TERRORISTS, ZOMBIES, AND ROBOTS: THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS, THEMATICS, AND AFFECTUAL STRUCTURES OF THE POST-9/11 AMERICAN FEAR NARRATIVE Nathanael J. Cloyd Old Dominion University, 2019 Director: Dr. Edward Jacobs This dissertation examines the post-9/11 American fear narrative across media and genre. First, it proposes the concepts of the fear narrative, the primary fear theme, and the secondary fear theme. Second, it proposes that the fear narrative has a long tradition in American culture, in which its themes have adapted and evolved in historically sedimented layers of development. Third, it proposes that American fear themes change depending on its historical context of production, its cultural regime, its genre, and the form of media in which it is expressed. To help uncover the political unconsciousness of the American fear narrative, it employs the methodology of Fredric Jameson's three horizons of interpretation. At the first horizon, this methodology interprets a text by focusing on a formal contradiction in the narrative as a symbolic resolution to an irresolvable real-world contradiction. At the second horizon, this contradiction is re-interpreted as a social conflict between two different ideological positions in the text. At the third horizon, this is re-interpreted as a contradiction between sedimented layers of genres, and at this point the text can be interpreted as expressing both oppressive and Utopian ideological content. To analyze the post-9/11 American fear narrative, this study turns to a variety of genres in several media forms. First, it examines the genre of the 9/11 novel. Here, it is noted how fear narratives use the ten primary fear themes this study has identified to access their contradictions and that these narratives seem to have either ambiguous or hopeful endings. Second, it analyzes the zombie narrative, noting the role of five secondary fear themes that are more specific to this genre. Third, it examines the science fiction fear narrative to note how these texts after 9/11 often explored the secondary fear theme of the hybrid character, expressing an intertwining of anxiety and hope as cultures such as the East and West intermix after the terrorist attacks. This study notes an ongoing discourse among post-9/11 American fear narratives on how America as a Utopian project should move forward into the future.


This is the second of a series of articles about Voting Advice Applications. Read the first one here. VAAs are digital devices that try to help citizens think about how they might decide to vote in an election. They might be websites, apps or any other online format that you could access via a desktop, laptop, tablet or mobile connected device. They are a niche digital product but they also represent a bigger question for journalism in the Internet age: how can media organisations use the new technology to help the citizen cope with information overload to make better choices for themselves and for society? VAAs are difficult to get right. There are the technical aspects but there are also editorial problems about balance, accuracy and fairness. Even if they work, will they make a difference? This series of articles will not answer all those questions. But as more people try to use VAAs we hope that this research will give some pointers towards best practice and innovation and help facilitate a debate about their use. The research was carried out by Kamila Varadzinova from Czech Radio as part of a Polis/EBU (European Broadcasting Union) Fellowship. Find out more about the fellowship here.


Fipronil sulfone, a major metabolite of fipronil in both insects and mammals, binds strongly to GABA receptors and is thought to play a significant role in poisoning by fipronil. To better understand the mechanism of selective insecticidal action of fipronil, we examined the effects of its sulfone metabolite on GABA- and glutamate-activated chloride channels (GluCls) in cockroach thoracic ganglion neurons and on GABAA receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Fipronil sulfone blocked both desensitizing and nondesensitizing GluCls in the cockroach. Activation was required for block and unblock of desensitizing GluCls. In contrast, activation was not prerequisite for block and unblock of nondesensitizing channels. After repetitive activation of the receptors, the IC50 of fipronil sulfone to block the desensitizing GluCls was reduced from 350 to 25 nM and that for blocking nondesensitizing GluCls was reduced from 31.2 to 8.8 nM. This use-dependent block may be explained by its slow unbinding rate. In cockroach and rat neurons, fipronil sulfone blocked GABA receptors in both activated and resting states, with IC50 values ranging from 20 to 70 nM. In conclusion, although fipronil sulfone is a potent inhibitor of cockroach GABA receptors, desensitizing and nondesensitizing GluCls, and rat GABAA receptors, its selective toxicity in insects over mammals appears to be associated with its potent blocking action on both desensitizing and nondesensitizing GluCls, which are lacking in mammals.


Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent, costly condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It is an important public health problem as it is equally burdensome to individuals and to society, and disproportionately affects disadvantaged people and nations. Despite the number of possibilities for reducing much of this burden, the incidence of diabetes continues to grow. New approaches to how diabetes care is delivered are needed to improve care at the patient, provider, community, and health systems levels. It was therefore our objective to explore the effectiveness of implementing a multifaceted diabetes care intervention, based on the Chronic Care Model, into an underserved community, with the goal of changing the way diabetes care is delivered to improve outcomes in patients who receive their diabetes care in the primary care setting. A marked decline in HbA1c was observed in the multifaceted intervention group (-0.6%, p=0.008) but not in the other groups. The magnitude of the association remained strong after adjustment for clustering (p=0.01). The same pattern was observed for a decline in Non-HDL-c and for the proportion of participants who self-monitor blood glucose (SMBG) in the multifaceted intervention group (Non-HDL-c: -10.4 mg/dl, p=0.24; SMBG: +22.2%, p<0.0001) with statistically significant between group differences in improvement (Non-HDL-c: p=0.05; SMBG: p=0.03) after adjustment. The multifaceted intervention group also showed improvement in diabetes knowledge test scores (+6.7%, p=0.07), and empowerment scores (+2, p=0.02). Secondary analyses revealed that psychosocial and psychological factors accounted for a greater amount of the variation in HbA1c, Non-HDLc, and blood pressure values than clinical factors, and are important in contributing to improvement. The improvements observed in HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the proportion of participants who self monitor their blood glucose at 12-month follow-up were sustained at 36-month follow-up in all study groups. Additional improvements occurred in Non-HDLc levels in all study groups, and quality of well-being scores in the multifaceted intervention group, but not the other groups. These findings are important as they help to close a gap in the literature on improving the quality of care for people with diabetes through redesigning the process of diabetes care delivery.


Authentic leadership is an emerging theory in recently years. This paper firstly introduces definitions of authentic leadership addressed by domestic and foreign scholars, and discusses related concepts and various dimensions of the structure. Then relevant structure models of authentic leadership are presented, as well as related variables. Limited scales—only two of them can be found in published papers—were developed. We contribute some regard consensus in this concept based on our reviews. In addition, more scales and the relationship between variables and authentic leadership need to be further explored.


Habitat fragmentation is a major cause of biodiversity erosion in tropical forests. The Brazilian Atlantic forest has both high species richness and a long history of anthropogenic disturbance, beginning with colonial agriculture in the sixteenth century. Here we examine the species composition and guild structure of woody plants within ®ve montane Atlantic forest fragments of the Tiet River basin, State of SaÄ o Paulo, southeastern Brazil, ranging from 5 to 7900 ha in area. We found a negative relationship between fragment size and the relative importance of tree and shrub species that (1) depend on abiotic modes of seed dispersal, (2) are shadeintolerant, and (3) occupy the forest canopy. As fragment size decreased, there was a marked rise in the relative importance of ruderal species, primarily in the Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, and Leguminosae. There also was a 9% average decline in smaller fragments in relative importance of Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Sapotaceae, and Rubiaceae, which are the main sources of ̄eshy fruits for vertebrate frugivores in these forests. Our results suggest that predictable shifts in plant guild structure occur as tropical forest fragments are reduced in size, and that small fragments may become dominated by edges and the surrounding habitat matrix. We suggest that small forest fragments will be unlikely to preserve intact plant and animal assemblages of Brazil's Atlantic coastal forest # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


ABSTRACT This paper analyses the prominence of civilisational values in Korean political economy debates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries concerning their country's dramatic opening to the world economy at the time. Korean supporters of economic opening saw this policy change as part of a wider embrace of Western civilisational values, while opponents argued that their country's longstanding economic autarchy upheld traditional Neo-Confucian civilisational values that had been imported from China. For international political economy (IPE) scholars interested in the historical relationship between civilisational values and political economy, the analysis shows how these values shaped understandings of international economic relations outside the West in quite distinctive ways. For IPE scholars interested in the diffusion of ideas, the analysis highlights different dynamics involved in the 'localisation' of ideas emanating from dominant powers. More generally, the study of this Korean history also contributes to the building of a more 'inter-civilisational' approach to IPE today.


LiDAR-based absolute pose regression estimates the global pose through a deep network in an end-to-end manner, achieving impressive results in learning-based localization. However, the accuracy of existing methods still has room to improve due to the difficulty of effectively encoding the scene geometry and the unsatisfactory quality of the data. In this work, we propose a novel LiDAR localization frame-work, SGLoc, which decouples the pose estimation to point cloud correspondence regression and pose estimation via this correspondence. This decoupling effectively encodes the scene geometry because the decoupled correspondence regression step greatly preserves the scene geometry, leading to significant performance improvement. Apart from this decoupling, we also design a tri-scale spatial feature aggregation module and inter-geometric consistency constraint loss to effectively capture scene geometry. Moreover, we empirically find that the ground truth might be noisy due to GPS/INS measuring errors, greatly reducing the pose estimation performance. Thus, we propose a pose quality evaluation and enhancement method to measure and correct the ground truth pose. Extensive experiments on the Oxford Radar RobotCar and NCLT datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of SGLoc, which outperforms state-of-the-art regression-based localization methods by 68.5% and 67.6% on position accuracy, respectively.


