In this paper, we show the direct relation between reconstruction and etymology and between linguistic theory and philology, as well as the need to overcome atomistic approaches which are based on anecdote or which are not backed up by any theoretical model of linguistic change. At the same time, we also try to extend a new etymological paradigm which runs parallel to the reconstruction model developed from the analysis of the canonical form and evolution of Basque morphemes. This paradigm sets out to cover periods and explain aspects of the language never before dealt with or even contemplated by previous paradigms (Lakarra 1995a and later work).
 After a review (§1) of different definitions of the notion of «etymology» and its fundamental role in reconstruction, we provide an analysis (§2) of the etymological research centered upon Latin-Romance borrowings which was carried out by the main linguists who worked up to the 1960s on the reconstruction of the prehistory of Basque and proto-Basque: Schuchardt (§2.1), Gavel (§2.2), Martinet (§2.3) and Mitxelena (§2.4); in §2.5 we deal with the situation of etymology and reconstruction in the wake of Mitxelena�s work.
 In §3 we analyze two alleged alternatives (§3.1 glottochronology and §3.2 massive comparison) to the traditional comparative method and evaluate their impact (§3.3) �unconstructive, with no tangible progress� on the studies of Basque diachronic linguistics.
 Sections §4 and §5 constitute the core of our proposal: after an overview of some of the implications of the fact that Mitxelena did not use the canonical form (CF) in his etymological work, we contend that future etymological work must include internal reconstruction based on the analysis of the CF, associated with the diachronic holistic typology and the philology «of precision» set out by Meillet (§4.2). In (§4.3) we review the antecedents of the theory of the Basque root (mainly Uhlenbeck 1942) and the data that required the adoption of a reconstructive and etymological model which was more constrained and explanatorily more powerful than the previous one: namely, irregularities and gaps in morphophonological paradigms which could not be accounted for by the old model (§§4.4-4.5). In §4.6 we show that the view of the alleged Basque-Caucasian kinship as rather implausible and barely productive is clearly reinforced by the use of a fundamental and lasting feature such as the canonical form of morphemes. In §§4.7-4.8 we examine alleged exceptions to phonetic laws or to restrictions on the co-occurrence of certain phonemes in Basque words as formulated by Mitxelena. We provide evidence that it is absolutely necessary to make the best possible use of philology in both etymological analysis and reconstruction, by availing of advances in linguistic theory and, particularly, the analysis of the CF of morphemes. In §4.9, our use of the reconstruction of lexical families and features of the old grammar such as reduplication allows us to overturn the claim that items such as adar �horn, antler, feeler� are borrowings, in opposition to the atomist analysis. Since these items fit into old reduplicative paradigms, their status as borrowings is rendered rather improbable, thus leading further into the reconstruction of proto-Basque grammar by ruling out false leads. In §4.10 we show that Vennemann and other comparativists sacrifice the principled explanation of specific terms such as handi «big» or ahuntz «goat» (both analyzable within an older morphology) and of real diachronic problems of the Basque language in favor of comparisons or alleged borrowings that neither shed light on their past nor further their reconstruction. In §4.11 we analyze zemai «threat, menace», not previously identified as a borrowing despite the / m / and the diphthong in final position; this word can be explained along with abagadaune «occasion», a borrowing (Mitxelena 1964) for which no specific origin has been provided in previous work. We elaborate new criteria for the identification of borrowings such as the impossibility of coexistence of strictly identical allomorphs in the same dialectal areas and we point out the importance of metathesis in etymological work. The example of andere «lady, woman» (§4.12) is used to illustrate certain problems posed (and types of help offered) by the analysis based on the CF when deciding whether a specific term is patrimonial or a borrowing.
 In § 4.13 we summarize a study on the evolution of dentals and conclude that azal �skin�, ahal �can, be able�, ohol �log�, ahan-tz �forget�, ihin-tz �dew�, etc., constitute cases of V1CV1C (old reduplications of roots with a dental in initial position). In §4.14 such a dental drop is shown to explain a great number of diphthongs which appear in verbal roots, a situation that leads us to reconstruct primitive roots as CVC �and old prefixes (*da-) previously unattested in uninflected forms� in opposition to the generalized polimorphism accepted by Lafon (1943) and other authors.
 In §5 we contend that among the most relevant consequences of the monosyllabic root theory and etymology based on the CF of morphemes is the possibility �a crucial one given the exiguous Basque corpus� of developing a formal etymology and elaborating a sketch of the prehistory of the Basque patrimonial lexicon. The criteria that may help to distinguish between old and new root types in a principled manner include: (a) the relationship between attested as opposed to potencial roots in each model; (b) words with and without a known etymology as opposed to the set of possible words in each root model; (c) the presence of borrowings, compounds and derived words or phonosymbolisms present in each model; (d) the phonotactic and geographic conditions that hold or fail to hold for each model. In §6 we summarize the main conclusions and in §7 we review the most relevant bibliography. In §8 we include two appendixes: §8.1 is an excursus about false illusions in literary language and some of their consequences in previous etymological work and §8.2 contains several tables with analyses of some root models according to several of the criteria and issues presented in §5. In work in progress (cf. Lakarra in progress-1) we provide a list of around 450 new etymologies, the result of our etymological work based on the analysis of the canonical form of morphemes and on the monosyllabic root theory.


This article addresses global experiences relating to technology transfer. The first part addresses the general question of the role of technology transfer in development and what special considerations are appropriate for Sub-Sahara African countries. The second part will describe and evaluate three different approaches to transferring technology to small-scale industry (SSI), the Sister Industry Programme of Sweden, the Business Co-operation Programme of GTZ (the German Agency for Technical Co-operation), and the appropriate technology approach of ATI (Appropriate Technology International) and ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Group).


In this paper, a cybernetic model of "driver-vehicle-road" closed-loop system including a driver model and a steering system model is built under the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Then, the influence of different dynamic characteristics of steering system on vehicle handling and stability is studied. The results suggest that the "driver-vehicle" model built has a high tracking precision in following the path; Increasing the rigidity of steering system or decreasing the dilatory distance of front tire can enhance the tracking precision and can minish the driving burden and the fatalness of side-tip, the total evaluation result of vehicle performance will be optimized as well.


Quick Service Restaurants (QSRs) is always characterized by being intangible and highly affected by word of mouth. Sometimes word of mouth could result in either positive or negative rumours about the restaurants especially the brand ones. This study aims to measure both negative and positive impact of rumours on the popularity and image of quick service restaurant chains in Egypt. Three hundred questionnaire forms were distributed between customers of QSRs in Greater Cairo such as Burger King, Hardees, and KFC. The overall results indicated that the main cause of spreading rumours is the lack of accurate information from the chain's side. So, the best way for restaurant managers to avoid rumours is controlling their communication channels with their customers in an effective way, and addresses any negative rumor as quickly as they can.


The long-term success of resin cementation of post/cores is likely increased with improvement in resin-root canal dentin bonding. The adverse effect of some irrigation constituents (NaOCl, H2O2) or medications (eugenol) on the bond strengths of resins to dentin have been reported. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two gutta-percha solvents (chloroform versus halothane) on microtensile bond strength to root canal dentin. Thirty, extracted, human, single-rooted teeth were instrumented to a #70 file and randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The root canals were treated with water, chloroform, or halothane for 60 s. All root canals were obturated using C&B Metabond. After 24 h of storage in distilled water, serial 1-mm-thick cross-sections were cut and trimmed. Microtensile bond strength to apical, middle, and coronal root canal dentin were measured using an Instron machine. Using pooled data, the results indicated that water-treated roots had significantly higher resin-dentin bond strengths compared with chloroform or halothane treatment groups (control: 23.9 MPa; chloroform: 18.3 MPa; halothane: 17 MPa; p < 0.05). Gutta-percha solvents have an adverse effect on bond strengths of adhesive cements to root canal dentin.


In this paper, superwide-angle acoustic propagations above the critical angles of the Snell law in liquid—solid superlattice are investigated. Incident waves above the critical angles of the Snell law usually inevitably induce total reflection. However, incident waves with big oblique angles through the liquid—solid superlattice will produce a superwide angle transmission in a certain frequency range so that total reflection does not occur. Together with the simulation by finite element analysis, theoretical analysis by using transfer matrix method suggests the Bragg scattering of the Lamb waves as the physical mechanism of acoustic wave super-propagation far beyond the critical angle. Incident angle, filling fraction, and material thickness have significant influences on propagation. Superwide-angle propagation phenomenon may have potential applications in nondestructive evaluation of layered structures and controlling of energy flux.


This paper introduces a method for applying network analysis to the sociological study of literary history. Focusing on "little magazines" and poetry journals in the U.S., Japan, and China, the authors utilize bibliographic records to construct weighted, bipartite graphs of poets and journals linked by publication. Through visual and quantitative analysis of the resulting networks, the authors aim to augment traditional hermeneutics with empirical measures that isolate aspects of the social structures from which literary modernism emerged.


This paper deals with the developments in the field of the measures taken during road works on motorways in the Netherlands during the last 6-7 years. In December 1995 the latest Guidelines for Measures during road works on Motorways were published and these were followed by a number of supplements. These guidelines have a greater focus than previously on the organization of a safe work place for the road worker who is responsible for installing the work zone and for the road worker working in the work zone. In addition to this there are further stringent preconditions for the safety of the road user and for the flow of traffic. The immediate reason for the preparation of these guidelines was the new technical developments, changing legislation and regulations, political involvement and number of serious accidents involving road workers.


