Abstract Abundant and well-preserved radiolarians are reported from a limestone sample taken from near the town of Fojnica, southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. A late late Ladinian age is assigned to this sample based on the index species Spongoserrula fluegeli and Muelleritortis cochleata and associated radiolarian fauna. As a result of taxonomic studies on the entactinarian and nassellarian fauna of this sample, three species (Pseudostylosphaera multispinata, P. oblonga, and P. procera) from the suborder Entactinaria, and 18 species (Bulbocyrtium cordeyi, B.? longobardicum, Goestlingella goricanae, G. pseudoillyrica, Monicasterix ornata, M. parvisegmentata, M. pulchra, Nabolella brevispinosa, N. crenulata, N. trispinata, Ladinocampe dinarica, Spinotriassocampe praecarnica, Pseudosaturniforma ladinica, Pararuesticyrtium coniformis, P.? sanfilippoae, Conospongocyrtis bragini, Castrum blomei, and Triassocyrtium longum) from the suborder Nassellaria are described as new. Moreover, the genus Pseudosaturniforma is emended based on the new materials.


In a roentgenographic analysis of the lumbar spine of 100 young female gymnasts engaged in high-level competition, the incidence of pars interarticular defects was 11 per cent; 6 per cent had spondylolisthesis. This is 4 times higher than their non-athletic female peers. It appears that the female athlete may have the same incidence of pars interarticularis defects as the male performing similar activities. Pars defects developing in association with athletic activities may be distinct from those developing in early childhood. A negative lumbosacral roentgenographic series does not completely rule out a developing pars defect. Bone scintography offers an additional tool for evaluating early stress reaction in the pars, and suggests that if the athlete restricts vigorous activity, some will heal without progressing to roentgenographically detectable defects. Low back pain in the young gymnast should be a warning sign. Close scrutiny of pars interarticularis in these young athletes will reveal a high incidence of developing defects.


Background Tracheal intubation results in an alteration of the laryngeal mucosa. Coughing during emergence from general anesthesia is a common clinical problem. Inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff with lidocaine would create a reservoir of local anesthetic, which might diffuse across the cuff membrane to anesthetize the mucosa and attenuate stimulation during tracheal extubation. Aim To evaluate the efficacy of intracuff lidocaine 2% for the prevention of postoperative cough and sore throat. Patients and methods This prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study included 80 healthy patients scheduled for elective surgery of less than 2 h under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. These 80 patients were randomized through a computer-generated and sealed opaque envelope method into four equal groups, with 20 patients each. After induction of general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, the tracheal tube cuff was filled with 2 ml of 2% lidocaine solution (40 mg) or 0.9% saline. Twenty minutes before extubation, the participants received 1.5 mg/kg intravenous lignocaine or saline. In this way, four groups were formed: lidocaine cuff–lidocaine group (lidocaine in cuff and lidocaine intravenous), lidocaine cuff–saline group (lidocaine in the cuff and saline intravenous); saline cuff–lidocaine group (saline in cuff and lidocaine intravenous), and saline cuff–saline group (saline in cuff and saline intravenous). The primary outcome was the incidence of coughing at extubation. The secondary outcomes were sore throat scores and hemodynamic change. The incidence and severity of sore throat was recorded at 15, 60 min, and 24 h after extubation. Hemodynamic change was assessed at before induction (baseline), 5-min interval after induction, at intubation, 10 min after intubation, 10 min before extubation, at extubation, and 10 min after extubation. Result There was a statistically significant reduction of postoperative cough and sore throat in lidocaine cuff groups in comparison to saline cuff groups. Intravenous lidocaine was not effective to reduce either cough or sore throat severity. However, there was no significant difference among all groups regarding hemodynamic change. Conclusion Intracuff lidocaine 2% reduces incidence of cough and the severity of postoperative sore throat in surgery of less than 120 min. Intravenous lidocaine was not effective to reduce either cough or sore throat severity. There was no significant difference among all groups regarding hemodynamic change.


SO2 is removed from mineral acids, e.g., HCl, in an exchange column consisting of an absorption section with 5-10 plates, a cooling section, and a stripping section with 10-15 plates at the bottom. The choice of stripping gas is detd. by the subsequent treatment of the SO2. Thus, when a 50:50 gaseous mixt. of HCl and SO2 is fed into the absorption section (70-85 Deg) at 120 L/h with air (stripping gas) fed at 40 L/h into the stripping section (15 Deg) and water at a rate to give a 30 or 20% concn. of HCl, the purified acid contains SO2 <2 and SO42- <1 ppm for both concns. The waste gas contains <1 ppm HCl. [on SciFinder (R)]


Background and Aims: Little information is available regarding the prevention and treatment of small intestinal mucosal injuries caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We planned a pilot study to investigate the protective effects of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) against NSAID-induced small intestinal injuries using video capsule endoscopy (VCE). Subjects and Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers took oral GGA 300 mg/day (regimen A) or placebo (regimen B) in addition to diclofenac 75 mg/day + rabeprazole 20 mg/day for 7 days. We conducted a cross-over trial of regimens A and B with a 2-week washout period. All subjects underwent VCE before and after each administration period, and were evaluated for NSAID-induced gastric and small intestinal mucosal lesions. Results: The number of mucosal lesions (erosions, ulcers and a red spot with possible bleeding) detected in both stomach and small bowel changed between prior to and immediately after administration period, with significantly fewer lesions for regimen A after administration period (mean ± SD A:B = 2.6 ± 3.2:9.5 ± 8.5; p = 0.027). Conclusions: Combination therapy with GGA and rabeprazole reduced the incidence of gastroenteropathy induced by 1-week administration of diclofenac. Our findings suggest this therapy as a candidate for protecting patients on long-term NSAID therapy.


STKE
Rods and cones in the mouse retina, which are necessary for image formation, become responsive to light on the 10th day after birth (P10). The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment melanopsin and can detect brightness. By assaying the responses of retinas loaded with a fluorescent calcium indicator, Sekaran et al. examined the early postnatal development of light responses. About 5.4% of cells in the ganglion cell layer responded to 470-nm light at P4 to P5, whereas about 13.7% responded at P0 to P1. The response to light was not affected by pharmacological blockade of glutamate receptors but was absent in retinas from mice that lacked melanopsin. The fraction of light-responsive cells at birth and at P4 to P5 was greater than found in adults. The density of melanopsin-expressing cells was lower at P14 and in adults than earlier in development, peaking at about P4 to P5. ipRGCs project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN), and functional connections from ipRGCs to the SCN were present at P0. Thus, in mice, the ability to detect light substantially predates the ability to form images. — EMA

Curr. Biol. 15 , 1099 (2005).


The degree of involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in endothelial dysfunction was investigated by using a one-kidney, one-clip (1K,1C) model of renal hypertension. Male Wistar rats received 0.02% enalapril, 0.02% losartan, or tap water for 1 day before and for 48 h after the induction of renal artery stenosis or sham operation. The aorta of 1K,1C rats showed increased contraction and decreased relaxation responses produced by norepinephrine and acetylcholine, respectively, vs. control responses. Exposure to 10-5 mol/l N G-monomethyl-l-arginine acetate augmented the contractile responses to norepinephrine to a greater extent in control rats than in the 1K,1C rats. The increased contraction and decreased relaxation responses to these agonists in the 1K,1C rats were normalized by enalapril or losartan. The addition of HOE-140 to the bath did not alter these normalized responses. Results suggest that angiotensin II causes endothelial dysfunction and reduces nitric oxide levels in 1K,1C rats. Such endothelial dysfunction enhanced the norepinephrine-induced contraction during the early-stage hypertension in 1K,1C rats.


In this study, a novel algorithm based on the MUSIC algorithm is proposed for the localization of a broadband source in the time domain. The source is in the close range of the randomly distributed sensors. The emitter signal is arrived at the sensors with different amplitudes and phase delays, therefore the received signals at the sensors are the noisy variation of the one another. The data collected by the each sensor are provided from the observations. The measure of the similarity of two sensor data can be attained by calculating the cross correlation of that collected data in the time domain and then the time difference between these two signal can be determined. After this step, one of the sensors is chosen as the reference point and the observation time delays are compensated with reference to the chosen sensor. Finally, the emitter location is estimated efficiently by using the MUSIC algorithm. In addition, the simulation results that supported the performance of the algorithm are given in the paper.


In this paper, we consider the National Football League Pick Value Chart and propose an alternative. The current Pick Value Chart was created approximately 20 years ago and has been used since to determine the value of draft selections for trading of draft selections. For this paper, we analyze the first 255 draft selections for the years 1991 to 2001. As part of our analysis, we consider four non-position dependent metrics to measure and model player performance at each of the first 255 draft selections. We perform a nonparametric regression of each performance metric onto player's selections. A comparison is then made between each fitted line and the Pick Value Chart. Having considered these comparisons, we propose an alternative Pick Value Chart.


