SUMMARY: Prototrophic recombinant strains were obtained by plating on minimal medium spores from mixed cultures grown on limiting agar, of two strains each with a different double nutritional requirement. Clones showing new associations of properties were isolated on partially supplemented media. Some showed one 'mutant' character derived from one of the starting strains and 'wild' characters derived from the other; others showed two 'mutant' characters, each derived from one of the starting strains.


Fiber based access networks can deliver performance that can support the increasing demands for high speed connections. One of the new technologies that has emerged in recent years is Ethernet Passive Optical Networks. The key features of this approach are the simplicity of the architecture and compatibility with existing Ethernet based local area networks.

To make Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) a fully functional part of the telecommunication system, support for classes of traffic with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements is mandatory. Much research has been done on the optimal bandwidth allocation algorithms that would have the capability of supporting Differentiated Services (DiffServ) in EPONs.

This thesis proposes that the access control mechanism should be centralized and performed by the Optical Line Terminal (OLT). It is shown that this approach can give greater flexibility to adjust to changing traffic conditions, can simplify the structure of the Optical Network Units, and can allow the easy adoption of Service Level Agreements.

This thesis introduces a novel EPON simulator that allows testing of various types of bandwidth allocation algorithms. It is possible to evaluate the allocation mechanism under different traffic conditions and with network configurations that closely resemble real systems.

New algorithms are presented based on a paradigm of centralized access control. Simulation results showed that they offer good performance and support for the DiffServ architecture.


This article proposes a protocol for the videographic method in marketing research. Its aim is to develop the toolbox available to researchers by outlining how academic videography can be used and by identifying the challenges and opportunities inherent in such an approach. Providing researchers with a concrete guide in this way is also a response to the calls for more widespread use of this method in the academic community. The article presents both the application and an evaluation of the videographic method through four successive phases: pre-production, production, post-production and dissemination. This protocol is based on an analysis of the origins of videographic research – primarily North American. This is complemented by an analysis of the corpus of French-language productions presented at national and international conferences, with the aim of providing a broad and non-ethnocentric vision so as to specify the methodological process and the various choices involved, thereby contributing to the development of creative and innovative studies.


Debugging performance problems in distributed systems is difficult. Thus many debugging tools are being developed to aid diagnosis. Many of the most interesting new tools require information from end-to-end tracing in order to perform their analysis. This paper describes the development of an end-to-end tracing framework for the Hadoop Distributed File System. The approach to instrumentation in this implementation differs from previous ones as it focuses on detailed low-level instrumentation. Such instrumentation encounters the problems of large request flow graphs and a large number of different kinds of graphs, impeding the effectiveness of the diagnosis tools that use them. This report describes how to instrument at a fine granularity and explain techniques to handle the resulting challenges. The current implementation is evaluated in terms of performance, scalability, the data the instrumentation generates, and its ability to be used to solve performance problems.


Abstract:Though receiving little attention from historians, the trade exhibition was a significant new form of commercialized leisure from the late nineteenth century. Appealing to mass urban audiences and offering an attractive mix of entertainment and education with a commercial edge, these were collective, interactive, and often spectacular events, which gave businesses a valuable new means of communicating with their customers. The advertising industry was prominent in the development of this genre, organizing a series of increasingly ambitious events from 1899 designed to improve advertising's public reputation. But exhibition organizers faced a problem: not producing commodities themselves, just two-dimensional representations of them, what would they fill their exhibitions with? This article explores how advertisers rose to the challenge of translating advertising into three dimensions, pioneering new methods of representing consumer culture and advertising's role within it. Though exhibitions offered effective new ways of engaging the public, they also posed dangers. The very principle of turning advertising into a spectacle and making consumers aware of how advertisements were made began to seem foolhardy, eventually leading to the demise of the advertising exhibition. The history of this "exhibitory moment" therefore offers both an invaluable insight into the changing ways in which advertisers understood the publics they purported to serve and an instructive case study of the complex power relationships involved in the exhibition encounter.


Deep-learning driven safety-critical autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, must be able to detect situations where its trained model is not able to make a trustworthy prediction. This ability to determine the novelty of a new input with respect to a trained model is critical for such systems because novel inputs due to changes in the environment, adversarial attacks, or even unintentional noise can potentially lead to erroneous, perhaps life-threatening decisions. This paper proposes a learning framework that leverages information learned by the prediction model in a task-aware manner to detect novel scenarios. We use network saliency to provide the learning architecture with knowledge of the input areas that are most relevant to the decision-making and learn an association between the saliency map and the predicted output to determine the novelty of the input. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method through experiments on real-world driving datasets as well as through driving scenarios in our in-house indoor driving environment where the novel image can be sampled from another similar driving dataset with similar features or from adversarial attacked images from the training dataset. We find that our method is able to systematically detect novel inputs and quantify the deviation from the target prediction through this task-aware approach.


For a long time, links have been made between higher education and economic activity. The relatively recent emphases on employability (in the UK) and graduate attributes (largely in Australia) can be construed as contemporary variations. This article describes some of the developmental work that has taken place in the UK but which has obvious relevance to other higher educational systems. Reticence to embrace employability in curricula may in part be due to the failure to present a convincing evidence-base: two initiatives in England have attempted with some success to rectify the weakness. The article concludes by outlining some of the challenges that face both institutions and the higher education sector if employability is to be taken seriously.


© 2018 Deputy of Research and Technology of Baqiyatallah Hospital Abstract Introduction: Nowadays, although many health care organizations use electronic healthservices, it seems that these services are not accepted to the extent of which were expected by the staff. So the present study evaluated the impact of factors influencing the acceptance of electronic health-services in the social security insurance using Technology Acceptance Model. Materials and Methods: This study was correlational-descriptive. The population was all health care staff of social insurance organization in Isfahan/Iran. The data collecting tools were involved of 5 verified questionnaires. Using Cochran's sample size formula; 234 people were enrolled in this study. Finally, data analyzed using structural equations modeling technique, in Smart PLS software. Results: There were significant relationships between system factors and perceived usefulness, system factors and perceived ease of use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, perceived usefulness and attitude toward using, perceived ease of use and attitude toward using, perceived usefulness and behavioral intention to use, attitude toward using and behavioral intention to use. Conclusion: It seems to be crucial to evaluate the factors influencing the acceptance of electronic health-services based on standard models such as Information Technology Acceptance, to have a better utilization of these services.


Abstract G4-STORK (Geant4 Stochastic Reactor Kinetics) is a time-dependent Monte Carlo particle physics code for reactor physics applications. G4-STORK was built using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit and is designed to model the continuous evolution of a population of neutrons in space and time. From this evolution, various important reactor physics quantities can be calculated, including the reactivity of the system and the entropy of the neutron spatial distribution. System properties, such as the temperature of a material, can be changed incrementally to approximate time dependence. Thus, G4-STORK can be used to model reactor kinetics and was used to simulate a system that underwent an instantaneous increase in temperature.


The condition of metabolic processes in the brain during the development of experimental peritonitis was studied in experiments on 100 unisexual pubertal rats weighting from 250 to 300 g. Blood samples were studied for the content of total protein, albumin, urea, total lipids, cholesterol, B-lipoproteins, and glucose with calculation of the arteriovenous difference (AVD) of each of these substrates. Marked phase changes in the character of metabolism of total protein, albumin, total lipids, B-lipoproteins, and glucose occur in the brain of rats with experimental peritonitis. It was found that energy and plastic substances were "washed out" of the brain of rats in the terminal stages of experimental peritonitis. In view of this it is pointed out that the complex of therapeutic measures applied in peritonitis must be critically revised and supplemented with agents which improve brain metabolism.


Presentations using PowerPoint or similar software are probably the most commonly used format that doctors use for teaching in medical school, during residency, at medical meetings and other continuous medical education (CME) activities. However, their effectiveness has been questioned by many. This article intends to provide, in a synthetized way, several recommendations that can help make presentation more effective.


Abstract An extraforaminal ligament bisecting the L5/S1 intervertebral foramen and known as the corporotransverse ligament was studied in 15 adult embalmed cadavers. Its relationship to the L5 ventral ramus, sympathetic chain and gray ramus communicans was observed and recorded. The corporotransverse ligament has been implicated as a site for potential entrapment of the L5 nerve. The purpose of this study was to determine if the ligament could be detected radiographically. A single sample spine containing the ligament was hemisected and the neural, vascular and adipose tissue removed. Plain film, linear tomography and axial computed tomography (CT) slices were evaluated and the results compared. The corporotransverse ligament was not visualized by either plain film or linear tomography. Due to its superior resolution in the imaging of soft tissues, the ligament was well demonstrated by CT. Further studies with the neural tissue intact, imaging with magnetic resonance and in vivo comparison studies are recommended.


. "Gabriel de Pedro Quintet" is a popular music group from the city of Santa Fe, Argentina. The objective of this work is to analyse the production process and musical performance around the recording and presentation of the album La mujer árbol (2018). The theoretical framework conceives music as a process and performance, not as an isolated object. The research field is organized by the "chain of decisions": poietic, immanent, preproduction, proto-performance, performance, recording (editing, mixing, mastering), postproduction, aesthetics and aftermath. It is concluded that the study of human decisions optimizes and sustains the reconstruction process of artistic production and the search for a musical sonority.