The first synthesis of GB22 was accomplished by a con- cise, modular route. Two building blocks converged in a novel sp3-sp2 attached-ring coupling that used Ir/Ni dual-catalysis to reverse the regioselectivity of siloxycy- clopropane arylation. This cross-coupling proved general to access β-substituted tetralones via ring-expansion of indanone-derived siloxycyclopropanes. The congested, bridging rings of the GB alkaloids were completed using an aluminum-HFIP complex that effected intramolecular cyclization of an acid-labile substrate.


This paper questions the degree to which the social cognition perspective allows us to explore and critique contemporary racism. In the first section we consider the way in which the social cognition perspective talks of 'racial' categorization and the processes of racism, and note how these reproduce the key themes to be found in 'new racism'. In the second, we interrogate the adequacy of this approach through exploring how a police officer engages with the charge of police racism. On the one hand, this analysis illustrates the importance of exploring the ways in which racialized social categories are constructed strategically to advance particular understandings of the genesis of social conflict. On the other, it provides a concrete example of how many of the arguments advanced by the social cognition perspective may be used for reactionary purposes (in this case a defence against the charge of racism). We argue that there is a need to resist taking categories for granted and so develop a social psychological analysis of the processes of racialization.


A novel Al-based metal–organic gel (Al-MOG), as a stable and controllable drug carrier, is assembled from bridging L-tartaric and Al3+ ions using a simple solvothermal method. The reaction temperature and the ratio of metal ions and ligands are vital for the formation of the gel. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and N2 adsorption measurements demonstrate the porous structure of Al-MOG, which exhibits Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 427.9 m2 g−1. The coordination between Al3+ and L-tartaric acid as well as non-covalent interactions could play a vital role in the formation of Al-MOG. Considering its large BET and excellent biocompatibility derived from low toxicity of the metal ions and the natural acid ligand, we further investigate the behaviors of Al-MOG for the controlled release of methyl salicylate (MS), an antimicrobial drug. The results of drug loading experiments show that the largest drug loading amount of MS reaches 31.8 wt%, whereas the release time of MS is over 600 min. In addition, the mouldability of Al-MOG further demonstrates its promising potential to act as a drug carrier.


This essay explores the renewed attention for Anton de Kom and the ways this engagement revisits older questions about his life and work and opens new avenues for inquiry. This renewed interest has led to new forms of appropriation: the use of his likeness and his name by institutions to communicate a connection between the meanings attached to De Kom and the institution. These societal uses of De Kom in turn shape the meanings ascribed to him, resulting in an increasingly stylized and abstract understandings of his life and work. This piece hopes to serve as a corrective and an aid to further reflection.


In this study, the effective factors on twist contraction of chenille yarn that is a kind of fancy yarn were investigated with theoretical and statistical approaches. The aim of this investigation was to develop a model to predict the twist contraction in chenille yarn before production. In the theoretical approach, we developed a mathematical model by geometrical methods. Twenty-seven different chenille yarn samples were produced according to an experimental design containing different levels of effective factors. In statistical approach, the data sets were divided into two parts as 20 and 7. A stepwise regression analysis was applied to 20 of all and acquired a significant model. The remaining data sets were used for verification. Finally, the mathematical and statistical models were verified and compared their performance to estimate twist contraction. As a result, it has proved that the performance of regression model is slightly better than the mathematical model. However, both of the models can give acceptable predicted values for twist contraction in chenille yarns.


Monitoring and analyzing network traffic usage patterns is vital for managing IP Networks. An important problem is to provide network managers with information about changes in traffic, informing them about "what's new". Specifically, we focus on the challenge of finding significantly large differences in traffic: over time, between interfaces and between routers. We introduce the idea of a deltoid: an item that has a large difference, whether the difference is absolute, relative or variational. We present novel algorithms for finding the most significant deltoids in high-speed traffic data, and prove that they use small space, very small time per update, and are guaranteed to find significant deltoids with pre-specified accuracy. In experimental evaluation with real network traffic, our algorithms perform well and recover almost all deltoids. This is the first work to provide solutions capable of working over the data with one pass, at network traffic speeds.


Forthcoming reductions in legal limits for emissions of particle matter (PM) from direct injection engines have increased the need for understanding particle distributions in the engines and the factors affecting them. Therefore, in the presented study the influence on PM-emissions of potentially important factors (fuel injection pressure, load, speed and 50% mass fraction burned phasing) on particle mass, number and size distributions were experimentally investigated. The experimental system was a spray-guided, direct injection, single-cylinder research engine operated in stratified charge mode (using gasoline with 10% ethanol as fuel), under five load and speed settings that are appropriate for stratified combustion. The particle distributions obtained from operating the engine in homogeneous combustion and stratified combustion modes were also compared.

The particle distributions were measured using a Cambustion DMS500 fast particle analyzer in combination with a Dekati FPS4000 fine particle sampler and a thermodenuder in all tests except the comparison of distributions under stratified and homogeneous combustion conditions. The sampling system was designed to remove as much of the volatile unburned hydrocarbons as possible in order to sample mostly solid particles.

Under all of the stratified operating conditions studied, the results indicate that the particle distribution has a characteristic shape with a tail and one large peak. The operating speed significantly affected the size of the largest particles and the quantity of the particles represented by the tail.

An almost linear, positive relationship was found between the load and particle number. Increasing the fuel injection pressure reduced particle numbers whereas combustion phasing had no significant observed effects. More particles were generated in stratified combustion mode than in homogeneous mode.


Abstract Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe and often fatal disease with a median survival of 2 – 4 years after diagnosis. Since the publication of the German IPF guideline in 2013 new treatment trials have been published, necessitating an update of the pharmacological therapy of IPF. Different from the previous guideline, the GRADE system was discarded and replaced by the Oxford evidence classification system which allows a more differentiated judgement. The following pharmacological therapies were rated not suitable for the treatment of IPF patients (recommendation A; evidence 1-b): triple therapy with prednisolone, azathioprine and acetyl-cysteine; imatinib; ambrisentan; bosentan; macitentan. A less clear but still negative recommendation (B, 1-b) was attributed to the treatment of IPF with the phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitor sildenafil and acetyl-cysteine monotherapy. In contrast to the international guideline antacid therapy as a general treatment for IPF was rated negative, based on conflicting results of recent analyses (recommendation C; evidence 4). An unanimous positive recommendation was granted for the antifibrotic drugs nintedanib and pirfenidone for the treatment of IPF (A, 1-a). For some open questions in the management of IPF patients for which firm evidence is lacking the guideline also offers recommendations based on expert consensus.


Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC) is a manufacturing technique based on the ultrasonic metal welding of a sequence of metal foils which are bonded to one another in a layer by layer manner. It combines the ability of additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques to create complex three-dimensional shapes. Due to moderate applied pressures and the relatively low temperatures experienced by a sample during manufacture, UC operates as a solid-state process. UC could potentially enable the fabrication of smart structures via integration of sensor, actuator and reinforcement fibres within a single metal matrix. Previous issues with the optimal placement of fibres directly between foils during UC have been identified. Also, different types of integrated fibres require different UC process conditions and thus present complications when integrating them in combination. To truly exploit the full potential of UC for smart structure capabilities it is envisioned that a high volume fraction of dissimilar fibres are required to be integrated together within a single metal matrix structure. Research on a new method to consolidate fibres securely and more accurately during UC is presented. Channels created prior to UC within metal matrix composites are investigated as a method to aid the embedding of high volume fractions of different fibres in unison without damage. Initial research using a 200 W fibre laser as an enabling tool to create channels of specific geometry onto a previously UC processed surface is detailed. The research verifies that controlled channelling on a UC surface is possible and that channel geometry is dependent on: laser traverse speed, laser beam power, and shroud gas flow rate. © (2010) by the International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies (ICAST).


In this paper, we present a new discrete Lagrangian method for designing multiplierless quadrature mirror filter banks. The filter coefficients in these filter banks are in powers-of-two, where numbers are represented as sums or differences of powers of two (also called canonical signed digit representation), and multiplications are carried out as additions, subtractions, and shifts. We formulate the design problem as a nonlinear discrete constrained optimization problem, using reconstruction error as the objective, and stopband and passband energies, stopband and passband ripples, and transition bandwidth as constraints. Using the performance of the best existing designs as constraints, we search for designs that improve over the best existing designs with respect to all the performance metrics. We propose a new discrete Lagrangian method for finding good designs and study methods to improve the convergence speed of Lagrangian methods without affecting their solution quality. This is done by adjusting dynamically the relative weights between the objective and the Lagrangian part. We show that our method can find designs that improve over Johnston's benchmark designs using a maximum of three to six ONE bits in each filter coefficient instead of using floating-point representations. Our approach is general and is applicable to the design of other types of multiplierless filter banks.


