Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a disease characterized by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas, affects approximately 1% of the US population, with an incidence that is increasing at a rate of 3% per year. Beta cell killing is accomplished through various immune-mediated mechanisms, with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributing to both inflammation and cell death. While previous reports suggested that antioxidant scavenging protected beta cells against ROS-mediated damage, islet-specific over-expression of antioxidants was not fully protective. As systemic elevation in free radical defenses had a positive impact on islet survival, I hypothesize that control of oxidative stress at the level of the immune system will regulate proinflammatory responses. Genetic studies using the ALR mouse have provided strong support for my hypothesis. ALR-derived diabetes resistance and reduced oxidative burst from neutrophils and macrophages, as well as elevated Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity all map to the Suppressor of superoxide production (Susp) locus on Chr. 3. NAPDH oxidase (NOX) function from ALR cells could be rescued with inhibition of SOD1, demonstrating that dissipation was modifying immune effector function. Elevated SOD1 activity was associated with increased dimer stability, suggesting a post-translational modification is enhancing dimerization. Introduction of Susp into the NOD background was highly protective against T1D. This resistance is linked to the loss of T lymphocyte diabetogenic potential. The loss of T cell ROS in T1D protection was confirmed using NOX-deficient NOD mice. T cell lineage commitment and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis were dependent on ROS signaling. Macrophages and T cells from NOD-Ncf1m1J mice exhibited a skewed cytokine response, with increased synthesis of IL-17 and IL-10, as opposed to the predominant IFN-γ production typically observed from NOD lymphocytes. Genome-wide analyses were performed to fine map Susp in order to define the mechanism leading to altered SOD1 activity. Positional cloning experiments mapped Susp between D3Mit180 (34.4 Mbp) and D3Mit223 (34.8 Mbp) on Chr. 3. This mapping defines a novel candidate region involved in the regulation of SOD1 activity and dimerization stability, resulting in reduced superoxide release via NADPH oxidase activity.


Abstract Several strategies are available to reduce or eliminate recalcitrant sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfa drugs) from aqueous media. These contaminants are bioactive and ubiquitous pollutants of soils and watercourses and are known to induce bacterial resistance. Here the biological, chemical and physical methods developed over the last 5 years to decontaminate waters polluted with sulfa drugs are reviewed with special attention to procedures that make use of porous adsorbent materials and their applicability to real waters.


Structural damage detection by the Holder exponent receives much attention recently. Many investigations have been successfully applied to the crack identification, especially for the beam-type structures. However, a comprehensive analysis of the Holder exponent has been absent. Result in some conclusions had been drawn are unilateral. In this paper, the mode shapes of the clamped-clamped beams are analytical studied and a program calculating the Holder exponents of the mode shape signals with different damages is compiled with MATLAB. By comprehensively studying the Holder exponents of the clamped-clamped beams with cracks of different sizes, locations, and different order modes, a new phenomenon that the values of the Holder exponent vary with different locations of the crack is detected. The results also show that the Holder exponent decreases with the increase of the mode number. However, there are not obvious relations between the Holder exponent and the order of the mode for the whole beam locations.


Memory access has proven to be one of the bottlenecks in modern architectures. Improving memory locality and eliminating the amount of memory access can help release this bottleneck. We present a method for link-time profile-based optimization by reordering the global data of the program and modifying its code accordingly. The proposed optimization reorders the entire global data of the program, according to a representative execution rate of each instruction (or basic block) in the code. The data reordering is done in a way that enables the replacement of frequently-executed Load instructions, which reference the global data, with fast Add Immediate instructions. In addition, it tries to improve the global data locality and to reduce the total size of the global data area. The optimization was implemented into FDPR (Feedback Directed Program Restructuring), a post-link optimizer, which is part of the IBM AIX operating system for the IBM pSeries servers. Our results on SPECint2000 show a significant improvement of up to 11% (average 3%) in execution time, along with up to 97.9% (average 83%) reduction in memory references to the global variables via the global data access mechanism of the program.


was available, treatment with two-hourly applications of the solution was prescribed. In two cases that were seen within 48 hours of development of the eruption (a male aet. 67 and the child) the response to treatment was little short of dramatic; the erythema settled within 48 hours and the vesicles and bullae dried within 72 hours. Dark crusts formed and these separated within the week, leaving minimal scarring. In the four other cases there was a similar but less spectacular response of the eruption to treatment; this could be anticipated as large buliac were present before treatment was initiated. Two of the female patients complained of intense pain, which was not relieved to any extent by the topical therapy. It would be unwise to draw any conclusions from this small series; we may, however, have at our disposal in I.D.U. a topical application which, if used early in herpes zoster, may control the skin manifestations. If so, it represents a distinct advance, as no effective therapy has previously been available.-I am, etc., Department of Dermatology, D. 1. MCCALLUM. General Hospital, Nottingham.


This paper describes a method of compensating for nonlinear distortions in speech representation caused by noise. The method described here is based on the histogram equalization method often used in digital image processing. Histogram equalization is applied to each component of the feature vector in order to improve the robustness of speech recognition systems. The paper describes how the proposed method can be applied to robust speech recognition and it is compared with other compensation techniques. The recognition experiments, including results in the AURORA II framework, demonstrate the effectiveness of histogram equalization when it is applied either alone or in combination with other compensation techniques.


We report scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) of single crystal difluoro bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF-TESADT) organic transistors. SKPM provides a direct measurement of the intrinsic charge transport in the crystals independent of contact effects and reveals that degradation of device performance occurs over a time period of minutes as the diF-TESADT crystal becomes charged.


The inherent multicast nature of the wireless medium can be exploited over two hop networks paves a way for Physical layer multicasting. The system performance gain can be achieved through multicast diversity achieved with dual amplify-and-forward (AF) Relay schemes. The dual AF relay multicast scheme is proposed in this paper for cooperative and non-cooperative relays. An upper bound has derived for non-cooperative case using the well-known inequality between geometric and harmonic mean of positive random variables. At low SNR, the performance of this multicast scheme with cooperative relays is better than the non-cooperative one and after 12 dB there is no performance gain with the cooperative relays. The performance with cooperative relay can achieve 4 dB gain over virtual MIMO.


Background: Segmented regression (SR) is the most common statistical method used in the analysis of interrupted time series (ITS) data. However, this modeling strategy is indicated to produce spurious results when applied to aggregated data. For multicenter ITS studies, data at a given time point are often aggregated across different participants and settings; thus, conventional segmented regression analysis may not be an optimal approach. Our objective is to provide a robust method for analysis of ITS data, while accounting for two sources of heterogeneity, between participants and across sites. Methods: We present a methodological framework within the segmented regression modeling strategy, where we introduced weights to account for between-participant variation and the differences across multiple sites. We empirically compared the proposed weighted segmented regression (wSR) with the conventional SR as well as with a previously published pooled analysis method using data from the Mobility of Vulnerable Elders in Ontario (MOVE-ON) project, a multisite ITS study. Results: Overall, the wSR produced the most precise estimates, where they had the narrowest 95% CI, while the conventional SR method resulted in the least precise estimates. Our method also resulted in increased power. The pooled analysis method and the wSR had comparable results when there were ≤ 4 sites included in the overall analysis and when there was moderate to high between-site heterogeneity as measured by the I 2 statistic. Conclusion: Incorporating participant-level and site-level variability led to estimates that were more precise and accurate in determining the magnitude of the effect of an intervention and led to increased statistical power. This underscores the importance of accounting for the inherent variability in aggregated data. Extensive simulations are required to further assess the methods in a wide range of scenarios and outcome types. post intervention for high within-site variability.


Objective: To investigate whether stimulated monocyte cytokine release and its inhibition by glucocorticoids differs between men and women. Design: In vitro monocyte interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) release after lipopolysaccharide stimulation were assessed with and without co-incubation with increasing doses of dexamethasone and hydrocortisone separately. Glucocorticoid sensitivity was defined as the amount of a particular glucocorticoid required to inhibit lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte cytokine release by 50%. The established cardiovascular risk factors of age, body mass index, number of cigarettes smoked daily, low density cholesterol to high density cholesterol ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and haemoglobin A1c were used as covariates. Setting: Aircraft manufacturing plant in southern Germany. Patients: 269 middle aged male and 36 middle aged female employees. Results: Release of monocyte IL-6 and TNFα (each p  =  0.001) was higher in samples from men than in those from women. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide stimulated IL-6 and TNFα release by either glucocorticoid was less pronounced in samples from men than in those from women (IL-6: dexamethasone p  =  0.033, hydrocortisone p  =  0.029; TNFα: dexamethasone p < 0.001, hydrocortisone p  =  0.089). Conclusions: The finding suggests that proinflammatory activity of circulating monocytes is higher in men than in women independent of cardiovascular risk factors, thereby providing one explanation for the relatively greater coronary risk in men.


