NAMA liberalisation alone will not be sufficient to make the Doha Round a pro-development Round. It is important to enlarge the vision to include, for example, services and certain aspects of intellectual property rights. Further the 'policy space' notion often mentioned when discussing trade-development relations should not be defined as limited to trade policy. It should include the many non-trade instruments (e.g. subsidies or taxes on goods and factors of production) that a government could use for development purposes. Infant industry protection is the oldest, but most risky, use of trade policy as a development policy. As a policy it could be successful only in a very limited number of sectors and it has little chance of providing the broad impetus needed for development.


The convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the most used deep learning models for image detection and classification, due to its high accuracy when compared to other machine learning algorithms. CNNs achieve better results at the cost of higher computing and memory requirements. Inference of convolutional neural networks is therefore usually done in centralized high-performance platforms. However, many applications based on CNNs are migrating to edge devices near the source of data due to the unreliability of a transmission channel in exchanging data with a central server, the uncertainty about channel latency not tolerated by many applications, security and data privacy, etc. While advantageous, deep learning on edge is quite challenging because edge devices are usually limited in terms of performance, cost, and energy. Reconfigurable computing is being considered for inference on edge due to its high performance and energy efficiency while keeping a high hardware flexibility that allows for the easy adaption of the target computing platform to the CNN model. In this paper, we described the features of the most common CNNs, the capabilities of reconfigurable computing for running CNNs, the state-of-the-art of reconfigurable computing implementations proposed to run CNN models, as well as the trends and challenges for future edge reconfigurable platforms.


In this paper, we present a novel twist on the Beowulf cluster - the Bladed Beowulf. Designed by RLX Technologies and integrated and configured at Los Alamos National Laboratory, our Bladed Beowulf consists of compute nodes made from commodity off-the-shelf parts mounted on motherboard blades measuring 14.7" /spl times/ 4.7" /spl times/ 0.58". Each motherboard blade (node) contains a 633 MHz Trans-meta TM5600/spl trade/ CPU, 256 MB memory, 10 GB hard disk, and three 100-Mb/s Fast Ethernet network interfaces. Using a chassis provided by RLX, twenty-four such nodes mount side-by-side in a vertical orientation to fit in a rack-mountable 3U space, i.e., 19" in width and 5.25" in height. A Bladed Beowulf can reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a traditional Beowulf by a factor of three while providing Beowulf-like performance. Accordingly, rather than use the traditional definition of price-performance ratio where price is the cost of acquisition, we introduce a new metric called ToPPeR: total price-performance ratio, where total price encompasses TCO. We also propose two related (but more concrete) metrics: performance-space ratio and performance-power ratio.


In 2010, to a Philadelphia audience, B Lab co-founder Jay Coen Gilbert claimed that "our capitalist system is not serving society; it's serving shareholders" and stated that "we can't run around expecting different outcomes until we change the rules of the game." Since Gilbert's talk in 2010, B Lab has been active. Not only has the non-profit organization privately certified over 900 companies as socially responsible, but B Lab has also taken the lead in convincing more than twenty states and the District of Columbia to pass benefit corporation statutes, in Mr. Gilbert's words, "chang[ing] the rules of the game."Most states have based their benefit corporation statutes on the Model Benefit Corporation Legislation (the "Model"), a model statute drafted by Drinker Biddle attorney Bill Clark who has worked with B Lab in their efforts. After eighteen months of lobbying and negotiating, B Lab even convinced Delaware, the recognized pacesetter in U.S. corporate law, to amend its corporate statute. Delaware, however, established its own version of the benefit corporation law. While most of the other states adhere closely to the Model, Delaware seems to have merely consulted the Model and created a new social enterprise form called a "public benefit corporation" (PBC). This Article builds on the author's previous work on benefit corporations, compares the Model and the PBC law, and offers suggestions for improving both legal frameworks.


In this paper, we consider the use of the DCMI Abstract Model as a potential vehicle for communication between developers of metadata application profiles and system developers. We note that it is not intended to be a developer's tool and consider what would make it so while maintaining its semantic integrity so designers of Application Profiles could also use it. We propose a UML compliant model of the DCAM as a first step towards the final development of a UML meta-model that will allow for the use of valid UML, by those developing DC conformant Application Profiles. A number of characteristics of the DCAM are analysed and refinements suggested to enable a UML-conformant version of the DCAM which is required to build a new UML metamodel for DC Application profile developers.


The propagation loss of absorbing ducts will be calculated with the aim to find the optimal design of the absorber for a specific problem. An infinite, rectangular duct lined with locally reacting absorbers will be considered. The impedances of the lining surfaces could be different, so that the asymmetrical case is included. To calculate the propagation loss due to absorption the boundary value problem of the wave equation in the absorbing channel has to be solved and the eigenfunctions (or modes) and eigenvalues have to be determined numerically. It can be shown that these modes are biorthogonal and that it is possible to expand a prescribed incident wave field into a sum of absorber modes. Since the underlying mathematical boundary problem is non‐self‐adjoint it is not possible to derive the expansion theorem by using the usual Sturm–Liouville theory. Instead of this Cauchy's integral formula has to be used for the series expansion in connection with Green's function. The eigenvalue problem will be sol...


An environmental health assessment of 210 households located in four communities in the Ezulwini Valley, Swaziland, is summarized. The assessment focused on household-scale environmental health in the context of four key resource sectors: drinking water, energy, solid waste and human waste, with availability and perceived adequacy considered for each sector. The survey was administered in the field by small teams of students alongside Swazi community members, utilizing a snowball sampling strategy with stratification by economic class. Electronic administration via mobile devices assisted in geolocating records, minimizing entry error and rapidly compiling results for daily review and analysis. Results indicate challenges in household access to basic resources and resource impacts, even in this relatively developed part of Swaziland; these results varied considerably by community and economic class, and were only somewhat comparable to previous national-scale assessments. In a larger context, international efforts toward improving household-scale environmental health conditions (e.g., via related UN Millennium Development Goals) are laudable, yet these results corroborate other research suggesting that progress can be difficult to measure, and is decidedly uneven by household location and socioeconomic status.


The efficiencies of present-day modes of transportation are reviewed. Future sustainable options are discussed . Transportation takes about 20% of the energy use worldwide [1], and this figure is likely to increase. The fact that transportation requires some form of mobile energy storage makes this topic especially challenging for the post-fossil-fuel era. When looking at alternatives, we should realize that nothing matches the energy density of liquid fuels like gasoline or diesel, if the system as a whole is considered. It is, therefore, important to consider the efficiency of various modes of transportation. To assess the possibilities of improvements in efficiency, a brief introduction into the physics of transportation is given first. Subsequently, the efficiencies of present-day modes of transportation— cars, buses, trains, air transport, and bicycles—are reviewed. Finally, new technologies relying on biofuel, electricity, solar power, and hydrogen are discussed.


The electric power system is a complex system, whose operating condition may not remain at a constant value. This necessitates the power system operator be alert to keep the system performance under normal condition. The various contingencies like, large load variations, outage of components (transmission lines, transformers, generators, etc.) are more common. Any of these conditions causes overloads and system parameters to exceed the limits thus resulting in an insecure system. Hence the operator has to maintain the security level by proper analysis and reschedule the system accordingly. The most practiced techniques for overload alleviation is generator rescheduling and/or load shedding. The conventional method is to solve an optimal power flow problem to find out the rescheduling for overload alleviation. But this will not give the desired speed of solution. This paper considers the application of fuzzy logic to dispatch the generator to relieve the overload in power system. A fuzzy rule based controller is developed which reschedules the real power generation. The system parameters such as overload factor (OF), generation shift sensitivity factor (GSSF) and sensitivity of vulnerability index of generation system (SVIGS) are given to a fuzzy inference system (FIS) as inputs. The output from the FIS gives the quantity of generation to be rescheduled. The proposed approach is illustrated with 39 bus New England system. The validity of the proposed method is done using MATPOWER.


How did the crisis impact financial intermediation? We address this question by studying a unique market segment, viz. foreign private debt issued in the U.S., which grew in size despite the financial crisis. Specifically, foreign private (or Rule 144A) debt issued in the U.S. increased more than five-fold as between pre-crisis (1999-06) and crisis (2007-09) periods compared to public (or Yankee) debt. At the same time, domestic private (144A) debt issuances by U.S. firms remained relatively flat. Using an exhaustive sample of foreign bond issuances in the U.S. from over 65 countries between 1990 and 2013, we examine the effects of the financial crisis on three key corporate decisions viz., debt choice, pricing, and market timing comparing public (Yankee) and private (Rule 144A) debt issues for all foreign firms. We find that Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs), the only investors in unregistered 144A bonds, were preferentially funding foreign firms in the 144A market and at better spreads, despite the firms' high idiosyncratic risks and leverage, and excessive underlying local market volatility. However, we see no such preference in 144A lending to domestic U.S. borrowers. Overall, our findings are consistent with the flight of intermediation in that while many good quality foreign firms began issuing in U.S. due to local capital constraints, QIBs were able to better allocate their scarce capital in favor of quality private debt borrowers.