This paper presents the modeling and design of one-dimensional metamaterial phase shifters (MPSs) in monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit technology based on the composite right/left-handed transmission-line approach. From a theoretical point-of-view, we show that existing design expressions are restricted to phase shifters behaving as effective media, which is the case only if sufficiently large L and C loading elements can be designed in the given technology and at the frequency of interest. Therefore, we propose new design expressions, which are exact on the basis of the circuit model of a unit cell in the structure. We show that the new expressions must be used to design integrated MPSs and the theory is verified by means of measurements of one- and two-cell phase shifters exhibiting a 0/spl deg/ phase shift at 17.5GHz. The designed one-cell phase shifter provides a -10-dB input return-loss bandwidth larger than 10% with phase shifts of +29/spl deg/ and -30/spl deg/ at 16.5 and 18.5 GHz, respectively. The insertion loss is -1.3 dB at the center frequency and -1.7 dB at the limit of the bandwidth.


The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod is preparing a new set of commentaries on the Bible. This volume on Jeremiah is the first to appear. If it is any indication of the nature of the other works yet to appear, there will be a ready acceptance of the venture. In fact this commentary on Jeremiah is indeed the best upon this prophet that has fallen into the reviewer's hands. That does not mean that it must not be checked against the standard commentaries, however. The author is frequently guilty of dealing with Jeremiah as if the prophet were a Christian, in full knowledge of the New Testament. He will be forgiven for this in light of the helpful way he has caused Jeremiah's teaching to live again. Clyde T. Francisco


The project departs from a final project done before, dedicated to the configuration of a wireless sensor network to measure temperature and send the data to the gateway using and designed message forwarding protocol. The collected data was shown in a webpage. The aim of this project is the development of a network of sensor nodes using a sensor designed by the research group of wireless networks of UPC. The interaction between the user and the sensor network will be through the gateway and through the Google Calendar and Twitter interfaces. An activator has been designed to connect any device to it. The user can activate or deactivate through Google Calendar any device connected to it. The nodes also measure temperature and show the data through Twitter.
A communication protocol was designed and optimized to provide more robustness and new features to the network. Also a gateway interface was designed to allow the user control the network through it.
This application provides functionality such as add, modify or delete events from Google Calendar and allows real time user interaction via Twitter.


In an increasingly global knowledge economy universities are recognised as strategically important institutions due to their knowledge creation potential. This has led to a period of significant change for higher education (HE) sectors across the world as national governments have sought to influence their strategic direction. In the UK the adoption of market principles and the creation of a mass system of HE delivery has caused universities to reform their long established operating practices and become more 'business-like.' In an effort to improve standards of people management in universities the government introduced the Rewarding and Developing Staff in Higher Education (RDS) initiative in 2001. RDS required universities to produce HR strategies identifying detailed HR objectives and systems for managing the individual performance of staff according to a model of Human Resource Management (HRM). This research, based on a study informed by ethnographic methods, provides a critical evaluation and analysis of RDS and considers the extent to which it reflects a specific neoliberal policy trajectory seeking to reconstitute the nature of academic work through a process of individualisation. My data points to the existence of such a strategy that has been only partially successful. Academics have gradually become enfolded into the discourse of managerialism, leading to an erosion of their status and authority and the collegiate traditions and practices from which it derived. There has been an evident transference of power to managers, a heightened presence and involvement of HR personnel and a growth in the size of HR departments. But the discourse remains contested, leading to a complex picture of resistance at different levels of the university. I conclude that RDS was an ultimately flawed strategy. The attempt to introduce a homogeneous model of HRM into an area of work that is characterised by complexity, not only misjudged the rather unique nature of academic work but also, as a consequence, risks damaging the core of the academy itself.


A new actinomycete strain designated as Streptomyces sp. CTF15 was isolated from a saline soil using casein–KNO3 agar medium. The strain Streptomyces sp. CTF15 exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces viridochromogens Tü57 and high cytotoxicity (91.2% mortality) against Artimia salina in biological screening. The cultivation of this strain in a 50 L lab fermenter and subsequent isolation and purification by a series of chromatographic techniques and structure elucidation by MS and NMR analysis of the active metabolites revealed that it is a highly stable producer of resistomycin (1), tetracenomycin D (2) and actinomycin D (3), even under non-optimised culture conditions. The morphological, microscopic, biochemical and physiological characterisation suggested that the strain CTF15 belongs to the genus Streptomyces. A partial 16S rRNA gene sequence (1429 bp) from the strain CTF15 was determined and found to have high identity (99%) with Streptomyces griseoincarnatus. As such, this is the first report of a strain of S. griseoincarnatus capable of producing these three bioactive compounds simultaneously.


The mite Varroa destructor is the major parasite of the honey bee and is responsible for great economical losses. The biochemical tools used by Varroa to detect semiochemicals produced by the host are still largely unknown. We have performed proteomic analysis on chemosensory organs of this species in order to identify putative soluble carriers for pheromones and other olfactory cues emitted by the host. In particular, we have analysed forelegs, mouthparts (palps, chelicera and hypostome) and the second pair of legs (as control tissue) in reproductive and phoretic stages of the Varroa life cycle. We identified 958 Varroa proteins, most of them common to organs and stages. Sequence analysis shows that four proteins can be assigned to the odorant-binding protein (OBP)-like class, which bear some similarity to insect OBPs, but so far are only reported in some Chelicerata. In addition, we have detected the presence of two proteins belonging to the Niemann-Pick family, type C2 (NPC2), which have been suggested to act as semiochemical carriers. This work contributes to elucidating the chemical communication systems in Varroa with the aim of understanding how detection of semiochemicals has evolved in terrestrial non-hexapod Arthropoda. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008679.


The main idea of the authors' paper is to propose the most reasonable way of actively introducing the digital principle into the traditional roentgenological section of radiation diagnosis. For this, a luminophore digital radiography system has been chosen. The authors of the paper give a full-scale assessment and appropriate recommendations for its use. The paper essentially discusses the entire complex of matters that permit assessment whether its sound use is possible in regional and municipal health care systems. This is both a section devoted to a dose load, by making a comparative assessment of luminophore radiography and "the green system" and a study of different clinical diseases (456 cases). In their study, the authors have applied an original principle in the formation of an image obtained and some other approaches in order to make a comprehensive assessment of this method. In the authors' opinion, luminophore radiography has a variety of advantages. Firstly, this technique can be simultaneously applied to several nondigital apparatuses, including those available in the ward and it shows a rather diagnostic effectiveness and economic profitability, yields a qualitative image of varying density tissues upon single exposure, and has some other capacities of the CR system as a digital technique. All this things considered, the authors consider that luminophore radiography may be one of the main ways of introducing a digital technique into the conventional roentgenological section of radiation diagnosis at the level of regional and municipal heath care systems.


The thesis analyses and examines the relevant developments of EU law since the EU institutions have been granted competence in matters of entry and residence of nationals of third countries within the space of the European Union, as governed by Title IV of the Treaty establishing the European Community (now Title V of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and by the ensuing norms.
Based on these data my research aims to reconstruct the current state of EU legislation in matters of entry and residence of third country nationals in order to establish the extent of the EU's competence into immigration and asylum, also in relation to the erosion of the Member States' competence into the same areas. The most significant sign of this evolution is the recognition of the right of third-country nationals who are long-term residents to move and reside within the territory of other Member States.
The increased use of the EU's territory by third country nationals has led to the problem of the evolution of the concept of EU citizenship, and in particular to the most significant content of the question, namely the right to move freely. With regard to this aspect EU citizenship could be free from the requirement of nationality of a Member State, so as to be strictly related to the right of free use of the territory, as established by the internal market. This concept could also include the nationals of third countries.


In the turning operation chatter or vibration is a frequent problem, which affects the result of the machining, and, in particular, the surface finish. Tool life is also influenced by vibration. Severe acoustic noise in the working environment frequently occurs as a result of dynamic motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece. By proper machine design, e.g. improved stiffness of the machine structure, the problem of relative dynamic motion between cutting tool and workpiece may be parlially solved. To achieve a further reduction of the dynamic motion between cutting tool and workpiece one solution is the active control of machine-tool vibration. However, to successfully apply active control of tool vibration in the external turning operation the response of the tool holder shank has to be investigated in order to enable the proper introduction of secondary vibration in the tool holder shank and to select a suitable controller. The investigation of the dynamic response of the tool holder shank relies on a stochastic approach while the structural dynamic properties have been evaluated by a normal mode analysis. This resulted in active control of tool vibration in a lathe that enables a reduction of the vibration by 40 dB at 1.5 kHz and by approximately 40 dB at 3 kHz.


Here are further six "Treetops" titles in "Oxford Reading Tree's" series of fiction with built-in progression for pupils aged 7 to 11. Specially written for children who need the support of carefully monitored language levels, the stories are accessible, motivating, and humorous. The series is organized into "Oxford Reading Tree" stages (from Stage 10 to Stage 16), with each stage introducing more complex narrative forms, including flashbacks and changes in viewpoint; descriptive writing; extended reading vocabulary; and more pages, more text, and fewer illustrations. This title is ideal for both guided reading group work and independent reading. Phase G features: six new stories at the top end of "Treetops", featuring top children's authors Chris Powling, Paul Stewart, Jon Blake and Margaret McAllister, plus talented newcomers Claire Funge and Anna Perera. The stories have the breadth and interest level demanded by top juniors, with settings ranging from the Arctic Circle to wartime England, via a magical football story with a difference. The stories tackle issues that are important to 10/11 year olds - families, change, the environment, bullying, relationships - with the humour and style for which "Treetops" is renowned.


