Purpose The aim of this study was to develop an automated image analysis software to measure the thickness of the subepithelial collagenous band in colon biopsies with collagenous colitis (CC) and incomplete CC (CCi). The software measures the thickness of the collagenous band on microscopic slides stained with Van Gieson (VG). Patients and methods A training set consisting of ten biopsies diagnosed as CC, CCi, and normal colon mucosa was used to develop the automated image analysis (VG app) to match the assessment by a pathologist. The study set consisted of biopsies from 75 patients. Twenty-five cases were primarily diagnosed as CC, 25 as CCi, and 25 as normal or near-normal colonic mucosa. Four pathologists individually reassessed the biopsies and categorized all into one of the abovementioned three categories. The result of the VG app was correlated with the diagnosis provided by the four pathologists. Results The interobserver agreement for each pair of pathologists ranged from κ-values of 0.56–0.81, while the κ-value for the VG app vs each of the pathologists varied from 0.63 to 0.79. The overall agreement between the four pathologists was κ=0.69, while the overall agreement between the four pathologists and the VG app was κ=0.71. Conclusion In conclusion, the Visiopharm VG app is able to measure the thickness of a sub-epithelial collagenous band in colon biopsies with an accuracy comparable to the performance of a pathologist and thereby provides a promising supplementary tool for the diagnosis of CC and CCi and in particular for research.


Here we extend a hypothetical model used to explore the push and pull forces based on location and interaction in the post-pandemic city to a more realistic context, that of London and its region (Batty, 2021). The abstract model reveals that the mono-centricity and symmetry of the hypothetical city is hard to break until we introduce functions of travel impedance between locations based on a trade-off between the increasing and decreasing attractions of living at a distance from home and/or work. In this way we can reverse the centripetal forces on the centre and in the extreme, wipe these out almost completely with centrifugal forces. We transfer this analysis to the London metropolitan region, represented by some 1767 small zones where employment is much more concentrated than population. We introduce different levels of lockdown into London by exploring what happens when different proportions of workers work from home and we then slowly relax these restrictions letting the model predict new distributions of employment and population due to a succession of changes in locational attractions due to the relocation of these activities. We do this progressively until everybody is working in their traditional workplace and this indicates that activities are more likely to converge towards the central city than the suburbs. We develop seven different scenarios based on different blends of travel behaviour and these results bear out our experiments with the hypothetical city. We introduce changes in the impact of distance slowly increasing the attraction of places as the lockdown is relaxed and this blows the concentration of activities to the city's edges. We then do the reverse which concentrates the city in its traditional core. There are many issues still to be resolved in using this somewhat more real model of the city than the completely abstract one of the previous paper, but as more data pertaining to the lockdown is gathered and made available, we will continue to improve the model and its analysis. Note to the Reader: Working Paper 225 'The Socially-Distanced City: Speculation Through Simulation', outlines the hypothetical model applied in this paper to the London metropolitan region and readers who need to note this can find the paper at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/casa/sites/bartlett/files/casa_working_paper_225.pdf


Abstract Objective To describe rates and identify factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among young adult males in college/university settings. Methods Study was reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched for empirical studies published between 2009 and 2019 and focused on predictors for HPV vaccine uptake. Studies' methodological quality scores ranged between 12 and 23 points. Results Five hundred and ninety eight titles/abstracts and 154 full-text articles were screened. Eighteen studies were included for final analysis. Results depicted participants' attitude, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in receiving HPV vaccine. Many participants did not perceive themselves to be susceptible to HPV infection, and barriers to receiving HPV vaccine outweighed benefits. HPV knowledge and vaccination rates were relatively low among respondents. Conclusion Prevention campaigns that increase knowledge, promote positive attitudes, change perception of susceptibility, and address barriers may result in higher HPV vaccination rates among males in college/university settings.


Objective To evaluate the similarities between LBEC0101 (etanercept biosimilar) and the etanercept reference product (ETN-RP) in terms of efficacy and safety, including immunogenicity, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment. Methods This phase III, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, 54-week study was conducted in Japan and Korea. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in the disease activity score in 28 joints based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) at week 24. American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response rate, adverse events (AEs), pharmacokinetics and development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) were also evaluated. Results In total, 374 patients were randomised to LBEC0101 (n=187) or ETN-RP (n=187). The least squares mean changes from baseline in DAS28-ESR at week 24 in the per-protocol set were −3.01 (95% CI −3.198 to −2.820) in the LBEC0101 group and −2.86 (95% CI −3.051 to −2.667) in the ETN-RP group. The estimated between-group difference was −0.15 and its 95% CI was −0.377 to 0.078, which was within the prespecified equivalence margin of −0.6 to 0.6. ACR20 response rates at week 24 were similar between the groups (LBEC0101 93.3% vs ETN-RP 86.7%). The incidence of AEs up to week 54 was comparable between the groups (LBEC0101 92.0% vs ETN-RP 92.5%), although fewer patients in the LBEC0101 group (1.6%) than the ETN-RP group (9.6%) developed ADAs. Conclusion The clinical efficacy of LBEC0101 was equivalent to that of ETN-RP. LBEC0101 was well tolerated and had a comparable safety profile to ETN-RP. Trial registration number NCT02357069.


The research is aimed at investigating challenges and opportunities of teaching online course in Pediatric Surgery at Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine. The participants were 42 students of the 5-th year of study. After taking the course, the students were offered to fill in 24item 4-point Likert-type scale containing the statements regarding various issues of distance learning: gaining theoretical and practical knowledge, teacherstudent and student-student interaction, the interface and content of the course, technical issues and computer literacy, academic success, development of selfdirected learning skills, as well as motivation for learning, critical thinking, problem solving, self-organization and time management skills. The median value for the total cohort is 3 indicating that the majority of students gave affirmative responses. Students positively evaluated the course content and structure, interface of the platform Neuron and the interactive tools like forums, chats, videoconferencing which allowed communicating with peers and the teacher in real time and getting immediate feedback. At the same time, students experience lack of practical skills as quarantine measures don't allow attending face-to-face lessons, they cannot interact with patients and participate in surgical operations, etc. This is a challenging task to develop medical students' motivation, professional problem-solving and critical thinking skills in the online environment. The authors offer the recommendations to enhance the quality of online learning: use image-guided surgical simulation tools, implement interactive forms of virtual teaching, case method. Keywords—Pediatric surgery, medical students, online learning, online platform, course, theoretical knowledge, practical skills, videoconferencing, interaction


UNLABELLED
Patients presenting in cardiac arrest frequently have poor outcomes despite heroic resuscitative measures in the field. Many emergency medical systems have protocols in place to stop resuscitative measures in the field; however, further predictors need to be developed for cardiac arrest patients brought to the emergency department (ED).

OBJECTIVE
To examine the predictive value of cardiac standstill visualized on bedside ED echocardiograms during the initial presentations of patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

METHODS
The study took place in a large urban community hospital with an emergency medicine residency program and a high volume of cardiac arrest patients. As part of routine care, all patients arriving with CPR in progress were subject to immediate and brief subxiphoid or parasternal cardiac ultrasound examination. This was followed by brief repeat ultrasound examination during the resuscitation when pulses were checked. A 2.5-MHz phased-array probe was used for imaging. Investigators filled out standardized data sheets. Examinations were taped for review. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios.

RESULTS
One hundred sixty-nine patients were enrolled in the study. One hundred thirty-six patients had cardiac standstill on the initial echocardiogram. Of these, 71 patients had an identifiable rhythm on monitor. No patient with sonographically identified cardiac standstill survived to leave the ED regardless of his or her initial electrical rhythm. Cardiac standstill on echocardiogram resulted in a positive predictive value of 100% for death in the ED, with a negative predictive value of 58%.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients presenting with cardiac standstill on bedside echocardiogram do not survive to leave the ED regardless of their electrical rhythms. This finding was uniform regardless of downtime. Although larger studies are needed, this may be an additional marker for cessation of resuscitative efforts.


examination. These men and women are clinicians, with a practical bent, and what they need, as we have said before, is "general pathology with an applied flavour, and related to man". This book gives them that and more, for it is wide enough in scope to be of interest to all students of medicine. The "primary syllabus", which also includes the elements of microbiology and of surgical physiology, is completely covered, and the book is as up to date as we could expect. It is lucidly wrttten, with a deft sprInkling of headings and subheadings to aid systematic memorizing; but these are filled out to make quite a big book which is interesting and easy to read. Most of the controversial modern topics are briefly and impartially discussed, and there is an annotated list of selected references as a guide to further reading. Some of these were published as late as 1963. Candidates reading for the primary fellowship, at least in this country, will need to consult these.


As a part of a "lab-at-home" education paradigm for control engineering courses, this paper proposes (and elaborates) a novel hardware-in-the-loop simulator with 3D animation capabilities. The developed software, which can be tailored to simulate any dynamic systems in non-real-time, is designed to work in conjunction with a control hardware. In the paper, the specific application of the software to a graduate-level course is presented within the framework of a final term project involving the control of a satellite tracking antenna. The success of the software (along with the methodology) is rigorously evaluated through the information collected in three academic semesters including the course instructor's feedback and the questionnaires filled out by the students.