This article shows that 35 years of empirical research on teacher expectations justifies the following conclusions: (a) Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom do occur, but these effects are typically small, they do not accumulate greatly across perceivers or over time, and they may be more likely to dissipate than accumulate; (b) powerful self-fulfilling prophecies may selectively occur among students from stigmatized social groups; (c) whether self-fulfilling prophecies affect intelligence, and whether they in general do more harm than good, remains unclear, and (d) teacher expectations may predict student outcomes more because these expectations are accurate than because they are self-fulfilling. Implications for future research, the role of self-fulfilling prophecies in social problems, and perspectives emphasizing the power of erroneous beliefs to create social reality are discussed.


Proper management of dynamic systems (e.g. cooling systems of nuclear power plants or production and warehousing) is important to ensure public safety and economic success. So far, research has provided broad evidence for systematic shortcomings in individuals' control performance of dynamic systems. This research aims to investigate whether groups manifest synergy (Larson, 2010) and outperform individuals and if so, what processes lead to these performance advantages. In three experiments - including simulations of a nuclear power plant and a business setting - I compare the control performance of three-person-groups to the average individual performance and to nominal groups (N = 105 groups per experiment). The nominal group condition capsures the statistical advantage of aggregated group judgments not due to social interaction. First, results show a superior performance of groups compared to individuals. Second, a meta-analysis across all three experiments shows interaction-based process gains in dynamic control tasks: Interacting groups outperform the average individual performance as well as the nominal group performance. Third, group interaction leads to stable individual improvements of group members that exceed practice effects. In sum, these results provide the first unequivocal evidence for interaction-based performance gains of groups in dynamic control tasks and imply that employers should rely on groups to provide opportunities for individual learning and to foster dynamic system control at its best.


William Faulkner occupied a unique position as a modern writer. Although famous for his modernist novels and their notorious difficulty, he also wrote extensively for the "culture industry," and the works he produced for it-including short stories, adaptations, and screenplays-bore many of the hallmarks of consumer art. His experiences as a Hollywood screenwriter influenced him in a number of ways, many of them negative, while the films turned out by the "dream factories" in which he labored sporadically inspired both his interest and his contempt. Faulkner also disparaged the popular magazines-though he frequently sold short stories to them. To what extent was Faulkner's deeply ambivalent relationship to-and involvement with-American popular culture reflected in his modernist or "art" fiction? Peter Lurie finds convincing evidence that Faulkner was keenly aware of commercial culture and adapted its formulae, strategies, and in particular, its visual techniques into the language of his novels of the 1930s. Lurie contends that Faulkner's modernism can be best understood in light of his reaction to the popular culture of his day. Using Theodor Adorno's theory about modern cultural production as a framework, Lurie's close readings of Sanctuary, Light in August, Absalom! Absalom!, and If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem uncover the cultural history that surrounded and influenced the development of Faulkner's art. Lurie is particularly interested in the influence of cinema on Faulkner's fiction and especially the visual strategies he both deployed and critiqued. These include the suggestion of cinematic viewing on the part of readers and of characters in each of the novels; the collective and individual acts of voyeurism in Sanctuary and Light in August; the exposing in Absalom! Absalom! and Light in Augustof stereotypical and cinematic patterns of thought about history and race; and the evocation of popular forms like melodrama and the movie screen in If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem. Offering innovative readings of these canonical works, this study sheds new light on Faulkner's uniquely American modernism.


Earth's natural resources are finite. To be environmentally sustainable, it may not only be necessary to use them 'efficiently' but also 'effectively'. While we consider 'repair', 'recondition', 'refurbish' and 'remanufacture' to be 'reuse' options, not all researchers agree. Also, there is lack of clarity between the different options that are likely to be challenging for both; the policy makers who formulate policies aimed to encourage 'reuse' of 'waste' products and for decision makers to initiate appropriate action for recovering 'reusable resources' from 'waste streams'. This dichotomy could result into more 'waste' to landfill. A systematic analysis of peer reviewed literature is conducted to understand inconsistencies and/or lack of clarity that exist between the definitions or descriptions of identified `reuse' options. This article proposes a 'hierarchy of reuse options' that plots the relative positions of identified 'reuse' options vis-à-vis five variables, namely work content, energy requirement, cost, performance and warranty. Recommendations are made on how to incentivise original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to 'remanufacture'. Finally, an alternative 'Type II Resource Effective Close-loop Model' is suggested and a conceptual 'Type II/2 Model of Resource Flows' that is restricted to the use of environmentally benign and renewable resources is introduced. These suggestions are likely to help decision makers to prioritise between 'reuse' options, drive resource effectiveness and also environmental sustainability.


Statistical books can provide deep insights into statistics and software. There are, however, many resources available to the practitioner. Book reviews have the capacity to function as a critical mechanism for the learner to assess the merits of engaging in part, in full, or at all with a book. The "ten simple rules" format, pioneered in computational biology, was applied here to writing effective book reviews for statistics because of the wide breadth of offerings in this domain, including topical introductions, computational solutions, and theory. Learning by doing is a popular paradigm in statistics and computation, but there is still a niche for books in the pedagogy of self-taught and instruction-based learning. Primarily, these rules ensure that book reviews function as a form of short syntheses to inform and guide readers in deciding to use a specific book relative to other options for resolving statistical challenges.


National interest still trumps friendship in international relations. The notions of solidarity that were popular among developing countries in the 1950s and the 1960s have no resonance in 21st century diplomacy, which is largely driven by commercial considerations. Many developing countries still view the advent of rising powers - some of whom were part of the Third World movement that arrayed itself to counter imperialism - as offering promise for development progress. Taking an analytic assessment of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries' role in Africa's development, this article argues that such hopes are misguided. BRIC countries are not primarily driven by Africa's development concerns, but are seeking to fulfil their own commercial interests, as well as use Africa as an avenue for shoring up their international legitimacy and credibility. The article arrives at this conclusion by examining how each of the BRIC countries implements its commercial and diplomatic strategies on the African continent. South Africa is excluded from this analysis as the focus of the article is on how the non-African members of the BRICS formation pursue their diplomatic and commercial strategies on the African continent.


Abstract There are an estimated 15 million AIDS orphans worldwide. Families play an important role in safeguarding orphans, but they may be increasingly compromised by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The international aid community has recognized the need to help families continue caring for orphaned children by strengthening their safety nets. Before we build new structures, however, we need to know the extent to which community and public safety nets already provide support to families with orphans. To address this gap, we analyzed nationally representative data from 27,495 children in the 2004–2005 Malawi Integrated Household Survey. We found that communities commonly assisted orphan households through private transfers; organized responses to the orphan crisis were far less frequent. Friends and relatives provided assistance to over 75% of orphan households through private gifts, but the value of such support was relatively low. Over 40% of orphans lived in a community with support groups for the chronically ill and approximately a third of these communities provided services specifically for orphans and other vulnerable children. Public programs, which form a final safety net for vulnerable households, were more widespread. Free/subsidized agricultural inputs and food were the most commonly used public safety nets by children's households in the past year (44 and 13%, respectively), and households with orphans were more likely to be beneficiaries. Malawi is poised to drastically expand safety nets to orphans and their families, and these findings provide an important foundation for this process.


Abstract : The development of a new Man-Computer Problem Solving Methodology to be widely and effectively applied by the Navy has been the objective of this Research Project. The basic hypothesis that has been examined is as follows. If an interactive system would be available by which a human problem solver could put together, easily and quickly, a simulation of the problem and quickly perform tests of various solutions, perform an evaluation and then further improve the solution, then large scale economies and improved effectiveness would result. The research reported here may be considered to having taken the empirical approach. An experimental environment was selected, namely a Naval War. An interactive problem solving computer system was designed for this environment. To obtain an indication of the effectiveness of the system required the solution of problems in human engineering, computational methods and strategy in the areas of tracking and navigation, sonar applications and processing, and weapon application. New real-time interactive systems were incorporated to simplify the evolution of new problem solving methodologies. (Author)


The world and Africa in particular has become pluralistic such that there are many political parties, ethnic groups, cultures and religions prevaili and coexisting in such places. Many West African countries such as Ghana, Togo and Nigeria are pluralistic in nature. Citizens in the aforementioned countries find ways and means to live together peacefully despite their differences. Nonetheless, many African societies face political, ethnic, religious and social instabilities. These instabilities make relations with each other difficult. However, since religion permeates the lives of people for that matter Ghanaians and Nigerians in particular, this article argues that interfaith dialogue can serve as a remedy to social instability in Ghana and Nigeria. Using secondary data from the internet, published and unpublished works in the form of books and journal articles, this paper discusses the use of interfaith dialogue as an instrument for addressing or preventing social instability in the African society.


Article history: Received on: 25/05/2013 Revised on: 11/06/2013 Accepted on: 29/06/2013 Available online: 30/08/2013 Cancer is one of the most life threatening diseases and serious health problem in both developing and developed countries. Many synthetic and chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer therapy are having low bioavailability and involve the risk of life threatening host toxicity. Modern researchers are increasingly showing interest toward the improvement of bioavailability of a large number of drugs by addition of various herbs with bioenhancing properties. In oral drug delivery system, the co-administration of therapeutic agents with natural compounds possessing absorption improving activities, has also garnered great interest. Hence the present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of Mercaptopurine in combination with Trikatu and Gomutra. 20Methylcholanthrene a Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was used to induce tumor in albino mice. Haematological and endogenous antioxidant parameters were evaluated in the study. Individual treatment with Mercaptopurine (5mg/kg) and trikatu (100mg/kg) significantly restored the altered haematological and antioxidant parameters to normal values. Even Mercaptopurine (2.5mg/kg) at its sub therapeutic dose showed equivalent effects as that of therapeutic dose of Mercaptopurine (5mg/kg) when it was co administered along with trikatu compared to the positive tumor control group.