— Goal: Purpose of the project was to make a plastic surgery prediction by using pre-operative images for the plastic surgeries' patients and to show this prediction on a screen to compare between the current case and the appearance after the surgery. Methods: To this aim, we implemented a software which used data from the internet for facial skin diseases, skin burns, pre-and post-images for plastic surgeries then the post- surgical prediction is done by using K-nearest neighbor (KNN). So we designed and fabricated a smart mirror divided into two parts a screen and a reflective mirror so patient's pre- and post-appearance will be showed at the same time. Results: We worked on some skin diseases like vitiligo, skin burns and wrinkles. We classified the three degrees of burns using KNN classifier with accuracy 60%. We also succeeded in segmenting the area of vitiligo. Our future work will include working on more skin diseases, classify them and give a prediction for the look after the surgery. Also we will go deeper into facial deformities and plastic surgeries like nose reshaping and face slim down. Conclusion: Our project will give a prediction relates strongly to the real look after surgery and decrease different diagnoses among doctors. Significance: The mirror may have broad societal appeal as it will make the distance between patient's satisfaction and the medical standards smaller.


A complete low-power front end for particle detection applications is presented. The front end integrates a charge-sensitive amplifier with a novel adaptive biasing scheme that allows the dc bias currents to be scaled below conventional limits. A downstream peak detector circuit captures the peak value for each detection event, which is then fed to an integrated analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The event-driven ADC is shut off in between detection events to further reduce power consumption. The circuit has been fabricated using a 0.18- μm CMOS technology, with a power consumption ranging between 4 and 20 μW, depending on the particle detection rate. This low-power operation facilitates the development of compact long-life battery-powered remote particle sensors.


Rational and funded management decisions require both quantitative and qualitative information from internal and external resources. New information system architectures like enterprise information portals provide a personalized single gateway to quantitative information, which is mainly provided by data warehouse and OLAP systems for analysis purposes, as well as to qualitative information, which can be administered by content management systems. As the engineering of enterprise information portals meeting managers' special information needs is a complex process, there is a need for suitable approaches to support in particular the requirements definition. While graphical models like ER models, flow-chart-diagrams etc. are wide spread and accepted by executives as well as system developers for system requirements specification, an adequate modeling language for the domain of enterprise information portals is missing. This contribution proposes such a modeling language. Its specification is formalized in terms of a model: a meta-model. Therefore, we fall back on another approach for requirements specification of Management Information Systems, extending and adapting this for EIP's special requirements.


Angiotensin II (ANG II) is a principal secretagogue of adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells. The transduction process includes a depolarization of the plasma membrane and the activation of calcium influx. The ANG II-induced depolarization is associated with an increase in total membrane resistance. To directly address the mechanism underlying these observations, we examined the effect of ANG II on K+ currents of rat, bovine, and human ZG cells, using whole cell patch clamp. Although some differences were seen in the characteristics of K+ currents between species, ANG II consistently blocked outward currents in ZG cells [rat: 47.1 +/- 4.5% (SE), n = 17; bovine: 38.6 +/- 3.3%, n = 21; and human: 13-63%, n = 3]. With the use of the cell-attached mode, single-channel recordings in bovine ZG cells demonstrated K+ channels that were reversibly blocked when ANG II was added to the bath solution. This indicates that the block of K+ channels by ANG II involves a diffusible intracellular messenger rather than a direct receptor-channel interaction. The decreased conductance of K+ can account for the ANG II-induced membrane depolarization.


Optical properties of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 are investigated in three cubic, tetragonal and orthorhombic phases. Using density functional theory and with GGA approximation, the real and imaginary parts of dielectric function, refractive index and absorption coefficient are computed. The results show that optically the perovskite is an anisotropic material in two orthorhombic and tetragonal phases that show birefringence property. Cubic phase has a better absorption coefficient than the two other phases in visible region.


Design of autonomous underwater robots is particularly difficult due to the physical and sensor challenges of the underwater environment. Inaccessibility during operation and low probability of failure recovery makes robot stability and reliability paramount. Building an accurate and complete virtual world simulation is proposed as a necessary prerequisite for design of an autonomous underwater robot. A virtual world can include actual robot components and models for all other aspects of the world. Robot design can be fully tested using a virtual world and then verified using the real world. Additional testing can be performed in the virtual world that is not feasible in the real world. Visualization of robot interactions within a virtual world permits sophisticated analysis of robot performance that is otherwise unavailable. All aspects of world modeling and robot design must be mastered and coordinated in order to build an authentic virtual world and capable autonomous robot.


The transportation sector is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a step toward a greener environment, solutions involving electric vehicles (EVs) have been proposed and discussed. When powered by electricity from efficient and environmentally-friendly generators, EVs have significantly lower per-mile running costs compared to gasoline cars, while generating lower emissions. Unfortunately, due to the limited capacity of batteries, typical EVs can only travel for about 100 miles on a single charge. Because recharging takes several hours, it is impossible to recharge an EV in the middle of a long (round) trip exceeding 100 miles. Better Place (BP), a start-up based in Palo Alto, CA, proposed a novel strategy that potentially overcomes the recharging problem. In the plan, in addition to charging adaptors at homes, work places and shopping malls, "swapping stations'', at which depleted batteries can be exchanged for recharged ones in the middle of long trips, will be located at strategic locations along freeways. With its battery swapping equipment, BP has demonstrated how to effectively refuel an EV in less than two minutes. The possible success of EV solutions based on the idea of battery swapping hinges on the ability of the charging service provider (BP or other similar firms) to deploy a cost-effective infrastructure network with comprehensive coverage. Unfortunately, since the adoption rate of electric vehicles, and thus demand for swapping service, is still highly uncertain, the service provider must make deployment plans with incomplete information on hand. In this paper, we develop models that aid the planning process for deploying battery swapping infrastructure, based on a robust optimization framework. We further show that our models can be tightly approximated by mixed-integer second-order cone programs (MISOCPs), which are readily solvable by commercial solvers. Using these models, we demonstrate the potential impacts of battery standardization and various technology advancements on the optimal infrastructure deployment strategy.


This study investigates the safety effects of combined horizontal and vertical alignments using accident occurrences on two-lane rural highways in Washington. Eight statistical models were developed to establish the relationships between vehicle accidents and their associated factors for eight combinations of alignments by the Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, and zero-inflated negative binomial. Three selected models were validated. The findings show that degree of curvature is the most successful predictor for horizontal curves combined with vertical alignments. A minimum ratio of 25 of vertical curve radius to horizontal curve radius is recommended for a curve with radius of smaller than 6000 ft (or 1830 m). Vertical curves have relatively little influence on accident occurrences at horizontal tangents. The grade value and length of a grade increase accident occurrences when a horizontal curve or tangent is on a grade. A smaller curve should be avoided introducing at a steep grade.


Background: The outcome of colorectal cancer varies depending on ethnic origin. Egyptian colorectal carcinoma is surprisingly young-age disease with high proportion of rectal and advanced stage cancers. Methods: We characterized 69 sporadic Egyptian colorectal cancers for promoter methylation at 24 tumor suppressor genes, microsatellite instability, and expression of mismatch repair, p53, and β-catenin proteins. Data were compared with 80 Western colorectal carcinoma of sporadic and familial origin from Finland. Results: Egyptian colorectal carcinomas showed significantly higher methylation of the microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors as reflected by the average number of methylated genes per case (P = 0.00002) and tumor suppressor gene methylator phenotype (TSGMP), defined here as methylation of ≥5 genes, (P = 0.0001) compared with the sporadic Western cancers. The TSGMP was associated with advanced stage in the Egyptian cancers (P = 0.0016). Four genes were differentially methylated between Egyptian and Western cases, of which the association of CDKN2B/p15 methylation with Egyptian origin was outstanding (P = 4.83E-10). Egyptian carcinoma also showed significantly lower frequency of nuclear β-catenin localization than the sporadic Western cancers (P = 0.00006) but similar to that of the familial Western subset designated as familial colorectal cancer type X. Conclusions: We show novel pathway in colon carcinogenesis marked by high methylation of MSS cancers, remarkable CDKN2B/p15 methylation, and low frequency of Wnt signaling activation. Impact: Our findings highlight the possible effect of environmental exposures in carcinogenesis through DNA methylation and should have applications in prevention, molecular diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 202–11. ©2011 AACR.


ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the tryptophan (Trp) requirement of brown hens housed in enriched colony cages. A corn and wheat‐based diets with 8 levels of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp (0.10, 0.13, 0.16, 0.19, 0.22, 0.25, 0.28, and 0.31% of the diet) were manufactured. The diet containing SID Trp 0.10% had no supplemental Trp and was treated as control. A total of 1,344 hens were randomly allocated to 8 treatments, each having 8 replicate cages with 21 hens per cage. Body weight gain (BWG), egg production (EP), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg quality, blood biochemistry, caecal microbial profile, and concentration of indoles were determined over a period of 16 wk. The EP was linearly improved by supplementing diet with Trp and was highest in 0.25% SID‐Trp group compared to control. Trp supplementation improved (P < 0.05) FCR, overall BWG, egg shell characteristics compared to control. The microbial shift in the caecum in response to Trp supplementation was significant in response to higher than current recommendations (0.22% of SID Trp) and indicated a microbial shift towards beneficial bacteria. Indole and skatole concentrations were only significantly different (P < 0.05) when hens in control group were compared with those containing highest levels of SID‐Trp. This study demonstrates that when hens are at its peak production and are reared in enriched colony cages their Trp requirement is higher than current National Research Council (1994) recommendations and 0.22% of the SID‐Trp in diet can be considered as an optimal level based on regression analysis.