The aquaculture sector is significantly behind plant and farm animal production in applying selective breeding, in spite of the fact that it has been suggested that the world aquaculture production could be doubled in 13 years if breeding programmes were supplying stocks for the farmed species. It is estimated that as late as in 2010, only 8.2% of the world's total aquaculture production was based on material developed in selective breeding programmes. Reported estimates of genetic gain per generation for a key trait like growth rate average 13%, implying that the animal's potential for growth can be doubled in a time span of only six generations of selection, as demonstrated for major farmed species like Atlantic salmon and Nile tilapia. Likewise are reported genetic gains for improved disease resistance generally very high. This study offers an updated review of published estimates on genetic gains for a range of traits in aquaculture species. Results are highly encouraging and demonstrate a substantial potential for genetic improvement in aquatic productions, in particular for traits such as growth rate and resistance to diseases.


University students experience more pressure and discomfort due to sensitivity of development and change period and its critical conditions, especially in the first years of entrance to the university. Therefore, it seems necessary to support them in this way. Since counseling is done by counseling professors in different departments of medical faculties in universities of Iran, we decided to ask professors their incentive and purpose of accepting this great responsibility and to assess their answers. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional and the research population consisted of counseling professors of Medical Universities at basic sciences level. The tool used in this study was a twenty-item questionnaire which was approved by two professors of psychology and an MS in Statistics. A total of 45 questionnaires were distributed among the counseling professors of the mentioned universities and 32 questionnaires were fully completed and analyzed. A total of 32 questionnaires were almost equally distributed among four universities,( Shiraz ,Tehran, Bushehr and Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences ). To evaluate the requested parameters of the questionnaire, always and often is considered as agreement, sometimes as indifference, and rarely or not at all as disagreement of counseling professor. The most important reason of accepting counseling in educational aspect was student achievement (96.9%). Research credibility of university and student was agreed in 46.9%, and 37.5%, respectively. The cause of counseling acceptance was not to satisfy university administrators, earning money, and possession of extra-time. The results of this study show that the professors believe that counseling is an efficient way to help students' achievement and to solve their academic, personal, and social problems.


The Fiq Member of the Ghadir Manqil Formation, Huqf Supergroup, Oman, is composed of ∼1.5 km of glacial rainout diamictites, mass-flow deposits, turbiditic sandstones, and slope and shelf sandstones and siltstones, overlain by a classic <10-m-thick transgressive cap dolostone. Paleocurrents, facies distribution, and subsurface imagery show that the Fiq Member was deposited in a series of extensional half-grabens and grabens. Facies associations represent proximal glaciomarine, distal glaciomarine, nonglacial sediment gravity flow, and nonglacial shallow-marine siliciclastic depositional environments and processes. The member is divided into seven units that can be correlated across the rift basin. Although the facies mosaic is complex, cycles of relative sea-level change, most likely driven by glacio-eustasy, show that glacial advance and retreat during the glacial epoch was strongly pulsed. Only the final (youngest) diamictite is overlain by a well-developed cap carbonate. It is unlikely that there was any prolonged and substantial shutdown of the hydrologic cycle during deposition of the Fiq Member. On the basis of sedimentological and stratigraphic data, the Neoproterozoic glacials of Arabia were more like the familiar oscillatory glaciations of the Pleistocene than those required by the snowball Earth hypothesis.


Understanding failure in nanomaterials is critical for the design of reliable structural materials and small-scale devices that have components or microstructural elements at the nanometer length scale. No consensus exists on the effect of flaws on fracture in bulk nanostructured materials or in nanostructures. Proposed theories include nanoscale flaw tolerance and maintaining macroscopic fracture relationships at the nanoscale with virtually no experimental support. We explore fracture mechanisms in nanomaterials via nanomechanical experiments on nanostructures with pre-fabricated surface flaws in combination with molecular dynamics simulations. Nanocrystalline Pt cylinders with diameters of ~120 nm with intentionally introduced surface notches were created using a template-assisted electroplating method and tested in uniaxial tension in in-situ SEM. Experiments demonstrate that 8 out of 12 samples failed at the notches and that tensile failure strengths were ~1.8 GPa regardless of whether failure occurred at or away from the flaw. These findings suggest that failure location was sensitive to the presence of flaws, while strength was flaw-insensitive. Molecular dynamics simulations support these observations and show that incipient plastic deformation commences via nucleation and motion of dislocations in concert with grain boundary sliding. We postulate that such local plasticity reduces stress concentration ahead of the flaw to levels comparable with the strengths of intrinsic microstructural features like grain boundary triple junctions, a phenomenon unique to nano-scale solids that contain an internal microstructural energy landscape. This mechanism causes failure to occur at the weakest link, be it an internal inhomogeneity or a surface feature with a high local stress.


Textile industry is China's traditional leading industries and pillar industries. Total economic output of Textile industry occupy a pivotal position in all large-scale industries, and is the pillar industry in Jiangsu province's industrial economy, and makes an important contribution for the province's economic development and employment. This article discusses existing problems and countermeasures to address these issues of textile export in the Jiangsu Province. At present, Textile Industry is undergoing a critical period of structural adjustment and industrial upgrading. The textile export industry of Jiangsu Province would continue to grow and develop in the increasingly open a mature socialist economy with Chinese characteristics and a closely intertwined world economy.


Objectives Workers can be exposed to a range of different carcinogenic agents in the workplace. However, previous studies have often focused on prevalence of exposure to a single carcinogen, resulting in substantial knowledge gaps regarding the extent of multiple exposures in the workplace. This study aims to investigate the current prevalence of occupational exposure to multiple carcinogens among exposed workers in Australia. Methods The data for this study come from the Australian Work Exposures Study, a nationwide cross-sectional telephone survey of Australian workers aged between 18 and 65. Information was collected about the respondents' current employment and numerous demographic factors using a web-based application (Occupational Integrated Database Exposure Assessment System) to conduct the interview, with predefined algorithms used to automatically assign exposures to carcinogens based on the respondents' job tasks. Results The majority (81%) of exposed respondents were assessed as being probably exposed to more than one carcinogen, and 26% reported exposure to five or more carcinogens. We found that after adjusting for occupation, exposure to multiple carcinogens was more likely among male respondents, while older workers (aged between 55 and 65) were less likely to be exposed to multiple carcinogens. Conclusions This study provides information on the prevalence of exposure to multiple carcinogens in the general population that has not previously been reported. This information could be useful for the intervention and control of occupational exposures to the prioritised carcinogens identified in this study.


Intermolecular cross‐linking is one of the most important techniques that can be used to fundamentally alter the material properties of a polymer. The introduction of covalent bonds between individual polymer chains creates 3D macromolecular assemblies with enhanced mechanical properties and greater chemical or thermal tolerances. In contrast to many chemical cross‐linking reactions, which are the basis of thermoset plastics, enzyme catalysed processes offer a complimentary paradigm for the assembly of cross‐linked polymer networks through their predictability and high levels of control. Additionally, enzyme catalysed reactions offer an inherently 'greener' and more biocompatible approach to covalent bond formation, which could include the use of aqueous solvents, ambient temperatures, and heavy metal‐free reagents. Here, we review recent progress in the development of biocatalytic methods for polymer cross‐linking, with a specific focus on the most promising candidate enzyme classes and their underlying catalytic mechanisms. We also provide exemplars of the use of enzyme catalysed cross‐linking reactions in industrially relevant applications, noting the limitations of these approaches and outlining strategies to mitigate reported deficiencies.


: This paper investigates whether the current effectiveness agenda—agreed during the 2011 Busan High Level Forum on Development Effectiveness—continues to define best practice in development amidst a rapidly changing development landscape. To do so, we surveyed officials from development agencies and partner countries to understand whether the effectiveness agenda remains relevant for officials who manage official development assistance (ODA) flows, and if not, how it should change. We find that while respondents believe that the effectiveness agenda is relevant, there is strong demand to revise or renew the agenda to overcome technical, strategic, and political challenges that are limiting its implementation. Based on our survey findings, we propose a simple framework for considering options for change, centered around trade-offs related to the inclusiveness of the agenda and the political will available for reform. We conclude by proposing four possible reform scenarios for the next phase of the effectiveness agenda.


Nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavone, has a few pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer effects. However, its effect on human osteosarcoma progression remains uninvestigated. Therefore, we examined the effectiveness of nobiletin against cellular metastasis of human osteosarcoma and the underlying mechanisms. Nobiletin, up to 100 μM without cytotoxicity, significantly decreased motility, migration and invasion as well as enzymatic activities, protein levels and mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in U2OS and HOS cells. In addition to inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the inhibitory effect of nobiletin on the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and specificity protein 1 (SP-1) in U2OS and HOS cells. Co-treatment with ERK and JNK inhibitors and nobiletin further reduced U2OS cells migration and invasion. These results indicated that nobiletin inhibits human osteosarcoma U2OS and HOS cells motility, migration and invasion by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions via ERK and JNK pathways and through the inactivation of downstream NF-κB, CREB, and SP-1. Nobiletin has the potential to serve as an anti-metastatic agent for treating osteosarcoma.