This article analyzes the issue of the border based on a study of the experiences of the Terena indigenous people in Mato Grosso do Sul, living in villages situated in an international border region. I present a number of theoretical reflections on these symbolic conflicts, the border development process and its effects on indigenous societies. The article contains two analytic movements: 1. an analysis of the symbolic conflict permeating the legal processes linked to the territorial conflicts between the Terena and rural producers, showing how the idea of the border is activated in the construction of political mechanisms for excluding and (de)legitimizing ethnic groups; 2. an analysis of the State's border policies, the territorial dynamics and its confrontation with the indigenous symbolic policies in the different local situations on the border, which also form part of the symbolic fight for recognition of the legitimacy of indigenous identities and territories.


The preliminary phytochemical investigation of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Thaumatococcus daniellii leaves revealed the presence of fats and oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides. The antimicrobial tests against some strains of bacteria and fungi showed inhibitions at moderate to high concentrations. Methanol extract of the plant exhibited low 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with IC 50  of 615.14 μg/ml. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)  characterization of n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of T. daniellii leaves identified , thirteen and fifteen compounds, with tetracontane (28.76%) and L-ascorbic acid (15.07%); hexadecanoic acid (21.62%) and γ-sitosterol (11.06%); and naphthalene-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-,1R(1.alpha.,7.beta.,8a.alpha.] (26.90%) and hexadecanoic acid (12.60%) being the major compounds respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed various peaks of bioactive compounds of which the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant have been attributed to the prominent compounds in synergy with all the other compounds present in smaller quantities in the extracts. Keywords : Thaumatococcus daniellii, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, L-ascorbic acid, γ-sitosterol


SKOR and GORK are outward-rectifying plant potassium channels from Arabidopsis thaliana. They belong to the Shaker superfamily of voltage-dependent K(+) channels. Channels of this class are composed of four alpha-subunits and subunit assembly is a prerequisite for channel function. In this study the assembly mechanism of SKOR was investigated using the yeast two-hybrid system and functional assays in Xenopus oocytes and in yeast. We demonstrate that SKOR and GORK physically interact and assemble into heteromeric K(out) channels. Deletion mutants and chimeric proteins generated from SKOR and the K(in) channel alpha-subunit KAT1 revealed that the cytoplasmic C-terminus of SKOR determines channel assembly. Two domains that are crucial for channel assembly were identified: i), a proximal interacting region comprising a putative cyclic nucleotide-binding domain together with 33 amino acids just upstream of this domain, and ii), a distal interacting region showing some resemblance to the K(T) domain of KAT1. Both regions contributed differently to channel assembly. Whereas the proximal interacting region was found to be active on its own, the distal interacting region required an intact proximal interacting region to be active. K(out) alpha-subunits did not assemble with K(in) alpha-subunits because of the absence of interaction between their assembly sites.


Frac hits was not unfamiliar in tight gas development. During the hydraulic fracturing process in infill well, due to closely spaced wells and parent well depletion, operators often encounter communication between the fractures of parent and infill wells, resulting in frac hits. This phenomenon typically has a significant impact on the productivity of both infill and parent wells. However, effectively mitigating and minimizing the negative effects of frac hits remains challenging. We established a new frac hit mechanism and an evaluation and management workflow, aims to investigate the mechanism of frac hits between infill well and parent well and improve the performance of infill well while avoiding frac hits. The results indicate that an increased extent of parent well depletion leads to higher surrounding rock pressure and stress depletion. The stress deflection region near the fracture tip of the parent well attracts the propagation of infill well fractures, resulting in frac hits and significantly affecting the performance of parent well. Consequently, optimizing the timing of hydraulic fracturing in the infill well is beneficial for mitigating parent well depletion, controlling frac hits, and enhancing gas well productivity. This research provides important insights into mitigating parent-infill well interference in the development of tight gas reservoirs and establishes a solid foundation for future studies.


CONTEXT.—
Histopathology is the current standard to diagnose skin disease. However, biopsy may not always be feasible, such as in patients with multiple nevi, a patient with a lesion on an aesthetically significant site, or in children. Recently, noninvasive techniques, including reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography, and Raman spectroscopy, have enabled dermatologists to manage skin lesions in real time without the need for biopsy.

OBJECTIVE.—
To report the updated diagnostic accuracy of RCM for equivocal skin lesions.

DESIGN.—
In this study, we retrospectively reviewed our data of clinically suspicious lesions from 2010 to 2017 that were evaluated by RCM.

RESULTS.—
Our results showed an overall sensitivity of 98.2% and specificity of 99.8%.

CONCLUSIONS.—
In conclusion, RCM is a noninvasive real-time tool with the potential to diagnose skin lesions with high accuracy and without biopsy.


A method is presented to demonstrate the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in providing additional information regarding defects or flaws when used in conjunction with the ultrasonic A-scan method. ANNs were employed both as pattern classifiers and as function approximators to maximise the amount of data available from the temporal A-scan signal. A steel bar was modelled in 2D using ABAQUS finite element analysis (FEA) software. A single defect was introduced to the bar, modelled as a void, and parametric studies conducted to record data with the defect at various locations. An ultrasonic Lamb wave was introduced at the top of the bar. The longitudinal wave propagated along the length of the bar and was partially reflected by the defect. Multiple cases were simulated, modelling voids between 1mm and 6mm in width in various locations. Mean displacement of all the nodes at the top of the bar was recorded throughout the simulation, and features extracted from this waveform to create the data set for the ANNs. The ANNs were trained with a percentage of the data collected, selected at random, and assessed with the remaining data. The target data for the ANNs were the depth and size of the defect. The case of two separate defects was also investigated. The procedure was carried out in the same manner as for one defect, but in this case the target data for the ANNs were the depth of the first defect and the distance between the defects. A separate ANN was employed as a pattern classifier, to determine if the reflected A-scan signal represented one or two defects. The final system was tested using previously unseen data, and provided very good results both in determining the number of defects and the size and location of the defects, even with data to which noise had been added.


Construction contracts are always regarded as complex and voluminous documents that make it harder to extract required information, preventing its smooth functioning. Due to the recent technological advancements, automated and smart contracts can be considered as an alternative to the traditional contract documents that manage its provisions, obligations and clauses by itself. Since the adoption of smart contracts, which can only be performed with the whole participation of involved stakeholders, is limited in the construction industry, this study aims to investigate the stakeholder-associated drivers to implementing smart contracts. For this purpose, a framework based on fuzzy technique for order of preference by the similarityto-ideal-solution (TOPSIS) is developed consisting of eighteen drivers to be prioritized. A number of eighteen experts, who have adequate experience in both construction industry and contract administration, contributed to this study. The results indicate that (i) simple layout to read, (ii) reduction in risks of clients, (iii) clarity in responsibility and risk allocation, (iv) easy to comprehend from various stakeholders, and (v) conflict, claim and dispute reduction were the top five drivers to implement smart contracts. The findings imply that other than its own advantages, the reasons to seek the adoption of smart contracts are mainly the deficiencies of the traditional contract documents. The findings of this study are expected to assist research and development departments of the firms seeking to implement smart contract, while addressing the gap in the literature in this context.


Since the TVSS (Tactile Vision Substitution System) developed by Bach-Y-Rita in 1960's, several sensorial substitution systems have been developed. In general, the so-called "sensorial substitution" system transform stimuli characteristic of one sensory modality (for example, vision) into stimuli of another sensory modality (for example, audition). These systems are developed to help handicapped persons. We developed a sensorial substitution system from vision to audition. An artificial neural network is used to identify the important parts in the image. The Virtual Acoustic Space technic is used to generate localizable sounds. A sound is associated to each important parts of the image. The entire real-time system has been implemented on iOS platforms (iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch{trade mark, serif}). We associated our system with transparent digital earplugs. This way the user is aware of the audio scene happening around him. The system has been tested on non-blind persons and the results are presented.


T cells recognize foreign antigens together with those MHC glycoproteins they have encountered during their development in the thymus. How the repertoire of antigen-specific TCRs is selected has not yet been fully defined. We have investigated the T cell repertoire specificities of CD4-CD8+ cytotoxic T cells developing under conditions where one of the class I MHC-encoded molecules is blocked, while other class I-MHC glycoproteins are still expressed. We show that antigen- specific T cells restricted to the blocked class I fail to develop, while generation of other class I-specific T cell proceeds undisturbed. This highly selective perturbation of the T cell receptor repertoire demonstrates that development of CD4-CD8+ T cells with a certain TCR specificity requires expression of particular alleles of class I MHC. Thus, TCR-MHC interactions provide signals essential to the differentiation of precursor T cells.


