The lung alveolar surface is covered by two morphologically and functionally distinct cells: alveolar epithelial cell types I and II (AEC I and II). The functions of AEC II, including surfactant release, cell differentiation and ion transport, have been extensively studied. However, relatively little is known regarding the physiological functions of AEC I. Global gene expression profiling of freshly isolated AEC I and II revealed that many genes were differentially expressed in AEC I. These genes have a diversity of functions, including cell defence. Nine out of 10 selected genes were verified by quantitative real‐time PCR. Two genes, apolipoprotein E (Apo E) and transferrin, were further characterized and functionally studied. Immunohistochemistry indicated that both proteins were specifically localized in AEC I. Up‐regulation of Apo E and transferrin was observed in hyperoxic lungs. Functionally, Apo E and transferrin play a protective role against oxidative stress in an animal model. Our studies suggest that AEC I is not just a simple barrier for gas exchange, but a functional cell that protects alveolar epithelium from injury.


Prior research demonstrates that partisans to a conflict tend to have an exaggerated sense of the extremism of their opponents' opinions regarding the issues under dispute. In this study, we examine an ongoing conflict between the Nez Perce Tribe and local non-Tribal governments that operate within the boundaries of the Nez Perce Reservation. This survey is different from previous research in two important ways. First, we distinguish between the officials and constituents on each side of the conflict. Second, compared to other conflicts studied, the current conflict has greater personal relevance for those surveyed. The conflict in question is not about abstract policies or third parties, but rather about specific potential actions that directly benefit one side at the other side's expense. An affinity for actions that benefit one's own side to the other side's harm we call "offensiveness" and an antipathy toward actions that harm one's own side to the other side's benefit we call "defensiveness." The results indicated that participants themselves were more defensive than offensive. However, participants consistently exaggerated the offensiveness of the other side's officials, but not the other side's constituents. Participants tend to underestimate the defensiveness of the other side for both officials and constituents.


In coordination with the ECB and 24 other national central banks of the European Union, the Banque de France interrogated 1150 French firms to understand how the crisis affected their economic environment and their human resources practices during the 2010-2013 period. A majority of workers were employed by firms which indicate that their activity was mostly affected by a decrease in demand considered as long-lasting by more than 40% of them, especially in the construction sector and among small firms. In contrast, less than 20% of firms (weighted by their employment) report that the unavailability of credit had an effect on their activity. Over the period, despite the economic downturn, the amount of total costs increased for 70% of firms (weighted by their employment) mainly through an increase in labour costs and secondly in the cost of supplies. In particular, base wages continued to increase for a large share of firms, suggesting strong downward wage rigidities. Many firms indicate substantial difficulties in adjusting the labour force: throughout the crisis it became more difficult to hire qualified employees, to adjust working hours or to move workers to different job positions. The joint presence of difficulties in finding employees and unemployment growth suggest that structural unemployment increased in France in recent years. Other factors considered as significantly constraining for employment growth by a large majority of firms are uncertainty about economic conditions, risks that labour laws are changed, high payroll taxes and firing costs.


To the Editor.— We read with interest the study by Rowbotham et al, 1 "Trazodone-Oral Cocaine Interactions," and report herein a case in which trazodone proved to be useful in the treatment of cocaine withdrawal. Report of a Case.— A 32-year-old attorney had a three-year history of cocaine abuse. His use pattern was characterized by weekend binges of 2 to 5 g of cocaine administered intranasally. To support his habit, he drew on his savings account, unbeknownst to his wife. On Mondays and Tuesdays following the weekend, fatigue, poor concentration, and anhedonia disrupted his work performance. Other midweek symptoms of depression included feelings of sadness, impaired sleep, and agitation. During the three years of binging, the patient gained approximately 4 kg, which was attributed to an increased midweek appetite. Other drug use included nightly marijuana to help with his early insomnia as well as an estimated 360 to 450 mL


How we use technology is impacting every aspect of how we live and work. It is possible now to capture knowledge skills and ability digitally and to maintain this activity to support personal development planning, interviews for the workplace or for return to education where it can be used for Recognition of Prior Learning purposes. This paper explores the value of using e portfolios to capture non formal and informal learning over time. Specifically the research investigates the use of Google sites to capture non formal and informal learning with a class group on the BA in Community Development in Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland. The class built e portfolios over the course of the semester and subsequent reflections reveal the value of incorporating e portfolios as part of the first year experience. This research explores how e portfolios can be structured to support the individual capture their learning over time and their significance in providing a reflective space for the learner. This research was supported by the HEA and the REAP project.


390 Erciyes Med J 2019; 41(4): 390–3 • DOI: 10.14744/etd.2019.81084 ORIGINAL ARTICLE – OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Gülseren Yılmaz , Aysu Akça , Hüseyin Kıyak , Ziya Salihoğlu Predictors of Perinatal Mortality Associated With Placental Abruption: A Single Center Experience With 200 subjects Objective: Despite recent advances in prenatal diagnostic techniques, placental abruption (PA) remains one of the most significant causes of maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality. The purpose of the present study is to summarize the current knowledge concerning PA and to present maternal and fetal outcomes of the patients admitted to our clinic who underwent cesarean delivery for PA. Materials and Methods: All the consecutive patients enrolled in our clinic and diagnosed with PA between January 2015 and December 2018 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Data regarding demographics, operation details, and the postoperative course included blood transfusions, development of maternal and fetal complications, and laboratory measurements were collected from the electronic institutional database. Results: A total of 200 patients were recruited in this retrospective study. No maternal death was observed during the inhospital course. Uterine rupture developed in 6 (3%) subjects, severe hemorrhage occurred in 28 subjects (14%), and fetal and neonatal mortality was observed in 10 (5%) subjects. Logistic regression analyses indicated that fibrinogen levels prior to delivery (p=0.039), gestational age (p=0.005), smoking (p=0.044), and maternal systolic blood pressure (p=0.013) were independent predictors for fetal and neonatal mortality. Conclusion: The maternal and perinatal mortality observed in our study population is favorable as compared to previous results. Fibrinogen levels prior to delivery, gestational age, smoking, and maternal systolic blood pressure were independently predictive for fetal and neonatal mortality in subjects with PA.


The author presents a tutorial on the physical environment in which high bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) transceivers will have to evolve and succeed. Special attention is given to the most damaging impairments that are encountered in subscriber lines, such as propagation loss, linear distortion, crosstalk, bridged taps, and impulse noise. Somewhat less important impairments, such as change of gauge, temperature variation, and thermal noise, are also briefly described. The author concludes with a discussion of the capacity of a twisted-pair channel in a crosstalk-dominated environment. >


Commercialization of journalism is not a new concern. Indeed, journalism has always been bought and sold in the market, and commercialization has thus always been a central part of the production of journalism. In a modern sense, however, commercialization became an issue with the emergence of the penny press in the United States and the abolishment of the "taxes on knowledge" in the United Kingdom. These developments altered the content of newspapers and brought along discussions concerning the effects of commercialization. In the late 20th and early 21st century, commercialization of journalism again took a new turn. Developments such as digitalization and the emergence and communization of the internet, has led to an increased attention to market logics. This, in turn, makes studies of the commercialization of journalism increasingly more important.


We present the discovery of 26 OH megamaser spots in circumnuclear torus of galaxy IRAS10173+0828 with MERLIN observations. The physical parameters of the 26 OH megamaser spots are obtained.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of new bone substitute materials consisting of collagen and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Prior to the experiment, mandibular dog teeth were extracted. After 3 months, specific cavities were prepared on the alveolar ridge. In one group, cavities were filled with collagen sponge (CS group), in the other, cavities were filled with TCP sponge (TCP group). Cavities with no fillings (Cont group) were created as controls. Mandibular bone was evaluated histopathologically at experimental time periods of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Due to the non critical inflammatory symptoms that each group showed throughout all the time periods investigated, a low irritation level was observed. Absorption of material was almost complete at after 4 weeks in the CS group, and at after 8 weeks in the TCP group. At the top of the cavity, the TCP group exceeded the Cont group in amount of neogenesis at after 8 weeks. The materials examined in this study showed good osteoconduction and biodegradable character. The TCP Group, in particular, showed highly acceptable results, demonstrating that the materials used were excellent candidates as bone substitute materials.


Diatoms are a group of single-celled photosynthetic algae that use biochemical pathways to bio-mineralize and self-assemble three-dimensional photonic crystals with unique photonic and micro- & nano-fluidic properties. In recent years, diatom biosilica has been used in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based optofluidic sensors for detection of a variety of chemical and biological molecules. In this paper, we present a study to develop a microfluidic pumping system using super-hydrophilic diatom thin films. The desire to develop such a system stems from the requirement to create a low-cost, self-powered microfluidic pumping system that can sustain a continuous flow over an extended period of time. The diatom biosilica acts not only as the driving force behind the flow, but also serves as ultra-sensitive SERS substrates that allows for trace detection of various molecules.
 Liquid is drawn from a reservoir to the tip of a 150μm inner diameter capillary tube positioned directly over the diatom film. A thin and long horizontal reservoir is used to prevent flooding on the diatom film when the liquid is initially drawn to the diatom film through a capillary tube from the reservoir. The connection of the meniscus from the capillary to the film was maintained from a horizontal reservoir for a recorded time of 20 hours and 32 minutes before the partially filled reservoir emptied. Flow rates of 0.38, 0.22 and 0.16μL/min were achieved for square biosilica thin films of 49mm2, 25mm2, and 9mm2 at a temperature of 63°F and 45% relative humidity respectively. A temperature-controlled system was introduced for the 49mm2 substrate and flow rates of 0.60, 0.82, 0.93, and 1.15μL/min were observed at 72, 77, 86, and 95°F at 21% relative humidity respectively. More testing and analysis will be performed to test the operation limits of the proposed self-powered microfluidic system.