The Listener Preference Profile (LPP) was designed to identify habitual listening responses. Items for the LPP were generated from listening behaviors identified from a systematic review of the listening literature and modified based on administration to several pilot groups. Results of factor analyses identified four clusters (people-, content-, action-, and time-oriented listening) and were used to revise the LPP. A study was designed to validate the LPP. Subjects, 392 undergraduate students in a southern university enrolled in a basic professional communication class, were administered the LPP twice within 24 hours--first in combination with two other self-administered assessment instruments (with randomized order of elements) and then independently with items randomized in a different order. Factor analyses, estimates of internal consistency, and the prevalence of different listening preference orientations were examined. Results indicated that: (1) test-retest reliability instruments suggest stability in the assessment of listener preferences over time; (2) gender differences existed in task versus relational listening; (3) multiple listener preferences were common between listeners; and (4) 21% of the sample indicated no preference for any of the listener orientations. Findings suggest that the Listener Preference Profile is a reliable instrument and has potential as a research and/or training tool. (Three tables of data are included; 44 references are attached.) (RS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 011.ce of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or orgernzation oragmating it C !Amor changes have been made lo improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this documeet do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J_ s2 to TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC).DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE LISTENER PREFERENCE PROFILE Kittie W. Watson Department of Communication Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118 Larry L. Barker Department of Speech Communication Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849 James B. Weaver, Ill Department of Speech Communication Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849 Presented at the annual meeting of the International Listening Association, Seattle, WA, March 4-8, 1992.


We exploit the 1998 and 2003 constitutional amendment in Texas?allowing home equity loans and lines of credit for non-housing purposes?as natural experiments to estimate the effect of easier credit access on the labor market. Using state-level as well as county-level data and the synthetic control approach, we find that easier access to housing credit led to a notably lower labor force participation rate between 1998 and 2007. We show that our findings are remarkably robust to improved synthetic control methods based on insights from machine-learning. We explore treatment effect heterogeneity using grouped data from the basic monthly CPS and find that declines in the labor force participation rate were larger among females, prime age individuals, and the college-educated. Analysis of March CPS data confirms that the negative effect of easier home equity access on labor force participation was largely concentrated among homeowners, with little discernible impact on renters, as expected. We find that, while the labor force participation rate experienced persistent declines following the amendments that allowed access to home equity, the impact on GDP growth was relatively muted. Our research shows that labor market effects of easier credit access should be an important factor when assessing its stimulative impact on overall growth.


The public participation in scientific projects (citizen science) is significantly increasing specially with technology developments in recent years. Volunteers play an essential role in citizen science projects, therefore understanding their motivations, and understanding how to sustain them to keep contributing to the project are of utmost importance. This paper presents the analysis of volunteers' characteristics and their motivations to contribute to a citizen science project, which aims at encouraging citizens to take action for biodiversity. The results from the online survey illustrate that people are more motivated by intrinsic nature-related motives rather than extrinsic motivations.


Any test which may yield additional evidence in differentiating the syndrome of ruptured intervertebral disk from low back conditions with similar clinical pictures should be a welcome addition to one's armamentarium. At present several tests are in use, the most frequently practiced being the straight-leg raising, Lasegue, jugular compression, and sciatic-nerve-stretching tests. Aird and Naffziger1and Aird2suggested a test which may also be employed. They modified the standard digital jugular compression test by placing a blood pressure cuff around the neck and inflating it to 40 mm. Hg. They recommended keeping the cuff inflated for 10 minutes, since in some cases positive results did not occur for as long as seven or eight minutes. Bradford and Spurling,3however, disagree with this time interval and claim that important observations are not made after the first 30 seconds. The significant point in this test is that not only


In this paper, we extend corporate disclosure and corporate cash holdings literature by testing whether corporate voluntary risk disclosure affects corporate cash holdings for a sample of Tunisian non-financial listed companies. As a measure of risk disclosure, we use manual content analysis to count the number of risk-related sentences in the narrative sections of corporate annual reports. As a measure of corporate cash holdings, we use the ratio of cash and cash equivalent over the total assets. Using a sample of 140 firm-year observations for the period of 2008–2013, we find that corporate risk disclosure has a negative impact on corporate cash holdings. Our results are consistent with agency, legitimacy and impression management theories. Our paper adds to the existing literature by being the first empirical evidence for the impact of risk disclosure on cash holdings. Our findings offer policy implications relevant for the current debate on the reliability of narrative risk disclosure and whether managers inform or obfuscate stakeholders by disclosing more risk-related information in their annual report narratives.


Grace is a gradually typed, object-oriented language for use in education. Grace needs a module system for several reasons: to teach students about modular program design, to organise large programs, especially its self-hosted implementation, and to provide access to resources defined in other languages. Grace uses its basic organising construct, objects, to provide modules, and is then able to use its gradual structural typing to obtain a number of interesting features without any additional mechanisms.


Structure–property studies were performed on a series of four fluorinated zinc azadipyrromethene derivatives. This series is based on bis[2,8-diphenylethynyl-1,3,7,9-tetraphenylazadipyrromethene]zinc(II) (Zn(WS3)2), with fluorine atoms at the para-position of either the proximal phenyls, the distal phenyls or the pyrrolic phenylethynyls, refered to as the proximal, distal and pyrrolic positions, respectively. In order to study the degree of fluorination, we also added –CF3 to the pyrrolic positions. All complexes had similar absorption spectra, 600–800 nm in films, complementing the absorption of the well-known donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The chelates were tested in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices using P3HT as the electron donor. Compared to the unfluorinated acceptor Zn(WS3)2, fluorination increased the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in all cases except in the proximal position. The best results were obtained when either F or CF3 was added to the pyrrolic positions with PCEs of 3.3% and 3.7%. Atomic force microscopy images revealed a favorable phase separation and showed no signs of large-scale aggregation for all blends. Light intensity measurements revealed that bimolecular recombination limits the performance in these fullerene-free devices, and that the addition of fluorine suppressed the bimolecular recombination, with the largest suppression seen with the pyrrolic substitutions F and CF3. Electron mobility increased with fluorination, again with the largest increase when fluorines were added to the pyrrolic positions, reaching mobilities as high as ∼10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1, on a par with electron mobility of the ubiquitous phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) acceptor in blends. These results point to the importance of the chemical composition of pyrrolic phenylethylnyls for optimizing the charge transport and device performance for these types of complexes.


Aroyl-pyrrole-hydroxy-amides (APHAs) are a new class of synthetic HDAC inhibitors recently described by us. Through three different docking procedures we designed, synthesized, and tested two new isomers of APHA lead compound 3-(4-benzoyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (1), compounds 3 and 4, characterized by different insertions of benzoyl and propenoylhydroxamate groups onto the pyrrole ring. Biological activities of 3 and 4 were predicted by computational tools up to 617-fold more potent than that of 1 against HDAC1; thus, 3 and 4 were synthesized and tested against both mouse HDAC1 and maize HD2 enzymes. Predictions of biological affinities (K(i) values) of 3 and 4, performed by a VALIDATE model (applied on either SAD or automatic DOCK or Autodock results) and by the Autodock internal scoring function, were in good agreement with experimental activities. Ligand/receptor positive interactions made by 3 and 4 into the catalytic pocket, in addition to those showed by 1, could at least in part account for their higher HDAC1 inhibitory activities. In particular, in mouse HDAC1 inhibitory assay 3 and 4 were 19- and 6-times more potent than 1, respectively, and 3 and 4 antimaize HD2 activities were 16- and 76-times higher than that of 1, 4 being as potent as SAHA in this assay. Compound 4, tested as antiproliferative and cytodifferentiating agent on MEL cells, showed dose-dependent growth inhibition and hemoglobin accumulation effects.


J. Pratt, T. M. Spalek, and F. Bradshaw (1999) recently proposed that attentional momentum is the mechanism underlying the inhibition of return (IOR) effect. They suggested that momentum associated with an attentional movement away from a peripherally cued location and toward an uncued opposite location is essential and fundamental to the finding of an IOR effect. Although it is clear from the present study and from a reanalysis of data from Pratt et al. that response time can be facilitated at an uncued opposite location, this putative effect of attentional momentum is neither robust nor reliable. First, it occurs for only a minority of participants. Second, it occurs in only a subset of the cued display positions. And finally, it is uncorrelated with the occurrence of IOR. Together the data indicate that the attentional momentum hypothesis is an overgeneralization and that it does not underlie the robust and reliable IOR effect.


65 YAŞ VE ÜSTÜ BİREYLERDE EV KAZALARI GÖRÜLME SIKLIĞI VE İLİŞKİLİ FAKTÖRLER Introduction: This study aims to investigate the incidence and related factors of home accidents in old individuals living at home. Materials and Method: 1185 individuals aged 65 years and above, living in Niğde Province city centre participated in this sectional study. The data were collected through a survey form prepared by the researcher after literature review, Activities of Daily Living Assessment Form and Instrumental Daily Life Activities Form of Lawton and Brody. Chi-Square and logistic regression analysis were used for assessing the data. Results: Mean age of participants was 71.1±6.1 years, and incidence of home accidents within the past year was 20.3%. The most common accident types were falls (75.8%), cuts and injuries (12.1%) and burns (8.8%). Accidents occurred frequently in winter and in bedrooms or living rooms. In terms of underlying causes for home accidents, primary individual factors were loss of balance and lack of attention, while domestic risk factors were wet floor and tripping. Women and the people who were independent of the majority of basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) suffered more home accidents. Conclusion: More than a third of the old people, who had home accidents, experienced them twice or more within the past year. This indicates that home accidents have not been given sufficient attention. It is believed that adjusting home conditions of old people to prevent accidents and training them as well as their caregivers about home accidents can decrease such incidences.