An expression of quantum efficiency for high-speed resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) Schottky photodiodes is derived. This expression includes the structural and the physical parameters of the photodetector and takes into account the parameters of the metallic Schottky mirror and the wavelength dependence of the reflectivities. The metal layer thickness sets the maximum achievable quantum efficiency as it decays exponentially with it. The antireflection coating layer, on the other hand, determines the photodetector selectivity and the optimum absorption layer thickness that maximizes its quantum efficiency. An algorithm for the design and optimization of RCE Schottky photodetectors has been developed. Theoretical values of 647 GHz and 129 GHz were obtained, respectively, for the carrier-transit time limited 3-dB bandwidth and bandwidth-efficiency product for an RCE Schottky photodetector with a 0.02 /spl mu/m gold layer.


All of the many known alunite deposits in the Marysvale region of Utah are confined to the Tertiary volcanics and more specifically to the Bullion Canyon Volcanics of early Tertiary age. The alunite in these rocks occurs both in veins and in irregular replacement bodies. The White Horse deposit, about 4 1/2 miles northeast of Marysvale, is a replacement deposit in a calcic quartz latite of the upper part of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics. This latite flow is divided into an upper vesicular and brecciated layer and a lower more massive layer which has a clearly developed flow structure. Locally, while the flow was still in motion, the upper vesicular layer and the flow structure of the lower layer were conformably folded. In the main these folds are isoclinal, trend north, are slightly overturned to the west, and plunge gently south.At the White Horse deposit the alunite occurs in three main ore bodies, each of which consists of several smaller bodies whose long dimensions are about parallel and trend northerly. At the surface the main bodies are roughly lenticular, several hundred feet long, and less than 100 feet wide at their widest part. For the most part they dip steeply east and plunge gently south. Surrounding each of the bodies is a thick envelope of partly kaolinized latite.The alunite bodies are mostly restricted to the upper vesicular and brecciated layer of the latite and are most continuous and reach their greatest depth along the axial planes of the primary fold troughs. The infolding of the upper vesicular and brecciated layer apparently produced porous troughs of rock along which the mineralizing solution could circulate. Concentrated in these troughs, the solution was able to replace the porous rock thoroughly. Subsequent erosion has left parts of the infolded and replaced porous layer.During the alunitization of the latite 5-10 per cent of the silica and most of the sodium, calcium, and iron were removed. The amount of aluminum and potassium was not appreciably changed. The only addition during the replacement was 15 to 23 per cent of SO 3 . These data indicate that the alunite replacement was accomplished by a sulphate-bearing solution. At the deposit there is now no evident surface or near-surface source of sulphur and therefore the sulphur added during alunitization is believed to have been in part at least of magmatic origin. It is suggested that the quartz monzonite stock exposed north of the mine area may overlie the source.


According to the actual characteristics of semi-steel steelmaking of PZH steel, a static model for prediction of the oxygen blow amount and consumption of auxiliary material is established, and an end-point prediction model based on carbon content and temperature of sublance is given. This paper introduced the calculating principle and basic structure about above two models detailed. The results show that, the static model has certain accuracy and reliability of these models are illustrated by actual application.The static model might provide immediately the predicting optimum auxiliary material amount and the oxygen blow amount for operator, which direct the operation in time. The end-point prediction model might give real time prediction for the carbon content and temperature on BOF Endpoint, which has high hitting ratio.


The impact of having a stoma on quality of life is increasingly recognized and studied. A descriptive survey study was conducted between January 2006 and December 2011 among 44 patients (18 women, 26 men) with a permanent stoma receiving care at the Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, to evaluate socio-demographic factors that may affect the quality of life in Turkish Muslim patients with an enteral stoma. A socio-demographic questionnaire, a 10- item Religious Orientation Scale (Modified Allport-Ross ROS), and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Quality of Life survey were administered by a stoma therapy nurse at least 6 months after completion of all surgical and oncological treatments. The mean follow-up period was 15.3 ± 9.7 (range 6-44) months since completion of all treatments. Data were collected using paper/pencil instruments and entered for data analysis using Student's t-tests or one-way ANOVA univariate and multivariate analyses. No significant differences were observed for income, education level, surgical history, or religion score. Gender, geographic region, and household status were found independently related to quality of life in stoma patients. Female patients had significantly lower scores than males in general health perception (P = 0.049), role emotion (P = 0.02), mental health perception (P = 0.026), and mental component (P = 0.007). Patients living in a village (four) had significantly lower scores than patients living in a big city (33) in all scales (P <0.05 for all comparisons). Village-dwelling patents also had significantly lower scores than patients living in a town (seven) in physical function (P = 0.001), vitality (P = 0.012), social function (P = 0.003), and mental component scores (P = 0.021). Patients living alone (seven) had significantly lower scores than patients living with a partner (11) in three of eight scales (physical functioning [P <0.001], role-physical [P = 0.047], and bodily pain [P = 0.015]) and physical component scores (P <0.001); they also had significantly lower scores than patients living with their families (26) in four of eight scales (physical functioning [P <0.001], role-physical [P = 0.032], bodily pain [P = 0.02], and general health perception [P=0.036]) and physical component scores (P <0.001). Although these findings provide evidence for the relationship between some socio-demographic factors on quality of life of patients with a stoma, the results of the study should be interpreted with caution; multicenter, prospective, controlled studies are needed to substantiate and clarify the relationships among these variables.


55 patients, aged 19 to 77 years, with consequences of humeral [correction of femoral] fractures were surgically treated. 1st group consisted of 17 patients with slow fracture consolidation, 2nd group contained 31 patients with uninfected false joints and the 3rd group consisted of 7 patients with infected false joints. Surgical tactics of treatment in each group was thoroughly described. Long-term results were analyzed in 38 patients. Good results were achieved in 27 cases, satisfactory--in 7 cases and unsatisfactory results were registered in 4 patients. Cases of nonconsolidation of bone fragments, requiring repeated operations, were assessed as unsatisfactory.


A body-centered tetragonal carbon (bct-Carbon) allotrope has been predicted to be a transparent carbon polymorph obtained under pressure. The structural transition pathways from graphite to diamond, M-Carbon, and bct-Carbon are simulated and the lowest activation barrier is found for the graphite-bct transition. Furthermore, bct-Carbon has higher shear strength than diamond due to its perpendicular graphene-like structure. Our results provide a possible explanation for the formation of a transparent carbon allotrope via the cold compression of graphite. We also verify that this allotrope is hard enough to crack diamond.


OBJECTIVE
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is increasingly used to estimate needs for medical treatment, to evaluate its outcome and quality of care. The aim of this study was to compare the HRQL of several diagnostic groups before and after treatment with the HL-test (HL = IQL, Icelandic Quality of Life test) and to study its validity for measuring changes in quality of life.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Patients on waiting lists for coronary catheterization, orthopedic or urologic operations, patients in psychiatric out-patient treatment and patients entering treatment for alcohol dependence were asked to fill in the HL-test, a total of 1195 patients. Three months after treatment they were retested. The results of tests were standarized with population norms available to make them directly comparable with those of the general population.

RESULTS
The response rate was 75% in each round. The HRQL of all patients was reduced in all aspects compared to that of the general population, that of the heart and urology patients less so than that of the orthopedic and psychiatric patients. Each group had a specific profile, especially marked for the orthopedic and psychiatric patients. Following treatment the HRQL or some aspects of it improved in all groups, especially for those which it had been most impaired.

CONCLUSIONS
Studies of HRQL provide information useful for planning and delivery of health services. The HL-test is an instrument with good validity and reliability which is easy to use for such studies.


ABSTRACT The majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals progress from acute to chronic disease, despite the presence of a strong humoral immune response to the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. When expressed in mammalian cells, E1 and E2 form both noncovalently linked E1E2 heterodimers, believed to be properly folded, and disulfide-linked, high-molecular-weight aggregates that are misfolded. Previously, we identified 10 human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) that bind E2 glycoproteins from different genotypes. Here we demonstrate that one of these HMAbs, CBH-2, is unique in its ability to distinguish between properly folded and misfolded envelope proteins. This HMAb recognizes HCV-E2 only when complexed with E1. The E1E2 complexes recognized by CBH-2 are noncovalently linked heterodimers and not misfolded disulfide-linked, high-molecular-weight aggregates. The E1E2 heterodimers seen by CBH-2 no longer associate with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin and are likely to represent the prebudding form of the HCV virion.


The Temporary Works Toolkit is a series
of articles aimed primarily at assisting the
permanent works designer with temporary
works issues. Buildability – sometimes
referred to now as 'construction method
engineering' – is not a new concept and one
always recognised as vital to the realisation
of one's ideas; it ought to be at the forefront
of an engineer's mind.


Author(s): Herrera, Ashleigh Nicole Scinta | Advisor(s): Franke, Todd M | Abstract: Over 20 million American adults met the diagnostic criteria for a substance use last year, and 40% of those also have a co-occurring psychiatric condition. With the ever-rising death toll associated with alcohol and drugs, enhancing SUD treatment completion rates and promoting ongoing participation in posttreatment aftercare services to promote long term abstinence is imperative. This study attempts to identify predictive factors of residential SUD treatment completion, type of residential SUD treatment outcomes, posttreatment aftercare service participation, and AOD Counselors' positive prognoses for patient abstention from drugs and/or alcohol through binary, multivariate, and ordinal logistic regression, respectively, for 200 adults who enrolled in an abstinence-based residential SUD treatment program between August 2017 and March 2018 in Hawthorne, California. Ratings for readiness for change, presence of mental health symptoms and treatment, number of lifetime inpatient psychiatric episodes, and past 30 day use of primary substance used at time of admission significantly influenced treatment noncompletion. Past 30 days of use of primary substance used, number of lifetime acute inpatient psychiatric episodes, and presence of mental health treatment and symptoms significantly predicted participants abandoning residential SUD treatment and receiving administrative discharges from residential SUD treatment. Longer residential treatment episodes and being homeless predicted enrollment in posttreatment outpatient SUD treatment and the Recovery Bridge Housing (RBH) program. Gender, past 30 days of use of primary substance used, type of pretreatment polysubstance use, number of acute inpatient psychiatric hospitalization episodes, and readiness for change significantly predicted AOD Counselors' ratings of patients' prognoses for abstention. These results highlight the importance of assessment for and stabilization of psychiatric symptoms as well as withdrawal symptoms from high levels of pretreatment methamphetamine use in order to enhance treatment completion rates. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the importance of assessing pretreatment readiness for change and motivation in order to successfully engage patients and use targeted interventions to enhance readiness to change, thereby improving treatment retention and completion rates. Finally, this study illustrates the value of long term residential SUD treatment episodes, as they enhance retention and likelihood of participation in posttreatment aftercare services, which serves to maintain initial treatment gains and promotes long term abstinence from drugs and alcohol.