DNA probes for the rapid identification of Nocardia asteroides were obtained by constructing a genomic library of strain GUH-2 in the lambda cloning vector EMBL3. Of 50 recombinant clones tested, 2 were identified that hybridized with 31% of the N. asteroides strains in a reference collection without cross-hybridization with related members of the Actinomycetales. Additional libraries were then generated from selected strains of N. asteroides that had failed to hybridize with any of the GUH-2 clones. Four additional clones were obtained from these strains which, when pooled, provided DNA probes specific for all of the N. asteroides strains tested.


In this paper, we consider an M/M/1 status update system consisting of two independent sources, one server, and one sink. We consider the following last-come first-served (LCFS) prioritized packet management policy. When the system is empty, any arriving packet immediately enters the server; when the server is busy, a packet of a source waiting in the queue is replaced if a new packet of the same source arrives and the fresh packet goes at the head of the queue. We derive the average age of information (AoI) of the considered M/M/1 queueing model by using the stochastic hybrid systems (SHS) technique. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed packet management policy compared to several baseline policies.


Annie, the Cinderella of the family, lives in the shabby Victorian vicarage type house where the family was brought up. Reg, her brother, and his wife Sarah come to stay for a week end so that she may go away for a "rest." The general idea is that Annie ought to pair off with Tom. But for this week end it is Norman, the raffish assistant librarian husband of Annie's sister Ruth, with whom she planned to go. They were to meet secretly but Norman turns up early. When Annie calls the whole thing off Norman decides to stay on at the house and gets roaring drunk.


The influence of various plant species, two leguminous trees ( Andira inermes and Albizia procera ), two leguminous covercrops ( Arachis glabrata and Centrosema acutifolium ), and two grasses ( Brachiaria humidicola and Hemarthria altissima ), on the soil microbial biomass and abiotic parameters, was evaluated in a highly eroded tropical soil of the Corozal series (clayey, mixed isohyperthermic Aquic Haplohumults). Soil samples were taken monthly at two depths (0- to 5- and 5- to 15-cm) from September 1999 to July 2000. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), potentially mineralizable N, extractable N, soil organic matter (SOM), and total organic nitrogen (TON) were significantly greater under grasses. Microbial pools and activities were generally higher at the 0- to 5-cm depth. Soil respiration was significantly affected by plant species and date of sampling; in general, soils under grasses had the highest values. The mean proportions of microbial biomass comprising total organic C and N were 2.8 and 1.4%, respectively, in vegetated soils; higher values for C were observed in bare soil. There was a decrease in the mineralizable C proportion of MBC (respiratory quotient) with increasing MBC values. The lowest respiratory quotients were observed for soils under grasses. In this study, soil ecosystem health appears to benefit from vegetation, with soils under grasses exhibiting improved stability due to higher SOM, TON, biologically active C and N pools and lower relative C losses.


Firm fixed effects alone explain as much of the variation in acquirer returns as all the firm-and deal-specific characteristics combined. An interquartile range of acquirer fixed effects is over 6%, comparable to the interquartile range of acquirer returns. Acquirer returns persist over time, but mainly at the top end of the distribution. Persistence continues under different chief executive officers (CEOs), and attributes of the broader management team do not explain the fixed effect. Firm-specific heterogeneity in acquirer returns suggests that some organizations are extra-ordinary acquirers irrespective of the leadership at the top and the deal structures they choose. Implications for the M&A research are discussed.


At heart, this introductory essay aspires to encourage scholars who write in widely divergent areas, yet share a focus on the changing nature of jurisdiction, to engage one another more closely. From Jackson's study of "convergence, resistance, and engagement" among courts, Kingsbury's study of "global administrative law," and Bermann's analysis of "transatlantic regulatory cooperation," to Resnik's evaluation of "trans-local networks," Weiser's account of "cooperative federalism" in telecommunications law, and Thompson's concept of "collaborative corporate governance," a related set of questions is ultimately at stake: How ought we understand the reach of any given decision-maker's jurisdiction? What are the implications of increasing overlap in such jurisdiction? And how should such overlap be "resolved"? With an eye to encouraging heightened engagement among the wide range of scholars attentive to these questions, I draw on the diverse set of papers published in a recent symposium on "The New Federalism: Plural Governance in a Decentered World" - by David Bederman, Bill Buzbee, Charles Koch, Judith Resnik, Robert Schapiro, Mark Tushnet, and Ernie Young - to explore potential elements of a modern conception of jurisdiction. I highlight four features as particularly standing out in the collected works: (1) A pervasive sense of complexity and an emphasis on jurisdictional overlap as a critical source of that complexity; (2) A perhaps resulting attention to dynamics of coordination in law and regulation; (3) Suggestion of a certain interdependence of regulatory actors; and (4) An orientation to dynamics of persuasion, rather than more hierarchical mechanisms of regulatory control. Individually, these elements represent interesting and potentially useful subjects of study. Operating in conjunction, they would seem to represent something quite new in the nature (and study) of jurisdiction, offering a framework for future research, perhaps particularly across the otherwise divided scholarly spheres noted above.


Abstract In the nineteenth century, civil and structural engineers received much public acclaim for their built works (e.g. Brooklyn Bridge, Eiffel Tower). One hundred years later, the engineer was perceived by many as "out" or as not requiring much skill. This paper examines how this erroneous perception of structural engineering can change by presenting structural engineers as heroes. Using parallels to the monomythical hero, and examples of engineers, the authors present the journey and characteristics of the structural engineering hero. The journey, which has many paths, begins with the engineer leaving the comfortable "Ordinary World" of design into a "Special World", where new forms, new materials, and/or scale for projects is needed. For underrepresented groups of people such as women and minorities, the heroic journey could be simply becoming an engineer and developing a career in conditions of equality and equity. As structural engineering heroes enter the Special World, they may face trials of nature and criticism, and face constraints of economy, time and knowledge. In the final Act of the journey, they return to the Ordinary World wiser, disseminating their knowledge and inspiring others. The authors define the characteristics of structural engineering heroes by four "P"s: they are prepared, they are planners, they have (super) powers and they are persona grata. The education of the structural engineer should train and inspire future engineers using the lessons learned from the heroes and their diversity. By doing so, what seems exceptional today can become common in the future.


Purpose: To describe the use and outcomes associated with the Upsee in conjunction with Kinesiotape for a child with cerebral palsy. Descriptions: The Upsee and Kinesiotaping were implemented for 24 weeks with a 31-month-old child with cerebral palsy, Gross Motor Function Classification System level III. Outcomes: She progressed from walking with maximal assistance and extensive gait deviations to walking with supervision with a walker on level surfaces with improved gait. Genu recurvatum, heel strike, scissoring, hip extension, foot placement, step length, and stiff knee in swing improved on the basis of videotaped analyses. The Gross Motor Function Measure-66 improved by 11.4. Conclusions and What This Case Adds: The Upsee is a clinically feasible approach for gait impairments in children through providing increased opportunities for walking while supporting biomechanical alignment. Upsee effectiveness with and without taping is an area for future study.


Many studies have analysed the role of the creative class in fostering regional development. The focus on regional development neglects the individual differences in success among members in the creative class and among firms within creative industries. We study firm founders in three design sectors (industrial design, graphic design and web design) and analyse the determinants of their personal income. Next to individual factors affecting income differences among designers, we look at the relational and spatial contexts in which designers operate. Hence, we can also assess whether spatial clustering and organisational networking are beneficial for designers. The main result, based on 200 telephonic questionnaires, holds that income is determined mainly by business experience and the use of advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), while education and spatial clustering have no impact. We argue that policies in the design sector should be oriented towards helping young designers to gain experience as well as towards life-long learning in the use of ICTs.


1. Accumulation of pyruvate occurs during the early stages of exponential growth of aerobic, anaerobic and static cultures of a strain of Aerobacter aerogenes. In normal cultures of this organism the content of pyruvate increases until most of the glucose of the medium has been consumed, and then declines rapidly. The presence of unconsumed sugar is not the sole reason for the accumulation of keto acid, since this is unaffected by the addition of extra glucose to either exponentialphase or stationary-phase cultures. 2. In aminopterin-inhibited cultures, the rate of glucose utilization is decreased greatly, and pyruvate continues to accumulate throughout the period of incubation. This prolonged phase of accumulation appears to be a consequence of the growth inhibition, and not to a specific action of aminopterin on the phosphoroclastic breakdown of pyruvate, since it occurs also when growth is restricted by the antibiotics streptomycin, chloramphenicol and neomycin. 3. A possible explanation is suggested for the accumulation of pyruvate in the inhibited cultures.


A study has been made of the Development Engineer education at Halmstad University by a written questionnaire to the graduates in 1982-91. Some of the results regarding patent applications, formation of spin-off companies and monthly salary are presented. Although not exactly comparable some related data are presented from Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg. The results indicate very high rates of patent applications and spin-off company formation. The monthly salary level of graduates from Halmstad is on level with graduates from other Swedish technical universities.


