In the field of ELT, a growing awareness has been paid to the use of correct and appropriate word combinations. Of methods and techniques existed in the literature, the issue of lexical collocation gets a great deal of attention. However, one of the main obstacles, particularly for non-native writers (NNW), is indeterminate knowledge of word combinations. Through the acquisition of collocation it may be possible for NNW to increase their lexical competence. The present study attempted to investigate the use of English lexical collocations in the texts written by native writers of English (NW) and non-native writers of English (NNW), and to examine whether there are any statistically significant differences between NW and NNW in terms of employing collocations in their written productions. The corpora for the current study consisted of 40 research articles (RAs) published in leading journals in ELT, 20 of which belong to native speakers of English while the rest to non-natives. Only RAs published in ELT discipline were included in the corpora because lexical collocation may show difference across disciplines. Before analysing, the data were categorized according to a taxonomy divided into seven: verb+noun, verb+adj./adv., noun+verb, noun+noun, adjective+noun, adverb+adjective, and adverb+verb . To able to explore the data, Independent Samples T-test was employed. The findings yielded significant results. Further, the current study sheds light on whether to include lexical collocations for a better writing. At the end, based on the research findings, some pedagogical implications and suggestions for further research and collocation awareness were discussed.


The trust solutions to routing networks are faced with the evaluation of behavior trust and how to exactly evaluate the behaviors under the circumstance of existing recommend deceptive behavior such as providing fake or misleading recommendation. In this paper, by learning trust relationship from routing network, a trust evaluation model based on Grey Clustering Theory is proposed. The model adopts improved Bayes theory to evaluate the behavior trust. By introducing Grey Clustering Theory, the model clusters the recommend node to different trust classes according to recommend credibility and calculates the recommend weight to resistance the fraud recommends information from the deceptive node. Simulation results show that trust evaluation model based on Grey Clustering Theory cannot only effectively evaluate the routing node behavior but also has better anti-attack performance, anti-deception performance and higher attack node detection rate.


In this thesis, we study two practical problems in applied mathematical fi
nance. The first topic discusses the issue of pricing and hedging Bermudan swaptions
within a one factor Markov-functional model. We focus on the implications for hedging
of the choice of instantaneous volatility for the one-dimensional driving Markov
process of the model. We find that there is a strong evidence in favour of what we
term \parametrization by time" as opposed to \parametrization by expiry". We
further propose a new parametrization by time for the driving process which takes
as inputs into the model the market correlations of relevant swap rates. We show
that the new driving process enables a very effective vega-delta hedge with a much
more stable gamma profile for the hedging portfolio compared with the existing
ones.
The second part of the thesis mainly addresses the topic of pricing European
options within the popular stochastic volatility SABR model and its extension with
mean reversion. We investigate some effcient approximations for these models to be
used in real time. We first derive a probabilistic approximation for three different
versions of the SABR model: Normal, Log-Normal and a displaced diffusion version
for the general constant elasticity of variance case. Specifically, we focus on capturing
the terminal distribution of the underlying process (conditional on the terminal
volatility) to arrive at the implied volatilities of the corresponding European options
for all strikes and maturities. Our resulting method allows us to work with a variety
of parameters which cover long dated options and highly stress market condition.
This is a different feature from other current approaches which rely on the assumption
of very small total volatility and usually fail for longer than 10 years maturity
or large volatility of volatility.
A similar study is done for the extension of the SABR model with mean
reversion (SABR-MR). We first compare the SABR model with this extended model
in terms of forward volatility to point out the fundamental difference in the dynamics
of the two models. This is done through a numerical example of pricing forward
start options. We then derive an effcient probabilistic approximation for the SABRMR
model to price European options in a similar fashion to the one for the SABR
model. The numerical results are shown to be still satisfactory for a wide range of
market conditions.


Objective Evaluating maternal practice regarding diarrhoea and the common cold. Method This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which was conducted on the island of Baru, near Cartagena, Colombia. It involved 127 mothers of African descent and their 138 children aged less than 5 years of age; convenience sampling was used. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) instrument was used for the survey during a one-day healthcare session. The prevalence of diarrhoea and the common cold during the 7 days immediately before the survey were estimated, as were maternal practice regarding these and the occurrence of other risks and protective factors; a history of breastfeeding, complementary feeding and vaccination was compiled. Descriptive statistics were used and the χ2 test was used for ascertaining the significance of the relationships between variables. Results Diarrhoea prevalence was 71.7 % (64-79 95 % CI), this being lower for girls aged 2 months to 5 years-old (p = 0,02) and common cold prevalence was 99.2 % (97-100 95 % CI), this being higher in girls aged older than 2 months (p=0.004). 86.9 % (81-92 95 % CI) of the mothers did not know how to identify warning signs for these diseases, 84.9 % (78-90 95 % CI) of the practices were inadequate and 73.3% of the mothers took their children to a doctor as their first line medical practice (p=0.05). Conclusions Efforts must be increased regarding the implementation of the IMCI strategy in vulnerable communities, through effective channels of communication and innovative ways to reduce child morbidity and mortality indices, thereby promoting the island's social development.


Summary
The incidence of Pasteurella tularensis in wild animals and their ectoparasites from selected areas of the Great Salt Lake Desert region was determined by using bacteriological and serological techniques. Approximately 31,300 mammals, 1,700 birds, and 141,000 ectoparasites were examined from 1951 through 1964. The sera from 5,047 head of livestock of the region also were tested.
Fifty-two isolates of P. tularensis were obtained, 26 from ectoparasites and 26 from animal tissues. The positive ectoparasites included three species of ticks (Dermacentor parumapertus, Dermacentor andersoni, and Ixodes kingi), a flea (Thrassis bacchi), and an anopluran louse (probably Hoplopleura hesperomydis). The tissue isolates were from black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus californicus), an Audubon (desert) cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), a Great Basin pocket mouse (Perognathus parvus), Ord kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii), white-tailed antelope squirrels (Citellus leucurus), and beaver (Castor canadensis). Serum agglutinins at titers of 1:20 to 1:320 were found in 92 specimens of 25 species of wild mammals and birds; 31% of the cattle and 24% of the sheep had serum agglutinin titers of 1:40 or greater.
Eight mammalian and seven avian species were implicated within the natural ecology of tularemia for the first time: the Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis), the Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), the pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei), the Great Basin pocket mouse, the chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps), the white-tailed antelope squirrel, the cliff chipmunk (Eutamias dorsalis), the bobcat (Lynx rufus), the shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), the horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), the common mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), the California gull (Larus californicus), the prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus), the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and the Great Basin screech owl (Otus asio).
Four of the isolates of P. tularensis from rodents were found to be of maximal virulence (i.e., one organism was fatal for standard laboratory animals excluding the white rat), while one isolate from a desert cottontail and one from a Great Basin pocket mouse were found to be of low virulence. The latter findings are exceptions to the commonly accepted generalization that strains from North American ticks, lagomorphs, and sheep are of high virulence and those from beaver, rodents, and water are of low virulence. While the generally accepted concept is usually justified, this distinction does not exist invariably.


Background: An implantable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system (Eversense ® XL, Senseonics, Maryland U.S.A) recently received CE Mark for 180-day duration in adults. The current study is the first investigation of the performance of the Eversense XL through 180 days in a primarily adolescent population with type I diabetes (T1D). Methods: This study was a prospective, single-center, single-arm, 180-day evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of the implantable CGM system among Canadian adolescent and adult participants with T1D. Effectiveness measures included mean absolute relative difference (MARD), system agreement with Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) glucose values, and Clarke Error Grid analysis using paired CGM and reference YSI glucose analyzer values. Adult participants were inserted with two sensors and adolescent participants were inserted with one sensor in the upper arm. CGM system accuracy studies were performed every 30 days. The safety assessment included the incidence of insertion or removal procedure-related and device-related serious adverse events (SAEs) through 180 days post-insertion. Results: Thirty-Six participants (30 adolescent/6 adult, 13 female/23 male, mean age 17±9.2 years, mean BMI 22±4 kg/m 2 ) received the CGM system. One subject withdrew at Day 1 due to intravenous access issues. CGM system agreement with YSI glucose within 15 mg/dL or 15% of YSI glucose values (N = 7163) through 60, 120 and 180 days was 82.9% (95% CI: 78.4%-86.1%), 83.6% (95% CI: 80.4%-85.7%) and 83.4% (95% CI: 79.7%-85.5%), respectively. Overall MARD was 9.4% (95% CI: 8.6%-10.5%). Clarke Error Grid analysis showed 99% of paired values in clinically acceptable error zones A and B. No insertion/removal or device-related SAEs were reported. Conclusions: The Eversense XL CGM system is safe and accurate through 180 days of Sensor wear in a primarily adolescent population. Disclosure R. Aronson: Other Relationship; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi, AstraZeneca. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Senseonics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. R. Rastogi: Employee; Self; Senseonics. C. Mdingi: Employee; Self; Senseonics. X. Chen: Employee; Self; Senseonics. K. Tweden: Employee; Self; Senseonics.