The main objective of this work is to design a Multi-Barrier container for storing spent fuel. Design analysis included dimensioning the canister and the concrete pedestal utilizing available materials data, stress calculations and corrosion data. The various corrosion modes were identified, and a sacrificial anode was designed to cathodically protect the waste package for a period of 10,000 years. The sacrificial anode is to be made of magnesium. Langelier and Larson's Indices were calculated and speciation calculations of J-13 water was carried out with the help of a program (WQ4F). This program determines the solids that might precipitate and form scales. When the design was completed, aspects of fabrications were examined to see if this design was practical enough and whether fabrication was feasible.


This paper develops a new model for studying multiechelon inventory systems with stochastic demand. For the model we assume that each site in the system orders at preset times according to an order-up-to policy, that delivery times are deterministic, and that the demand processes are stochastic with independent increments. We introduce a new scheme for allocating stock in short supply, which we call virtual allocation and which permits significant tractability. We exercise the model on a set of test problems for two-echelon systems to get insight into the structure of good policies. The primary findings are that both the central warehouse upper echelon and the retail sites lower echelon should hold safety stock, but that most of the safety stock should be at the retail sites. Consequently, the central warehouse will stock out with high probability. Furthermore, we show that the virtual allocation rule is near optimal for the set of test problems.


In the present investigation, influence of micronsize cenosphere particles derived from fly ash on the properties of aluminum composites was investigated. Aluminum-cenosphere (AC) composite was fabricated by modified stir casting technique. The mechanical and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of AC composites were investigated. The obtained composites with cenosphere (+100 μm) loading demonstrate the excellent compressive strength of 251.3 MPa. This enhancement is due to the smaller size of cenosphere size provides the finer surface of the cenosphere. The addition of cenosphere in aluminum matrix improved dielectric and microwave absorption properties of composites in X band frequency region (8.2-12.4 GHz). The AC composites possess good EMI shielding effectiveness of -32.7 to -44.3 dB with 30% loading of cenosphere with various sizes (+212, +150 and +100 μm). The incorporation of lower size cenosphere (+100μm) in aluminum matrix significantly increases the interfacial polarization which leads to a higher absorption EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of -31.1 dB at 2.0 mm thickness. This technique is very simple, economical and highly reproducible, which may facilitate the commercialization of such composite and it can be used as microwave absorbing materials in defense and aerospace applications. Copyright © 2018 VBRI Press.


Any large-scale film must come to grips with a number of tensions caused by the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders: scriptwriter, director, producer, star, production company, stockholders, censorship groups, and governments. These tensions become particularly noteworthy in the case of the war film, where questions of history and ideology add another layer of potential conflict, and the portrayal of governments and famous individuals becomes especially sensitive. Consider, for example, Darryl Zanuck's production of The Longest Day (1962), based on the nonfiction bestseller by Cornelius Ryan about the D-Day invasion of France. This three-hour epic, one of the most expensive and most successful war films of its era, had to satisfy a bewildering array of stakeholders. The scriptwriter wanted the film to be an audio-visual version of the book. The governments of the United States, England, France, and Germany, all of whom provided assistance to the film, wanted their militaries to be presented in a positive light. The censors of the Production Code Administration wanted limits on both profanity and violence. The production company wanted a successful film and a patriotic film-it is worth explaining that Zanuck was at this point an "independent producer," but he still depended on Twentieth Century-Fox for financing and distribution. The stars wanted a film they could be proud of. What the public wanted is unclear (which is why film production is so risky). The above paragraph already contains an assumption that Zanuck the producer was the primary filmmaker, an assumption contrary to the director-oriented orthodoxy of film studies. In this case, the evidence for Zanuck as filmmaker is pretty clear: he cowrote the script (uncredited), hired the three directors, directed some scenes himself, and closely supervised the editing. He certainly did not work alone, however. Writer Cornelius Ryan had a considerable influence on The Longest Day; so did associate producer Elmo Williams. Directors Bernhard Wicki, Ken Annakin, and Andrew Marton handled the German, British, and American scenes respectively, though Zanuck directed many of the American interiors. And Twentieth Century-Fox exerted some influence on the production not only in budget and distribution, but also during the scripting stage. My thesis is that the producer's major job on The Longest Day, aside from solving the logistics of a complex production, was satisfying all of the stakeholders while at the same time making an original and compelling statement of his own. Darryl Zanuck's great achievement in this film was to balance the conflicting interests and produce a film that shows the humanity and heroism of D-Day without bombast. To highlight Zanuck's skill as a producer, I will concentrate on his relationships with author/screenwriter Cornelius Ryan, the US Department of Defense, and Twentieth Century-Fox President Spyros Skouras. To round out the picture, I will briefly mention Zanuck's contacts with Britain and France as well as The Longest Day's interaction with the Production Code Administration, the Hollywood film industry's self-censorship office. Cornelius Ryan and Darryl Zanuck basically agreed on the substance of The Longest Day, but disagreed about who should get the credit. Zanuck was attracted to the book's complex portrayal of all the participants of D-Day, German and French as well as American and English. He highlighted this multisided complexity in his many public and private statements about the film. Zanuck and Ryan shared some basic attitudes about the war narrative. They were for immediacy based on firsthand accounts, individual stories melded into a larger whole, respect for the soldiers on the other side, and a firm sense of pace. Ryan's bestseller focuses on one day and tells its story via brief vignettes; unlike many sprawling war books, it is a tightly written narrative. Zanuck, the master of cinematic pace, worked with Ryan to compress the book's 302 pages into a three-hour movie. …


The literature on the job demands–resources (JD-R) theory has flourished for the past decade due to the theory's simplicity and its applications in many areas of work life. However, the literature is lacking on how leaders can utilize this theory to manage employees, especially in the Asian leadership context. Using the JD-R theory, the current study investigated each aspect of paternalistic leadership (i.e., benevolent leadership, authoritarian leadership and moral leadership) and its influence on employees' job resources (i.e., work meaningfulness and influence at work), job demands (i.e., emotional and cognitive demands), work engagement, burnout and the processes involved. Four hundred and thirty-one (431) full-time working employees (mean age: 31.58; female: 57.8%) from various organizations in Malaysia participated in the study. Using structural equation modelling, the study's results showed that the benevolent aspect of paternalistic leadership was related to higher work engagement and lower burnout through work meaningfulness (but not through influence at work). In contrast, the authoritarian aspect of paternalistic leadership was related to higher burnout through emotional demands (but not through cognitive demands), while the moral leadership aspect had no significant relationship to employees' job demands or job resources, with a mediation process not found in either relationship. Overall, the study revealed three contrasting mechanisms for each aspect of paternalistic leadership and suggested how paternalistic leadership may be practised in Asian countries.


Keywords: Bubble evolution ; Anode effect ; Cathode effect ; Electrochemical discharges ; [SACE] Reference LSRO-CONF-2006-045 Record created on 2006-06-09, modified on 2010-04-10


The aim of this review study is to compile and analyse the state of knowledge regarding the effects of measures, both legislative and noncompulsory, taken to increase the use of cycle helmets. The results are based mainly on studies from 1990-2002 found in literature databases. The overall conclusion is that a considerable increase in helmet use by cyclists could be achieved by noncompulsory measures, but the use levels are not as high as those achieved by legislation. Most of the positive effects of noncompulsory measures are due to multistrategy programmes at municipal and regional level, where the programmes mostly comprise informational and educational activities in combination with discounts on helmets or reward systems. There is however great variation in the level of helmet use that has been achieved; the observed helmet use which most of the measures achieve seldom exceed 50 per cent for children/young people and ca 25-30 per cent for adult cyclists. However, cycle helmet laws in combination with informational and educational activities leads to significantly higher helmet use compared to noncompulsory measures alone. Helmet use often reaches 80-90 per cent on average. Several studies show that helmet laws reduce head injuries among bicyclists. In Australia, for instance, number of fatalities among cyclists decreased by 4per cent in average two years after their helmet laws compared to two years before. The effect of cycle helmet laws on cycling is much debated, but results from studies are not ambiguous. Several studies, however, indicates that a cycle helmet law may result in a reduction in cycling by young people and in a certain, but temporary, reduction in cycling by younger children. On the other hand, cycling by adults is probably not influenced. (A) This document is also available electronically via Internet at URL: http://www.vti.se/PDF/reports/R487.pdf.


This dissertation thesis consists of four academic papers. The first paper presents a new partial equilibrium theory of price adjustment based on consumer loss aversion and studies the asymmetry characteristics of price reactions to temporary and permanent demand shocks of different size and sign. The second paper combines nominal wage loss aversion with endogenous reference wage dynamics and investigates the implications of these dynamics for the firms' wage and employment decisions. The third paper systematically compares the joint forecasting accuracy of the three most prominent large scale approaches, namely factor models, Large Bayesian Vectorautoregressions and model averaging, for a set of 11 German core variables and investigates to what degree the different models' performance is robust to the exact model specification. The last paper analyzes different methods to signal recessions in the euro area in real-time and assesses the real-time probability forecasts obtained with the different methods in terms of sharpness, calibration and discriminatory skill.