Nurses represent a key group for the implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), however, few studies have explored the current use of these technologies among healthcare professionals in developing countries. Our study aims to achieve a better understanding of how Ecuadorian nurses perceive the theoretical advantages and limitations of ICTs, as well as to explore the current use of these technologies in the setting of the professional nursing practice.

 We conducted an anonymous survey-based cross-sectional study where 191 nurses rated their frequency of use and level of agreement to specific statements on perceptions related to ICTs. For the statistical analyses, adjusted binomial logistic regressions and the chi-squared test for association were applied.

 In general, 96.3% of nurses reported the use of ICTs to communicate with colleagues, and 80.1% reported the use of ICTs to communicate with patients. More than 70% of participants agreed that ICTs can be useful to promote professional services, help in the search for new job opportunities and/or professional development, foster health promotion, and improve the workflow with colleagues. Meanwhile, 78.6% of nurses had privacy or security concerns about personal and/or patient information, and 60.6% reported not having enough time neither to learn how to use ICTs nor to use them.

 High use of ICTs was found among Ecuadorian nurses for communicating with both colleagues and patients. Most of the participants had a positive perception of the use of ICTs in the healthcare practice, particularly among younger nurses. Finally, the major reservations perceived were related to privacy and patient confidentiality, and lack of time to learn how to use, or use ICTs.


The objective of this paper is to examine the effects that trade liberalisation in Textiles and Clothing (T&C) had on the welfare of European producers of cotton-yarn. We employ multi-market theory and a single-market approach to examine the price-induced welfare effects in four major European T&C producing countries namely, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. Results show that the liberalisation of trade had a substantial negative impact on producers' welfare in all four countries. Welfare and sensitivity analysis suggests that, while cotton-yarn price-decreases and labour-cost increases are expected to further dampen producers' welfare, the adoption of new technologies can substantially assist the competitiveness of European products in the world markets.


The on going research and school improvement project "The world's best regional education system" (2012-2015) will provide new knowledge about leadership and how school improvement is developing the school's results. One available focus in the project is to look more deeply into how one of the participating schools is working with school improvement and international collaboration from a school leader and school improvement perspective. How can we understand internationalization as school improvement and what significance does it have for the daily work at the school? How can one describe and understand the headmaster's leadership and importance in relation to school development and internationalization? The aim of the study is to describe and understand how a Swedish upper secondary school works with school improvement and international collaboration from a school leader and school improvement perspective. The methodology used is a case study design in which aspects of school leadership, school improvement and the schools international collaborative ambitions are interwoven. The collected data consists of interviews and follow up interviews with principal, teachers and pupils, observations, logbook and texts concerning the participating school and the Swedish upper secondary school system. A theoretical framework will be used and an analytical instrument will be constructed for the analysis. There are some preliminary tendencies we can see, but as it is still research in progress, we hope to give a more complete picture in our paper at the conference. Implications for further research will be considered. For Nordic educational research this is one essential matter as it can be seen as a contribution to valuable knowledge about key factors for development for school results and increased goal achievement.


The ability of a particular substance to exist in several different crystal forms (unsolvated or solvated) is called polymorphism or solvatomorphism. These phenomena are frequently observed in solid pharmaceuticals. Polymorphs and solvatomorphs of a compoud differ in their physical and biological properties (crystal shape, hardness, melting point, solubility, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, etc.). This influences commercial drug formulations and their therapeutical effect. The exact theoretical prediction of all polymorphs and solvatomorphs is not yet possible. The most frequently used analytical method of detection and characterization of polymorphic and solvatomorphic forms is X-ray diffraction (single-crystal structure analysis and collection of powder patterns). Producers of original pharmaceuticals endeavour to patent all crystal forms of the developed active substance, while generic producers search for new polymorphs (solvatomorphs) or technologies. Clearly this can cause lawsuits.


The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most frequently injured ligaments of the knee. It provides joint stability by constraining anterior tibial translations or internal rotations. This ligament suffers from one of the highest injury rates and, due to the fact that it has very poor healing properties, in many cases requires surgery to be reconstructed. Nowadays the "gold standard" for surgical intervention is to reconstruct the ACL from autografts, but this procedure generates problems such as muscle weakness related to the donor site, or graft site morbidity, therefore other grafts solutions should be investigated. The aim of this thesis was to design, manufacture and test tissue engineered prototypes that could be used for surgical reconstruction of the ACL with comparable mechanical behaviour and nano and micro morphology to the native ACL. The in vivo mechanical behaviour of the ACL was investigated during a range of daily activities to understand its failure mechanisms and obtain the mechanical specifications to design and assess the new ACL prototypes. Currently, solely mechanical properties such as Young's modulus or ultimate tensile strength are used to determine the suitability of an ACL implant, however, the work for this thesis has shown that other aspects including dynamic loading and shear loading are crucial for accurately replicating the in vivo mechanical behaviour of the ACL. Electrospinning was shown to offer great potential for manufacturing ACL implants with scaffolds of fibre diameter and orientation mimicking the collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the native ACL. These biomimetic scaffolds can promote cell growth and would enhance mechanical properties. The suitability of two different polymers (a natural polymer: gelatin and a synthetic polymer: polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) were tested as potential ACL scaffolds: morphologically, topographically, mechanically and chemically through degradation assays. The optimisation of solution and process parameters was essential with the aim of creating scaffolds with mechanical properties and morphologies comparable to the native ACL, all crucial aspects that were missing from the current literature in this field. To date most of the experiments with electrospinning were manufactured 2D scaffolds, which does not represent the real three dimensional structure of the ACL. Only four researchers have worked on creating 3D structures from 2D electrospun scaffolds. However, none of them managed to produce morphology nor mechanical behaviour mimicking the natural ACL. Moreover, no comparison of 2D and multiple different 3D structures was performed before the work in this thesis. This PhD establishes the fundamentals for designing and manufacturing biomimetic ACL prototypes, which could be used as a baseline for cell testing, animal models and at the final stage clinical trials.


The world stands on the threshold of a new age of technology, which will launch a fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). According to this idea, web-based network will support smart factories at every stage of the work on the product, from design through to servicing and recycling. It is a vision of a world in which the real environment connects to the digital one using follows driving forces: Internet of things, cloud computing, big data, cyber-physical systems, and others. The Industry 4.0 concept is based on developing smart chains preparation based on communicating with each other means of production, products, components, plants, humans. Established in Germany, the concept of Industry 4.0, is the brainchild – its beginning reaches 2011. It is therefore fraught with high level of uncertainty in many aspects (economic, social, technological, legal, etc.). The main aim of this article is to analyze different dimensions of uncertainty regarding the Industry 4.0, both in terms of opportunities and threats. Due to the freshness of the topic and the great complexity of the Industry 4.0 phenomenon, the main aim of the article is to identify potential areas requiring the necessary research in order minimizing negative – today uncertain – effects occurring in both the design concept Industry 4.0 as well as during its functioning.


Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes life-long latent infection within sensory neurons, during which viral lytic gene expression is silenced. The only highly expressed viral gene product during latent infection is the latency-associated transcript (LAT), a non-protein coding RNA that has been strongly implicated in the epigenetic regulation of HSV-1 gene expression. We have investigated LAT-mediated control of latent gene expression using chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and LAT-negative viruses engineered to express firefly luciferase or β-galactosidase from a heterologous lytic promoter. Whilst we were unable to determine a significant effect of LAT expression upon heterochromatin enrichment on latent HSV-1 genomes, we show that reporter gene expression from latent HSV-1 genomes occurs at a greater frequency in the absence of LAT. Furthermore, using luciferase reporter viruses we have observed that HSV-1 gene expression decreases during long-term latent infection, with a most marked effect during LAT-negative virus infection. Finally, using a fluorescent mouse model of infection to isolate and culture single latently infected neurons, we also show that reactivation occurs at a greater frequency from cultures harbouring LAT-negative HSV-1. Together, our data suggest that the HSV-1 LAT RNA represses HSV-1 gene expression in small populations of neurons within the mouse TG, a phenomenon that directly impacts upon the frequency of reactivation and the maintenance of the transcriptionally active latent reservoir.


Abstract This paper describes a robust and accurate method of Active Contours, also known as Snakes. Active Contours (AC) are a completely different approach to feature extraction. The feature being extracted is the contour of an object in an image or a video frame. Active Contours can also be used to allow tracking of any object in a video sequence using the knowledge of the contour of the object being tracked. In this paper a new method of minimization of boundary co-ordinates of the object is used for the Snake initialization. The boundary co-ordinates of the object under study are extracted using threshold, filtering and morphological operations. A fine tuned Difference of Gaussian (DoG) filter is used to extract the edge image of the object in a scene. The DoG filtered image is also used to add a new energy functional term in the AC Snake energy equation. A new method of adding and removing snake points based on the distance between the points is introduced. Thus, in this paper, a modified energy functional for energy minimization and a new method of AC Snake initialization is proposed. The new snake model designed is dynamic and can be applied both on static and dynamic video frames. In order to show the performance of the proposed snake model several experimental results are presented for frame data from video sequences.