: Pityriasis lichenoides is a notoriously difficult disease to treat. Three patients with this condition and a fourth with lymphomatoid papulosis have been successfully treated with doses of methotrexate once a week. Toxicity noted during the treatment periods has been minimal.


This investigation is concerned primarily with the volume and structural changes which arose from the CO-CO[2] reduction of relatively pure hematite pellets to magnetite in the temperature range 350°C-1100°C. Hematites of natural and chemically prepared origins were involved in both single and sintered polycrystalline form. The apparent volume expansion of a micaceous hematite as measured by mercury displacement, camera dilatometer and by micrometer was related to the observed reduction zone width, compact porosity, grain size and magnetite morphology. A macroscopic model of swelling was proposed which related the emergence of a cooling tower sample shape to the decrease in reduction zone width with rise in temperature. The variation in volume expansion with pellet porosity was attributed to the effects of a transition in the sintered pore structure. The lower apparent volume expansion experienced for H[2]-H[2]O reduction compared with CO-CO[2] was related to the difference in reduction zone width and magnetite microstructure. A detailed microstructural examination of fully and partially reduced micaceous samples revealed a spectrum of magnetite morphologies. The morphologies included a low temperature porous multi-crystallite growth, an intermediate and high temperature lamellar growth and a high temperature dense nodular growth. The surface relief, interphase boundary appearance and the growth characteristics of the various morphologies were shown to be in broad agreement with the precipitation behaviour in solid state metallic systems in particular the separation of ?-ferrite from ?-austenite in plain carbon steels. The mechanisms of expansion and cracking were based upon the observed surface relief and the anticipated ionic movement associated with diffusional-shear and purely reconstructive transformations. The formation of porosity and fissures in magnetite was accounted for in terms of the cation vacancy diffusion gradient, the relative magnitude of the gas-phase boundary reaction rate, the cation vacancy diffusion rate and oxide plasticity. Calculations of the relative volumes of hematite and magnetite taking into account the differences in thermal expansion and published deviations from stoichiometry of magnetite at temperature suggested that the normally accepted theoretical volume contraction on reduction to magnetite may turn into a small expansion. This was particularly so for decomposition of hematite above 1300°C. A single crystal X-ray diffraction study of natural and synthetic crystals confirmed the presence of the porous crystallite and lamellar morphologies for reduction at 550°C and 1000°C respectively and also the surface relief effects and associated cracking. In addition the conventional (0001)[H] // (111)[M] orientation relationships and habit was confiimed for the lamellar structure. No unique orientation was found for the low temperature porous crystallite morphology. An X-ray line broadening investigation of the micaceous hematite reduced to magnetite was undertaken. The trends in particle size and strain broadening with reduction temperature was in agreement with the variation in magnetite microstructure as evaluated by conventional optical microscopy and S. E. M. Similar growth behaviour was experienced for reduction of a spectroscopically pure hematite and a laboratory grade hematite to magnetite. The distinguishing feature was the appearance of a columnar grain magnetite structure above 850°C which was related to the high solid solution purity and the associated stress relieving capability of the magnetites.


PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
To compare the complex treatment of peritonitis with cryosupernatant and with fresh frozen plasma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Outcomes of treatment were studied in 88 patients receiving cryosupernatant and in 112 receiving fresh frozen plasma.

RESULTS
Cryosupernatant application provides better dynamics of hemostasis, decreases a risk of thrombosis and mortality and improves outcomes of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
Cryosupernatant can be used instead of fresh frozen plasma in complex treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with generalized peritonitis.


A business model is a set of assumptions about how an organization will perform by creating value for all the players on whom it depends, not just its customers. This paper discusses a multi-method approach to consistently analyzing the structure, the behaviour and the dynamics of business models in order to identify possible optimizations. The method utilizes object-oriented analysis for analyzing structural and behavioral aspects and system dynamics to analyze value creation dynamics.


The study of permeation of Aromatic compounds across parchment-supported membrane treated with Prussian blue is presented. The skin layer of the metal hexacyanoferrate membrane consists of a network structure could be selectively used with defined pore size in the nanometer range to permeate molecules with different size molecules. In order to demonstrate a possible sieving of molecules, we have investigated the permeation of a variety of aromatic compounds such as aniline (An), phenol (Ph), and naphthalene (Np). For these neutral compounds, a size-selective transport was found. Size lead to a separation factor α(An/Ph) of 1.5 and α(An/Np) of 4 respectively. Finally, it is demonstrated that purely inorganic membrane of Prussian Blue (PB) can be prepared upon adsorption of ferric ion and hexacyanoferrate on porous support.


Wireless communication is already used in process automation for process monitoring. The next stage of implementation of wireless technology in industrial applications is for process control. The need for wireless networked control systems has evolved because of the necessity for extensibility, mobility, modularity, fast deployment, and reduced installation and maintenance cost. These benefits are only applicable given that the wireless network of choice can meet the strict requirements of process control applications, such as latency. In this regard, this paper is an effort towards identifying current industry practices related to implementing process control over a wireless link and evaluates the suitability of ISA100.11a network for use in process control through experiments.


We report investigations of magnetoresistance (MR) in epitaxial and polycrystalline Fe3O4 films. MR in epitaxial Fe3O4 films exhibits a local maximum at TV and a large value of −20% at 60 K. Based on a 1D half infinite spin chain model, the fitting parameter, which depends on the volume fraction of electronic scattering boundaries, sharply increases below TV with the decreased temperature. We suppose that the twin boundaries formed below TV facilitate the increase in MR and can act as antiphase boundaries (APBs) where the magnetic moments across twin boundaries are coupled antiferromagnetically. Similar MR behavior in Fe3O4(100) and (111) epitaxial films manifests the independence of MR on the spatial distribution of APBs. The outline of normalized MR in the epitaxial films shows a distinct temperature dependence. The temperature dependence may result from the different electronic transport mechanisms in Fe3O4 films. In a polycrystalline Fe3O4 film, MR comes from the disordered distribution of magnetic moments at grain boundaries. The effects of APBs, twin boundaries, and grain boundaries on MR are discussed in detail.We report investigations of magnetoresistance (MR) in epitaxial and polycrystalline Fe3O4 films. MR in epitaxial Fe3O4 films exhibits a local maximum at TV and a large value of −20% at 60 K. Based on a 1D half infinite spin chain model, the fitting parameter, which depends on the volume fraction of electronic scattering boundaries, sharply increases below TV with the decreased temperature. We suppose that the twin boundaries formed below TV facilitate the increase in MR and can act as antiphase boundaries (APBs) where the magnetic moments across twin boundaries are coupled antiferromagnetically. Similar MR behavior in Fe3O4(100) and (111) epitaxial films manifests the independence of MR on the spatial distribution of APBs. The outline of normalized MR in the epitaxial films shows a distinct temperature dependence. The temperature dependence may result from the different electronic transport mechanisms in Fe3O4 films. In a polycrystalline Fe3O4 film, MR comes from the disordered distribution of magnetic mo...


The Hodgkin-Huxley model is the first successful mathematical model for explaining the initiation and propagation of an action potential in a neuron cell. In this paper we reinvestigated the Hodgkin-Huxley model through computer simulation and determined the threshold potentials by applying different types of stimulating input signals. To implement the work, a computer programme of the Hodgkin-Huxley model was written in MATLAB programming language. The action potentials of neuron cells were checked and the threshold potentials of the neuron cell for specific types of stimulating input signals were tabulated with an aim to utilize these values to do experiment on neuron cell in future. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 64(1): 15-20, 2016 (January)


The purpose of this diploma project has been to investigate the elastic properties of hexagonal close-packed Fe-Ni-Mg alloys at high pressure. Recent research has suggested that iron and magnesium can form an alloy under high pressure because of the great compressibility of the magnesium atoms. This also makes it possible for magnesium alloying with nickel atoms which are very similar to iron so that we get Fe-Ni-Mg alloys. Learning more about the elastic properties of iron alloys at high pressure will give us a better understanding of the inner core of our planet, which is believed to be composed primarily of iron. The calculations are based on a ab-inito method supported on the Density Functional Theory. The calculations were performed with a simulation package based on the Exact Muffin-Tin Orbitals theory, in conjuction with the Coherent Potential Approximation. The effects that small impurities can have on iron are remarkable.


Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are seriously affecting poor countries, posing challenges of double burden of communicable and NCDs diseases. This paper examined the behavioral risk factors health spending gap and social determinants of health on burden of NCD-related health outcomes in developing countries. Using 2008 data from a sample 140 countries in six regions, I estimated an aggregate health production function. Results show tobacco use, pollution, urbanization, and prevalence of low birth weight significantly contribute to burden of NCD-related health outcomes in developing countries. The results demonstrate no statistical significance effect of alcohol use, obesity, literacy, and health spending on burden of NCDs. While health spending has no statistical significance, there is evidence of differential effect of behavioural risk factors on YLL, especially when countries are split based on size of health spending. Behavioural risk factors contribute more to burden of NCDs in relatively higher health spending developing countries as compared to low health spending countries. Furthermore, NCD-related health outcomes are on average highest in Eastern European region and lowest in Africa compared to other regions. The study controlled for potential endogeneity of health spending with health outcomes and found health spending to be exogenous.