Reverse engineering (RE) is the only foolproof method of establishing trust and assurance in hardware. This is especially important in today's climate, where new threats are arising daily. A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) serves at the heart of virtually all electronic systems and, for that reason, a precious target amongst attackers. Therefore, it is increasingly necessary to validate and verify these hardware boards both accurately and efficiently. When discussing PCBs, the current state-of-the-art is non-destructive RE through X-ray Computed Tomography (CT); however, it remains a predominantly manual process. Our work in this paper aims at paving the way for future developments in the automation of PCB RE by presenting automatic detection of vias, a key component to every PCB design. We provide a via detection framework that utilizes the Hough circle transform for the initial detection, and is followed by an iterative false removal process developed specifically for detecting vias. We discuss the challenges of detecting vias, our proposed solution, and lastly, evaluate our methodology not only from an accuracy perspective but the insights gained through iteratively removing false-positive circles as well. We also compare our proposed methodology to an off-the-shelf implementation with minimal adjustments of Mask R-CNN; a fast object detection algorithm that, although is not optimized for our application, is a reasonable deep learning model to measure our work against. The Mask R-CNN we utilize is a network pretrained on MS COCO followed by fine tuning/training on prepared PCB via images. Finally, we evaluate our results on two datasets, one PCB designed in house and another commercial PCB, and achieve peak results of 0.886, 0.936, 0.973, for intersection over union (IoU), Dice Coefficient, and Structural Similarity Index. These results vastly outperform our tuned implementation of Mask R-CNN.


Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), the major oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is likely responsible for many of the altered cellular growth properties in EBV-associated cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, the effects of LMP1 on cell growth and migration were studied in the context of the EBV-positive C666-1 NPC cell line. In the soft agar transformation and transwell metastasis assays, LMP1 enhanced cell growth and migration through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and NFκB signaling. Inhibitors of PI3K, Akt and NFκB signaling dramatically reduced these enhanced properties. An IκBα super-repressor also blocked these effects. However, constitutive activation of Akt alone did not alter cell growth, suggesting that both PI3K/Akt and NFκB activation are required by LMP1. These enhanced effects required the fulllength LMP1 encompassing both the PI3K/Akt activating C-terminal activation region (CTAR) 1 and the non-redundant NFκB activating regions CTARs 1 and 2. LMP2A, a latent protein that is also frequently expressed in NPC, similarly activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, however its over-expression in C666-1 cells did not affect cell growth or migration. LMP1 also decreased expression of the junctional protein plakoglobin which was shown to be partially responsible for enhanced migration induced by LMP1. This study reveals that in epithelial cells the transforming properties of LMP1 require activation of both PI3K/Akt and NFκB and demonstrates that the loss of plakoglobin expression by LMP1 is a significant factor in the enhanced migration.


The exponential increase in patients with hypertension puts an enormous burden on healthcare providers. To describe the trends in the prescription of antihypertensive medication in a tertiary care hospital, Bangladesh is the objective of the study. This is a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study conducted at the Medicine outpatient Department in Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Patients more than 20 years of age suffering from Hypertension were included in the study. Data was collected by interviewing using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed by computer with the help of SPSS 16. A total hundred patients were included in the study and 61.6% patients were prescribed on single drug and 38.4% patients were prescribed on combined therapy. Among the prescriptions having single anti-hypertensive medication most commonly used drugs are Angiotensin Receptor Antagonist (37.3%), Calcium Channel Blocker (32.8%), and ACE Inhibitor (17.9%), Beta Blocker (6%), Alpha Blocker (3%), Thiazide and non-Thiazide Diuretics 1.5% each. Among the prescriptions having combined drug therapy Angiotensin Receptor Blocker along with Calcium Channel Blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker along with Beta Blocker were equally (28.1%) chosen by the physicians and use of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker along with Diuretics was 25%, ACE Inhibitor with Calcium Channel Blocker 3.1%, ACE Inhibitor with Diuretics 3.1%, Thiazide and Non Thiazide Diuretics was 3.1% and other drugs were used for 9.5%. Pattern of using antihypertensive medications varies according to presence of co-morbidities and duration but does not vary significantly between male and female patients.

 Key words: Anti-hypertensive drugs, hypertension, prescription pattern, management of hypertension.


The divergence of 16S rDNA sequences in marine sediment was investigated. Twenty unique partial sequences were found among 33 cloned following PCR. Thirteen shared 82 to 91% similarity with sequences of delta subclass sulfate-reducing bacteria. Three contained the target sequence for a sulfate-reducing bacterium-specific oligonucleotide probe designed from pure-culture studies.


The study examined the cross-cultural validity of the short form of the Physical Self-Inventory (PSI-S) among samples of adolescents speaking French, Dutch, Turkish, Italian, and Arab. A total of 4,867 adolescents (1,173 Belgian Flemish, 598 French, 1,222 Italian, 643 Turkish, 646 Kuwaiti, and 585 Tunisian) completed the original PSI-S version, and a revised version including a positively worded reformulation of the 3 negatively worded PSI-S items. The results supported the factor validity and reliability of revised PSI-S version across all cultural groups, and its superiority when compared to the original version. Compared with confirmatory factor analyses, relying on an exploratory structural equation modeling measurement model resulted in superior solution, and in more cleanly differentiated factors. PSI-S responses proved to be fully invariant across cultural groups, and presented no evidence of differential item functioning as a function of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and sport involvement. However, the results revealed meaningful mean level differences as a function of gender, age, sport involvement, and BMI that were mostly consistent with the results from previous studies.


Purpose

The purpose of this study was first to examine how goal-oriented attendees and experiential-oriented attendees were related with their overall satisfaction and loyalty of the destination with respect to international food and wine festival. It also investigated how these relations are mediated by different dimension of experiential consumption values such as consumer return on investment (CROI, active value), escapism (active value) and service excellence (reactive value) and aesthetics (reactive value).

Design/methodology/approach

Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to and collected from attendees at the 2011 Food Network South Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami, Florida. A total of 450 subjects were collected from attendees indicating a response rate of about 88 per cent. Total 13 hypotheses were tested using structural equation model (SEM) with AMOS, and the results were interpreted adapting Mathwick's (2001) typology of experiential value.

Findings

The findings indicate that goal-oriented attendees had stronger relationship with reactive experiential values such as service excellence and aesthetics than active values, whereas experiential-oriented attendees had more significant relations with active experiential values such as CROI and escapism than reactive values. In addition, CROI, escapism and service excellence were found to have a positive influence on the overall satisfaction with the festival; in turn, the attendees' satisfaction had a positive effect on their intention to revisit the destination. Further, the results demonstrated that all experiential values, including CROI and escapism (active values), and service excellence and aesthetics (reactive values), played a mediating role between goal-oriented/experientially oriented attendee and satisfaction with the festival.

Practical implications

The festival organizers and managers should understand what drives the attendees' participation in the festival. Implementing experiential marketing through various dimensions of experiential value can attract more potential attendees, provide unique experiences and create favorable perception toward the destination.

Originality/value

The research is original in terms of conceptualizing and empirically testing the relation between experiential consumption values and behavior loyalty within the special events and festivals with a specific focus on international food and wine festival. A finding of particular importance here is verifying the unique characteristics of goal-/experiential-oriented attendees in festival settings and determining the linkages between these different attendees and active/reactive experiential values, not to mention the relation with the overall satisfaction and loyalty to the festival destination.


This study considers the performance comparison between the matched filter (MF) and the locally optimal (LO) detector when the noise information is not accurate. For a given binary hypothesis testing problem, the authors derive the condition under which the LO detector performs worse than the MF with the assumptions of large number samples and low signal-to-noise ratio. The condition is an inequality, which involves the noise probability density function (pdf) used in the LO detector, the real noise pdf, and the noise variance. Simulations show that the condition is theoretically sound under both known and unknown noise pdf's.


The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) varieties on cotton yield and the amount of insecticides used in cotton field in Burkina- Faso upon the adoption of Bt cotton after 2005. In the paper, we use a simple version of a Muth model to assess the welfare effect of the adoption of Bt cotton in Burkina- Faso. Using the survey data from SOFITEX, SOCOMA and Faso Coton, we consider a single output and five inputs under the conditions of competitive markets. The results show a rise in yield and a reduction in the amount of insecticides used upon the adoption of Bt cotton in Burkina-Faso. In terms of welfare effect , an increase in the consumer surplus, in the producer surpluses of Seed company, fertilizer and herbicide supplier, workers and " land owners"; but a decrease in the producer surplus of the insecticides suppliers are found.


The formation of a new class of I(III) compound is reported; an N,N' chelated iodine cation ([bpy-ICl2](+); bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The complex is obtained as an [ICl4](-) salt and is formed via simple reaction of bpy with ICl3. The compound is relatively unstable, but may be stored as a solid and is shown to be competent in the oxidative chlorination of Au(I)-NHC complexes.


The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of uncertainty environment to the relationship between information asymmetry and earnings management. The number from board of commissioners and background of audit committee used as control variable. Sample in this study consists of 103 manufacture companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange that publish annual report in year 2012. Analysis technique in this study uses multiple analysis regression consists of three regression models to examine the influence of uncertainty environment to the relationship between information asymmetry and earnings management.The empirical result of this study show that information asymmetry have positively significant influenced on earnings management with share price volatility as a measured of information asymmetry. Uncertainty environment as moderating variable measured by complex environment have positive significant on relationship between share price volatility and earnings management while the dynamic environment have significant influenced on relationship between information asymmetry and earnings management.Abstract Berbahasa Inggris .