Studies of the transcriptional output of the human and mouse genomes have revealed that there are many more transcripts produced than can be accounted for by predicted protein-coding genes. Using a custom microarray, we have identified 184 non-coding RNAs that exhibit more than twofold up- or down-regulation upon differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes. Here, we focus on the Men epsilon/beta locus, which is up-regulated 3.3-fold during differentiation. Two non-coding RNA isoforms are produced from a single RNA polymerase II promoter, differing in the location of their 3' ends. Men epsilon is a 3.2-kb polyadenylated RNA, whereas Men beta is an approximately 20-kb transcript containing a genomically encoded poly(A)-rich tract at its 3'-end. The 3'-end of Men beta is generated by RNase P cleavage. The Men epsilon/beta transcripts are localized to nuclear paraspeckles and directly interact with NONO. Knockdown of MEN epsilon/beta expression results in the disruption of nuclear paraspeckles. Furthermore, the formation of paraspeckles, after release from transcriptional inhibition by DRB treatment, was suppressed in MEN epsilon/beta-depleted cells. Our findings indicate that the MEN epsilon/beta non-coding RNAs are essential structural/organizational components of paraspeckles.


Charge passed of mortars with different aggregate volume fractions was tested according to ASTM C1202, and the differential expression of the Ohm law was introduced to explain the relationship between charge passed data and aggregate fractions.Cl- penetration depth of the corresponding mortars and concretes was measured to illustrate the influence of the aggregate volume fraction on their chloride permeability. It was shown that the charge passed of mortar was negatively correlated with aggregate volume fractions, and high aggregate fraction bearing concrete with low charge passed did not necessarily mean low permeability. As a result, the influence of aggregate fraction on charge passed should be taken into consideration when charge passed data was employed to evaluate Cl- permeability of concrete.


Structural modification of the C-9154 antibiotic was carried out in an attempt to simultaneously improving its activity and lower its toxicity. An analogue of the C-9154 antibiotic and six derivatives of this analogue were synthesized. The approach was to significantly reduce the polarity of the analogue by structurally modifying it to get the derivatives in a bid to achieve increased permeability across cell membranes by conversion of the highly polar carboxylic group to an ester functional group. These compounds were synthesized by condensation of 2,4dimethylaniline with maleic anhydride and then conversion of the terminal carboxylic acid functional group to an ester functional group using a thionyl chloride-mediated esterification process. The in vitro biological activity showed that the derivatives were more active than the analogue and significantly better than the standard drugs used for comparison. The compounds were fully characterized using Infrared, GC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments.


A low thermal-budget SiGe base heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with a record current gain-Early voltage product (/spl beta//spl middot/Va) has been fabricated using atmospheric pressure (AP) CVD. After growing the SiGe layer on the wafer patterned by local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS), the HBT received thermal annealing only one time for drive-in and activation of arsenic (As) dopant in the polysilicon-emitter. For the 1/spl times/4 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ emitter, typical value of /spl beta//spl middot/Va is 200,000 V (/spl beta/=2,000 and Va=100 V) at the collector current of 0.9 mA.


Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a primary disorder of haem biosynthesis that is chemically characterised by raised urinary porphobilinogen (PBG). A defect in the biochemical pathway at the step of PBG conversion to uroporphyrinogen has been shown to be a result of a partial deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (uro I syn). The ascertainment rate of latent AIP (that is, chemically manifest but clinically asymptomatic) was examined in 185 individuals from 12 AIP kindreds using three parameters: red cell uro I syn, quantitative urinary PBG, and pedigree analysis with respect to uro I syn. Approximately 80% of individuals could be assigned as normal or latent AIP on the basis of the uro I syn assay alone. The remaining 20% could not be assigned because of an intermediate range of activity for the red cell assay in which the diagnosis cannot be certain. When the pedigree was used in the evaluation of the uro I syn data, the number of uncertain individuals, with respect to AIP, decreased to 10%. The enzyme method detected latent AIP in 37.5% of blood relatives, whereas quantitative urinary PBG alone detected only 15.2%. The pattern of inheritance for the uro I syn deficiency is consistent with Mendelian dominant inheritance, and it is likely that it is the basic inherited defect in AIP.


Friction stir processes (FSP) are important for enhancing mechanical properties of metal sheets, such as the tensile strength, the elongation, etc. The stress distribution of the tool pin is affected by the thermo-mechanical characteristics of the workpiece in FSP. Recently, magnesium alloy AZ31 is widely used in machine industries due to the light-weight material property. In this paper, a thermo-mechanical model for FSP using three dimensional FEM analyses is proposed for exploring temperature distributions, strain distributions and stress distributions of the workpiece. The heat generated from the plastic deformation and the friction between the head tool and workpiece is considered as the heat source in the simulation of the FSP process. A commercial finite element code – DEFORM 3D is used to carry out the simulation of the plastic deformation of AZ31 sheets during the FSP. The analytical results of temperature, strain and stress distributions of the workpiece and head tool can provide useful knowledge for tool pin design in FSP


The development of new eating habits, as well as actual trends in production and consumption, has a health, environmental and social impact. The entire world is fighting diseases characteristic of the modern age such as obesity, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, allergies, and dental problems. With a global increase in the prevalence of obesity, both nutrition and exercise play key roles in its prevention and treatment. Natural product (nutraceutical) interventions are currently being investigated on a large-scale basis as potential treatments for obesity and weight management. With advancing nutritional sciences, several nutrients such as; low-glycemic-index carbohydrates, 5-hydroxytryptophan, green tea extract, and chromium have been shown to promote weight loss. The first two nutrients decrease appetite, green tea increases the 24 hr energy expenditure, and chromium promotes the composition of the weight lost to be fat rather than lean tissue. These have been assembled, in efficacious doses, into a new functional food product and described in this review. Each component has already been shown to promote weight loss independently in clinical trials. Key words : obesity, weight loss, functional foods


A goal of computational psychiatry is to ground symptoms in more fundamental computational mechanisms. Theory suggests that rumination and other symptoms in mood disorders reflect dysregulated mental simulation, a process that normally serves to evaluate candidate actions. If so, these covert symptoms should have observable consequences: excessively deliberative choices, specifically about options related to the content of rumination. In two large general population samples, we examined how symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) predict choices in a socially framed reinforcement learning task, the Patent Race game. Using a computational learning model to assess learning strategy, we found that self-reported social anxiety was indeed associated with an increase in deliberative evaluation. The effect was specific to learning from a particular ("upward counterfactual") subset of feedback, broadly matching the biased content of rumination in SAD. It was also robust to controlling for other psychiatric symptoms. These results ground the symptoms of SAD, such as overthinking and paralysis in social interactions, in well characterized neuro-computational mechanisms and offer a rare example of enhanced function in disease


Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the rate and predictors of return to work (RTW) after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Overview of Literature: RTW is arguably the most important outcome following spine surgery from a patient's perspective. But, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports in the English literature describing RTW among patients undergoing surgery for moderate-to-severe CSM. Materials and Methods: We included adult patients with CSM with Nurick grade ≥ 3 who underwent surgery. They were divided into two groups: those who returned to work within 6 months (group 1) and those who did not (group 2) and their outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 34 patients were included in the study. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. Only 18 (52.9%) patients returned to work by 6 months. The nature of work had a statistically significant association with RTW by 6 months (P = 0.005) with failure to RTW specifically seen in manual laborers. Age, body mass index, symptom duration, pre-operative absenteeism, smoking, diabetes mellitus, number of levels operated, surgical approach, and post-operative complications did not have significant association with RTW. Better functional outcomes were seen in patients who returned to work as calculated using Nurick grade (P = 0.000) and modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score (P = 0.001). All the patients who returned to work and 75% of the patients who did not RTW were satisfied with the outcome of surgery (P = 0.039). Conclusion: In spite of functional improvement, CSM was associated with poor RTW with manual laborers being the most vulnerable group. This study will help surgeons modulate patient expectations as well as provide a platform for counseling them.


: Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is typically associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome (MEN 2), but not with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). We report a very rare case of MTC in a patient with MEN 1 syndrome. A 60-year-old Caucasian woman with sporadic MEN 1 syndrome was admitted in October 2018 for recurrent hyperparathyroidism unresponsive to medical therapy. Her medical history included the diagnosis of a non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NF-pNET) of the head of the pancreas 1.5 cm in size in 2001, and subtotal parathyroidectomy for uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism due to bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia in the same year. This history prompted genetic studies, and MEN 1 syndrome was con fi rmed. Family screening was performed in fi rst-degree relatives, with negative results. Other typical clinical manifestations of MEN 1 syndrome were ruled out. In November 2018, the patient underwent excision of the residual left inferior parathyroid, extended to include the left thyroid lobe, for recurrent uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism. The pathologist identi fi ed MTC and adenoma of the parathyroid gland. Genetic tests were performed to identify any RET mutation, with negative results. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy about 6 months later, and the subsequent histological report showed only focal reactive C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid. A literature review identi fi ed only three previously published cases of MTC coexisting with MEN 1 syndrome. This association may have two etiological hypotheses: either a sporadic MTC arising in a patient with MEN 1 syndrome, or a rare case of medullary cancer linked to a MEN 1 gene mutation.


Abstract Our thesis is that the reason many of us today are inclined toward socialism (explicit cooperation) and against laissez-faire capitalism (implicit cooperation) is because the first type of behavior was much more genetically beneficial during previous generations of our species. There is, however, a seemingly strong argument against this hypothesis: evidence from human prehistory indicates that trade (implicit cooperation) previously was widespread. How, then, can we be hard-wired in favor of socialism and against capitalism if our ancestors were engaged in market behavior in past millennia? Although trade which is self-centered and beneficial (presumably mutually beneficial to all parties in the exchange) did indeed appear hundreds of thousands of years ago, benevolence was established in our hard-wiring very substantially earlier, literally hundreds of millions of years ago, and is therefore far more deeply integrated into the human psyche.