Imaging plays an essential role in diagnosing and managing musculoskeletal soft tissue masses. It provides anatomic details and aids in the characterization and prognostication of tumors. Advanced imaging is also essential for assessing treatment response and post-treatment surveillance. Several novel imaging techniques are now available that provide additional functional and metabolic information about these tumors. This additional information may be used to predict the biological behavior of the tumors and effectively assess the treatment response for optimizing their management. This article focuses on multiparametric imaging evaluation of soft tissue masses with a discussion of advancements in the domains of ultrasound, MRI, and CT imaging and how these may be helpful in pre- and post-treatment assessment of soft tissue tumors. Current perspectives on the role of diffusion imaging, perfusion imaging, and MR spectroscopy have been highlighted, and future directions of metabolic imaging are briefly outlined. As these advances hold a promising role in the multidisciplinary management of soft tissue sarcomas, it is important for the radiologist to be familiar with the latest advances and developments in imaging soft tissue tumors.


Coplanar-strip horn antennas are fabricated on GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at substrate temperatures of 220, 250, and 270 degrees C. These antennas are switched photoconductively using a picosecond laser to generate and detect freely propagating bursts of electromagnetic radiation. The dependence of the antenna performance on substrate growth temperature is assessed and is also compared with the performance of like antennas fabricated on oxygen-bombarded silicon on sapphire (SOS). It is shown that in the picosecond measurements the radiated pulse duration is not very sensitive to substrate growth temperature but the radiated intensity is highly sensitive to this parameter.<<ETX>>


This study aims to combine the new deterministic minimum covariance determinant (DetMCD) algorithm with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and compare it with the fast minimum covariance determinant (FastMCD), fast consistent high breakdown (FCH), and robust FCH (RFCH) algorithms. LDA classifies new observations into one of the unknown groups and it is widely used in multivariate statistical analysis. The LDA mean and covariance matrix parameters are highly influenced by outliers. The DetMCD algorithm is highly robust and resistant to outliers and it is constructed to overcome the outlier problem. Moreover, the DetMCD algorithm is used to estimate location and scatter matrices. The DetMCD, FastMCD, FCH, and RFCH algorithms are applied to estimate misclassification probability using robust LDA. All the algorithms are expected to improve the LDA model for classification purposes in banks, such as bankruptcy and failures, and to distinguish between Islamic and conventional banks. The performances of the estimators are investigated through simulation and actual data.


The deployment of large man-made structures in inshore coastal areas has the potential for causing significant hydrographical and biological changes in the receiving environments. Often the ability to determine changes resulting from significant impacts has been compromised by the lack of pre-deployment data. The Loch Linnhe artificial reef is a 42 000 tonnes reef complex that is proposed for deployment in the period 2001–2004. A series of baseline data sets were generated in the 4 years preceding construction to facilitate multi-parameter post-reef deployment comparisons. Hydrographical data included a detailed assessment of tidal current dynamics over the complete spring–neap tidal cycle. Sedimentological research included broad-scale remote acoustic surveys coupled with sediment granulometric analysis. Seasonal changes in oxygen levels through the sediment column were also determined. The existing biological community at the proposed site was assessed through monthly diver observation and remote sediment grab sampling. These data sets will form the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of reef impacts and performance to be made post-reef construction. 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.


Background: In Australia, rural areas have higher proportions of older persons than metropolitan areas, where ageing poses many challenges related to social isolation, reduced mobility, more chronic disease and comorbidity, greater socio-economic disadvantage, limited access to services, and economic restructuring. Although Australian national data indicate an age-dependent decline in the prevalence of mental disorders, physical ill health is clearly associated with mental disorder in the elderly. There are conflicting findings regarding rural–urban differences in the prevalence of mental disorder, reflecting the complexity of definitions of rurality, and the geographic, ethnic and cultural diversity that underpins location and its influence on health outcomes. Aims: This study aims to investigate the determinants of well-being in a sample of older adults from rural and remote communities, with particular focus on the role of social factors. Methods: Baseline cross-sectional survey data were used from the Australian Rural Mental Health Study, a population-based longitudinal cohort of adults aged 18–85 years randomly selected from electoral rolls. We compared measures of mental health and well-being in adults aged 65 years and over with middle-aged and younger adults living in rural and regional New South Wales. Factors associated with positive well-being and psychological distress in the older group were examined using multivariate logistic regressions, reporting adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 99% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Of the 2,624 participants, 722 (28%) were aged between 65 and 85 years. Well-being was generally higher among those aged 65 years or older, compared with younger groups, with the notable exception of perceived physical health. Among those aged 65 years or older, poorer well-being was independently associated with older age (AOR 0.29, 99% CI 0.13–0.64), one or more chronic diseases (AOR 0.34, 99% CI 0.17–0.69), and a history of depression, stress or anxiety (AOR 0.31, 99% CI 0.12–0.76). Having increased community and personal support (AOR 4.7, 99% CI 2.5–8.9) significantly increased well-being in the older participants. A comparable profile emerged for the predictors of psychological distress, with higher trait neuroticism also making a substantial contribution (AOR 6.4, 99% CI 2.3–7.8). Conclusions: Despite increased rates of chronic illness and poorer physical health, older rural Australians reported better well-being than younger groups, possibly reflecting a survivor effect or perhaps a generational effect, in terms of greater resilience or stoicism in the older generation. Higher levels of perceived community and personal support improve current well-being and are protective for moderate to high psychological distress.


Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a major fruit tree in the Middle East and it is a plant considered to be tolerant to a variety of abiotic stresses, including salinity. However, the physiological basis of its salinity tolerance is not fully known. The objective of this study was to screen Omani date palm cultivars for tolerance or susceptibility to salt stress. Seedlings from 10 commercially important date palm cultivars were subjected to 240 mM NaCl, and several physiological parameters related to salinity tolerance traits were evaluated upon treatment. The cultivars were divided into two groups based on the dry weight (DW) of their leaf and root tissues, a parameter which was used as an indication of healthy growth. The results revealed that photosynthesis, electrolyte leakage (EL), and the shoot K+/Na+ ratio were all significantly reduced in the susceptible cultivars. In addition, the relative water content was higher in the tolerant cultivars in comparison with the susceptible ones. These results suggest that although date palm is tolerant to high salinity, there is variation in tolerance among different cultivars. Shoot Na+ exclusion, photosynthesis, and membrane stability are apparently the main determinants of tolerance and can be used in salinity tolerance screening of date palm. The results have shown new very tolerant cultivars (Manoma and Umsila) that could serve as genetic resources for improved date palm tolerance to salinity.


Subjectivity, and in particular dynamic subjectivity, is a desirable feature in programming languages, so as to allow the implementation of different views in order to enhance the reusability and integration of the key abstractions or components of these systems. This work presents a reflective meta-level architecture that supports dynamic subjectivity in an object-oriented system. This architecture has the advantage that the subjective behaviour is handled by a meta-level, such that the application that resides at the base level does not need to be modified.


Objectives: In August 2019, Saudi Arabia started implementing plain packaging for cigarettes. Three months later, an opposing campaign on twitter using an Arabic hashtag "the new smoke" gained momentum amongst smokers. The purpose of this study is to document this opposing campaign's timeline and describe consumers, government, and tobacco industry rhetoric. Methods: We created a timeline of the campaign events then performed online social listening of Arabic twitter hashtags related to the campaign. Results: Campaigners mainly complained of an unfavorable new taste in cigarette packs with plain packaging. The messaging developed to accusations to government entities and neighboring countries, and then after threats to boycott tobacco companies. The campaign received a significant amount of media coverage and elicited an official response from a number of Saudi government bodies, such as the Saudi Food and Drug Authority and Ministry of Commerce and Investment. Conclusion: This case points at a need for risk communication training, possible tobacco industry manipulation, and a need to gain consumer trust with evidence-based messaging techniques. The case of cigarette plain packaging adoption in Saudi Arabia serves as an example to other countries of potential consumer interaction, tobacco industry interference, and state official counter-reactions.


Adaptive feedback control of tool vibrations during metal cutting in a lathe has been investigated. The vibrations were controlled in the primary cutting direction and the control is based on the filtered-x LMS-algorithm. It was found that the adaptive feedback control can achieve a reduction of the tool vibrations with up to 35 dB at 1.7 kHz and simultaneously with approximately 30 dB at 3.1 kHz. A significant improvement of the workpiece surface was experienced together with a substantial reduction of the acoustic noise level with adaptive feedback control. Tool life is also expected to be extended and the material removal rate can probably be increased.


Together, food and media have long been a means by which people communicate, perform their identities, and express their values. This article focuses on how contemporary culinary work is influenced by the new mediascape, a channel of convergence through which we understand, enjoy, and participate in our food worlds. As new media proliferates and access to interactive and creative tools expands, content generation and ownership has transferred from the hands of a small population of professionals into the fast fingers of amateurs and expert producers across the globe—effectively transforming who mediates and how we mediate. Consumers now double as mediamakers; often called co-creators, or prosumers, these new forms of interactive mediation influence labor practices and professional identities across industries. In the food world, this transition has been spurred onward by food TV and chef celebrity changing the expectations we hold for our chefs and their restaurants. By drawing from the everyday experiences of people embedded within these food and media networks and integrating transdisciplinary theory, this article demonstrates a promising approach to understanding our food futures.