Abstract This paper lays out the main procedures for performing morphological characterisations of Long Glass Fibre (LGF) composites with particular reference to the sheet extrusion and thermoforming processes as they may be configured for production. The techniques used, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and image analysis, are described both with regard to their laboratory application to these materials and to their potential for monitoring the performance of the industrial manufacturing process. Results obtained from the different techniques at the three various stages of the manufacturing route are presented and discussed in terms of the structure property relationships obtained and the reinforcing fibre mat system typical of these types of material.


This scientific approach has been initiated in the context of the rapid and unpredictable developments of climatic factors that generate a major challenge for military critical infrastructure protection systems. The proposed methodology integrates on a specially designed decision-making platform the two approaches specific to risk management: adaptive-preventive (risk assessments at the local area based on the connection between climate change vectors–the asset of infrastructure–the potential impact on medium and long term) and adaptive-reactive (real-time event monitoring using emerging technolo- gies: integration of sensors on a robotic aerial platform). The architecture of the research model was designed to meet both user requirements (modular, flexible, scalable) and the needs to overlap the stages of the risk management process. Model testing on simulated scenarios under laboratory conditions demonstrated the functionality and highlighted the expected performance.


This paper proposes a real-time methodology estimate earthquake induced structural damage in instrumented buildings. The methodology relies on model-based state estimation to perform the assessment throughout the complete structure. In a similar fashion to existing data assimilation methods for nonlinear systems, the proposed observer uses sparse noise contaminated measurements of structural response and a model in order to perform the estimation. In contrast with existing methods, such as the extended and ensemble Kalman filters, the proposed observer does not require model linearization or Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown by means of stochastic simulation in a ten-story nonlinear building structure that the proposed model-based observer outperforms the extended Kalman filter and provides similar results to the ensemble Kalman but with the advantage of requiring only a small fraction of the computational time.


Agent Based Modeling is the most interesting and advanced approach for simulating a complex system: in a social context, the single parts and the whole are often very hard to describe in detail. Besides, there are agent based formalisms which allow to study the emergency of social behavior with the creation and study of models, known as artificial societies. Thanks to the ever increasing computational power, it's been possible to use such models to create software, based on intelligent agents, which aggregate behavior is complex and difficult to predict, and can be used in open and distributed systems. Data mining is born in the last decades in order to help users in finding useful knowledge from the otherwise overwhelming amount of data available nowadays from the web and the data collected every day by companies. Data Mining techniques can therefore be the keystone to reveal non-trivial knowledge expressed by the initial assumption used to build the micro-level of the model and the structure of the society of agents that emerged from the simulation.


This article describes an experiment with LogEx, an e‐learning environment that supports students in learning how to prove the equivalence between two logical formulae, using standard equivalences such as DeMorgan. In the experiment, we compare two groups of students. The first group uses the complete learning environment, including hints, next steps, worked solutions, and informative timely feedback. The second group uses a version of the environment without hints or next steps, but with worked solutions, and delayed flag feedback. We use pretest and posttest to measure the performance of both groups with respect to error rate and completion of the exercises. We analyse the loggings of the student activities in the learning environment to compare its use by the different groups. Both groups score significantly better on the posttest than on the pretest. We did not find significant differences between the groups in the posttest, although the group using the full learning environment performed slightly better than the other group. In the examination, which took place 5 weeks after the experiment, the group of students who used the complete learning environment scored significantly better than a control group of students who did not participate in the experiment.


Abstract. Continuous monitoring of oceanic bottom water temperatures is a complicated task, even in relatively easy-to-access basins like the North or Baltic seas. Here, a method to determine annual bottom water temperature variations from inverse modeling of instantaneous measurements of temperatures and sediment thermal properties is presented. This concept is similar to climate reconstructions over several thousand years from deep borehole data. However, in contrast, the presented method aims at reconstructing the recent temperature history of the last year from sediment thermal properties and temperatures from only a few meters depth. For solving the heat equation, a commonly used forward model is introduced and analyzed: knowing the bottom water temperature variations for the preceding years and the thermal properties of the sediments, the forward model determines the sediment temperature field. The bottom water temperature variation is modeled as an annual cosine defined by the mean temperature, the amplitude and a phase shift. As the forward model operator is non-linear but low-dimensional, common inversion schemes such as the Newton algorithm can be utilized. The algorithms are tested for artificial data with different noise levels and for two measured data sets: from the North Sea and from the Davis Strait. Both algorithms used show stable and satisfying results with reconstruction errors in the same magnitude as the initial data error. In particular, the artificial data sets are reproduced with accuracy within the bounds of the artificial noise level. Furthermore, the results for the measured North Sea data show small variances and resemble the bottom water temperature variations recorded from a nearby monitoring site with relative errors smaller than 1 % in all parameters.


This chapter focuses on one particular aspect of adaptation to climate change, being the fact that climate change can create large losses. The paper addresses the question how compensation for those losses can be generated. After sketching a few general principles the paper addresses the pros and cons of different compensation mechanisms, in turn the role of liability rules, first party insurance, a compensation fund, direct compensation by government and reinsurance by government are discussed. The paper argues that the desirability of adequate compensation for climate change related damage cannot be ignored, given the potentially catastrophic nature of climate change related damage. The paper argues strongly in favour of an optimal use of first party insurance, eventually in combination with an intervention of government as reinsurer of last resort (in order to deal with catastrophic losses). The paper argues against direct compensation by government since that may create negative incentives for prevention.


The combustible material of fire in fog discharge pipe is the cooking oil tar. Cooking oil tar was conducted on a specially designed laboratory-scale thermobalance (Macro-TG) with sample loading of 15g under dynamic air atmosphere. The effects of heating rate (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C/min) was examined. A simple kinetic description, named in this work as 'First Order Reaction and Three-dimensional Diffusion Separate-stage Model (O1+D3)' model, was developed based on the experimental results and integral analysis method. Experimental results shows that large amount of sample has a pyrolysis reaction retardancy. The distributed activation energy model was used to study the pyrolysis kinetics. Science the reaction occurred in small activation energy told us that if the cooking oil tar put on fire it will be spread rapidly and hard to put out.


Humorous images can be seen in many social media websites. However, newcomers to these websites often have trouble fitting in because of the subculture among the community is usually implicit. Among all the types of humorous images, Internet memes are relatively hard for newcomers to understand. In this work, we develop a system leveraging crowdsourcing technique to generate explanations for meme images. We claim that people who are not familiar with Internet meme subculture can still quickly pick up the gist of the memes through reading the explanations. Our template-based explanation can illustrate the incongruity between normal situations and the punchlines in jokes. The explanations can be produced by going through 2 designed humor tasks. In our pilot study, acceptable explanations for 5 unique memes are generated. For further study, generating explanations for more general text jokes are possible.


Abstract Based on 805 observations of 63 species, we identified the main breeding seasons of avian trophic guilds in New Caledonia. Most omnivorous and carnivorous birds had undefined breeding periods with moderate peaks during the warm/dry season and the hot/rainy season. In contrast, nectarivorous, frugivorous, granivorous and insectivorous species had marked breeding seasons that started at the beginning of the warm/dry season and ended in the hot/rainy season. Introduced species also reproduced during these periods, regardless of the trophic guild to which they belonged.


Understanding the processes underlying neural communication is crucial to improve the treatment of neurological diseases, but has been a great challenge in the past. To tackle this issue, the question of causality between certain brain areas and between muscles and brain areas is of great interest. In the past decade several multivariate causality measures based on Granger causality have been suggested to assess causality in systems of neural signals. To date, however, a detailed evaluation of the reliability of these measures and their sensitivity to data preprocessing techniques is largely missing.
 The present work systematically evaluates the performance of five different causality measures and its dependence upon data length, noise level, coupling strength and model order. Moreover, the effect of two common numerical methods (bootstrapping and jackknife) to determine the significance threshold for the causality measures was analyzed. Two simulation models were used to generate a controlled environment: one based on artificial data and one based on four different neural data recording procedures (magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, electromyography, intraoperative local field potentials). The analysis shows the squared Partial Directed Coherence with the leave one out method to be the most reliable and robust choice for assessing directionality in neural data.
 Moreover, the influence of data preprocessing on the working of the causality measures was investigated. In frequency domain analyses (power or coherence) of neural data it is common to preprocess the time series by filtering or decimating.
 However, in other fields it has been shown theoretically that filtering in combination with Granger causality may lead to spurious or missed causalities. A controlled simulation environment was used to investigate whether this result translates to the multivariate causality methods derived from Granger causality.
 The simulation results suggest that preprocessing without a strong prior about the artifact to be removed disturbs the information content and time ordering of the data and leads to spurious and missed causalities. Only if apparent artifacts like a current or movement artifact are present, filtering out the respective disturbance seems advisable. While oversampling the data poses no problem, decimation by a factor greater than the minimum time shift between the time series may lead to wrong inference. Finally, with the simulation results in mind an application of the causality measures to real data demonstrates the usefulness of the simulation results for practical applications.


