizontal curve radius, and approach tangent length all were associated with vehicle speed on the complex, two-lane rural highway. The horizontal curve direction, roadside hazard rating, vertical grade, horizontal curve radius, and approach tangent length all were associated with lateral vehicle position in the present experiment.


OBJECTIVES
The role of radiotherapy (RT) for oligometastases is currently estabilished in different oncological settings but data on salivary gland cancer (SGC) are lacking. We evaluated the role of RT in oligometastatic SGC patients, focusing on Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective, multicentric study of oligometastatic SGC treated with palliative RT or SBRT. Endpoints included response evaluation and local control (LC).

RESULTS
Between 2006 and 2016, 64 patients were collected from 9 Italian Cancer Centers, on behalf of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) Head and Neck Working Group. 37 patients (57.8%) were suffering from Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) and 27 patients (42.2%) had non-ACC. Thirty-four patients underwent palliative RT (53,1%) and 30 received SBRT (46,9%). Most common metastatic sites were bone for palliative RT and lung for SBRT. Among patients treated with SBRT, an objective response or a stability was observed in all treated lesions. After a median follow-up of 29.2 months (range 2.3-117.1), LC at 12 months was 57.5% for patients treated with SBRT and was higher in ACC subgroup.

CONCLUSION
We confirmed the potential role of SBRT in the management of oligometastatic SGC patients to control limited burden of disease considering the absence of effective systemic therapies.


Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are approved as cancer immunotherapeutic agents for advanced malignant melanoma (MM) in recent years, and nivolumab and ipilimumab are the most widely used ICIs either alone or in combination. However, their efficacy and safety between single and combined ICIs are not clear. This meta-analysis (MA) is aimed to update the efficacy and safety of ICIs by comparing monotherapy and combination therapy in the treatment of advanced MM. Method: We searched PubMed, Embase, EbscoHost and ClinicalTrials.gov for the eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared the efficacy and safety of ICIs between a single ICI and combined ICIs. The outcomes analyzed included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR) and treatment-related adverse events (AEs). A fixed-effect or random-effects model was adopted depending on the study heterogeneity. Results: A total of nine RCTs were included in this MA. Regarding the efficacy, combined nivolumab and ipilimumab therapy showed statistically significant prolonged OS and PFS with HR 0.65, 95% CI [0.53, 0.79], p <0.0001 and HR 0.48, 95% CI [0.38, 0.60], p<0.0001 respectively. Combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab also showed statistically significant longer ORR than monotherapy; with RR 2.15, 95% CI [1.63, 2.84], p <0.00001. In terms of safety, the incidence of all AEs which include any AEs, high-grade, haematological, gastrointestinal, dermatological, pulmonary, liver and endocrine AEs were significantly lower with monotherapy (either nivolumab or ipilimumab) of ICI compared to combination ICI therapy with a p-value <0.00001 to 0.03. Conclusion: Efficacy of the combined nivolumab and ipilimumab was better than a single ICI, especially in the treatment of advanced MM. Although combination therapy showed better efficacy than monotherapy, monotherapy (either nivolumab or ipilimumab) was safer than combination therapy as it tended to decrease the incidence of most of the treatment-related AEs.


Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006) makes a persuasive argument that the Gospels display eyewitness testimony and thus renews the quest for the identity of the Beloved Disciple as the author of the Fourth Gospel. While Bauckham attributes this Gospel to "the presbyter John" mentioned by Papias, the authors of this study show that the patristic evidence more likely seems to support the authorship of John the apostle and that the literary device of inclusio in the Fourth Gospel, astutely observed by Bauckham, also favors the authorship of John the son of Zebedee.


Although it is generally accepted that plant in vitro culture response is influenced by the donor genotype, the genetic and molecular bases of this phenomenon are barely known. As a consequence, the optimization of tissue culture protocols is mainly empirically done. Researchers of the IGEAF studied the genetic basis of the in vitro regeneration of various plant species, including the tissue culture response of artificially induced barley mutants. One barley mutant, MC 169, carries a nuclear gene, recently described controlling the root growth in hydroponic cultivation. Under this condition, the roots of MC 169 mutant plants were longer than those of the original wild type line MC 182, a fact that was associated with a reduced ethylene biosynthesis. On the other hand, it is known that ethylene accumulation is inhibitory for in vitro regeneration of several plant species. In this study, we compared the in vitro culture response of mutant MC 169 with that of its mother line MC 182. The data about induction and regeneration of calli as well as those of habituated calli formation demonstrated that mutant MC 169 and its mother line MC 182 show a similar in vitro behaviour.


This patient had Ewing's sarcoma of the femur, which was originally misinterpreted by radiograph and by biopsy as osteomyelitis. For approximately 1 year the patient was treated for osteomyelitis. The lesion was slowly progressive and near the end of the first year became more active, and pulmonary metastases appeared. The natural behavior of this one case of Ewing's sarcoma demonstrates that it is not necessarily an overwhelmingly aggressive tumor. In addition, the point is made that pathologists should pay careful attention to necrotic material so that the suggestion of necrotic tumor can be made rather than dismissing the biopsy as nondiagnostic.


The adoption of increased thermal performance require-ments, as specified in the National Construction Code, has over time been linked to a significant reduction in the use of timber products. In-ternational design and construction research and practice suggests that an assortment of construction methods may be adopted to improve the insulation and thermal mass properties of lightweight buildings. Tim-ber and lightweight construction need to be thought of as complemen-tary to, and intrinsically linked to, improved and/or high thermal per-formance buildings. The thermal performance Test Cells at the University of Tasmania are being modified progressively and used as a testing platform for a range of lightweight building systems. The current iterations include reflective subfloor insulation, bulk subfloor insulation for insulation, and mass-timber for thermal capacitance. The testing regime includes unconditioned, intermittently conditioned and permanently conditioned modes of operation. This paper focuses on the first stage of the current research program, namely the use of reflective subfloor insulation in traditional enclosed-perimeter plat-form-floored residential construction. This research has utilised two types of installation, namely, installation by industry to accord with industry common practice, and installation by industry to manufactur-er's specification. This process has shown significant shortcomings in product literature, technical advice and installation practice likely to result in lower than predicted thermal performance.


The Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) comprises American states and Canadian provinces marked by a significant penetration of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) and hydropower production. Major demand centres in New England, New York, Ontario, and Québec that are subject to stringent to stringent caps on CO2 emissions are included in the NPCC. For example, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) mandates a 30% reduction in CO2 emissions from power plants by 2030 relative to 2020 levels, which affects generation in New England and New York. Likewise, Québec participates in the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), which aims to reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 40% by 2030 relative to 1990 levels and included Ontario until recently. Both RGGI and WCI create cap-and-trade (C&T) systems for CO2 emissions in which the shadow price on the binding CO2 emission constraint is the permit price that generators incur as an additional cost for their CO2 emissions. While support schemes such as feed-in tariffs and the C&T system have induced an increase in VRES generation, they have also enhanced the role of energy storage, viz., by hydro reservoirs especially in Québec. In a perfectly competitive power system, storage capacity would be deployed in a socially optimal way to smooth out the fluctuations in uncontrollable VRES output (Bushnell, 2003). However, given the persistence of market power in the electricity industry (Tangerås and Mauritzen, 2018), hydro reservoirs may be used in a strategic manner to the benefit of their proprietors. Consequently, incentives for VRES and social welfare may be detrimentally affected by such exertion of market power. In order to investigate the extent of these distortions in the NPCC and to propose policies for their mitigation, we develop a bottom-up equilibrium model to quantify the welfare losses from the strategic use of hydropower reservoirs and to assess counterfactual CO2 emission caps.