Abstract : A methodology based on a combination of commercial software tools is developed for rendering complex acoustic scenes in real time. The methodology aims to bridge the gap between real time acoustic rendering algorithms which lack important physics for the exterior urban environment and more rigorous but computationally expensive geometric or wave-based acoustics software by incorporating pre-computed results into a real time framework. The methodology is developed by surveying the best in class commercial software, outlining a general means for accommodating results from each, and identifying areas where supplemental capability is required. This approach yields a real time solution with improved accuracy. Strengths and limitations in current commercial technologies are identified and summarized.


We describe a method for the diagnosis of pleural and peritoneal tuberculosis by the detection of tuberculous antigens using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eleven tuberculous pleural fluid and 10 tuberculous ascitic fluid samples were studied by this technique, using 10 non-tuberculous pleural fluid and 14 non-tuberculous ascitic fluid samples as controls. An absorbance value of 0.3 was found to separate the tuberculous groups from their controls to a statistically significant extent (ascitic fluid P less than 0.05; pleural fluid P less than 0.01).


Mobile communication system is designed to provide reliable communication with more number of services and with low cost among multiple users. Due to limited frequency spectrum and resources, mobile communication requires more development in case of both establishing communication and maintenance in service quality. To fulfill these requirements, 5G mobile communication is being developed to provide high quality reliable communication and quality of service, by using beamforming model. As the trend of next generation mobile communication, 3D directional transmission is considered to give enhanced coverage model and reusability of frequency. Phase arrayed antenna is used in this beamforming model to give orthogonal communication among users. In this paper, a new modeling of beamforming is applied to give a new dimension by considering altitude with potential field strategy. Here phase arrayed antenna is replaced by 3-D smart antenna to improve the performance of 5G mobile communications. Performance evaluation outcomes 3D beamforming leads 2D beamforming in terms of communication delay, and uplink downlink throughput.


The natural history of various types of renal artery stenosis is reviewed. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is obviously a progressive disease, with a relatively high incidence of occlusions, particularly when the stenosis is narrow. Much less is known about other types of renal artery stenosis. Medial fibroplasia is obviously a disease which progresses during fertile life, but the course is rather unpredictable. Very little is known about the developmental types of renal artery stenosis.


This article elaborates on Wolfgang Schulze's keynote speech of the same title at the 26th LIPP Symposium in
 Munich in 2019. It is based on the slides from his talk and various teaching materials, of which some figures have been translated
 from German to English before their inclusion in this article. While this article's foundation rests on Schulze's theories and
 research, we have done our best to build upon his work; direct quotes and key concepts of his will be cited throughout the text.
 Schulze intended to write this article himself, but after his unexpected passing in early 2020, we decided to offer this
 contribution on his behalf.
 Research on taboo is widely spread across diverse academic disciplines that each attribute slightly, yet
 noticeably, different meanings to the concept. This article proposes an all-encompassing definition applicable to all
 socio-cultural contexts. To arrive at this comprehensive understanding, we first briefly survey the history of
 taboo and its linguistic study. Then, we present a formal and functional typology of circumnavigating taboos,
 taking into account the concepts of mana and noa as proposed by Schulze (2019: 13, 15, 16). While the specific social restrictions resulting from tabooed relations vary from
 community to community, the purpose of taboo remains the same: social stability, protection and sustainability. Linguistic taboos
 contribute to these social functions by restricting the use of certain linguistic signs in certain situations. Such constraints
 necessitate strategies for avoiding taboo, including articulation shift, lexical substitution and the emergence of special
 languages, detailed here.


Cordierite is an excellent material with good thermal shock resistance and used at high temperature for its low thermal expansion coefficient. Cordierite ceramics were prepared by using talc, alumina and kaolin clay as starting materials. The thermal expansion coefficient, phase composition and microstructure were studied and the results showed that: in order to get samples with low thermal expansion coefficient, the optimum chemical composition was a little rich in Al2O3 compared with the theoretical composition, the optimum sintering temperature was 1350°C, and adding 10% starch as pore-forming agent could effectively decreased the thermal expansion coefficient of the samples even to 0.8×10-6/°C. The samples contained majority of cordierite phase, with trace mullite and glass, the acicular cordierite crystals in samples developed very well and there were 10% starch powder used as pore-forming agent in formula. All these were the reasons to decrease the thermal expansion coefficient of cordierite material.


Recent angle-resolved photoemission and neutron scattering data have provided new ingredients for the interpretation of scanning tunneling spectra on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. We analyze the lowtemperature tunneling spectra, from oxygen overdoped to underdoped samples, including details about the bilayer splitting and the neutron resonance peak. Two van Hove singularities are identified: the first is integrated in the coherence peaks, the second is heavily broadened at higher binding energy. The shape of the tunneling spectra suggests a strong coupling of the quasiparticles with a collective mode, and a comparison with photoemission shows that the scattering rate in tunneling is an order of magnitude smaller than in ARPES. Finally, the theoretical spectra calculated with an isotropic tunneling matrix element are in better agreement with the experimental data than those obtained with anisotropic matrix elements.


This study assesses the incidence and outcome of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) flap complications after breast reconstruction. The authors performed a retrospective review of 37 consecutive patients undergoing SSM and immediate breast reconstruction, focusing on preoperative demographics, management of complications, and early outcome. Univariate analysis comparing patients with and without complications was performed using Student's t-test and chi-square analysis. From July 2000 to December 2001, 37 patients (mean age 48.1, range 24–71 y) underwent SSM and breast reconstruction (unilateral 20, bilateral 17) via TRAM flaps (n = 18), latissimus flaps (n = 13), and expander/implants (n = 6). SSM flap complications occurred in nine patients (24.3%) and included mild (n = 2), moderate (n = 5), and severe (n = 2) skin loss, resulting in four cases of dehiscence, five reoperations, and no delay in postoperative adjuvant therapy (required in six patients). Previous irradiation (n = 5, p = 0.045) and diabetes (n = 3, p = 0.001) were associated with SSM flap complications, but age, smoking, previous breast cancer, and type of reconstruction were not. Patients with SSM flap loss had a higher body mass index (BMI) than those without complications (30.0 vs. 24.3;p = 0.025). Skin flap complications after SSM and breast reconstruction are not uncommon but did not delay the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy, despite the need for reoperation. Patients with elevated BMI, diabetes, and previous irradiation may be at increased risk for SSM flap complications.


For pt.I. see ibid, vol.6, p. 2245-58, (1994). A model for high-Tc oxides, consisting of Josephson-coupled superconducting layers with both intra- and interlayer pairings, is used to study the anomalous positive curvature in the temperature dependence of the lower critical magnetic field, Hc1(T). An equilibrium distribution of magnetic fields in a single vortex is calculated for magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the superconducting layers. By using this distribution the lower critical field Hc1 is obtained. For Josephson-coupled layered superconductors with only intralayer pairing, the cross section of the single vortex parallel to the layers is known to have an elliptic form. The existence of two order parameters in our model gives rise to an additional anisotropy in the distribution of the magnetic field in a single vortex. The results obtained for Hc1 make it possible to understand the experimentally observed anomalous enhancement of Hc1 at low temperatures in YBa2Cu3O7, as well as in Tl- and Bi-based superconductors.


Background Injuries are a leading cause of death and disability in children. The majority of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and disproportionately on children from the most disadvantaged groups. Methods During April – May 2014, the Health Behaviour in School Aged Children (HBSC) study was conducted in Albania, including a representative sample of 4898 school children (2507 girls and 2391 boys) aged 11, 13 and 15 years. The data were collected through self-completion questionnaires administered in the classroom. Results 35% of the children 11, 13, 15 years reported that during the past year they have been injured at least once, in such a manner that they needed medical intervention. Of these, 11% have required serious medical interventions up to hospitalisation. Home surroundings (11%), sport facilities (8%), school (6%) and streets (4%) are the most frequent environments for the occurrence of injuries among children. About 14% of the children have been injured during sport exercises, whereas 7% of the them have been injured while walking in the street. In all cases, boys have been substantially more injured compared with the girls. Conclusions Our findings indicate the urgent need for improving the environment where children are involved, for being safe and free from injury. Informing interventions to prevent and reduce injuries among children should be a priority of public health as well as, programmes for child health should give priority to preventing and controlling child injuries in Albania.


The selective production of aromatics from bio-based sources is an area of interest to expand the potential for greener alternatives to petroleum-derived chemicals. A scalable, efficient route to produce bio-based benzoates is demonstrated by carrying out heterogeneous catalytic reactions in non-toxic bio-based solvents at 180 °C obtaining yields of up to 100 mol%. This approach extends the 2-pyrone (coumalic acid/methyl coumalate) Diels–Alder platform by utilizing a bioavailable co-reactant ethylene. A detailed investigation using a combination of kinetic experiments, DFT calculations, and multi-dimensional NMR was carried out to determine the detailed reaction network, and the corresponding activation energies for critical steps. Additionally, a series of experiments were conducted to maximize the yields by comparing different solvents, for both coumalic acid and methyl coumalate. Our results show that the choice of solvent was a significant factor when coumalic acid was the reactant (yields 71–92 mol%), while methyl coumalate was only minimally affected by the solvent (yields 95–100 mol%). Interestingly, the reaction network and kinetic analysis showed that the Diels–Alder reactions were not significantly different between coumalic acid and methyl coumalate, with the rate limiting step for both being decarboxylation with an activation barrier of 141 kJ mol−1 compared to 77 kJ mol−1 for the formation of the bicyclic adduct. Finally, the reaction cascade was found to be highly susceptible to by-product formation when as little as 5 vol% water was present in the solvent, which demonstrates that the absence of water is essential for high yielding benzoate production.