Farnsworth Bank is a relatively small, semi-isolated feature composed of sharp pinnacles and located on the seaward side of Santa Catalina Island, southern California. Despite its heavy colonization by the rare purple hydrocoral Stylaster californicus (verrill, 1866), and its popularity as a fishing and diving site, no complete fish survey of this site had been conducted. Using the occupied submersible Delta, we made four dives (comprising 15 transects and 342 habitat patches) in waters between 30 and 90 m deep, totaling 12,605 m2 (6325 linear m) of sea floor. during the survey, fishes, purple hydrocoral colonies, and marine debris were assessed. we observed a total of 10,404 fishes, representing at least 43 species and 13 families. Rockfishes (genus Sebastes), comprising 25 species and 7070 individuals, dominated the assemblage. The most abundant fish species were squarespot rockfish, blacksmith, and dwarf-red rockfish, all schooling and aggregating epibenthic or midwater taxa. Commonly observed solitary species included blackeye goby and rosy rockfish. Most economically important fish species were uncommon and were represented by small individuals. purple hydrocoral colonies were observed at depths between 31 and 66 m, primarily between about 30 and 40 m, and only on rocky substrate. Although we observed hydrocoral colonies with diameters as large as 120 cm, most were 40 cm or less and the largest colonies tended to be in the shallowest waters. Relatively large amounts of debris, mostly recreational and commercial fishery related lines and nets, were observed.


Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (GBNERR) is an important ecosystem in the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The GBNERR may be a potential source for contamination with anthropogenic bacterial pathogens that may play a significant role in the causation of waterborne human diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters at the GBNERR to determine quantitative levels and establish the potential for remediation of post-contamination of water and seafood by human fecal pollution from anthropogenic sources at the reserve. Water samples were collected aseptically from Bayous Heron, Cumbest, Point Aux Chenes Bay and Bangs Lake (Pine-O-Pine). Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard protocols. Eight bacterial species including Campylobacter were concentrated from water samples by membrane filtration. Water samples were tested for the presence of traditional indicator microorganisms including: heterotrophic (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and enterococcus (ENT) in CFU/ml concentrations. Mean values of temperature, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within acceptable levels in comparison to MDEQ, USEPA, and the USGS standards during the time of investigation. However, the values of turbidity in Grand Bay water exceeded USEPA recommended levels in several occasions during the investigation. Data from this study indicates significant variability (p < 0.0001) in mean bacteria concentrations between sites. The data also indicates significant impact of acetic acid treatment in the remediation of post contamination and survival of pathogens from the GBNERR Bayous Heron, Cumbest, and Pine-O-Pine when compared with control findings. The interaction of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water through external chemical manipulation by acetic acid may provide utility in the remediation of post-contamination with anthropogenic pathogens such as E. coli, Enterococci, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Presence of high numbers of indicator bacteria suggests public health concerns for oyster and shellfish consumers as well as other water contact activities. Hence, control strategies should be developed and implemented to prevent or remediate any future contamination of the GBNERR waters citing the economic impact of such contamination on shellfish fishing activities on the reserve.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the functionality of implanted microchips following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

DESIGN
Prospective clinical trial.

ANIMALS
53 client-owned patients implanted with a microchip undergoing MRI of various areas of the body for a variety of medical conditions.

PROCEDURES
General anesthesia was induced, and each patient's microchip was scanned with a universal microchip scanner; the chip number was recorded. Patients were transported to the MRI suite, and MRI was completed. Patients were moved out of the magnetic environment, and microchips were scanned again. Patient information and chip number were recorded. Chip numbers before and after MRI were compared.

RESULTS
For all 53 microchips scanned from 53 patients, the same number was read accurately following MRI of a variety of sites.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
These data indicated that MRI did not interfere with the functionality of these microchips. This information is valuable for practitioners recommending MRI for their patients and for clients who have invested in implanting a microchip in their pets.


The effect of Al addition on microstructures and tensile properties of cold-rolled Ni3(Si,Ti) intermetallic alloys with L12 ordered structure, which were fabricated through thermomechanical processing from arc-melted ingots, were investigated. Addition of 4 and 8 at.% Al to Ni3(Si,Ti) was conducted in two ways that Al substituted for Ti site and both for Ni and Ti sites, respectively. The alloys made by the former way showed a two-phase microstructure consisting of disordered fcc Ni solid solution dispersions in the L12 matrix, irrespective of Al contents, while the 4 at.% Al alloy made by the latter way exhibited an L12 single-phase microstructure. These alloys were successfully cold-rolled to thin sheets with a thickness of 200 μm except the 8 at.% Al alloy made by the latter way. For the thermomechanically processed 4 at.% Al alloys, high-temperature yield stress was higher in the alloy made by the latter way than in the alloy made by the former one, suggesting that the single-phase microstructure consisting of whole L12 ordered structure is favorable for high-temperature tensile property.


Embryonic chick fibroblast cells were used to test the effects of puromycin on cell adhesion and aggregation. Single cell suspensions were prepared by dissociating the muscle tissues of 5- and 9-day-old chick embryos with either trypsin or versene according to standard cell dissociation procedures. Cell aggregation was quantitatively estimated by a turbidimetric method. Quantitative analyses of the components in cell-free supernatants revealed that both trypsin and versene when used as cell dissociating agents removed substantial amounts of protein from the surfaces of the cells and the intercellular regions. Trypsin removed larger quantities of protein and of N -acetylneuraminic acid than did versene. Nucleic acids were also released during trypsin and versene dissociation, and estimations of these nucleic acids gave a measure of the extent of cell lysis. The proteins and peptides were separated by gel filtration. The solubilized proteins removed by versene treatment were separated into three peaks on Sephadex G. 200. The tryptic digest gave one main peptide peak on Sephadex G.50. Both trypsin- and versene-dissociated cells, on rotation in Hanks9s balanced salts solution with or without serum, began to adhere to one another at the start of the test period, indicating that the cell dissociation procedures had not impaired the adhesive properties of the separated cells. When puromycin at a final concentration of 10 µg/ml was introduced at zero time into a cell suspension with or without serum, it did not delay the adhesion of cells to one another, and did not prevent the formation in the first hour of initial aggregates; it succeeded only in preventing progress in aggregation beyond the initial stages. Adding puromycin at the 2nd or 3rd hour of the 4-h test period, when aggregation had already taken place, produced results of a similar pattern, progress in aggregation being brought to a halt an hour later. Puromycin at the above concentration effectively blocked protein synthesis by more than 90% as measured by the incorporation of L-[α- 14 C]leucine into the proteins of the rotated cells. These results implied that aggregation was not dependent on the synthesis of 'cell aggregating' material to replenish the loss of such material from the surfaces of the cells owing to the trypsin treatment. It is significant that 2,4-dinitrophenol, which is known to suppress cellular metabolism by inhibiting the production of ATP, also brought cell aggregation to a halt only after a lag period during which initial aggregates were formed. It is suggested, as evidenced in the results of our investigations, that puromycin may well be exerting its inhibitory effect by ultimately depressing cellular metabolism below the level at which certain basic adhesive mechanisms at the cell surface can operate.


The current work tests whether the dispositional tendency to compare oneself to others—social comparison orientation (SCO)—impacts decisions in moral dilemmas. Past research offers two competing predictions for how SCO impacts moral decision making: (a) SCO increases deontological judgments because people high in SCO care especially about social norms versus (b) SCO decreases deontological judgments because people high in SCO are competitive and thus unconcerned about causing harm to others. Four studies (two preregistered) find consistent support that SCO decreases deontological decisions. This relationship was robust in employing conventional (Study 1) and process dissociation (Studies 2–4) dilemma analytic techniques. Furthermore, we find that psychopathy uniquely mediates decreased deontological decisions among people high in SCO (Study 4). These results indicate that high-SCO people make fewer deontological decisions because they are less concerned with causing harm. Overall, the current research suggests that there is a dark side to making social comparisons.


The language of young people is central in sociolinguistic research, as it is seen to be innovative and a primary source of knowledge about linguistic change and the role of language. This volume brings together a team of leading scholars to explore and compare linguistic practices of young people in multilingual urban spaces, with analyses ranging from grammar to ideology. It includes fascinating examples from cities in Europe, Africa, Canada and the US to demonstrate how young people express their identities through language, for example in hip-hop lyrics and new social media. This is the first book to cover the topic from a globally diverse perspective, and it investigates how linguistic practices across different communities intersect with age, ethnicity, gender and class. In doing so it shows commonalities and differences in how young people experience, act and relate to the contemporary social, cultural and linguistic complexity of the twenty-first century.


The time-tested Indigenous fishing knowledge (IFK) of Fiji and the Pacific Islands is seriously threatened due to the commercialization of fishing, breakdown of traditional communal leadership and oral knowledge transmission systems, modern education, and the movement of the younger generations to urban areas for work and/or study. Consequently, IFK, which has been orally transmitted for generations, has either been lost, not learned by the current generation, or remains undocumented. This study focuses on the critical need to conserve and include IFK as a basis for assessing the conservation status of ecologically and culturally keystone fisheries species as a basis for planning site-specific management of marine and freshwater fisheries in Fiji and the Pacific Islands. The study reviews studies of the last two and a half centuries on IFK from Fiji and elsewhere in the small oceanic islands of the Pacific, as a basis for the conservation, documentation and intergenerational transfer of this knowledge as the foundation for sustainable fisheries management. The study also reviews: the nature and conservation status of IFK, itself; and the conservation status of species considered to be of particular ecological and cultural importance; reasons for the loss of species/taxa and associated knowledge and practices; and actions that can be taken to address this loss.