Experimental developments in object recognition systems are delivered through image analysis. In non-rigid object recognition, view-invariance is a limiting factor in algorithm development. For supervised learning and parametric training data sets, recognition often fails when the statistics of features are not accounted for or are not discriminative. It is therefore imperative to identify, and appropriate salient features, input to the object recognition system. Features undergoing rigid body and projective transformations exhibit nonlinear relationships and as such, interactions between features can be complex to identify and measure. This thesis contains research into incidence geometry applied to non-rigid object recognition. The first part of this work measures correlation accuracy to recover angular displacements. Using a combination of nonuniform sampling and up-sampling, a matched filter analysis reveals a relaxation in interpolation complexity between sampled grid points. Furthermore, the technique identifies application in natural image structure analysis. The second part investigates the accuracy and precision of sub-pixel edge feature measurements. An arbitrary edge direction detection method based on non-integer coefficients and quadratic refinement reveals a precision measurement perhaps applicable for medical and manufacturing image screening applications at the millimetre and micron scale. Lastly, a recognition process utilising the Hough transform to measure and accumulate critical object feature statistics is investigated. Based on the training examples used to test the approach, the recognition error of a front profile was 8.2%. Identified sources of error include the profile measurement point locations and their approximation to characterise a profile. The results and applications of the novel adapted signal processing techniques are examined.


Currently in developing countries like Pakistan huge voluminous documentation is performed to keep the record. These all procedures are mostly done without application of Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques (CAATTs) or any custom made software. Some basic technology though is used by the auditors for communication, formulation of basic reports and working papers that include email clients and office suite. This paper focuses on the use of technology in Auditing techniques with an emphasis on Documenting Audit Work. It thus identifies the audit procedures as adapted by firms, technological aspects that can robust the audit process, available CAATTs & other custom made software that can be adapted by the auditors for their benefit. This paper conducts the survey from 100 Auditors working in various reputed firms of Pakistan. The data thus collected is presented to identify the current audit process, practices being used, currently adapted technology and further enhancements in technology auditors deem to use. This paper presents the comparison between the traditional practices with best practices used in documentation of audit work and advantages the use of technology will bring in the process of audit and enhancement in productivity of audits. Keywords: Technology, Auditing, Audit documentation, CAATTs


With today's technological evolution, wireless networks have become very common for organizations, homes and public places. For any device to be authenticated and authorized to use any of the wireless network services, it must first be identified then authenticated and authorized to have access to the wireless network resources. One of the biggest challenges with implementing wireless networks, though, is implementing the identification of the wireless devices. This study therefore examined uniqueness, security and robustness characteristics of MAC in relation to a device serial number in order to establish a suitable network device identifier. In order to achieve this, test runs through a proof of concept method by using Advanced IP Scanner and getmac command line tools. Advanced IP Scanner was used to determine the security, hence robustness of the identifiers while getmac was used to determine the uniqueness of the identifiers. The run tests indicated that a MAC address can actually be spoofed and altered rendering the MAC address not unique, insecure and unreliable. On the contrary, a computer's serial number is hard-coded in the hardware only and therefore cannot be spoofed and altered making it unique, secure and reliable. The researcher recommends that a study be conducted on how a device serial number can be used as network device identifier


The current study was designed for preparation of gastro-retentive floating tablet of ranitidine HCl by using polymers ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and xanthan gum (XG) in an attempt to delay its gastric retention time. The tablets were manufactured by direct compression technique. The outcome of varying concentrations of HPMC, XG and EC on drug release was evaluated. The preparation was augmented on the basis of adequate tablet qualities, total duration of floating, floating lag time and in-vitro drug release. The prepared tablets found to have optimal hardness, low friability, consistent weight uniformity and thickness. Dissolution studies and floating lag time results indicated that formulation F5 showed better and controlled release of drug. The optimized formulation F5 containing 18% HPMC 8% ethyl cellulose and 5% xanthan gum showed 69% drug release within 6 hours, floating lag time was about 1 second and total floating time was 10 hours. The release mode of actions were discovered and elucidated with zero, first order, Higuchi release model and Korsmeyer-Peppas release model. FTIR spectroscopy studies showed no interaction between used polymers and drug. Non-effervescent floating delivery of drug could be a favorable method to attain in-vitro buoyancy. Current approach may enhance the gastric retention time of Ranitidine HCl up to 10 hours, thereby improving its antiulcer activity, thus its bioavailability.


Seventy-seven percent of the hospital employee nurses in this study had accepted hepatitis B vaccine, a higher rate than that reported in the literature for other health care workers. The study found a significant relationship between increased perceived susceptibility to HBV and hepatitis B vaccine acceptance. The unvaccinated nurses did not perceive the employee health setting as risky, yet their clientele (health care workers) are five to 10 times more likely than the general population to be hepatitis B carriers. The younger and less experienced nurses were significantly more likely to have been vaccinated. The hepatitis B vaccine should be offered early in the career of employed health care workers, made accessible at the worksite, and offered to student health care workers. Hepatitis B vaccine education and counseling should focus on increasing perceived susceptibility to HBV for all health care workers and stress vaccine safety and effectiveness.


Not unlike confessional role-playing among seminarians or pre-sacramental practice sessions between parents and children, cinematic confession scenes re-present Penance as a traditional performance, making a teachable cultural moment out of a rite which, when performed in solemnity, cannot be observed or examined directly by a third party. For this reason, movies can be a useful tool for introducing Catholic penitential belief and practice to students in the secular education classrooms, as the author discovered in working with Catholic and non-Catholic students at the University of Toledo. Confession scenes from six films can be related to themes in medieval exempla, church teachings, and folklore related to the Sacrament of Penance.


Author(s): Palmateer, Steve D. | Abstract: The results of testing dry anticoagulant baits at the Animal Biology Laboratory are evaluated in this paper. Overall, 14,940 rats were committed to these tests resulting in a mortality rate of 91.8 percent. The five chemicals tested and their mean mortality per test are: Diphacinone (93.5 percent), Pival (87.5 percent), Warfarin (93.9 percent), Prolin (91.2 percent), and Fumarin (92.8 percent). The data indicates that 77.4 percent of the tests conducted resulted in a mortality of 90 percent or greater, but only 11.9 percent of them resulted in acceptance of 33 percent or greater and mortality of 90 percent or greater.


This exploratory study is on the way in which the professional accountants differed from the accounting students on value orientations, work opinions, and job satisfaction.  Out of the four value orientations; namely power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance, we found that only one, masculinity, had a significant main effect on subgroups of professionals and students.  Gender was also significant for masculinity.  Males were found to be more significantly masculine than females.  On work opinions only one of the five factors had a significant effect for subgroup.  This factor was labeled doing one's job and profit.  Students and private accountants viewed doing one's job and profit as related; while academicians and private accountants scored significantly lower on this scale.  And lastly, on job satisfaction only one of the three factors was significant for the four subgroups.  This factor was on the material benefits and rewards of the job.  The academicians were the most dissatisfied with the material benefits of their job.  The students and the public accountants were not significantly different from each other, but the scores of students were significantly different from the private accountants and the academicians.  There were no gender differences on job satisfaction.


Sharing economy and urban commons are inherently intertwined. New technologies and business models for the production and consumption of goods and services are rapidly transforming cities across the world in many ways: carsharing, ridesharing, short-term rentals, shared housing and workspaces. These not only put into question how urban transportation and tourist accommodation are planned, but also disrupt traditional local services, influence housing affordability and redesigning city spaces, thus often making existing local rules obsolete. These profound changes raise many issues. What kind of city is molded by peer-to-peer activities? Is a sharing economy the way to a commons-based urban economy? And what kind of rules are required, if any? This paper aims at examining the delicate relationship between a sharing economy and urban commons and investigating how regulation can affect it. While part of the current debate is sometimes polarized between devotees and decriers of peer-to-peer economic activities, many observers emphasize their multifaceted effects. New technologies are potentially powerful tools for sustainable economic models based on genuine sharing and cooperation, permitting optimum use of existing resources and reinforcing social networks. However, many of these phenomena are characterized by conflicting tendencies. Elinor Ostrom's empirical findings about the design principles that can lead towards a successful common regime give a great importance to the existence of rules in accordance with local circumstances and to a participative decision process. Assuming the wide variety of peer-to-peer economic models and the significant differences from city to city, we should appreciate, on a case-by-case basis, how these practices impact on local economic growth, democratize access to goods and services, foster sustainable urban development, influence the urban environment and impact on job creation and labor conditions, and we should identify the distributive consequences on the city and its inhabitants (underserved neighborhoods, people with disabilities, low-income communities). On that note, in order to instigate a truly commons-based urban economy it is critical to identify pros and cons of these practices in a given milieu and to generate distinct strategies accordingly, resisting any temptation of "one-size-fits-all" solutions.


A coal-fueled diesel engine holds the promise of a rugged, modular heat engine that uses cheap, abundant fuel. Economic studies have indicated attractive returns at moderate diesel fuel prices. The compositions of coal-water fuels are bein expanded to cover the major coal sources. Combustion has been developed at 1000 rpm with mechanical and electronic fuel injection. Dual fuel operation can run the engine over the load range. Erosion of fuel nozzles has been controlled with diamond compacts. Wear of piston rings and cylinder liners can be controlled with tungsten carbide coatings. Emission measurements show higher particulates and SO 2 and lower NO x , CO, and HC. Particulate and SO 2 control measures are being investigated


This short Article draws together some conclusions based on the contributions to the Special Section "The New Frontiers of EU Administrative Law: Is there a Gap in EU External Relations?". It concludes first that external action is a rich field in the application of EU administrative law. External policies are implemented and given effect through legal instruments and legally-prescribed procedures (including financial procedures) developed and controlled by administrative law and the Court of Justice. Second, as a result of mapping the types of administrative action in external policy fields we conclude that while the pattern of administrative action is shared with EU action more generally some distinctive types of external executive action can be identified, and external action demonstrates some distinctive qualities resulting in part from the multiplicity of actors and fora (including external) involved. Third, we conclude that despite very broad discretion in the implementation of policies the EU institutions are subject to administrative and legal constraints, including through the development of procedures in legislation, non-binding instruments and administrative practice. The Court has proved willing both to enforce procedural rules laid down in legislation and to require compliance with procedural principles such as the duty of care.