The Altotiberina low-angle normal fault in central Italy has been a focus of many recent studies. Although the existence of this fault has long been known, its seismicity and relationship to other faults are still debated. We present a 2D elastoplastic finite-element model that reproduces the interseismic deformation of the Altotiberina Fault. The model predictions are compared to observed geodetic velocities, stress orientations and geological data. The influence of the Altotiberina Fault on interseismic evolution is tested by building several models with different boundary conditions. The best model is 180 km long, 40 km deep and contains two layers with different rheological parameters, two ramps, two faults and four freely slipping segments. The main factors contributing to the large-scale interseismic deformation include basal traction, rheology and the Altotiberina Fault itself, whereas the local, small-scale variations are due to two secondary high-angle faults.


This paper is concerned with modeling and analysis of an interconnected electric power system for frequency ranges in which phasor dynamics of transmission lines and loads may be important to include. In most studies, only phasor dynamics of generators are taken into account. Dynamics of all other system components (transmission lines, loads, and generator stator windings) are assumed stable and instantaneous (static). While several papers have examined phasor dynamics of the transmission lines, particularly when these are equipped with FACTS devices, no systematic investigation has been carried out concerning validity of static load models in this case. It is shown in this paper that problems may arise in particular when a static constant power load model is used at the same time that phasor dynamics of transmission lines are included. Standard singular perturbation-based arguments for neglecting load dynamics are shown not to be applicable in this case. More generally, the paper raises a general concern about consistency of electric power system models in frequency ranges where phasor dynamics of the devices typically assumed to be static must be taken into consideration.


Introduction: Rectus Sternalis muscle, an uncommon anatomical variant of the chest wall musculature located in the anterior thoracic wall, superficial and perpendicular to the pectoralis major and parallel to the sternum. It is regularly present in lower animals and is occasionally detected in humans. A Cadaveric study which was done and the details of this muscle has been presented to establish the importance of Rectus Sternalis. Methods: The study was undertaken on 22 embalmed adult human cadavers irrespective of age and sex used for undergraduate dissection from the Department of Anatomy, Osmania Medical College over a period of 2 years. In this present study, in an elderly male cadaver, a normal anatomical variant of anterior chest wall musculature was found. Photographs and details of this muscle were taken after cleaning the dissected region. Results: In the present study, three slips of rectus sternalis was seen on either side of sternum in anterior chest wall, which were bifurcating below and blending with external oblique aponeurosis, above into the pectoral fascia superficial to pectoralis major muscle. Conclusion: Rectus Sternalis is a rare but a normal anatomical variant in the anterior chest wall musculature and knowledge on it is important, for interventional and diagnostic procedures which are related to this region


Author(s): Park, Sun Young | Advisor(s): Chen, Yunan | Abstract: No IT system is perfect at the time of its deployment. Users gradually adapt to the technology through everyday use. This is especially true for IT systems that are situated in complex environments, such as the healthcare domain. In a typical medical environment, information is constantly changing, and patient care tasks often require close collaboration among multiple providers and care teams. These challenges escalate the difficulties of designing effective health IT systems. They also makes users' technological adaptation behaviors a particularly important research area as adaptation behaviors directly inform the (re)design of such systems. This dissertation investigates users' adaptation behaviors and the subsequent redesign practice in an in-depth ethnographic study of an implementation of a hospital-wide Electronic Health Records (EHR) system.I conducted two case studies in an Emergency Department (ED) affiliated with a large teaching hospital. The first study evaluates ways in which healthcare providers engaged in the adaptation process after a large-scale health IT system deployment; the second study examines the ways in which patients engaged in adaptive behaviors in this sociotechnical environment to leverage information breakdowns and ensure their quality of care. Qualitative and ethnographic formative research methods were used to examine both the providers and the patients' information practices. The results of these studies indicate detailed adaptation processes. They shed light on how a newly deployed health IT system alters clinical work practices; how individual clinicians and a healthcare organization respond to a new system through technological and organizational adaptations; and how patients engage in various adaptive behaviors to achieve quality of care when information and technologies are not available and/or do not meet their needs. Based on the study's findings, I argue that the adaptation practices from these two different stakeholders are active end-user driven design practices, with significantly common characteristics. My study further reveals that these adaptation practices comprise two types of adaptive goals – one addressing immediate breakdowns and the other addressing healthcare specific needs – both of which are undervalued, yet crucial parts of healthcare organizations. This study provides broader design implications for evaluating and designing a sociotechnical information system in highly-regulated, complex, and information-critical contexts, focusing on the role of HCI researchers and designers.


Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that is gaining a greater prominence in schools and universities in recent years. For this reason, it is necessary to know the scientific production on this technological resource based on the gender influence shown by the students. The objective of this research is to analyze the repercussion that the gender of the students presents with the use of Augmented Reality in different educational stages, in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. To do this, a systematic review of the literature was carried out using the Kitchenham protocol, analysing a total of 66 articles published between 2017 and 2021. The main findings show that gender presents an important significant difference in relation to student motivation. However, there are no relevant or considerable differences regarding the acceptance and acquisition of knowledge.


There is a relatively large body of research that is aimed at finding a set of acoustic measures of voice signals that can be used to: (a) aid in the detection, diagnosis, and evaluation of voice-quality disorders; (b) identify individual speakers by their voice characteristics; or (c) improve methods of voice synthesis. Three acoustic parameters that have received a relatively large share of attention, especially in the voice-disorders literature, are pitch perturbation, amplitude perturbation, and additive noise. The present study consisted of a series of simulations using a general-purpose formant synthesizer that were designed primarily to determine whether these three parameters could be measured independent of one another. Results suggested that changes in any single dimension can affect measured values of all three parameters. For example, adding noise to a voice signal resulted not only in a change in measured signal-to-noise ratio, but also in measured values of pitch and amplitude perturbation. These interactions were quite large in some cases, especially in view of the fact that the perturbation phenomena that are being measured are generally quite small. For the most part, the interactions appear to be readily explainable when the measurement techniques are viewed in relation to what is known about the acoustics of voice production.


Abstract We study singularities of spacelike, constant (non-zero) mean curvature (CMC) surfaces in the Lorentz–Minkowski 3-space L3. We show how to solve the singular Björling problem for such surfaces, which is stated as follows: given a real analytic null-curve f0(x), and a real analytic null vector field v(x) parallel to the tangent field of f0, find a conformally parameterized (generalized) CMC H surface in L3 which contains this curve as a singular set and such that the partial derivatives fx and fy are given by df0/dx and v along the curve. Within the class of generalized surfaces considered, the solution is unique and we give a formula for the generalized Weierstrass data for this surface. This gives a framework for studying the singularities of non-maximal CMC surfaces in L3. We use this to find the Björling data – and holomorphic potentials – which characterize cuspidal edge, swallowtail and cuspidal cross cap singularities.


Many of the women who take hormonal contraceptives discontinue because of unwanted side effects, including negative psychological effects. Yet scientific evidence of psychological effects is mixed and, partly because causal claims are often based on correlational data. In correlational studies, possible causal effects can be difficult to separate from selection effects, attrition effects, and reverse causality. Contraceptive use and, according to the congruency hypothesis, congruent contraceptive use (whether a woman's current use/non-use of a hormonal contraceptive is congruent with her use/non-use at the time of meeting her partner) have both been thought to influence relationship quality and sexual functioning. In order to address potential issues of observed and unobserved selection effects in correlational data, we studied a sample of up to 1,179 women to investigate potential effects of contraceptive use and congruent contraceptive use on several measures of relationship quality and sexual functioning: perceived partner attractiveness, relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and diary measurements including libido, frequency of vaginal intercourse, and frequency of masturbation. No evidence for substantial effects was found except for a positive effect of hormonal contraceptives on frequency of vaginal intercourse and a negative effect of hormonal contraceptives on frequency of masturbation. These effects were robust to the inclusion of observed confounders, and their sensitivity to unobserved confounders was estimated. No support for the congruency hypothesis was found. Our correlational study was able to disentangle, to some extent, causal effects of hormonal contraceptives from selection effects by estimating the sensitivity of reported effects. To reconcile experimental and observational evidence on hormonal contraceptives, future research should scrutinize the role of unobserved selection effects, attrition effects, and reverse causality.