In this contribution, we finely tuned the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) of AIE-active materials to modulate their fluorescence, phosphorescence and delay fluorescence via rational molecular design and investigated the possible ways to harvest their triplet energy in OLEDs. Noteworthily, two molecules o-TPA-3TPE-o-PhCN and o-TPA-3TPE-p-PhCN with larger ΔEST values (0.59 eV and 0.45 eV, respectively) emitted efficient long-lived low temperature phosphorescence in their glassy solutions and exhibited efficient crystallization-induced room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). Meanwhile, it was the first time to observe a novel crystallization-induced delay fluorescence phenomenon in another AIE-active molecule p-TPA-3TPE-p-PhCN owing to its very small ΔEST value (0.21 eV). It was also found that molecules with various ΔEST values showed significantly different temperature sensitivity. Non-doped electroluminescent (EL) devices using these molecules as light-emitting layers were fabricated, exhibiting external quantum efficiencies (EQE) higher than theoretical values of purely singlet emitter type devices. Particularly, p-TPA-3TPE-p-PhCN showed outstanding device performances with high luminance and efficiencies up to 36,900 cd m(-2), 11.2 lm W(-1), 12.8 cd A(-1) and 4.37%, respectively, considering that its solid-state quantum yield was only 42%. All the above observations suggested that tuning the ΔEST values of AIE materials is a powerful methodology to generate many more interesting and meaningful optoelectronic properties.


Objectives: This is the second of a 2-part article that discusses essential case management practices and strategies amidst the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The series showcases the potential professional case managers have in support of managing during a crisis such as a global pandemic. Part II continues to describe reenvisioned roles and responsibilities of case managers and their leaders to meet the needs of patients/support systems during the crisis. It focuses on the increased need for end-of-life care, impact on workers' compensation case management practice, and the self-care needs of the professional case manager. Primary Practice Settings: Applicable to the various case management practice settings across the continuum of health and human services, with special focus on acute care. Findings/Conclusions The COVID-19 global pandemic has resulted in a crisis case managers and other health care professionals never faced something like it before. At the same time, it has provided opportunities for innovation and creativity including use of digital and telecommunication technology in new ways to ensure the continued delivery of health and human services to those who need them regardless of location. It has also resulted in the development of necessary and impactful partnerships within and across different health care organizations and diverse professional disciplines. Most importantly, this pandemic has required special attention to the increased need of patients for timely palliative and end-of-life care. In addition, it has prompted a focus on the safety, health, and well-being of case managers and other health care professionals, resulting in expanded workers' compensation case management practice coupled with the need for self-care and resilience. Implications for Case Management Practice: Professional case managers are integral members of interprofessional health care teams. Their roles and responsibilities are even more necessary during the uncertainty of a global pandemic such as COVID-19. So far, the experience of this crisis has resulted in a deliberate need to ensure the safety of both, those who are the recipients of health care services and those who are responsible for the provision of care. Self-care and resilience of health care professionals and case managers, especially due to the complex dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic, have advanced a desirable and necessary view of remote/virtual practice and as a strategy for enhancing the person's health and well-being. This pandemic has forced the development of impactful partnerships and collaborations among the diverse contexts of health care organizations and support service providers. These contexts of care delivery have also emphasized the necessary legal and ethical practice of case managers and the other involved parties. Experts agree that the innovative care delivery methods practiced during the pandemic will undoubtedly remain as desirable beyond the current crisis period.


In designing appropriate learning activities, learning problems need to be considered, and suitable teaching and learning strategies need to be identified to resolve these problems. This study reports on the major problems encountered by international students studying accounting in an Australian university, particularly those related to differences in cultural background, learning approach, English language fluency, and local accents etc. whereby some solutions can be offered. Twenty students were asked to identify the main problems they face in learning accounting in Australia, and to describe their expectations and needs during their study. Based on the findings, the author suggests eight actions which might go a long way to resolve the problems currently being faced: (a) Getting students to explicitly workshop and negotiate issues around culture, language and learning, and how best to respond to their needs, (b) Taking individual care to give them confidence, (c) Going slowly in classes so that they can understand concepts, (d) Extensive use of a white board and Power point slides during lectures, (e) Providing lecture notes prior to the lecture, (f) Encouraging students to form informal study groups, (g) Making greater efforts to understand the culture and their learning approaches and, (h) Meeting the students in a tutorial session at least once a week.


This study extensively investigates the fibrillation process of a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) using a probe-tack test. It was conducted using a glass sphere at the millimeter scale for various thicknesses of PSA layers laminated on a glass substrate, on various contact areas. A sharp decrease in the adhesion force caused by cavity growth was confirmed in the case of large contact areas, whereas cavities were not generated in the case of small contact areas on the thick PSA layer. Furthermore, an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever was used to conduct a probe-tack test on considerably smaller contact areas at the micrometer scale, to focus on the fibrillation process by avoiding the cavity-growth. The transition of the adhesion force during the release process by the AFM cantilever was confirmed to resemble the transition in the fibrillation process obtained using the glass sphere by the repeated tests using the probe without cleaning the surface. The fully adhesive failure was also confirmed by the tests at sufficiently high release velocity. A comparison of these tests at different scales revealed that the detachment force from the probe at the millimeter scale is proportional to the contact area, and determined using the release-strain rate through elongation of the entire thickness of the PSA layer. By contrast, the detachment force from the AFM cantilever is proportional to the contact radius and determined using the release velocity regardless of the PSA thickness.


The advanced design and manufacturing/ assembly industry is increasingly operating on a globally integrated, Internet-based collaborative model of design, production and support in which OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) assemble products out of components and objects (both hardware and software) by a network of distributed suppliers. This distributed client-server digital enterprise collaboration and creation model is enabled by the Internet, company intranets and consortium based extranets. In order to fulfill this need, we have created an object / component-oriented methodology and architecture, that is analytical, quantitative, and open-source computational. This paper introduces the methodology, to some extent the object/ component knowledge documentation architecture and offers examples of this industry /academia sponsored R&D effort. As our validation results, and the over thirty supporting enterprises clearly indicate, our 3D web-enabled, interactive multimedia solution can be applied to satisfy a large variety of engineering technology knowledge documentation and learning, as well as hi-tech product and process marketing needs. For education, the created CBL Library is an effective method for outcome-oriented problem solving and assessment because it forces both the student as well as the tutor to focus, and then create new wealth, and encourage outcome-oriented educational practices and follow US ABET (Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology in the USA), and European educational principles.


Indirect control is commonly used in industrial applications where the primary controlled variable is not measured. This paper considers the case of "perfect indirect control" where one attempts to control a combination of the available measurements such that there is no effect of disturbances on the primary outputs at steady-state. This is always possible provided the number of measurements is equal to the number of independent variables (inputs plus disturbances). It is further shown how extra measurements may be used to minimize the effect of measurement error. The results in this paper also provide a nice link to previous results on inferential control, perfect disturbance rejection and decoupling (DRD), and self-optimizing control.


We investigated the impact of attention during encoding on later retrieval. During study, participants read some words aloud (ignoring the print color) and named the print color of other words aloud (ignoring the word). Then one of two memory tests was administered. The explicit test--recognition--required conscious recollection of whether a word was studied. Previously read words were recognized more accurately than were previously color named words. This contrasted sharply with performance on the implicit test--repetition priming in lexical decision. Here, words that were color named during study showed priming equivalent to words that were read during study; both were responded to faster than unstudied words. Thus, an attentional manipulation during study had a strong effect on an explicit test of memory, but almost no effect on an implicit test. Focal attention during study is crucial for remembering consciously but not necessarily for remembering without awareness.


Dwarf eelgrass (Zostera japonica) and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) are ecologically important invaders of intertidal mudflats in the eastern Pacific. S. alterniflora and Z. japonica invasions alter estuarine nutrient dynamics, cause sediment and infaunal community changes, and modify waterfowl foraging habitats. Ecological and evolutionary mechanisms of the invasion success of Z. japonica and S. alterniflora were addressed with a combination of experimental and observational field methods and population genetic approaches. The following specific objectives were addressed. 1) Genetic correlates of S. alterniflora invasion success were assessed by comparing the multilocus microsatellite genotypes of individuals from multiple populations in the invasive (eastern Pacific) and native (western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico) ranges. 2) Dispersal and colonization patterns of S. alterniflora in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor (Washington, USA) were assessed using multilocus microsatellite genotype data. 3) The roles of competition and disturbance in the invasion success of Z. japonica and the concomitant decline of its native congener, Z. marina, in the Pacific Northwest (USA) were assessed using experimental and observational field data. 4) The interaction of landscape variation in hydrodynamic stress and competition with Z. japonica in the seedling recruitment of invasive S. alternif!ora was assessed using experimental and observational data. Invasive S. alterniflora populations contained high frequencies of novel genotypes and were comparable in their genetic diversity to populations in the native range. The genetic structure of invasive S. alterniflora in Willapa Bay was consistent with colonization by multiple founding foci and local dispersal. Native Z. marina and invasive Z. japonica both experienced substantial reductions in aboveground biomass in response to interspecific competition, relative to intraspecific competition. However, when both species were subjected to disturbance, Z. japonica productivity and fitness improved dramatically, while Z. marina performance correspondingly declined. Finally, Z. japonica had a consistently negative influence on S. alterniflora seedling recruitment, but the relative strength and importance of this interaction varied spatially with hydrodynamic stress. These results demonstrate that both ecological and evolutionary genetic processes can play important roles in the success of invasive species.