Aim: To study theapoptotic rate (AR) and the androgen and estrogen milieu in the proximal and distal ductal sys tems of prostate, in order to help exploring the effects of these factors on prostatic growth and the pathogenesis of be nign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Methods: The proximal and distal ends of the ductal system were incised from 20 normal prostate as well as the hypertrophic prostate tissue from 20 patients with BPH. The AR was determined by the DNA end-labeling method and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrodiol (E2), by radioimmunoassay. Results:There was no significant difference in DHT and E2 density between the proximal and distal ends of the ductal systems in normal prostate. E2 appeared to be higher in BPH than in normal prostatic tissues, but the difference was statistically in significant. In normal prostatic tissue, the AR was significantly higher in the distal than in the proximal ends of the ductal system ( P < 0.05), while the AR of the proximal ends was significantly higher ( P < 0.01) than that in the BPH tissue. No significant correlation was noted between the DHT and E2 density and the AR both in the normal prostate and BPH tissues. Conclusion: The paper is the first time describing a difference in AR in different regions of the ductal system of normal prostate, while the hormonal milieu is similar, indicating a functional inhomogeneity of these regions. A low AR in the proximal duct, where BPH originates, and an even lower AR in the BPH tissue, sug gesting the participation of apoptosis in the BPH pathogenesis.


This paper provides survey evidence on the use of derivatives among firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The finding shows that the participation rate in the use of derivatives is 28.8 percent, much lower than those found in developed countries. For the derivatives non-users, insignificant risk exposure is reported as the most important rationale for not using derivatives. Consumer goods industry constitutes the largest proportion of firms using derivatives. The majority of respondents utilize derivatives to hedge against financial risks rather than to speculate. Foreign currency risk and interest rate risk are the most important types of risks faced with by respondents. Using the Chi-square and the Fisher's exact tests, the result corroborates the size effect hypothesis, where the use of derivatives is more popular among large firms than small firms. A SURVEY ON THE USE OF DERIVATIVES IN INDONESIA Keywords: derivatives; hedging; risk management


The present studies were undertaken to explore further the role of prostaglandins in the release of renin from the renal cortex. To provide the best assessment of renin release, renin was determined by a radioimmunoassay for the direct measurement of renin. Slices of mouse renal cortex were incubated at 37 degrees C with arachidonic acid (AA), 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), indomethacin, prostaglandins, and synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue (EPA). Our results showed that AA at 1.5 X 10(-8) M significantly increased renin release at 10 and 30 min of incubation. This renin increase ws abolished by either ETA or indomethacin. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) also significantly stimulated renin release at 10 and 60 min. PGE2 and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (DMPGE2) showed much less renin release-stimulating activity. EPA and PGI2 on the other hand very strongly stimulated renin release. However, at higher concentrations the stimulating effect of PGI2 and EPA disappeared and even became inhibitory in the case of EPA. Other prostaglandins were found to have no effect on renin release. The results suggest that the prostaglandin system directly affects renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells independent of systemic neurogenic and hemodynamic influences.


Free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Cayratia pedata leaves were carried out for proving its utility in free radical mediated diseases including diabetic, cardiovascular, cancer etc. The ethanolic extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant activity by oxygen and nitrogen radical scavenging such as DPPH scavenging, nitric oxide, superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelation, reducing power activity and total antioxidant assay at different concentrations. Throughout the studies leaves extract showed marked antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the leaves extract may be due to the phytochemicals present in it. The antioxidant activity was found to be concentration dependent and may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in the leaves of Cayratia pedata. The results of the present study concluded that the plant extract is a source of natural antioxidants which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stress mediated diseases including aging.


In 2015 a geothermal exploration well was drilled on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa. The sample suite from the drill core provides 645 m of volcanic stratigraphy from a Samoan volcano, spanning 1.45 million years of volcanic history. In the Tutuila drill core, shield lavas with an EM2 (enriched mantle 2) signature are observed at depth, spanning 1.46 to 1.44 Ma. These are overlain by younger (1.35 to 1.17 Ma) shield lavas with a primordial "common" (focus zone) component interlayered with lavas that sample a depleted mantle component. Following ~1.15 Myr of volcanic quiescence, rejuvenated volcanism initiated at 24.3 ka and samples an EM1 (enriched mantle 1) component. The timing of the initiation of rejuvenated volcanism on Tutuila suggests that rejuvenated volcanism may be tectonically driven, as Samoan hotspot volcanoes approach the northern terminus of the Tonga Trench. This is consistent with a model where the timing of rejuvenated volcanism at Tutuila and at other Samoan volcanoes relates to their distance from the Tonga Trench. Notably, the Samoan rejuvenated lavas have EM1 isotopic compositions distinct from shield lavas that are geochemically similar to "petit spot" lavas erupted outboard of the Japan Trench and late stage lavas erupted at Christmas Island located outboard of the Sunda Trench. Therefore, like the Samoan rejuvenated lavas, petit spot volcanism in general appears to be related to tectonic uplift outboard of subduction zones, and existing geochemical data suggest that petit spots share similar EM1 isotopic signatures.


Based on a stochastic biophysical model of multi-step transcription based on empirical parameter values of the rate constants of a fully induced LacO3O1 promoter at optimal temperature, we hypothesize that temperature downshifts increase promoter escape times from supercoiled states as they enhance the energy barrier of this process. Next, from simulations of the model and statistical inference, we predict the consequences of this hypothesis on the mean and cell-to-cell variability in RNA numbers at low temperatures and on the rate-limiting steps of the multi-step transcription process. To validate our results, we produced empirical in vivo single RNA-level data from a single-copy LacO3O1 promoter, when chromosome-integrated and when plasmid-borne (impervious to supercoiling due to lack of topological barriers). We show that the original hypothesis and the predicted transcription kinetics alterations are highly accurate, in a statistical sense. The data further supports that this phenomenon is solely biophysical, as its kinetics rapidly changes following the temperature shifts. Thus, we conclude that our temperature-dependent transcription model is accurate within the range of 37 o C and 10 o C. In the future, we expect this validated temperature-dependent stochastic model of transcription for chromosome-integrated promoters to be of use in predicting the plasticity of temperature-sensitive synthetic genetic circuits.


For the fabrication of quantum dot (QD) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, self-assembled InAs QDs were grown on the InP/InGaAs grating structures by a molecular beam epitaxy. Ridge-waveguide QD DFB lasers with a stripe width of 3 mum were fabricated. Single-mode lasing operation around the wavelength of 1.56 mum was successfully achieved under the pulsed and continuous-wave (CW) modes at room temperature. The lasing operation was also observed up to 70degC, which is the first observation on the single-mode lasing around 1.55 mum. The characteristic temperatures calculated from the temperature dependence of the threshold current density were 121.8 K from room temperature to 45degC and 74.2 K up to 70degC, respectively.


Grinding of single crystal silicon may be achieved by two modes of material removal: ductile mode and brittle mode. Knowing of the brittle to ductile transition point at which the grinding process changes from the brittle mode to ductile mode is critically important for the realization of ductile mode grinding. This paper uses a new single grain diamond grinding method developed recently by the authors to investigate the brittle to ductile transition during grinding of single crystal silicon in all around. The results indicate that there exist four stages of brittle to ductile transition as the depth of cut is reduced: firstly, the surface cracks outside the grinding groove disappeared, secondlycracks on the bottom of the groove disappeared, then the lateral cracks ceased in the subsurface region, and finally the median crack is suppressed beneath the grooves. It is not until the depth of cut reaches the last transition point that a crack-free groove can be produced, therefore, the last transition stage is decisive. The critical depth of cut delineating the brittle to ductile transition point derived based on this criterion is 40 nanometers, which is much lower than that based on surface cracks.


Individual differences in the mere willingness to think analytically has been shown to predict religious disbelief. Recently, however, it has been argued that analytic thinkers are not actually less religious; rather, the putative association may be a result of religiosity typically being measured after analytic thinking (an order effect). In light of this possibility, we report four studies in which a negative correlation between religious belief and performance on analytic thinking measures is found when religious belief is measured in a separate session. We also performed a meta-analysis on all previously published studies on the topic along with our four new studies (N = 15,078, k = 31), focusing specifically on the association between performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test (the most widely used individual difference measure of analytic thinking) and religious belief. This meta-analysis revealed an overall negative correlation (r) of -.18, 95% CI [-.21, -.16]. Although this correlation is modest, self-identified atheists (N = 133) scored 18.7% higher than religiously affiliated individuals (N = 597) on a composite measure of analytic thinking administered across our four new studies (d = .72). Our results indicate that the association between analytic thinking and religious disbelief is not caused by a simple order effect. There is good evidence that atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers.


Developers and owners of wind turbines have a duty to ensure the safety of the general public and their own staff. However, there are currently no guidelines for dealing with potential dangers arising from ice thrown off wind turbines. This puts developers, owners, planning authorities and insurers in a difficult position. To rectify this situation, the work presented here has commenced in order to produce an authoritative set of guidelines. Initial work has resulted in the development of a risk assessment methodology which has been used to demonstrate that the risk of being struck by ice thrown from a turbine is diminishingly small at distances greater than approximately 250 m from the turbine in a climate where moderate icing occurs.


Tooth enamel is the most highly mineralized tissue in vertebrates. Enamel crystal formation and elongation should be well controlled to achieve an exceptional hardness and a compact microstructure. Enamel matrix calcification occurs with several matrix proteins, such as amelogenin, enamelin, and ameloblastin. Among them, amelogenin is the most abundant enamel matrix protein, and multiple isoforms resulting from extensive but well-conserved alternative splicing and postsecretional processing have been identified. In this report, we recruited a family with a unique enamel defect and identified a silent mutation in exon 4 of the AMELX gene. We show that the mutation caused the inclusion of exon 4, which is almost always skipped, in the mRNA transcript. We further show, by generating and characterizing a transgenic animal model, that the alteration of the ratio and quantity of the developmentally conserved alternative splicing repertoire of AMELX caused defects in enamel matrix mineralization.