Inspired by experiments on dynamic extensile gels of biofilaments and motors, we propose a model of a network of linear springs with kinetics consisting of growth at a prescribed rate, death after a lifetime drawn from a distribution, and birth at a randomly chosen node. The model captures features such as the build-up of self-stress, that are not easily incorporated into hydrodynamic theories. We study the model numerically and show that our observations can largely be understood through a stochastic effective-medium model. The resulting dynamically extending force-dipole network displays many features of yielded plastic solids, and offers a way to incorporate strongly non-affine effects into theories of active solids. A rather distinctive form for the stress distribution, and a Herschel-Bulkley dependence of stress on activity, are our major predictions.


PURPOSE
To describe and discuss the processes used to write scholarly book reviews for publication in peer-reviewed journals and to provide a recommended strategy and book appraisal worksheet to use when conducting book reviews.

METHODS
A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature was conducted in June 2009 using a combination of controlled vocabulary and truncated text words to capture articles relevant to writing scholarly book reviews for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

RESULTS
The initial search identified 839 citations. Following the removal of duplicates and the application of selection criteria, a total of 78 articles were included in this review including narrative commentaries (n = 26), editorials or journal announcements (n = 25), original research (n = 18), and journal correspondence pieces (n = 9).

DISCUSSION
Recommendations for planning and writing an objective and quality book review are presented based on the evidence gleaned from the articles reviewed and from the authors' experiences. A worksheet for conducting a book review is provided.

CONCLUSIONS
The scholarly book review serves many purposes and has the potential to be an influential literary form. The process of publishing a successful scholarly book review requires the reviewer to appreciate the book review publication process and to be aware of the skills and strategies involved in writing a successful review.


To counteract the effect of climate change, a global agreement was put into force in 2016, aiming to limit the increase in average global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In that respect, European countries are investing in cleaner sources of energy and predominantly offshore wind, which has seen a rapid growth over the last years. The North Sea is a region suitable for developing offshore wind energy, given its strong wind climate and the relatively shallow waters. Many large-scale offshore wind farm (OWF) developments are currently ongoing in that region, while many more are planned and consented for the coming decades. The concept of large-scale OWF developments has spurred many discussions addressing its potential effect on the greater North Sea region. However, the long-term effect on the surrounding coastal areas has never been studied in detail. Especially for a low-lying country as the Netherlands, assessing the impact of large-scale OWFs is of great importance. This study aims at exploring the effect of future large-scale OWFs in the North Sea, focusing on the wave climate and the coastline response of the Dutch coast. Based on the roadmap for developing offshore wind energy until 2050, existing and future designated OWF areas are accounted in the North Sea region. The effect of OWFs on wind is introduced in a schematized way, with a constant decrease in wind speed of 20% inside the OWF areas, based on literature knowledge. Supplementary, based on the vision of creating an artificial energy island for storing and redistributing the wind farm generated electricity, a 5 km 2 island is introduced, approximately 30 km away from the Dutch coast. The effect on the nearshore wave climate is studied using the numerical model SWAN, while the resulting effect on the alongshore morphology is assessed using coastline model Unibest-CL+. The impact of future OWFs on the nearshore wave climate is found to be dependent on the size, shape, orientation and distance from the coast of the individual wind farms. Results show a mean decrease in significant wave height in the order of 1 – 2%. In addition, slight changes in wave direction are observed. The effect on wave climate reduces the alongshore sediment transport at the Dutch coast, by an order of 10% with respect to present values. This results in net-induced erosion, which requires nourishment. The study shows that the areas north of Zandvoort and Petten need the greatest nourishment volumes, in the range of 1.5 – 2.5 m 3 /m/year. This is an additional 1% on the current annual nourishment volumes supplied along the Dutch coast. The underlying study has proved to be effective in quantifying the chain of effects of OWFs and identifying potential hot-spots along the Dutch coast. The knowledge acquired from these effects can be used to optimize future OWF planning in relation to coastline maintenance policies.


This paper examines the merits and challenges of the introduction of an alternative aircraft taxiing method which does not use aircraft main engines for aircraft ground movement at Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (KKIA). The proposed aircraft taxiing method uses electric motors embedded in the nose wheel, left and right landing gears. This is part of the ongoing research and development of the More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The concept and feasibility of introduction of electric taxing at KKIA is done using the current air traffic of KKIA. The study shows the potential for taxiing fuel burn reduction, reduced carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and sound pollution around the airport and potential savings in engine and brake system maintenance costs.


The importance of evaluation and establishment during product development process, for the reliability and safety of mechanical system and parts, is getting increased in the field of mechanical and electronic industry. The object of this paper is to suggest the reliability assessment method for machine tools using failure mode analysis and to introduce two web-based analysis programs which save all data related to failure rate, failure mode, and failure component. In order to evaluate the reliability of machine tools, this paper takes three steps: the use of previous database, the failure rate estimation using failure history data, and the failure mode analysis using performance test.


We study the problem of distributed training of neural networks (NNs) on devices with heterogeneous, limited, and time-varying availability of computational resources. We present an adaptive, resource-aware, on-device learning mechanism, DISTREAL, which is able to fully and efficiently utilize the available resources on devices in a distributed manner, increasing the convergence speed. This is achieved with a dropout mechanism that dynamically adjusts the computational complexity of training an NN by randomly dropping filters of convolutional layers of the model. Our main contribution is the introduction of a design space exploration (DSE) technique, which finds Pareto-optimal per-layer dropout vectors with respect to resource requirements and convergence speed of the training. Applying this technique, each device is able to dynamically select the dropout vector that fits its available resource without requiring any assistance from the server. We implement our solution in a federated learning (FL) system, where the availability of computational resources varies both between devices and over time, and show through extensive evaluation that we are able to significantly increase the convergence speed over the state of the art without compromising on the final accuracy.


This paper adopts a multidisciplinary perspective involving cognitive psychology and game studies for the analysis of the representation of a specific emotional condition, post-traumatic psychosis, in the video games "Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice" (Ninja Theory 2017) and "The Town of Light" (LKA 2016). "Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice" was developed under the supervision of Paul Fletcher, a neuroscientist. It is a third-person adventure video game that recalls Norse mythology and focuses on the psychosis of the protagonist Senua, who is constantly struck by visual and auditory hallucinations while making her way up a path to the top of a mountain to resurrect her beloved boyfriend. "The Town of Light" was developed in Italy after years of research at the former Volterra asylum. In this first-person exploratory thriller, players control Renee, a woman who tries to shed light on her traumatic past by returning, as an adult, to the asylum where she had been locked up as a young girl. Despite the ludic differences between the two cases under examination, similar narrative paths and strategies are employed to represent post-traumatic psychosis and deal with the theme of trauma in video games, such as seeing the protagonists face their deepest fears to reach a stable emotional condition


Extensive applications of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) have led to their release into aquatic environments, where a wide variety of pollutants and natural minerals co-exist. In this study, we have investigated the effects of montmorillonite, kaolin, and goethite on the adsorption of 17β-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA) on GO and rGO. Results have shown that these minerals inhibited the adsorption of E2 and BPA on GO and rGO in the order goethite > kaolin > montmorillonite. The largest inhibitory effect of goethite was ascribed to its strong electrostatic attraction with oppositely charged GO and rGO. In comparison to kaolin, the adsorption of E2 and BPA on montmorillonite had a weaker inhibitory effect on their adsorption on GO and rGO. The minerals showed greater inhibitory effects on the adsorption of E2 and BPA on GO than on rGO because of differences in the geometrical structures and properties of these nanomaterials. As confirmed by TEM, acid–base titration, FTIR, and XRD, GO sheets interacted more strongly with the minerals through wrapping their particles, cross-linking them through electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding, and/or intercalating into the interlayers of montmorillonite. These face-to-face or face-to-edge interactions occupied more adsorption sites on the surface of GO and thus resulted in a greater inhibitory effect than the spherical particle–particle interactions between rGO and minerals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the effects of natural minerals on the adsorption of pollutants on GO or rGO, which is important to assess the fate and potential risks of the released nanomaterials and co-existing pollutants in aquatic environments.