Both the Catholic theologian David Coffey and the late Protestant theologian Colin E. Gunton treat Augustine's Trinitarian theology in their work. One major common point of their treatment is the theory of the Holy Spirit as the mutual-love between the Father and the Son which Augustine developed. I look upon the two theologians' treatment of Augustine's theory and claim that the difference in their interpretation is shaped by their use and balance of the four sources of theology: scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. I support my claim through four main chapters organized by the four sources. Coffey uses scripture more freely while Gunton is stricter in discussing Augustine foundation of the theory in scripture. Both Coffey and Gunton reflects their respective traditions where Coffey put emphasis on Augustine as Western tradition, while Gunton is overall critical to Augustinian theology. Both theologians uses the terms 'immanent' and 'economic' Trinity. Coffey's view is emphasizes the 'immanent' and shows a blurring use of the terms. Gunton is stresses distinction between the terms, but is careful in going farther than allowed by the economy. As for religious experience Coffey and Gunton are different in their use and emphasis on the Holy Spirit and experience. Gunton stresses the Spirit as active both in eschatology and in Christian community. Coffey are more concerned with the Holy Spirit as love between the Father and the Son. Through these four main chapters: scripture, tradition, reason and experience, I thereby show how Coffey's and Gunton's different weight in the sources shape how they interpret Augustine's pneumatological theory.


Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) possesses a broad morphological spectrum. Currently, we present a case of ALK-positive ALCL presenting with an alveolar growth pattern in a 22-year-old Chinese female. This patient complained of a progressively enlarged mass in the right axillary region for 6 months. Excisional biopsy revealed a well-developed alveolar structure with nests of dyscohesive tumor cells separated by delicate fibrovascular septae. The large pleomorphic cells have irregular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin and abundant pale cytoplasm. The neoplasm stained positively for CD2, CD3ε, CD30, ALK1, EMA and cytotoxic molecules (TIA1 and Granzyme B). Cytogenetic study via interphase Fluorescence in-Situ Hybridization disclosed the rearrangement involving ALK gene. The patient received 6 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy and achieved complete remission. She is alive in good condition up to the present. Our case is biologically similar to the conventional ALK-positive ALCLs and may just represent an unusual morphological appearance.


For a quantum many-body problem, effective Hamiltonians that give exact eigenvalues in reduced model space usually have different expressions, diagrams and evaluation rules from effective transition operators that give exact transition matrix elements between effective eigenvectors in reduced model space. By modifying these diagrams slightly and considering the linked diagrams for all the terms of the same order, we find that the evaluation rules can be made the same for both effective Hamiltonian and effective transition operator diagrams, and in many cases it is possible to combine many diagrams into one modified diagram. We give the rules to evaluate these modified diagrams and show their validity.


**************************************************************** Turnover Cost Evaluator (online tool, click to access) ***************************************************************** Attracting and retaining talented staff is one of the most important means for creating and sustaining a competitive advantage. Yet despite the efforts by many firms, employee turnover continues to be one of the most vexing challenges in the hospitality industry. One of the ways to effectively manage employee turnover is to account for the costs associated with replacing staff. By doing so, employers can create a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of the impact of this problem on property performance. The Turnover Cost Evaluator has been developed to help practitioners accurately compute all of the costs associated with the departure and replacement of an employee. It is comprised of seven screens that allow you to enter data that is specific to your organization and situation and an eighth screen that provides you with a summary of your results. This can be used for any number of positions and, once completed and saved, you can print out your results and return to see your results on subsequent visits to the website. Some of the screens will ask for you to make "best guess" estimates, and these will need to be done based on your experience or consultation with others. It should take approximately 10 minutes to complete the analysis for each position. Please click on the "Start the TCE Tool" button below to begin.


The problems of segmenting a noisy intensity image and tracking a nonrigid object in the plane are discussed. In evaluating these problems, a technique based on an active contour model commonly called a snake is examined. The technique is applied to cell locomotion and tracking studies. The snake permits both the segmentation and tracking problems to be simultaneously solved in constrained cases. A detailed analysis of the snake model, emphasizing its limitations and shortcomings, is presented, and improvements to the original description of the model are proposed. Problems of convergence of the optimization scheme are considered. In particular, an improved terminating criterion for the optimization scheme that is based on topographic features of the graph of the intensity image is proposed. Hierarchical filtering methods, as well as a continuation method based on a discrete sale-space representation, are discussed. Results for both segmentation and tracking are presented. Possible failures of the method are discussed. >


Pneumatic brake systems use pressurized air to apply the brakes and are used in trucks, amongst other vehicles. Due to the compressibility of the air, there is a time delay from the push-down of the brake pedal to the attainment of the desired brake effect. The time for the pressure in the brake cylinder to reach 75% of its final pressure is subject to legal requirements, and this master thesis studies the possibilities to predict that time by simulation. The program GT-SUITE is chosen for the simulation, since it is shown to be suitable in a survey of potential software and an evaluation. Also, MATLAB is used to simulate an approximate system description. To support the modeling of brake system components, measurements are made on a simple brake rig, gradually extended with common brake components which then can be modeled. Finally, the models are verified with a measurement on a complete brake system. In the simple rigs, the simulations are accurate and able to predict the effect of new components. Verifying the models, though, the simulation is not accurate enough. However, the simulation seems to give conservative results, which means that a truck that in simulation passes the certification is likely to pass it in reality too.


Isolated ultrafiltration was performed in 107 patients with refractory heart failure (HF) which developed in the presence of different cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial action of isolated ultrafiltration in 71 patients (68%) with refractory HF was determined by complex interaction of the effects provoked by ultrafiltrate removal. Among those effects of paramount importance was correction of secondary hyperaldosteronism and reduction of the concentration of antidiuretic hormone accompanied by the improvement of liver and heart functions.


Abstract Complex solid‐solution electrocatalysts (also referred to as high‐entropy alloy) are gaining increasing interest owing to their promising properties which were only recently discovered. With the capability of forming complex single‐phase solid solutions from five or more constituents, they offer unique capabilities of fine‐tuning adsorption energies. However, the elemental complexity within the crystal structure and its effect on electrocatalytic properties is poorly understood. We discuss how addition or replacement of elements affect the adsorption energy distribution pattern and how this impacts the shape and activity of catalytic response curves. We highlight the implications of these conceptual findings on improved screening of new catalyst configurations and illustrate this strategy based on the discovery and experimental evaluation of several highly active complex solid solution nanoparticle catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media.


The vocabulary available to community interpreters regarding professional ethics is typically limited to a set of prohibitions—what interpreters should not do. These prohibitions are disproportionately more prevalent in ethical documents and discourse than guidance on what interpreters should do. Both types of guidance are examples of normative ethical messages. However, when interpreters are asked to justify decisions which lead to them taking action rather than refraining from action, they are left with insufficient vocabulary to do so. Without a broader normative vocabulary allowing conversation regarding action-taking, interpreters tend to rely on unhelpful, non-normative language such as metaphors which fail to advance professional dialogue and development of the field. Ethics scholars link such discourse deficiencies with underdeveloped reasoning abilities, often citing the need to ground normative discourse within the principles and values of a profession. "Principled-reasoning" in part involves the ability to weigh the import of conflicting ethical obligations, such as principles that compel action versus inaction. Ethicists consider principled-reasoning to be the highest order of ethical reasoning. While there are theoretical and pedagogical developments in community interpreting that can further principled-reasoning skills, there remain significant barriers. One is the profession's failure to incorporate widely recognised ethical principles such as non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, and autonomy in its normative messaging and discourse. Another is the profession's lack of normative terms to convey intermediate ethical concepts. A third is the still-limited adoption of structured reflective practices, such as case analysis and supervision, to impart principled-reasoning skills both during and after interpreters' formal education years.