The p-NiO/n-ZnO transparent pn heterojunction is prepared by RF magnetron sputtering technique and processed into a chemical sensor element by photolithography pattering and chemical etching process. Forward biased p-NiO/n-ZnO heterojunction sensor can detect VOCs at room temperature and its gas sensitivity is extremely enhanced with the assist of deep UV light incidence. Even if the testing gas is thermodynamically stable such as aromatic VOC, the p-NiO/n-ZnO heterojunction sensor can detect it with the concert mechanism involving "electric" and "photo" assistance.


A growing body of research suggests that having more women in the boardroom leads to better corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. However, much of this work views the CSR-enhancing effect of women directors as largely driven by their moral orientations and rarely considers other underlying mechanisms. Moreover, less explored are the firm-specific conditions under which such CSR-promoting roles of female directors might be performed more (or less) effectively. In this paper, we seek to bridge this gap in the literature by (1) proposing an additional account for the positive influence of female independent directors on the firm's CSR and (2) illuminating the organizational context in which female directorship is likely to translate into good CSR performance. We argue that women independent directors might take CSR issues more seriously than their male counterparts not only because of their stronger moral orientations, but also because they have reputational reasons to do so. Further, we suggest that female directors' concerns about CSR-relevant matters are more (less) likely to gain support from other members of the organization when their company is doing more (less) business in the product markets where reputation for CSR is more (less) vital for success. Using a sample of Standard & Poor's (S&P) 1500 index firms (2000–2009) and the data on their board composition and CSR ratings, we find strong support for our argument. We find that the number (or proportion) of women independent directors is positively associated with a firm's CSR ratings and that the strength of this relationship depends on the level of the firm's consumer market orientation.


7.1 Introduction This chapter illustrates some of the methods used for evaluating the physical and psychophysical performances of digital detectors for imaging in mammography. Objective and subjective measurements by means of human observers and automatic methods can be achieved to better characterize the performance of digital systems. Some results from commercial units are also presented. To assess the image quality of the various systems, spatial resolution and noise properties can be evaluated using metrics such as the modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectra (NPS), noise-equivalent quanta (NEQ), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). While the image quality of different systems can be characterized by using these objective measures, medical diagnosis also involves perception of the observer. Since an image is, by definition, a means for visually representing the clinical information captured by the equipment, at some stage quality must
be based on the judgment of a human observer. A more direct image-based method of evaluating overall system performance is by using contrast-detail (CD) phantoms. These phantoms contain test objects of different size and contrast and are traditionally used to determine the boundary between visible and invisible objects represented by the imaging system. An issue with this type of experiment is that subjective observation can often result in relatively high inter- and intra-observer variability. A high-quality image is of major importance to assure an accurate
diagnosis, and this is generally determined by three primary physical
image-quality parameters: contrast, spatial resolution, and noise. These quality parameters can be evaluated by objective image-quality
measurements such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), MTF, and NPS.
Together they form a basis for the description of image quality that encompasses the three primary physical image-quality parameters. These factors contribute to the measurement of DQE, which has been
well established as the most suitable parameter for describing the
imaging performance of an x-ray digital imaging device. DQE is the measurement of the combined effects of the noise and contrast
performance of an imaging system, expressed as a function of object detail.


Transport megaprojects are essential to economic growth and development, yet attract high risks and are prone to failure. Projects fail for a number of reasons and when they do, their impacts are severe. This is especially true in developing countries, where the cost of a project is typically far higher than those in developed countries, whose GDPs are much higher in relative terms. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the failures of megaprojects in developing and developed countries to establish as basis for comparison in the reasons for project failure. The study finds that projects in developing countries tend to be poorly justified in feasibility studies and under-resourced in operations, making them particularly prone to high failure rates.


The structure and application model of J2EE were introduced. The superiority of J2EE application model in implementing information integration for enterprise was described through discussing the technology about J2EE on client and server, and illustrating the reusable component of J2EE. The developing time was reduced, predigesting convert was simplified and the ability of developing large enterprise application also was enhanced.


Learning how complex traits like eyes originate is fundamental for understanding evolution. Here, we first sketch historical perspectives on trait origins and argue that new technologies offer key new insights. Next, we articulate four open questions about trait origins. To address them, we define a research program to break complex traits into components and study the individual evolutionary histories of those parts. By doing so, we can learn when the parts came together and perhaps understand why they stayed together. We apply the approach to five structural innovations critical for complex eyes, reviewing the history of the parts of each of those innovations. Photoreceptors evolved within animals by bricolage, recombining genes that originated far earlier. Multiple genes used in eyes today had ancestral roles in stress responses. We hypothesize that photo-stress could have increased the chance those genes were expressed together in places on animals where light was abundant.


According to the Lyapunov stability theorem, a new general hybrid projective complete dislocated synchronization scheme with non-derivative and derivative coupling based on parameter identification is proposed under the framework of drive-response systems. Every state variable of the response system equals the summation of the hybrid drive systems in the previous hybrid synchronization. However, every state variable of the drive system equals the summation of the hybrid response systems while evolving with time in our method. Complete synchronization, hybrid dislocated synchronization, projective synchronization, non-derivative and derivative coupling, and parameter identification are included as its special item. The Lorenz chaotic system, Rössler chaotic system, memristor chaotic oscillator system, and hyperchaotic Lü system are discussed to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.


Abstract
 Overwintered pupae of fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), were collected from 38 hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae)) plantations in Samsun province, Turkey, in 2008 and 2009. Four chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) species were reared: Chouioia cunea Yang (Eulophidae), Conomorium amplum (Walker), Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker), and Psychophagus omnivorus (Walker) (Pteromalidae). Overall parasitism was 11.97% and 4.84% for 2008 and 2009, respectively; species richness on sites ranged from one to three species. Psychophagus omnivorus parasitised 6.7% of all pupae and comprised 79% of chalcidoid rearings. Chouioia cunea had the highest clutch average (117) and female:male ratio (44.5:1). Records of Chouioia cunea and Conomorium amplum are new for Turkey and, except for P. omnivorus, all parasitoids are new records for H. cunea in Turkey.


For many years, a new interest in nanomaterials, with grain sizes smaller than 100nm, has emerged. This is due to the enhanced properties of the resulting sintered materials or coatings compared to those with coarser-grained materials. This paper is devoted to the feasibility to produce nanomaterial coatings by a dc plasma spray process. Until now, only thick coatings (> 100µm) have been elaborated using this technique, by injecting, with a carrier gas, micrometric particles in the plasma flow. But, it is not possible to inject too small particles (<5µm) without perturbing drastically the plasma jet by the high carrier gas flow rate necessary to give them a high enough momentum. This work presents a new dc plasma spray process, designed to elaborate alumina nanocoatings. The most important step of the process is the control of the ceramic nanometric particle penetration in the plasma. Because of their small size, a liquid, which density made the momentum transfer more efficient, replaced the carrier gas with an injector creating calibrated droplets with controlled velocity and flow rate. To study the liquid-plasma interaction, the penetration of pure water in an Ar/H2 plasma jet was investigated by means of emission spectroscopy. The modification of temperature field together with oxygen concentration was determined quantitatively. Emission spectra were treated with a new localization method, avoiding the use of Abel's inversion implying a cylindrical symmetry, destroyed by the liquid injection. Such measurements allowed optimizing the liquid penetration in the plasma jet. Alumina nanopowders were dispersed in a liquid to form a stable suspension, which was injected in the plasma. The layered particle morphology, collected on glass substrates at different distances downstream of the injection point, was then studied.


Background: Rhizospheremicrobiota plays a key role in plant-soil feedbacks, yet the intrinsic principles governing rhizospheremicrobiota assembly remain unclear. To understand the principles, we studied taxonomical and functional characteristics of re-assembled maize rhizospheremicrobiota during transplanting between soils. The composition of rhizospheremicrobiota were measured by High-throughput amplicon-based IlluminaMiSeq sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene V4-region. The rhizosphere functional profiles were assessed using 16S rRNA data through PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved State) software. Results: The re-assembled rhizospheremicrobiota was recruited from both soil and endosphere communities. Soil nutrient availability dominatedmicrobiota assembly and functional profile in rhizosphere. The most important rhizospheric functions were stress tolerance, while the related taxa were in low abundance and derived primarily from bulk soil. Nutrient excessive soil marginalized rhizosphere nutrient cycling functions, while nutrient deficient soil sacrificed stress tolerance functions and enhanced compensatory colonization of nutrient cycling related endophytes in rhizosphere. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate soil condition mediates rhizospheremicrobiota assembly to satisfy plant required functions. This assembly principle is helpful for manipulating plant root microbiota to improve agricultural sustainability.


WrecksAll Drug Company is a fraud investigation case in which students use financial and nonfinancial data to develop and test hypotheses related to irregularities in deposits. The case teaches the proper sequence of activities in conducting a fraud investigation and how to identify sources of evidence useful in evaluating fraud hypotheses. Students get hands-on experience in analyzing a large dataset using Excel and drawing and supporting conclusions about the case using the data and other evidence obtained in the case.