Traditional visualization of real-time 2D ultrasound data is difficult to interpret, even for experienced medical personnel. To make the interpretation during the education phase easier, we enhance the visualization during liver examinations with an abstracted depiction of relevant anatomical structures, here denoted as illustrated ultrasound. The specifics of enhancing structures are available through an interactively co-registered computed tomography, which has been enhanced by semantic information. To assist the orientation in the liver, we partition the liver into Couinaud segments. They are defined in a rapid segmentation process based on linked 2D slice views and 3D exploded views. The semantics are interactively related from the co-registered modality to the real-time ultrasound via co-registration. During the illustrated ultrasound examination training we provide visual enhancements that depict which liver segments are intersected by the ultrasound slice.


Performance of a 250 L pilot-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, operated at ambient temperatures, fed septic tank effluents intermittently, was monitored for hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 18 h to 4 h. The total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (CODT), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODdis) and suspended chemical oxygen demand (CODss) removal efficiencies ranged from 20 to 63%, 15 to 56%, 8 to 35% and 22 to 72%, respectively, for the HRT range tested. Above 60% TSS and 47% CODT removal were obtained in the combined septic tank and UASB process. The process established stable UASB treatment at HRT≥6 h, indicating a hydraulic load design limit. The tested septic tank-UASB combined system can be a low-cost and effective on-site sanitation solution.


The paper deals with application and further progress of diamond micro-turning technology (DT) based on the experience obtained in S&R Institute for Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering and compiled from literary sources. It is pointed out that the diamond turning technology is nowadays mainly used for shaping of the optical elements (OE) working surfaces, manufacturing of kinoforms, elements of fine mechanics and decorative processing. New DT applications are: shaping of the die mold working surfaces, combined technologies, making it possible to combine the shaping technologies and assembling of the optical mechanical systems (OMS), research into technological hereditary, consisting in studies of the surface diffraction structure machined by diamond turning, shaping of the OE working surfaces with astigmatism of the desired value and direction being used in the deeply cooled OMS. Perspective lines of DT development are given, such as production of machines based on the new kinematic schemes, chemical and electrochemical polishing of the OE working surfaces after DT with the aim to decrease roughness and to make irregular relief in visible and near-infrared spectral ranges, development of DT technologies for creation of new materials and improvement of the known technologies taking into account the concepts about the state of the surface layer, creation of regular nanorelief for generation of the surface electromagnetic waves to provide the surface properties control.


As a just‐in‐time (JIT) ordering system for multi‐stage production inventory systems, both the kanban system and its alternative, the concurrent ordering system, have been proposed. For both JIT ordering systems, the reactive JIT ordering systems that adjust the buffer size responding to unstable changes in demand were proposed. In addition to the adjustment of buffer size, switching ordering systems between the kanban system and the concurrent ordering system is proposed in order to realize agile control in JIT ordering systems. In the proposed system, the time series data of demand is monitored, and switching the order release systems and adjusting the buffer size are considered when an unstable change in demand is detected with the exponentially weighted moving average charts. The effectiveness of the proposed system is analyzed using simulation experiments under unstable conditions. From these simulation experiments, it is clear that the proposed system can react to unstable changes in demand and satisfy the required level for the mean waiting time of demand. Also, to attain the required level, the proposed system must possess much less work‐in‐process inventories than the previous systems which adjust only the buffer size and do not switch ordering systems.


Deep neural networks (DNN) have shown promising performance in computer vision. In medical imaging, encouraging results have been achieved with deep learning for applications such as segmentation, lesion detection and classification. Nearly all of the deep learning based image analysis methods work on reconstructed images, which are obtained from original acquisitions via solving inverse problems (reconstruction). The reconstruction algorithms are designed for human observers, but not necessarily optimized for DNNs which can often observe features that are incomprehensible for human eyes. Hence, it is desirable to train the DNNs directly from the original data which lie in a different domain with the images. In this paper, we proposed an end-to-end DNN for abnormality detection in medical imaging. To align the acquisition with the annotations made by radiologists in the image domain, a DNN was built as the unrolled version of iterative reconstruction algorithms to map the acquisitions to images, and followed by a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect the abnormality in the reconstructed images. The two networks were trained jointly in order to optimize the entire DNN for the detection task from the original acquisitions. The DNN was implemented for lung nodule detection in low-dose chest computed tomography (CT), where a numerical simulation was done to generate acquisitions from 1,018 chest CT images with radiologists' annotations. The proposed end-to-end DNN demonstrated better sensitivity and accuracy for the task compared to a two-step approach, in which the reconstruction and detection DNNs were trained separately. A significant reduction of false positive rate on suspicious lesions were observed, which is crucial for the known over-diagnosis in low-dose lung CT imaging. The images reconstructed by the proposed end-to-end network also presented enhanced details in the region of interest.


Some software organizations still practice ad hoc development, evolution and maintenance of their systems. Many of them are typical start-up companies. They wish to become immediately profitable without paying heed to rudimentary success factors such as for instance software processes. As a result, they have little insight into and control over their activities. This paper reports on our experiences gained from our process improvement effort at mobile navigation, a Swedish start-up company. This effort has aided mobile navigation to progress from the stage of knowing almost nothing to knowing at least a little about their processes.


Expired air resuscitation forms an essential part of First Aid in patients with respiratory insufficiency. The use of devices should encourage the rescuer to start the measure, make it easier to perform and protect him from a possible transmission of infectious material. 17 devices (mask, tube instruments) were examined in respect of their physical properties (resistance, leakage). None of them fulfilled all the criteria relevant for their use. In most of them changes and modifications seem to be necessary. Mask and tube instruments have definitive disadvantages compared to foil-like adjuncts which are being developed at present.