Motivation Unsupervised clustering is important in disease subtyping, among having other genomic applications. As genomic data has become more multifaceted, how to cluster across data sources for more precise subtyping is an ever more important area of research. Many of the methods proposed so far, including iCluster and Cluster of Cluster Assignments, make an unreasonble assumption of a common clustering across all data sources, and those that do not are fewer and tend to be computationally intensive. Results We propose a Bayesian parametric model for integrative, unsupervised clustering across data sources. In our two-way latent structure model, samples are clustered in relation to each specific data source, distinguishing it from methods like Cluster of Cluster Assignments and iCluster, but cluster labels have across-dataset meaning, allowing cluster information to be shared between data sources. A common scaling across data sources is not required, and inference is obtained by a Gibbs Sampler, which we improve to better cope with sparsity of unoccupied clusters and speed of convergence. Posterior interpretation allows for inference on common clusterings occuring among subsets of data sources. An interesting statistical formulation of the model results in sampling from closed-form posteriors despite incorporation of a complex latent structure. We fit the model with Gaussian and more general densities, which influences the degree of across-dataset cluster label sharing. Uniquely among integrative clustering models, our formulation makes no nestedness assumptions of samples across data sources so that a sample missing data from one genomic source can be clustered according to its existing data sources. We apply our model to a Norwegian breast cancer cohort of ductal carcinoma in-situ and invasive tumors, comprised of somatic copy-number alteration, methylation and expression datasets. We find enrichment in the Her2 subtype and ductal carcinoma among those observations exhibiting greater cluster correspondence across expression and CNA data. In general, there are few pan-genomic clusterings, suggesting that models assuming a common clustering across genomic data sources might yield misleading results. Implementation and Availability The model is implemented in an R package called twl ("two-way latent"), available on CRAN. Data for analysis is available within the R package. Contact email@example.com Supplementary Material Appendices are available online and include additional Breast Cancer subtyping analysis, comparison with leading integrative clustering methods, fully general statistical formulation and justification of the sampling algorithm, and description of improvements of the Gibbs sampler.


The appearance of lower hardness at the surface than at the core after through-hardening of steels is known as "inverse quench-hardening." Pioneering work was performed in the 1970s by establishing a simple test procedure where cylindrical specimens were cooled by air and brine sequentially to produce the effect. This phenomenon was described in relation to the polymer quenching and its effect to the improvement in the fatigue strength of the steel in the 1990s. The hardening mechanism in the same specimens as the pioneering work was recently examined using a finite element simulation method. However, this work has not been completed for lack of experimental quenching cooling curves for the comparisons. In this study, the same experiments using 20mm diameter cylindrical specimens as those of the pioneering work were conducted to obtain cooling curves and hardness distributions for comparing simulated results. Experimental cooling curves showed a temperature recovery as predicted by the simulation. Also the inverse quench-hardening phenomena were found in the measured and simulated hardness distributions of the specimens.


Nowadays, the number of connected devices providing unstructured data is rapidly rising. These devices acquire data with a temporal and spatial resolution at an unprecedented level creating an influx of geoinformation which, however, lacks semantic information. Simultaneously, structured datasets like semantic 3D city models are widely available and assure rich semantics and high global accuracy but are represented by rather coarse geometries. While the mentioned downsides curb the usability of these data types for nowadays' applications, the fusion of both shall maximize their potential. Since testing and developing automated driving functions stands at the forefront of the challenges, we propose a pipeline fusing structured (CityGML and HD Map datasets) and unstructured datasets (MLS point clouds) to maximize their advantages in the automatic 3D road space models reconstruction domain. The pipeline is a parameterized end-to-end solution that integrates segmentation, reconstruction, and modeling tasks while ensuring geometric and semantic validity of models. Firstly, the segmentation of point clouds is supported by the transfer of semantics from a structured to an unstructured dataset. The distinction between horizontaland vertical-like point cloud subsets enforces a further segmentation or an immediate refinement while only adequately depicted models by point clouds are allowed. Then, based on the classified and filtered point clouds the input 3D model geometries are refined. Building upon the refinement, the semantic enrichment of the 3D models is presented. The deployment of a simulation engine for automated driving research and a city model database tool underlines the versatility of possible application areas.


Stream reasoning is an emerging research area focused on providing continuous reasoning solutions for data streams.
The exponential growth in the availability of streaming data on the Web has seriously hindered the applicability of state-of-the-art expressive reasoners, limiting their applicability to process streaming information in a scalable way. In this scenario, in
order to reduce the amount of data to reason upon at each iteration, we can leverage advances in continuous query processing
over Semantic Web streams. Following this principle, in previous work we have combined semantic query processing and nonmonotonic reasoning over data streams in the StreamRule system. In the approach, we specifically focused on the scalability of
a rule layer based on a fragment of Answer Set Programming (ASP). We recently expanded on this approach by designing an
algorithm to analyze input dependency so as to enable parallel execution and combine the results. In this paper, we expand on
this solution by providing i) a proof of correctness for the approach, ii) an extensive experimental evaluation for different levels
of complexity of the input program, and iii) a clear characterization of all the algorithms involved in generating and splitting
the graph and identifying heuristics for node duplication, as well as partitioning the reasoning process via input splitting and
combining the results.


We analyze the degree to which the growing importance of sovereign wealth funds [SWFs], and the diffusion of inflation targeting and augmented Taylor rules have impacted the post crisis adjustment of Latin American Countries (LATAM) to the challenges associated with terms of trade and financial shocks. We confirm that the stock of reserves and active management reduce the effects of transitory Commodity Terms of Trade (CTOT) shocks to real exchange rate [REER] in LATAM economies. This "buffer effect" seems to work more against risk of real appreciation than against risks of depreciations. Fixed exchange regimes acts as a substitute policy to reserve accumulation, and this buffering policy seems to work under relatively high levels of external debt, and in economics that are less open to trade. In contrast to reserves, SWFs seem important to buffer the REER from CTOT shocks with fixed exchange rate regimes and in relatively closed economies. The buffer effect seems to show its strongest effect during the 80's, 90's and the end of the Great Moderation (2003-2007). While the stock of reserves fails to smooth the transmission of CTOT shocks to REER during the Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009), we observe SWF stepping up as a potential substitute to traditional reserve assets. The CTOT- REER relationship seems to resume during the post-great recession period (2010-2013) and the reserve buffering role returns but not at the levels observed prior to the crisis. There seems to be a "substitution" between reserves and SWF, where SWFs take over the buffering of the REER and the real GDP during the Great Recession and the postGreat Recession period. Inflation targeting policy seems to matter, potentially diverting resources to the preservation of domestic price stability: IT countries seems to give up the use of reserves to buffer against CTOT shocks, relegating this role to the SWFs. In LATAM countries that seem to follow augmented Taylor rule, their monetary authorities seem to place large weight of output gaps; while inflation seems to gain importance for IT countries. The nature of the regime matters - non IT countries seem to switch from REER stabilization target to an inflation target when committing to a formal IT rule. SWF seem to provide IT countries with an alternative form of liquidity management against foreign shocks when traditional reserves are committed to other macroeconomic goals. This is true for both REER and output growth stabilization.


Purpose: Environmental sustainability was firstly thought to be an obstacle to economic development, whereas innovation promotes it. Nowadays, the contradiction between these two terms is less and the purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of the connection between environmental sustainability and eco-innovations as this can lead to a win to win procedure with the help of the relevant strategies that should be applicable based also on scientific evidence.Design – Methodology – Approach: This paper consists of four case studies in the sustainability and eco-innovation sector in Sweden. An abductive method is used. Emails were sent and phone calls were made to the companies. Skype and telephone interviews were conducted.Findings: The findings provide a practical contribution to the companies of how certain strategies can be implemented in businesses so as to connect environmental sustainability and eco-innovations. Moreover, the findings showed that barriers did not appear that could influence or change companies' strategies.Research limitations / implications: This paper is only limited to one dimension of sustainability, that of the environment, besides focuses on eco-innovations that come from the gulf of the environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the thesis is limited in the strategies that businesses implement towards environmental sustainability and eco-innovations, as well as the potentials barriers that may come up.Practical Implications: The practical implications are identified to the actions / strategies that businesses follow towards environmental sustainability and eco-innovations.Originality – Value: This paper finds and fills the gap that many companies have as far as the non-comprehension of how environmental sustainability and eco-innovations are connected by the means of implementing specific strategies.Key Words: sustainability, innovation, eco-innovation, strategies for sustainability and eco-innovations, barriers.Paper: Master Thesis


Why do biotech firms cluster? New and established firms in biotech clusters are said to capitalize on knowledge spillovers, labor-market pooling, and other externalities. Some have even argued that such spillovers are so strong that the cluster itself, rather than the individual, is the locus of entrepreneurship. Such arguments, however, do not resolve the mechanism by which clusters might contribute to the establishment of new firms. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for analyzing the locational choices of entrepreneurial firms in the life-sciences industry. Building on both the cluster literature and the literature on entrepreneurship, we develop hypotheses about how cluster characteristics, the entrepreneur's personal characteristics, and characteristics of the business environment affect the entrepreneur's decision to establish a new firm. We argue that a key factor in the location decision is the relative mobility of the appropriate resources. Our main hypothesis is that specialized labor is less mobile than capital and other resources and that it is the base from which entrepreneurs are ultimately created. If so, new firms will emerge in areas characterized by an existing concentration of specialized labor. This labor pool may be spawned by universities and incumbent small and larger biotech (or other high-technology) companies. An alternative explanation is that entrepreneurs establish new ventures outside the cluster, then move them to the cluster to take advantage of local knowledge and other resources. Or a potential entrepreneur could conceive a business plan, then relocate to an existing cluster before founding a firm. We explain how survey data can be used to sort through these explanations.