The effect of estradiol-17 beta on the activity of pyruvate kinase from rat brain was investigated at initial stages of hormone administration. After estradiol treatment the rise of pyruvate kinase activity was found in the firmly bound synaptosomal fraction, whereas pyruvate kinase activity in soluble and weakly bound fractions has been reduced. The activation of the enzyme was also discovered after glutaraldehyde fixation on synaptosomal membranes. The possible mechanism of extragenomic estradiol action is discussed.


We present results of a qualitative study based on interviews with informal vendors and experts on informality carried out in Barranquilla, Colombia, in order to investigate whether corruption and informality are complements or substitutes. It was found that it is necessary to distinguish between bureaucratic and political corruption when examining the relation with informality, as the results can be opposite. In Barranquilla, bureaucratic corruption and informality seem to be substitutes, while political corruption and informality complement each other.


Abstract Culicine mosquitoes are vectors of human disease-causing pathogens like filarial worms and several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Currently, there has been an increase in emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases along coastal Kenya, which has been of major concern in public health. This study aimed at determining culicine mosquito species abundance, diversity and their host feeding preferences in Taita-Taveta County, Coastal Kenya. Entomological sampling was done during the long-wet season (March and May) and long dry season (June to October) 2016–2018. Mosquito sampling was done using CDC light traps and Backpack aspiration for indoor and outdoor environments. All culicine mosquitoes collected were identified morphologically and categorized according to their physiological status. Blood fed culicine mosquitoes were tested for bloodmeal sources using ELISA. In total, 3,278 culicine mosquitoes were collected, of which 738 (22.5 %) were found indoors and 2,540, (77.5 %) outdoors. The mosquitoes consisted of 18 species belonging to four genera: Aedes (7), Culex (8), Mansonia (2), and Coquillettidia (1). Overall, there was high mosquito species diversity (H) in outdoors (H = 2.4339) than in indoors (H = 2.2523), whereas even distribution (EH) was higher in indoors (EH = 0.9064) than outdoors (EH = 0.8266). Majorly the bloodmeals identified were from multiple host sources with (51.6%), single hosts (41.3%), and unidentified (7.2%). This study has demonstrated a high diversity of culicine mosquitoes with relaxed feeding tendencies. These mosquitoes are contributing to mosquito biting nuisance and the likelihood of exposure of populations to diseases of public health. Graphical abstract


Various techniques for electricity customer classification are presented and discussed, with the focus on highlighting the behaviour of electricity customers. The surveyed techniques include classical approaches (applications of statistics and deterministic clustering algorithms), as well as methods based on artificial intelligence (neural networks and fuzzy systems). The classification techniques are illustrated by using various sets of features characterising the shape of the load patterns. Different approaches for feature selection, both in the time and in the frequency domain, are discussed. A number of specific metrics, some of which were originally developed by the authors, are applied in order to quantify the classification adequacy and to identify the most suitable classification techniques. Detailed results obtained from real life applications are provided.


KASKADE 3.0 was developed for the solution of partial differential equations in one, two, or three space dimensions. Its object-oriented implementation concept is based on the programming language C++$\,$.~Adaptive finite element techniques are employed to provide solution procedures of optimal computational complexity. This implies a posteriori error estimation, local mesh refinement and multilevel preconditioning. The program was designed both as a platform for further developments of adaptive multilevel codes and as a tool to tackle practical problems. Up to now we have implemented scalar problem types like stationary or transient heat conduction. The latter one is solved with the Rothe method, enabling adaptivity both in space and time. Some nonlinear phenomena like obstacle problems or two-phase Stefan problems are incorporated as well. Extensions to vector-valued functions and complex arithmetic are provided. %Such free boundary problems ... We have implemented several iterative solvers for both symmetric and unsymmetric systems together with multiplicative and additive multilevel preconditioners. Systems arising from the nonlinear problems can be solved with lately developed monotone multigrid methods. %An object-oriented concept was chosen for KASKADE~3.0, based on the programming %language C++$\,$. This should provide the desired extensibilty and clearly %reflect the structure of the code. %A direct sparse matrix solver (Harwell MA28) is included.


In this paper, the joint tactical radio system (JTRS) program is introduced. This program defines a standardization way of utilizing software defined ratio (SDR) architectures so the conventional problems can efficiently be addressed. In doing so it has also become a driving force for the adoption of SDR in military wireless applications. This architecture provides a very high performance and adaptable SDR platform for signal intercept and response applications.


Despite higher prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease, men of African origin have less coronary atherosclerosis, as measured by coronary calcification, than Caucasians. In part, this is thought to be due to the less atherogenic lipoprotein profile observed in men of African origin, characterized by lower levels of triglycerides and higher levels of HDL-C. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic contribution of two candidate genes, endothelial lipase (LIPG) and hepatic lipase (LIPC), to the ethnic variation in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measured lipoproteins in 600 Caucasian, 100 African-American and 205 Tobago African-Caribbean men, older than 65 years. First, using a set of six ancestry informative markers, we estimated high African genetic contribution in the Tobago population (94%). A more favorable lipoprotein profile was observed in men of African origin compared to Caucasians. The frequency of the LIPG 584T allele in Tobago men (0.06) was five times less common than in Caucasians (0.29) and two times less common than in African-Americans (0.14). In African-Caribbeans, 584T allele was associated with lower small HDL and a greater HDL size, whereas in Caucasians and African-Americans, no significant association was found. Although, the LIPG 584T allele is protective in African-Caribbean men, its frequency is too low to explain the more favorable lipoprotein profile observed in these men. In contrast, the frequency of the LIPC -514T allele (0.57) was somewhat higher than the frequency in African-Americans (0.49), and three times as high as the frequency in Caucasians (0.20). 514C>T interacted with ethnicity to affect the levels of HDL-C, large HDL and HDL and LDL size. Carriers of 514T allele in both populations of African origin, but not in Caucasians, had elevated large HDL and greater HDL size. The higher frequency of the LIPC -514T allele in men of African origin significantly contributes to the more favorable distribution of HDL subclasses compared with Caucasians. Our findings have important public health relevance as they increase our understanding of Black-White differences in lipoprotein distributions, and are likely to increase our understanding of the underlying causes behind the ethnic differences in susceptibility to atherosclerosis.


Migration routes of birds throw light on orientation performance at different geographic scales, over distances ranging from a few kilometres to more than 104 km. Detailed knowledge about the flight routes may be used to test predictions about optimal orientation according to theoretical principles and about the use of compasses based on celestial or magnetic cues. Ringing recoveries demonstrate that the migratory journey of many species, such as the wheatear and willow warbler, is divided into successive legs with different main orientation. Autumn and spring migration routes are often different, sometimes diverging on a continental scale. Aerial radiotracking of whooping cranes in North America and satellite tracking of brent geese migrating from Iceland across the Greenland ice cap point to the significant role of large-scale topography for the shaping of migration routes. Compass and position control are also required, e.g. during long passages across featureless sea or ice, but how these elements are integrated into the birds' orientation system remains unclear. Radar studies from the Arctic Ocean illustrate the importance of map projections for interpreting flight paths and suggest that birds accomplish approximate great circle orientation. Gradual course changes shown by migrating knots monitored by radar in Scandinavia are at variance with expected changes if the birds were to use a star, sun or magnetic compass over longer distances. Accurate recording of short flight segments shows how flying birds respond to visual, audible and electromagnetic cues, and also documents orientation precision and capacity to integrate rapidly shifting courses into a consistent resulting orientation. Analyses of flight patterns are crucial for understanding how birds find and follow their migration routes over different ranges of geographical scale.


The present thesis investigates techniques and technologies for high quality Human Machine
Interfaces (HMI) in biomedical applications. Starting from a literature review and considering
market SoA in this field, the thesis explores advanced sensor interfaces, wearable computing
and machine learning techniques for embedded resource-constrained systems. The research
starts from the design and implementation of a real-time control system for a multifinger
hand prosthesis based on pattern recognition algorithms. This system is capable to control
an artificial hand using a natural gesture interface, considering the challenges related to
the trade-off between responsiveness, accuracy and light computation. Furthermore, the
thesis addresses the challenges related to the design of a scalable and versatile system for
gesture recognition with the integration of a novel sensor interface for wearable medical and
consumer application.


The Golconda allochthon consists of deformed and imbricated deep-marine strata and volcanic rocks of late Paleozoic age that structurally overlie lower Paleozoic rocks of the Roberts Mountains allochthon and overlying upper Paleozoic strata. We analyzed 86 detrital zircon grains from 4 sandstone units of the Golconda allochthon in an effort to help reconstruct the paleogeographic and tectonic setting of the allochthon prior to Permian(?)-Triassic thrusting onto the continental margin. Of these, 81 grains yielded concordant to moderately discordant ages that define three main groups: 338-358 Ma (n = 7), 1770-1922 Ma (n = 38), and 2474-2729 Ma (n = 19). Comparison of these ages with detrital zircon age spectra from adjacent terranes indicates that most of the detritus in Golconda sandstones was probably shed from rocks of both the Roberts Mountains allochthon to the east and the northern Sierra terrane to the west. Some grains may also have been shed from basement rocks of the southwestern United States. These relations support previously proposed tectonic models in which strata in the Golconda allochthon were deposited between the Sierra-Klamath magmatic arc to the west and the previously emplaced Roberts Mountains allochthon to the east.