The dissolution characteristics of melt granulations of paracetamol in capsule and tablet dosage form were compared to determine whether the dissolution characteristics of the granules can be actualized by formulating them as rapidly disintegrating tablets. The term melt granulation refers here to the wax-matrix granules that were formed by triturating the drug powder (paracetamol) with a melted carnauba wax. The matrix granules were admixed with diluents (lactose, alpha-cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose) also in granular form to prevent size separation during encapsulation or tableting. The granules were filled into hard gelatin capsules (mean content weight, 500 +/- 6.2 mg) or tableted (mean weight 500 +/- 5.1 mg, and tensile strength 1.36 +/- 0.2 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 MN/m2). The capsules and tablets were subjected to disintegration and in vitro dissolution tests. The dissolution data were analyzed on the basis of zero, first order rate kinetics and Higuchi square root of time relationship. The results showed that the dissolution profiles were generally consistent with a first order rate kinetics (r = 0.95). The first order dissolution rate constants of capsules and tablets of the matrix granules only (without diluents) were 0.31 +/- 0.02 min(-1) and 0.20 +/- 0.03 min(-1), respectively, indicating faster dissolution from the capsules. Therefore, the dissolution characteristics of the matrix particles were not intact after tableting. Addition of diluents to the capsule formulations had no effect on dissolution rates, whereas in the tablets, dissolution rates increased. For instance, inclusion of a diluent up to 50% w/w in the tablets increased the dissolution rate constants to 0.34 +/- 0.04 min(-1) (lactose), 0.42 +/- 0.02 min(-1) (alpha-cellulose), and 0.46 +/- 0.03 min(-1) (microcrystalline cellulose). Thus, alpha-cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose produced greater enhancer effect on the tablet dissolution rates compared to lactose. Both the capsules and the tablets disintegrated rapidly within 2 to 3 minutes. The dissolution enhancer effect of the diluents in the tablets only, relates to the aqueous swelling of the disintegrated particles.


Perfluorocompounds (PFCs) have been extensively used for plasma etching and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) gases for the semiconductor manufacturing processes. PFCs have significant effects on global warming, and have very long atmospheric lifetimes. Moreover, the wastewater, including fluorine, would be caused by groundwater pollution. The long‐term consumption of water containing excessive fluoride can lead to fluorosis of the teeth and bones. In this study, a waterjet gliding arc plasma system in which plasma is combined with waterjet was developed, and the optimum operating conditions for efficient CF4 destruction were investigated by enlarging the discharge region and producing a large amount of OH radicals. The CF4 decomposed by the waterjet plasma produces hydrogen fluoride (HF) and is dissolved in the waterjet. The present system in the work utilized electrocoagulation and calcium hydroxide, which is very effective for getting rid of HF from wastewater. For the experimental parameters, the waterjet flow rate and input power were used for the waterjet plasma scrubber, the initial pH and current density for the electrocoagulation process, and the reaction pH and Ca(OH)2 injection volume for the calcium hydroxide process. It was found in the parametric experiment that the total CF4 decomposition efficiency was 99.2%; the removal efficiencies of CO2 and HF, which are the by‐products in the gas, were 69.4 and 78%, respectively; and the removal efficiency of HF, which is the by‐product in the liquid, was 99.3%. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 229–237, 2014


Prominences are clouds of relatively cool and dense gas in the solar atmosphere. In this paper, we present a new method to detect and characterize the prominence eruptions. The input is a sequence of consecutive Halpha solar images, and the output is a list of prominence eruption events detected. We extract the limb events and measure their associated properties by applying image processing techniques. First, we perform image normalization and noise removal. Then, we isolate the limb objects and identify the prominence features. Finally, we apply pattern recognition techniques to classify the eruptive prominences. The characteristics of prominence eruptions, such as brightness, angular width, radial height and velocity are measured. The method presented can lead to automatic monitoring and characterization of solar events


Dwarf early-type galaxies (ETGs) display a rich diversity in their photometric, structural, and dynamical properties. In this work, we address their structural complexity by studying with deep imaging a sample of nine dwarf ETGs from the Virgo galaxy cluster, characterized by having faint disk features such as bars and spiral arms, that lie mostly hidden within the bright diffuse light of the galaxies. We present a new, robust method that aims to identify and extract the disk substructure embedded in these dwarf ETGs. The method consists in an iterative procedure that gradually separates a galaxy image into two components: the bright, dominant, diffuse component, and the much fainter, underlying disk component. By applying it to the dwarf ETG sample, we quantify their disk substructure and find that its relative contribution to the total galaxy light ranges between 2.2% and 6.4% within two effective radii. We test the reliability of the method, and prove that it is accurate in recovering the disk substructure we introduce in mock galaxy images, even at low disk-to-total light fractions of a few percent. As a potential application of the method, we perform a Fourier analysis on the extracted disk substructures and measure the orientation, length, and strength of the bars, as well as the pitch angle and strength of the spiral arms. We also briefly discuss a scenario based on the numerical simulations presented in our companion paper, Brought to Light II: Smith et al., in which we investigate the origins of the substructure in such dwarf systems.


Purpose from a philosophical and empirical perspective this paper seeks to show how the big audit firms have managed to set the bar low so that they offer only opinions on whether financial statements meet accounting standards. It is argued that while the concepts of virtue ethics have now largely disappeared, ethical legitimacy has moved beyond consequential ethics to a form of social Darwinism. It is a Social Darwinism that is legalistic and technical as evidenced by the audit firms' widespread use of the Bannerman clause attached to their opinions. Design to illustrate the shift of ethical positions, the paper is informed illustrations of a failure to discharge a duty of care to the public. Findings the shift in underlying social values contributes to what the Economist Journal describes as a steady decline in professional ethics. This arguable conclusion is supported by various illustrations and cites the shift in combinations of cognitive, moral and pragmatic legitimacy as drivers employed by accounting firms. Research Limitations the paper uses secondary and documentary data and is informed by conceptual analysis which necessarily in the realm of ethics may be contentious. Originality the paper seeks to link the changing social values with changes in legitimisation and to show shifts in accounting practices like the recent practice of issuing disclaimers.


This paper deals with the application of genetic algorithms for optimizing the parameters of conventional automatic generation control (AGC) systems. A two-area nonreheat thermal system is considered to exemplify the optimum parameter search. A digital simulation is used in conjunction with the genetic algorithm optimization process. The integral of the square of the error and the integral of time-multiplied absolute value of the error performance indices are considered in the search for the optimal AGC parameters. The results reported in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the genetic algorithms in the tuning of the AGC parameters.


OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility and outcome of a systematic autism screening process for all toddlers (aged 14–30 months) in a large, community-based pediatric practice. METHODS: All toddlers who presented to the clinic during the 6-month screening period were eligible. We used 2 screening questionnaires and allowed physicians to refer directly to capture as many children as possible. Receptionists and medical assistants distributed and collected screening questionnaires; research staff did all scoring and follow-up, either by telephone or in person when indicated. RESULTS: We obtained a high rate of screening (80% of eligible children). Of the 796 children screened, 3 had already been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD); an additional 10 children who showed signs of early ASD that warranted further evaluation or intervention were identified. Formal screening measures identified more children with ASD than did clinical judgment or caregiver concerns; however, no single method (ie, questionnaire, caregiver concerns, provider concerns) identified all children with signs of early ASD. We had excellent participation from racially and ethnically diverse families, including Spanish-speaking families. Thirty-two percent of the children who were screened did not present for a well-child visit during the study period and were screened at a sick visit, follow-up visit, or injection appointment. CONCLUSIONS: A partnership between pediatricians and autism specialists resulted in effective, systematic autism screening. Future studies should examine how to create effective systems of care.