An end-to-end trainable convolutional neural network (CNN) framework which mimics bag of visual words (BoVW) is proposed for image classification. To this end, a new paradigm for histogram-like image representation is introduced and optimal transport (OT) distance is utilized for the similarity assessment. Any patch of an image is considered as a unique visual word and the image is represented as the uniform histogram of the visual words with the histogram bins associated to embedding vectors according to the semantic meanings of the corresponding visual words. Thus, in the CNN framework, the output of the last convolutional block is considered as the global representation of the image and the embeddings are inherently learned within the classification framework. With the proposed formulation, undesired quantization for the BoVW representation is no more required; moreover, the learned CNN features are naturally interpretable. The experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and SVHN datasets show that the replacement of the global pooling and fully connected layers with the proposed representation together with OT distance improves the baseline CNN framework.


The notion of nonlinear change, the most recent addition to the lexicon of change types, emerged as a logical extension of viewing organizations as complex adaptive social systems. As such it may be nothing other than a 'label' following a rich tradition of poorly conceptualized change concepts, yet may also contain the promise of improved explanatory power with regard to organizational change dynamics. This paper explores the theory of nonlinear change with particular reference to macro-scale and micro-scale change processes and tests its application with a 'bank run' or 'run-ondeposits' in a case organization. The retrospective analysis of newspaper reports covering a period of 18 months echoes the theoretical fundamentals of nonlinear change and highlights the central role of human affect as a catalyzing source of nonlinear


A contemporary perspective on transmit antenna diversity and spatial multiplexing is provided. It is argued that, in the context of most modern wireless systems and for the operating points of interest, transmission techniques that utilize all available spatial degrees of freedom for multiplexing outperform techniques that explicitly sacrifice spatial multiplexing for diversity. Reaching this conclusion, however, requires that the channel and some key system features be adequately modeled and that suitable performance metrics be adopted; failure to do so may bring about starkly different conclusions. As a specific example, this contrast is illustrated using the 3GPP long-term evolution system design.


A method has been developed, after extensive evaluation of several
different types of experimental system, which allows a gaseous reaction
mixture to be sampled by a mass spectrometer. Samples from the reaction
mixture flow into the spectrometer under a regime of viscous flow in an
excess background of helium. This technique preserves the composition of
the sample as it passes from the reaction vessel into the source of the
mass spectrometer. Analysis of the resultant mass spectrum gives the
composition of the mixture. The gas phase thermolysis of hexaborane(10) has been studied by this
method for pressures in the range 1-10 mmHg, and at temperatures between
75 and 153°C. Hexaborane(10) is found to decompose by a second order
process having an activation energy of 79 ± 5 kJ mol -1 and a pre-
exponential factor of ~10 7 m3 mol -1-1s The main products are hydrogen
and a non-volatile solid, though small amounts of pentaborane(9) and
decaborane(14) are also produced. In addition there is evidence for a
B12 intermediate, and octaborane(12) is observed in trace amounts during
the early stages of the thermolysis in the lower temperature runs. Some
preliminary work on the effects of deuterium on the reaction is also
described. Additionally, studies of a red glassy solid obtained from the
room temperature, liquid phase decomposition of hexaborane(10) suggest
that this reaction may be related to that in the gas phase. The overall results are consistent with a mechanism involving
polymerization via a reactive B12 intermediate formed in a bimolecular
reaction between two hexaborane(10) molecules. The pentaborane(9) and
decaborane(14) are considered to be products of a relatively minor side
reaction. Possible mechanisms are proposed and discussed.


In this paper we introduce the notion of horizontally affine, $h$-affine in short, maps on step-two Carnot groups. When the group is a free step-two Carnot group, we show that such class of maps has a rich structure related to the exterior algebra of the first layer of the group. Using the known fact that arbitrary step-two Carnot groups can be written as a quotient of a free step-two Carnot group, we deduce from the free step-two case a description of $h$-affine maps in this more general setting, together with several characterizations of step-two Carnot groups where $h$-affine are affine in the usual sense, when identifying the group with a real vector space. Our interest for $h$-affine maps stems from their relationship with a class of sets called precisely monotone, recently introduced in the literature, as well as from their relationship with minimal hypersurfaces.


Objectives There is increased interest in cannabinoids for cancer pain management and legislative changes are in progress in many countries. This study aims to determine the beneficial and adverse effects of cannabis/cannabinoids compared with placebo/other active agents for the treatment of cancer-related pain in adults. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis to identify randomised controlled trials of cannabinoids compared with placebo/other active agents for the treatment of cancer-related pain in adults to determine the effect on pain intensity (primary outcome) and adverse effects, including dropouts. Searches included Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane and grey literature. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Results We identified 2805 unique records, of which six randomised controlled trials were included in this systematic review (n=1460 participants). Five studies were included in the meta-analysis (1442 participants). All had a low risk of bias. There was no difference between cannabinoids and placebo for the difference in the change in average Numeric Rating Scale pain scores (mean difference −0.21 (−0.48 to 0.07, p=0.14)); this remained when only phase III studies were meta-analysed: mean difference −0.02 (−0.21 to 0.16, p=0.80). Cannabinoids had a higher risk of adverse events when compared with placebo, especially somnolence (OR 2.69 (1.54 to 4.71), p<0.001) and dizziness (OR 1.58 (0.99 to 2.51), p=0.05). No treatment-related deaths were reported. Dropouts and mortality rates were high. Conclusions Studies with a low risk of bias showed that for adults with advanced cancer, the addition of cannabinoids to opioids did not reduce cancer pain. Trial registration number CRD42018107662.


Zinc gallogermanate samples have been optimized for maximum performance by zinc depletion and three overlapping photoluminescence and persistent luminescence bands at 3.0, 2.6 and 2.4 eV are assigned to emission from F+ (2T1 → 2A1) and F0 (3T1, 1T1 → 1A1) centres, respectively. The emission exhibits a strong temperature dependence so that only the 2.4 eV emission is observed at room temperature. In the spectral range from 3.4–2.2 eV the measured persistent luminescence average lifetime from biexponential fits at different temperatures can be explained from the extreme values measured at these energies together with the analysis of the deconvoluted persistent luminescence spectra. The systematic study on the influence of the irradiation time, irradiation power and delay time between irradiation and measurement of the persistent luminescence decay curve has been employed at 10 K to investigate the occurrence of tunneling from the trap to the emission centre. It is found that tunneling may occur only at a very low dose rates for the trap leading to emission at 3.0 eV since the number of traps is much smaller than the number of emission centres. The trap depths for the emission at 2.6 eV and 2.4 eV are 0.003 eV, and in the range from 0.1 eV to at least 0.6 eV, respectively, where there is a continuous distribution of traps with increasing temperature, attributed to the different geometry and distances of traps feeding oxygen vacancies. The persistent luminescence decays are well-fitted by hyperbolic functions and it follows that power-law fits give variable power indices at short times. The slopes of power law fits to the persistent luminescence decay at 10 K become closer to zero, for decays over the range up to 100 s, with increasing delay time. The room temperature green persistent luminescence may find application as a photosensitizer.


Jules Verne - Voila! - is a name that resonates with visions of fantastic adventures and images of exotic exploits. In his voyages extraordinaires, the noted French author integrates his encyclopedic knowledge of science and geography with his ability to tell fascinating and entertaining tales, taking his readers on unprecedented journeys across the globe, into the earth, and out into space. This revered writer, who with his boundless imagination had hoped to contribute substantially to the world of letters, has surpassed that expectation to become coincidentally a significant influence on film. This comprehensive filmography not only offers an incisive analysis of Verne's epic creations, but also presents an examination of the films inspired by his stories and characters. If one tries to think of all the films adapted from the works of Jules Verne, a fair sampling might be easy to come up with. If one looks more closely at the plots and motifs of many other films, science fiction and otherwise, their origins are revealed to have been derived from Verne. For example, most film enthusiasts are familiar with Disney's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and a few may even be aware of the 1916 silent version. But Verne's classic undersea novel also provided the underpinnings for such other movies as Fantastic Voyage (1966) and Innerspace (1987). The central arrangement is by Verne's title with a brief thematic analysis of the novel. The entry then presents in chronological order all cinematic adaptations of that work, allowing the user to make comparative analyses of not only the movies but also their relationships to Verne's original story. Filmographic data are provided for each adaptation, along with a plot synopsis that blends critical commentary with an examination of the connection between the movie and Verne's work.