The Right to Education Act came into effect on 1st April 2010 which ensures free and compulsory education to every child between the ages 6-14 years. "Free education" means that no child, other than a child who has been admitted by his or her parents to a school which is not supported by the appropriate Government, shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges. On the other hand, "Compulsory education" casts an obligation on the appropriate Government and local authorities to provide and ensure admission, attendance and completion of elementary education by all children in the 6-14 age groups. India is currently having 8.1 million eligible students who are either dropouts or have never gone to school. Therefore, bringing them back to school can be considered as one of the major challenges in implementing Right to Education (RTE).The target of RTE actually follows from a global set target, namely Millennium Development Goals, which states that every child must achieve primary education by 2015. The 1990 world conference on "Education for All" was held in Thailand, where few global goals were set, including achievement of universal primary education by 2000. Again in 2000, the World Education Forum in Senegal reaffirmed and extended the Thailand commitment. Universal Primary educations along with gender parity were reaffirmed again in the Millennium Summit at New York. However the world cannot reach its goal unless all the nations proceed forward. This clarifies the prioritization and relevance of the Right to Education Act in India.According to India's "Education for All Middle Decade Assessment", primary school enrolment has increased by 13.7% in between 2001-2005, which reaches close to universal enrolment in Grade I. Despite this success, 1 out of 4 children left school before reaching Grade V and almost half before reaching Grade VIII in 2005. Thus Drop-Out seems to be the major hurdles in the pace of achieving RTE.Jayachandran (2007) has shown that there is a common tendency to show inflated enrolment rates through official statistics mainly to project a successful trend, but that ultimately leads to magnifying dropout rates. Therefore we can say that the Official Statistics of Ministry of Human Development & Resources (1997-98) always project an exaggerated number. On the other hand NSS Data depends upon household sample survey, which believes to reflect the true trend. But calculation of dropout rate through 52-Round NSS data projects a much lower trend for dropout. Surprisingly in both the cases, West Bengal captures the second highest position in the dropout statistics. According to official statistics (MHRD, 97-98) the dropout rate in West Bengal is as high as 35.8% while calculation from NSS 52 Round data shows it is 11.5%.Uttar Dinajpur is the lowest ranking district in the state in achieving literacy rate and highest ranking state in dropout. The greatest challenge in achieving RTE in the district is to reduce its 34.75% dropout rate in primary education( Cohort Study, 2005) as well as enroll 13,477 out of school eligible children in the age group between 6 to 9 years (HHS2010 ) and 16,140 out of school children in the age group between 10 to 14 years (HHS, 2010).The major objective of this paper is to shed some light on the issues of dropout in primary education as a specific case study on the district of Uttar Dinajpur. There are some general perceptions regarding the causes of dropout while policy prescription requires some area specific target doctrine. The socio-economic factors often remain a non quantifiable entity and exercise of econometrics fails to capture the impact of those invisible issues. But unless those problems remains identified the target of RTE would remain a delusion. I intend within my limited scope of analysis to provide some insight in those issues.


Many researchers have studied student attitudes toward and knowledge of evolutionary science, attitudes towards global climate change (GCC), conceptions about the nature of science (NOS), and course success. However, at the time of this writing, no studies explicitly link these topics. It is overwhelmingly acknowledged by the scientific community that evolution and global climate change (GCC) are undeniably supported by physical evidence. And yet, both topics remain very politically contentious in the United States. Efforts to mitigate the disconnects between the scientific community and the general public on these issues are imperative to science education. Such undertakings need to examine students' conceptions of the nature of science (NOS), how evidence is treated, how theories are constructed, and how scientific consensus is reached, as these may be key factors in acceptance of evolution and GCC. If students have a more thorough understanding of the weight behind scientific consensus and better tools to discern scientific versus non-scientific arguments, they may become more likely to accept strongly supported scientific ideas. Our study explored this hypothesis guided by the following questions: Do changes in NOS conceptions correlate with changes in attitudes towards evolution or GCC? If there are correlations, are they similar for evolution and GCC? What demographic factors affect these correlations? Further, we asked whether attitudes towards evolution before the course began was a significant predictor of achievement in the course. Previously-developed tools were used to measure students' conceptions of the nature of science and attitudes towards evolution, while national public opinion poll questions were used to measure attitudes towards GCC. Demographic questions were produced to target factors thought to influence attitudes towards evolution or global climate change. Overall sample size was N=620. Principle Components Analysis was used to determine which variables accounted for the most variation, and those variables were analyzed using correlation tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA to test for significant correlations and interaction effects. Changes in students' attitudes towards evolution and global climate change were both positively correlated with shifts in conceptions about the nature of science. Attitudes towards evolution were negatively correlated with religiosity. Knowledge of evolutionary science was positively correlated with attitudes towards evolution, but knowledge about GCC was not significantly correlated with attitudes towards GCC. The strongest correlates of GCC attitudes were political leanings. Findings support the hypothesis that a better understanding of NOS may lead to changes in attitudes towards politically contentious ideas that are not scientifically contentious. Though attitudes towards evolution correlated strongly and significantly with a number of other factors including knowledge of evolutionary science and religiosity, expected non-political correlates with attitudes towards GCC were absent. Giving students a good conception of the modern nature of science may lead to views that are closer to those of the scientific community. This study provides novel evidence of a linkage between student acceptance of evolution and attitudes towards GCC, i.e., NOS conceptions. We also found highly significant, positive relationships between student knowledge of evolution and attitudes toward evolution as well as between introductory biology course achievement and both precourse acceptance of evolution and pre-course knowledge of evolution among students at Syracuse University, and assert that teachers who scant the teaching of evolution or who do not foster good attitudes toward evolution are not helping their students to prepare for success in science at the college level. Nature of Science Conceptions, Attitudes towards Evolution and Global Climate Change, and Course Achievement in an Introductory Biology


ABSTRACT This paper is devoted to the WKB analysis of the three coupled long wave–short wave interaction (LSI for short) equations. We consider the zero-dispersion limit of the LSI for initial data with Sobolev regularity, before the shocks appear in the limit system. For the smooth solution, the limit system is given by the two fluids equations. The split-step Fourier method is also employed to justify the numerical simulation of the small dispersion limit.


When the first two volumes of William Crosskey's monumental study of the Constitution appeared in 1953, Arthur M. Schlesinger called it "perhaps the most fertile commentary on that document since The "Federalist "papers." It was highly controversial as well. The work was a comprehensive reassessment of the meaning of the Constitution, based on examination of eighteenth-century usages of key political and legal concepts and terms. Crosskey's basic thesis was that the Founding Fathers truly intended a government with plenary, nationwide powers, and not, as in the received views, a limited federalism. This third volume of "Politics and the Constitution," which Crosskey began and William Jeffrey has finished, treats political activity in the period 1776-87, and is in many ways the heart of the work as Crosskey conceived it. In support of the lexicographic analysis of volumes 1 and 2, volume 3 shows that nationalist ideas and sentiments were a powerful force in American public opinion from the Revolution to the eve of the Constitutional Convention. The creation of a generally empowered national government in Philadelphia, it is argued, was the fruition of a long-active political movement, not the unintended or accidental result of a temporary conservative coalition. This view of the political background of the Constitutional Convention directly challenges the Madisonian-Jeffersonian orthodoxy on the subject. In support of his interpretation, Crosskey amassed a wealth of primary source materials, including heretofore unexplored pamphlets and newspapers. This exhaustive research makes this unique work invaluable for scholars of the period, both for the primary sources collected as well as for the provocative interpretation offered.


The growth in size and accessibility of multimedia databases have changed our approach to information retrieval. Classical text-based systems show their limitations in the context of multimedia retrieval. In this chapter, we address the problem of conceiving and evaluating a content-based image retrieval system. First, we investigate the use of the query-by-example (QBE) paradigm as a base paradigm for the development of a content-based image retrieval system (CBIRS). We show that it should be considered as a complement to the classical textual-based paradigms. We then evaluate the capabilities of the most up-to-date computer vision techniques in contributing to the realisation of such a system. Further, beyond the necessity of accurate image understanding techniques, we show that the amount of data involved by the process of describing image content should also be considered as an important issue. This aspect of our study is largely based on the experience acquired by the text retrieval (TR) community, which we adapt to the context of CBIR. Similarly, the text retrieval community has also developed a significant experience in evaluating retrieval systems, where judgements include subjectivity and context dependency. Extending this experience, we study a coherent framework for performing the evaluation of a CBIRS. As a practical example, we use our Viper CBIR system, using a novel communication protocol called MRML to pinpoint the importance of the sharing of resource in facilitating the evaluation and therefore the development of CBIRS.