The financial crisis has demonstrated the need to better understand the complex interactions between the financial system and the real economy. While stability has become the main focus of the regulatory changes, the implications for growth and equity are also important. To think through these issues and provide an emerging market perspective, CAFRAL, in collaboration with the Bank for International Settlements, organized an international conference of central banks and regulators on Financial regulation and its implications for growth equity and stability in the post crisis world in Mumbai on 15th and 16th November 2011. Several international experts and 26 representatives from 21 central banks/regulators joined Reserve Bank of India's Governor Duvvuri Subbarao and BIS General Manager Jaime Caruana at this conference. This volume is a collection of the speeches, papers and summaries of discussions in the conference. While the full publication can be downloaded using the above link, individual sessions are available separately: Session 1: Financial Sector Regulation for Growth, Equity and Stability in the Post Crisis World • Financial regulation for growth, equity and stability in the post-crisis world, by Duvvuri Subbarao • Financial and real sector interactions: enter the sovereign ex machina, by Jaime Caruana • Overview, by Usha Thorat Session 2: Special address: Financial sector regulation and macroeconomic policy • Financial sector regulation and macroeconomic policy, by YV Reddy Session 3: Financial Sector Regulation for Growth • Opening remarks, by Andrew Sheng • Financial Sector Regulation and Implications for Growth, by Anand Sinha Session 4: Financial Sector Regulation for Equity • Session II: Chair's initial remarks, by Stephany Griffith-Jones • Too big to fail versus too small to be counted, by M S Sriram and Vaibhav Chaturvedi Session 5: Financial Sector Regulation for Stability • Session III: Introductory remarks, by John Lipsky • Macroprudential policies in EMEs: theory and practice, by Philip Turner


Modern shelf carbonates and Neogene on-land equivalents have formed upon and adjacent to the New Zealand sector of the convergent Australia-Pacific plate boundary. They are exclusively skeletal hashes, dominated by bryozoans, bivalves, barnacles, and foraminifers, typical of nontropical foramol carbonates. Tectonism has influenced carbonate formation by determining terrigenous sediment supply rates and therefore the dilution factor and has affected the structure of the sea floor by forming imbricate thrust ridges and fault-bounded platforms that support the carbonates. The Neogene limestones are more abundant closer to the plate boundary than their modern counterparts, reflecting an increase in tectonism with time. In the late Pliocene, sea-level movements combined with uplift of the forearc and transform basins to form widespread limestones only during the glacials.


A conference paper on the impact on international environmental management policies on trade relations between developed and developing nations such as Zimbabwe. Originally prepared for: "Conference on Zimbabwe: macroeconomic policy, management and performance since independence: lessons for the 21st century," 19-21 August, Sheraton Hotel, Harare.


Collective behaviour is a fascinating field that studies coordinated motion of large groups of similar entities. Probably the most common hypothesis about the origins of collective animal behaviour suggests that it might function as a defensive mechanism against predation.

In this thesis we used various computational techniques to study this hypothesis. We started by expanding an existing fuzzy model for the computer simulation of bird flocking with predators and visual perception. We implemented three target selection tactics that take into account the visual perspective of the predator (attack the nearest visible individual, attack the most visually isolated individual, and attack the centre of the visible group). Our results suggest that for prey individuals social behaviour (governed by the separation, alignment and cohesion drives) as opposed to individualistic (governed exclusively by the separation drive) is the most beneficial (predators take longer to capture their target). Predators, on the other hand, capture social prey individuals quicker when they attack the most visually isolated individual, but capture individualistic prey faster if they focus on the nearest prey individual.

In the next stage we developed an evolutionary model for tuning hand-crafted composite predator attack/target selection tactics. For reasons of computational simplicity we here expanded on a known mathematical model of prey collective behaviour. This allowed us to concentrate on predator target selection tactics. We investigated the evolution of the optimal tactic with respect to prey behaving collectively and prey that performed a delayed response. With the latter prey individuals instead of responding immediately at the first sight of the predator delay the response to a later point in time and then try to outsmart the predator by performing rapid twists and turns. This might be an advantageous defensive manoeuvre because prey can remain in a compact group for as long as possible and because prey individuals are usually smaller than predators and as such have a higher turn rate. Our results suggest that a composite tactic termed dispersing tactic, where the predator first dives deep into the group of prey and then targets the most peripheral individual, is the best tactic. Experiments with prey's delayed response suggest that prey individuals can indeed increase their survivability by using this defensive manoeuvre and the dispersing tactics seems to be the only tactic capable of at least partially diminishing the effectiveness of the preys' delayed response. This was a clear indication of potential interplay between target selection tactics and prey behaviour.

Armed with this knowledge, we developed an artificial life-like open-ended evolutionary model, where the behaviour of prey and predator individuals is governed by fuzzy logic. In this model we focused on the evolution of prey behaviour when prey individuals face different predation tactics. We demonstrated that in this model prey individuals evolve different types of collective behaviour (swarm, milling, polarized, dynamic). Interestingly, the analysis of the evolved rule bases showed a statistically significant difference between different types of behaviour in the proportion of rules that take into account predator related information. This suggested that the predation pressures the prey are subject to during evolution might have an influence on the behaviour that evolves.

Our last step of research was thus a controlled experiment where prey evolve under various predation tactics. Here we let prey evolve under four predation tactics, two of which according to previous research pressure prey to evolve dispersing and two pressure prey to evolve grouping. Our results suggest that antagonism in predation pressures, where prey are exposed to predation pressures for which the best response is both grouping and dispersing simultaneously, might be necessary for prey to evolve polarized movement.


Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, progressive hematopoietic stem cell disorder char- acterized by chronic complement-mediated hemolysis leading to life-threatening complications and early mor- tality. Eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal anti- body, inhibits terminal complement activation, reduces hemolysis, decreases the risk of thrombosis, and improves renal function and quality of life in PNH patients. The long-term efficacy and safety of eculizumab in Japanese patients were assessed in a 2-year extension to a 12-week, open-label study (AEGIS). Eculizumab treatment led to an immediate and sustained reduction in intravascular hemolysis (P \ 0.001) and red blood cell transfusions (P = 0.0016) compared with baseline levels. There were no reports of thromboembolism during eculizumab treat- ment. The majority of patients had stable (56 %) or improved (41 %) renal function and an improved quality of life (P = 0.015), with sustained reductions in fatigue and dyspnea. Eculizumab was well tolerated; no deaths or serious hemolytic events were reported, and the rate of infections declined over time. There were no significant differences in the response to eculizumab in patients with or without bone marrow dysfunction. These results dem- onstrate that eculizumab is an effective, well-tolerated


Extensive research in the field of ceramic rolling contact bearings has been conducted over the past several years. The results of this research indicate that silicon nitride may offer significant improvements in rolling fatigue life and a possible increase in operating temperature. AlliedSignal Aerospace Systems & Equipment (ASE) and the Air Force Item Management Engineering Branch at Tinker Air Force Base are conducting a development program under contract to ARPA to introduce ceramic hybrid bearings into existing F-15, F-111, and C-130 aircraft fleets in a near-term program involving retrofitting mature air-cycle machines with such bearings. The air-cycle machine (ACM) is a complex bearing application, operating at very high speeds (up to 100,000 rpm) and at high temperatures. In more severe military ACM applications, mean times between failures (MTBFs) of 2000 and 3000 hours are common. The fleet would see an immediate benefit from improved bearing life. This paper describes the analytical approach to evaluating and comparing ceramic to steel bearings, describes the laboratory test program to verify performance, and discusses the life-cycle cost improvement and the flight test program.


Contemporary wireless multihop networks work much underneath their capacity because of the poor coordination among transmitting nodes. Cross-layer architectures offer a radical option by upholding participation among the numerous layers of the protocol stack. At the center of these architectures is the backpressure scheduling algorithm which accomplishes the system limit. XPRESS is throughput-optimal backpressure architecture for wireless multihop networks. XPRESS is made out of a central controller, which performs backpressure scheduling taking into account the deliberate wireless network state, furthermore of the wireless nodes, which intermittently give the network estimations and execute the registered timetable utilizing a crosslayer protocol stack. One of the main drawbacks of this scheme is delay reduction. Delay reduction techniques give preferred delay execution over traditional backpressure as far as the most extreme throughput.


Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) reinforced polyamide 6/polypropylene (PA6/PP = 70/30) composites were prepared by melt compounding. Maleated polypropylene (MPP) was used as a compatibilizer for the composites. The morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability, rheological properties and crystallization behavior of the composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of MWNTs to PA6/PP blend resulted in decrease in the size of the dispersed particles. Most of MWNTs were selectively dispersed in the PA6 phase and a small amount of MWNTs were located in the interphase between PA6 matrix and PP phase as characterized by scanning electric microscopy. The strength and stiffness of the PA6/PP blend were greatly improved by the addition of MWNTs. The MPP and MWNTs had a synergistic effect on the improvement ofthe thermal stability. In addition, the complex viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus of the composites increased with the addition of MWNTs or MPP. MWNTs could induce the formation of α crystalline form of PA6.


This research explores the relationship of self-monitoring with team leader behavior and work environment preference. Those who are high on self-monitoring demonstrate flexibility in their actions with others and are socially perceptive. They perform well in a variety of leadership positions and are viewed as leaders by group members. High self-monitoring types choose "socially" based careers, including teacher and psychologist, in which they adapt their interaction styles to effectively meet the demands of clients. The demands placed on a team leader appear to require similar characteristics to those that high self-monitoring individuals possess. As a team matures through different stages of development, the role of the leader ranges from director to facilitator to consultant. In order to effectively meet team needs, a leader must be socially sensitive to interpersonal cues and have the ability to assume various roles. In addition, given the fact that the position of team leader is a highly social type of career that requires behaviors similar to careers chosen by high self-monitoring individuals, it is likely that high self-monitors would prefer working in a team work environment over a traditional one. A survey methodology was used to assess the characteristics of 100 team members. No relationship was found between self-monitoring and flexible team leader behavior. However, when a job relevant version of a traditional self-monitoring scale was used, some of the data suggested that flexible people prefer a team work environment over a traditional one. Also, individuals who demonstrated ineffective team leader behaviors tended to show a preference towards traditional work environments.