The geometric relationships between ligands and the functional groups that bind ligands in soluble ligand-protein complexes have traditionally been deduced from distance constraints between pairs of NMR active nuclei spanning the ligand-protein interface. Frequently, the steep inverse distance dependence of the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), from which the distance constraints are derived, makes identification of sufficient numbers of constraints difficult. In these cases the ability to supplement NOE-derived information with distance-independent angular information can be very important. Here, the observation of residual dipolar couplings from alpha-methyl mannose bound to mannose binding-protein in a dilute liquid crystalline medium has allowed the determination of a bound ligand's average orientation. The 3-fold rotational symmetry of mannose-binding protein defines its orientational tensor and obviates the need to determine experimentally the protein's average orientation. Through superimposition of ligand and protein orientational tensors we describe the binding geometry of alpha-methyl mannose bound to mannose-binding protein. This new method is of general applicability to the study of ligands bound to proteins, and it is of particular interest when neither X-ray crystallography nor NOE techniques can provide sufficient information to describe binding geometries.


Are you an organic farmer? Do you want to be? For those of us who want to eat better quality food, here is the chance with this easy-to-read, thorough, informative book. In a world where we are increasingly conscious of what we eat, this is the book every organic farmer needs to have, whether professional, allotment, or garden grower. Answering basic questions - How do you begin? Is fertilizer allowed, and if so, what sort? What is natural pest management, and how does it work? - there is everything you need to know in these pages from getting started to marketing your produce, be it fruit, vegetable, or animal. A list of resources points the way to helpful websites, books, and organisations focusing on every aspect of organic farming.


Outcrop scale mapping indicates that the contact zone between Marcy anorthosite and Tupper-Saranac mangerite on Baker Mountain in northeastern New York consists of mangerite dikes cutting both anorthosite and a granofelsic jotunite. All three units are intruded by younger granitic dikes that have produced contact aureoles in the anorthosite, and all of these rocks were metamorphosed and deformed during the Grenville orogeny. Postorogenic mafic dikes cut all other rocks on Baker Mountain. Patches of exceptionally calcic plagioclase reach a composition of An 80 in the Marcy anorthosite. Rare-earth element analysis reveals that both anorthosite and mangerite have positive europium anomalies, whereas the jotunite and a skarn inclusion have no europium anomalies. Both mangerite and jotunite have high total rare-earth abundances compared to anorthosite.


This paper presents a coordinated voltage control scheme (CVCS) for a cluster of offshore wind power plants connected to a voltage-source converter-based high-voltage direct current system. The primary control point of the proposed voltage control scheme is the introduced Pilot bus, which is having the highest short-circuit capacity in the offshore AC grid. The developed CVCS comprehends an optimization algorithm, aiming for minimum active power losses in the offshore grid, to generate voltage reference to the Pilot bus. During the steady-state operation, the Pilot bus voltage is controlled by dispatching reactive power references to each wind turbine (WT) in the wind power plant cluster based on their available reactive power margin and network sensitivity-based participation factors, which are derived from the dV/dQ sensitivity of a WT bus w.r.t. the Pilot bus. This method leads to the minimization of the risk of undesired effects, particularly overvoltage at the terminals of the WT located far away from the AC collector substation, by dispatching lower reactive power references compared with the ones nearer to the substation. In addition, this paper proposes a control strategy for improved voltage ride through capability of WTs for faults in the offshore grid, thus leading to improved dynamic voltage profile in the offshore AC grid.


Ad hoc networks are dynamic networks formed "on the fly" by a set of nodes. Achieving secure routing in such networks is a big challenge. Asymmetric signature schemes provide mechanisms for authentication, but may result in inefficient implementations, specially when a large number of nodes is expected. Some of these efficiency problems can be mitigated with the use of aggregate signatures, which reduce the space and computations required for managing many different signatures. In this work we formalize a new concept, aggregate designated verifier signature schemes, which is suitable for authentication of routes in reactive protocols. We propose a specific and efficient scheme with provable security in the random oracle model


This paper presents the findings of an observational study of 17 telephone interpreted lawyer-client interviews in New South Wales, Australia. It focuses on the lawyers' and interpreters' interactional management approaches when they work together remotely. The study highlights a number of issues pertaining to this particular mode of interpreting, including a distinct lack of briefing, ignorance of existing protocols, poor working conditions and at times technical problems. The study found mixed results relating to interpreters' compliance with the code of ethics. The vast majority of interpreters adhered to the normative practice by using the standard first-person pronoun, however instances of interpreters adopting extra roles were prevalent, which is most likely due to lack of training and adequate credentials. Interestingly, most interpreters were passive participants, who rarely initiated coordination functions. On the other hand, the lawyers seemed conversant with the role of the interpreter and demonstrated active coordination strategies to help interpreters overcome some of the inherent challenges of telephone interpreting. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations.


Confronting different categories of sustainability with physical, monetary and hybrid indicators provides a simple framework for sustainability metrics. Physical measures of ecological sustainability suffer from problems of indicator selection, aggregation and the use of judgmental standards or targets. They help manage particular ecosystems, warn us about threats to sustainability and may trigger responsive action. Aggregation problems increase for assessing the sustainability of multidimensional development. Monetary measures and models conceptualize sustainability as maintaining wealth and well-being but do not provide realistic policy advice. Greened national accounts measure the measurable, which is the cost of maintaining produced and natural capital. They support the integration of environmental and economic policy.


Investor accountability in international investment law (IIL) has been gaining increas-ing traction in recent years. Most visibly, some states have included investor obligations in their investment treaties, while others have made them part of their model treaties. While highly significant for the substance of IIL, these duties need adequate procedural tools to enforce them. Otherwise, investor obligations will be only decora-tive features of investment treaties without any legal meaning. The oft-discussed option of counterclaims is limited insofar as it may only be launched after an investor has made a claim against a state. As a result, it is important to identify other potential pieces of the procedural infrastructure for investor accountability. This article analyses three such methods: indirect actions that link an investor's access to arbitration to its compliance with legal rules and standards, whether in domestic or international law; direct actions by states against investors; and direct actions by individuals against investors. In each case, we assess the existing legal landscape of arbitral and treaty practice, the most promising legal avenues for advancing that method of accountability, and potential challenges to these avenues. Given the procedural focus of the negotiations for ISDS reform taking place at UNCITRAL Working Group 3, it is a particularly opportune time for this exploration of these options.


The most common commercial pharmaceutical dosage forms are tablets and capsules, but unfortunately these forms may not be suitable for sub-groups, such as very ill children and elderly patients and those experiencing trauma and involved in surgery. Many of these patients have difficulty in swallowing a solid dosage form. For these groups, the general practice is to use equipment such as the age-old mortar and pestle to pulverize the tablet, transfer the powder to a container and then make a liquid suspension by addition of water. This process consists of two unit processes: dry grinding followed by creation of a water suspension. This paper reports on the evaluation of a novel wet milling method for performing these unit operations in a single water-filled dosage cup. The basic concept is that the partially water-filled cup is rotated or spun about its axis to produce relative motion between the tablet and the cup surfaces. The cup surfaces are textured so that material is abraded from the tablet when it strikes the cup walls. The complex water motion assists in "softening" the tablet, abrading particulates from its surface, and producing a fine aqueous suspension. Experimental investigations were performed on two concepts. The first method utilized intermittent single axis cup rotation to produce relative motion between the tablet and cup surfaces. The second concept involved rotating the spinning cup on a rotating arm and also about its own axis. The centrifugal force of the arm rotation pressed the tablet against the spinning cup wall, thereby increasing the shearing force. The efficiency of both methods was investigated analytically and experimentally. The effects of rotation rates, intermittent duty cycles, and water fill volumes were examined and compared.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Recent studies on the feeding ecology of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, during the early life stages were reviewed in this article. The feeding habits of H. discus hannai changed with growth, and three major changes in the feeding were identified. The first change occurred at the time of the metamorphosis of 0.28 mm in shell length (SL), namely a shift from lecithotrophy (yolk absorption) to exogenous feeding. The energy source of abalone is gradually transferred from yolk to particulate food after metamorphosis by the size of 0.3-0.4 mm SL. Several days of food limitation after metamorphosis leads to a failure to shift to exogenous feeding. In the second change, when the SL reached values of about 0.6-0.8 mm, post-larvae were able to digest diatom diet. They grew more rapidly, feeding on efficiently digested diatoms, whereas those fed poor diatom diet will generally grow slowly. The differences in the dietary value of diatoms for abalone were controlled mainly by the digestibility of diatoms. The final change consisted of a shift from a biofilm-dominated diet to a macroalgal dominated diet. Abalone (>1.8 mm SL) were able to utilize juvenile macro algae efficiently. Juvenile macroalgae provide a much higher biomass per unit area than small-volume, two dimensional diatom films. The energetics of diatom ingestion became insufficient to support rapid growth. These changes in feeding habits were closely related to ontogenetic changes in the digestive enzyme activities and the development of the radula morphology. The activity of macroalgal polysaccharide-degrading enzymes showed marked increase at 2 mm SL. The morphological development in the radula occurred mostly in abalone less than 4 mm SL, to complete adult radula which is suitable to graze macroalgae.