1. The levels of disturbance experienced by birds in the UK are difficult to estimate but the available evidence suggests that they could be considerable, with significant implications for bird conservation. This paper addresses three sources of disturbance to birds in the UK: from recreational pursuits; developments (construction and operation); and hunting. 2. Legislative requirements to take account of disturbance impacts are increasing but there has been little research to provide a sound scientific basis for impact assessment. A review of studies of the effects of disturbance on birds between 1970 and the present reveals considerable scope for improvement in the way in which results of research are applied. Disturbance effects (e.g. local site movements) and disturbance impacts (where a population is affected) are often confused. 3. Three example studies are reviewed which may point the way forward. The first takes a multivariate approach to assess the influence of disturbance on the use of sites by birds; the second takes an experimental approach by manipulating the source of disturbance; the third takes a modelling approach to establish metapopulation impacts of disturbance. 4. From this analysis, an outline of research priorities at local, regional and flyway scales is proposed.


This paper examines the concept of negotiation in the context of the Yoruba culture to produce a formal representation in form of computational models as a step towards digital preservation of the culture and also integrate this into the growing field of e-commerce. Three of the Bargaining systems of the Yoruba culture was designed using flowchart and use case diagrams. The simulation was done with Java.


Second Paper.

In the first paper, the Ferns, Equisetites, and Calamites were dealt with; in the present communication the Lycopodiaceae, Sphenophylleae, Cordaiteae, Coniferae, and Ginkgoaceae will be shortly considered.

Lycopodiaceae.

Among the Carboniferous Lycopods a few are found of comparatively small size, perhaps not much larger than some exotic species of Selaginella , whilst others, like Lepidodendron , attained to arborescent dimensions.

No group of Carboniferous plants rises to the same importance as that of the Lycopodiaceae. It comprises several genera and some of these contain many species.

The Lycopods must also have supplied much of the material from which our coal seams are formed. Their importance in this respect can be judged by the fact that it is of frequent occurrence to find in coal, bands of over half an inch in thickness formed entirely of Lycopod spores.

We shall now examine shortly the chief genera belonging to this group which occur in Britain.

I.—Lycopoditeae.

Lycopodites Brongniart. Members of the genus Lycopodites are very rare in Carboniferous times; only three species have come under my notice as British, and each has only been represented by a single specimen. One of these, Lycopodites ciliatus Kidston, is from Yorkshire and was collected by Mr. Hemingway.

The Lycopodites are all small and had whorled or spirally-placed leaves. In Lycopodites gutbieri Gopp. (Plate LXIV., fig. 1), for the size of the stem, the two lateral rows of leaves are large, single-nerved, and sickle-shaped, while the two ventral rows are very small and closely adpressed ...


There is a continuing need for an analytical approach to institutional change, especially as applied to incremental, agent-driven change. Important institutional change can be incremental and not necessarily linked to immediate crisis. Institutional adjustments initiated by actors in the course of meeting specific economic and political goals can unblock systemic bottlenecks leading to improved economic performance. Aggregate incremental change could also lead to system evolution that deviates significantly from the original system model. This paper presents an approach that engages agent impact on the institutional system, and the political or social motives for action; the two-tiered approach moves away from the categories described in Varieties of Capitalism, one of the more influential approaches to analyzing institutional impact in an economy. Instead of static national categories, the approach presented in this paper differentiates between defining institutions and instrumental institutions, the differences in ease and speed of change which characterize each institutional tier, and how the system's evolution is impacted by the combined effect of changes in each tier. Differentiating between institutions in this manner, the paper provides an approach that is more flexible in explaining the interactions between agents and institutions, and the changes which may result.


This work presents a new architecture, multihop cellular network (MCN), for wireless communications. MCN preserves the benefit of conventional single-hop cellular networks (SCN) where the service infrastructure is constructed by fixed bases, and it also incorporates the flexibility of ad-hoc networks where wireless transmission through mobile stations in multiple hops is allowed. MCN can reduce the required number of bases or improve the throughput performance, while limiting path vulnerability encountered in ad-hoc networks. In addition, MCN and SCN are analyzed, in terms of mean hop count, hop-by-hop throughput, end-to-end throughput, and mean number of channels (i.e. simultaneous transmissions) under different traffic localities and transmission ranges. Numerical results demonstrate that the throughput of MCN exceeds that of SCN, the former also increases as the transmission range decreases. The above results can be accounted for by the different orders, linear and square, at which the mean hop count and mean number of channels increase, respectively.


The densification behavior of WC composites based on iron aluminide binder was investigated using laser scanning confocal mi¬croscopy (LSCM). Doped Fe60Al40 alloys with boron levels ranging from 0 to 0.1 wt% were used as the aluminide binders. The aluminide binders were prepared using controlled atmosphere ring grinding and then blended with WC powder. The composite powder compacted in an alumina crucible and held in a platinum holder in the confocal microscope. The temperature increased from ambient temperature up to 1500 °C under high purity argon. The presence of boron was found to facilitate compaction of the composites and improve the wetting between WC and FeAl binder during liquid phase sintering. Increasing the amount of boron in the binder resulted in the melting of binder at lower temperature and increasing of the compacting of the intermetallic tungsten carbide composites.


Title of dissertation: CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? EXAMINING MARKET DISCOURSE AS A SENSEMAKING MECHANISM OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIONS IN THE U.S. WIRELESS TELEPHONE INDUSTRY, 1998-2007 R. Scott Livengood, Doctor of Philosophy, 2010 Dissertation directed by: Professor Ken G. Smith Department of Management and Organization Entrepreneurial actions, such as new product introductions, infuse new information and drive the market process by moving the market either toward or away from existing market conditions. These products cause uncertainty for market participants, who engage in discourse as a sensemaking mechanism to reduce this uncertainty and eventually either accept or reject the new product, which is essentially the market process. Central to this process, however, is the oft-overlooked phenomenon of market discourse, or the objective and subjective information exchanged in the marketplace, that can be a key sensemaking mechanism when confronted by uncertainty surrounding new products by firms. However, little is known regarding the impact of entrepreneurial actions and the process of how market discourse moves the market. Using a unique dataset created from the United States wireless telephone industry from 1998-2007, I explore how novelty impacts various aspects of market discourse among market participants and how this discourse impacts subsequent sales of individual cell phones. Results suggest that discourse can act as a sensemaking mechanism when new products are relatively more novel than prior phones, but that reputation and competitive intensity can act as a substitute for discourse as a sensemaking mechanism to reduce uncertainty experienced by the market. In addition, discourse was found to positively influence sales but that this effect diminishes over time. Finally, findings indicate discourse acts to fully mediate the relationship between phone novelty and sales, which highlights the importance of studying discourse when examining firm actions. CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? EXAMINING MARKET DISCOURSE AS A SENSEMAKING MECHANISM OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIONS IN THE U.S. WIRELESS TELEPHONE INDUSTRY, 1998-2007 by R. Scott Livengood Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010


Hypoblast cells of posterior marginal zone origin have been shown previously to be the inducers of primitive streak in the avian embryo. Here we checked: (1) whether the above cells acquire their inductivity while still whithin the marginal zone; (2) can inductivity be found in supernatants of defined blastodermic regions; (3) can differences in the electrophoretic pattern be shown between inducing and non-inducing tissue fragments and their conditioned media, which might give a clue as to what the inductive substance is. The following observations were made: 1. (a) Stage X chick posterior marginal zone cells prior to their migration into the hypoblast do not induce a primitive streak, when applied to a stage XIII competent epiblast central disc. (b) A posterior marginal zone fragment, when applied to an epiblast central disc, even after being preincubated for up to 9 hours in vitro, is still non-inductive. (c) Mechanically fragmented stage X posterior marginal zones when applied as a layer to epiblast central discs are non-inductive. (d) Hypoblastic tissue in strip form induces a primitive streak. 2. Competent stage XIII epiblast central discs (chick) were incubated for 2 hours in supernatants of stage XIII epiblasts or hypoblasts. Whereas no inductive effect was exerted by the epiblast supernatant, primitive streaks developed in about 50% of the epiblast central discs incubated in the hypoblast supernatant. 3. Electrophoretic analysis (quails) reveals a protein of 28x10-3 Mr that is enriched in both hypoblastic tissue and its incubation medium and not in the epiblast + marginal zone + area opaca and their incubation medium. These findings suggest a possible correlation between this protein and the induction process.


The authors examined the effectiveness of cognitive strategy instruction based on PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive) given by special education teachers to students with ADHD randomly assigned by classroom. Students in the experimental group were exposed to a brief cognitive strategy instruction for 10 days, which was designed to encourage development and application of effective planning for mathematical computation, whereas the comparison group received-standard math instruction. Standardized tests of cognitive processes and math achievement were given at pretest. All students completed math worksheets throughout the experimental phase. Standardized achievement tests (Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, Third Edition, Math Fluency and Wechsler Individualized Achievement Test, Second Edition, Numerical Operations) were administered pre- and postintervention, and Math Fluency was also administered at 1 year follow-up. Large pre—post effect sizes were found for students in the experimental group but not the comparison group on math worksheets (0.85 and 0.26), Math Fluency (1.17 and 0.09), and Numerical Operations (0.40 and —0.14, respectively). At 1 year follow-up, the experimental group continued to outperform the comparison group. These findings suggest that students with ADHD evidenced greater improvement in math worksheets, far transfer to standardized tests of math (which measured the skill of generalizing learned strategies to other similar tasks), and continued advantage 1 year later when provided the PASS-based cognitive strategy instruction.