the power of the cinema and how it would impact writing: "You will see that this little clicking contraption with the revolving handle will make a revolution in our life—in the life of writers...[a] new form of writing will be necessary." Whether Tolstoy was prescient or overly credulous is debatable—if there has been a revolution, I'd argue that it has been subtle, visible in how pervasive the cutaway is in contemporary fiction and the ease writers have in ending scenes abruptly or jumping from one to the next. And if anything, it's television that has experienced the more recent revolutionary fervor, the best long-form shows taking their cues from serial novels. That art doesn't progress in a linear way but is recursive, cyclical, and retrospective, is obvious yet worth highlighting. Who would've predicted that the podcast, a hybrid of old-time radio and feature news, storytelling and sampling, would go all sui generis and blow up? N. J. Campbell's debut novel Found Audio feels like it's suffused in podcast aesthetics, built around the rhythms, the found textures and harmonics, and even the ragged, builtin glitchiness that makes podcasts feel organic, that allows us to escape traffic and inhabit them rather than merely throwing them on in the background. Found Audio has the brazenly surreal and bricolage quality of podcast Welcome to Night-vale (2012—), along with the peculiar narrative swerving of a Serial (2014—) or an S-town (2017), where we sense less that we are being propelled forward and more that we are embedded with the narrator as s/he descends into ever-deepening, possibly unfathomable mysteries. And like Radiolab or This American Life, it feels modular—its three individual stories stand on their own, while feeling linked by themes and threads that give it a sense of wholeness. But not perfect wholeness. Like the best podcasts, Found Audio doesn't try to wrap everything up, but makes its lacunae and distortions, its interuptions and corruptions, among its pleasures. The book opens with a canny frame wherein the transcriber, Amrapali Anna Singh, explains that the stories to follow have been personally delivered to her on analog tapes by one Pierre Cavey under mysterious circumstances. As she puts it, "...I determine the authenticity of source materials and other specialized information in audio formats from earlier time periods." Establishing Singh as a sound geek and also a scientist—not readily rankled, impressed, or bullshat—Campbell ramps up the urgency: She feels the need to get these transcriptions out tell me more. Already weirdness is afoot. She says "That life exists at all is an exceptionally bizarre coincidence." And we get some Borgesian flourishes, like the allusions to her published works, The Sound of Time and The Sound of Temperature among them. Such unsteady ground in the guise of scientific rigor forms the atmosphere for the book as a whole—slippery, ethereal, and immersive. The bulk of the novel plunges us into tapes themselves, in which an unnamed American journalist with a midwestern accent tells of his travels to the bayou, the Walled City of Kowloon, and finally to Turkey; each location, however, seems to exist in some zone in between reality and dream. The bayou section centers on Otha Johnson, who legend has it "was born on the swamp, raised on the swamp, and hunted the swamp before the legality of who owned the land came into question..." In a story less self-aware, Otha might be a troubling character—his face is described as "blacker than coal...the whites of his eyes...bright ivory," and is said to "look...like one of those pulp magazine covers from Weird Tales;" the resemblance of his name to "other" is no accident. The narrator is there to sound him from his "lowest note to the top of [his] compass," as Hamlet puts it, but Otha challenges him, declaring,


We examined heart transplant demographics, graft outcomes and associated risk factors in the United States from 1988 to 2010, reported in the UNOS registry. Only those who underwent primary orthotopic heart transplants were selected, excluding those with multi-organ transplants. Infant mortality in the first three months after heart transplantation should be given more attention because strategies to prevent early graft failure would have the greatest impact on survival in this group. African American recipients are the group most vulnerable to graft loss in solid organ transplantation, with no exception for heart transplant. Since we found that matching AA recipients with AA donors significantly raises the survival rate, race-matching should be advocated for this group. HLA compatibility does play an independent role in heart transplantation, although the effect is not as obvious as in kidney transplantation.


We report on the fabrication of gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowaveguides of controlled dimensions, as small as 0.03 μm and aspect ratio in excess of 20, using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. A known limitation of this fabrication process for photonic applications is the formation of gallium droplets on the surface. We demonstrate a post-fabrication step using a pulsed laser to locally oxidize the excess surface gallium on the FIB milled nanostructures. The process significantly reduces the waveguide losses. The surface optical quality of the fabricated GaP nanowaveguides has been evaluated by second-harmonic generation experiments. Surface and bulk contributions to second-order optical nonlinearities have been identified by polarization measurements. The presented method can potentially be applied to other III-V nanostructures to reduce optical losses.


Previous studies on the immunoreactivity of β-catenin, MUC1 and c-met in gastric carcinomas regarding survival and clinico-pathological features led to contradictory results. Therefore, a series of 94 diffuse-type and mixed-type subcardial gastric carcinomas according to the Laurén classification were investigated to elucidate possible correlations with clinico-pathological and prognostic data. An immunohistochemical study was performed to detect the expression of β-catenin, MUC1 and c-met. Loss of membranous/cytoplasmic β-catenin expression in the tumour centre correlated with pT, loss at the invasion front with pTNM stage. MUC1 expression in the tumour centre correlated with lymph node metastasis and pTNM stage. c-Met did not show such associations. In multivariate survival analysis, loss of membranous/ cytoplasmic β-catenin expression as well as a strong MUC1 expression at the tumour invasion front represent independent predictors of a worse prognosis. On the other hand, c-met expression did not exhibit any prognostic value in this study.


Short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging polarimetry has widespread applications in telecommunication, medical imaging, surveillance, remote-sensing, and industrial metrology. In this work, we design, fabricate, and test an achromatic SWIR elliptical polarizer, which is a key component of SWIR imaging polarimetry. The elliptical polarizer is made of a patterned linear polarizer and a patterned optical elliptical retarder. The linear polarizer is a wire grid polarizer. The elliptical retarder is constructed with three layers of nematic phase A-plate liquid crystal polymer (LCP) films with different fast axis orientations and physical film thicknesses. For each LCP layer, four arrays of hexagonal patterns with individual fast-axis orientations are realized utilizing selective linearly polarized ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on a photo-alignment polymer film. The Mueller matrices of the optical filters were measured in the wavelength range 1000 nm to 1600 nm and compared with theory. Our results demonstrate the functionality and quality of the patterned retarders with normalized analyzer vector parameter deviation below 7% over this wavelength range. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first polymer-based patterned elliptical polarizer for SWIR polarimetry imaging applications.


Introduction. Lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer is an independent prognostic factor and used as a guidlines for adjuvant therapy. Paralleled to this, TNM staging system has been used widely and nowadays referred to a gold standard of colorectal cancer staging. So far, such a system classifies the staging based on the numbers of positive lymph node involvement. Japanese classification was another kind of system do that categorize based on the distribution of lymph nodes involved (i.e. paracolic/rectal, intermediate, root of mesenteric artery). Method. This was a preliminary study analyzed of 15 subjects with sigmoid and rectal cancer underwent surgery at dr Cipto Mangunkusumo and Fatmawati Hospital between September and October 2015. We studied the specimen for histopathological evaluation focused on the numbers of positive lymph nodes and the distribution of lymph node metastasis. Staging was carried out using both of TNM system and Japanese classification, and these variables were subjected to agreement analysis. Results. We found more than twelve lymph nodes from each sample. Based on TNM staging system, there are seven subjects on stage II, three subjects with stage IIIb and five subjects with stage IIIc, meanwhile based on Japanese Classification, there were seven subjects with stage II, one subjects with stage IIIa and seven subjects with stage IIIb. Analysis of agreement between both of classifications resulted in coefficient Kappa of 49.3% (moderate category) with p-value of 0.04. Conclusion. Our preliminary study showed that agreement between both of classifications to specify sigmoid and rectal staging is in moderate category. Japanese classification is feasible to be used. Agreement accuracy may be obtained with a bigger samples (New Ropanasuri J Surg.2016;1(1):e34)


A cDNA corresponding to superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 188.8.131.52.) was isolated from a Leishmania donovani chagasi (L. d. chagasi) promastigote cDNA library, using PCR with a set of primers derived from conserved amino acids of manganese SODs (MnSODs) and iron SODs (FeSODs). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with previously reported SOD amino acid sequences revealed that the L. d. chagasi 585-bp open reading frame had considerable homology with FeSODs and MnSODs. The highest homology was shared with prokaryotic FeSODs. The coding region of L. d. chagasi SOD cDNA has been expressed in fusion with glutathione-S-transferase, using an Escherichia coli mutant, QC779, lacking both MnSOD and FeSOD genes (sodA and sodB). Staining of native polyacrylamide gels for SOD activity of Leishmania crude lysate and the recombinant SOD revealed that both had SOD activity that was inactivated by 5 mM hydrogen peroxide but not by 2 mM potassium cyanide, which is indicative of FeSOD. The recombinant enzyme also protected E. coli mutant QC779 from paraquat toxicity. This indicated that the glutathione-S-transferase peptide does not interfere with the in vivo and in vitro activities of the recombinant SOD. Cross-species hybridization showed that FeSOD is highly conserved in the Leishmania genus. Interestingly, the hybridization pattern of the FeSOD gene(s) coincided with other classification schemes that divide Leishmania species into complexes. The cloning of FeSOD cDNA may contribute to the understanding of the role of SODs in Leishmania pathogenesis.