Previous studies have drawn attention to substantial hydrological changes taking place in mountainous watersheds where hydrology is dominated by cryospheric processes. Modelling is an important tool for understanding these changes but is particularly challenging in mountainous terrain owing to scarcity of ground observations and uncertainty of model parameters across space and time. This study utilizes a Markov Chain Monte Carlo data assimilation approach to examine and evaluate the performance of a conceptual, degree‐day snowmelt runoff model applied in the Tamor River basin in the eastern Nepalese Himalaya. The snowmelt runoff model is calibrated using daily streamflow from 2002 to 2006 with fairly high accuracy (average Nash–Sutcliffe metric ~0.84, annual volume bias < 3%). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach constrains the parameters to which the model is most sensitive (e.g. lapse rate and recession coefficient) and maximizes model fit and performance. Model simulated streamflow using an interpolated precipitation data set decreases the fractional contribution from rainfall compared with simulations using observed station precipitation. The average snowmelt contribution to total runoff in the Tamor River basin for the 2002–2006 period is estimated to be 29.7 ± 2.9% (which includes 4.2 ± 0.9% from snowfall that promptly melts), whereas 70.3 ± 2.6% is attributed to contributions from rainfall. On average, the elevation zone in the 4000–5500 m range contributes the most to basin runoff, averaging 56.9 ± 3.6% of all snowmelt input and 28.9 ± 1.1% of all rainfall input to runoff. Model simulated streamflow using an interpolated precipitation data set decreases the fractional contribution from rainfall versus snowmelt compared with simulations using observed station precipitation. Model experiments indicate that the hydrograph itself does not constrain estimates of snowmelt versus rainfall contributions to total outflow but that this derives from the degree‐day melting model. Lastly, we demonstrate that the data assimilation approach is useful for quantifying and reducing uncertainty related to model parameters and thus provides uncertainty bounds on snowmelt and rainfall contributions in such mountainous watersheds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background: Bacteria respond to nutrient starvation by (p)ppGpp that activates the stringent response. Results: V. cholerae mutants defective in (p)ppGpp production lost their viability during glucose-supplemented growth because of overproduction of organic acids. Conclusion: (p)ppGpp regulates energy metabolism, contributing to the successful proliferation of V. cholerae under glucose-rich environments. Significance: We report a previously unexplored role of (p)ppGpp in V. cholerae glucose metabolism. When V. cholerae encounters nutritional stress, it activates (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response. The genes relA and relV are involved in the production of (p)ppGpp, whereas the spoT gene encodes an enzyme that hydrolyzes it. Herein, we show that the bacterial capability to produce (p)ppGpp plays an essential role in glucose metabolism. The V. cholerae mutants defective in (p)ppGpp production (i.e. ΔrelAΔrelV and ΔrelAΔrelVΔspoT mutants) lost their viability because of uncontrolled production of organic acids, when grown with extra glucose. In contrast, the ΔrelAΔspoT mutant, a (p)ppGpp overproducer strain, exhibited better growth in the presence of the same glucose concentration. An RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that transcriptions of genes consisting of an operon for acetoin biosynthesis were markedly elevated in N16961, a seventh pandemic O1 strain, but not in its (p)ppGpp0 mutant during glucose-stimulated growth. Transposon insertion in acetoin biosynthesis gene cluster resulted in glucose-induced loss of viability of the ΔrelAΔspoT mutant, further suggesting the crucial role of acetoin production in balanced growth under glucose-rich environments. Additional deletion of the aphA gene, encoding a negative regulator for acetoin production, failed to rescue the (p)ppGpp0 mutant from the defective glucose-mediated growth, suggesting that (p)ppGpp-mediated acetoin production occurs independent of the presence of AphA. Overall, our results reveal that (p)ppGpp, in addition to its well known role as a stringent response mediator, positively regulates acetoin production that contributes to the successful glucose metabolism and consequently the proliferation of V. cholerae cells under a glucose-rich environment, a condition that may mimic the human intestine.


The New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) literature allows to analyze competition, market power and welfare implications of public policies. This literature is based on the estimation of consumer substitution patterns, that is on the estimation of demand models. Standard discrete choice models are commonly used and assume that the consumer chooses only one unit of a single alternative. However, panelists are often shoppers making decisions for the entire household. A household is composed of several persons with various tastes. The current NEIO literature then often omits multiple brand choice and quantity choice of a product representing multiple tastes within the household. To tackle this point, we model multiple discrete/continuous choices of households following Bhat (2005a). Moreover, we deal with observed and unobserved household heterogeneity as well as omitted variable problem that occurs in this type of consumer choice model. Using French purchase data on the Soft Drink Market, we show that consumer substitution patterns could be biased if multiple brand and quantity choices are not taken into account. Indeed, our results suggest that own price elasticities could be significantly underestimated.


Background and purpose: The most common primary tumors of the central nervous system are gliomas. The gold standard choice to determine grade of glial tumor is biopsy which is an invasive method. Accurate assessment of tumor grade is important for determination of appropriate treatment strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Diffusion Tensor imaging (as a noninvasive method) by fractional anisotropy (FA) in glial tumor grading. Materials and methods: A prospective study was performed in 20 patients with histologically confirmed gliomas. Patients underwent Diffusion Tensor Imaging by a 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. In this study we defined two regions of interest (ROIs); white matter adjacent to the tumor and the homologous fiber tracts to first ROI in the contralateral hemisphere. The fractional anisotropy in these regions was calculated in SPSS and the relationship between FA and gliomas grade was determined. Results: FAt values and ratio of the low-grade gliomas tended to be higher than those of the highgrade gliomas in the peritumoral fibers (P-value FAt=0.006 and,P-value FAt/n=0.02). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that FA could be helpful in tumor grading.


Arctic marine biota are affected profoundly and at large scales by accelerating environmental change, such as, e.g., ocean warming and sea-ice decline. Moreover, increasing human activities add further cumulative pressures. Substantial shifts in ecosystem functions and services, including biodiversity, are expected. To understand, predict, and mitigate the profound ecological consequences of such shifts, it is critical to identify and analyze the relationships between environmental drivers and ecosystem functions at a range of scales (local, regional, and pan-Arctic). We are addressing this challenge by means of a pan-Arctic knowledge system on benthic biota (PANABIO). Underpinned by international efforts to combine data and expertise, PANABIO integrates quality-controlled and geo-referenced data on benthic communities in a public data-warehouse. The system will serve as a versatile means for (a) providing ecological baseline-data to gauge ecosystem changes, (b) analysing coupling mechanisms between environmental drivers and ecosystem functions/services on regional and pan-Arctic scales, (c) developing future ecosystem scenarios in response to external forcing, and (d) creating online stakeholder-oriented visualization and analysis tools. The talk will introduce into PANABIO's rationale, demonstrate the huge up-scaling of benthic data, report on our achievements to support data-sharing, as well as explain the approach how to use community-level distribution models to discern benthic communities in relation to multiple-factor environmental forcing, including sea-ice dynamics.