This paper aims to describe alcohol advertising in the public arena of Gambia, Ghana, Madagascar, Nigeria and  Uganda. Analyses on the placement, channels, size and content of outdoor alcohol advertising practices (N=807) in relation to existing regulations are given. For example, in Gambia, the country with the most stringent alcohol  marketing regulations of all countries studied, outdoor alcohol advertisements are on average smaller and less  attractive to youth; whereas, in Uganda and Ghana, countries with selfregulation, there is limited protection. Findings illustrate the innovative ways in which the alcohol industry attempts to reach their market despite existing alcohol marketing regulations and cultural boundaries. Legal measures could be a policy instrument to protect against  harmful exposure. Key Words : alcohol marketing, outdoor advertising, Africa, alcohol policy


Grapefruit juice, a beverage consumed in large quantities by the general population, is an inhibitor of the intestinal cytochrome P-450 3A4 system, which is responsible for the first-pass metabolism of many medications. Through the inhibition of this enzyme system, grapefruit juice interacts with a variety of medications, leading to elevation of their serum concentrations. Most notable are its effects on cyclosporine, some 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, and some 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. In the case of some drugs, these increased drug concentrations have been associated with an increased frequency of dose-dependent adverse effects. The P-glycoprotein pump, located in the brush border of the intestinal wall, also transports many cytochrome P-450 3A4 substrates, and this transporter also may be affected by grapefruit juice. This review discusses the proposed mechanisms of action and the medications involved in drug-grapefruit juice interactions and addresses the clinical implications of these interactions.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide, causing about 1 million deaths annually. Patients with HCC usually reported multiple concurrent symptoms. The purpose of this multivariate study was to explore whether multiple concurrent symptoms are clustered into groups of symptoms and to explore the effect of symptom clusters on the quality of life (QOL) in patients with HCC. A sample of 180 patients with HCC at a medical center in Korea was recruited. Patients completed a demographic questionnaire, a Symptom Checklist, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary. Factor analysis was used to identify symptom clusters based on the severity of patients' symptom experiences. Four symptom clusters were identified: pain-appetite, fatigue related, gastrointestinal, and itching-constipation. Two patient subgroups were identified through cluster analysis: high- and low-symptom group. Patients in the high-symptom group had significantly poorer functional status and poorer QOL in all the domains, with the exception of social well-being. The differences between the 2 patient subgroups were not only statistically but also clinically significant. Patients in the high-symptom group were also statistically and clinically anxious and depressed. Further research is needed to explore whether compositions of symptom cluster phenotypes vary over time and whether the associations of symptom clusters with QOL and mood are changing along the disease and treatment trajectory as well as symptom status.


A new DC nonlinear large-signal model for the bipolar junction transistor is described, together with the procedures for estimating its parameters. The main advantage of the new model over existing models is its very simple parameter estimation procedures. This produces high accuracy with very minor parameter optimisation effort. A further important feature of the model is that it is expandable so that its complexity can be altered to suit the required application.<
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New chalcogenolate-complexes
Syntheses as well as structural and spectroscopical researches

This dissertation examines reactions that lead to the synthese of new chalcogenolate complexes. 2-propanchalkogenolat was used as ligand system, that particularly fits into this system. The reaction of this ligands with metalsalts demonstrate some types of homometallic complexes [M2(EiPr)6]2- (M = Mn, Fe, Zn; E = S, Se) that were used as precursors. The bi-nuclear chalcogenolate complexes were used in further reactions by transposing other metal species as precursor. The fact of the matter is that new ways of synthese should show a determined synthesis of heterometallic complexes.

It was possible to synthetize and characterize heterometallic chalcogenolate complex-anions [Zn3Cu(SiPr)6Cl3]2-, [Zn4Cu4(SiPr)12S]2-, [Zn4Cu4(SeiPr)12Se]2- and [Zn5Cu3(SeiPr)12Se]- with the aid of the developed strategies of synthese.
The synthesis of the complex-anion [Mn2Mo(SiPr)8]- shows that the same strategy of synthese, which was actually used to connect metals coordinated in tetrahedral manner with trigonal-planar coordinated CuSR3-fragments, can also be used to connect coordination-polyeder of other geometry. The tetrahedral Mn(SiPr)4-sub-units are over opposite-lying squares of Mo(SiPr)6-octahedron connected to a linear tri-nuclear complex-anion. This complex-anion is the first homoleptic thiolate-complex, which contains molybdan in the oxidation-state +3.

This systematical research and synthesis or the integration of complexes ,respectively, of this work and further literature describing complexes lead primarily to a composition of a superior principle that can be put with multi-nuclear heterometallic-chalcogenolate complex in one similiar structural context.
This principle is able to ordinate all cubelike complexes with M8µ-ER12-framework: one central chalcogenide- or halogenide-core is surrounded by a M8-metal-cage, which is more or less pulled cubical. This cage is enclosed by an exterior icosahedral or cuboctahedral µ-SR12-polyhedron.


The study produces a genealogy of 'the child' as the shifting subject constituted by the confluence of discourses that are utilized by, and surround, Western Australian precompulsory education. The analysis is approached as a genealogy of governmentality building on the work of Foucault and Rose, which enables the consideration of the research question that guides this study: How has 'the child' come to be constituted as a subject of regimes of practices of pre-compulsory education in Western Australia?

This study does not explore how the historical discourses changed in relation to 'the child' as a universal subject of early education, but it examines the multiple ways 'the child' was constituted by these discourses as the subject at which government is to be aimed, and whose characteristics government must harness and instrumentalize. Besides addressing the research question, the study also develops a set of intertwining arguments. In these the author contends that 'the child' is invented through historically contingent ideas about the individual and that the way in which 'the child' is constituted in pre-compulsory education shifts in concert with the changing problematizations about the government of the population and individuals. Further, the study demonstrates the necessity to understand the provision of pre-compulsory education as a political practice.

Looking at pre-compulsory education as a political practice de-stabilizes the takenfor-granted constitutions of 'the child' embedded in present theories, practices and research with children in the field of early childhood education. It also enables the de- and reconstruction of the notions of children's 'participation', 'empowerment' and 'citizenship'. The continuous de- and reconstruction of these notions and the destabilization of the constitutions of 'the child' creates a framework in which improvement is possible, rather than a utopian, wholesale and, thus revolutionary, transformation in early education (Branson and Miller, 1991, p. 187). This study also contributes to the critiques of classroom discipline approaches by reconceptualizing them as technologies of government in order to reveal the power relations they silently wield.


In order to leverage novel sequencing techniques for cloning genes in eukaryotic organisms with complex genomes, the false positive rate of variant discovery must be controlled for by experimental design and informatics. We sequenced five lines from three pedigrees of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized Sorghum bicolor, including a pedigree segregating a recessive dwarf mutant. Comparing the sequences of the lines, we were able to identify and eliminate error-prone positions. One genomic region contained EMS mutant alleles in dwarfs that were homozygous reference sequences in wild-type siblings and heterozygous in segregating families. This region contained a single nonsynonymous change that cosegregated with dwarfism in a validation population and caused a premature stop codon in the Sorghum ortholog encoding the gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthetic enzyme ent-kaurene oxidase. Application of exogenous GA rescued the mutant phenotype. Our method for mapping did not require outcrossing and introduced no segregation variance. This enables work when line crossing is complicated by life history, permitting gene discovery outside of genetic models. This inverts the historical approach of first using recombination to define a locus and then sequencing genes. Our formally identical approach first sequences all the genes and then seeks cosegregation with the trait. Mutagenized lines lacking obvious phenotypic alterations are available for an extension of this approach: mapping with a known marker set in a line that is phenotypically identical to starting material for EMS mutant generation.


A railway station is one of the most important elements of modern cities. The station is of vital importance to shops and other economic functions in the city centre because of the constant flow of people going in and out of the city. At present, many Dutch cities saw the necessity of redeveloping their railway station environments. Every railway station environment has an own identity, and therefore its own potentials. Analyzing the integration of railway stations within their city's urban fabric is one of the ways to determine those potentials. Many current regeneration projects are only focused on the connectivity on a regional scale. Often the local accessibility is considered as less important. A lot has been written about the quality and liveability of public space already. The public space in the vicinity of a railway station is one of the most important public urban spaces in a city. It is the first space people experience when arriving in the city. However, in many current railway station environment redevelopment projects the liveability does not get priority. Many different factors have resulted in railway station environments that are unpleasant places to be, cut off from their surroundings. This is where the challenges lie for the nearby future in the Netherlands, to regain the importance of the railway station and the railway network, especially in a large metropolitan area like the Randstad. These two currently subordinated aspects; the spatial integration and the liveability of railway station environments will be emphasized in this MSc thesis. The project location of this thesis is the railway zone in Gouda. The spatial potential and the liveability of the current situation have been analyzed, as well as the changes the existing plans of the municipality of Gouda will make. As final product of this graduation project an alternative urban renewal plan has been developed for the railway zone in Gouda.