Gastrointestinal fistula is the most serious complication of esophageal and gastric cardiac cancer surgery. According to occurrence of organ, gastrointestinal fistula can be divided into anastomotic fistula, gastric fistula; According to occurrence site, fistula can be divided into cervical fistula, thoracic fistula; According to time of occurrence, can be divided into early, middle and late fistula. There are special types of fistula including 'thoracic cavity'-stomach-bronchial fistula, 'thoracic cavity'-stomach-aortic fistula. Early diagnosis needs familiarity with various types of clinical gastrointestinal fistulas. However, Prevention of gastrointestinal fistula is better than cure, including perioperative nutritional support, respiratory tract management, and acid suppression, positive treatment of complications, antibiotic prophylaxis, and gastrointestinal decompression and eating timing. Prevention can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative gastrointestinal fistula. Collectively, early diagnosis and treatment, nutritional supports are key to reducing mortality of gastrointestinal fistula.


A novel model-based and predictive energy supervisory controller for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is presented. Its objective is to minimize the fuel consumption (FC) of HEVs using only the information on the current state of charge (SoC) of the battery and data available from a standard onboard navigation system. This objective is achieved using a predictive reference signal generator (pRSG) in combination with a nonpredictive reference tracking controller for the battery SoC. The pRSG computes the desired battery SoC trajectory as a function of vehicle position such that the recuperated energy is maximized despite the constraints on the battery SoC. To compute the SoC reference trajectory, only the topographic profile of the future road segments and the corresponding average traveling speeds must be known. Simulation results of the proposed predictive strategy show substantial improvements in fuel economy in hilly driving profiles, compared with nonpredictive strategies. A parallel HEV is analyzed in this paper. However, the proposed method is independent of the powertrain topology. Therefore, the method is applicable to all types of HEVs.


The rich forests of Indonesian New Guinea are threatened. We used satellite data to examine annual forest loss, road development and plantation expansion from 2001 to 2019, then developed a model to predict future deforestation in this understudied region. In 2019, 34.29 million hectares (Mha), or 83% of Indonesian New Guinea, supported old-growth forest. Over nineteen years, two percent (0.75 Mha) were cleared: 45% (0.34 Mha) converted to industrial plantations, roads, mine tailings, or other uses near cities; 55% (0.41 Mha) cleared by transient processes including selective natural timber extraction, inland water bodies-related processes, fires, and shifting agriculture. Industrial plantations expanded by 0.23 Mha, with the majority (0.21 Mha; 28% of forest loss) replacing forests and reaching 0.28 Mha in 2019 (97% oil palm; 3% pulpwood). The Trans-Papua Highway, a ~4,000 km national investment project, increased by 1,554 km. Positive correlations between highway and plantations expansion indicate these are linked processes. Plantations and roads grew rapidly after 2011, peaked in 2015/16, and declined thereafter. Indonesian government allocated 2.62 Mha of land for the development of industrial plantations (90% oil palm 10% pulpwood) of which 74% (1.95 Mha) remained forest in 2019. A spatial model predicts that an additional 4.5 Mha of forest could be cleared by 2036 if Indonesian New Guinea follows similar relationships to Indonesian Borneo. We highlight the opportunities for policy reform and the importance of working with indigenous communities, local leaders, and provincial government to protect the biological and cultural richness still embodied in this remarkable region.


This study deals with political and civil rights of non-Muslims in the Islamic State and the origin of these rights from the perspective of Islamic law. It provides an important basis and theory about these rights. It asserts that Islam is always very much tolerant, lenient and just in the matter of any transactions and relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims in general, and political and civil rights, in particular. It argues that the legal provisions, existing and emerging on the subject, should be considered in the light of this fact. Any departure from this rule shall be considered abnormal (and so of no effect). (In other words,) it must be subject to the original rule (of tolerance, leniency and justness). This research claims that Islam regulates the relationships of Muslims and non-Muslim minorities in the Islamic community in an exemplary manner striking a balance between maintaining the purity and superiority of Islamic law, and giving the minorities full civil and political rights, far from being extreme or excessive, relying mainly on the Qur'an and the Sunnah, then the general rules of law and jurisprudence, while not neglecting the practical application of this theory throughout the Islamic history. Therefore, this work has examined the evidences (Texts) of the Qu'ran, Sunnah (Prophet's Traditions) and Athar (Practices of the Sahabah), and, classifying them by their strength, devised general rules and principles firmly based on them. In addition, this study describes the level of compatibility of Islamic law with international law and the principles of human rights as endorsed by the international bodies and United Nations Organization and (other bodies) relating to civil and political rights for minorities. (It underscores that) that there is a need to take into account the new situation in the current era on the subject of minorities jurisprudence. It is also needed to redefine fiqh of the past, which was developed by the specific circumstances of our predecessors' time, appropriate to the current situation based on Al-Qur'an and hadith and without any with conflict with the rules and objectives of Shari'ah. Finally, the results obtained by the researcher in this study are based on interviews with an important part of non-Muslim citizens of Malaysia (Buddhist, Hindu, Christian and other, representing 40% of total population) about their views on political and civil rights they are enjoying as a contemporary example and unique experience from Malaysia for in the rest of the Muslim world.


The bonding in mono- and bis-hydrazido metal complexes has been studied with the help of EHMO and ab initio calculations on various models as well as on free hydrazide. The theoretical results have been analysed together with a collection of structural data obtained through a Cambridge Data Base search covering 118 compounds. Although generally described as being a hydrazide(2–) ligand, its oxidation state is often closer –1 in early transition-metal complexes, corresponding to the following occupation of its frontier orbitals: (σn)2(πNN)2(πσ)2(π*NN)1. The occupied hydrazido πNN orbital, which does not interact significantly with the metal, is largely responsible for the significant double-bond character of the N–N bond. The partial population of the π*NN level, which tends to reduce the N–N bond order, is partly balanced by depopulation of the somewhat antibonding πσ orbital. Assuming the traditional hydrazido(2–) formal charge, the ligand is a six-electron donor in monohydrazido metal species if co-ordinated linearly. If significantly bent, it is a four-electron donor. In the case of cis bis(hydrazido) species, the two formally hydrazide(2–) ligands act generally as a 10-electron donor system.


A key question in assessing how global warming may affect climate is how it may impact day‐to‐day weather. To help answer this question, we evaluate the frequency and intensity of northern hemisphere storm tracks in the National Center for Climate Prediction reanalysis I dataset, and the historical, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 climate scenarios featured in the CMIP5 simulations. We found that a warmer climate resulted in a general decrease in storm frequency in midlatitudes, especially in RCP8.5. In contrast, frequency trends in the reanalysis data reflected an increase in the North Pacific consistent with a shift towards a positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation and more frequent El Niño events post mid‐1970s. An examination of frequency and intensity trends in the active storm track regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic showed that a significant decrease in storm track frequency was evident for RCP8.5. In contrast, intensity trends were dichotomous, with RCP8.5 exhibiting an increase in intensity in the North Atlantic active storm track region and a decrease in intensity in the North Pacific active storm track region. Poleward of these regions, a significant decrease in storm intensity in the North Atlantic and a significant increase in intensity in the North Pacific in RCP8.5 occurred. We also examined the intensity distribution of storms in the active storm track regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific and determined that the models produced weaker storms with reduced variability relative to reanalysis data regardless of external climate forcing.


Programming-language mechanisms for throwing and handling exceptions can simplify some computer programs. However the use of exceptions can also be error prone, leading to new programming errors and code that is hard to understand. This paper describes ways to tame the exception usage in C#. In particular the paper describes the treatment of exceptions in Spec#, an experimental superset of C# that includes code contracts.


[1] Bottom water exchange between the Japan and Yamato Basins in the abyssal Japan Sea is investigated based on data from two research cruises in June 2010 and June 2011. Distributions of water properties and velocity profiles from CTD/LADCP observations revealed a two-layer water mass exchange in a rotating system. The cold Japan Basin Bottom Water (JBBW) with high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations flowed into the Yamato Basin along the northern boundary of the channel connecting the basins, while the warmer, lower-DO Yamato Basin Bottom Water (YBBW) extended over the JBBW along the southern periphery of the channel. A benthic front between the JBBW and YBBW was observed in both cruises, though the front shifted to the northeast in 2011 compared with its 2010 location. Further, the bottom flows in the channel were not unidirectional in 2011, though consistent southwestward flows were observed in 2010. The JBBW transport into the Yamato Basin was also larger in 2010 than in 2011. Analysis of historical hydrographic data showed that the benthic front exists mostly in the narrowest region of the channel, though it fluctuates temporarily to the northeast or southwest. The fluctuation of the benthic front appears to be associated with the JBBW transport because the observations in June 2010 and June 2011 were carried out during periods of southwestward extension of cold water and northeast protrusion of warm water, respectively. A relationship between benthic front displacements and mesoscale warm eddy migrations is suggested.


With numerous structurally diverse indoor contaminants, indoor transformation chemistry has been largely unexplored. Here, by integrating protein affinity purification and nontargeted mass spectrometry analysis (PUCA), we identified a substantial class of previously unrecognized indoor transformation products formed through gas-surface reactions with nitrous acid (HONO). Through the PUCA, we identified a noncommercial compound, nitrated bisphenol A (BPA), from house dust extracts strongly binding to estrogen-related receptor γ. The compound was detected in 28 of 31 house dust samples with comparable concentrations (ND to 0.30 μg/g) to BPA. Via exposing gaseous HONO to surface-bound BPA, we demonstrated it likely forms via a heterogeneous indoor chemical transformation that is highly selective toward bisphenols with electron-rich aromatic rings. We used 15N-nitrite for in situ labeling and found 110 nitration products formed from indoor contaminants with distinct aromatic moieties. This study demonstrates a previously unidentified class of chemical reactions involving indoor HONO, which should be incorporated into the risk evaluation of indoor contaminants, particularly bisphenols.