Fossil fuels are used as raw materials for the manufacture of synthetic organic materials, e.g. plastics, fibres, synthetic rubber,
 paints, solvents, fertilisers, surfactants, lubricants and bitumen. Since fossil carbon is embodied in these products they may be particularly relevant to climate change. This thesis analyses the production, use and waste management of synthetic organic
 materials. The main research questions are to determine · how much the production and waste management of synthetic organic
 materials contribute to the release of CO2 emissions and · to what extent these emissions could be reduced in the short term by
 improved material management, including recycling, re-use, energy recovery and the use of bio-based resources as feedstocks.
 The thesis aims to answer these research questions for Germany, which accounts for about one quarter of the total production
 of synthetic organic materials and products in Western Europe. In Chapter 2, firstly a Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is
 conducted and secondly, the IPCC Reference Approach is applied. A prerequisite for the application of both methods is that
 statistical data for carbon feedstocks as published in national energy balances comply with a common definition. The analyses
 for Germany, Italy and the Netherlands show that this is not always the case a fact which shows the importance of data
 harmonisation. If harmonised data are used for Germany the results determined according to the two methods correspond well.
 In Chapter 3, a model to estimate a the total amount of plastics waste in a country is developed and applied. According to the
 model results for Germany the amount of post-consumer plastics waste will rise from 4.6 Mt in 1995 to 6.2-7.2 Mt in 2005 and
 could easily reach a value in the range of 12-14 Mt in 2025. Chapter 4 studies the energy requirements and the CO2 emissions
 related to the production of organic intermediates and plastics. In Chapter 5 and 6, surfactants made from vegetable oils are
 compared to petrochemical surfactants and to biodiesel with regard to energy use and CO2 emissions. One important finding is
 that the savings of non-renewable energy and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions are higher if vegetable oils are used
 as a feedstock to produce chemicals compared to their use for biofuels. Chapter 7 analyses recycling and energy recovery
 strategies for post-consumer plastics. Based on the results of earlier chapters, Chapter 8 studies the total system of production
 and waste management of synthetic organic materials in Germany in present and future. In 1995, the entire system required 1700
 PJ of non-renewable primary energy and 57 Mt CO2 of fossil origin were emitted. The technical saving potential by the year
 2005 is estimated at 220 PJ of energy and 14 Mt of CO2. These figures include the use of waste as a resource (recycling, re-use,
 energy recovery) and material production using biomass-derived feedstocks. If compared to the figures for 1995, these savings
 are equivalent to 13% for energy and 24% for CO2. Compared to the total German economy in 1995 the savings are equivalent to
 1.5% both for energy and CO2. It is concluded that the potential for CO2 mitigation related to synthetic organic materials should
 be given more attention in future.


Purpose. Autophagy plays a key role in host defence responses against microbial infections by promoting degradation of pathogens and participating in acquired immunity. The interaction between autophagy and viruses is complex, and this pathway is hijacked by several viruses. Influenza virus (IV) interferes with autophagy through its replication and increases the accumulation of autophagosomes by blocking lysosome fusion. Thus, autophagy could be an effective area for antiviral research. Methodology. In this study, we evaluated the effect of autophagy on IV replication. Two cell lines were transfected with Beclin‐1 expression plasmid before (prophylactic approach) and after (therapeutic approach) IV inoculation. Results/Key findings. Beclin‐1 overexpression in the cells infected by virus induced autophagy to 26%. The log10haemagglutinin titre and TCID50 (tissue culture infective dose giving 50% infection) of replicating virus were measured at 24 and 48 h post‐infection. In the prophylactic approach, the virus titre was enhanced significantly at 24 h post‐infection (P≤0.01), but it was not significantly different from the control at 48 h post‐infection. In contrast, the therapeutic approach of autophagy induction inhibited the virus replication at 24 and 48 h post‐infection. Additionally, we showed that inhibition of autophagy using 3‐methyladenine reduced viral replication. Conclusion. This study revealed that the virus (H1N1) titre was controlled in a time‐dependent manner following autophagy induction in host cells. Manipulation of autophagy during the IV life cycle can be targeted both for antiviral aims and for increasing viral yield for virus production.


Siddha is one of the ancients medical system in India considered as the mother medicine of ancient Tamils/Dravidians in South India. The word Siddha means established truth or "one who is accomplished" and refers to perfected masters who according to Hindu belief have transcended the ahamkara (ego or Imaker), have subdued their minds to be subservient to their awareness, and have transformed their bodies composed mainly of dense Rajotama gunas into a different kind of bodies dominated by sattva. This is usually accomplished only by persistent meditation over many lifetimes. Siddha System of Medicine is as old as mankind and dominated the civilization of the southern peninsula of India. There are some people who claim that Ayurveda is the oldest medical system, but from the research done with the help of available historical data, it is evident that Siddha system of medicine is much older and has more history than even Ayurveda. Not only is this medical system the oldest, this is a medical system with lots of specialities; its specialities far outweigh the Ayurvedic medicine.


Dr Wit in his letter makes several points requiring an answer. (1) He wishes clarification of the investigation of growth hormone deficiency. The purpose of the two papers on exercise tests from Dundee and Newcastle was to emphasise the usefulness of exercise, a physiological stimulus, in the early investigation of growth hormone deficiency, provided the exercise is carried out in a scientific manner. The Dundee group mentioned only insulin stimulation for those later diagnosed as growth hormone deficient, as this was true for the nine children concerned. The most recent of these, however, was diagnosed in 1979 and thereafter opinion moved away from the use of insulin towards sleep, clonidine, L-dopa, arginine, and glucagon tests in the various United Kingdom growth centres. (2) He challenges the classic definition of growth hormone deficiency, which, allowing for the different biochemical tests now in use, is at present the definition accepted by the Human Growth Hormone Health Services Committee. In addition, height prediction studies in relation to mid-parental height and assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis are taken into consideration. (3) He favours the use of 24 hour growth hormone profiles in children with short stature or low growth velocity, or both, and growth hormone responses greater than 15 mU/l, in order to confirm or exclude growth hormone deficiency and he suggests a definition based on this test. With regard to confirmation of growth hormone deficiency, or at least of the benefit of treatment, the Human Growth Hormone Health Services Committee follows up all children on growth hormone in the United Kingdom through a coordinator, and these children have to show a satisfactory increase in height velocity during the first year of treatment in comparison with that during the previous year. The use of a 24 hour sleep test as the final method of excluding growth hormone deficiency would create difficulties. Such a test is not easy to perform, especially during the night phase, when nervous children do not sleep deeply with an indwelling cannula in situ and, if used as a final definitive test, it would require routine electroencephalographic monitoring for the accurate assessment of the sleep pattern. (4) He suggests that a therapeutic trial of growth hormone therapy for short, slowly growing children with normal peak growth hormone responses would be valuable. Such a trial is in progress in the United Kingdom as outlined by Professor Milner, Chairman of the Human Growth Hormone Health Services Committee, in his article.'


Abstract Conservation and management of rare fishes relies on managers having the most informed understanding of the underlying ecology of the species under investigation. Cisco (Coregonus artedi), a species of conservation concern, is a cold-water pelagic fish that is notoriously variable in morphometry and life history. Published reports indicate, at spawning time, Cisco in great lakes may migrate into or through large rivers, whereas those in small lakes move inshore. Nonetheless, during a sampling trip to Follensby Pond, a 393 ha lake in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, we observed gravid Cisco swimming over an outlet sill from a narrow shallow stream and into the lake. We opportunistically dip-netted a small subsample of 11 individuals entering the lake from the stream (three female, eight male) and compared them to fish captured between 2013 and 2015 with gillnets in the lake. Stream-captured Cisco were considerably larger than lake-captured individuals at a given age, had significantly larger asymptotic length, and were present only as mature individuals between age of 3 and age 5. These results could suggest either Cisco are migrating from a nearby lake to spawn in Follensby Pond, or that a distinct morphotype of Cisco from Follensby Pond migrates out to the stream and then back in at spawning time. Our results appear to complement a handful of other cases in which Cisco spawning migrations have been documented and to provide the first evidence for such behavior in a small inland lake.


OBJECTIVE
To understand the source and distribution of rabies virus (RV) in Hunan province with viral surveillance in order to provide scientific measures for prevention and control on rabies.

METHODS
Brain samples from healthy-looking domestic dogs were collected in the agricultural markets at the districts of high, middle, and low incidence rates and detected by direct Immunofluorescence assay (DFA). Positive samples would be further detected by RT-PCR and the surveillance samples were detected by RT-PCR. The positive samples detected by RT-PCR were sequenced with N gene.

RESULTS
The infection rate of those healthy-looking domestic dogs with rabies virus was 2.78% in Hunan province in 2005. 23 positive samples' N gene were sequenced and their similarities were 88.8% - 100.0%. The results indicated that Hunan rabies virus N gene aberrance was mainly synonymous aberrance and did not carry obvious regional characteristics. The rabies virus were circulating among different districts in Hunan province, and the neighboring provinces such as Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi, Jiangsu and Henan. There were no positive samples detected in salivary, blood and urine samples. There was one positive sample detected in two skin samples.

CONCLUSION
There are dogs infected with rabies virus found in Hunan province and this study showed that rabies virus detected in Hunan had a close genetic relationship with those rabies identified in other provinces, suggesting that study on the immunity and management of dog related rabies should be strengthened.