Learning from incidents (LFI) typically refers to a set of initiatives in organisations aimed at improving individual, team and organisational learning from health and safety incidents in the workplace. It is important to understand the incidents and learn from them so that they do not reoccur, as well as draw learning points for new types of incidents. However, in practice the development in the industry regarding LFI is not usually underpinned by education and organisational learning research into learning processes, but predominantly relies on health and safety specific knowledge. This is due to tendency for knowledge to be developed in separate disciplinary (e.g. learning sciences and health and safety) and sectoral silos (e.g. industry and university). A research project titled 'Learning from Incidents: A social approach to learning from health and safety incidents' aims to bridge this gap by engaging university research directly with the industry through working with two multinational industries in the energy sector. The project involves series of workshops which are conducted with the employees using the Change Laboratory method originating in the Activity Theory (Engestrom, 1996).Through highly participative, iterative sessions, researchers and employees work together in finding solutions to issues uncovered through research. Change Laboratory provides an opportunity for bringing together university researchers and industry practitioners in order to promote effective LFI in organisations. Therefore the Change Laboratory' method has a potential for boundary crossing learning at two fronts. Firstly, it provides a platform for intersectoral boundary crossing in learning between academia and the industry. Secondly, it allows for interdisciplinary boundary crossing between the areas of health and safety and (organisational) learning.


Compatibility of fungicides viz. Mancozeb and Captan were studied with Trichoderma spp (T. viride, T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii and T. virens) in vitro at different concentrations. It was indicated that lower concentrations of Mancozeb and Captan did not affect the radial growth of Trichoderma spp. However, concentration of Mancozeb above 5000 μg/ml and of Captan above 500 μg/ml were significantly reduced the radial growth of Trichoderma species. Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. virens and T. koningii showed resistance to Mancozeb and Captan. Trichoderma pseudokoningii is susceptible to these fungicides. However, when increased the concentration of Mancozeb and Captan decreased the radial growth. Trichoderma species are stronger antagonistic against number of plant pathogens and their mycoparasitic activity. All Trichoderma species inhibited the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata while maximum inhibition performed by T. viride. Trichoderma koningii was highly antagonistic over Rhizoctonia solani followed by T. viride. Radial growth of Aspergillus niger was highly inhibited by T. koningii followed by T. harzianum. Geotrichum candidum was inhibited significantly by T. viride followed by T. pseudokoningii and T. virens. Significant antagonism was exhibited by T. virens against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinacae followed by T. harzianum and T. pseudokoningii. Radial growth and sporulation of Macrophomina phaseolina was antagonized significantly by T. viride followed by T. harzianum and T. pseudokoningii. Keywords Trichoderma spp, Compatibility Mancozeb, Captan, fungicides, Pathogenic fungi, Dual culture, Radial growth, Antagonism


Since hospital data include temporal trends of clinical symptoms and medical services, we can discover not only knowledge about temporal evolution of disease, but also one about medical practice from hospital information system. This paper proposes temporal data mining process and applied the method to capture temporal knowledge about nursing practice. The results show that the reuse of stored data will give a powerful tool for management of nursing schedule and lead to improvement of hospital services.


The use of media in teaching-learning process becomes a tool of communication between teachers and students. Learning style is not only centered on the teachers, but it concerns on various aspects. Those aspects are transferred into media. Teachers are not the source in learning, yet the teacher should be able to create a media. This research and development are aimed to describe the development of Bahasa and the suitability of the quality for media in teaching Bahasa. This development followed seven steps including 1) researching and collecting data, 2) planning, 3) initial product development, 4) initial trial, 5) revision, 6) field trial, 7) revision and completion of product. The research instruments were interview and questionnaire. The need analysis indicated that the subject needed real media with an interesting color. Another result showed that the media product for teaching Bahasa can be appropriately used by the children with special needs. Therefore, it can be concluded that media for teaching - learning Bahasa for deaf students in one of special needs school in Pontianak is applicable as a media in schools.


Abstract Spatial analysis that aims to identify site-specific hotspots of collision mortality from birds or bats striking wind turbines can potentially lead to mitigating measures that reduce mortality rates. During May–Jul. 2004 and 2005, we studied bird and bat mortality from collisions with wind turbines at a 102 megawatt, 68-turbine wind farm in the southern Great Plains, Oklahoma, USA. Standardized searches around turbine bases yielded 122 total carcasses of which 92 (75%) were found within 20 m of the turbine bases. We identified 111 carcasses of seven species of bats and 11 carcasses of 6 species of birds. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) comprised 85% of bat carcasses collected. We corrected turbine collision estimates using searcher efficiency trials and a range of removal (i.e., "scavenging") rates reported in the literature. Estimated bat turbine collisions ranged from 1.19–1.71 fatalities/turbine (1.03–1.37/megawatt). These data provide some of the first evidence for a steady rate of collision mortality of Brazilian free-tailed bats at a North American wind farm, most likely due to the site's proximity (∼15 km) to a maternity colony. Spatial analyses indicated no consistent pattern in mortality estimates relative to ground cover or topographic position; but collision mortality was higher at several individual turbines, all of which were located near the heads of eroded ravines.


Background. Pulsed radiofrequency lesioning (PRFL) of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) can modulate neural pathways and provide prolonged relief of neuropathic pain, with limited evidence for chronic lumbosacral radicular pain (CLRP). Objective. This study compared the effect of PRFL combined with transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) to TFESI alone on CLRP. Methods. Forty adults with chronic radicular pain of at least six-month duration were randomly allocated to undergo either a PRFL of the affected DRG followed by a TFESI (treatment group) or a TFESI alone (control group). Participants and assessors were blinded to the allocation and outcomes were assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Outcomes. Pain intensity (visual analog score, VAS) was the primary outcome and quality of life (QOL) as measured by the SF-36 was a secondary outcome. Results. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between groups. VAS was significantly lower in the treatment group at 2-month and 3-month but not 4-month follow-up. QOL measurements did not differ between groups. Conclusions. PRFL of the lumbosacral DRG combined with TFESI showed a modest advantage over TFESI alone in reducing pain intensity; however, this did not persist beyond the 3-month follow-up. There was no effect on QOL.


It is proved that a linear time-invariant system with internal point delays is asymptotically hyperstable independent of the delays if an associate delay-free system is asymptotically hyperstable and the delayed dynamics is sufficiently small.


The magnitude of cesarean section rates in the United States has been of increasing public concern. A consensus development conference in 1980 formulated recommendations that were expected to lead to a decrease in national cesarean section rates. A review of cesarean section patterns for the last five years in many representative states revealed, contrary to expectations, a continuing increase in cesarean section delivery rates even after the conference. A review of underlying causes for these developments suggests that only a more efficient peer review process, involving individual physicians as well as institutions, will lead to a decline of unacceptably high cesarean section rates in this country. ( JAMA 1984;252:3273-3276)


Significance A high nuclear Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated (Notch1) intracellular domain level distinguishes high-risk prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer from benign and low/intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Chronic activation of Notch1 cooperates with multiple oncogenic pathways altered in early prostate cancer, including AKT, Myc, and Ras/Raf/MAPK, to promote progression to androgen ablation-resistant prostate adenocarcinoma. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the primary cause of prostate cancer-specific mortality. Defining new mechanisms that can predict recurrence and drive lethal CRPC is critical. Here, we demonstrate that localized high-risk prostate cancer and metastatic CRPC, but not benign prostate tissues or low/intermediate-risk prostate cancer, express high levels of nuclear Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated (Notch1) receptor intracellular domain. Chronic activation of Notch1 synergizes with multiple oncogenic pathways altered in early disease to promote the development of prostate adenocarcinoma. These tumors display features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a cellular state associated with increased tumor aggressiveness. Consistent with its activation in clinical CRPC, tumors driven by Notch1 intracellular domain in combination with multiple pathways altered in prostate cancer are metastatic and resistant to androgen deprivation. Our study provides functional evidence that the Notch1 signaling axis synergizes with alternative pathways in promoting metastatic CRPC and may represent a new therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer.


Abstract : WR6026 2HCl (6-methoxy-8-(6-diethyl amino hexyl amino) (epidine dihydrochloride) is a very effective antileishmanial drug in hamsters infected with L donovani. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HLPC) procedure for the analysis of WR6026 in plasma has been developed. Only 0.5 mil of plasma is required for analysis. The clean-up procedure involves a protein precipitation step and a column elution stem prior to separation by HPLC. The assay is quite sensitive with a detection limit of less than 10 ng/ml of plasma. Assay precision has been evaluated and variability is less than 6%. Accuracy was evaluated from blind samples in the range of 10-100 ng/mL and the difference was 1.13 - 8.04%. Stability was also determined for WR6026 in plasma frozen for up to three months. Human plsma samples were analyzed for WR6026; the drug could be detected up to 24 hours following a 60 mg oral dose. In a preliminary study with human volunteers, no mono-N-deethylated derivative of WR6026 was found in human plasma. This assay is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies involving WR6026 in human subjects.


Experimenting with democracy in Albania has reached a quarter of a century, displaying that democratization is a complex project that begins with the transition but does not always end in consolidation. Therefore, novel approaches and theories that elucidate what occurred after the early transition as well as during it are considered necessary. In western democracies, one of the broadly accepted and well-practised forms of citizen engagement is protest participation. A plethora of authors deem that protest participation is a pivotal activity for the formation of a democratic public as well as an instrument for fostering democratic consolidation. Consequently, as on the one hand, we perceive an upsurge of protest activities in the western countries, hence, on the other, we see a gradual deterioration of protest participation in a Post- Communist country like Albania. Local studies on this topic are sporadic and not as much of participation trends is known of Post-Communist Albanian citizens. While, other sources of participation studies, which stems from western countries tend to construct their analyses based on broad formal questionnaires without analyzing the contrast between protest in democracies and protest in authoritarian regimes. Thus, in this article, we aim to shed light on the correlation between protest participation and state mobilization strategies. More concretely, how the state undertakes to mobilize measures to promote or prevent social movement activities? The answer to the aforesaid question will be in heart of this paper.