Children with ODD are very susceptible to any obstructions in their activities. This kind of children generally tend to grow the the anti-social personality and do drug abuse. Therefore, it is very important to give an intervention for these children. The intervention felt appropriate with this obstruction is behavioral therapy. Behavioral therapy, in this research, applied two techniques: token economy and modeling. The purpose of this research is to know the behavioral changes on the children with oppositional defiant disorder by applying behavioral therapy. The subjects of this research are girls with ODD. This diagnose can be obtained after the first assessment is completed. Data collecting technique are interview, observation dan behavioral therapy. Data analysis technique is done through descriptive and graphics. Research, result shows that the process of behavioral therapy by applying both behavioral
therapy: token economy dan modelling is affected enough to subject's behavioral changes. For examples: avoid any debate, asked to do something by mother, and able to fulfill the mother's rules. Although it still exists some symptoms, like easy to get angry and hate others and easy to be offended, but those behaviors are not too snap-cap as the previous therapy. Subject able to transfer her angry by watching TV or avoiding. While for the obstruction factors of behavioral changes on subject are the limited time to study, the lack of support from the family member especially mother dan the dependence of research. The supporter factors of behavioral changes that influenced by reward and appreciation and subject's motivation to be a good child loved by their family.


Host-guest systems provide excellent models to explore molecular recognition in solution along with relevant technological applications from drug carriers to chemosensors. Here, we present a linear interaction energy (LIE) model to predict the binding affinity in host-guests with remarkable efficiency and predictive power. Using four host families, including cucurbiturils, octa acids, and β-cyclodextrin, and a large set (49) of chemically diverse guests, we demonstrate that binding-affinity predictions with a root mean square error <1.5 kcal/mol from experiments can be obtained with a few nanoseconds of molecular dynamics. The parameters of the LIE model are shown to be transferable among host-guest families, and the quality of the predictions is essentially force-field independent. Inclusion of the strain energy of the host in the bound state appears to be critically important to improve the quality of the predictions, particularly when the host and the guest have comparable sizes. Unsuccesful predictions for 28 additional highly charged and bulky guests to cucurbit[7]uril indicate future directions for improvement.


Background. Exams such as the SAT, ACT, and GCSE are used to give an account of educational outcomes and provide a unified criterion for university admission. The Unified State Exam (USE) aims to fulfill these functions in Russia. All Russian students take two compulsory USE exams, mathematics and Russian, at the end of their school education.

Objective. Variability in the mathematics and Russian USE scores is vast, both across and within schools. Our study investigated potential sources of this variability.

Design. The sample included 196 students from regular schools (non-selected students) and 306 students from schools with advanced mathematical curriculum (selected students). The mathematical ability (numerical representation, mathematical fluency), intelligence, basic cognitive functions (working memory, reaction time), and mathematical self-efficacy of the students were assessed. We applied structural equation modeling to estimate the proportion of variability in the mathematics and Russian USE scores explained by cognitive predictors and mathematical self-efficacy.

Results. In the whole sample, cognitive predictors and mathematical self-efficacy explained 54% of the variation in the mathematics USE scores and 30% of the variation in the Russian USE scores. These effects diminished after the data were analyzed in two groups separately, suggesting that the associations between predictors and exam scores were to a large extent accounted for by group differences (students from regular and specialized schools).

Conclusion. The students from the schools with an advanced mathematical curriculum exhibited better cognitive performance, appraised their mathematical abilities higher, and achieved higher mathematics and Russian USE scores, compared to the students from regular schools. Within the groups, cognitive and non-cognitive predictors explained a small part of the variation of the mathematics and Russian USE scores.


Nonlinear mode couplings in plasma turbulence generate mesoscale global structures, such as zonal flows and streamers. A streamer is a poloidally localized structure that is radially elongated. In the Large Mirror Device-Upgrade, a streamer structure was observed in the ion saturation-current fluctuation measured with a 64channel poloidal Langmuir probe array. The bunching of waves was poloidally localized and rotated slowly in the ion diamagnetic direction. The frequency and poloidal mode number of its envelope corresponded to one particular mode, which was strongly coupled with many other modes. By calculating the radial biphase profile of three pronounced modes, including the particular mode, the streamer structure was confirmed to be radially elongated.


This article investigates and recommends design improvements of cooling coil geometry contributes for a central cooling system by using a simulation‐optimization approach. First, theoretical–empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed. An actual central cooling plant of a commercial building in the hot and dry climate condition is used for experimentation and data collection. Available experimental results were compared to predicted results to validate the model. An algorithm was created in a transient system simulation program to predict the best design. Then different new designs for cooling coil were constructed to evaluate the potential of design improvements. Afterwards, the computer model was used to predict how changes in cooling coil geometry would affect the building environment conditions and the energy consumption of heating, ventilating, and air‐conditioning components. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1209–1216, 2013


General Motors restructured its worldwide operations in the 1980s to maximally exploit cheap labour markets around the world, and this had devastating results for local economies in many places, including Flint, Michigan (US). While this restructuring did not save General Motors from eventual bankruptcy, the severe economic and social problems engendered by factory closures in Flint put the city's local elites in a difficult position. Not only was their future prosperity no longer assured, but their exclusive status as elites became tarnished by the city's fall into disrepute. This article describes how local Flint elites who did not benefit from the large-scale neoliberal transformation of deindustrialisation have themselves resorted to neoliberal practices on a small scale to preserve their elite position. They have done this by mobilising personal ties to obtain public and non-profit financing for their own for-profit business projects in the city's downtown. Notwithstanding some contestation by area residents, these projects have been bolstered by hegemonic discourses portraying them as public works.


The Pharmacognostic study of the stem and leaf of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq., Family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), were investigated in macroscopic and microscopic characters. The macroscopic study was examined under naked eye and magnifying lens for the morphologic characteristic of the crude drug. The microscopic study was examined under a microscope for the plant tissue composition either on the surface view or in the sectional view. The powdered drug was characterized as well. The macroscopic identification was characterized by the appearance of quadrangular stem opposite leaves, serrate, ovate-oblong, cuneate. The microscopic identification was characterized by nm btrichomes, glandular trichomes, diacytic stomata, etc. The pharmacognostic identification was depicted here for the specification of the standard crude drug.


Three patients with disseminated lymphosarcoma and 3 cases of acute leukemia were placed on a pyridoxine deficient diet together with desoxypyridoxine for periods of four to fourteen days. Although there was evidence of malnutrition in the form of weight loss and weakness, none of the signs of specific pyridoxine deficiency described in animals was observed in the human. There was no unequivocal evidence of depression of hemopoiesis, no significant atrophy of lymphoid tissue, no signs of demyelinization of nerves, and no abnormality of tryptophane metabolism determined by urinary xanthurenic acid excretion. The possibility that the dietary restriction of pyridoxine was too brief for the development of a deficiency syndrome was considered, but it was pointed out that the rigors of the procedure were too great to justify more protracted periods of observation. Two patients had acute toxic manifestations following the administration of large doses of desoxypyridoxine. These were characterized by transient epileptiform convulsions. There were no sequelae and no recurrence of the symptoms when the dose of the drug was reduced. There was no evidence that the restriction of pyridoxine in the diet together with desoxypyridoxine for periods up to two weeks had any therapeutic effect in lymphosarcoma or acute leukemia. Also, no potentiation of the cytotoxic effect of nitrogen mustard was observed in the patients with lymphosarcoma when chemotherapy was given after the completion of the pyridoxine deficient regimen. It is to be emphasized that this does not absolutely exclude the possibility that pyridoxine deficiency may adversely affect lymphosarcoma in man. The short duration of the experiment and the well known refractoriness to any form of therapy of the tumors in these patients are factors which may have militated against a satisfactory outcome of the regimen.


To date, the activities of the alpha chemokines for human peripheral B cells from normal subjects (N-B cells) or from HIV-infected subjects (HIV-B cells) are not well established. No report on the IL-8R expression on N-B cells and HIV-B cells has been seen. We report in this work that the alpha chemokines IL-8 and growth-regulatory oncogene-alpha (GRO-alpha) induce a chemotactic migration of N-B cells and HIV-B cells via stimulating the IL-8RB on these cells. The chemotaxis of N-B cells can be inhibited by IFN-gamma and IL-2, and augmented by IL-4 and IL-13, whereas TNF-alpha and IL-10 have no influence. The chemotaxis of HIV-B cells can be inhibited by IFN-gamma and IL-2, and augmented by TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10, whereas IL-13 has no influence. IL-8R are expressed more abundantly on freshly isolated HIV-B cells than N-B cells (51% and 15%, respectively). The IL-8R on N-B cells can be down-regulated by IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha (selectively on IL-8RA), and up-regulated by IL-4 and IL-13, whereas IL-10 has no influence. The IL-8R on HIV-B cells can be down-regulated by IFN-gamma and IL-2, and up-regulated by TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10, whereas IL-13 has no influence. Importantly, N-B cell and HIV-B cell chemotaxis toward IL-8 and GRO-alpha can be blocked by anti-IL-8RB polyclonal Ab, but not by anti-IL-8RA polyclonal Ab. Our results demonstrate that IL-8 and GRO-alpha are important inflammatory mediators that stimulate the directional migration and recruitment of B lymphocytes. The migratory behavior and the expression of IL-8R on HIV-B cells and some of the reactions to Th1- and Th2-like cytokines are modified significantly during HIV infection.