Juvenile CLN3 disease is a rare lysosomal storage disease, and the most common cause of neurodegeneration in children. Since the identification of the disease gene (CLN3) in 1995, efforts in various cellular and animal models have led to CLN3 being associated with several cellular pathologies. However, its precise molecular function remains unknown. Furthermore, with only a limited knowledge of disease pathogenesis, there remains a considerable need to identify therapeutic targets in order to accelerate the development of therapies for this prematurely fatal disease. Schizosaccharomyces pombe has proved to be a powerful and accurate model to help elucidate the function of CLN3 by virtue of its evolutionary conserved orthologue, btn1+. To date it has revealed both a new cellular localisation and potential functions for btn1+. The primary aim of this project was therefore to further exploit this fission yeast (btn1∆) model, and use synthetic genetic array analysis (SGAs) to identify genome- wide, genetic interactions of btn1+. It was hypothesised that defining the genetic relationships of btn1+ would provide insight into its molecular role, which in turn could be used to infer CLN3 gene function. It was also hoped that such information could be used to identify therapeutic targets and help refine the focus of future work in higher eukaryotic models. Using such an approach, this thesis provides a considerable step in our understand- ing of the function of btn1+, and by extrapolation CLN3, by suggesting that their function likely converges with various stress response pathways. A comprehensive characterization of the btn1∆ strain revealed numerous phenotypes co-incident with known stress response mutants, suggesting that this strain indeed displays compromised stress signalling which may contribute to disease pathogenesis. This thesis also details a number of therapeutic targets as the genetic manipulation of two highly conserved mitogen activated protein kinase pathways (the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway and stress associated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway) and the interconnected TOR kinase complexes, are shown to rescue aspects, if not all, of the btn1∆ phenotypes investigated. This is the most successful rescue of disease phenotypes in any model for juvenile CLN3 disease to date.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological condition caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. It is the most prevalent form of Parkinsonism, categorized by cardinal features such as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, and postural instability. Due to the multicentric pathology of PD involving inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and protein aggregation, it has become difficult to pin-point a single therapeutic target and evaluate its potential application. Currently available drugs for treating PD provide only symptomatic relief and do not decrease or avert disease progression resulting in poor patient satisfaction and compliance. Significant amount of understanding concerning the pathophysiology of PD has offered a range of potential targets for PD. Several emerging targets including AAV-hAADC gene therapy, phosphodiesterase-4, potassium channels, myeloperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase, MAO-B, dopamine, A2A, mGlu5, and 5-HT-1A/1B receptors are in different stages of clinical development. Additionally, alternative interventions such as deep brain stimulation, thalamotomy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and gamma knife surgery, are also being developed for patients with advanced PD. As much as these therapeutic targets hold potential to delay the onset and reverse the disease, more targets and alternative interventions need to be examined in different stages of PD. In this review, we discuss various emerging preclinical pharmacological targets that may serve as a new promising neuroprotective strategy that could actually help alleviate PD and its symptoms.


We describe a cost-effective and low-power- consumption approach for on-chip optical interconnection. This approach includes an investigation into architectures, devices, and materials. We have proposed and fabricated a bonded structure of an Si-based optical layer on a large-scale integration (LSI) chip. The fabricated optical layer contains Si nanophotodiodes for optical detectors, which are coupled with SiON waveguides using surface-plasmon antennas. Optical signals were introduced to the optical layer and distributed to the Si nanophotodiodes. The output signals from the photo- diodes were sent electrically to the transimpedance-amplifier circuitries in the LSI. The signals from the photodiodes trig- gered of the circuitries at 5 GHz. Since electrooptical modula- tors consume the most power in on-chip optical interconnect systems and require a large footprint, they are critical to establish on-chip optical interconnection. Two approaches are investigated: 1) an architecture using a fewer number of modulators and 2) high electrooptical coefficient materials.


ABSTRACT Existing research on media and the COVID-19 pandemic is largely based on quantitative data, focused on digital media, limited to single-country studies, and often West-centred. As such, it has limited capacity to provide a holistic account of the causes and consequences of audience engagement with COVID-19 news, or to consider the impact of systemic political and media factors. To compensate for that, we examine a large set of qualitative interviews and media diaries collected in four eastern European countries during the first wave of the pandemic. We show that changes in news consumption—including the resurgence of television and decline of print consumption—were not driven solely by audience demand for up-to-date information, but also by practical constrains of home-bound life in lockdown, and the introduction of live briefings. Our findings underscore disruption and uncertainty as key elements of audience experiences and highlight the markedly privatized and depoliticized nature of public debate in the early phase of the pandemic. We argue that the pandemic was an unpredictable, open-ended, and exhausting media event with high potential for divisiveness and polarization, especially in contexts marked by low levels of media freedom, declining democratic standards, and elite-led politicization of the crisis.


This research aims to describe implementation of scientific learning through storytelling methods, methods/techniques of storytelling for cognitive development, supporting and inhibiting factors of implementing Scientific learning with the storytelling method. The method used in this research through interviews and observation and documentation. The results showed 1) The scientific approach in group A of RA Mambaul Ulum was good and was carried out in accordance with procedures and involved all five senses such as observing, asking questions, gathering information, processing information and communicating 2) The method used by teachers of group A of RA Mambaul Ulum by giving stories in accordance with the theme and always using the media and using interesting ways so that children are able to focus their attention on the teacher's story 3) Supporting factors were the program of the headmaster of RA related to increasing teacher capacity in storytelling which was routinely carried out by IGRA at the Sub-district. The inhibiting factors consisted of not all parents of students were able to do follow Up and became an example in supporting the cognitive development of children at home


Of patients who have undergone lateral approaches to the thoracic spine, surgical site postoperative pain appears to be greater among those who have undergone transection and removal of a rib segment than those who have not. Therefore, techniques that conserve anatomical position and minimize tissue disruption would theoretically result in less pain and a quicker recovery. Herein, we describe a rib-sparing osteoplastic technique used when rib segments need to be displaced in order to create an unobscured corridor to the operative target. Our approach minimizes soft tissue disruption and restores the anatomical function of the rib. Based on our experience, these patients report less pain, mobilize earlier, and are discharged sooner than those who have had rib segments sacrificed as part of a lateral approach to the spine.


Under Kentucky law, each of the state's 425 cities must have a directly elected mayor.  But this analysis shows that 57.6 percent of mayoral races there went unopposed. Unopposed elections are especially prevalent in the suburban communities of the Louisville metro, where 85 percent of mayoral elections in that area are unopposed.


Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether platelet indices (mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW)) could serve as surrogate marker for follow-up in patients with leukemia.  Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 48 patients with leukemia at diagnosis before chemotherapy and at the time of remission (mean age: 17.92 years; 24 males and 24 females). We measured the blood platelet indices using an automated counter. Results: MPV was higher at the time of remission, but it was not statistically significant. However, PDW was significantly larger (P < 0.05) at the time of remission. There was no significant difference in the MPV or PDW in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia versus acute myeloblastic, males versus females, in patients on chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy at the time of remission, or patient at remission versus healthy control.  Conclusion: We found no significant difference in the MPV between the two groups. PDW proposed as indicators of certain pathologic conditions and it seems possible to use PDW as surrogate markers foe follow up in patients with leukemia. However, platelet indices (MPV and PDW) cannot be used as indicator to discriminate between the subtypes of leukemia. The potential role of platelet indices in leukemia remains to be investigated by a multi institutional level to verify the possible clinical significance of this finding. doi:10.4021/jh16w


textabstractMonitoring involves the collection, analysis and evaluation of information over time. For
many professionals, monitoring is a central aspect of their work. For example, policy-
makers closely watch the e®ects of their current policies to set the right course for reform.
Likewise, physicians monitor the well-being of their patients to adjust their treatments
when necessary. In business, ¯nancial investors monitor stock prices and interest rates to
optimally time their investments, while marketing managers watch their customers' needs
and wants to frame their marketing e®orts.
The above examples illustrate that monitoring is crucial in many disciplines to make
the right decisions at the right moment. For this reason, there has always been a need for
improved monitoring methods. With the advent of increasingly powerful computers and
advanced analytical techniques, monitoring systems can nowadays process large amounts
of information and have become fully automated where desired. A large body of moni-
toring methods originate from academics. Especially during the past four decades, many
insights from various ¯elds such as economics, statistics, psychometrics and econometrics
found their way into everyday monitoring practice. With the overwhelming availability
of information in some cases, but also the intrinsic lack of information in other cases, the
area is continuously faced with new and highly relevant research challenges.
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of new monitoring methods
by o®ering potential solutions to some of these challenges. The challenges studied in this
thesis arise from all three aspects of monitoring, that is from the collection, the analysis as
well as from the evaluation of information.