Using a zero-offset carrier-envelope locking technique, we have synthesized an octave-spanning composite frequency comb exhibiting 132-attosecond timing jitter between the constituent pulses over a one-second observation window. In the frequency domain, this composite comb has a modal structure and coherence which are indistinguishable from those of a comb that might be produced by a hypothetical single mode locked oscillator of equivalent bandwidth. The associated phase stability enables the participating multi-color pulse sequences to be coherently combined, representing an example of multi-pulse synthesis using a femtosecond oscillator.


Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common type of cancer among white skin individuals worldwide with an increasing incidence over the last years. NMSC is mostly treated with surgical or non-invasive methods such as cryotherapy or topical chemotherapeutics. Over the last years, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) which is a well-tolerated, safe and effective alternative treatment option. PDT involves a photosensitizer, a light source and tissue oxygen and is based on a photo-oxidation reaction in the target tissue which results to a selective destruction of the cancer cells. PDT has been approved for treatment of actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinoma in Europe. Off-label uses include treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Paget's disease and prevention of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in organ-transplant recipients. Also combination of PDT with other treatment options such as cryotherapy, surgery and topical therapies has been reported with improved efficacy, tolerability and long-term results. Development of novel photosensitizers and light sources together with targeted delivery systems will increase specificity, efficiency and treatment field of PDT in the future. This chapter aims to give the reader an overview of the important applications of PDT, including indications, approved treatments, advantages and disadvantages of this method such as future trends.


Regardless of the shortcomings and criticisms of world university rankings, these metrics are still widely used by students and parents to select universities and by universities to attract talented students and researchers, as well as funding. This paper proposes a new mixed-integer programming model for ranking universities. The new approach alleviates one of the criticisms – the issue of the "arbitrariness" of the weights used for aggregation of the individual criteria (or indicators) utilized in the contemporary rankings. Instead, the proposed model uses intervals of different sizes for the weights and lets the universities themselves "choose" the weights to optimize their position in the rankings. A numerical evaluation of the proposed ranking, based on the indicator values and weights from the Times Higher Education World University Ranking, is presented.


Purpose: Purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stress, social support, and lifestyle on health-related quality of life among middle-aged women. Methods: One hundred forty three-middle aged women were recruited and completed questionnaires regarding their stress, social support, lifestyle and health-related quality of life. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Results: Regression model was statistically significant (F=24.80, p<.001) with 46% of adjusted R2. Stress showed to be a major factor influencing health-related quality of life in middle-aged women (p<.001) and the presence of chronic illness (p=.011) was noted as next in the result of a multiple regression analysis. Conclusion: The results suggest that nursing professionals should include strategies to reduce stress and to consider helping women with chronic illness when developing a health promotion program to increase health related quality of life for middle-aged women.


Three kinds of coating materials, namely Al2O3, Al2O3(87%)-TiO2(13%), and Cr2O3(92%) -TiO2(3%)-SiO2(5%), were plasma sprayed on specimens of 08Cr2AlMo steel. The corrosion performance of the specimens was determined by potentiodynamic polarization test, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The test results indicate that the plasma sprayed coatings do not show passivation in saturated H2S solution, but they have higher corrosion resistance than the bare 08Cr2AlMo steel. Furthermore, these coatings reduce SCC susceptibility of the steel in saturated H2S solution. The specimens treated by plasma spray have longer fracture time and larger area reduction. The SCC resistance depends largely on coating porosity, coating type and the bond strength between the coating and the substrate. Among the three coatings, the Cr2O3(92%)-TiO2(3%)- SiO2(5%) coating exhibits the lowest SCC susceptibility.


We have investigated the interactions of the plant toxin ricin with sinusoidal endothelial rat liver cells (EC). In these cells, ricin can be bound and internalized via either cell surface galactosyl residues or mannose receptors. Binding and uptake via galactosyl residues and mannose receptors was studied in the presence of mannan (1 mg/ml) and lactose (50 mM) respectively. Whereas most of the ricin binding was accounted for by cell surface galactosyl residues, uptake of ricin via mannose receptors was much more efficient than uptake via galactosyl residues. Internalized ricin is subject to extensive retroendocytosis (recycling to the cell surface from an early endocytic compartment). Retroendocytosis occurs after internalization of ricin via either pathway and to a much greater extent than for other glycoproteins taken up via mannose receptors of the EC. Hyperosmolarity (150 mM-sucrose), which is known to inhibit endocytosis from coated pits, strongly inhibited ricin uptake via mannose receptors, but had less effect on uptake via galactosyl residues. This suggests that only part of the galactose-specific uptake takes place from coated pits. Protein synthesis in EC was very sensitive to ricin [concn. causing half-maximal inhibition (IC50) = 1.3 x 10(-13) M]. Mannan was slightly more effective than lactose in protecting the EC protein synthesis from ricin toxicity.


Pressure vessels play important roles in pressurized static equipment systems. In the oil and gas industry, for example, they are used to perform the process function, separation, filtration, and storage. Given the role of pressure vessel, which is subject to elevated pressure, temperature, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure vessel, it is important that pressure vessel end-users feel confident that the pressure vessel they procure meet the safety requirements. This paper presents a case study where there have been breakdowns in the qualification of pressure vessels being offered by pressure vessel suppliers to the industry that did not comply with industry standards which can adversely impact plant operations and personnel safety. The loss of pressure vessel supplier credibility is a concern that may rarely occur in mature economies but seem to be more prevalent in countries where qualification standards are either relatively new or non-existent. To address this issue, the author presents a systematic approach that can be used to ensure that pressure vessels supplied to end-users in oil and gas industries in emerging countries meet the design requirements and standards they are required to meet. The process used to control the manufacturers begins with a qualification plan which each supplier has to establish its product line. Following compliance with the qualification plan, a criticality matrix is introduced to the manufacturers that classify the criticality of each pressure vessel type in the system and the associated qualification program(s) that the manufacturers need to meet. The validation with an established program has shown some merit and could be applied to all manufacturers in emerging countries to ensure consistency. The details of the qualification program used and how the process is evaluated are covered in the body of the paper together with examples of how the process has worked.


Image-based virtual try-on aims to synthesize an image of a person wearing a given clothing item. To solve the task, the existing methods warp the clothing item to fit the person's body and generate the segmentation map of the person wearing the item before fusing the item with the person. However, when the warping and the segmentation generation stages operate individually without information exchange, the misalignment between the warped clothes and the segmentation map occurs, which leads to the artifacts in the final image. The information disconnection also causes excessive warping near the clothing regions occluded by the body parts, so-called pixel-squeezing artifacts. To settle the issues, we propose a novel try-on condition generator as a unified module of the two stages (i.e., warping and segmentation generation stages). A newly proposed feature fusion block in the condition generator implements the information exchange, and the condition generator does not create any misalignment or pixel-squeezing artifacts. We also introduce discriminator rejection that filters out the incorrect segmentation map predictions and assures the performance of virtual try-on frameworks. Experiments on a high-resolution dataset demonstrate that our model successfully handles the misalignment and occlusion, and significantly outperforms the baselines. Code is available at https://github.com/sangyun884/HR-VITON.


Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a well-known complication of corticosteroid therapy. With the recent advances in field of oncology, as many cancers are treated successfully with chemotherapy, increasing attention has been focused on the concomitant use of corticosteroid premedication and its associated morbidities. This report describes a case of AVN occurring in a patient receiving chemotherapy with corticosteroid as premedication for testicular cancer.


Problem-Based Learning method is based on constructivist theories of learning, the principles of adult learning and the development of andragogical models. Its objective is to help students develop skills to direct their own learning. Objective: to analyse the role of professors of the bachelor's degree in nursing as facilitators of self-directed learning Licenciatura in nursing of the University of Colima Mexico. Methodology: with the use of a descriptive survey integrated with 20 items answered by 121 students, we assessed the role of the professors of a bachelor's degree in nursing. The 20 items assessed three areas of the facilitation process: Management of information, group process and reflection and critical thinking. These items were verified with Cronbach's alpha and a reliability of 0.96. Results: when the Kruskal- Wallis survey was conducted, statistically significant differences were found only with regard to the "Group processing" dimension among sophomores and juniors (H = 6.77; P < 0.05). Even though no statistically significant differences were found with regard to the other dimensions, it is possible to detect shifts in the students' opinion trend about the role of tutors. Conclusion: The overall average score per scale makes it possible to conclude that the "the work of the tutor" is viewed favourably, considering that the students report that their tutor "almost always" facilitates, assists, promotes or collaborates on the development of the skills for being a self directed learner.


Background Infliximab (Remicade), a chimeric monoclonal antibody against human TNFα, will inevitably face competition from biosimilar products, because of its effectiveness in autoimmune diseases and rapidly increasing market demand. According to guidelines for biosimilar development, the "biosimilar-expression system" may differ from that of the innovator, but more appropriate studies should be carried out to demonstrate the comparability between biosimilar and innovator. CMAB008 is an infliximab biosimilar candidate developed by the State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy of China. Infliximab was expressed in SP2/0 cells, while CMAB008 was produced in a CHO-expression system. Methods In this study, infliximab and CMAB008 were compared on physicochemical and biological characterizations, including protein content, activity, physiochemical integrity, impurities, additives, and immunogenicity. Results The results showed that they were highly similar and comparable, except some differences in glycosylation. As glycosylation profiles can influence immunogenicity and occurrence of allergy or other adverse reactions of antibody therapeutics, primary tolerability and pharmacokinetics of CMAB008 were evaluated. In the phase I clinical trial, plasma concentration of CMAB008 and antidrug antibodies were also measured using ELISA and bridging ELISA, respectively. CMAB008 exhibited favorable clinical tolerability, no adverse events in the 3 mg/kg single-dose group (recommended therapeutic dosage), and no serious adverse events in the multiple-dose group. Also, no injection-site reactions were observed in the experiment. Conclusion In summary, CMAB008 might have the potential to be an effective drug compared with infliximab.