Objective: Managed care practices that limit access to and duration of treatment conflict with established standards of care for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, there is little information about how abbreviated lengths of hospitalization relate to the need for rehospitalization, one indicator of unfavorable outcome. This dissertation describes the demographic and clinical features of patients who require multiple psychiatric hospitalizations for treatment of AN and identifies patient characteristics that predict both likelihood of and time to readmission in the current care environment. Method: One-hundred-forty-seven patients with a primary diagnosis of AN and hospitalized on a specialized eating disorders psychiatric unit completed self-report questionnaires measuring eating disorders symptoms, mood, and personality functioning at admission and discharge. Medical record reviews yielded demographic, historical, and inpatient course of treatment information. Medical records were later reviewed to determine which of the 147 patients had been readmitted to the same facility within 3 years of their index admission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate prediction of readmission status. Cox regression survival techniques were used to evaluate prediction of time to readmission. Parallel analyses were conducted on the full sample (n = 147) and on a subsample of patients (n=107) who were not discharged against medical advice (i.e., received an adequate dose of treatment). Results: Twenty-seven percent of the full sample and 31% of the subsample were readmitted within 3 years of their discharge. Body dissatisfaction and mood disorder diagnosis at discharge best predicted the likelihood of both readmission and time to readmission for the group of patients who received an adequate dose of inpatient treatment. Discussion: The observed predictors differ from those typically associated with readmission in patients with AN. The findings highlight the centrality of psychopathological aspects of AN and comorbid mood disorder, and they suggest a need to refine inpatient treatment interventions to more specifically target the psychological distress associated with body image disturbances and mood disorder. More broadly, the findings suggest the need to further evaluate the extent to which the managed care treatment environment is affecting treatment outcomes.


PurposeGlucocorticoid treatment of cultured human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells has been shown to reorganize actin microfilaments into cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) and to alter TM cell function. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether similar microfilament structural changes occur in TM cells derived from glaucoma patients. MethodsThe microfilament structures of nine different TM cell cultures, derived from four glaucoma patients and from five normal subjects, was examined by epifluorescent microscopy and by whole-mount transmission electron microscopy. The cells were cultured in the absence and presence of dexamethasone (DEX) for 7–14 days. ResultsThe normal TM cell lines and glaucoma cell line TM13 had relatively low levels of cross-linked actin networks in the absence of exogenously added glucocorticoids. In contrast, the glaucoma cell lines TM23, TM36C, and TM48D had high levels of CLANs without the addition of dexamethasone. The addition of 10−7 M DEX to the culture medium significantly increased CLAN expression in all normal as well as glaucoma TM cell lines. ConclusionCLAN formation in glaucoma TM cells or in TM cells exposed to glucocorticoids may be a factor contributing to the generation of ocular hypertension.


Surface-directed passivation of p-doped silicon (Si) substrate was achieved by its biofunctionalisation with hexahistidine (His6)-tagged cytochrome c553 (cyt c553), a soluble electroactive photosynthetic protein responsible for electron donation to photooxidised photosystem I (PSI). Five distinct variants of cyt c553 were genetically engineered by introducing the specific linker peptides of 0–19 amino acids (AA) in length between the cyt c553 holoprotein and a C-terminal His6-tag, the latter being the affinity 'anchor' used for the specific immobilisation of this protein on the semiconductor surface. Calculation of 2D Gibbs free energy maps for the five cyt c553 variants showed a significantly higher number of thermodynamically feasible conformations of immobilised cyt c variants containing longer linker peptides. Here we show that the distinct cyt c553-based Si bioelectrodes display some characteristics of the p–n-type diodes, albeit varying in the level of dark saturation current J0 considered as the charge recombination parameter. These combined bioinformatic and electrochemical analyses indicate that the cyt c553 variants with longer linker peptides, up to 19AA in length, allow for more structural flexibility of immobilised cyt c553 in terms of both, orientation and distance of the haem group with respect to the Si surface, and promote the efficient biopassivation of the semiconductor substrate. Incorporation of the specifically immobilised 19AA cyt c553 variant into the all-solid-state biophotoelectrodes containing light harvesting PSI module enhanced biophotovoltaic performance of the PSI biophotoelectrode compared to the analogous device devoid of cyt c553.


We prove that the 2-category of closed categories of Eilenberg and Kelly is equivalent to a suitable full 2-subcategory of the 2-category of closed multicategories.


Conjunctiva has to be replaced when a large enough area is destroyed so as to cause a high degree of symblepharon or entropion or when the socket is too small to carry a prosthesis. Most common causes of its destruction are chemical and thermic burns and trachoma. Rare causes are malignant tumor, pemphigus, tuberculous ulcer, mechanical injury and amyloid and hyaline degeneration. Conjunctiva can be replaced primarily immediately after its loss. This has to be done after the removal of the necrotic conjunctiva. Denig 1 introduced the method by which necrotic conjunctiva is removed immediately after the chemical burn and the defect is covered with mucous membrane. However, the conjunctiva usually has to be replaced when symblepharon has already developed. Veasey 1a revised the materials which are or have been used to cover the defects of the conjunctiva. These consist of grafts of conjunctiva, of the inner surface of the


This paper studies the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of stem cells on carbon nanotube matrices. Glass coverslips were coated with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) thin films using layer-by-layer self-assembling techniques. Pluripotent P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma stem cells were seeded onto uncoated or MWNT-coated coverslips, and either maintained in an undifferentiated state or induced to differentiate by the addition of retinoic acid. We found that cell adhesion was increased on the MWNT-coated surfaces, and that the expression patterns of some differentiation markers were altered in cells grown on MWNTs. The results suggest that MWNTs will be useful in directing pluripotent stem cell differentiation for tissue engineering purposes.


Searching for silent anorectal autonomic neuropathy, we investigated the anorectal sensorimotor function in 79 continent diabetics. Thirty four per cent of the patients had a basal anal sphincter pressure lower than 40 mm Hg N = 54.5 +/- 15.5 mm Hg and 11 p. 100 had a threshold of conscious rectal sensation higher than 20 ml (N less than or equal to 20 ml). An electrocardiogram was performed and the change in heart rate resulting from successive deep breaths was recorded for each patient. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was diagnosed when cardiac frequency did not change with ventilation. This was reflected by a ratio E/I (largest RR space during expiration on the electrocardiogram to the shortest during inspiration) close to one. Compared to cardiac criteria for autonomic neuropathy, the sensitivity of anorectal manometry in the detection of diabetic autonomic neuropathy was 77.2 p. 100 and specificity was 82 p. 100. Low basal anal sphincter pressure in asymptomatic diabetics seems to be a sensitive and specific criteria for the assessment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and correlates closely with cardiac criteria.


How do people react to foreign actors' involvement in a conflict in a third party? Many studies have explored how individuals react to their country's foreign policy choices, as well as how they react to the policies targeting their countries. Yet, we know less about how they form their attitudes regarding the policies not directly aiming at their own countries, and hence, their well-being. Building on intergroup relations and employing a social psychological approach, this article argues that identity serves as a heuristic through which individuals evaluate foreign actors, and their policies targeting in- and out-group members living abroad. Conducting a survey experiment in Turkey, I test my claims in the context of the Syrian Civil War. The findings of the experiments reveal that transnational identity ties have an impact on attitude formation: Turks and Kurds express positive/negative attitudes towards the USA and Russia conditional on whether their involvement to the conflict favor/disfavor their in-group/out-group across the border. Broadly speaking, the results show that domestic cleavages are of importance in predicting the public's reaction to the developments in international politics, which implies a necessity of taking domestic politics in designing soft power promotion and public diplomacy strategies for many global and regional powers in attempting to win hearts and minds abroad.


Anger and associated aggressive behaviour are significant clinical issues for many people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) that can lead to serious constraints to their liberty, which, in turn, adversely affects their quality of life. There is some evidence to support cognitive–behavioural anger treatment in this client group; however, anger assessment protocols for people with IDs should be diversified. In this regard, a method for anger assessment using imaginal provocation scenes was extended for use with this client population and the context in which treatment takes place. Two studies of the Imaginal Provocation Test (IPT) were conducted: the first with 48 patients examined its internal reliability and concurrent validity with anger psychometric scales; the second investigated whether it was sensitive to change associated with anger treatment in a small outcome study involving men with IDs and histories of offending. The IPT was found to successfully induce anger, be internally reliable, have strong concurrent validity and detect statistically significant changes in anger following anger treatment (N = 9), compared with a routine care waiting-list control group (N = 8). The IPT also had value in highlighting clinical improvements for anger treatment condition participants compared with the control group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Now that the worst of the financial storm is over, regulators are setting new strategies to deal with the systemic importance of the €427 trillion ($604 trillion) over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market. This paper explores the three major sources of disruptive effects in OTC derivatives: liquidity, counterparty risk and legal uncertainty. These risks affect the value chain of a typical derivative transaction and weaken the economic and legal rationale behind their widespread use. On the policy side, commitments have been made at G-20 level to draft uniform rules on a global scale "to build a safer financial system". This paper finds, however, that in practice, the EU and US proposals lay out divergent roads to meet common objectives and the author warns that such divergences may encourage regulatory and supervisory arbitrage. Policy options currently under discussion may need further revision. For instance, access to network clearing infrastructures, such as CCPs, can only be made available to a restricted group of eligible derivative products. Mechanisms of adverse selection and moral hazard, then, may at any time affect the efficient functioning of these crucial infrastructures for financial markets.


Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) express β1 integrins that mediate adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins following stimulation with agonists that induce an increase in intracellular calcium. The purpose of these studies was to determine the contribution made by alterations in intracellular calcium ([Ca++]i) to inside‐out activation of β1 integrins using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐differentiated granulocytic HL60 cells as a model of human PMNs. Activation of β1 integrins was determined by measuring the expression of an activation‐dependent epitope on the β1 subunit that is recognized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 15/7. Exposure of granulocytic HL60 cells to calcium ionophore ionomycin (800 nM) alone did not increase the binding of mAb 15/7 to the cell surface, nor did it increase β1 integrin‐mediated adhesion of the cells to fibronectin. Similarly, exposure of the cells to the direct protein kinase C (PKC) activator, dioctanoylglycerol (di‐C8) at 100 μM, neither increased binding of mAb 15/7 to these cells nor adhesion to fibronectin. Simultaneous addition of di‐C8 and ionomycin, however, caused a significant increase in the expression of the 15/7 epitope and cell adhesion, suggesting synergy between elevating [Ca++]i and stimulating PKC in β1 integrin activation. Chelation of [Ca++]i with Quin‐2 and EGTA reduced both basal (unstimulated) expression of the 15/7 epitope and basal adhesion of granulocytic HL60 cells to fibronectin. In addition, chelation of [Ca++]i caused a significant decrease in 15/7 binding and adhesion stimulated by low (1 ng/ml) concentrations of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The inhibitory effect of [Ca++]i chelation on β1 integrin activation was reversed by repleting [Ca++]i with ionomycin in a Ca++‐containing buffer, or by the addition of higher concentrations of PMA (10 ng/ml). These data suggest a role for [Ca++]i in inside‐out activation of β1 integrins, probably through a synergistic effect with PKC activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 175:193–202, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Unquiet City: Making and Unmaking Politics in Mughal Delhi, 1707-39 Abhishek Kaicker This dissertation is a study of the elaborations of the cultures of politics in the Mughal capital of Shāhjahānābād – modern day Delhi – from the death of the emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 to the invasion of the Irānian warlord Nādir Shāh in 1739. While this period has frequently been imagined as one of imperial decline and political failure, this dissertation argues that these years of tumult saw instead the transformation of elite politics and the development of a language of popular politics within the space of the Mughal capital. The transformation of politics as practiced by Mughal elites became dramatically evident in the second decade of the eighteenth century, in which two reigning emperors were violently removed from the throne. Through a close examination of the admonitory historical texts which describe these events, this dissertation suggests that such transgressive actions reflected a debate among the Mughal elite about the proper role of the emperor in an empire which had become unprecedentedly bureaucratic and routinized in its administration. Yet speculation about the place of the emperor did not remain the affair of the empire's elites who saw themselves as the traditional guardians of the realm. For now, an unlikely new party began to intervene ever more assertively in matters that had been considered the preserve of the empire's ruling nobility. This was the people itself, an entity that agitated vociferously in support or in criticism of elite acts of governance. In doing so, the people produced a new language of popular politics which directly addressed the powers-that-be. Such a popular politics was produced within, and enacted upon the stage of the Mughal capital, itself built as a representation of the virtues of Mughal imperium. The emergence of the people as an increasingly visible mass in the city is the subject of the first chapter. The second, third and fourth chapters then turn to an examination of the dramatic convulsions of elite politics which caused the bodies of slaughtered princes to be paraded in the thoroughfares of the Mughal city. Chapter four ends with a study of the popular response to one such incident, the deposition of the Emperor Farrukh Siyar in 1719, arguing that the event marks an instance of the city's masses making an explicit intervention in the politics of the imperial elite. Chapter five considers the means of communication by which such political solidarities were forged, arguing that poetry in particular was a powerful form of social communication which might activate political solidarities amongst the people of the city. Chapters six and seven offer a detailed account of other instances of popular political activity, focusing particularly on the Shoe-sellers' riot of 1729. Chapter eight turns to the invasion of Nādir Shāh in 1739, arguing that the resistance to his occupation of Delhi and subsequent events mark the limits of possibility of such politics. The conclusion examines the divergent trajectories of elite and popular politics through the end of the empire and the rise of the colonial state in the subcontinent.


This book is about people who became entrepreneurs, as one of them put it, "not by choice but by necessity" - as a way of preserving their livelihoods and workplaces. It is about how, across Europe, many hundreds of companies, and many thousands of jobs, have been preserved by groups of workers who had the initiative and determination to take over failing and bankrupt enterprises, usually when no one else was prepared to. It is, more than anything, a book about change: how moribund organizations have been transformed and industrial capacity preserved and reconstructed; how new ways of working (and new roles for trade unionists) have developed; how established social and political ideas have been re-evaluated; how new networks and economic formations have emerged; and how men and women have surprised themselves by what they have become and have achieved.

This international study reveals a striking mismatch between the achievements of entreprises taken over by their employees and their popular reputation for failure and mismanagement. Drawing on original research as well as work undertaken in the course of a policy study for the European Commission, the data and case studies from six countries provide a comprehensive picture of the circumstances under which Worker Take-Overs are attempted, how many there have been, the problems they face, how they tackle them, and how they perform - both commercially and as democratic organizations.


The role of parents in supporting at-home learning increased dramatically in the spring of 2020. Schools in most Canadian provinces closed physically due to COVID-19, and remote-learning options were quickly developed to ensure continued education for students. Many students with special educational needs, who typically benefit from a range of supports from school, became reliant on parents to provide means of access to and participation in remote learning. Using an online survey, we explored the perceptions of 263 Canadian parents of children with special education needs with regard to their self‑efficacy and supports from schools. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses for each of three dependent variables (academic supports, parent self‑efficacy, and social-emotional supports); independent variables included student grade level, education placement, and total school-provided supports prior to the pandemic. Findings indicated that most parents engaged in remote learning and lacked confidence in their ability to support the learning of their child. Parent self-efficacy was related to social-emotional supports from schools and not to academic supports. Parents of children in elementary grades, and of those who had received more supports from school prior to COVID‑19, reported feeling better supported in social-emotional areas by the school. Schools should explore ways of building strong collaborative relationships between educators and parents, as well as continuing to find ways of supporting families and students in both in- and out-of-school places. The pandemic, and school-building closures, have reminded us how partnerships between parents and schools are crucial for the well-being of all involved.


Consumer product companies and retailers often imitate the appearance (or "trade-dress") of a leader brand to profit from the positive associations attached to the leader brand. Such a copycatting strategy is deliberate and frequently used, as evidenced by the plethora of copycats one can find in the supermarket. Despite the frequent use of such product imitation strategies, it is however less clear when they are successful and why. This dissertation sheds new light on this important question and demonstrates that the effectiveness of a copycat strategy is not only determined by package similarity, but is highly dependent on where the copycat is sold (e.g., in which store) and how it is positioned on the supermarket shelf (e.g., next to the leader brand or not). Furthermore and in contrast to the current opinion, this dissertation shows that high similarity copycats can backfire and reduce consumer's liking of copycats, whilst subtler forms of copycatting can free-ride more effectively on the leader brand's equity. Because this dissertation examines the mechanisms underlying copycat effectiveness beyond consumer confusion (where consumers accidentally purchase the copycat instead of the leader brand) are examined, the subsequent findings are an important supplement to the existing literature.


Meaning in life is related to such outcomes as resilience and the potential to experience posttraumatic growth among populations that have experienced a traumatic event. However, the literature is conflicted on the relationship between resilience and posttraumatic growth. The goal of this study is to further evaluate the relationship between meaning, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among a college student sample. Six-hundred and twelve participants, ages 18-26, completed self-report measures about their experience with potentially traumatic events (Life Events Checklist), their perceived purpose in life (Purpose in Life test – Short Form), resilience (Brief Resilience Scale), and posttraumatic growth (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory – Short Form). After data cleaning, five-hundred and thirteen participants indicated experiencing at least one potentially traumatic event. Using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Civilian form (PCL-C), two subsamples of 99 and 414 participants who scored above and below the diagnostic threshold for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively, were used to calculate additional results. The hypotheses examined included the following: 1) meaning and resilience scores would be positively correlated; 2) meaning scores would be predictive of posttraumatic growth; 3) meaning would be a stronger predictor of posttraumatic growth scores than resilience; and 4) posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress scores would be positively correlated. The results supported these hypotheses. Meaning and resilience had a medium positive correlation (r = .354, p < .001) in the total sample, with similar scores in both subsamples. In the overall sample (F(1, 512) = 9.624, p < .01, R2 = .018) and with individuals scoring below the diagnostic threshold for PTSD (F(1, 413) = 3.586, p = .059, R2 = .007), meaning played a small, significant role in predicting posttraumatic growth. Though in the portion of the sample that exceeded the diagnostic threshold for PTSD, that role was much larger (F(1, 99) = 19.528, p < .001, R2 = .165). Resilience had a slightly negative relationship with posttraumatic growth (r = -.08, p < .035), but in the overall sample resilience enhanced the effect of meaning on posttraumatic growth (F(2, 511) = 9.326, p < .001, R2 = .035), nearly doubling it. Below the cutoff meaning was not significantly predictive of posttraumatic growth (F(1, 413) = 3.568, p = .059, R2 = .007) and resilience had a slightly positive relationship (F(1, 98) = 3.878, p < .05, R2 = .007) and made up .7% of the predictive value, but measured with resilience this increased to 1.9% (F(2, 511) = 5.012, p < .01, R2 = .019) Above the cutoff meaning and resilience measured together had the same result of 16.5% of the predictive value, which is identical to meaning measured independently (F(2, 98) = 19.528, p < .001, R2 = .165). Additionally, in the total sample there was a small and significant correlation between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth (r = .163, p < .001), but this became insignificant among the sample which exceeded the diagnostic threshold for PTSD on the PCL-C (r = .006, p = .954). The results of this study suggest that meaning is related to both resilience and posttraumatic growth, and should be further studied to understand the role it may play in enhancing both. Implications of the study and future research directions are discussed.