Tongue lesions create a significant proportion of the oral lesions, which afford approximation to oral health and general condition of the patient and may reflect the presence of many systemic diseases of an individual. Oral lesions have long been view as the first signs of many systemic disease and numerous of oral illness. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of various superficial tongue lesions in Iraqi population. 2500 patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad, Iraq were examined for the presence of various tongue lesions during the period from October, 2013 to September, 2016. The age of the patients ranged from 9-75years with a mean age of 36.51 years. The prevalence of tongue lesions was 14.64% and the most common lesion diagnosed was fissured tongue affecting 43.7% of the subjects (160 cases). Geographic tongue was seen in 65 patients (17.7%). Coated tongue was diagnosed in 55 patients (17 %) hairy tongue was seen in 21patients (5.7 %) and ulcerations was seen in 1 patients (0.27%). Ankyloglossia was seen in 46 patients (12.5%) and scalloped tongue was seen in 10 patients (2.7 %). Varicosities were seen in 1 of the patients (0.27 %) and thrush in one patient (0.27 %). The number of occurrences of tongue lesions in the present study was not higher of than previous studies but the high prevalence of tongue lesions in this study (14.64%) specially fissured tongue(43.7%), geographic tongue(17.7%) and coated tongue (15.02%) indicate further investigations are demanded  to indicate if genetic and congenital or environmental factors play a critical role.


The 5th generation mobile communication provides various advance application with high quality of services. The research is continuing going on 5G network communications applications. The expectation from 5G antenna is to meet the higher speed, low latency and large bandwidth. An antenna array is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is array design is also very emerging research area for 5th generation communication application. This paper proposed a novel design of microstrip antenna array with dual notched and defected ground structures for 5G C-band applications. The CST microwave studio software is used to antenna design and simulation. The resonant frequency of this antenna is 5.4GHz and 6.4GHz. Overall bandwidth achieved by proposed antenna is 3.06GHz. The large bandwidth is applicable for next generation or 5G communication mobile applications.


The mechanical properties of B/Al composite were measured at room temperature before and after thermal-mechanical cycling (TMC) in the temperature interval from –125°C to 125°C under constant stress of 30 MPa. The effects of TMC on microstructure and tensile fracture behavior of B/Al composite were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fiber / matrix interfaces were degraded during TMC, the extent of which was enhanced with increasing the cycles, causing a measurable decrease of stageⅠmodulus of the B/Al composite. The TMC induced the dislocation generation in the aluminum matrix and the dislocation density increased with increasing the cycles. The tensile strength of the composites increased with the cycles in the early stage of TMC, but subsequently decreased after further TMC. The interfaces in the B/Al composite changed from the strongly-bonded toward the appropriately-bonded, and then to the weakly–bonded ones with increasing the cycles.


Changes of residual stress and electrical properties were examined in (001)-oriented and (111)-oriented Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 (PZT) thin films deposited on a buffered-Si substrate with a buffer and bottom electrode layer of a (La,Sr)CoO3(LSCO). A (001)-epitaxial PZT film was prepared on LSCO/CeO2 /Zr0.85Y0.15O1.93(YSZ)/Si. In addition, a (111)-oriented PZT film was prepared on LSCO/SrTiO3(ST) /Mn0.24Zn0.09Fe2.67O4(MZF)/YSZ/Si. The residual tensile stress in (001)-PZT thin films decreased from 2.92 to 1.98 GPa and the remanent polarization increased from 7.5 to 41.7 @C/cm2 as the LSCO thickness increased. In (111)-PZT, the residual tensile stress decreased from 1.72 to 0.95 GPa and remanent polarization increased from 9.5 to 26.7 @C/cm2. The residual tensile stress of (111)-PZT was less than that of (001)-PZT. The remanent polarization in the 80 nm (111)-PZT was greater than that of the 60 nm (001)-PZT. In the 700-nm-thick PZT, the remanent polarization in (001)-PZT was greater than that in (111)-PZT.


Web news articles play an important role in stock market. Sentiment classification of news articles can help the investors make investment decisions more efficiently. In this paper, we implemented an approach of Chinese new words detection by using N-gram model and applied the result for Chinese word segmentation and sentiment classification. Appraisal theory was introduced into sentiment analysis and Naive Bay es, K-nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine were used as classification algorithms. Our method was used for a Chinese stock news data set. The best accuracy reaches 82.9% in all experiments. Additionally, we developed a prototype system to demonstrate our work.


Yakutite is a type of polycrystalline diamonds occurred from alluvial deposits in Northern Yakutia of Russia. It is characterized by a massive morphology and black color and appears to be similar to carbonado, another type of polycrystalline diamond. There are only a few previous studies on Yakutite and its origin (formation process and environment) and mineralogical/crystallographic characteristic have still remained unclear. In this study, I examined the microtexture of Yakutite samples by means of electron microscopy as well as x-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy to understand what actually Yakutite is in material point of view.Raman spectra collected from Yakutite show a characteristic profile in which only a small and very wide diamond Raman peak at ~1330 cm is observed together with a significant background increase toward the higher frequency side probably due to strong fluorescence signal from sample itself. The result suggests that the constituent diamond crystals in Yakutite are extremely small like the case of synthetic nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD). The result of micro-focus XRD revealed the presence of varying degrees of lattice preferred orientation of diamond crystals and coexistence of lonsdaleite. Most samples show the co-axial relation between lonsdaleite 100 and diamond 111, suggesting that Yakutite is a product of direct conversion (martensitic transformation) from well-crystalline graphite.TEM observation showed that Yakutite consists of extremely small diamond grains of 5-50 nm which constructs weak lineation (layered-structure) along a particular direction. Electron diffraction also showed the coexistence of lonsdaleite with the co-axial relation to diamond (lonsdaleite 100 // diamond 111). Such a microtexture is well comparable to that of impact diamond from Popigai crater that is located at Northern West of Yakutia and produces a large amount of natural poly-crystalline diamond (Ohfuji et al., 2015). The distance between the locality of Yakutite and the Popigai crater is 350-500 km, which seems to be within the outreach of the long-distance ejecta from the crater. Therefore, Yakutite is an impact diamond that is originated from the large meteoritic impact at Popigai.


In his 2014 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama endorsed a plan to raise the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour. Supporters of the increase argue that a $10.10 minimum wage is necessary to ensure that those who work hard and play by the rules do not live in poverty. While alleviating poverty is a widely shared goal, raising the minimum wage is a very inefficient means of achieving this objective and is likely to hurt many low-skilled workers.Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman said, "one of the great mistakes is to judge policies and programs by their intentions rather than their results." With regard to the minimum wage, the intentions and the results are usually different. This bulletin discusses the latest empirical evidence on the effects of minimum wage increases on poverty and employment. It also presents evidence on the likely effects of future minimum wage increases.The bulletin concludes that minimum wage increases almost always fail to meet proponents' policy objectives and often hurt precisely the vulnerable populations that advocates wish to help. The weight of the science suggests that policymakers should abandon higher minimum wages as an antiquated anti-poverty tool. Minimum wages deter employment and are poorly targeted to those in need.


Vegetables, especially those eaten raw, have been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. Since multiple vegetable matrices and hazards are involved, risk managers have to prioritize those with the greatest impact on public health to design control strategies. In this study, a scientific-based risk ranking of foodborne pathogens transmitted by leafy green vegetables in Argentina was performed. The prioritization process included hazard identification, evaluation criteria identification and definition, criteria weighting, expert survey design and selection and call for experts, hazard score calculation, hazard ranking and variation coefficient, and result analysis. Regression tree analysis determined four risk clusters: high (Cryptosporidum spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Norovirus), moderate (Giardia spp., Listeria spp., Shigella sonnei), low (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Ascaris spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella spp., Rotavirus, Enterovirus) and very low (Campylobacter jejuni, hepatitis A virus and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis). Diseases caused by Norovirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii do not require mandatory notification. Neither viruses nor parasites are included as microbiological criteria for foodstuff. The lack of outbreak studies did not allow to accurately identify vegetables as a source of Norovirus disease. Information on listeriosis cases or outbreaks due to vegetable consumption was not available. Shigella spp. was the main responsible for bacterial diarrhea, but it has not been epidemiologically associated with vegetable consumption. The quality of the available information for all hazards studied was very low and low. The implementation of good practice guidelines throughout the entire vegetable production chain could prevent the presence of the identified hazards. The current study allowed the identification of vacancy areas and could help reinforce the need for performing epidemiological studies on foodborne diseases potentially associated with vegetable consumption in Argentina.


Niosomes containing salbutamol sulphate were prepared using different non-ionic surfactants like Tween 20, 40, 60, 80, Span 20, 40, 60, 80 and Brij 35 by transmembrane pH gradient method. The drug encapsulation efficiency varied from 28% to 79%. The vesicles have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy. In vitro drug release studies were carried out using dialysis bag and phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 as a dissolution medium for 24 h. The formulation exhibited retarded release for 24 h and Span 60 was found to be the most satisfactory surfactant which released 78.4% of drug in 24 h. Particle size distribution studies were carried out by optical microscopy technique. Most of the niosomes were found to be spherical in shape. Thermal stability studies were carried out at 4° 25° and 50° for one month. The product was lyophilized. Tissue distribution Studies were carried out on rabbits. The maximum concentration was seen in lungs.