The diesel-degrading activities of biofilms sampled from petroleum-contaminated groundwaters in urban subway drainage systems were examined in liquid cultures, and the microbial populations of the biotilms were characterized by denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Biofilm samples derived from two sites (19 K and 20 K) at subway Station N and Station I could degrade around 80% of applied diesel within 20 and 40 days, respectively, at 15°C, and these results were strongly correlated with the growth patterns of the biofilms. The closest phylogenetic neighbor of a dominant component in the 19 K biofilm was Thiothrix fructosivorans strain Q (100% similarity). Four dominant strains in the 20 K biofilm were closely related to Thiothrix fructosivorans strain Q (100% similarity), Thiothrix sp. CC-5 (100% similarity), Sphaerotilus sp. IF14 (99% similarity), and Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bcicterioides (CFB) group bacterium RW262 (98% similarity). Three dominant members in the Station I biofilms were very similar to uncultured Cytophagales clone CRE-PA82 (91% similarity), Pseudomonas sp. WDL5 (97% similarity), and uncultured CFB group bacterium LCK-64 (94% similarity). The microbial components of the biofilms differed depending on the sampling site. This is the first report on the isolation of clones highly similar to Thiothrix fructosivorans and Thiothrix sp. from biofilms in petroleum-polluted groundwaters, and the first evidence that these organisms may play major roles in petroleum degradation and/or biofilm-development.


Traditional analysis and usage of operation commutativity relies on pairwise commutativity relationships. In contrast , this paper presents method group commutativity, which specifies the conditions under which operations in a method group will commute. Method group commutativity can be practically applied to efficiently support distributed object caching and concurrency control. A formal definition of commutativity, in terms of Hoare logic expressions, guides the development of a methodology to create a method commutativity specification from an object's semantic specification. This methodology uses the PVS theorem prover for analysis and validation of commutativity properties. The use of formal methods, together with suitable tools, provides a more complete understanding of method commutativity relationships as compared to existing approaches. Our approach also provides a unified representation of both forward and backward commutativity properties. The methodology is also expanded to express weakened semantics in the method commutativity specification to enable greater commutativity.


Objective Tai Chi and Qigong are the two similar traditional Chinese wellness exercises. A strong body of published clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has investigated the health benefits of Tai Chi and Qigong exercises (TCQE) in patients with essential hypertension (EH). This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of TCQE on blood pressure (BP) and blood levels of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in EH patients and explore the potential antihypertensive mechanism of TCQE. Methods We conducted a literature retrieval for Chinese and English studies in seven databases from their respective inceptions until January 14, 2020. All RCTs examining clinical efficacy of TCQE for EH patients were considered. The major therapeutic outcomes of TCQE were changes in the blood levels of NO, ET-1, and BP in EH patients. Methodological quality of the included RCTs was detected via The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. We evaluated the data reported and performed the meta-analysis by Review Manager 5.3 software. Results 9 RCTs involving 516 EH patients were included. The intervention duration lasted from 1.5 months to 6 months. The results of comprehensive analysis showed that compared with control interventions, experimental interventions were more effective in reducing the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure and contributed higher blood levels of NO and lower blood levels of ET-1. Conclusions TCQE could be an effective complementary and alternative therapy for EH. The lower BP in EH patients who practice TCQE may have some connection with exercise-related increased blood NO levels and decreased blood ET-1 levels. However, further research is needed to make clear the efficacy of TCQE in management of EH and the mechanism of lowering BP in TCQE.


The compositions of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott were determined, and the their potential effects on the nutrition and mortality of Diabrotica speciosa were studied. The extraction of the oils was performed by hydrodistillation (2 h) using a modified Clevenger apparatus and the oils were subsequently subjected to analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (CG/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications was adopted. The bean plants were sprayed with solutions of the oils dissolved in aqueous Tween 80 solutions at concentrations of 0 (water + Tween 80), 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% and then furnished to the insects with no choice available. Seven days after the application, the percentage of leaves with injury, degree of defoliation, the preference index for consumption and the percent of mortality of insects were evaluated. Neither of the essential oils caused a reduction in foliar injury, but antifeeding activity was observed, causing reduced feeding and increasing the mortality of adult D. speciosa insects.


Metal speciation significantly influences the geochemical cycling of trace metals and can control metal bioavailability and toxicity, Advanced analytical techniques have been applied to address some difficulties encountered in identifying metal organic species. In this method, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was directly coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine conditional stability constants of metal complexes with strong organic ligands in competitive equilibration experiments. molecular size calibration of the column was performed with polystyrenesulfonate standards and the effects of hydrophobic interactions on the column were determined. Metal concentrations corresponding to different organic fractions were measured directly, in the SEC column effluent, by ICP-MS. The method was validated with well-defined organic ligands in ligand competition studies with a single metal and a binary metal mixture. The distribution of metal-ligand species deter mined analytically was shown to correspond to the calculated equilibrium speciation, Model studies using metal complexes,vith weaker organic ligands demonstrated that the technique is subject to kinetic limitations since labile metal-organic complexes can dissociate during chromatographic separation. Nonetheless, the kinetic window of the method should be appropriate for the strong Ligands postulated to control metal speciation in natural waters.


Vector control is one of the standard techniques used for the control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The outer speed loop in vector controlled PMSM drive greatly affects the drive performance. In order to combine the advantages of proportional plus integral (PI) and fuzzy controllers, hybrid fuzzy-PI controllers are used in which the output can either be the outputs of the two, i.e. the PI or fuzzy units being switched as per the predetermined speed errors or be a combination of the two outputs with separate weights assigned to them with online calculations for the weights from the speed errors. The former method based on switching often causes chattering effects, and later method demands larger execution time because of inclusion of separate switching algorithms. This paper reports the vector control of PMSM with hybrid fuzzy-PI speed controller with switching functions calculated based on the weightsfor both the controller outputs using the output of (a) only the fuzzy controller, (b) only the PI controller and (c) a combination of the outputs of both the controllers. These switching functions are very simple and effective and do not demand any extra computations to arrive at the hybrid fuzzy-PI controller outputs. These control algorithms have been simulated and also implemented on hardware with TMS320F2812 digital signal processor, and it is observed that the performance of the vector controlled PMSM drive with these hybrid fuzzy-PI speed controllers in terms of the response and torque ripples is very promising.


The new French dam safety regulation classifies each dam in four classes depending on its height and the volume of water it stores. The first two classes require each owner to establish a safety report for an authority review. A main objective of this report is to demonstrate that all hazardous scenarios have been taken into account by the dam owner in assessing the risk level and also that sufficient safety measures have been specified to reach a global risk as low as reasonably possible. First, considering all existing data and characteristics of the dam, the owner has to carry out a risk analysis to identify all failure modes that may occur on dam structure and hydraulic equipment. Every potential accident is then characterised in terms of severity of consequences and annual occurrence probability. The severity level is assessed quantitatively or qualitatively, using a combination of maps representing the effects of the flood waves and the Population At Risks. The probability is assessed using a semi-quantitative method analyzing all scenarios and safety measures involved in prevention and protection: the bow-tie approach. This cross analysis implements an iterative approach to highlight complementary measures and recommendations and therefore enhance global safety level.


This is a study of a literary generation writing in a period of expanding fears and ever more urgent political and social crises. The pace of the time itself, the sense of time passing and an end approaching gave a special quality to the Thirties. The public world pressed insistently on the private world. For those who came of literary age - Auden, Day Lewis, MacNeice, Spender, Graham Greene, Isherwood and Orwell among them - writing became a form of action. In the process a generation discovered itself and found its own expression.


There is no right of appeal against a verdict of a court or jury at common law. The Court of Kings Bench had the prerogative power to supervise other tribunals and the prerogative writs of certiorari, mandamus and prohibition gave that court an appellate-like function. Also, in English law there was a writ of error which was an order for the production of the records of an inferior court on the allegations that the record on its face would show the proceedings to have been erroneous and should thus be quashed, but the current appellate systems in common law jurisdictions are gifts of legislatures and not the common law. A new legislative provision in Trinidad and Tobago now provides for the prosecution appealing from the decision of a trial judge in limited cases. A recent decision of the Privy Council has clarified the full measure of that legislation. That case, The State v Boyce, adds to the jurisprudence on the constitutional law of due process in the Commonwealth Caribbean, and it clarified the prosecution's right in certain circumstances to appeal a ruling of the trial judge. In reaffirming the judgment of Thomas v Baptiste the Judicial Committee disparaged a tendency that crept into the construction of Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutions, which was to gloss the fundamental rights provisions with reference to the prior common law. In Thomas v Baptiste Lord Millett had made the point that the Constitution was 'not a synonym for common law or statute.' The State v Boyce should bring the interpretation of Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutions back to the posture advocated by Lord Wilberforce in Minister of Home Affairs and another v Fisher and another.