Yoghurt is a fermented milk product that can provide beneficial effects to the health of consumers. Increasing the quality of yoghurt can be made by combining the benefits of probiotic with prebiotic to produce sinbiotic yoghurt. Inulin is a prebiotic that found in many dahlia tuber ( Dahlia variabilis Willd.). Pure inulin were expensive, so the alternative is using dahlia tuber flours filtrate as prebiotic ingredients. This study aimed to examine the addition of Dahlia Tuber Flours Filtrate (DTFF) as a prebiotic in sinbiotic yoghurt making using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus termophilus dan Lactobacillus acidopilus as probiotic. This research using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 concentration treatments DTFF 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% with 3 replications. Observed variables consist of the number of total LAB, lactic acid level, pH and organoleptic attributes (aroma, flavor, consistency and impression). Data the number of total LAB, lactic acid level and pH values were analyzed by ANOVA, continued by Duncan test, while the organoleptic data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test with 95% significant level. The results showed that the addition of DTFF significantly affect the increasing of total LAB, lactic acid level, organoleptic assessment and decreasing pH of sinbiotic yoghurt. Sinbiotic yoghurt with 3% of DTFF concentration is most preferred by panelists and required the criteria of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for yoghurt with enough likely aroma, sour taste/specify and enough thick texture with total LAB 2,4 x 10 8 CFU/ml, 1.3% lactic acid levels and 4.2. pH. Keywords : prebiotic, probiotic, inulin, dahlia tuber, sinbiotic yoghurt, lactobacillus bulgaricus, streptococcus termophilus, lactobacillus acidopilus


Targeting mediators of the uremic thrombosis axis reverts the uremic hyperthrombotic phenotype without altering the bleeding risk. Striking a balance for anticoagulation Patients with chronic kidney disease can present a therapeutic conundrum because they are not only at increased risk of blood vessel thrombosis but also more likely to experience bleeding complications when treated with anticoagulants. Shashar et al. examined the mechanism of thrombosis in mouse models of renal disease and found a potential therapeutic target in a protein called STUB1. STUB1 is a ubiquitin ligase that interacts with tissue factor, a vascular wall protein that triggers the coagulation signaling cascade. The authors demonstrated that increase in STUB1 can prevent thrombosis but does not prolong bleeding in mouse models of kidney disease, suggesting that this may be a viable approach to antithrombotic management of patients. Chronic kidney disease (CKD/uremia) remains vexing because it increases the risk of atherothrombosis and is also associated with bleeding complications on standard antithrombotic/antiplatelet therapies. Although the associations of indolic uremic solutes and vascular wall proteins [such as tissue factor (TF) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)] are being defined, the specific mechanisms that drive the thrombotic and bleeding risks are not fully understood. We now present an indolic solute–specific animal model, which focuses on solute-protein interactions and shows that indolic solutes mediate the hyperthrombotic phenotype across all CKD stages in an AHR- and TF-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that AHR regulates TF through STIP1 homology and U-box–containing protein 1 (STUB1). As a ubiquitin ligase, STUB1 dynamically interacts with and degrades TF through ubiquitination in the uremic milieu. TF regulation by STUB1 is supported in humans by an inverse relationship of STUB1 and TF expression and reduced STUB1-TF interaction in uremic vessels. Genetic or pharmacological manipulation of STUB1 in vascular smooth muscle cells inhibited thrombosis in flow loops. STUB1 perturbations reverted the uremic hyperthrombotic phenotype without prolonging the bleeding time, in contrast to heparin, the standard-of-care antithrombotic in CKD patients. Our work refines the thrombosis axis (STUB1 is a mediator of indolic solute–AHR-TF axis) and expands the understanding of the interconnected relationships driving the fragile thrombotic state in CKD. It also establishes a means of minimizing the uremic hyperthrombotic phenotype without altering the hemostatic balance, a long-sought-after combination in CKD patients.


The debate over the social value of secured credit (and the appropriate priority for secured claims in bankruptcy) is entering its nineteenth year. Yet the continuing publication of succeeding generations of papers exploring the topic have yielded precious little in the way of an emerging scholarly consensus about the nature and function of secured credit. In this paper, I build upon the existing scholarship and seek to answer three questions. First, what are the right (and the wrong) questions to ask if we are to advance our understanding of secured credit and its appropriate priority. Second, what do we know (and do not know) about the answers to these questions? Third, what normative stance is justified in a world of uncertainty in which many of the key questions will likely not be answered for some time (if ever)? I conclude that the best theoretical explanation for secured credit that survives observation centers on the unique advantages of leverage over the debtor provided by the foreclosure options given to secured creditors in Article 9. The leverage of secured credit is used to solve several different contracting problems for certain classes of debtors and creditors. These solutions carry both social and private benefits as well as offsetting costs. The social benefits derived from the ability of security-created leverage to control vexing problems of overinvestment and underinvestment that are ubiquitous in financial contracting. The private benefits derive from the use of leverage to improve repayment probabilities vis-a-vis other creditors. Unhappily, the costs of security are high, and thus, security is observed in the world only where the social benefits and private benefits work in combination. This combination of social and private benefits means that the answer to the question whether secured credit does (or does not) promote social welfare is both currently unknown and unknowable. In a world of uncertainty, therefore, I argue that the intellectual burden of proof should turn on an analysis of the political economy of both the Article 9 and bankruptcy law making process.


Sustainability is inherently a complex problem that requires new ways of thinking. To solve grand challenges such as climate change, environmental degradation, and poverty, engineers cannot rely on the same models of thinking that were used to create these problems. Engineering education is therefore critical to advance sustainable engineering solutions. Improving education relies on understanding of cognition of thinking and designing for sustainability. In this thesis, a nascent neuroimaging technology called functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure cognition among engineering students thinking about sustainability. fNIRS provides an opportunity to investigate how sustainability in design influences cognition, and how different concept generation techniques help students consider many aspects related to sustainability. The first manuscript provides evidence that engineering students perceive sustainability in design as a constraint, limiting the number of solutions for design and decreasing the cognitive efficiency to generate solutions. Senior engineering students generated fewer solutions than freshmen, however, seniors were better able to cognitively manage the sustainability parameter with higher cognitive efficiency. The second manuscript investigates the cognitive difference when generating concepts using concept listing or concept mapping. The results indicate that concept mapping (i.e. intentionally drawing relationships between concepts) leads to more concepts generated. An increase in concepts during concept mapping was also observed to shift cognitive load in the brain from regions associated with process sequencing to regions associated with cognitive flexibility. This research demonstrates the feasibility of fNIRS applied in engineering research and provides more understanding of the cognitive requirements for sustainability thinking. Neuroscience for Engineering Sustainability: Measuring Cognition During Design Ideation and Systems Thinking Among Students in Engineering


The longitudinal research approach has the potential to provide rich data about the information systems life cycle and organizational and societal shifts due to information technology implementation and adoption. With this research methodology, we can discern changes in user behaviors and attitudes over time. Despite the promise of the longitudinal research approach, it has not been widely used in information systems research in the past. The aim of the current study is to inventory longitudinal research studies published during the past twenty years (1995-2015) and to provide a status report of this research method in the information systems field. The study will also identify gaps in longitudinal research in the information systems field and make recommendations to information systems researchers considering the adoption of longitudinal research methodologies in their work.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is effective for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. We sought to evaluate the outcome of VATS compared to conservative treatment and open thoracotomy, and to discuss the indications for VATS in primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

DESIGN
Retrospective study.

PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax was diagnosed in 281 consecutive patients between January 1989 and April 2001. Mean age was 29.1 years. Mean follow-up period was 78.3 months (range, 13 to 163 months). For these patients, conservative treatment, open thoracotomy, or VATS were performed, and the outcomes of the three treatments were evaluated. If recurrence occurred, outcome of treatment for the recurrence was also evaluated according to the number of times of recurrence.

RESULTS
Recurrences were observed in 109 of 281 patients (38.8%). Forty-three patients (15.3%) had repeat recurrences. Regarding the outcome of the first episode, recurrence rates were 54.7% for conservative treatment, 7.7% for open thoracotomy, and 10.3% for VATS. Recurrence rates after the second episode were 60.3% for conservative treatment, 0% for open thoracotomy, and 18.6% for VATS. Overall recurrence rates of each treatment were 56.4%, 3.0%, and 11.7%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the open thoracotomy and VATS groups (p = 0.15). Hospital stays from operation until discharge were 11.5 days for open thoracotomy and 4.1 days for VATS (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
The outcomes of VATS were very good compared to conservative treatment and equal to those of the open thoracotomy, not only for the first episode but also for the case of recurrence. In terms of low morbidity, low invasiveness, and cosmetic issues, VATS is superior to open thoracotomy. VATS is standard in cases of recurrence and should be considered for treatment at the first episode.


Modern stromatolites represent ideal ecosystems to understand the biological processes required for the precipitation of carbonate due to their long evolutionary history and occurrence in a wide range of habitats. However, most of the prior molecular work on stromatolites has focused on understanding the taxonomic complexity and not fully elucidating the functional capabilities of these systems. Here, we begin to characterize the microbiome associated with stromatolites of Little Darby Island, The Bahamas using predictive metagenomics of the 16S rRNA gene coupled with direct whole shotgun sequencing. The metagenomic analysis of the Little Darby stromatolites revealed many shared taxa and core pathways associated with biologically induced carbonate precipitation, suggesting functional convergence within Bahamian stromatolites. A comparison of the Little Darby stromatolites with other lithifying microbial ecosystems also revealed that although factors, such as geographic location and salinity, do drive some differences within the population, there are extensive similarities within the microbial populations. These results suggest that for stromatolite formation, 'who' is in the community is not as critical as metabolic activities and environmental interactions. Together, these analyses help improve our understanding of the similarities among lithifying ecosystems and provide an important first step in characterizing the shared microbiome of modern stromatolites.


A report of the preliminary observations on the focal sweating induced by intradermal infiltration of epinephrine hydrochloride (Adrenalin) solution in the normal skin of 25 natives of India, acclimatized to tropical climate is presented along with relevant notes on vasomotor and pilomotor reactions. In contrast to the observations earlier reported by some other workers, the results showed complete anhidrosis in the central blanched area. Possible mechanisms of human adrenergic sweating has been reported.


We consider the problem of estimating the value of MAX-CUT in a graph in the streaming model of computation. At one extreme, there is a trivial 2-approximation for this problem that uses only O(log n) space, namely, count the number of edges and output half of this value as the estimate for the size of the MAX-CUT. On the other extreme, for any fixed є > 0, if one allows Õ(n) space, a (1+є)-approximate solution to the MAX-CUT value can be obtained by storing an Õ(n)-size sparsifier that essentially preserves MAX-CUT value. Our main result is that any (randomized) single pass streaming algorithm that breaks the 2-approximation barrier requires Ω(n)-space, thus resolving the space complexity of any non-trivial approximations of the MAX-CUT value to within polylogarithmic factors in the single pass streaming model. We achieve the result by presenting a tight analysis of the Implicit Hidden Partition Problem introduced by Kapralov et al. [SODA'17] for an arbitrarily large number of players. In this problem a number of players receive random matchings of Ω(n) size together with random bits on the edges, and their task is to determine whether the bits correspond to parities of some hidden bipartition, or are just uniformly random. Unlike all previous Fourier analytic communication lower bounds, our analysis does not directly use bounds on the ℓ2 norm of Fourier coefficients of a typical message at any given weight level that follow from hypercontractivity. Instead, we use the fact that graphs received by players are sparse (matchings) to obtain strong upper bounds on the ℓ1 norm of the Fourier coefficients of the messages of individual players using their special structure, and then argue, using the convolution theorem, that similar strong bounds on the ℓ1 norm are essentially preserved (up to an exponential loss in the number of players) once messages of different players are combined. We feel that our main technique is likely of independent interest.


Remote (from 1 to 18 years) results of mandibular defect repair were followed up in 64 patients, to whom auto- and allografts and implants of glass ceramics were implanted. A relatively low incidence of complications in patients with glass ceramic implants demonstrates its advantages over other materials for plastic repair of mandibular defects.


Assessment of contaminant loads to surface water bodies is important for the proper use and
management of these water resources. Many pollution assessment studies have focused on heavily
polluted rivers of industrialized countries as well as major rivers in other less developed countries.
Studies concerning relatively small rivers in developing countries are rather limited although water
quality in such rivers may be impacted by human activity and land use patterns resulting in
considerable ecological changes. This study assesses the land use impact on water quality in the
Abou Ali River Basin and its coastal zone in North Lebanon, based on multiple indicators,
primarily concentrations of nutrients, metals and pesticides. The assessment was conducted during
the dry season in 2002 and wet season in 2003. The water quality of the Abou Ali River is not
significantly degraded (as generally perceived) and exhibits slight seasonal differences in the
interaction between land use and water quality. The worst water quality is apparent in the Tripoli
area where the total pollution of the upstream flow accumulates exacerbated by local wastewater
discharge. The steep profile of the Abou Ali River flushes contaminants towards the estuary and
the sea. Future work requires the development of the approach that assists in evaluating current
and future environmental conditions at a river/estuary/sea interface within a rigorous framework.