Abstract. Point cloud classification is quite a challenging task due to the existence of noises, occlusion and various object types and sizes. Currently, the commonly used statistics-based features cannot accurately characterize the geometric information of a point cloud. This limitation often leads to feature confusion and classification mistakes (e.g., points of building corners and vegetation always share similar statistical features in a local neighbourhood, such as curvature, sphericity, etc). This study aims at solving this problem by leveraging the advantage of both the supervoxel segmentation and multi-scale features. For each point, its multi-scale features within different radii are extracted. Simultaneously, the point cloud is partitioned into simple supervoxel segments. After that, the class probability of each point is predicted by the proposed SegMSF approach that combines multi-scale features with the supervoxel segmentation results. At the end, the effect of data noises is supressed by using a global optimization that encourages spatial consistency of class labels. The proposed method is tested on both airborne laser scanning (ALS) and mobile laser scanning (MLS) point clouds. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in terms of classifying objects of different scales and is robust to noise.


Nowadays online learning is among the most progressive and most popular educational practices in the world. Both European and United States universities try to implement this way of learning into the educational process. Further development and popularity, the continued blended learning implementation in Ukrainian higher education institutions, requires high-quality new online courses in various fields of knowledge, adaptations and translations of existing courses for the further leading teaching methodologies used in the educational process. Among the best courses in the world for teaching and learning computer science's basics is "CS50 Introduction to Computer Science" by Harvard University and professor David J. Malan. This course was translated in Ukrainian and introduces in the blended format in top-rated Ukrainian higher educational facilities. The comprehensive analysis makes possible further blended learning implementation in the technical educational process in Ukraine.


Hygienic evaluation covered health state of pregnant women and newborns, subjected to chemical pollution of environment by aluminium industrial enterprises. The data obtained helped to suggest methodic approach to selection of priority territories, environmental and health state parameters within social hygienic monitoring system, to form recommendations on creation of system supporting management decisions to lower negative influence of chemical environmental factors on health of pregnant women and newborns.


The Energy Market Inspectorate is implementing a new tariff regulation in Sweden. A small part of the new regulation concerns effectible operation costs and originally they where intended to be calculated using a modification of equivalent comparison standards, in Swedish Ekm. This thesis is intended to analyze if Fortums grid in Stockholm could be described correctly, using equivalent comparison standards. In Ekm every part of the distribution grid is designated a weighting in relation to 1 km 0.4kV over head line. These Ekm-measurements are intended to simplify comparison between different grid areas with different structure and geographical conditions. The goal of this report is to asses Ekmmeasurements suitability for calculating DSOs effectible operation costs. During the work on this report, the Energy Market Inspectorate decide not to use Ekm during the first four year regulatory period. The focus therefor changed to increase Fortums knowledge about Ekm-measurements for preparation purposes. This report includes a short introduction to the problem at hand, as well as underlying theory about power distribution and the new tariff regulation. A description of gathered data, calculations and analysis of data follows. The result is presented as a selection of Fortum specific Ekm-measurements for both operation and maintenance cost as well as customer related costs. Existing Ekm-measurements where found to be unreliable. In the later part of the report the results are discussed and the conclusion is drawn. Existing Ekm-measurements are not suitable to describe the grid in Stockholm. However it can not be ruled out that a modified version of the measurements could render better values in the new tariff regulation. Because of this conclusion further studies are desired.


Using a survey experiment in Belgium, this study investigates to what extent media criticism voiced by political elites affects citizens' media perceptions. In the experiment, citizens are exposed to tweets in which political parties attack the public broadcast for (1) being ideologically slanted and (2) being inaccurate. The study shows that by attacking a news outlet elites are able to increase citizens' perceptions of partisan bias in that outlet. However, we also find that this does not spill over to their general perception of bias or trust in the traditional media. In addition, we demonstrate that not all types of elite attacks on the media have a similar effect, as we find no evidence of tweets where elites criticize the news for being inaccurate impact citizens' perceptions of the media.


As Professor Shaw explains, idealizations always impose restrictions 011 the practical use of theoretical results. However, the engineering limitations of a perfectly plastic solution are no more severe than those of a perfectly elastic solution and are often less. In particular, any imperfections in the material in the sense of local regions of low-yield strength can be handled relatively easily because the theorems of the paper still apply.3 Also, initial stresses, which may completely nullify an elastic solution, have no influence 011 the plastic solution. The major difficulty in limit analysis involves the question of whether or not the ductility of the material is sufficient for the solution to be valid. Much experimental work is needed on this problem but the answer will certainly be as clear as is the significance of elastic solutions in fatigue problems.


One of the popular approaches for low-rank tensor completion is to use the latent trace norm regularization. However, most existing works in this direction learn a sparse combination of tensors. In this work, we fill this gap by proposing a variant of the latent trace norm that helps in learning a non-sparse combination of tensors. We develop a dual framework for solving the low-rank tensor completion problem. We first show a novel characterization of the dual solution space with an interesting factorization of the optimal solution. Overall, the optimal solution is shown to lie on a Cartesian product of Riemannian manifolds. Furthermore, we exploit the versatile Riemannian optimization framework for proposing computationally efficient trust region algorithm. The experiments illustrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm on several real-world datasets across applications.


The goal of theoretical economics is to explain how the actual economy works. Since Adam Smith economists have consistently failed to clarify the nature and magnitude of overall profit. No economist, though, would deny that profit is an important phenomenon. Yet, obviously economists are still mired in utter confusion about the most fundamental concept of their discipline. Hence, in the strict sense, there is no valid economics. From all this follows for a methodologically ambitious Constructive Heterodoxy that the accustomed foundations of Orthodoxy have to be replaced. In technical terms this is what a paradigm shift is all about.


Context: Modern societies are highly dependent on complex, large-scale, software-intensive systems that increasingly operate within an environment of continuous availability, which is challenging to maintain and evolve in response to the inevitable changes in stakeholder goals and requirements of the system. Software architectures are the foundation of any software system and provide a mechanism for reasoning about core software quality requirements. Their sustainability -- the capacity to endure in changing environments -- is a critical concern for software architecture research and practice. Problem : Accidental software complexity accrues both naturally and gradually over time as part of the overall software design and development process. From a software architecture perspective, this allows several issues to overlap including, but not limited to: the accumulation of technical debt design decisions of individual components and systems leading to coupling and cohesion issues; the application of tacit architectural knowledge resulting in unsystematic and undocumented design decisions; architectural knowledge vaporisation of design choices and the continued ability of the organization to understand the architecture of its systems; sustainability debt and the broader cumulative effects of flawed architectural design choices over time resulting in code smells, architectural brittleness, erosion, and drift, which ultimately lead to decay and software death. Sustainable software architectures are required to evolve over the entire lifecycle of the system from initial design inception to end-of-life to achieve efficient and effective maintenance and evolutionary change. Method : This article outlines general principles and perspectives on sustainability with regards to software systems to provide a context and terminology for framing the discourse on software architectures and sustainability. Focusing on the capacity of software architectures and architectural design choices to endure over time, it highlights some of the recent research trends and approaches with regards to explicitly addressing sustainability in the context of software architectures.


We document and quantify the spillover of sovereign risk onto corporate credits throughout the Eurozone. We characterize the dynamics of spread movement in Euro corporates and show how this has changed over time due to the effects of the sovereign crisis. We show that when analyzing risk exposures in a portfolio of European corporate bonds, it has become important to partition by country, in addition to, or even instead of, partitioning by industry. We document a clear relationship between the peer spreads of corporate bonds in a given country over industry-matched German corporates and the sovereign spread of the country of domicile: Once sovereign spreads exceed 100 bp, every additional 100 bp of sovereign spread is associated with about 50 bp of corporate peer spread. We introduce changes to the POINT Global Risk Model that account for the sovereign risk exposures in European corporate bonds. We document the advantages of the specific model selected for implementation over several possible alternatives, and provide some examples of the effect of the new model on projected portfolio risk. How much sovereign exposure is embedded in a given corporate bond position? We propose a model that can be applied at the level of individual issuers, both for purposes of hedging the sovereign risk in a corporate portfolio, and for the decomposition of corporate spreads into sovereign and corporate components.


Renal mesangial cell hypertrophy is a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy as well as a response to renal stress or injury. Because hypertrophy is a result of increased protein content per cell without DNA replication, those proteins that control the cell cycle, such as the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21, represent fertile ground for studying the mechanism of this structural alteration. A key role for p21 in promoting mesangial cell (MC) hypertrophy has been established using p21 knockout mouse models. Furthermore, some of the biologic effects of IGF-1, including cell proliferation, have been shown to be positively influenced by p21. In an attempt to begin to translate these findings ultimately to the bedside, methods to attenuate p21 levels in wild-type kidney cells were examined. With the use of a phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to p21, which has previously been shown to decrease specifically and effectively p21 protein levels in a variety of cell types, it is shown that attenuation of p21 in MC leads to a dose-dependent reduction of hypertrophy in the milieu of hyperglycemic culture media. Furthermore, the hypertrophic effect of the IGF-1 on MC is also attenuated using the same antisense p21 ODN. There was no evidence of apoptosis or other toxicity in MC transfected with the concentrations of antisense p21 ODN used in these experiments. Because the use of antisense ODN in human disease is already established in other medical disciplines, the stage is now set for the use of antisense p21 ODN to attenuate renal cell hypertrophy in vivo, leading to a new strategy for treatment of diabetic nephropathy and other diseases characterized by MC hypertrophy.