The phylogenetic location of hemichordates is unique because they seem to ®ll an evolutionary gap between echinoderms and chordates. We report here characterization of Pf-otx, a hemichordate ortholog of otx, with its embryonic and larval expression pattern. Pf-otx is initially expressed in the vegetal plate of the blastula. Expression remains evident in the archenteron through gastrulation and then disappears. A new expression domain appears near the mouth along the preoral and postoral ciliated bands in the early tornaria larva. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


The low tensile strength of bituminous mixtures has been recognized as a source of its poor performance, particularly that which relates to cracking. Laboratory investigations into improving their tensile properties have been performed utilizing polypropylene and polyester fibres which were added to Hot Rolled Asphalt (HRA) bituminous mixtures as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) used as the filler material. The incorporation of the polymer fibres into the bituminous mixtures altered the rheological properties and behaviour of the resulting binder whilst resulting in a higher optimum bitumen content for the mixture. Laboratory tests showed that the fibres reduced the density, stability and stiffness of the resulting mixture while increasing its porosity and permeability. Bituminous mixtures containing the fibres displayed lower susceptibility to moisture induced damage. Even though these mixtures have a higher void content than the base mixture, the additional bitumen in the fibre mixtures increased the film thickness on the aggregate particles thus affording greater protection from moisture. The addition of the fibres into the bituminous mixtures caused a slight decrease in the tensile strength and a slight increase in the tensile strain (elongation) at failure, indicating that the additional bitumen added flexibility or extensibility to the mixtures. This was manifested in the higher toughness and energy that was obtained in the mixtures, thus improving its resistance to cracking. This was supported by the fatigue tests which showed improved fatigue performance of the mixtures. The fatigue properties of the fibre mixtures were not enhanced at low strain levels; but at high strain levels, the fibre mixtures provided a far superior performance than the base mixture, making it appealing for use as a base-course in highway construction. © 2007 WIT Press WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, Vol 57, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3533 (on-line) doi:10.2495/MC070071 Computational Methods and Experiments in Materials Characterisation III 61


The literature on work stress, burnout and coping is reviewed and a small scale empirical study reported which sought to explore the nature of burnout in staff of supported housing for people with long-term mental health problems. Burnout was seen to arise principally as a result of job strain in relation to caring for people. As in depression, the process was hypothesized to be mediated by environmental and individual resources (including social support, coping and attributional styles, and life events). High levels of workplace stress correlated with the depersonalization component of burnout and with absence from work. Environmental and individual factors appeared to significantly mediate the effect of work stress. Social support at work (particularly practical support) was linked to all burnout measures at follow-up. Specific, unstable attributions of negative work events and practically driven coping styles were found to be most adaptive in terms of experiencing less burnout. Individuals who experienced more negative life events were more likely to become emotionally exhausted. No correlation was found between burnout and depression, suggesting the processes are distinct. Unlike depression, burnout is specific to the work setting.


In the emergency department (ED), patients do not present with a diagnosis. Rather they manifest a symptom for which the physician must determine the most probable cause. It is the sorting of possibly acutely fatal diagnoses that is unique to the practice of emergency medicine. Unfortunately, the historically available rapid diagnostic tools lack both sensitivity and specificity. This creates risk for the acutely ill patient in whom either a delayed or erroneous diagnosis can be associated with a startling increase in mortality. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) assessment in the ED is a valuable adjunct for increasing the accuracy of the initial clinical impression. This allows early outcome-improving interventions to proceed with greater certainty. Finally, as a prognostic marker indicative of illness severity, knowledge of BNP levels can improve the accuracy of disposition decisions.


The nucleolus is the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells. The nucleolar organiser regions of chromosomes, which contain the genes for pre-ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), serve as the foundation for nucleolar structure. The nucleolus disassembles at the beginning of mitosis, its components disperse in various parts of the cell and reassembly occurs during telophase and early G1 phase. Ribosome assembly begins with transcription of pre-rRNA. During transcription ribosomal and nonribosomal proteins attach to the RNA. Subsequently, there is modification and cleavage of pre-rRNA and incorporation of more ribosomal proteins and 5S rRNA into maturing pre-ribosomal complexes. The nucleolus also contains proteins and RNAs that are not related to ribosome assembly and a number of new functions for the nucleolus have been identified. These include assembly of signal recognition particles, sensing cellular stress and transport of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) messenger RNA.

Key Concepts:

The nucleolus, whose primary function is to assemble ribosomes, is the largest structure in the cell nucleus.

The nucleolus organiser regions of chromosomes, which contain the genes for pre-rRNA, are the foundation for the nucleolus.

All active nucleoli contain at least two ultrastructural components, the nucleolar dense fibrillar component representing early pre-ribosomal complexes and the granular component containing more mature pre-ribosomal particles.

Most nucleoli in higher eukaryotes also contain fibrillar centres, which are the interphase equivalents of the nucleolus organiser regions.

The nucleolus disassembles at the beginning of mitosis and begins to reassemble in telophase.

Ribosome assembly begins with the transcription of pre-rRNA by RNA polymerase I.

Ribosomal and nonribosomal proteins and 5S RNA associate with the pre-rRNA during and after transcription.

The pre-rRNA is modified and processed into rRNA with the aid of nonribosomal proteins and small nucleolar RNAs.

The nucleolus has numerous other functions including assembly of signal recognition particles, modification of transfer RNAs and sensing cellular stress.

Keywords:

nucleolus;
ribosome biogenesis;
pre-rRNA;
RNA processing;
SnoRNAs


This article seeks to answer the question why the most recently minted Criminal Code in Australia prior to the arrival of the Model Criminal Code was unceremoniously abandoned shortly after its 20th birthday. The question becomes more pertinent when it is understood that the drafter of the Criminal Code 1983 (NT) was seeking to modernise the Criminal Code 1899 (Qld) and avoid key problems that had emerged over the some 80 years since Sir Samuel Griffith's Code had been in existence. Was it a question of a bold experiment to address the critical issue of intoxication in the Northern Territory that overreached itself, or was the principal criminal responsibility section fundamentally flawed, as a former Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia suggested in describing the section as 'astonishing'? Did the long process of consultation prior to the Criminal Code 1983 (NT) being rolled out, which was designed to build consensus, in fact achieve the opposite? Were the robust interactions between the architect of the Code and the legal profession merely a precursor for the later sustained attacks upon the Code from judicial and academic quarters? Or, in the end, was it simply a political decision from an incoming Labor Government, which had never been in office since self-government in 1978, to jettison a controversial Code in favour of the progeny of the Model Criminal Code: namely, Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code 1995 (Cth)? The conclusion reached in this article is that the decision to adopt Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code 1995 (Cth) was the correct one but that the drafter of the original Criminal Code 1983 (NT) was also prescient in his effort to turn away from the principal criminal responsibility section of the Criminal Code 1899 (Qld).


Capsule Hatching order negatively affected Common Swift Apus apus nestlings' survival, while brood size and meteorological conditions influenced their growth patterns. Aims To investigate the influence of hatching date, age, sex, brood size and meteorological conditions on survival and growth of Common Swift nestlings from Northern Italy (Southern Europe), a relatively warm and dry part of the distribution range of this species. Methods Nestlings were weighed at regular intervals and molecularly sexed. Growth patterns were described using a double-Richards growth curve, i.e. a growth curve that also accounted for the pre-fledging mass loss. We also identified the Linear Growth Phase (i.e. when nestlings grew at the fastest rate). Results Mortality increased with hatching order and decreased with brood size. Mortality was highest for fourth-hatched nestlings, none of which survived. Nestlings hatched late in the season grew faster, experienced the fastest growth rate at a younger age, but reached a lower maximum weight than nestlings hatched early in the season. Nestlings from large broods reached a lower maximum weight than those of small ones. Nestlings gained more mass when temperature was slightly higher than that expected from the seasonal temperature trend, and on rainy and windy days. Conclusion Common Swift nestlings' growth, but not survival, was affected by meteorological conditions, with moderate rainfall, moderate winds and high temperatures favouring greater mass gain. Higher intra-brood competition resulted in slower growth and lower maximum weight. Late-hatched nestlings grew faster but reached a lower maximum weight and a lower pre-fledging mass, possibly suggesting that late-hatched nestlings adaptively tune their growth pattern to the approaching onset of migration to their African wintering quarters. Our results emphasize the importance of exploring weather effects on the breeding biology of a species in different portions of its distribution range that are characterized by contrasting climatic conditions.


Soil erosion load estimation is one of the key issues in soil erosion research. This paper studies the method and technique of soil erosion load estimation with RS and GIS, after analyzing for effects of landform and vegetation factors on soil erosion, on basis of studying in Xingzigou basin, Shaanxi Province. In order to get property data of landform, DEM was used, which generates gradient, slope aspect, relative elevation, etc.. In terms of collecting data of vegetation coverage, we have analyzed indicating function of vegetation type, which affects change in land cover with techniques of RS and others. With RUSLE, spatial variation of soil erosion modulus has been simulated, and calculated total load of soil erosion in small basin, which is significance both in theory and practice.