Hearing loss is one of the most common chronic diseases that affect both young and old, but it is most prevalent in old people. This condition is generally irreversible in humans and can be due to the loss of hair cells, which are unable to regenerate. However, recent evidence of some regenerative ability reported in a number of nonmammal vertebrates have given us hope that, in the future a solution may be discovered. Although several advances have been recorded in this field in recent times and ere are still challenges ahead. This study tried to investigate he formation of the inner sulcus located in the cochlea, as it is thought that, the processes involved during the development of this important region are most likely due to apoptosis or another type of programmed cell death, although this has not yet been confirmed. Mouse expressing an EGFP (green fluorescent protein) reporter at the Tecta locus was used. Specimens were stained with phalloidin as a general cell stain of f-actin and this was combined with (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End) TUNEL staining in order to observe whether dying cells are the result of programmed cell death. Very little TUNEL staining was observed in the developing sulcal region, although some were seen in the associated mesenchymal cells in the cochlea. In some of the sections, Blebbing as well as extrusion of some cells that are thought to be undergoing programmed cell death were evident during the formation of the sulcus. The formation of the sulcus occurs earlier in the basal region of the cochlea than in the apical part following the regression of the greater epithelial ridge (GER) cells. Counting of nuclei in the sulcal region during the formation suggest that cells are being lost. It is not easy to establish whether these cells that are being removed could be due to apoptosis or another type of programmed cell death. *Tarfa M. Peter has completed his M.Sc. from University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. He is the Histology lecturer, in the Department Human Anatomy, Gombe State University. He has published more than 10 papers in reputed journals and is presently undergoing his Ph. D in Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.


is the gestation age of the fetus, and not the route by whch termination is effected, as was also shown by Matthews.2 There is a national shortage of anti-D immunoglobulin, and while the risk may be small we cannot agree that there is no indication to give immunoglobulin in cases of therapeutic and spontaneous abortion. If rhesus sensitization is to be considered a preventable disease' Rh-negative women having a termination of pregnancy should be afforded protection as soon as sufficient anti-D immunoglobulin is available. This is particularly true in primigravidae, where the postoperative fetal cell count is high and the termination is carried out late in pregnancy. There is no reason to condemn Rh-negative women to affected infants in a later marriage because they had a therapeutic abortion earlier.-We are, etc., E. A. M. NORMINGTON. R. F. JENNISON. St. Mary's Hospitals, Manchester. REFERENCES 1 Clarke, C. A., Lancet, 1968, 2, 1. 2 Matthews, C. D., referred to by Clarke, C. A., Lancet, 1968 2, 1. 3 Krebs, K., Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1968. 28, 588. 4 Finn, R., Lancet, 1960, 1, 526. 6 Finn, R., et al., British Medical Yournal, 1961, 1, 1486.


The extraction of material parameters from the given (or measured) input impedance of film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) using a genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. After studying the effect of material parameter changes on impedance responses, resonance characteristics of FBARs are used to extract the material parameters. The extracted result agrees very well with the given material parameters.


Empirical evidence suggests that fixed‐income markets exhibit unspanned stochastic volatility (USV), that is, that one cannot fully hedge volatility risk solely using a portfolio of bonds. While Collin‐Dufresne and Goldstein (2002, Journal of Finance, 57, 1685–1730) showed that no two‐factor Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) model can exhibit USV, it has been unknown to date whether CIR models with more than two factors can exhibit USV or not. We formally review USV and relate it to bond market incompleteness. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a multifactor CIR model to exhibit USV. We then construct a class of three‐factor CIR models that exhibit USV. This answers in the affirmative the above previously open question. We also show that multifactor CIR models with diagonal drift matrix cannot exhibit USV.


Abstract Fine-scale paleocommunity dynamics were studied in a short (∼16 m) section in the Middle Miocene (Badenian Stage) of the Central Paratethys, which consists of siliciclastic, pelitic, and sandy-to-gravely shallow-water deposits. Two basal, coarsening- and shallowing-upward parasequences of a late highstand systems tract are separated by a third-order sequence boundary from the deepening-upward basal part of a transgressive systems tract at the top of the section. Benthic faunas in this succession are primarily autochthonous and storm-influenced, level-bottom assemblages, but a distinct oyster-vermetid boundstone occurs near the base of the transgressive systems tract. Additionally, three tempestitic shell beds were included, which were found out of sequence in an associated basinal setting; their faunal content relates them closely to the fine-grained deepest parts of the transgressive systems tract. Ordination of species and samples using detrended correspondence analysis and analysis of similarity suggest that two basic benthic assemblages can be distinguished. The oyster-vermetid boundstone is tied to a unique set of environmental conditions and indicates a major environmental change at the sequence boundary. The faunal assemblage in the boundstone shows a weak gradient into the pelitic (deeper and quiet-water) level-bottom assemblage, which in turn is characterized by strong overlaps with the fauna of sandy (shallower and more agitated) habitats. Therefore it is concluded that the benthic assemblages in the studied section belong to the same basic metacommunity, which was not seriously affected by the strong facies changes at the sequence boundary and at the flooding surfaces. Moreover, the species in the studied benthic assemblages reacted to changes in the environment by habitat tracking.


Abstract Geological-geophysical cooperation, while an accepted procedure today, sometimes falls short of its potential effectiveness. This paper sought to derive some principles of cooperation whose application might improve geological-geophysical teamwork. The recently established Joint AAPG-SEG Cooperative Committee is one step toward more effective cooperation since it emphasizes the equality of the two partners in their joint venture. In exploration the interests of geologists and geophysicists overlap to considerable degree, but it is most important to recognize also the differences between them. This was illustrated by a variable density presentation of seismic reflection data which showed evidence of dip. The horizontal dimension of such a section is distance, the vertical dimension reflection time. The vertical dimension can be translated into feet by a time depth scale derived from first arrival times of a velocity survey, but it would be erroneous to assume that the substitution of a depth scale automatically makes the section equivalent to a geologic section. A physical principle, Snell's Law, must first be satisfied with the resultant migration of dipping horizons, not only in the plane of the cross section, but also at right angles thereto. Once the spatial relationship of the data are determined, a "fourth dimension" must be evaluated. In a real sense a fourth dimension is present because two types of time are involved in the section. The one time is directly translatable into depth by means of the appropriate scale, but the other time is virtually independent of the first. This second time is in part the delay caused by the filtering action of the earth, the recording instruments, and the playback instruments. If unrecognized, the estimates of reflection depth are too deep by possibly several hundred feet. Multiple reflections can, if present, cause further exaggeration of depth and dip. Variation in the magnitude of this "fourth dimension" is due principally to multiples and an associated phenomenon, ghost reflections. Another factor, potentially variable, is related to the fact that few reflections are from a single interface but are the resultant interference pattern of reflections from several interfaces spaced, possibly, a hundred feet apart. Evidently the geophysicist with his background of physics is usually best qualified to evaluate correctly the influence of this "fourth dimension." The speaker disclaimed qualification todescribe technically the corresponding problems which are totally within the geologists' province, but insisted that every geophysicist must recognize and respect their existence. An example of effective cooperation between geologist and geophysicist in mapping the Cement Field, described in the talk, has been published in the AAPG Buttletin, Volume 46, July, 1962, pages 1058-1062. The principles of effective cooperation were summarized with emphasis on the human relations factors involved by considering a final slide showing the picture of a comely young lady employed in geophysics. Quite evidently, most geologists would be willing to cooperate to the fullest with this geophysicist! They would recognize that there were important differences between themselves and her and would respect and applaud those differences. To establish a mutually satisfactory degree of cooperation with such a geophysicist would justify hard work, thoughtful work, and finesse. The rewards of attainment are obvious.


Employees in an eye hospital spend many hours in semidarkness or darkness performing visually demanding activities that can cause fatigue and eye strain. As preparation for the planning of a new eye hospital, this project was initiated in order to produce knowledge of how to improve lighting in examination rooms. Current light conditions at S:t Erik Eye Hospital were assessed including questionnaires to employees/patients, and measurements of luminance, space analyses and energy consumption. Visits to other prominent eye hospitals and a literature review were performed. The questionnaires revealed that eyestrain problems were common in eye care professionals, especially in women. Working in dark rooms increased the subjective feeling of fatigue. Many, but not all, lacked daylight. The general lighting system was often insufficient with poor light distribution, shadows, and a colour temperature that in general was too low. Improvements included possibilities to regulate inflow of daylight, installation of remote controls, and timing and level of adaptation to different light levels. These improvements have been tested in a real scale installation that used the latest technology in terms of artificial lighting, a lighting control systems and a novel solution to control daylight. Five different light scenarios were preinstalled and evaluated by professionals and patients. A majority reported an improvement compared with traditional solutions. Current and actual energy consumption was monitored. Simulations of future consumption points to a possible energy reduction by 50 %, using new lighting technology, daylight and optimal room design. With improved logistics, new buildings and new work organization, energy savings can be even higher, around 70 %.


The Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus was initially introduced to the French Atlantic coast in the late 1990´s. Since then it has successfully established persistent populations along the European Atlantic coasts propagating further north. The invasive crab was found in the German part of the Wadden Sea for the first time in 2007 and at Helgoland in 2008. There, it now shares its intertidal habitat with the native European green crab Carcinus maenas.
In order to test for potential interspecific effects between these two ecological equivalents, we analysed populations of both species in the rocky intertidal of the island of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea) in 2009 and 2014. Numbers of animals and their biomasses of both species from four sites around the island were recorded.
Although mean abundances of H. sanguineus around Helgoland more than doubled from 2009 to 2014, they were still lower than the abundances of C. maenas, which were similar between the years. In contrast, mean biomass of C. maenas slightly decreased from 2009 to 2014, while values for H. sanguineus increased almost sevenfold.

Differences between sites may be due to differences in local habitat characteristics such as topography, algae coverage, wave exposure, and/or predation risk. Nonetheless, the results showed that both species co-occur and reproduce in the rocky intertidal of Helgoland, providing no clear evidence for a displacement of either species.


Recognition in cluttered real world scenes is a challenging problem. To find a particular object of interest within a reasonable time, a wide field of view is preferable. However, as we will show with practical experiments, robust recognition is easier if the object is foveated and subtends a considerable partof the visual field. In this paper a binocular system able to overcome these two conflicting requirements will be presented. The system consists of two sets of cameras, a wide field pair and a foveal one. From disparities a number of object hypotheses are generated. An attentional process based on hue and 3D size guides the foveal cameras towards the most salient regions. With the object foveated and segmented in 3D, recognition is performed using scale invariant features. The system is fully automised and runs at real-time speed.