The potential of saturated deposits of cohesionless soils in downtown San Francisco to experience initial liquefaction due to seismically induced pore pressure is evaluated. Initial liquefaction, or the zero effective stress state, is sued as the index of liquefaction potential because it provides the best available index for damage due to seismically induced pore pressures. Liquefaction potential is evaluated by comparing the conditional probability of liquefaction, or liquefaction susceptibility, to the expected intensity of seismic loading, or liquefaction opportunity. The probabilistic evaluation is made using a liquefaction hazard model developed by Chameau. Assuming the water table to be at the ground surface, results indicate that while no liquefaction is expected anywhere for an intensity with an annual probability of exceedance of 0.05, only the most resistant deposits will survive an event with an annual probability of exceedance at 0.02. For an event with an annual probability of exceedance of 0.01, initial liquefaction is expected to occur within all saturated, cohesionless soil deposits in the downtown San Francisco area. It must be emphasized that in dense soil deposits the consequences of initial liquefaction may be minimal because of their limited shear strain potential.


Objective: To determine the relationship among the first trimester placental volume, maternal serum markers, uterine artery Doppler velocimetry (UTDV), and perinatal outcome. Methods: The preliminary study group consisted of 74 women who received continuous antenatal care and delivered at our institution. Pregnancies with multiple gestation, congenital anomaly, and abnormal placenta were excluded. All patients received 3D ultrasonographic volumetry of placenta during 10 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation, underwent routine second trimester maternal serum marker screening, and underwent UTDV during second and third trimester. Placental quotient (PQ) was calculated by dividing placental volume by CRL. Perinatal outcome was defined as small for gestational age (SGA), preeclampsia and NICU admission. Statistical analysis were carried out by Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation and logistic regression test (SPSS 14.0). Results: CRL showed a significant relationship with placental volume (P = 0.026). Among the second trimester serum markers, β-HCG had correlation with PQ (P = 0.019). Other serum markers showed no such correlation. Abnormal UTDV was not statistically related to PQ. Mean PQ ± SD in SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group were 0.54 ± 0.23 and 0.56 ± 0.15, respectively. In NICU admitted group, mean PQ±SD was 0.47 ± 0.23 (vs. 0.56 ± 0.15 of the control group). The mean value of PQ was smaller in the group with poor perinatal outcome compared to the PQ of the control group. However, there were no significant correlation among the poor perinatal outcomes and PQ. Conclusion: The first trimester placental volume may affect maternal serum screening markers. However, PQ was not associated with UTDV and perinatal outcome. Further study with large sample size is needed to evaluate the association of placental volume and parameters such as maternal serum markers, UTDV, and perinatal outcome.


Aim/Purpose: Parasocial relationships are today established on social media between influencers and their followers. While marketing effects are well-researched, little is known about the meaning of such relationships and the psychological mechanisms behind them. This study, therefore, explores the questions: "How do followers on Instagram interpret explicit fiction cues from influencers?" and "What does this reveal about the meaning of parasocial attachment?"

Background: With a billion-dollar advertising industry and leading in influencing opinion, Instagram is a significant societal and economic player. One factor for the effective influence of consumers is the relationship between influencer and follower. Research shows that disclosing advertisements surprisingly does not harm credibility, and sometimes even leads to greater trustworthiness and, in turn, willingness to purchase. While such reverse dynamics are measurable, the mechanisms behind them remain largely unexplored.

Methodology: The study follows an explorative approach with in-depth interviews, which are analyzed with Mayring's content analysis under a reconstructive paradigm. The findings are discussed through the lens of critical psychology.

Contribution: Firstly, this study contributes to the understanding of the communicative dynamics of influencer-follower communication alongside the reality-fiction-gap model, and, secondly, it contributes empirical insights through the analysis of 22 explorative interviews.

Findings: The findings show (a) how followers rationalize fiction cues and justify compulsive decision-making, (b) how followers are vulnerable to influences, and (c) how parasocial attachment formation overshadows rational logic and agency. The findings are discussed with regard to mechanisms, vulnerabilities, rationalizations and cognitive bias, and the social self, as well as the ethics of influencer marketing and politics.

Recommendation for Researchers: The contribution is relevant to relationship research, group dynamics and societal organizing, well-being, identity, and health perspectives, within psychology, sociology, media studies, and pedagogy to management.

Future Research: Future research might seek to understand more about (a) quantifiable vulnerabilities, such as attachment styles, dispositions, and demographics, (b) usage patterns and possible factors of prevention, (c) cognitive and emotional mechanisms involved with larger samples, (d) the impact on relationships and well-being, and (e) possible conditions for the potential of parasocial attachment.


This is a book about paradoxes and mingled yarns – about the bright sides of dark events, the silver linings of sable clouds, ROMANTIC OUTLAWS, BELOVED PRISONS portrays upright citizens who harbor a "strange liking" for criminal deeds, and criminals who conceive of prison in positive terms: as a nurturing mother, an academy, a matrix of spiritual birth, and a refuge from life's trivia. In her effort to show how people experience imprisonment and criminality, Professor Duncan draws on novels and prison memoirs, psychoanalysis, and history, as well as legal cases. Her analysis reveals a world that is non-utopian in principle, a world in which criminals and non-criminals are linked in a symbiotic relationship – as necessary to one another as Sancho Panza and Don Quijote, the Fool and King Lear, or two partners entwined in a complicated dance. In the concluding section of her book, Professor Duncan epitomizes these themes with the remarkable story of the "Botany Bay Venture," Britain's decision to establish a "thieves' colony" in remote Australia in the 18th century. By analyzing the debates of the British parliament, classic works of fiction, and children's toys, Professor Duncan illuminates this decision, which historians have described as "puzzling," "bizarre," and "irrational." Key to her interpretation is the insight that the metaphors of slime, stain, and excrement – words used by the British to speak about the "transported" convicts – are not really as negative as they appear. Rather, this language constitutes a defense against the illicit attraction to lawbreakers and the knowledge that we all, in some sense, come from slime and to slime will return. In this SSRN paper, we provide the Table of Contents and the Introduction to the book.


Abstract Third grade students at a Midwestern elementary school participated in a 9-week mobile learning intervention (MLI). Two classrooms used Everyday Math and daily practice using flashcards, etc., to learn multiplication. Two other classrooms used Everyday Math and web applications for the iPod touch for daily practice. MLI students outperformed comparison students on a postintervention multiplication test controlling for several covariates, including prior achievement, home iPod touch use, and previous teacher, among others. The medium-sized performance advantage (b = .217) was statistically significant at the .01 alpha level. The MLI influence on the most difficult multiplication items was also statistically significant but less important than the student's demographic profile and the teacher's advanced educational technology degree. Experimental research is needed to assess longerterm achievement effects for diverse student groups and school settings and to explore how teaching and learning occurs in mobile environments above and beyond a particular device.