ABSTRACTA growing number of studies indicate the significance of short-term exposures to airborne particulate matter, such as those occurring in a vehicle cabin. In this study, PM10, PM2.5, PM1 concentrations were measured using optical particle counters in eighteen tobacco smoke-free private cars in movement. The average concentrations were 48.6 µg/m3, 26.9 µg/m3 and 22.6 µg/m3 for PM10, PM2.5 and for PM1, respectively. These levels were found to depend directly on the ambient air PM concentration and the choice of ventilation used inside the cars. The average number of particles with a diameter > 0.3 µm measured in the cabins of the cars was 185,723 particles/L. The average number of particles with a diameter between 0.02–1 µm was 16,391 particles/cm3. Concentrations were found to partly exceed the established limit values for ambient air. Thus, the time spent driving a vehicle might significantly contribute to the daily overall exposure to particulate matter, especially in the case of some groups of professional workers.


The clamour for leaders to be authentic in enacting their roles is now widely heard in both the academic literature and popular media. Yet, the authentic leadership (AL) construct remains deeply problematic and arguably impossible to enact. Using the performance of emotional labour (EL) as a lens to view relational transparency, a core component of AL, our research surfaces the paradoxes inherent in this construct and their implications for practicing leaders. Our data reveal something of the mystery surrounding how practicing leaders are able to feel authentic even as they manage their emotions as a routine tool of accomplishing their leadership role. This apparent disconnect between the experiencing of authenticity and the actions/interactions in which this experience is embedded raises profound questions concerning authenticity as a phenomenon, how it is discursively constructed, its relationship to inauthenticity – especially in the practice of leadership – and even its relevance. Drawing on these concerns, we suggest an agenda for future research in relation to authenticity in leadership and highlight the value of EL as a challenging 'test context' for honing our understanding of what 'authenticity' might mean.


Results of special parasitological dissections of roach samples from catches with the same fishing gear and at the same station (Monakhovo Cove, Chivyrkui Bay of the Lake Baikal) and at the same time in different years (1998-2002) are given. Stability of age-related dynamics of roach infection rate with Ligula intestinalisis in different years with the maximum of prevalence and mean abundance in fish of 3+ age, and the following sharp decrease in these rates in elder age groups, was revealed. Basing on prevalence decreasing of a single roach generation, the rate of fish mortality during its growth from age group 3+ to 4+ was estimated as 15.9-20.7%.


In this paper we investigate the claim that academic journals are too expensive. We estimate library demand for academic journals and ask if short run profit maximization by publishers can explain observed prices. Libraries purchase a portfolio of journals so to estimate demand we extend the standard discrete choice model, and estimation methods, to allow for a choice consisting of a subset of a larger set of journals. Unlike the discrete choice model, the model allows for both positive and negative cross-price effects. We estimate the model using library holdings data and find that on average prices in the industry are lower than what static pricing models predict. Furthermore, we simulate the effects of mergers and find that the likely unilateral effect of a merger is to lower prices.


This study examined fidelity in multidimensional family prevention (MDFP), a family-based prevention counseling model for adolescents at high risk for substance abuse and related behavior problems, in comparison to two empirically based treatments for adolescent drug abuse: multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Randomly selected videotapes of 109 MDFP sessions, 57 MDFT sessions, and 31 CBT sessions were observationally rated along two key dimensions of implementation: intervention parameters and intervention techniques. Overall, MDFP was similar to MDFT and different from CBT in a manner congruent with its theoretical principles of interactional, systemic intervention. However, deficiencies in parental monitoring and developmental knowledge interventions point the way for continued model development. The utility of fidelity process research for conveying intervention technology along the prevention-treatment continuum of mental health services is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 191–211, 2005.


Background: Seven scorpion species have been reported as human envenoming in Iran. The accurate identification of scorpion sting agents can best help the treatment. This identification also discloses the pathophysiological basis of symptoms and gives the rational for first aids implementation. The study was performed to identify the agents of scorpion sting in Khuzestan. Materials and Methods: This descriptive research was conducted on 418 scarified scorpions, preserved Ethyl alcohol (70). The census sampling was performed and the appropriate species were assigned using all morphological criteria by key identification stereo microscopy . The results of scorpion stungs were recorded on a data sheet, classified and compared based on their species and families. Results: Results showed that, 7 scorpion stungs belonged to Buthidae and Hemiscorpidae families. The recognized scorpion species during this study were as follows: Family Buthidae:Mesobuthus eupeus(91, 21.7), Androctonus crassicauda (120, 28.7), Compsobuthus matthiessenis (86,20.6), Orthochirus scrobiculosus(1, 0.5), Buthotus(Hotentotta) saulcyi (14,3.35), Buthotus(Hotentotta) schach (1,0.25)Â Â Family Hemiscorpidae: (24.9) Hemiscorpious lepturus Among 23096 scorpion stungs, the highest and lowest occurrences were in Masjed Suleiman (20.7) and Dehdez (0.44) respectively. Conclusion: This is the first report from Iran, introducing the Compsobuthus matthiesseni as the major and Orthochirus scrobiculosus and Buthotus schach as the minor sting agents. Prevention, control and treatment plan, teaching the healthcare providers and informing the community regarding the new species are suggested.


ABSTRACT Current diagnostics and clinical management strategies for combat wounds are based on decisions made by expert clinicians. However, even in the hands of experienced surgeons, wounds from combat injuries can exhibit failed healing and complications related to limitations in the rapid and comprehensive generation of diagnostic information. Previous studies have demonstrated the possible use of genomic sequencing approaches to detect microbial signatures involved in combat casualty care. While effective, whole metagenome sequencing is limited by the depth required to confidently detect all relevant signatures. To address this, we developed a targeted capture sequencing panel to detect microbial signatures relevant to wound healing. These targets include known microbial nosocomial pathogens, wound colonizers, and genes involved in virulence and antimicrobial resistance. A bioinformatics pipeline was built to identify genomic regions of interest and over 8,000 oligonucleotide probes were designed for capture. The panel was synthesized and validated using control reference genomes in human background and on wound-effluent samples from a cohort of combat-injured U.S. service members. Our panel was sensitive against wound-colonizing species, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and was specific in detecting corresponding virulence and antimicrobial-resistance genes as well as other pathogenic species present in microflora mixtures. Random forest feature permutation confirmed the prevalence of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in critically colonized wounds and wounds that failed to heal, respectively. Our results demonstrate the capability of targeted sequencing tools and analysis platforms to profile and deliver information on pathogenic factors influencing wound progression, thereby guiding therapeutic intervention. IMPORTANCE Microbial contamination in combat wounds can lead to opportunistic infections and adverse outcomes. However, current microbiological detection has a limited ability to capture microbial functional genes. This work describes the application of targeted metagenomic sequencing to profile wound bioburden and capture relevant wound-associated signatures for clinical utility. Ultimately, the ability to detect such signatures will help guide clinical decisions regarding wound care and management and aid in the prediction of wound outcomes. Microbial contamination in combat wounds can lead to opportunistic infections and adverse outcomes. However, current microbiological detection has a limited ability to capture microbial functional genes. This work describes the application of targeted metagenomic sequencing to profile wound bioburden and capture relevant wound-associated signatures for clinical utility. Ultimately, the ability to detect such signatures will help guide clinical decisions regarding wound care and management and aid in the prediction of wound outcomes.


This paper reports on the Malaysian experience in safety training for construction workers. This programme is organised and regulated by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) and better known as CIDB Green Card Programme. Started since 1997, Green Card is considered as safety passport to enter construction site. Through this programme it is compulsory for all personnel that involve with construction site. They have to register and attend one-day Safety Induction Course for Construction Workers (SICW) given by CIDB accredited trainer, based on standard safety module purposely prepared by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for construction workers. Upon completion of this training, participant will be given a CIDB Green Card and safety helmet. This Green Card provides some vital information of the holder that also stored in CIDB database. This biennial renewal Green Card comes together with insurance coverage for the holder. Minimal fee, insurance coverage and simple approach of training are among the factors that make this Green Card Programme gains a good response from the construction community. This programme is considered among the successful safety training programme in Malaysia.


We report on a CMOS inductorless VCO design with an emphasis on low-noise, low-power, gigahertz-range circuits suitable for portable wireless equipment. The paper considers three structures-one simple ring oscillator and two differential circuits. The design methodology followed optimization for high-speed and low-power consumption. The measurement results of three VCOs implemented in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology verify the simulation predictions. The simplest VCO architecture exhibits 926 MHz operation with -83 dBc/Hz phase noise (100 kHz carrier offset) and 5 mW (5 volts) power consumption.