The multiple-input single-output (MISO) wiretap channel with K legitimate single-antenna receivers, one single-antenna eavesdropper in presence of delayed channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is considered. The transmitter is equipped with (K+1) antennas and has independent messages intended for each one of the K legitimate receivers. While for the case of a single receiver wiretap channel, i.e., K = 1, the optimal secure degrees of freedom (SDoF) with delayed CSIT was recently characterized in [1] and shown to be 2/3, the extension to the multi-receiver case (K > 1) is far from straightforward. We present new results and insights for the simplest non-trivial extension of this problem, i.e., for the case of K = 2 receiver MISO wiretap channel with delayed CSIT. The contribution of this paper is two fold: a) an asymptotic achievable scheme is presented for the case of two legitimate receivers which achieves a sum-SDoF of 36/37 and b) a novel converse proof is presented which shows that the sum-SDoF is upper bounded by 16/15.


With an aim to investigate erosion properties, TiC/Fe composites fabricated by self -propagating high-temperature synthesis and pseudo heat isostatic pressing (SHS/PHIP) technique were studied experimentally. Phase composition, microstructure, composition and microhardness of the products are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness tester, respectively. The elevated temperature erosion tests of the TiC/Fe composites were tested with the help of a GW/CS-MS type tester using SiO2 quartz and Al2O3 corundum as the abrasive. The influences of the different parameters such as impact angle, environment temperature, abrasive, on the erosion property of the TiC/Fe composites were studied. The morphology of the worn surface was analyzed with SEM to determine the erosion mechanisms.


Inertial transducers based on the use of ferrofluids as inertial mass can be of great interest due to their peculiarities and due to the advantages that they show when compared to traditional devices. Ferrofluids are special solutions of magnetic particles in a carrier liquid whose density and other physical features can be controlled by an external magnetic field. In this paper, the development of a ferrofluidic inclinometer, which exhibits a tunable operating range and a valuable metrological feature and an intrinsic robustness against inertial shocks, is presented. The device consists of one excitation coil and two sensing coils wound around a glass pipe where a drop of ferrofluid is contained in a water environment. The magnetic force, which is induced by the excitation coil, attracts the ferrofluidic mass in a position that depends on the device inclination. The voltage at the output of the two sensing coils is related to the ferrofluidic mass displacement and thus reflects the tilt to be measured. Analytical models, simulations, and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed approach.


Mental accounting posits that people track their expenditures using cognitive categories or "mental accounts." The authors propose that this cognitive process can be complemented by an approach that examines how feelings about a sum of money, or the money's "affective tag," influence its consumption. When people receive money under negative circumstances, this tag can include a negative affect component, which people aim to reduce by engaging in strategic consumption. The authors investigate two such strategies, laundering and hedonic avoidance, and demonstrate their effect on consumption of windfalls. The authors find that people avoid spending their negatively tagged money on hedonic expenditures and prefer to make utilitarian or virtuous expenditures to reduce, or "launder," their negative feelings about the windfall. The authors call this tagging process and strategic consumption "emotional accounting."


We present near-IR spectroscopy in the J- and H-bands for a large sample of 243 X-ray-selected, moderate-luminosity Type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the COSMOS, SXDS, and E-CDF-S survey fields using the multi-object spectrograph Subaru/FMOS. Our sample covers the redshift range 0.5 ≲ z ≲ 3.0 and X-ray luminosity range of 1043 ≲ ≲ 1045 erg s−1. We provide emission-line properties and derived virial black hole mass estimates, bolometric luminosities, and Eddington ratios, based on Hα (211), Hβ (63), and Mg ii (4). We compare line widths, luminosities, and black hole mass estimates from Hα and Hβ, and augment these with commensurate measurements of Mg ii and C iv detected in optical spectra. We demonstrate the robustness of using Hα, Hβ, and Mg ii as reliable black hole mass estimators for high-z moderate-luminosity AGNs, while the use of C iv is prone to large uncertainties (≳0.4 dex). We extend a recently proposed correction based on the C iv blueshift to lower luminosities and black hole masses. While our sample shows an improvement in their C iv black hole mass estimates, the deficit of high blueshift sources reduces its overall importance for moderate-luminosity AGNs compared to the most luminous quasars. In addition, we revisit luminosity correlations between Lbol, , L[O iii], L5100, and LHα and find them to be consistent with a simple empirical model, based on a small number of well-established scaling relations. Finally, we highlight our highest redshift AGN, CID 781, at z = 4.6, which has the lowest black hole mass (∼108 M⊙) among current near-IR samples at this redshift and is in a state of fast growth.


Background: Meeting the food needs of Africa's growing population will require innovative and appropriate technologies whose effectiveness needs to be assessed. Objective: To evaluate the impact of Solar Market Gardens (SMGs) on crops production diversity and dietary diversity in the Kalalé district of Northern Benin. Methods: In 2007, SMGs were installed in 2 villages for women's agricultural groups as a strategy for enhancing food and nutrition security. Data were collected through interviews at installation and 1 year later from all women's group households (30–35 women/group) and from a random representative sample of 30 households in each village, for both treatment and matched-pair comparison villages. Results: Comparison of baseline and endline data indicated increases in the variety of fruits and vegetables produced and consumed by SMG women's groups compared to other groups. The proportion of SMG women's group households engaged in vegetable and fruit production significantly increased by 26% and 55%, respectively (P < .05). After controlling for baseline values, SMG women's groups were 3 times more likely to increase their fruit and vegetable consumption compared with comparison non-women's groups (P < .05). In addition, the percentage change in corn, sorghum, beans, oil, rice and fish purchased was significantly greater in the SMG women's groups compared to other groups. At endline, 57% of the women used their additional income on food, 54% on health care, and 25% on education. Conclusions: Solar Market Gardens have the potential to improve household nutritional status through direct consumption and increased income to make economic decisions.


Here we illustrate the usefulness of using the chemical potential as the primary unknown by modeling isothermal vapor transport through a partially saturated cylindrically symmetric capillary tube of variable cross‐sectional area using a single equation. There are no fitting parameters and the numerical solutions to the equation are compared with experimental results with excellent agreement. We demonstrate that isothermal vapor transport can be accurately modeled without modeling the details of the contact angle, microscale temperature fluctuations, or pressure fluctuations using a modification of the Fick‐Jacobs equation. We thus conclude that for a single, axisymmetric pore, the enhancement factor depends upon relative humidity boundary conditions at the liquid bridge interfaces, distance between liquid bridges, and bridge lengths.


Objective: To compare frequency of recurrence of otitis media with effusion in children undergoing the two procedures myringotomy + Grommet insertion with and without additional adenoidectomy.
Methodology: This Randomized Controlled Trial was carried out at ENT department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2018. A sample of 80 patients was calculated using WHO calculator. Non probability consecutive sampling was used for enrolment of participant. Patients were divided randomly into two groups. Group A underwent Myringotomy plus Grommet insertion with Adenoidectomy while Group B underwent Myringotomy + Grommet insertion without Adenoidectomy. Recurrence of disease was noted at 3 month follow up. Post stratification chi-square test was applied. P value≤0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Out of 80 patients, there were 23(29%) males and 57(71%) females. Mean age was 7.65±3.5 years. An association between two groups & recurrence (P=0.01), interventional groups & age (p=0.01), hearing loss (p=0.001) with respect to recurrence was significant. An insignificant association was found with gender, laterality and duration of disease (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Myringotomy + Grommet insertion with Adenoidectomy had better efficacy in terms of lower recurrence rate as compared to Myringotomy + Grommet insertion without Adenoidectomy in management of otitis media with effusion.


Taxol is a plant alkaloid that binds to and strongly stabilizes microtubules. Taxol-treated microtubules resist depolymerization under a variety of conditions that readily disassemble untreated microtubules. We report here that taxol-treated microtubules can be induced to disassemble by a combination of depolymerizating conditions. Reversible cycles of disassembly and reassembly were carried out using taxol-containing microtubules from calf brain and sea urchin eggs by shifting temperature in the presence of millimolar levels of Ca2+. Microtubules depolymerized completely, yielding dimers and ring-shaped oligomers as revealed by negative stain electron microscopy and Bio-Gel A-15m chromatography, and reassembled into well-formed microtubule polymer structures. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), including species previously identified only by taxol-based purification such as MAP 1B and kinesin, were found to copurify with tubulin through reversible assembly cycles. To determine whether taxol remained bound to tubulin subunits, we subjected depolymerized taxol-treated microtubule protein to Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and the fractions were assayed for taxol content by reverse-phase HPLC. Taxol was found to be dissociated from the depolymerized microtubules. Protein treated in this way was found to be competent to reassemble, but now required conditions comparable with those for protein that had never been exposed to taxol. Thus, the binding of taxol to tubulin can be reversed. This has implications for the mechanism of taxol action and for the purification of microtubules from a wide variety of sources for use in self-assembly experiments.