1 Preface 2 Introduction 2.1 Computing and the Laws of Physics 2.2 Quantum Information 2.3 Quantum Computers 2.4 The Wave and the Corpuscular Nature of Light 2.5 Deterministic versus Probabilistic Photon Behavior 2.6 State Description, Superposition, and Uncertainty 2.7 Measurements in Multiple Bases 2.8 Measurements of Superposition States 2.9 An Augmented Probabilistic Model. The Superposition Probability Rule. 2.10 A Photon Coincidence Experiment 2.11 A Three Beam Splitter Experiment 2.12 BB84, the Emergence of Quantum Cryptography 2.13 A Qubit of History 2.14 Summary and Further Readings 2.15Exercises and Problems 3 Quantum Mechanics, a Mathematical Model of the Physical World 3.1 Vector Spaces 3.2 n-Dimensional Real Euclidean Vector Space 3.3 Linear Operators and Matrices 3.4 Hermitian Operators in a Complex n -Dimensional Euclidean Vector Space 3.5 n -Dimensional Hilbert Spaces. Dirac Notations 3.6 The Inner Product in an n -Dimensional Hilbert Space 3.7 Tensor and Outer Products 3.8 Quantum States 3.9 Quantum Observables. Quantum Operators 3.10 Spectral Decomposition of a Quantum Operator 3.11 The Measurement of Observables 3.12 More about Measurements. The Density Operator 3.13 Double-Slit Experiments 3.14 Stern-Gerlach Type Experiments 3.15 The Spin as an Intrinsic Property 3.16 SchrodingerOs Wave Equation 3.17 HeisenbergOs Uncertainty Principle 3.18 A Brief History of Quantum Ideas 3.19 Summary and Further Readings 3.20 Exercises and Problems 4 Qubits and Their Physical Realization 4.1 One Qubit, a Very Small Bit 4.2 The Bloch Sphere Representation of One Qubit 4.3 Rotation Operations on the Bloch Sphere 4.4 The Measurement of a Single Qubit 4.5 Pure and Impure States of a Qubit 4.6 A Pair of Qubits. Entanglement 4.7 The Fragility of Quantum Information. SchrodingerOs Cat 4.8 Qubits: from Hilbert Spaces to Physical Implementation 4.9 Qubits as Spin One-Half Particles 4.10 The Measurement of the Spin 4.11 The Qubit as a Polarized Photon 4.12 Entanglement 4.13 The Exchange of Information Using Entangled Particles 4.14 Summary and Further Readings 4.15 Exercises and Problems 5 Quantum Gates and Quantum Circuits 5.1 Classical Logic Gates and Circuits 5.2 One-Qubit Gates 5.3 The Hadamard Gate, Beam Splitters and Interferometers 5.4 Two-Qubit Gates. The CNOT Gate 5.5 Can We Build Quantum Copy Machines? 5.6 Three-Qubit Gates. The Fredkin Gate 5.7 The Toffoli Gate 5.8 Quantum Circuits 5.9 The No Cloning Theorem 5.10 Qubit Swapping and Full Adder Circuits 5.11 More about Unitary Operations and Rotation Matrices 5.12 Single-Qubit Controlled Operations 5.13 Multiple Qubit Controlled Operations 5.14 Universal Quantum Gates 5.15 A Quantum Circuit for the Walsh-Hadamard Transform 5.16 The State Transformation Performed by Quantum Circuits 5.17 Mathematical Models of a Quantum Computer 5.18 Errors, Uniformity Conditions, and Time Complexity 5.19 Summary and Further Readings 5.20 Exercises and Problems 6 Quantum Algorithms 6.1 From Classical to Quantum Turing Machines 6.2 Computational Complexity and Entanglement 6.3 Classes of Quantum Algorithms 6.4 Quantum Parallelism 6.5 DeutschOs Problem 6.6 Quantum Fourier Transform 6.7 Tensor Product Factorization 6.8 A Circuit for Quantum Fourier Transform 6.9 A Case Study: A Three-Qubit QFT 6.10 ShorOs Factoring Algorithm and Order Finding 6.11 A Quantum Circuit for Computing f(x)Modulo 2 6.12 SimonOs Algorithm for Phase Estimation 6.13 The Fourier Transform on an Abelian Group 6.14 Periodicity and the Quantum Fourier Transform 6.15 The Discrete Logarithms Evaluation Problem 6.16 The Hidden Subgroup Problem 6.17 Quantum Search Algorithms 6.18 Historical Notes 6.19 Summary and Further Readings 6.20 Exercises and Problems 7 The "Entanglement" of Computing and Communication with Quantum Mechanics. Reversible Computations 7.1 Communication, Entropy, and Quantum Information 7.2 Information Encoding 7.3 Quantum Teleportation with Maximally Entangled Particles 7.4 Anti-Correlation and Teleportation 7.5 Dense Coding 7.6 Quantum Key Distribution 7.7 EPR Pairs and Bell States 7.8 Uncertainty and Locality 7.9 Possible Explanations of the EPR Experiment 7.10 The Bell Inequality. Local Realism 7.11 Reversibility and Entropy 7.12 Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic Entropy 7.13 The Maxwell Demon 7.14 Energy Consumption. Landauer Principle 7.15 Low Power Computing. Adiabatic Switching 7.16 Bennett Information Driven Engine 7.17 Logically Reversible Turing Machines and Physical Reversibility 7.18 Historical Notes 7.19 Summary and Further Readings 297 7.20 Exercises and Problems 299 8 Appendix I: Algebraic Structures 8.1 Rings, Commutative Rings, Integral Domains, Fields 8.2 Complex Numbers 8.3 Abstract Groups and Isomorphisms 8.4 Matrix Representation 8.5 Groups of Transformations 8.6 Symmetry in a Plane 8.7 Finite Fields 9 Appendix II: Modular Arithmetic 9.1 Elementary Number Theory Concepts 9.2 EuclidOs Algorithm for Integers 9.3 The Chinese Remainder Theorem and its Applications 9.4 Computer Arithmetic for Large Integers 10 Appendix III: Welsh-Hadamard Transform 10.1 Hadamard Matrices 10.2 The Fast Hadamard Transform 11 Appendix IV: Fourier Transform and Fourier Series 12 Glossary


The objective of the present study is to build different models forecasting the daily mean relative humidity (MRH) values in China with the help of the meteorological parameters. A back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) models was employed to identify the relationship between meteorological factors and the relative humidity in China. Weather data 1-day lag was the input layer variables, including (1) the highest atmospheric pressure, (2) the lowest atmospheric pressure, (3) the average atmospheric pressure, (4) the average temperature, (5) the highest temperature, (6) the lowest temperature, (7) precipitation, (8) the average wind speed, (9) the maximum wind speed (the average wind speed over 10 minutes), (10) the utmost wind speed, (11) hours of sunlight, (12) the relative humidity. Experimental results: in the validation period for 1-day lead, the comparison of the prediction performance efficiency of the BPANN models indicated that the BPANN models with trainbr algorithm was superior to the remaining two ones (trainlm and traingdx) in forecasting the relative humidity time series in term of correlation coefficient (R). During the training and testing periods for 1-day lead, the best performance for the given problem was arid area, followed by semi-arid area, semi-humid area, and humid area respectively. The possible cause for the results was that the impact of these factors on the relative humidity in arid area was the largest, followed by semi-arid area, semi-humid area, and humid area, respectively. From the prediction results of MRHextrema, humid area was the first; semi-arid area was the second; semi-humid area was the third; and arid area was the fourth. From the prediction results of MRHextrema, trainbr algorithm was the best in arid area, semi-humid area, and humid area; but trainlm was the best in semi-arid area. So trainbr algorithm was further employed to predict MRH for 2, 3 or 4-day lead at Urumqi City. From the training and testing effects, 1-day lead was the best, followed by 2, 3 or 4-day lead respectively. In the prediction results of MRHextrema, the best was 2-day lead; the second was 3-day lead; the third was 1-day lead; and the fourth was 4-day lead. The BPANN model results will assist researchers determining meteorological parameters to forecast MRH.


The purpose of this paper is to assess the implications of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) accession of eight Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) on their share in EMU-12 imports. Overcoming biases related to endogeneity, omitted variables and sample selection, our results indicate that the common currency has boosted intra-EMU imports by 7%. Under the assumption that the same relationship between the explanatory variables and imports will hold for EMU-CEEC trade, we are able to predict the future impact of the euro. Our findings suggest that except for the least integrated countries, Poland, Latvia and Lithuania, all CEECs can expect increases in the EMU-12 import share.


Germination characteristics are important for the establishment success of grass species. The objective of this study was to study the variation in germination characteristics within and among cultivars in three grass species by use of a curve-fitting procedure. The study included 20 seed lots of slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. littoralis Vasey), 19 lots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and 16 lots of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and the seed lots represented four, four, and five cultivars, respectively. Seeds of each seed lot were germinated in standard tests, and germination was recorded daily. Germination time courses were described for each replicate of each seed lot, using a generalized hyperbolic multinomial distribution. The function efficiently described all observed germination time courses, and germination was summarized as three characteristics of biological significance: final germination percentage (FGP), mean germination time (MGT), and time from 25 to 75% germination (T 25-75 ). For each of the characteristics, an ANOVA was performed. Cultivar differences were tested against variation between seed lots within cultivars. Within all three species, there were significant cultivar differences in FGP, and cultivars of red fescue and Kentucky bluegrass also differed significantly in MGT and T 25-75 . Cultivar variation was 53 to 99% larger than seed lot variation within cultivars, but in some cases, seed lots within cultivars differed considerably in germination characteristics. Cultivars should, therefore, be represented by more than one seed lot and cultivar differences should be tested against seed lot differences to get valid test results.


Autophagy serves a pivotal role in host defense during fungal infections, and the contribution by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been well demonstrated. It has been reported that microRNA-344a-1-3p (miR-344a-1-3p) can directly target TLR2. However, the expression of TLR2 significantly decreases during Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Therefore, the specific role of miR-344a-1-3p in the host defense against A. fumigatus infection remains to be elucidated. In the present study, A. fumigatus infection increased the expression of TLR2 and induced autophagy, which was indicated by increasing expression levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), Beclin-1, light chain 3 (LC3)-1 and LC3-II, as measured by western blot analysis, and an increased number of GFP-LC3 puncta, as measured by fluorescence. Following transfection with miR-344a-1-3p mimics and/or TLR2, miR-344b-1-3p significantly inhibited the expression of TLR2, Beclin-1, ATG5, LC3-I and LC3-II, whereas the overexpression of TLR2 significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect on autophagy by miR-344b-1-3p. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that A. fumigatus can be controlled by the induction of autophagy following de-repression of the expression of TLR2, mediated by miR-344a-1-3p.