Background Medication errors have been reported to occur in 19.1% drug administration in children.1 Double checking has been recommended to reduce medication errors in children.2 There is insufficient evidence to either support or refute the practice of double checking the administration of medicines,3 yet many hospitals use the process for drug administration in children.4 Aims To evaluate how closely double checking policies are followed by nurses in paediatric areas. Also, to identify the types, frequency and rates of medication administration errors that occurred despite double checking. Methods This was a prospective observational study of paediatric nurses during double checking of medication administration in four wards in a 78 bed children's teaching hospital from April to July 2012. The observer followed the nurses during scheduled drug rounds (during week days and weekends) in each ward to observe and evaluate their adherence to the double checking procedure during the medication administration process. All data collected was anonymous and was recorded on a data collection form which was designed specifically for this study. Drugs were classified according to the BNF-C. The project was classed as service evaluation by the National Research Ethics Service and Trust clinical governance procedures were followed. Results During a period of 11 weeks, 2000 drug dose administration events were observed in 876 paediatric patients. Oral drugs (84.7%) were administered and observed more frequently than other dosage forms. Non-opioid analgesic drugs were the most frequent group of medications administered (36%), followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (25%) and antibacterial drugs (24%). There was great variation between paediatric nurses in adherence to double checking steps during the medication administration process. Drug dose calculation was only double checked independently in 591 (29.5%) drug dose events, saline flush syringes were labelled and double checked in only 203 (67.2%) of 302 intravenous drugs. Intravenous bolus administration at the correct rate was double checked in only 213 (70.5%) of 302 intravenous drugs. Drug administration by two nurses at the bedside was observed in 1667 (83%) drug dose administrations. 128 medication administration errors were observed, an error rate of 6.4%. In addition, in 64 cases drugs were left for parents to administer without nurse's observation. Wrong administration technique errors (40%) was the most common type detected (eg, amoxicillin administered within 3 min instead of 5 min as prescribed) followed by incorrect preparation errors (35%) (eg, saline flush syringes prepared without label), and wrong time of administration errors (25%) (eg, ceftriaxone IV 2 h late). Conclusions There was a variation between paediatric nurses adherence to double checking steps during medication administration. Independent double checks were not apparent for all steps in practice. The majority of medication administration errors observed failed to be prevented by the double checking process.


Septins are a family of conserved eukaryotic GTP-binding proteins that can form cytoskeletal filaments and higher-order structures from hetero-oligomeric complexes. They interact with other cytoskeletal components and the cell membrane to participate in important cellular functions such as migration and cell division. Due to the complexity of septins' many interactions, the large number of septin genes (13 in humans), and the ability of septins to form hetero-oligomeric complexes with different subunit compositions, cell-free reconstitution is a vital strategy to understand the basics of septin biology. The present paper first describes a method to purify recombinant septins in their hetero-oligomeric form using a two-step affinity chromatography approach. Then, the process of quality control used to check for the purity and integrity of the septin complexes is detailed. This process combines native and denaturing gel electrophoresis, negative stain electron microscopy, and interferometric scattering microscopy. Finally, a description of the process to check for the polymerization ability of septin complexes using negative stain electron microscopy and fluorescent microscopy is given. This demonstrates that it is possible to produce high-quality human septin hexamers and octamers containing different isoforms of septin_9, as well as Drosophila septin hexamers.


BACKGROUND Demand for collagen-based fillers has declined primarily because of limited long-term clinical benefit and the introduction of hyaluronic acid compositions. In situ polymerizing collagen is a noncrosslinked solution of porcine collagen containing a collagenase shield that undergoes fibrillogenesis on injected into tissues forming a natural matrix. OBJECTIVE Conduct a prospective, single-center, dual-phase open-label study in 8 subjects to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the porcine collagen composition. METHODS In Phase I, potential hypersensitivity of the collagen composition was evaluated after skin testing in the back (men) or forearms of subjects (women). In Phase II, subjects showing no signs of hypersensitivity received collagen injections into the nasolabial area followed by evaluation at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. RESULTS None of the subjects had signs of hypersensitivity and all continued in Phase II. The treating physician(s) reported no post-treatment adverse events. Improvement of the nasolabial fold was observed by the physicians and confirmed by assessment of high-resolution photographs and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores over the 12-week treatment were maintained. CONCLUSION In this pilot clinical study in situ polymerizing collagen was shown to be safe and effective throughout the 3-month study period.


Hydrophobic tropoelastin molecules aggregate in vitro in physiological conditions and form fibers very similar to natural ones (Bressan, G. M., I. Pasquali Ronchetti, C. Fornieri, F. Mattioli, I. Castellani, and D. Volpin, 1986, J. Ultrastruct. Molec. Struct. Res., 94:209-216). Similar hydrophobic interactions might be operative in in vivo fibrogenesis. Data are presented suggesting that matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prevent spontaneous tropoelastin aggregation in vivo, at least up to the deamination of lysine residues on tropoelastin by matrix lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase inhibitors beta- aminopropionitrile, aminoacetonitrile, semicarbazide, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide were given to newborn chicks, to chick embryos, and to newborn rats, and the ultrastructural alterations of the aortic elastic fibers were analyzed and compared with the extent of the enzyme inhibition. When inhibition was greater than 65% all chemicals induced alterations of elastic fibers in the form of lateral aggregates of elastin, which were always permeated by cytochemically and immunologically recognizable GAGs. The number and size of the abnormal elastin/GAGs aggregates were proportional to the extent of lysyl oxidase inhibition. The phenomenon was independent of the animal species. All data suggest that, upon inhibition of lysyl oxidase, matrix GAGs remain among elastin molecules during fibrogenesis by binding to positively charged amino groups on elastin. Newly synthesized and secreted tropoelastin has the highest number of free epsilon amino groups, and, therefore, the highest capability of binding to GAGs. These polyanions, by virtue of their great hydration and dispersing power, could prevent random spontaneous aggregation of hydrophobic tropoelastin in the extracellular space.


In recent years, a variety of unicast and multicast routing protocols for Mobile Ad hoc wireless NETworks (MANETs) have been developed. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid unicast protocol that proactively maintains routing information for a local neighborhood (routing zone), while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. In this paper, we extend ZRP for application to multicast routing and call it the Multicast Zone Routing Protocol (MZRP). MZRP is a shared tree multicast routing protocol that proactively maintains the multicast tree membership for nodes' local routing zones at each node while establishing multicast trees on-demand. It is scalable to a large number of multicast senders and groups. IP tunnel mechanism is used to improve the data packet delivery ratio during transmission. Detailed simulations were performed on the NS-2 simulator. Its performance was also compared with that of ODMRP.


PushPull tools are implemented in most commercial 3D modeling suites. Their purpose is to intuitively transform a face, edge, or vertex, and then to adapt the polygonal mesh locally. However, previous approaches have limitations: Some allow adjustments only when adjacent faces are orthogonal; others support slanted surfaces but never create new details. Moreover, self-intersections and edge-collapses during editing are either ignored or work only partially for solid geometry. To overcome these limitations, we introduce the PushPull++ tool for rapid polygonal modeling. In our solution, we contribute novel methods for adaptive face insertion, adjacent face updates, edge collapse handling, and an intuitive user interface that automatically proposes useful drag directions. We show that PushPull++ reduces the complexity of common modeling tasks by up to an order of magnitude when compared with existing tools.


This report sets out the established theory of driving a mode in a beam loaded, multi-cell cavity via a waveguide coupling and derives associated envelope equations from which time domain solutions are developed. Time domain solution allows accurate simulation with realistic microphonic spectra, beamloading, drive amplifier characteristics, controller and measurement errors to be encompassed. A computer code that uses the model is used to compute limits on phase and amplitude stability of a dipole mode as a function of disturbance and control system latency for a superconducting cavity being developed for use as a crab cavity for the ILC. A crab cavity is a deflection cavity operated with a 90o phase shift with respect to the beam so that the front of a bunch gets kicked one way whilst the back gets kicked the other way.


This paper examines the patterns of pre-entry coaching and corresponding investment in private tutoring before and after the introduction of the Unified State Exam (the USE). We estimate the effectiveness of private tutoring in 2012 – a few years after the USE became a prerequisite for admission to university. Data from the Monitoring of Education Markets and Organizations show that the main types of pre-entry coaching are still in demand despite the unification of admission requirements. The popularity of paid courses at a particular university has declined, and the prevalence of classes with tutors who are not related to university has risen. A few years after the introduction of the USE, the level of investment in pre-entry coaching in real terms barely changed; however, the returns from such an investment (expressed in the USE scores) are positive but moderate


This book chapter builds on and develops my ongoing research on Andy Warhol, to produce a study of his film Bufferin (1966). The film has never been written about in any detail and is rarely screened, although it is vitally important in Warhol's oeuvre. Bufferin is both revealing and frustrating for the viewer as Warhol and Gerard Malanga engage in a cinematic 'exchange' that includes a number of censoring 'buffers'. Each of the names mentioned by Malanga as he reads from his 'Secret Diaries' is replaced by the word 'bufferin'. The film also uses 'strobe cutting' as a censoring device. Both the censoring process, and what it conceals, can be studied to gain an understanding of how Warhol interacted emotionally with his close collaborators.

I drew on my extensive knowledge of Warhol's relationships to study Bufferin in depth, unveilling for the first time the identity of the 'Bufferins'. With this insight I examined the role that Malanga had on Warhol's filming. This chapter is the first study of Warhol's psychological state during the shooting of a film and sheds new light on his filmmaking process and the complexities of his relationships with others. It demonstrates Warhol as an engaged and active filmmaker, contrary to the impression given by previous scholarship.