On their route to secure asylum in the EU, asylum seekers rely on various strategies involving both licit and illicit paper practices. Based on ethnographic research with asylum seekers on the move between Turkey, Greece, and Germany, this article takes the realm of legal documents to probe the economy of legality and illegality that sustains the EU asylum system. Looking at how asylum seekers differentiate between their papers, the article demonstrates how efficacy rather than legality is the organizing principle through which papers are evaluated. Rather than being preoccupied with whether a paper is legal or illegal, 'unauthorized' migrants on the move evaluate papers on the scale of strong/not strong or dangerous/safe, asking what is more likely to work or pose less threat, and in what circumstances. The notion that both licit and illicit papers have a fickle efficacy in producing legality problematizes common policy and scholarly conceptions of the counterfeit as an informal space that is either external to the law or a perversion of it. Instead, it highlights how the European border and asylum regime exploits the legal/illegal distinction to criminalize asylum-seeking while obscuring how illegality is systematically embedded within it.


This dissertation considers intelligent power-assist algorithm designs for electric bicycles. Traditional electric power-assist bicycles (EPBs) employ proportional power-assist strategy. The ratio is usually set to 1:1, which means that the motor will provide the same amount of assistive torque as the amount of the human's pedaling torque. This strategy is too rigid and does not consider the interaction between the bicycle, the human and the environment. Intelligent power-assist algorithms are needed to address such issues. In this dissertation, we focus on the uphill riding scenario, since it is the situation where the cyclist faces the most difficulties. The dynamic properties of electric bicycles will be studied and an appropriate model will be developed for intelligent power-assist algorithm design purposes. Two types of intelligent power-assist algorithms will be introduced to help the human ride uphill more easily. One is the robust disturbance observer (DOB) based power-assist algorithm, which can observe and compensate for the environmental disturbance that the bicycle system is subjected to during uphill riding. The robust DOB provides flexibility to the power assistance and within the motor's capability, it can make riding uphill feel like riding on the level ground. The other intelligent power-assist algorithm is based on repetitive control technique. The human's pedaling torque is repetitive by nature of the crankset's mechanical design. The pedaling torque reaches it local minimum and maximum twice during one complete pedal cycle. During uphill riding, the difference between the maximum torque and minimum torque is so large as to cause severe fluctuation in the torque profile, and, in turn, result in fluctuations in the velocity and acceleration profiles. We call the fluctuant human torque input nonuniform human input and compensate for the fluctuation with a repetitive control based power-assist algorithm. Repetitive control designs in both the time domain and the pedal-angle domain are considered. An experimental EPB system was built to verify the effectiveness of these two types of algorithms. Details of the experimental setup will be introduced. Simulation and experimental results will be shown in this dissertation.


In reconstructing an urban transit system, the challenge in Philadelphia was to do it without disrupting peak hour commuter traffic or disturbing activities on the street and sidewalks below. The Frankford Elevated, one leg of Philadelphia's Subway Elevated System, carries 50,000 commuters daily to and from the central business district. Built in 1925, the double-track structure being renovated is 5¼\N miles long; its three major bridges and 11 stations are also being rebuilt. The need to keep the El in operation from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Friday governs both design and construction. The design incorporates new continuous steel stringer units supporting floor beams encased in a cast-in-place concrete deck. Precast concrete track beams carry new direct fixation continuous welded rail track. A separate structure on precast beams carries the walkway, handrail and cables for power and signals. It also serves as a noise barrier. In "special construction" areas (curves and crossovers) precast concrete deck slabs with integral haunches and track beams are substituted for the cast-in-place concrete. This reduces the time needed for track alignment. The contractor, working section by section, schedules extensive preparation between weekend and weeknight shutdowns. This includes preliminary demolition, substructure repairs and stringer placement.


In this study we investigated how the process of initial language choice and minority language transmission to the child was carried out within Russian mother/Norwegian father families living in Norway. The study was based on grounded theory, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. 15 mothers were interviewed about their initial choices concerning language transmission, their actual language use within the family and their childA¢â'¬â"¢s language development. All the mothers except one were initially motivated to transmit Russian to their child, and the main reasons given for this choice are presented. The actual use of Russian within the families varied, however, depending in particular on the fatherA¢â'¬â"¢s competence in Russian and the quality of the emotional relationship between the mother and the father. Furthermore, these variations seemed to have consequences for whether the child developed active or only passive bilingualism. The results are interpreted within the present socio-historical context of Norway where a high number of women are engaged in full-time work, fathers often participate actively in child care and even young children go to kindergartens.


At last we have a kinesiology book that is designed for occupational therapy students. The authors have drawn upon their wide teaching experiences with occupational therapy students to create this appropriate book. The subject is developed factually and logically so that even those with little or no scientific background could learn and enjoy the subject. Great efforts have been made throughout to relate the information to daily activities.


Objectives: This paper optimizes the performance of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) algorithm by using moth flame optimization, even in the presence of attacker node. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The OSPF algorithm is the most used and efficient algorithm to select the shortest path between the source and destination. This paper modifies the OSPF by using the moth-flame optimization algorithm. The moth flame optimization depicts the routing behavior of the moth. Each node position is considered as the moth position and routing behavior of moth is used to select the optimized path. Findings: The performance of the optimized OSPF algorithm is analyzed in terms of delay and energy consumption and compared with the existing OSPF as well as modified open shortest path first algorithm. The simulation results show the reduction in delay and energy consumptionin the optimized OSPF as compared to traditional and modified OSPF on different scenarios even in the presence of attacker node. Application/Improvements: The optimized OSPF can be used forrouting even in huge networks with heterogeneous nodes. The Optimized OSPF can also be used for secure routing, data will be travelled from source to destination even if shortest path contains attacker node.


Abstract. Light may carry both orbital angular momentum (AM) and spin AM. The former is a consequence of its helical wavefront, and the latter is a result of its rotating transverse electric field. Intriguingly, the light–matter interaction with such fields shows that the orbital AM of light causes a physical "twist" in a range of materials, including metal, silicon, azopolymer, and even liquid-phase resin. This process may be aided by the light's spin AM, resulting in the formation of various helical structures. The exchange between the AM of light and matter offers not only unique helical structures at the nanoscale but also entirely novel fundamental phenomena with regard to the light–matter interaction. This will lead to the future development of advanced photonics devices, including metamaterials for highly sensitive detectors as well as reactions for chiral chemical composites. Here, we focus on interactions between the AM of light and azopolymers, which exhibit some of the most diverse structures and phenomena observed. These studies result in helical surface relief structures in azopolymers and will leverage next-generation applications with light fields carrying optical AM.


The effect of charge-transfer doping on the geometric and electronic structures of conjugated polymers has been investigated at the ab initio level with explicit consideration of the doping agents. Three systems were chosen for study as prototypical examples of conjugated polymers with nondegenerate ground states: polyparaphenylene, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. As a result of charge transfer with electron-donating dopants, extra charges appear on the polymer chains and induce strong geometry modifications. The lattice evolves from an aromatic structure towards a quinoid-like structure. Charged defects associated with lattice deformations such as spinless bipolarons are formed. The influence on the electronic structure of the polymer chains is such that with respect to the undoped case, new states appear within the gap. For the maximum doping levels experimentally achieved, band-structure calculations demonstrate that the states in the gap overlap to form bipolaron bands, a few tenths of an electron volt wide. The presence of these bipolaron bands is consistent with optical data as well as with magnetic data which suggest that the charge carriers in the highly conducting regime are spinless.


Islamic State (IS) is the most notorious terror group in the world. Its name and values are known and feared globally, and it provokes, inspires and incenses to an extent most terrorist groups can only dream about. It owes a lot of that power to what superficially seems like a strong and consistent "brand" – a collection of recognisable cues that define and control the group's identity and embody its appeal to its chosen audience.

But scratch the surface of the IS brand, and its deep flaws soon become clear. Its appeal is limited to the marginalised and already likeminded, and it is deeply vulnerable to any competitor with the wherewithal to dismantle and ridicule it powerfully enough. The problem is that no-one has managed to do this yet.


This article recommends that instructors of online freshman composition courses incorporate actual or simulated face-to-face meetings and one-on-one conferences into their curriculums in order to improve the sense of community in the online classroom, mitigate issues with accountability, encourage exploratory discussion, engage diverse learning styles, improve student-instructor interaction, and increase their efficiency as an instructor. With the support of literature, this article claims that the intrinsic learning opportunities and benefits of face-to-face interaction in dealing with freshman composition students outweigh the inherent inconveniences that live or synchronous online features may cause.


The COVID-19 virus is spread by pulmonary droplets. Its high infectivity is caused by the high-affinity binding of the viral spike protein to the ACE2 receptors on the surface of respiratory epithelial cell membranes. The proper hydration of nasal mucosa plays an essential role in defense of bacterial and viral infections. Therefore, a nasal formulation, which can moisture the nasal mucosa and contains the ACE2 receptor inhibitor, can reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. This article presents a systematic study of the preparation of chitosan hydrogels with dicarboxylic acids (malic and glutaric acid) and their detailed characterization (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, determination of cross-linking efficiency, rheological studies, thermal analysis, and swelling kinetics). The results confirm that chemically cross-linked chitosan hydrogels can be synthesized using malic or glutaric acid without additives or catalysts. The adsorption capacity of hydrogels for three different ACE2 inhibitors, as APIs, has also been investigated. The API content of hydrogels and their mucoadhesive property can provide an excellent basis to use the hydrogels for the development of a nasal formulation in order to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV 2 infection.