This thesis describes the fabrication, chemical modification, drug release, and toxicity studies of nanostructured porous silicon for the purposes of developing a smart drug delivery device.The first chapter is an introductory chapter, presenting the chemical and physical properties of porous silicon, the concepts and issues of current drug delivery devices and materials, and how porous silicon can address the issues regarding localized and controlled drug therapies. The second chapter discusses chemical modifications of nanostructured porous Si for stabilizing the material in biologically relevant media while providing an extended release of a therapeutic in vitro. This chapter also demonstrates the utility of the porous silicon optical signatures for effectively monitoring drug release from the system and its applications for development of a self-reporting drug delivery device. In chapter three, the concept of providing a triggered release of a therapeutic from porous silicon microparticles through initiation by an external stimulus is demonstrated. The microparticles are chemically modified, and the release is enhanced by a short application of ultrasound to the particulate system. The effect of ultrasound on the drug release and particle size is discussed. Chapter four presents a new method for sustaining the release of a monoclonal antibody from the porous matrix of porous SiO2. The therapeutic is incorporated into the films through electrostatic adsorption and a slow release is observed in vitro. A new method of quantifying the extent of drug loading is monitored with interferometry. The last chapter of the thesis provides a basic in vivo toxicity study of various porous Si microparticles for intraocular applications. Three types of porous Si particles are fabricated and studied in a rabbit eye model. The toxicity studies were conducted by collaborators at the Shiley Eye Center, La Jolla, CA. This work, demonstrates the feasibility of developing a self-reporting, extended release drug delivery system using porous Si microparticles for intraocular applications


A recent phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from eretmodine cichlids from Lake Tanganyika indicated independent origins of strikingly similar trophic specializations, such as dentition characters. Because genetic lineages with similar trophic morphologies were not monophyletic, but instead were grouped with lineages with different trophic phenotypes, raises the question of whether trophic morphology covaries with additional morphological characters. Here, we quantified morphological variation in body shape and trophically associated traits among eretmodine cichlids using linear measurements, meristic counts and landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. A canonical variates analysis (CVA) delineated groups consistent with dentition characters. Multivariate regression and partial least squares analyses indicated that body shape was significantly associated with trophic morphology. When the phylogenetic relationships among taxa were taken into account using comparative methods, the covariation of body shape and trophic morphology persisted, indicating that phylogenetic relationships were not wholly responsible for the observed pattern. We hypothesize that trophic ecology may be a key factor promoting morphological differentiation, and postulate that similar body shape and feeding structures have evolved multiple times in independent lineages, enabling taxa to invade similar adaptive zones.


The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020 due to its rapid and extensive spread among many countries through its very contagious nature and its high mortality among the elderly and infirm. Recently, data on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on contact surfaces has been reported, but there is none on the survival of COVID-19 on food surfaces and packages. The potential survival and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on/via food and packages are discussed based on data available for other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. However, studies are needed to explore its transmission via food and survival on food packaging materials. The implementation of food safety management systems such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are important to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. Cleaning, sanitation, good hygienic practices, and active packaging are also needed from farm to fork.


Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed
for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the
ability to have basic security services defined for this data format.
This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)
protocol. This specification describes how to create and process
signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR
for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to
represent cryptographic keys using CBOR.


—Edge computing aims at better supporting low-latency applications. One of its key techniques is computation offloading, the process that outsources computing tasks from resourced-constrained mobile devices and moves them to edge data centers. In this paper, we tackle an emerging problem within the umbrella of computation offloading, i.e., migration of offloaded inference tasks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) trained models. Such context tailors migration aspects of data-sensitive services where i) the value of the updates is inversely proportional to the data age and ii) outage is highly detrimental to accuracy. To tackle this challenge, we propose Mobile Edge Data-handoff (MED) a framework able to relocate inference or online training tasks from one edge datacenter to another by moving only the necessary data to minimize any accuracy drop during the process. We implemented MED in a well-known edge computing emulator, openLEON, and experimentally verified its performance with an AI-based Industry 4.0 application that forecasts the gas flow in a chemical plant. For our experiments, we use a real, open-source dataset that contains sensors readings. Collected results show that MED, employing proactive data handoff algorithms, is able to minimize the packet loss during the handoff thereby providing guarantees on the inference accuracy.


The present paper deals with the characteristics of the root system of Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.), a species that is worth taking into consideration for its capacity for adaptation and resistance to drought. In particular, the aims of the study were 1) to investigate the plant's bio-mechanical aspects and 2) to verify whether root reinforcement and the field rooting ability of stem cuttings enhance its potential for use in slope stabilization and soil bio-engineering techniques, particularly in Mediterranean areas. Single root specimens were sampled and tested for tensile strength, obtaining classic tensile strength–diameter relationships. Analysis were performed on the root systems in order to assess root density distribution. The Root Area Ratio (RAR) was analyzed by taking both direct and indirect measurements, the latter relying on image processing. The data obtained were used to analyze the stability of an artificial slope (landfill) and root reinforcement. The measurement and calculation of mean root number, mean root diameter, RAR, root cohesion and Factor of safety are presented in order to distinguish the effect of plant origin and propagation. Furthermore, tests were performed to assess the possibility of agamic propagation (survival rate of root-ball endowed plants, rooting from stem cuttings). These tests confirmed that agamic propagation is difficult, even though roots were produced from some buried stems, and for practical purposes it has to be ruled out. Our results show that Spanish Broom has good bio-mechanical characteristics with regard to slope stabilization, even in critical pedoclimatic conditions and where inclinations are quite steep, and it is effective on soil depths up to about 50 cm, in agreement with other studies on Mediterranean species. It is effective in slope stabilization, but less suitable for soil bioengineering or for triggering natural plant succession.


Knowledge graphs are at the core of numerous consumer and enterprise applications where learned graph embeddings are used to derive insights for the users of these applications. Since knowledge graphs can be very large, the process of learning embeddings is time and resource intensive and needs to be done in a distributed manner to leverage compute resources of multiple machines. Therefore, these applications demand performance and scalability at the development and deployment stages, and require these models to be developed and deployed in frameworks that address these requirements. Ray 1 is an example of such a framework that offers both ease of development and deployment, and enables running tasks in a distributed manner using simple APIs. In this work, we use Ray to build an end-to-end system for data preprocessing and distributed training of graph neural network based knowledge graph embedding models. We apply our system to link prediction task, i.e. using knowledge graph embedding to discover links between nodes in graphs. We evaluate our system on a real-world industrial dataset and demonstrate significant speedups of both, distributed data preprocessing and distributed model training. Compared to non-distributed learning, we achieved a training speedup of 12 × with 4 Ray workers without any deterioration in the evaluation metrics.


Piracy at sea has been a threat to international navigation ever since the sea traverse by ships from west to east and north to south. Threat to international trade has resulted to various efforts in combating piracy regionally as well as internationally. International law has differentiated between piracy and sea-armed robbery, while the first requires regional or international cooperation due to universal jurisdiction, the second will directly fall under the jurisdiction of coastal state. Strait of Malacca has been used by international navigation and very fragile to the threat of piracy or even appropriately called as sea armed robbery since most of the time happened in the part of Indonesian territorial sea. Various efforts to combat piracy have been carried out by Indonesia including to cooperate with Malaysia and Singapore. This article discuss about piracy at sea, its legal definition and effort to combat piracy.


Accelerometers, which can be installed inside a floating platform on the sea, are among the most commonly used sensors for operational ocean wave measurements. To examine the non-stationary features of ocean waves, this study was conducted to derive a wavelet spectrum of ocean waves and to synthesize sea surface elevations from vertical acceleration signals of a wave buoy through the continuous wavelet transform theory. The short-time wave features can be revealed by simultaneously examining the wavelet spectrum and the synthetic sea surface elevations. The in situ wave signals were applied to verify the practicality of the wavelet-based algorithm. We confirm that the spectral leakage and the noise at very-low-frequency bins influenced the accuracies of the estimated wavelet spectrum and the synthetic sea surface elevations. The appropriate thresholds of these two factors were explored. To study the short-time wave features from the wave records, the acceleration signals recorded from an accelerometer inside a discus wave buoy are analysed. The results from the wavelet spectrum show the evidence of short-time nonlinear wave events. Our study also reveals that more surface profiles with higher vertical asymmetry can be found from short-time nonlinear wave with stronger harmonic spectral peak. Finally, we conclude that the algorithms of continuous wavelet transform are practical for revealing the short-time wave features of the buoy acceleration signals.


Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) describes a diversity of painful conditions following trauma, coupled with abnormal regulation of blood flow and sweating, trophic changes, and edema of skin. The excruciating pain and diverse autonomic dysfunctions in CRPS are disproportionate to any inciting and recovering event. CRPS type I is formerly identified as "reflex sympathetic dystrophy." CRPS type II is the new term for "causalgia" that always coexists with documented nerve injury. The present diagnostic criteria of CRPS I and II depend solely on meticulous history and physical examination without any confirmation by specific test procedure (or gold standard). There are only few clinical studies with large-scale randomized trials of pharmacologic agents on the treatment of CRPS. Bisphosphonates have been studied in multiple controlled trials, based on theoretical benefit of bone resorption, to offer pain relief and functional improvement in patients with CRPS. Many current rationales in treatment of CRPS (such as topical agents, antiepileptic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, and opioids) are mainly dependent on efficacy originate in other common conditions of neuropathic pain. There are additional innovative therapies on CRPS that are still in infancy. No wonder all the treatment of individual CRPS case nowadays is pragmatic at best. Although the interventional therapies in CRPS (such as nerve blockade, sympathetic block, spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation, implantable spinal medication pumps, and chemical and surgical sympathectomy) may offer more rapid response, yet it is still controversial with unpredictable outcome. Nevertheless, we need to start pain management immediately with the ambition to restore function in every probable case of CRPS. An interdisciplinary setting with comprehensive approach (pharmacologic, interventional, and psychological in conjunction with rehabilitation pathway) has been proposed as protocol in the practical management of CRPS. It is crucial to have a high sensitivity value combined with a fair specificity in revising diagnostic criteria of CRPS. The validation and consensus for new rationalized diagnostic criteria of CRPS could facilitate further research to enhance clinical outcome including quality of life. These endeavors to minimize suffering from CRPS would certainly be appreciated by many patients and their loved ones.