Although the Mn promoter has been widely demonstrated to be beneficial to promoting the adsorption and dissociation of CO and therefore increasing the selectivity to light olefins in Fe-based FTS, it also brings about a negative effect on the catalytic activity due to its strong interaction with Fe oxides. In this study, Fe oxide was directly dispersed on a synthesized mesoporous spherical-like MnOx support and further doped with Ag nanoparticles to investigate its impact on the FTS reaction. XRD and H2-TPR characterization confirmed that Mn and Fe tend to form an FeMn solid solution over a 10 wt% Fe/MnOx catalyst. As expected, a small amount of Ag doping on it could remarkably increase the catalytic activity by 1–5 times and even the selectivity to light olefins; this could be attributed to easier reduction of the Fe oxide, Mn oxide and FeMn solid solution due to the hydrogen (H) spillover generated by Ag as the reduced metallic Fe favors the formation of active Fe carbide and more O vacancies in MnOx facilitate CO adsorption and the rapid removal of dissociated O atoms on Fe carbide. Furthermore, the FTS activity related to the H spillover was intensively investigated over the MnOx-supported catalysts with different impregnation sequences of Ag and Fe, and over the hybrid 10Fe/MnOx and 1Ag/MnOx catalysts with particle and powder mixing in order to regulate the distance between Fe and Ag. It was found that the primary and secondary ways of H spillover are involved in the promoted reduction process, which was illustrated by XRD, H2-TPR, H2-TPD and CO-TPD characterization combined with catalytic results. The secondary spillover exhibited a much milder effect on the reduction promotion with a farther distance of Fe and Ag. Compared with the co-impregnated 1Ag10Fe/MnOx catalyst, the sequential impregnation of Ag and Fe onto the MnOx support, named the 10Fe/1Ag/MnOx catalyst, showed higher catalytic activity, which might be due to less formation of FeMn solid solution resulting from firstly introduced Ag on MnOx. Interestingly, both Ag-doped and Ag-free 10Fe/MnOx catalysts showed a rapid increase in CO conversion after several tens of hours of stable reaction and the CO conversion can reach 80–90% after a 100 hour test, and the possible reason for this was discussed based on HAADF-STEM observations of spent catalyst samples.


Importance
The incidence of melanoma diagnoses has been increasing in recent decades, and controlled studies have indicated high histopathologic discordance across the intermediate range of melanocytic lesions. The respective causes for these phenomena remain incompletely understood.

Objective
To identify pathologist characteristics associated with tendencies to diagnose melanocytic lesions as higher grade vs lower grade or to diagnose invasive melanoma vs any less severe diagnosis.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This exploratory study used data from 2 nationwide studies (the Melanoma Pathology [M-Path] study, conducted from July 2013 to May 2016, and the Reducing Errors in Melanocytic Interpretations [REMI] study, conducted from August 2018 to March 2021) in which participating pathologists who interpreted melanocytic lesions in their clinical practices interpreted study cases in glass slide format. Each pathologist was randomly assigned to interpret a set of study cases from a repository of skin biopsy samples of melanocytic lesions; each case was independently interpreted by multiple pathologists. Data were analyzed from July 2022 to February 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The association of pathologist characteristics with diagnosis of a study case as higher grade (including severely dysplastic and melanoma in situ) vs lower grade (including mild to moderately dysplastic nevi) and diagnosis of invasive melanoma vs any less severe diagnosis was assessed using logistic regression. Characteristics included demographics (age, gender, and geographic region), years of experience, academic affiliation, caseload of melanocytic lesions in their practice, specialty training, and history of malpractice suits.

Results
A total of 338 pathologists were included: 113 general pathologists and 74 dermatopathologists from M-Path and 151 dermatopathologists from REMI. The predominant factor associated with rendering more severe diagnoses was specialist training in dermatopathology (board certification and/or fellowship training). Pathologists with this training were more likely to render higher-grade diagnoses (odds ratio [OR], 2.63; 95% CI, 2.10-3.30; P < .001) and to diagnose invasive melanoma (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.53-2.49; P < .001) than pathologists without this training interpreting the same case. Nonmitogenic pT1a diagnoses (stage pT1a melanomas with no mitotic activity) accounted for the observed difference in diagnosis of invasive melanoma; when these lesions, which carry a low risk of metastasis, were grouped with the less severe diagnoses, there was no observed association (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74-1.23; P = .71). Among dermatopathologists, those with a higher caseload of melanocytic lesions in their practice were more likely to assign higher-grade diagnoses (OR for trend, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.04-1.56; P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance
The findings suggest that specialty training in dermatopathology is associated with a greater tendency to diagnose atypical melanocytic proliferations as pT1a melanomas. These low-risk melanomas constitute a growing proportion of melanomas diagnosed in the US.


This study demonstrates how popular women writers used the female visual artist as their alter ego to renegotiate the boundaries between high and low culture. The figure of the professional woman painter allowed women writers to critique the dominant aesthetic and scientific theories that categorized women and an ethnically configured lower class as artistically and intellectually inferior to an elite, male-defined figure of the Romantic artist-as-genius. Illustrated.


The chromosomes of the turnip-tailed gecko Thecadactylus rapicauda from the Falcón State in northern Venezuela were examined by means of conventional staining, a variety of banding techniques and in situ hybridization with an 18S + 28S rDNA probe. In female specimens, C-banding analyses detected a cryptic W sex chromosome-associated interstitial heterochromatic segment which is absent in the Z sex chromosome. These ZW sex chromosomes are considered to be in a nascent stage of morphological differentiation and are absent in T. rapicauda collected in Guatemala. The amount, location and fluorochrome affinities of constitutive heterochromatin, the position of the nucleolus organizer region, and the genome sizes of female and male individuals were determined. The previously published cytogenetic data on T. rapicauda are discussed.


Summary Background Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is an uncommon, aggressive, malignant, central nervous system neoplasm that typically occurs in children, presenting with the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension and cerebrospinal fluid obstruction. Case Report We report the case of a 2.5-year-old girl with CPC. The tumor was subtotally removed by microsurgery, followed by gamma knife radiosurgery for the residual lesion. H&E staining indicated that this was a rare case of CPC. Neuropathological studies, assayed by immunohistochemical staining, showed that the tumor sample was positive to antibodies against S-100, CgA, AE1/AE3 (cytokeratin), Ki-67, INI1 and TP53, and was negative to antibodies against Nestin, GFAP, CD133, EMA and AFP. Moreover, stainings for transthyretin and vimentin were focally positive. Interestingly, direct DNA sequencing of the paraffin-embedded tumor sample identified a novel R248Q mutation in the TP53 gene. In contrast to previous reports suggesting that TP53 germline mutations were associated with the pathogenesis of CPC, here we provide a rare case of CPC with TP53 somatic mutation, as evidence that the peritumoral tissue possesses the non-mutant TP53 allele. Conclusions Our finding suggests that TP53 somatic mutations, in addition to its germline mutations, may also be involved in the pathogenesis of pediatric CPC.


In this study, Tyranno SA fiber cloth was coated with carbon black and SiC powder containing sintering aids by means of electrophoretic deposition method, and SiC/SiC composites with three different fiber volume fractions were fabricated using the Tyranno SA cloth by hot-pressing at 1700oC. The sufficient formation of the SiC matrix between each fiber could be observed. The composite fractured in non-brittle manner, and bending strength decreased with increasing fiber volume fraction. The crack propagation and fracture behavior depended on the fiber volume fraction. These differences in bending strength and fracture behavior would be caused by the difference in the interfacial bonding between fiber cloth and the matrix.


Few studies have examined adolescents' predictions of aggression involving other adolescents; previous research has focused mainly on studying the perceptions of physical aggression. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore adolescents' predictions of physical, verbal, and indirect aggression in hypothetical scenarios of aggression and to establish any sex differences in these predictions. A total of 653 adolescents aged 14 to 18 participated in the study. The sex of the aggressor and the sex of the target were manipulated, and participants' predictions of the likelihood of aggressive behavioral patterns were measured through the use of a questionnaire. Results showed a significant interaction between the two independent variables. More specifically, results showed that (i) when the aggressor and the target were both males, the subjects more often predicted that the aggressor would use physical and verbal aggression; (ii) when the aggressor and the target were both females, subjects predicted that the aggressor would use more indirect aggression; (iii) males predicted the use of physical aggression more readily when the target was a male; (iv) females predicted the use of verbal and indirect aggression more readily than males when the target was a female; and (v) the situations in which subjects predicted that the aggressor would use more physical, verbal and indirect aggression were when the aggression took place between peers, followed by situations in which aggression took place in a domestic context.


The ability to remotely and automatically detect whether someone has been smoking can develop systems that promote smoking cessation via behavioral management or gamification. This article advances automated methods for ascertaining smoking status via a mobile system comprised of an environmental carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensor paired with a smartphone. We apply several machine learning strategies to the CO time courses derived from our system to predict recent smoking status in a group of smoking (n=11) and non-smoking (n=9) adult women. The study investigates (i) a range of feature types conventionally used in smoke analysis studies, (ii) the contribution of each feature type in overall prediction accuracies and (iii) the possibility of improving the overall predictions by identifying segments of time during which the most informative data is recorded. The analysis is composed of two stages of (i) conventional classification via Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and (ii) feature-ensemble and variations of boosting, bagging, and mixture of expertise methods to investigate the effects of feature mixture, learner mixture, and extra training on overall performances of the predictions. The results indicated that features extracted from the middle segments (end exhalation period) of the recordings led to the highest classification success. The results indicated that having higher number of training samples, and stronger mixed learners are influential to the performance across segments while the feature mixture did not improve the performances across segments.