Cellulose plays a central role in plant development and its biosynthesis represents one of the most important biochemical processes in plant biology. However, the corresponding molecular mechanisms are not well understood, despite the progress made in the past years in the identification of genes that code for the catalytic subunits of the cellulose synthases and other proteins potentially involved in cellulose formation. A major bottleneck is the high instability of the cellulose synthase complexes and their location in the plasma membrane. Additional efforts are currently being made to unravel the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis. Indeed, understanding how cellulose is formed and how its crystallinity is achieved is relevant not only for studying plant development, but also for improving the digestibility of the plant biomass, which is foreseen as an alternative to fossil fuels for the production of energy. This review summarizes the major unanswered questions related to the process of cellulose biosynthesis, and describes the recent progress that has been made in the area through the combination of biochemical approaches and molecular genetics.


The authors are building a prototype legged rover, called the Ambler (loosely an acronym for autonomous mobile exploration robot) and testing it on full-scale, rugged terrain of the sort that might be encountered on the Martian surface. They present an overview of their research program, focusing on locomotion, perception, planning, and control. They summarize some of the most important goals and requirements of a rover design and describe how locomotion, perception, and planning systems can satisfy these requirements. Since the program is relatively young (one year old at the time of writing) they identify issues and approaches and describe work in progress rather than report results. It is expected that many of the technologies developed will be applicable to other planetary bodies and to terrestrial concerns such as hazardous waste assessment and remediation, ocean floor exploration, and mining.<<ETX>>


Jim and Irene Westcott were the kind of people who seem to strike that satisfactory average of income, endeavor, and respectability that is reached by the statistical reports in college alumni bulletins. They were the parents of two young children, they had been married nine years, they lived on the twelfth floor of an apartment house near Sutton Place, they went to the theatre on an average of 10.3 times a year, and they hoped some day to live in Westchester. Irene Westcott was a pleasant, rather plain girl with soft brown hair and a wide, fine forehead upon which nothing at all had been written and in the cold weather she wore a coat of fitch skins dyed to resemble mink. You could not say that Jim Westcott looked younger than he was, but you could at least say of him that he seemed to feel younger. He wore his graying hair cut very short, he dressed in the kind of clothes his class had worn at Andover and his manner was earnest, vehement, and intentionally naive. The Westcotts differed from their friends, their classmates, and their neighbors only in an interest they shared in serious music. They went to a great many concerts although they seldom mentioned this to anyone and they spent a good deal of time listening to music on the radio.


How will engineering practice change in the next twenty years? What are the implications to engineering education? Will we have achieved gender equity? These questions will be discussed in the context of three recent reports of the US. National Academy of Engineering – The Engineer of 2020: Global Visions of Engineering in the New Century; Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century; and Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Introduction : Comprehensive balance evaluation along with identification of significant risk factors ia an important step towards fall prevention in geriatric population. Objective : To evaluate efficacy of two available scales to test balance in fallers and nonfallers in Indian geriatric population. Methodology : After the ethics committee approval an informed consent was taken from the participants. 70 elderly people above 65 years participated in the study. Group A had fallers and Group B had non fallers(no history of falls.They were evaluated for Fast evaluation of mobility , balance and fear(FEMBAF) and Dynamic gait index (DGI) Results : There was a significant difference of mean scores between fallers and nonfallers.(P<0.001)Fallers have more number of risk factors with fewer scores on both the scales. Conclusion : Fast evaluation of mobility, balance and fear (FEMBAF) and Dynamic gait index (DGI) are effective in differentiating between fallers and non fallers.


Objective: The main aim of this study is to develop an imaging acquisition and processing system to count and measure dispersion of sugarcane aphids (SCA) on sorghum leaves. It is because, infestation and dispersion of SCA had caused from 30 to 100% of damage in sorghum crop in Mexico and infestation and dispersion are being counted by people to establish an estimate of damage; however, it takes considerable time. Materials and Methods: A computer program was run in ImageJ to count the SCA nymphs and adults on images taken by a smart telephone. Result: The result obtained with the computer program were 267 SCA on a leaf like those obtained with the visual inspection by human. In addition, the Nearest Neighbour (0.3588) showed a significant degree of clustering of the aphids. Conclusion: Due to the rapid spread and reproduction of the pest in different areas of Mexico, it is essential to use technologies such as image acquisition and processing as well as vision machine to assist monitoring and speed up the counting process and then be at same pace of life cycle of the aphid. To avoid the spatial dispersion pattern and density of sugarcane aphid, we can release a suitable density of beneficial insects such as lady beetle as they can control the population of SCA.


Introduction - The New Rules Over the last decade there has been a continual fight against doping in sport. Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has made the fight against doping his number one priority. (1) It is based on the fundamental assumption of athletes want to compete on a fair and level playing field free of performance enhancing substances. However, there have been crises and equestrian sport has not been immune. Either because of confusion or deliberate actions, a number of horses have tested positive and have been disqualified with embarrassing results. The Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI) is the international governing body for equestrian sport. Under its current president, HRH Princess Haya Al Hussein, the FEI has made tremendous strides not only as an organization but also in anti-doping efforts in recent years. Equestrian sport is also unique because it involves animal and human athletes working together as a team and there is recognition that horses are competitive athletes who deserve the greatest care and whose welfare is paramount. Anti-Doping efforts in the FEI are governed by the new Equine Anti-Doping and Controlled Medication Regulations (EADCMR) and the Equine Prohibited Substances List which went into effect for all FEI events on April 5, 2010. These new regulations attempt to clarify the responsibilities and sanctions for riders and support personnel. FEI Secretary General Alex McLin, a leader in the anti-doping movement stated, Today, 5 April, is a landmark day for our sport, the beginning of the Clean Sport Era ... Today marks the culmination of a collective effort by the entire equestrian community to protect the integrity of our sport and the welfare of our horses. Under the new Equine Anti Doping and Controlled Medication Regulations, anything prohibited in competition, no matter how the substance is classified, is called a "Prohibited Substance". Doping substances, which have no place in equine sport, are called "Banned Substances," while medication substances that are commonly used in equine medicine but prohibited in competition, are called "Controlled Medication Substances." (2) To educate riders and support personnel, the FEI has also created a new site dedicated to FEI anti-doping efforts (FEI Cleansport.org), which is similar to the websites created by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for human athletes. One of the main advantages of the website is that it includes a Prohibited Substances Database to aid veterinarians and riders to quickly and easily determine whether the substances that they are using are prohibited. Past Crises in Equestrian Sport Throughout the years there have been allegations of doping in sports, including equestrian sport. But recent crises in horse sport have brought the issue to the forefront. (3) In equestrian sport, the rider is designated as the "Person Responsible" (PR) for the horse and is held strictly liable whenever a Prohibited Substance is found in the horse's sample. (4) It is not necessary to establish that there was an intention to cheat or gain a competitive advantage - the mere presence of a prohibited substance in the horse's system is sufficient. The PR has the opportunity to reduce or eliminate their sanctions, including the period of ineligibility, if they can establish that they bear no fault and no negligence or no significant fault and no significant negligence. Some of the equestrian violations at Games may have been inadvertent as there was substantial confusion between therapeutic medication and deliberation doping. At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens there were record number human doping violations. Equestrian sport was not immune and also had a record number of doping violations including two gold medal winners, Goldfever ridden by Ludger Beerbaum of Germany, and Waterford Crystal ridden by Cian O'Connor of Ireland. …


In this paper, the composition of binary nonazeotropic working fluids is explored from the perspective of improving OTEC-ORC efficiency, and the turbine is designed to accommodate with the working fluid. It is found that the OTEC-ORC using a R152a/R32 mixture as the working fluid is significantly higher than the OTEC-ORC thermal efficiency and system efficiency of the pure NH3, and the optimal composition of the mixed working fluid R152a/R32 is determined to be 85 : 15 with the thermal efficiency and the system efficiency of 2.8% and 1.7%, respectively, improving by 35.7% and 151.2% compared to the NH3 ORC. According to the determined working fluid, a one-dimensional (1-D) design and CFD simulation analysis simulation are carried out on the turbine. The 1-D calculation results are in good agreement with the three-dimensional (3-D) results. At the design point, the turbine output is 83.84 kW, and the isentropic efficiency is 87.53%. At the off-design point, turbines have better off-design performance, indicating that the designed turbine also has good adaptability.


Abstract. This paper aims to illustrate the preliminary results of a research project on the dome of Pisa Cathedral (Italy). The final objective of the present research is to achieve a deep understanding of the structural behaviour of the dome, through a detailed knowledge of its geometry and constituent materials, and by taking into account historical and architectural aspects as well. A reliable survey of the dome is the essential starting point for any further investigation and adequate structural modelling. Examination of the status quo on the surveys of the Cathedral dome shows that a detailed survey suitable for structural analysis is in fact lacking. For this reason, high-density and high-precision surveys have been planned, by considering that a different survey output is needed, according both to the type of structural model chosen and purposes to be achieved. Thus, both range-based (laser scanning) and image-based (3D Photogrammetry) survey methodologies have been used. This contribution introduces the first results concerning the shape of the dome derived from surveys. Furthermore, a comparison is made between such survey outputs and those available in the literature.