This paper analyzes large-scale networks that share the spectrum with interference cancellation (IC). The efficiency of spectrum sharing is determined primarily by interference, which in turn depends on the spatial densities, the interference cancellation method, and the spectrum sharing method, i.e., underlay or overlay. By assuming the Poisson distribution for transmitters, equal transmission power in the same system, and an interference-limited environment, this paper finds the performance gain from IC in terms of spectrum-sharing transmission capacity (S-TC), defined as the number of successful transmissions per unit area while guaranteeing the target outage probabilities of all coexisting systems. The effectiveness of IC is characterized by the coefficient of cancellation (CoC), and specific CoC values are derived for two simple IC scenarios, the strong interferer and the close interferer cancellation, with the assumption of having perfect information for channel states of interfering links and interferer locations. The sum S-TC optimal spatial densities of the two systems are given. Finally, CoC conditions to determine the superiority of an underlay or overlay method are presented. We verify that the underlay method could be preferred depending on the CoCs of coexisting systems; that is starkly different from the case without IC, in which the overlay method is always better.


This paper focuses on Australian development firms in the console and mobile games industry in order to understand how small firms in a geographically remote and marginal position in the global industry are able to relate to global firms and capture revenue share. This paper shows that, while technological change in the games industry has resulted in the emergence of new industry segments based on transactional rather than relational forms of economic coordination, in which we might therefore expect less asymmetrical power relations, lead firms retain a position of power in the global games entertainment industry relative to remote developers. This has been possible because lead firms in the emerging mobile devices market have developed and sustained bottlenecks in their segment of the industry through platform competition and the development of an intensely competitive ecosystem of developers. Our research shows the critical role of platform competition and bottlenecks in influencing power asymmetries within global markets.


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Bambara groundnut is a leguminous plant with high nutritive value of Sub Saharan Africa. In spite of its high potential in alimentation, the Bambara groundnut is less popularized. This crop grows on acid, dry and less fertile soils and may therefore be a resilient crop in the context of climatic variability. The present work aims to identify of all the morphotypes of this culture and the usual tools of conservation of its seeds during the storage process. Investigations carried out during 3 agricultural campaigns showed that women more than 40 years old represents more than 98% of producers of Bambara groundnuts in northern Cameroon. The production concerns 54 morphotypes use as food or as medicinal plants. During storage of grains of this legumes, the major pest is the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae). Under traditional production way, the limitation of the postharvest losses due to this pest is done either by the use of 21 local plants as botanical insecticide or by the use of 25 industrial chemical pesticides.


Elevated formation fluid pressure resulting from large-volume injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) for sequestration is a key factor affecting storage seal integrity (containment risk) and ultimate capacity. Current methods for predicting pressure evolution (e.g. natural gas storage, EOR, groundwater withdrawal/recharge) have unique considerations (temporal cyclicity, associated production) and have only recently been applied for the injected volumes, durations, and extents of sequestration projects. Monitoring pressure dynamics (buildup during injection and subsequent falloff upon cessation) is a fundamental and relatively inexpensive technique for monitoring storage performance. Our research employs multiple numerical techniques to predict the evolution of pressure within reservoirs and to evaluate the potential impact on confining systems (seals), thus constraining site-specific sequestration storage integrity and capacity. We focus on the use of pressure measurements for pragmatic integrative monitoring of reservoir, seal, and well performance. The results presented here focus on real-time pressure and temperature evolution in a dedicated observation well, combining observations from both the injection interval and a monitoring interval 120 m higher for early detection of unanticipated migration out of the injection zone via wellbores or confining system. Results indicate that for the Cranfield reservoir, increases (and by inference, decreases corresponding to pressure loss due to out of zone migration) in injection rates of 100's of tons per day are observable from less than a kilometer distance from the source.


Veterinary markets are traditionally split into three main species related categories. For a business to compete effectively, a greater understanding of the relevant markets and client expectations are required. Segmenting markets into defined sections allows a business to gain a comprehensive insight into where it currently operates and where it needs to position itself in the future.


The effects of oxygen content on microstructures, elastic modulus and tensile properties of quenched Ti-Nb alloys were investigated in order to design a desirable Ti based alloy through casting process. From the microstructural and phase analysis, it is evidently revealed that the volume fraction of β phase increased with increasing content of oxygen, and the occurrence of intermediate ω phase was suppressed in metastable β Ti-Nb based alloys. Martensite transformation temperature decreased with increasing content of oxygen. Therefore, it is suggested that oxygen acts to stabilize β phase rather than α stabilizer in quenched state. Yield strength increased with increasing content of oxygen without a large consumption of ductility in metastable β Ti-Nb based alloys. The variation of mechanical property was explained by the phase stability, phase formation and microstructure in correlation with oxygen and Nb content.


In spite of having excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties, the poor tribological property limits the acceptance of titanium and its alloys for their use as implant materials. The naturally formed passive oxide layer of titanium (~ 4-5 nm) comprises of either amorphous or poorly crystallized non-stoichiometric TiO2,
provides protection against the harmful effects of aggressive environments and i responsible for the higher corrosion resistance. However, it has been reported that
under in vivo conditions the stability of the passive layer could be altered. Implant retrieval analysis has shown accumulation of metal ions on tissues adjacent to the
implant, which might have originated from the implant, even by rubbing against the soft tissues. The formation of passive layer and subsequent fracture leads to the
generation of wear debris that could cause adverse tissue reactions. Fretting and sliding wear conditions can also lead to fracture of the passive layer and under extreme conditions, they can cause loosening and eventual failure of the implant. The above limitations preclude the use of titanium and its alloys for articulating surfaces. The present study aims to modify the surface of the titanium and its alloy without altering their inherent properties. Thermal oxidation (TO) and anodizing techniques were used to develop a hard and thick oxide layer on titanium and its alloy. Thermal oxidation of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti6Al4V alloy was performed at 500, 650 and 800 °C for 8, 16, 24 and 48 h in air. Anodizing of CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy was carried out at a constant applied potential of 20 V for 60 min using 1 M H3PO4 containing
0.3 wt. % HF as an electrolyte solution. The corrosion and fretting corrosion behaviour of untreated, thermally oxidized and anodized CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy samples in Ringer's solution was evaluated using open circuit potential-time measurement, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Based on the corrosion and fretting corrosion behaviour of untreated, thermally oxidized and anodized CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy, the most suitable material for implant application is identified. The surface morphology of TO samples reveals the presence of oxide scales (mainly rutile and Ti(O)) throughout the surface. CP-Ti samples do not exhibit any spallation up to 800 °C irrespective of the oxidation time whereas spallation of oxide layer is observed for Ti6Al4V alloy samples when they are subjected to thermal oxidation at 800 °C for 16 and 24 h. TO CP-Ti shows better corrosion protection than TO Ti6Al4V alloy. The morphology of the anodized CP-Ti sample clearly reveals that its surface is homogeneously covered with oxides. In contrast, the anodized Ti6Al4V alloy exhibits a homogeneous distribution of pores throughout its surface. Anodized CP-Ti shows better corrosion protection than anodized Ti6Al4V alloy. The fretting motion causes fracture of the naturally formed passive film on them which results in a cathodic shift in free corrosion potential (FCP). With the onset of fretting, untreated and anodized CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy samples exhibit a sudden cathodic shift in FCP. However, thermally oxidized samples did not show sudden drop in potential.
Based on the fretting corrosion resistance, the untreated, anodized and thermally oxidized CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy samples can be ranked as follows:
TO Ti6Al4V > TO CP-Ti > Anodized CP-Ti > Anodized Ti6Al4V > Untreated Ti6Al4V ≈ Untreated CP-Ti.


: Early diagnosis of a primary tumor and recognition of recurrence are often facilitated if the examining physician is proficient in identifying skin metastases. The site, histologic pattern, and clinical presentation of the lesion are all key variables in diagnosis. Of tumors that metastasize to the skin, carcinomas from the kidney, lung, ovary, and pancreas have a greater tendency to present with skin metastases.


Pomset logic and BV are both logics that extend multiplicative linear logic (with mix) with a third connective that is self-dual and non-commutative. Whereas pomset logic originates from the study of coherence spaces and proof nets, BV originates from the study of series-parallel orders, cographs, and proof systems. Both logics enjoy a cut-admissibility result, but for neither logic can this be done in the sequent calculus. Provability in pomset logic can be checked via a proof net correctness criterion and in BV via a deep inference proof system. It has long been conjectured that these two logics are the same. In this paper we show that this conjecture is false. We also investigate the complexity of the two logics, exhibiting a huge gap between the two. Whereas provability in BV is NP-complete, provability in Pomset logic is Σ2 -complete. We also make some observations with respect to possible sequent systems for the two logics.


Microgrid is one of the promising solutions to achieving sustainable and efficiently operating power systems. With increasing number of distributed generators, dispersed storage systems and advancing load control capabilities, microgrids are going to play an important role in the future smart grid structure. The recent focus in this area of study is on using the field data gathered from pilot applications to develop virtual test beds to be used during replication, testing of various cases and estimating long term outcomes of microgrids with different specifications. This paper describes development of a virtual test bed focused on analyzing microgrid and utility power flow relations using the field data and energy management logic of a microgrid laboratory. In addition to modeling a flexible structure that can be scaled and modified according to research interests, a KNX controlled dimmer is also simulated for analyzing the integration of an existing home automation technology into microgrid control actions.