Based on analyzing the large-signal theory of the planar gyrotron, it is suggested that a simplified structure of the device is used for simulating this kind of device, with the working characteristics of the device kept unchanged, i.e., the same as those of the device with the original structure. Thus, the computational burden can be significantly reduced. Using the proposed method, we simulate a planar gyrotron with its simplified parameters by using the UNIPIC-3D code. Numerical results show that the working frequency, output power, and electron efficiency are respectively about 0.813 THz, 14 kW, and 21%.


In multi-output regression applications the correlations between the response variables may vary with the input space and can be highly non-linear. Gaussian process regression networks (GPRNs) are flexible and effective models to represent such complex adaptive output dependencies. However, inference in GPRNs is intractable. In this paper we propose two efficient variational inference methods for GPRNs. The first method, gprn-mf, adopts a mean-field approach with full Gaussians over the GPRN's parameters as its factorizing distributions. The second method, gprn-npv, uses a nonparametric variational inference approach. We derive analytical forms for the evidence lower bound on both methods, which we use to learn the variational parameters and the hyperparameters of the GPRN model. We obtain closed-form updates for the parameters of gprn-mf and show that, while having relatively complex approximate posterior distributions, our approximate methods require the estimation of O(N) variational parameters rather than O(N) for the parameters' covariances. Our experiments on real data sets show that gprn-npv may give a better approximation to the posterior distribution compared to gprn-mf, in terms of both predictive performance and stability.


Excerpt] What keeps human resources professionals and in-house attorneys up at night? Probably many things, but during a cross-border M&A deal, the nagging questions often revolve around "people" issues: How will the employees transfer from the seller to the acquirer? What are the timelines and gating items to reaching "day 1" with an in-tact workforce to carry out the business? What can be done to ensure employee retention, provide for a smooth transition of services and limit the loss of productivity? Are layoffs an option? Can employees effectively delay or stop the transaction? While people simply are not predictable in the way that corporate structures and tax solutions can be, there are tried and true methods for recognizing key issues and limiting their potential to become HR nightmares. Companies that have gone through cross-border transactions, whether on the seller or acquirer side, likely will be familiar with these issues, most of which arise during post-acquisition integration, that is, at that stage after close of the M&A on the U.S. level when the acquirer consolidates the newly acquired entity and preexisting foreign subsidiaries. That said, strategically addressing many of these issues before the U.S. acquisition closes can help avoid HR nightmares. To illustrate the importance of planning, the following is a snapshot of issues arising in, and tips to successfully maneuver through, an international M&A.


Cellulose is a natural biomaterial harvested from regrowing resources and it is one of the most attractive components for the construction of functional materials with low adverse ecological impact. Among various nanocelluloses, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are rod-like nanoparticles whose high crystallinity and stiffness make them viable candidates for templating materials. We report here on CNC-based polymer brushes used as templates for the synthesis of porous inorganic nanorods with tunable diameters and aspect ratios. The CNC were modified with initiation sites for surface-initiated polymerisation (SI-ATRP) to act as a backbone for the grafting of poly(2-(dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes. Controlled polymerisation conditions allowed for adjusting the brush length and consequently the morphology of the hybrid nanomaterials. The PDMAEMA brush served as coordination and nucleation sites for the mineralisation of tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) into SiO2@CNC-g-PDMAEMA hybrids. After calcination, microscopy and N2-sorption measurements revealed hollow silica nanorods with accessible micro- and meso-pores. We foresee that this strategy can be adapted to other nanocelluloses to create high-aspect ratio porous silica nanotubes, or to achieve uniform depositions in the mineralisation of other inorganic metals or metal oxide compounds.


IN 390, we always say, relying on i. 49 roihiov S' eorri TWV avhpwv 6 MioyoXas. rvyx^vei fiev yap •^XtKiatrTjs wv epos Kal aw€(/yq{$os, Kal €UTIV 17/xfv TOVTI triy/nrov Kal rerTapaicooTov CTOS' Kal iyw /lev roaavraal woAtay tX<>> oaas ujtefs Spare, aXX' OVK (Kfivos. T h e date of i is unquestionably winter, 346-5 (see, e.g., the Bud£ edition, pp. 15—16). However, i. 49 goes on to say that he gives the age of Misgolas to counteract the impression that the jury might have, that Misgolas and Timarchus are much the same age. Misgolas is in fact much older than Timarchus. How old was Timarchus? To quote Kirchner (Prosopographia Attica 13636), 'Natus est non post a. 391/0, quoniam iam a. 361/0 senatoris munere functus est', which is a reference to Aeschines i. 109 /UouActmjs


Objectives: Congenital diarrheal disorders is a group of inherited enteropathies presenting in early life and requiring parenteral nutrition. In most cases, genetics may be the key for precise diagnosis. We present an infant girl with chronic congenital diarrhea that resolved after introduction of fructose-based formula but had no identified mutation in the SLC5A1 gene. Using whole exome sequencing (WES) we identified other mutations that better dictated dietary adjustments. Methods: WES of the patient and her parents was performed. The analysis focused on recessive model including compound heterozygous mutations. Sanger sequencing was used to validate identified mutations and to screen the patient's newborn sister and grandparents. Expression and localization analysis were performed in the patient's duodenal biopsies using immunohistochemistry. Results: Using WES we identified a new compound heterozygote mutation in sucrase-isomaltase (SI) gene; a maternal inherited known V577G mutation, and a novel paternal inherited C1531W mutation. Importantly, the newborn offspring carried similar compound heterozygous mutations. Computational predictions suggest that both mutations highly destabilize the protein. SI expression and localization studies determined that the mutated SI protein was not expressed on the brush border membrane in the patient's duodenal biopsies, verifying the diagnosis of congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID). Conclusions: The novel compound heterozygote V577G/C1531W SI mutations lead to lack of SI expression in the duodenal brush border, confirming the diagnosis of CSID. These cases of CSID extend the molecular spectrum of this condition, further directing a more adequate dietary intervention for the patient and newborn sibling.


This paper reviews three problems of the world economy since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system; an unreliable price mechanism, spending imbalances between countries, and increased technological competition. It argues that the third phenomenon is the most fundamental and creates potential global instability. A model, stemming from Hicks's paper 'The Long Run Dollar Problem', is deployed to examine this question. We consider a world of two regions -- 'Asia' and the 'North' -- in which technical progress is rapid in Asia. In the case of export-biased productivity growth there are cheaper imports and almost no adjustment problems for the North. With import-biased technical progress in Asia, however, the North's wages and spending must both be reduced. Reasons are advanced as to why, in principle, the adjustment of wages and spending might not be forthcoming. I consider whether foreign investment might assist the adjustment process, but conclude that "adjustment processes do not work very well in the present world". This fact is used to suggest an explanation of present instabilities in world currency and financial markets.


The paper focuses on valuation of a weather derivative with payoffs depending on temperature. We use historical data from the weather station in the Slovak town Kosice to obtain unique prices of option contracts in an incomplete market. Numerical examples of prices of some contracts are presented, using the Burn analysis. We provide an example of how a weather contract can be designed to hedge the financial risk of a suboptimal temperature condition. The comparative comparison of the selected option hedging strategies has shown the best results for the producers in agricultural industries who hedges against an unfavourable weather conditions. The results of analysis proved that by buying put option or call option, the farmer establishes the highest payoff in the case of temperature decrease or increase. The Long Straddle Strategy is the most expensive but is available to the farmer who hedges against a high volatility in temperature movement. We conclude with the findings that weather derivatives could be useful tools to diminish the financial losses for agricultural industries highly dependent for temperature.


From the earliest times, Greek societies prepared legislation to solve disputes, define access to the water resources, and regulate waste- and storm-water disposal. On the one hand, evidence suggests that in Greek antiquity (750–30 bc), scientific progress was an important agent in the development of water management in some cities including institutional and regulatory issues. In most cities, it seems not to have been a prerequisite in relation to basic agricultural or household requirements. Previous studies suggest that judicial insight rather than practical knowledge of water management became a vital part of how socio-political and religious organizations dealing with water management functioned. The evidence indicates an interest in institutional matters, but in some instances also in the day-to-day handling of water issues. Thus, the aim of this review is to follow the development of water law and institutions and their technical solutions in the Greek states during the Archaic through the Roman periods. In addition, it demonstrates that the need for water management regulations is not a modern creation, but there is a long tradition of solving complex issues of water supply and use with rather sophisticated legal measures.