The long-lived glycoprotein hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), downregulates testosterone (T) biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. The degree to which short-lived pulses of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) do so, particularly at physiological concentrations, is not known. We test the hypothesis that continuous LH infusion compared with bolus injections of LH every 1 h or every 2 h overnight downregulates T secretory responses to a subsequent fixed template of three consecutive intravenous pulses of a physiological amount of recombinant human (rh) LH (triple stimulus). Nineteen healthy men ages 18-49 yr each underwent four separate randomly ordered overnight gonadotropin-releasing hormone-receptor antagonist treatments with superimposed intravenous infusions of saline or rhLH (1-h pulses, 2-h pulses, or continuously). Each 12-h infusion protocol was followed by the triple rhLH-pulse stimulus the next morning. During the triple stimulus, basal (nonpulsatile) as well as total (basal plus pulsatile) T secretion was higher after overnight 2- and 1-h rhLH pulses than after continuous rhLH or saline delivery. Approximate entropy, a probabilistic measure of feedforward-induced irregularity of T concentration time series, was higher after 1-h rhLH pulses than after continuous rhLH. Analytical estimation of pulsatile rhLH-T dose-response measures revealed higher T secretory sensitivity and greater rhLH potency (lower EC₅₀) after exposure to 1-h than 2-h rhLH pulses. Collectively, these data indicate that in vivo dynamics of LH-stimulated T secretion under standardized conditions in men depend on the prior time mode of LH delivery in the bloodstream.


OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review the renal injury scale revised by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma in 2018, to identify terms commonly used in discussions between radiologists and surgeons and to properly apply the new classification parameters to various MDCT findings. CONCLUSION. The updated 2018 kidney injury scale from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma incorporates the delineations necessary for modern nonoperative management of renal trauma, including percutaneous and endourologic techniques, and discusses the imaging criteria for each injury grade.


ABSTRACT Background: The "vascular depression" hypothesis has sought to explain differences in etiology between early and late life depression, and has been reinforced by recent imaging and morphometric studies. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is thought to play a major role in the neurobiology of depression. However, it is unclear whether there is an effect on GABA neuronal subpopulations in an elderly depressed cohort. This study therefore examined immunohistochemically two calcium-binding proteins, calretinin and parvalbumin, which have been demonstrated to bind to two distinct GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of elderly depressed patients, against age-matched controls. Methods: Post-mortem tissue was obtained from nine controls and 11 depressed patients for the parvalbumin study and seven controls and 14 depressed patients in the calretinin study, and the mean percentage per area of immunohistochemical staining of the two antibodies was measured in individual layers and across the whole of the DLPFC. Results: The study found a reduction in parvalbumin immunostaining in layer 6 (p = 0.05) of the DLFPC in elderly depressed patients. However, no significant changes were found in parvalbumin or calretinin immunostaining in the any other layer of the DLPFC in elderly depressed patients. Conclusion: The study does not suggest any change in GABA interneuron subpopulations, though significant reductions in layer 6 may represent subtle disturbance in GABA parvalbumin-expressing interneuron and glumatatergic pyramidal projection neuron regulation in late-life depression.


Anticipating the consequences of future global changes on natural systems requires the understanding of the responses of past ecosystems under climatic and anthropic constraints. As natural archives, soils are particularly relevant since they potentially preserve indications of their previous uses. Such uses are known to have irreversible impacts on soils, in terms of bulk chemical properties, soil nutrients availability, soil structure and local vegetation communities, at least at the historical scale (e.g. [1]). However, little is known about the persistence of lipid imprints through time in soils. The aim of this study is to compare the lipid imprint of three soils that suffered distinct land use histories in order to evaluate the possibilities offered by lipids to preserve information on past land uses. Three soils were sampled in the catchment of Lake Aydat (Central France) and then subsampled into 2 cm thick slices. Two of these soils remained under the same overlying vegetation (pasture: S-p, and forest: S-f) for the last 60 years. They constitute "reference" soils. These soils are compared to a soil formerly covered by a pasture/grassland 60 years ago and now by a conifer forest (S-pf). Bulk organic matter (OM) characterisation was performed by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Lipids were extracted by ASE using DCM:MeOH and then separated into neutral, acidic and polar compounds on aminopropyl bonded silica. The neutral fraction was submitted to further separation by flash chromatography using solvents of increasing polarity. Lipid fractions were then identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Rock-Eval results suggest that, in the three soil profiles, the time of turnover and OM stabilisation increases with depth, with a global tendency toward increasing oxidation with depth. Combined with the absence of aromatic compounds, this indicates that lipids were not strongly affected by alteration. Degradation can thus not be invoked to explain variations in molecular content between the three soil profiles. Several classes of compounds were tested as potential tracers of former land uses: n-alkanes, tricyclic diterpenes, wax esters, FAMEs, steroids and triterpenes (e.g. [2], [3]). Although the most abundant n-alkane homologue is clearly defined in reference soils (n-C29 in S-f and n-C31 S-p), there is no shift from n-C31 to n-C29 in S-pf. Tricyclic diterpenoids, that are conifer markers, are present all along the S-f profile and are totally absent in S-p. These compounds are only present in the upper part of S-pf. Methoxyserratenes follow tricyclic diterpenes, although they also appear in low amount at the base of S-pf. Reversely, triterpenyl acetates are detected in S-p but are totally absent from S-f. Most of detected triterpenyl acetates are present all along the S-pf profile. This study highlights the variable potential of soil molecular biomarkers to record former land-uses, at least on decadal scales. The most specific and resistant families, such as pentacyclic triterpenes and tricyclic diterpenes, provide the most useful information but did not allow observing an obvious vertical zoning of molecular imprints in S-pf. This could result from mixing processes such as leaching, bioturbation and root penetration that affected this soil. Finally, criteria based on the presence/absence of given compounds appear more powerful than compound relative abundances. References [1] Hurtt, G.C., Frolking, S., Fearon, M.G., Moore, B., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., Pacala, S.W., Houghton, R.A., 2006. The underpinnings of land-use history: three centuries of global gridded land-use transitions, wood-harvest activity, and resulting secondary lands. Global Change Biology 12, 7, 1208-1229. [2] Lavrieux, M., Jacob, J., Le Milbeau, C., Disnar, J.R., Zocatelli, R., Breheret, J.G., Masuda, K., 2011. First detection of triterpenyl acetates in soils: sources and potential as new palaeoenvironmental biomarkers. 25th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Interlaken, Switzerland. [3] Le Milbeau, C., Lavrieux, M., Jacob, J., Zocatelli, R., Disnar, J.R., 2011. Methoxyserratenes as discriminant biomarkers for soils developed under conifer forests. 25th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Interlaken, Switzerland.


The calculation method of contact force in contact-zone between adjacent layer wires has been analyzed. The principal radii of curvatures of wires were taken into consideration while obtaining the analytical expressions for contact stesses and sizes of contact surface. Meanwhile, a formular for shear stress of arbitrary point in half-space under contact-zone was derived on basis of the Boussinesq problem and it was simplified by using Gaussian quadrature. According to the results, the stress distribution could be unsderstood more thoroughly and the results is of great importance for studying looseness, fatigue and fretting wear of multilayered strands.


The principal purpose of this model has been to formulate a monetary model for Greece that allows output, prices, the overall balance of payments, the fiscal budged and money to be determined simultaneously. The model proposed here, stresses the crucial role played by the demand for money and monetary disequilibrium in the behavior of such major macroeconomic variables.