Attention is a factor that affects the performance of various intelligent activities in humans. Up until now, the methods for measuring the level of attention have been mostly based on subjective reports or employing large and costly devices. In this paper, a new method of estimating the level of attention is proposed, based on posture and EEG measurements. These data can be recorded using easily available and less burdensome devices. From the obtained data, the time evolution of attention was explored. Experiments showed that there is negative correlation between posture variance and attention, and also between EEG and attention.


ABSTRACT Xenophagy has been studied in epithelial cells infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Distinct autophagy receptors target this pathogen to degradation after interacting with ubiquitin on the surface of cytosolic bacteria, and the phagophore- and autophagosome-associated protein MAP1LC3/LC3. Glycans exposed in damaged phagosomal membranes and diacylglycerol accumulation in the phagosomal membrane also trigger S. Typhimurium xenophagy. How these responses control intraphagosomal and cytosolic bacteria remains poorly understood. Here, we examined S. Typhimurium interaction with autophagy in fibroblasts, in which the pathogen displays limited growth and does not escape into the cytosol. Live-cell imaging microscopy revealed that S. Typhimurium recruits late endosomal or lysosomal compartments that evolve into a membranous aggregate connected to the phagosome. Active dynamics and integrity of the phagosomal membrane are requisite to induce such aggregates. This membranous structure increases over time to become an aggresome that engages autophagy machinery at late infection times (> 6 h postentry). The newly formed autophagosome harbors LC3 and the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 but is devoid of ubiquitin and the receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52. Live-cell imaging showed that this autophagosome captures and digests within the same vacuole the aggresome and some apposed intraphagosomal bacteria. Other phagosomes move away from the aggresome and avoid destruction. Thus, host endomembrane accumulation resulting from activity of intracellular S. Typhimurium stimulates a novel type of aggrephagy that acts independently of ubiquitin and CALCOCO2, and destroys only a few bacteria. Such selective degradation might allow the pathogen to reduce its progeny and, as a consequence, to establish persistent infections.


The major pathway for elimination of cholesterol in mammals is via secretion into bile. Biliary cholesterol secretion is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5 (G5) and ABCG8 (G8) and is stimulated by cholesterol and by the non-cholesterol steroids cholate and diosgenin. To define the relationship between G5G8 expression and biliary cholesterol secretion, we measured G5 and G8 mRNA levels and biliary cholesterol concentrations in genetically manipulated mice expressing 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 16 copies of the two genes. Biliary cholesterol levels varied directly with G5G8 copy number and hepatic mRNA levels over a >16-fold range. Thus neither delivery of cholesterol to the transporter nor levels of cholesterol acceptors in bile were limiting under these conditions. In wild-type mice, cholate and diosgenin both increased biliary cholesterol concentrations 2–3-fold. The increase in biliary cholesterol content was dependent on expression of G5 and G8; neither steroid increased biliary cholesterol levels in G5G8–/– mice. Cholate treatment was associated with a farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-dependent increase in hepatic mRNA and protein levels of G5 and G8. In contrast to cholate, diosgenin treatment did not affect G5G8 expression. Diosgenin increased the expression of several pregnane X receptor (PXR) target genes and the choleretic effect of diosgenin was reduced by ∼70% in PXR knock-out mice. Thus G5 and G8 are required to modulate biliary cholesterol secretion in response to cholate and diosgenin, but the choleretic effects of these two steroids are mediated by different mechanisms requiring FXR and PXR, respectively.


The nature of the interaction between silica gel and [Mo6Clis(S03CF3)86I2(1) and [Mo6Cli&la612(2) in organic media is described. Silica gel, which contains a high density of Si-OH groups, strongly adsorbs clusters 1 and 2. Although 1 is adsorbed from CH2C12 and solvents of high dielectric constant, such as CH30H, 2 is adsorbed only from CHzCl2 solution. In CH2Cl2, basic silica gel, containing a small percentage of anionic Si-0sites, coordinates with Mo atoms of 1 by replacement of labile triflate groups. In more polar solvents, such as CH30H and CH3CN, the triflate ligands of 1 are replaced by solvent molecules to produce [M0~Cl~s(solvent)~6]~+, which can then covalently attach to the silica gel surface. Presumably, Si-OH ionization is promoted in these polar media to yield SiOsurface sites. Under the same conditions, the less substitutionally labile cluster, [Mo6Cl'&la6I2-, is not covalently attached to silica gel. The supported systems are stable to atmospheric moisture and 0 2 but undergo decomposition in the presence of liquid water. Clusters bound by either electrostatic or covalent interaction display absorption and emission profiles virtually identical to those of solution species, indicating that the clusters are intact. Transient emission measurements reveal that supported 1 retains the characteristic longlived excited state in 1 in solution: rge1 = 100 ps and rsoln = 110 pus. The photochemical properties of the silica gel bound molybdenum cluster are retained, as indicated by luminescence quenching by 0 2 and phenothiazine.


Purpose: The aim of this study is to report the prevalence, clinical and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) characteristics of pachydrusen in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and their fellow eyes. Methods: A total of 264 eyes of 132 patients with a diagnosis of CSCR (acute/persistent/recurrent/chronic/inactive) in atleast one eye, were analyzed in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. SS-OCT parameters including choroidal thickness (CT), large choroidal vessel layer thickness (LCVT) at fovea and the site of pachydrusen were recorded. Paired t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare CT in eyes with CSCR (subfoveal and site of pachydrusen) and multiple groups respectively. Results: The mean age of the study patients was 42.9 ± 9.5 years with 119 males (90.15%). Bilateral CSCR was present in 31 patients. Nine eyes (chronic, 4; persistent, 2; and inactive/resolved CSCR, 3) showed presence of pachydrusen with an overall prevalence of 6.82% (9 eyes of 9 patients out of 132 patients). There was no significant difference of subfoveal CT (SFCT) in eyes with CSCR (422.4 ± 107.8 μ) vs fellow eyes (407.0 ± 96.5 μ) and eyes with CSCR associated with pachydrusen (413.7 ± 101.5 μ) vs fellow eyes of CSCR eyes with pachydrusen (431.6 ± 188.8 μ) (P = 0.71). LCVT as a percentage of CT was higher at the site of pachydrusen compared to SFCT (69.8% vs. 50.8%). Conclusion: CSCR can be associated with pachydrusen with a lower prevalence rate than previously reported. Whether the thickened large choroidal vessels at site of pachydrusen play any role in formation in pachydrusen needs further evaluation.


Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is considered a major part of the Portuguese strategy for reducing CO2 emissions. Some industrial sectors, the most prominent being the cement sector, require the implementation of CO2 storage to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. This paper presents and characterizes the areas with potential for CO2 storage in mainland Portugal. The lithostratigraphic and tectonic frameworks of the onshore and offshore basins are presented; a site screening process was conducted, based on basin- and regional-scale assessments, resulting in the definition of eight possible storage clusters, seven of which are offshore. The storage capacity was estimated for those clusters, with a central (P50) value of 7.09 Gt; however, the most interesting locations are in the Lusitanian Basin (West Iberian Margin), both onshore and offshore, as they present high capacity and are located favourably in relation to the industrial CO2 emitters. Considering only the potential sites of this basin, their storage capacities are greater than 3 Gt CO2, of which 260 Mt are onshore. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geoscience for CO2 storage collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/geoscience-for-co2-storage


SUMMARY Knowledge of the fracture network is fundamental to the fluid transport and geotechnical modelling necessary to assess the suitability of a rock mass to host a potential underground repository for the disposal of radioactive waste. However, in the early stages of a site investigation programme, site-specific fracture data are frequently available only from boreholes. This was the case at Sellafield, where characterization of borehole fracture data presented a number of inter-related problems including the volume of data, two data sets for each borehole and borehole sampling effects. A solution to the presentation and interpretation of such data was found in simple graphical display which allows rapid appraisal of a range of fracture attributes in relation to depth, lithostratigraphy and structure or in any other context. The succession sampled by the boreholes in the immediate vicinity of the proposed repository at Sellafield comprises three major units. The Borrowdale Volcanic Group, of Ordovician age, is unconformably overlain by a Permo-Triassic cover sequence comprising up to 100 m of sedimentary breccia (Brockram) succeeded by c. 450 m of the fluvial St Bees Sandstone to rockhead. Fracture data from these are available from logging of the borehole core and from interpretation of resistivity and acoustic images of the borehole wall, providing accurate frequency and orientation information respectively. These show that the discontinuity character of each of the major units is distinctive, indicating overall lithological control on the fracture network. Fracture frequency in the sedimentary cover rocks is relatively low, especially in the Brockram, and orientation patterns are dominated by bedding. The fracture frequency in the volcanic rocks is generally high and orientation typically very variable in the volumetrically dominant welded ignimbrites. However, interbedded units of non-welded lapilli tuff and breccia have lower fracture frequency and simpler orientation patterns. In all units, variations in fracture frequency and orientation character on a scale of a few metres to 100 m can be correlated with fault intersections indicating a structural overprint. Borehole sampling effects are illustrated by comparison of data from differently orientated boreholes and the underlying causes reviewed. Orientation bias is a well known problem usually addressed by weighting according to the probability of the borehole intersecting a planar feature in a particular orientation. However, data from borehole wall imagery are subject to additional sampling effects which reduce the effectiveness of such weighting. A different approach is suggested, using the probability density function of the population from non-censored parts of the sample.