SIR: I stated that "Manual removal of the placenta is the most dangerous of all obstetric operations." Dr. Morton doubts the truth of this statementand ascribes .dangerto sucha view. Will he kindly nameany obstetric operation involving greater risk? He has proved both skilful and fortunate and I congratulatehim upon his successfulefforts. Arnold De Lea, the best authority I know on puerperal infection, statesthat: "The mortality after manualremoval of the placentais still very high, owing to direct inocula-· tion of the placentalsite." He quotesRosenthalwho, in 12,000cases,found thirtynine cases demanding manual removal of the placenta. The mortality was 13%; and Seelingham,who, during ten years, consecutive service, found that in 1,123 similar cases the mortality was 20.8%. Surely such appalling mortality should counselcaution. Practically all literature with which I am acquainted, endorsesmy view on this important matter. "Time element in uterine infection and the application of surgical war principles and practice to obstetrics." The principles enunciated were: (i.) Excision of the wound before the multiplication of implanted organisms. (ii.) Immediatestrong antisepticsterilization. (iii.) Progressive sterilization (Carrel's method). The first and third of these are in obstetric practice practically impossible. The second proved inefflcient. I quote Victor Bonney, than whom no more reliable authority exists. He applied these principles after his war service and thus expresseshis opinion: "Puerperal sepsis is a variety of wound infection in the treatment of which both operativemeasuresand the direct application of antisepticshavea very limited scopeand our efforts to find some other way of emciently attacking the organisms have been only partially, if at all, successfulup to now. . . . The conclusionwe reach, therefore, is that as matters stand to-day prevention is more to be relied on than cure:' I reiterate with confidence that, as a rule, puerperal sepsis is not associatedwith the retention of gross fragmentsof placentaltissuein the uterus. Again I venture to quote Victor Bonney: "The point is that uterine sepsis,taking all casesinto consideration, both thoseafter labour and thoseafter miscarriage,occurs quite as commonly with a completely, as with an incompletely, emptied organ." . This view I entirely endorse. Upon the erroneousview that puerperal sepsis is a condition usually dependent upon the presence of retained placental products has naturally been based the equally erroneousideas of the clinical value of explorationand douching. If the organismscausing symptomswere so located in easily removable tissues and structures,the problems of curative treatmentwould be tremendouslysimplified and Dr. Morton's views would be sound. Unfortunately, almost from the incidence of infection the organismsare situatedin the uterine walls and very early reachthe veins and lymphaticsand beyond them. "Slight infection contra-indicatesearly movement,with elevation of the head and shoulders." Dr. Morton regardssuch advice as bad Counsel. With regard to drainage, I entirely endorse my colleague's \ L [ セ ュ エ ・ ョ エ ゥ ッ ョ [ with regard to movement, I do not. All thromboses in the sinuses and veins are septic. Their end fragmentsare soft and easily separated. Sudden detachmentmay set free a septic embolus with fatal result, Further, it is well known that all thrombo-phlebitic processesare aggravatedby movement. The occurrenee of rigors after movementor manipulation in these casesconclusively proves this fact. Dr. Morton's contention that "We must not expect too much from asepsisin midwifery" compelschallenge. Personally,I believe it to be our only real line of safety. Further, I though it the universal view in modern obstetrics. Nor can I follow his reasoning therewith. Because asepsisis "practically unattainable," it is none the less desirable. The wondrous results obtained in the Royal Hospital for Women in caseswhere pre-maternityobservationand preparationare obtainable clearly proves that -it is well nigh obtainable. If my paper and Dr. Morton's critical commentarywill induce each practitioner to aim towards aseptic ideals and avoidanceof "meddlesomemidwifery," I am confident that improved results will rapidly accrue. Yours, etc., WILUAM T. CHENHALL. MacquarieStreet,Sydney, October24, 1922.


ABSTRACT: Ethical issues in connection with the parties' legal representatives may arise in the course of arbitration proceedings in particular matters of conflict of interest. This article examines the specific question of whether arbitral institutions and arbitrators have power to sanction counsel's misconduct especially in the event of conflict of interest. Such power is weighed against parties' fundamental right to choose legal representation and the absence of express provisions granting arbitrators such power in most of the major international arbitration rules and arbitration legislations. International "soft law" instruments which may provide for such powers do not have a binding effect unless embedded in parties' agreement. The article also looks at the very few cases where international arbitral tribunals have dealt with the subject under the arbitration rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and UNCITRAL. The arbitrators in these cases have applied different set of international and national rules and have reached different outcomes to the issue. Therefore, developing "truly transnational" ethical rules and an independent body with power to enforce might be needed. Meanwhile, it is submitted that arbitrators have no other choice than determining these matters based on "soft law" instruments and other professional guidelines which remain the widely accepted international standards in the industry.


Reverse time migration (RTM) is well suited for imaging steep dips in areas with high velocity contrast. In order to image steep dips at the correct positions, anisotropy has to be taken into account. In most cases, we can assume the symmetry axis is normal to the bedding, and model is tilted transverse isotropy or TTI. Figure 1 compares TTI Kirchhoff migration and TTI RTM images. We can see that the turning wave helps RTM image the steep salt flank and the steep dip truncations against the base of the salt.


The delivery of basic health products and services remains abysmal in many parts of the world where child mortality is high. This paper shows the results from a largescale randomized evaluation of a novel "social entrepreneurship" approach to health care delivery. In randomly selected villages a sales agent was locally recruited and incentivized to conduct home visits, educate households on essential health behaviors, provide medical advice and referrals, and sell preventive and curative health products. Results after three years show substantial health impact: under-5 child mortality was reduced by 27% at an estimated cost of $71 per life-year saved.


We recently reported in this journal a rare case of laryngomalacia associated with upper respiratory tract infection by Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii in the early neonatal period. In the present report, an infant was hospitalized with hoarseness from the early postnatal period and diagnosed as having acute vocal cord (laryngitis) inflammation caused by an extremely rare infection of Neisseria subflava. Similar to our previous report, we dilated the larynx and used a laryngoscope normally used by neonatologists to observe the larynx. The red inflamed areas of the larynx and yellow secretions from the respiratory tract were directly sampled and cultured to identify the causative organism. Because we are keenly aware of the importance of this rare but basic technique of "sampling from the lesion itself", we would like to report the present case to the same journal.


AIMS
To survey a random sample of primary care physicians across six European countries regarding their perceptions of diagnostic and prescribing issues in heart failure, and to consider factors that might be associated with physician under-performance.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Qualitative, postal questionnaire-based, validated survey in the native tongue of a random sample of 200 primary care physicians in each of five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and Spain) and of 250 U.K. primary care physicians. Respondents provided: details of practice characteristics; the usual way a diagnosis of heart failure was established; access to investigations; names of drugs prescribed in heart failure, with estimates of the proportion of patients supplied with particular classes; and physician attitudes regarding the evidence base (in terms of benefits and risks) for treatments used. Outcomes were physician perceptions and attitudes about heart failure diagnosis and treatment. Adjusted response rates varied from 17% (France) to 56% (Britain). Primary care physicians underestimate the prevalence of heart failure. Most patients are diagnosed on symptoms and signs alone, with only 32% having further investigations or referral. Although most primary care physicians stated they prescribe ACE inhibitors in heart failure, this was for only 47-62% of patients, and at doses below those identified as effective in trials. Most prescribing doctors (91%) believe there is strong evidence of reduced mortality in heart failure patients using ACE inhibitors, but 51% also consider ACE inhibitors have substantial risks with their use.

CONCLUSION
Limitations of the data include the general problem of questionnaires, whether responses accord with actual clinical practice, and, specific to these data, the low response rate in some countries (although the study does provide information from nearly 300 randomly selected primary care physicians across Europe). New preliminary insights include exposition of the 'low tech' approach to heart failure diagnosis across Europe: doctors report the use of symptoms and signs alone; the lack of direct (open) access to objective investigations, such as echocardiography, which almost guarantees that misdiagnoses will occur; and the under-utilization and under-dosing with ACE inhibitors. The main factor influencing under-use would appear to be the exaggerated perceptions of treatment risk amongst primary care physicians that dominate the widespread and accurate knowledge of treatment benefits.


New results are reported for the infrared optical parameters of Cd, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mg, Ni, Nb, Pd, white Sn, V, and W, at several temperatures. On the basis of the anomalous skin-effect theory, with diffuse scattering of electrons, electronic parameters are derived for wavelengths 10 and 15 μ, both for the metals examined by us, and, for Cu, Au, Pb, Ag, and white Sn, using results obtained elsewhere. These results are discussed on the basis of current models of photon-metal interaction and it is concluded that, for most metals, the wavelength dependence of the interaction frequency is not accounted for by these theories.


In this article a mathematical model with twin objectives is presented. The objectives are considered as:Minimization of the maximum tardiness of tasks completion time and the total early tasks penalties. Since tasks timing is a tardy and indefinite factor in cloud computing; therefore problem solving model is used as the combined Meta-heuristic innovative algorithm of multi objective swarm of particles based Parto archive has been used. The suggested algorithm with genetic operators as well as the directed and repeated counterpart structures in the format of multi operators are taken to assess the algorithm application. The results will be sorted based on quality, distraction, integrated, the number of non-defeated solutions and the gap from the ideal one is compared with the evolutionary algorithm results titled genetic algorithm. The final results of solved model indicate that firstly, this algorithm is stronger than NSGA-II algorithm but is weaker in timing, norms and scales. In other words, the suggested algorithm, is more capable to discover solutions, accordingly.


The cryogenic treatment is an extension of the cold processing technology by which the material properties could be changed. This provides a new method for people to improving the performance of the cutting tools and prolonging the tool life. The micro-structure of two unknown types of carbide reamers after different cryogenic treatment was introduced in this paper. From the metallographic microstructure, SEM microstructure, EDS spectrum analysis and the hardness measurement, the detailed analysis on the microstructure of the reamers (1# and 2#) was provided in this paper. The results show that the matrix materials of the two reamers were the WC-Co cemented carbide, and they were the ultra-fine grain carbide (<500nm); 2# reamer belonged to the high Co cemented carbide reamer. By the cryogenic treatment, the hardness of two reamers has increased. And the value of the hardness for 1# reamer was higher than that for 2#.