I utilised primary research from my extensive interviews with Malanga in 2011 and the unique access I had to Malanga's 'Secret Diaries'. This was complemented by secondary research in the Pittsburgh Warhol film archives and the Whitney Museum of American Art, including a special research screening of Bufferin.

My text aims to shed new light on Warhol's filmmaking process between 1966 and 1967. Revealing what underlies the censoring process that Warhol and Malanga devised enhances our understanding of the content and context of Bufferin.


We present here the trend vector based method for identification of inhibitors for a given protein target. Therefore our approach reduces the number of compounds to be tested experimentally in costly validation studies, when some initial information about actives is already available. The machine learning method is trained here on compounds from the Elsevier Molecular Design Ltd (MDL) Information Systems' drug data report (MDDR) for five diverse protein targets (cyclooxygenase-2, dihydrofolatereductase, thrombin, HIV-reverse transcriptase and antagonists of the estrogen receptor). Each classified ligand is represented using an optimized set of two dimensional topological descriptors. Then the trend vectors are used to divide the whole set of ligands into two groups: 1) molecules predicted to be active, and 2) those predicted to be inactive. Training and predicted activities were treated as binary. The accuracy of the method is comparable to other existing prediction tools (such as support vector machines, or random forest), whereas it provides significantly higher speed and portability. The accuracy of prediction (precision) reaches 60% on heterogeneous source data. As a consequence, the method can be easily applied to large commercial compounds collections.


This thesis describes the synthesis of novel pyridinium linkers for solid phase
synthesis. In the first instance, Merrifield resins were employed to attach a
pyridine substrate on which alkylation and arylation reactions were extensively
studied. Reactions of this type were initially attempted in solution phase using
pyridine and DMAP to act as the linker mimic. Successful results were obtained in
both solution and solid phase.
A variety of amine nucleophiles were investigated to study ring-opening reactions
of the pyridinium ring. Amines were successfully isolated from solution phase
reactions. Attempted cleavage reactions of solid-supported pyridinium compounds
were less successful. [Continues.]


Petagnaea gussonei (Apiaceae) is a perennial herbaceous species endemic to northeast Sicily (Nebrodi Mountains). It is considered a remnant of the Sicilian Tertiary flora, and is endangered according to the Red List. There is no information in the literature about the germinability of its seeds, even though seed production is know to occur. The aim of this study was to obtain data to better understand seed germination of this species and its biological implications. Thus, several approaches were employed: vitality analyses, gibberellic acid supply, germination and soil microbial flora analyses via end-point and qPCR. The results suggest that seed germination occurs after ca. 1.5 years at a rate of ca. 11%. The seeds can be classified as physiologically dormant, and probably require prolonged cold stratification for germination. Because seed germination is low, it is likely that agamic reproduction represents an important mean for its conservation and survival. These results have important implications for P. gussonei survival and should be considered in possible re-introduction attempts aimed at restoring threatened populations.


This paper documents and estimates the extent of underrepresentation of women and people of color on the pages of Wikipedia devoted to contemporary American sociologists. In contrast to the demographic diversity of the discipline, sociologists represented on Wikipedia are largely white men. The gender and racial/ethnic gaps in likelihood of representation have exhibited little change over time. Using novel data, we estimate the "risk" of having a Wikipedia page for a sample of contemporary sociologists. We show that the observed differences (in academic rank, length of career, and notability measured with both H-index and departmental reputation) between men and women sociologists and whites and nonwhites, respectively, explain only about half of the differences in the likelihood of being represented on Wikipedia. The article also enumerates both supply- and demand-side mechanisms that may account for these continuing gaps in representation.


Construction $C^\star$ was recently introduced as a generalization of the multilevel Construction C (or Forney's code-formula), such that the coded levels may be dependent. Both constructions do not produce a lattice in general, hence the central idea of this paper is to present a 3-level lattice Construction $C^\star$ scheme that admits an efficient nearest-neighborhood decoding. In order to achieve this objective, we choose coupled codes for levels 1 and 3, and set the second level code C2 as an independent linear binary self-dual code, which is known to have a rich mathematical structure among families of linear codes. Our main result states a necessary and sufficient condition for this construction to generate a lattice. We then present examples of efficient lattices and also non-lattice constellations with good packing properties.


ABSTARCT
Objective
To evaluate short term results of open reduction and internal fixation after failed close reduction in Gartland Type III Supracondylar fracture of humerus in our institution.
Patients and Methods
This prospective study was conducted at the Orthopedic Department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from January, 2008 to March, 2009. Seventy-five patients of type-III supracondylar fracture of humerus were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Under general anesthesia, closed reduction was attempted first. After failure of closed reduction, an open reduction and internal fixation with cross K-wires was performed. Fortnightly follow up was carried out for two months then monthly for six months. The clinical outcome was assessed using Flynn criteria
Results
Out of 75 patients, 47 were male and 28 were female. Left side was involved in 52 patients and right side in 23. Mean age was 6.7 years with age range from 3 to 12 years. Excellent or good results were obtained in 70 (93.3%) patients and fair or poor in 5 (6.7%).
Conclusions
We conclude that these fractures need to be managed aggressively and open reduction and internal fixation of severely displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus is a safe option when a satisfactory reduction cannot be obtained by 2-3 attempts on closed method. (Rawal Med J 2010;35: ).
Key words
Supracondylar fracture, open reduction, internal fixation, close reduction
INTRODUCTION
Supracondylar fracture (SF) of the humerus is the most common fracture around the elbow in children and represents approximately 3% of all fractures in children.1,2 These fractures are seen in the first decade of life especially between ages 5 and 8 years.3,4 SF of humerus are caused by fall on out stretched hand and is divided into two types, extension type and flexion type.5 97.7% of the fractures are extension type and 2.2% are flexion type.3 Extension type are further classified as describe by Gartland according to the degree of displacement of the distal fragment.2,6 Type I is undisplaced fracture, type II is displaced with intact posterior cortex, and type III is completely displaced with no contact between the fragments (Fig 1).7
The treatment modalities include side arm traction, overhead skeletal fraction, closed reduction and casting with or without percutaneous pinning and open reduction and internal fixation.8,9 Type III SF of humeral are usually treated by closed reduction and percutaneous K-Wires fixation, but open reduction and fixation is performed if an adequate reduction cannot be obtained by closed manipulation.10-13 Close manipulations should be avoided in displaced type-III postrolateral SF with neurovascular deficit as the neurovascular bundle may be trapped in the fracture site.4,14 The indications for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) are failed closed reduction, open fractures that needs debridement and irrigation, and fractures complicated b


The anisotropic magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic compound CePd2Ge2, crystallizing in the tetragonal crystal structure have been investigated in detail on a single crystal grown by the Czochralski method. From the electrical transport, magnetization and heat capacity data, the Néel temperature is confirmed to be 5.1 K. Anisotropic behaviour of the magnetization and resistivity is observed along the two principal crystallographic directions—namely, [100] and [001]. The isothermal magnetization measured in the magnetically ordered state at 2 K exhibits a spin reorientation at 13.5 T for the field applied along the [100] direction, whereas the magnetization is linear along the [001] direction attaining a value of 0.94 μB/Ce at 14 T. The reduced value of the magnetization is attributed to the crystalline electric field (CEF) effects. A sharp jump in the specific heat at the magnetic ordering temperature is observed. After subtracting the phononic contribution, the jump in the heat capacity amounts to 12.5 J K−1mol−1 which is the expected value for a spin 1 2 ?> system. From the CEF analysis of the magnetization data the excited crystal field split energy levels were estimated to be at 120 K and 230 K respectively, which quantitatively explains the observed Schottky anomaly in the heat capacity. A magnetic phase diagram has been constructed based on the field dependence of magnetic susceptibility and the heat capacity data.


Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the etiological agent of yellow fever (YF), an acute hemorrhagic vector-borne disease with a significant impact on public health, is endemic across tropical regions in Africa and South America. The virus is maintained in two ecologically and evolutionary distinct transmission cycles: an enzootic, sylvatic cycle, where the virus circulates between arboreal Aedes species mosquitoes and non-human primates, and a human or urban cycle, between humans and anthropophilic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. While the urban transmission cycle has been eradicated by a highly efficacious licensed vaccine, the enzootic transmission cycle is not amenable to control interventions, leading to recurrent epizootics and spillover outbreaks into human populations. The nature of YF transmission dynamics is multifactorial and encompasses a complex system of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors rendering predictions of emergence highly speculative. The recent outbreaks in Africa and Brazil clearly remind us of the significant impact YF emergence events pose on human and animal health. The magnitude of the Brazilian outbreak and spillover in densely populated areas outside the recommended vaccination coverage areas raised the specter of human — to — human transmission and re-establishment of enzootic cycles outside the Amazon basin. Herein, we review the factors that influence the re-emergence potential of YFV in the neotropics and offer insights for a constellation of coordinated approaches to better predict and control future YF emergence events.


We claim that both remote process creation and process migration are efficient mechanisms to be used in the improvement or development of high performance computer systems. In particular we demonstrate that the claims made by some researchers that process migration is too heavy to be used to support dynamic load balancing are unsubstantiated. We support our claim by presenting these two mechanisms available in the RHODOS distributed operating system, comparing and contrasting these mechanisms and reporting on their performance.