Stick-slip motion is the most well-known phenomenon in nano-tribology. Maier et al. previously studied the dependency of slip time on contact geometry. In their work, they were able to identify the intermediate state during slip motion. However, detailed study of this intermediate state is difficult due to the fast dynamics. In a friction force microscopy experiment, various parameters, such as surface roughness, temperature, defects, and oxidation condition, affect the tribological behaviors. Hence, current experimental techniques only measure the average or maximum friction and describe the simple shape of stick-slip motion. Molecular dynamics simulation represents an effective solution for this issue. Dong et al. reviewed the molecular dynamics simulation approach with regard to the nano-tribology. The advantage of molecular dynamics simulation is that it can provide detailed information and direct visualization of the tribological phenomena on a time scale of a few nanoseconds. In this study, we investigate the detailed mechanism of stick-slip motion in nanoscale. Molecular dynamics simulation precisely mimics friction force microscopy experiments. In molecular dynamics simulations, a crystalline Si tip slides on a graphene surface, and the tip size is varied. The simulation results provide evidence of the intermediate state during slip motion and reveal the hierarchical structure of the stick-slip motion in nanoscale. Detailed relations among stick-slip motion, contact geometry, and energy state are also analyzed.


Introduction: Natural products can be more active than we consider them. Some herbs used by man can boost the body's antioxidant level. This herb that serves as vegetable have also been identified as a cure some illnesses and also restore the integrity of the organs of the body.
Objective: This research investigated the efficacy of as a natural antioxidant for reducing toxicity.
Materials and Methods: Twenty five (25) rats with average weight of 145 g were randomly assigned into five groups and received standard rat's diet and allowed water ad libitum. Group A (negative control) received normal saline. Group B and C received Lead acetate solution (1.5 mg/kg) in addition to the extract serving as low and high dose groups respectively. Group D (positive control) received Lead acetate solution only while group E was given ethanolic extract only to ascertain if it has any deleterious effects.
Results: The animals showed an increase in both the body, uterine and ovarian weight when compared to group D. The SOD activity reduced in both B and C while increasing in D but E had a normal SOD level. On examination of the ovary and uterus microscopically, the alterations seen in the photomicrophic plates includes damages and reduced folliculogenesis with a marked increase in the number of atretic follicles, oedema, necrotic zones, etc. These changes were restored to near normal following the administration of the extract.
Conclusion: The finding of this research shows that natural products are capable of removing oxidative radical produced in the body thereby detoxifying the body and reproductive organs.


This study assessed the challenges facing commercial banks in combating money laundering in Tanzania. However, lack of competent workers in terms of ML knowledge, and the knowledge on associated issues around ML such as globalization, advancement in ICT, liberalization of the economy, political interference, corruption, and lack of staff commitments, lack of government commitment, FIU weakness and technology are seen to be the most critical ones. The major cause of this ugly practice is the increase of economic crimes due to uncontrolled economy which affects money supply, causes inflation and affects other macroeconomic indices adversely. This research therefore reviews the challenges facing commercial banks in combating ML in Tanzania and the ways to curb/mitigate them. To explore these themes, primary and secondary sources of data were used. The questionnaires raised were distributed upon a sample size drawn from the population of some selected banks ie. NBC Ltd. Findings showed that money laundering is in increasing in commercial banks in Tanzania despite the efforts done by the Government to curb it. It is concluded that ML is a critical problem to the banking operations, and that, politicians play a key role in making the efforts towards effectively fighting of these practices unachievable dream. Political will are strong needed if the fights against ML is to be achieved. This is because ML practices have a lot of negative consequences to the economy. It is clear therefore that ML practices are dangerous and well-coordinated efforts towards fighting these practices are needed. It should not only be left to banks or law enforcing organs only but the community in general should participate in this fight. Basing on research findings, more current and updated education on ML issues are needed to banking employees i.e. Advancement in science and technology, and liberalization of the economy should be given special emphasis. There should be an advanced system of identifying banking customers (KYC). Also; there is a need to promote banking economy instead of the current cash economy. Awareness to politicians not to get involved in ML practices is also needed.


The de- and re-regulation of the different network industries is an ongoing process at the global level. As this process unfolds, ever new phenomena emerge, which generally call for more, rather than less regulatory intervention. Yet, the question about the right mixture between market, economic, technical and social regulation remains wide open in all the network industries.


Family planning programmes initiated in the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1966 met with limited success. Following the 1986 census family planning was considered a priority and was supported by the country's leaders. Appropriate strategies based on the principles of health promotion led to an increase in the contraceptive prevalence rate among married women from 49.0% in 1989 to 73.8% in 2006. This paper reviews the family planning programmes in the Islamic Republic of Iran and their achievements during the last 4 decades and discusses the principles of health promotion and theories of behaviour change which may explain these achievements. Successful strategies included: creation of a supportive environment, reorientation of family planning services, expanding of coverage of family planning services, training skilled personnel, providing free contraceptives as well as vasectomy and tubectomy services, involvement of volunteers and nongovernmental organizations and promotion of male participation.


Biological and hormonal theories of same-sex sexuality are usually based upon an assumption of congenital gender inversion, that is, that a lesbian is in some way masculinised and a gay man in some way feminised. Commonly, and also because of the assumption of biology, such evidence of gender inversion is sought in childhood. In this paper I present a challenge to the theory that childhood gender non-conformity is associated with homosexuality, noting in particular that discussions of gender non-conformity and 'homosexuality' do not attempt to explain the experiences of heterosexual women. By demonstrating that childhood gender non-conformity has been wrongly associated with same-sex sexuality and posing an alternative explanation for childhood gender non-conformity, it is my intention to present a challenge to the theory that same-sex sexuality is related to congenital gender inversion.


Liquid- or solid substrate-cultured Penicillium polonicum administered in feed to rats over several days evokes a histopathological response in kidney involving apoptosis and abnormal mitosis in proximal tubules. The amphoteric toxin is yet only partly characterized, but can be isolated from cultured sporulating biomass in a fraction that is soluble in water and ethanol, and exchangeable on either anion- or cation-exchange resins. After several weeks of treatment renal proximal tubule distortion became striking on account of karyocytomegaly, but even treatment for nearly two years remained asymptomatic. Extract from a batch of solid substrate fermentation of P. polonicum on shredded wheat was incorporated into feed for rats during four consecutive days, and also given as an aqueous solution by oral gavage to a vervet monkey daily for 10 days. Treatment was asymptomatic for both types of animal. Rat response was evident as the typical renal apoptosis and karyomegaly. In contrast there was no such response in the primate; and neither creatinine clearance nor any haematological characteristic or serum component concentration deviated from a control or from historical data for this primate. The contrast is discussed concerning other negative findings for P. polonicum in pigs and hamsters. Renal karyomegaly, as a common rat response to persistent exposure to ochratoxin A, is not known in humans suspected as being exposed to more than the usual trace amounts of dietary ochratoxin A. Therefore the present findings question assumptions that human response to ochratoxin A conforms to that in the rat.


Figures show that the games industry remains a male dominated occupation. Anecdotally a link has been proposed between higher male consumption of platform-based games and career choices, though figures also show a higher female to male ratio in social networking games. This suggests that perhaps the type of gameplay may influence career choice. This study therefore interviews women who have chosen a counter-stereotypical gendered career pathway and who are students in Further Education and Higher Education who are in the process of making career choices, to understand better a potential link between gameplay and career choice.
The key findings relate to the positive emotive language utilised by the participants, a suggested link between gameplay, the concept of a 'gamer' and the choice of the games industry as a career, and serious concerns of abusive online gaming behaviour experienced by females. By adopting a subtle realist approach this study found a strong emotive view of
games and the games development courses created a quantifiable link to a career. A high level of identifiable traits, traditionally considered both masculine and feminine, suggested that an outmoded view of gender stereotypes also appeared to negatively affect career choice.
From the findings further research is suggested in relation to experiences of females both within the industry and at secondary school. At a wider level this study suggests both games courses and the industry would benefit from incorporating both traditionally masculine and feminine traits as part of developing more effective and inclusive recruitment strategies. Finally further research is proposed regarding how games and the gaming community relate to females both as characters and as players.


A stochastic volatility (SV) problem is formulated as a state space form of a Hidden Markov model (HMM). The SV model assumes that the distribution of asset returns conditional on the latent volatility is normal. This article analyzes the SV model with the student-t distribution and the generalized error distribution (GED) and compares these distributions with a mixture of normal distributions from Kim and Stoffer (2008). A Sequential Monte Carlo with Expectation Maximization (SMCEM) algorithm technique was used to estimate parameters for the extended volatility model; the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and forecast statistics were calculated to compare distribution fit. Distribution performance was assessed using simulation study and real data. Results show that, although comparable to the normal mixture SV model, the Student-t and GED were empirically more successful.


Abstract Central to Aristotle's metaphysics and epistemology is the claim that 'aitia' – 'cause' – is "said in many ways", i.e., multivocal. Though the importance of the four causes in Aristotle's system cannot be overstated, the nature of his pluralism about aitiai has not been addressed. It is not at all obvious how these modes of causation are related to one another, or why they all deserve a common term. Nor is it clear, in particular, whether the causes are related to one another as species under a single genus, such that there is a univocal definition of 'aitia' which applies to all of them, or whether Aristotle means to assert that the four causes are homonyms. It is argued here that although there are strong reasons to group the four causes together, there are also powerful considerations on the side of homonymy. It is further argued that the four causes are more closely tied to the ontological theory of categories and predication than is often recognized. As a result, we can reconcile the competing demands of unity and plurality by taking one mode of causation, the formal cause, as basic, and accounting for the other modes with reference to it, in the manner of so-called pros hen homonyms.