To reach the optimum mechanics state of long span cable-stayed bridge after it erected, a method is proposed to predict and adjust parameter in construct control of cable-stayed bridge, which integrates the grey prediction theory model and influence matrix adjustment method compositively. The selection of parameters of construct control, reasonable objects of adjustment and determination of state variable during prediction data process are also studied deeply, and a perfect procedure and method is established to identify, predict and optimizing adjust parameters. The method is also verified by construct control of the longest span pre-stressed concrete bridge in Asia, and the effect of construct is very successful. This work of construct control can absolutely demonstrate the validity and practicability of the method.


The most common mechanism of acquired resistance in CML in imatinib era is the acquisition of BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations with decreased sensitivity to the drug. At time of resistance, treatment of CML now involves sequential use of second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Persistence of pre-existing mutations, as well as development of new mutations is a mechanism of resistance to the new TKI. In-vitro, mutations can be low, intermediate or highly sensitive to the different TKIs. However the in-vitro testing may not translate to in-vivo results. In fact we describe the case of one patient, who never had any cytogenetic response, developed G250E mutation on imatinib (G250E in-vitro sensitivity good for nilotinib dasatinib and intermediate for imatinib) that persisted on nilotinib and dasatinib, and developed a V299L mutation while on dasatinib (in-vitro intermediate sensitivity). Another patient never achieved cytogenetic response, developed E355G mutation on imatinib (intermediate in-vitro sensitivity to imatinib) that persisted on nilotinib, and once switched to dasatinib developed F317L mutation (intermediate in-vitro sensitivity). These patients exemplify the complexities of resistance of TKI therapy and argue for the need to investigate mechanisms of resistance beyond mutations.


Abstract. Convective clouds generate extreme rainfall events and flash floods in small areas with both large spatial and temporal variability. For this reason, the monitoring of the total accumulated precipitation fields at the surface with rain gauges and meteorological radars has both strengths and weakness. Alternatively, a numerical cloud model may be a useful tool to simulate convective precipitation for various analyses and predictions. The main objective of this paper is to show that the cloud-resolving model reproduces well the accumulated convective precipitation obtained from the rain gauge network data in the area with frequent split storms. We perform comparisons between observations and model samples of the areal accumulated convective precipitation for a 15-year period over treated area. Twenty-seven convective events have been selected. Statistical analyses reveal that the model areal accumulated convective precipitation closely match their observed values with a correlation coefficient of 0.80.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The pathophysiology of migraine is far from being understood. Electrophysiological methods are useful to investigate peripheral and central mechanisms underlying this disorder. The purpose of this review is to highlight the results of electrophysiological studies published during the last year and to examine their added value to our previous knowledge.

RECENT FINDINGS
Studies by visual and auditory evoked potentials and event-related responses suggested that lack of habituation is the principal interictal abnormality of sensory processing in migraineurs. Recently confirmed for somatosensory and laser-evoked cortical potentials and for brainstem responses, it is also responsible for the increased intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials. This abnormality is possibly caused by a reduced cortical preactivation level due to hypofunctioning subcortico-cortical aminergic pathways. Although studies of cortical excitability by transcranial magnetic stimulation have yielded conflicting results, results obtained using habituation of pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials to explore cortical excitability changes induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation strongly favour the hypothesis that migraine is characterized by a decreased level of preactivation excitability. With regard to pain mechanisms in migraine, electrophysiological studies of trigeminal pathways using nociceptive blink and corneal reflexes have confirmed that sensitization of central trigeminal nociceptors occurs during the attack, and may even persist interictally.

SUMMARY
Scientific publications over the last year confirmed that electrophysiological methods are particularly suited to unravelling some of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine. To improve their future contribution, they need to be better standardized and to be correlated with behavioural, metabolic and genetic studies.


© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers. This study shows how integrating fiber optic sensor (FOS) networks into bridges during the construction stage can be used to quantify preservice performance. Details of the installation of a large FOS network on a new steel-concrete composite railway bridge in the United Kingdom are presented. An overview of the FOS technology, installation techniques, and monitoring program is also presented, and the monitoring results from several construction stages are discussed. A finite-element (FE) model was developed and a phased analysis was carried out to simulate strain development in the bridge during consecutive construction stages. The response of the self-sensing bridge to the time-dependent properties of the concrete deck was evaluated by comparing FOS measurements to predicted results according to several model code formulations implemented in the FE model. The preservice strain distribution due to dead loading is typically assumed to act uniformly along the bridge length; however, the monitoring results revealed that the distribution was highly variable as a result of the complex interactions between gravity loading, bridge geometry, time-dependent concrete properties, and temperature effects. Moment utilization of the main girders and composite beams, during preservice conditions, was assessed and found to be between 19.3 and 24.9% of the respective design cross-section capacities. Quantifying preservice performance via integrated sensing also provided a critical baseline for the bridge, which enables future data-driven condition assessments.


In order to investige the effect of nitrogen and Azospirillum biological fertilizers on the growth and yield of an Iranian bread wheat (Roshan cultivar) this study was carried out using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at a field in Jozan region, Isfahan, Iran in 2013. The experimental factors included Azospirillum brasilense bacterium at two levels (inoculated or non-inoculated), and nitrogen fertilizer at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha of N). The application of Azospirillum increased grain yield and agronomic characteristics including the number of spikes m, 100-seed weight, protein content and SPAD number. The interaction effects of the two factors were also significant on grain yield, number of spikes m, 100-seed weight and grain protein content (P≤0.05) and plant height and SPAD number (P≤0.01). The greatest grain yield (4607 kg ha), grain protein content (12.71%) and SPAD number (53.33) obtained from the plants treated with Azospirillum and N-fertilizer at 50 kg ha. The highest number of spikes per m (471.42) and 100-seed weight (48.4 g) were produced by Azospirillum inoculation and Nfertilizer at the rate of 100 kg ha. Overall, the inoculation with Azospirillum bacteria and the application of 50 kg ha N seemed suitable to achieve maximum grain yield, to reduce the adverse environmental impacts and to maintain the N-fertilizer. Albeit, further recommendation warrants future studies.


Background—To explore the role of intracellular oxidative stress in high glucose–induced atherogenesis, we examined the effect of probucol and/or α-tocopherol on the migration and growth characteristics of cultured rabbit coronary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods and Results—Chronic high-glucose-medium (22.2 mmol/L) treatment increased platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB–mediated VSMC migration, [3H]thymidine incorporation, and cell number compared with VSMCs treated with normal-glucose medium (5.6 mmol/L+16.6 mmol/L mannose). Probucol and α-tocopherol significantly suppressed high glucose–induced increase in VSMC migration, cell number, and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Probucol and α-tocopherol suppressed high glucose–induced elevation of the cytosolic ratio of NADH/NAD+, phospholipase D, and membrane-bound protein kinase C activation. Probucol, α-tocopherol, and calphostin C improved the high glucose–induced suppression of insulin-mediated [3H]deoxyglucose uptake. Chronic high-glucose ...


Gentamicin (GM)‐induced nephrotoxicity limits the use of this antibiotic. It has been shown that aged garlic extract (AGE) and S‐allylcysteine (SAC), the most abundant organosulfur compound in AGE, ameliorate GM‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The present communication evaluated the effect of AGE and SAC on proliferation and on GM‐induced toxicity and genotoxicity of porcine kidney epithelial cell line (LLC‐PK1 cells). The cells were preincubated with different concentrations of AGE or SAC for 12 h before incubation with 8 mm GM for an additional 72 h. At the end of this time, cell viability, genotoxicity and proliferation were evaluated. AGE stimulated cell proliferation and protected LLC‐PK1 cells from GM‐mediated toxicity and genotoxicity. SAC partially prevented only GM‐induced genotoxicity. These results suggest that the stimulation of cell proliferation could possibly be one of the mechanisms involved in the in vitro protective effect of AGE in GM‐induced toxicity of LLC‐PK1 cells. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


BACKGROUND
Ethics means custom, character, habit or disposition and as a discipline is frequently called Moral Philosophy. Ethics cannot be regulated until it is incorporated in Law. With the advent of research in life sciences, the need of ethical review boards was felt to protect individual and public interests. The objective of this study was to know the status of ethical review boards at all medical colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in terms of its existence, membership and activities.

METHODS
This province wise cross-sectional survey was conducted over a period of three months. All the sixteen medical colleges of the province registered with Pakistan Medical and Dental Council Islamabad were included. A structured questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Single respondent from each medical college was identified by the respective chief executive officer or principal. Data was analysed through SPSS V-20 and MS Excel 2007. Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative data.

RESULTS
Out of sixteen medical colleges, one had no ethical review board and another neither refused nor returned filled questionnaire. Eleven medical colleges reported combined boards with their teaching hospitals, while 3 had separate boards. Highest number of members noted was 14 and lowest being 4. Mode was 8. None of the boards had a medical doctor with degree or diploma in bioethics, as its member. Six medical colleges had medical doctors who had attended workshops on bioethics. Majority of medical colleges had no track of record about its review boards.

CONCLUSION
Overall situation of ethical review boards at the medical colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is not satisfactory and needs proper regulatory measures.