In his 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature lecture, Russian author Alexandr Solzhenitsyn asserted that the famous utterance of Dostoyevsky's Prince Myshkin, "Beauty will save the world," was not the issue of vain hope or foolish romanticism, but rather "prophecy." Th is paper will investigate the way in which Solzhenitsyn's ethical claim concerning literature intersects with theological aesthetics, especially in the latter's assertion that beauty must be recovered from its decline beneath the amorphous sublime and re-associated with the good and true. Solzhenitsyn's challenge was primarily addressed to the global community of authors, calling them to off er a collective moral "fi eld of vision" for humanity through their literary art. I will locate the ethical import of this literary "field of vision" in its relation to self-knowledge, and then explore theological aesthetics' claim that the identity of the human being is revealed, judged and affi rmed in an encounter with the beauty of Christ.


The electrokinetic flow of an electrolyte solution in a planar slit covered by an ion-penetrable charged membrane layer is analyzed theoretically. An approximate analytical expression for the spatial variation in the electrical potential is derived, and the electroosmotic velocity, the total electric current, and the streaming potential of the system under consideration are evaluated. The effects of epsilon' (relative permittivity of liquid phase/relative permittivity of membrane layer), eta' (viscosity of liquid phase/viscosity of membrane layer) and the valence of anions (coions) on the volumetric flow rate and total current are examined. We show that the effect of the valence of cations (counterions) on the volumetric flow rate is less significant than that of epsilon' and that of eta'. However, the effect of epsilon' on the total current is less significant than that of the valence of cations and that of eta'. The variation of total current as a function of ionic strength is found to have a local minimum, regardless of whether a pressure gradient is applied or not. The absolute streaming potential has a local maximum as the concentration of fixed charge varies, which was not found in previous studies.


Background In the first optic neuropil (lamina) of the fly's visual system, monopolar cells L1 and L2 and glia show circadian rhythms in morphological plasticity. They change their size and shape during the day and night. The most pronounced changes have been detected in circadian size of the L2 axons. Looking for a functional significance of the circadian plasticity observed in axons, we examined the morphological plasticity of the L2 dendrites. They extend from axons and harbor postsynaptic sites of tetrad synaptic contacts from the photoreceptor terminals. Methodology/Principal Findings The plasticity of L2 dendrites was evaluated by measuring an outline of the L2 dendritic trees. These were from confocal images of cross sections of L2 cells labeled with GFP. They were in wild-type and clock mutant flies held under different light conditions and sacrified at different time points. We found that the L2 dendrites are longest at the beginning of the day in both males and females. This rhythm observed under a day/night regime (LD) was maintained in constant darkness (DD) but not in continuous light (LL). This rhythm was not present in the arrhythmic per01 mutant in LD or in DD. In the clock photoreceptor cryb mutant the rhythm was maintained but its pattern was different than that observed in wild-type flies. Conclusions/Significance The results obtained showed that the L2 dendrites exhibit circadian structural plasticity. Their morphology is controlled by the per gene-dependent circadian clock. The L2 dendrites are longest at the beginning of the day when the daytime tetrad presynaptic sites are most numerous and L2 axons are swollen. The presence of the rhythm, but with a different pattern in cryb mutants in LD and DD indicates a new role of cry in the visual system. The new role is in maintaining the circadian pattern of changes of the L2 dendrite length and shape.


Since the advent of online social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, useful health-related studies have been conducted using the information posted by online participants. Personal health-related issues such as mental health, self-harm and depression have been studied because users often share their stories on such platforms. Online users resort to sharing because the empathy and support from online communities are crucial in helping the affected individuals. A preliminary analysis shows how contents related to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) proliferate on Twitter. Thus, we use Twitter to collect relevant data, analyse, and proffer ways of supporting users prone to NSSI behaviour. Our approach utilises a custom crawler to retrieve relevant tweets from self-reporting users and relevant organisations interested in combating self-harm. Through textual analysis, we identify six major categories of self-harming users consisting of inflicted, anti-self-harm, support seekers, recovered, pro-self-harm and at risk. The inflicted category dominates the collection. From an engagement perspective, we show how online users respond to the information posted by self-harm support organisations on Twitter. By noting the most engaged organisations, we apply a useful technique to uncover the organisations' strategy. The online participants show a strong inclination towards online posts associated with mental health related attributes. Our study is based on the premise that social media can be used as a tool to support proactive measures to ease the negative impact of self-harm. Consequently, we proffer ways to prevent potential users from engaging in self-harm and support affected users through a set of recommendations. To support further research, the dataset will be made available for interested researchers.


On June 26, 1993, President Clinton ordered a missile attack on Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad. The president's approval level surged-a textbook example of a "rally." But who rallied? Previous studies of rallies have relied on aggregate data, preventing analysts from determining who switched from nonapproval to approval of the president in response to a rally event. The CBS News/New York Times Poll interviewed a national sample of adults right before the attack and reinterviewed 622 of the same respondents immediately following. Employing this panel study, we find that those who rallied were those most disposed to support the president in the first place. Exposure to the news media also plays a role in reinforcing the impact of positive views of the president's handling of foreign policy. Thus, more than patriotic fervor is involved in rallies. Rather than being a distinctive phenomenon, a rally event seems to be simply an additional force that pushes potential supporters over the threshold of approval.


Depletion of Myanmar's top commercial timbers has grown the attention towards lesser-used timbers, which present low durability and require protection against biodegradation. This research tested the treatability of four nondurable Myanmar hardwoods: Bombax ceiba, Bombax insigne, Spondias pinnata and Tetrameles nudiflora . Conditioned heartwood samples were pressure-treated according to standard schedules using a staining solution. Solution uptake, penetration depths, and percent of each cell type penetrated were determined and discussed according to wood anatomical characteristics. B. ceiba, B. insigne and S. pinnata had high uptakes and good penetration making them promising for protective treatment. T. nudiflora was also classified as easy to treat based on its penetration index but as generally difficult to treat according to retention and depth of penetration. This different behavior was attributed to the tyloses occluding its vessels. The results are useful for the development of specific treatment schedules to achieve the retentions and penetration required for the effective protection of these lesser-used hardwoods.


Being a supervisor is an important and lonely occupation. The aim of this study was to identify barriers and opportunities in working conditions for supervisors, being facilitators and implementers of change for meat cutters. Nine supervisors of meat cutters in one large company were interviewed. The semi-structured interviews covered their roles as supervisors, performance of the change process and their own working conditions. Notes were taken and structured in themes. Similarities, differences, plus and minus were identified. There was a nuanced view on the change processes and their effects. The change processes and the decisions were anchored in a democratic process with groups of employees and the union. All were clear on what demands the company had on them. They were secure in a functioning network of peers and their immediate superior. On their own education, most were as a whole satisfied, but in need of more training and talked of lifelong learning. They considered their work demanding and lonely, with a need both to be manager and leader. A shared leadership could mean doing a better job. There is a need for education and training as a manager and leader as well as the opportunity to discuss with peers.


In automotive, aerospace, and defense applications – electronic parts can often be exposed to high strain loads during shocks, vibrations and drop-impact conditions. Electronic parts can often face extreme low and high temperatures ranging from −65°C to 200°C. Additionally, these electronic devices can be subjected to strain rates of 1 to 100 per second in a critical environment. Numerous doped solder alloys have emerged to mitigate the effects of sustained high-temperature operation. The mechanical properties of SAC-Q solder alloy, isothermally aged for prolonged durations and tested at extremely low to high operating temperatures, are not available. In this work, SAC-Q doped solder material is tested and studied for this study at a range of operating temperatures of −65°C to 200°C and at a strain rate up to 75 per second for up to 240 days (i.e. 8 months) of isothermal aging with a storage temperature of 100°C. For the extensive range of strain rates and surrounding test temperatures, stress-strain curves are established for the solder. The measured experimental results and data were fitted to the Anand viscoplasticity model. The Anand constants were calculated by estimating the stress-strain behavior measured for operating temperatures −65°C to 200°C for SAC-Q solder. FE analysis for drop/shock events for BGA package assembly with PCB has been carried out. Hysteresis stress-strain curves and plastic work density curves are generated for various aging conditions for SAC-Q solder ball joints.


This study aims to give information about the effect of eco labels on customers purchasing behaviours. The increase public concern in relation to their surrounding natural environment has started to show off their consumption behaviours and lead to the creation of a new group of consumers as the green consumers Green production and consumption is a necessity of this century because of dreadful environmental degradation and changing consumer behaviour. Consumer behaviour is a dynamic factor in order to cope up with; new strategies and ideas are developed from the part of manufactures to sustain in the highly competitive market.


The study is guided by one objective which is to examine the impact of foreign direct investment to Tanzania economy from 1995 to 2016. The collected quantitative data were analyzed through E views while qualitative data, were analyzed through content analysis in which various themes were developed for data presentation and analysis. The findings through variables used including human capital, infrastructure, trade openness and FDI itself revealed the presence of impacts in which Foreign Direct Investment has on growing economy of Tanzania especially from 1990s where the country put effort in having trade openness. But also, in a way to determine economic growth, FDI resulted economic growth through transferring technology, creation of employment to many people, generating revenue to the government through taxes, contribution to social security fund and so on, provision of the needed capital to the country, creation environmental for business competition in the country, improvement of labor skills, determining trade integration and market access and changing the way domestic firms operate.