Almost throughout Indonesia, bean/legume plants can grow well. In the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Timor island there are many local beans that grow wild or cultivated. Local beans in the island of Timor, mostly processed into jagung bose (traditional meal made from corn) . Not much variety of food types based on local beans. This study aims to identify the nutritional value of local beans in the island of Timor. The method used is by measuring the content of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. From the analysis of the results obtained, the beans with the highest protein are arbila merah (18.55%), the highest carbohydrates are arbila biji besar (76.16%), and the highest fat are arbila biji loreng (1.85%). The results of this analyze could be a recommendation in the processing of beans-based food to increase the added value and community nutrition.


This article explores economic, cultural and political facets of 'globalization' through an analysis of the Olympic host city selection process. Rhetorical and statistical evidence illustrates that the Olympic bid process has become increasingly about demonstrating that one may be understood as a competitive global city. At the same time, the International Olympic Committee's ultimate decision also accounts for which city is the most locally distinctive. Furthermore, position and connectivity within global networks have 'political' ramifications that impact host selection. Ultimately, playing with the world's elite requires homogeneity in structural competency and networking potential across space, and simultaneous demonstration of maximal local qualitative difference. Consideration of Chicago's unsuccessful bid for the 2016 Games supports these conclusions. This empirical case study in glocalization reveals the logic behind Olympic host outcomes while demonstrating how place and difference remain crucial to today's 'global'.


We describe a method to perform any generalized purity-preserving measurement of a qubit with techniques tailored to superconducting systems. First, we consider two methods for realizing a two-outcome partial projection: using a thresholded continuous measurement in the circuit QED setup and using an indirect ancilla qubit measurement. Second, we decompose an arbitrary purity-preserving two-outcome measurement into single-qubit unitary rotations and a partial projection. Third, we systematically reduce any multiple-outcome measurement to a sequence of such two-outcome measurements and unitary operations. Finally, we consider how to define suitable fidelity measures for multiple-outcome generalized measurements.


Peptide loading of MHC class II (MHCII) molecules is facilitated by HLA-DM (DM), which catalyzes CLIP release, stabilizes empty MHCII, and edits the MHCII-bound peptide repertoire. HLA-DO (DO) binds to DM and modulates its activity, resulting in an altered set of peptides presented at the cell surface. MHCII-peptide presentation in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is abnormal, leading to a breakdown in tolerance; however, no direct measurement of the MHCII pathway activity in T1D patients has been performed. In this study, we measured MHCII Ag-processing pathway activity in humans by determining MHCII, MHCII-CLIP, DM, and DO levels by flow cytometry for peripheral blood B cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes from 99 T1D patients and 97 controls. Results showed that MHCII levels were similar for all three APC subsets. In contrast, MHCII-CLIP levels, independent of sex, age at blood draw, disease duration, and diagnosis age, were significantly increased for all three APCs, with B cells showing the largest increase (3.4-fold). DM and DO levels, which usually directly correlate with MHCII-CLIP levels, were unexpectedly identical in T1D patients and controls. Gene expression profiling on PBMC RNA showed that DMB mRNA was significantly elevated in T1D patients with residual C-peptide. This resulted in higher levels of DM protein in B cells and dendritic cells. DO levels were also increased, suggesting that the MHCII pathway maybe differentially regulated in individuals with residual C-peptide. Collectively, these studies show a dysregulation of the MHCII Ag-processing pathway in patients with T1D.


Dendritic cells (DCs) are increasingly used in cancer vaccines due to their ability to regulate T-cell immunity. Major limitations associated with the present DC adoptive transfer immunotherapy are low cell viability and transient duration of transplanted DCs at the vaccination site and the lack of recruitment of host DCs, leading to unsatisfactory T-cell immune response. Here, we developed a novel vaccine nodule comprising a simple physical mixture of the peptide nanofibrous hydrogel, anti-PD-1 antibodies, DCs, and tumor antigens. Upon subcutaneous injection, the vaccine nodule maintained the viability and biological function including the antigen uptake and maturation of encapsulated DCs and simultaneously recruited a number of host DCs and promoted the drainage of activated DCs to lymph nodes, resulting in enhanced proliferation of antigen-specific splenocytes and provoking potent cellular immune responses. Compared with adoptive transfer of DCs and subcutaneous administration of antigen vaccine, such a vaccine nodule shows superior antitumor immunotherapy efficiency in both prophylactic and therapeutic tumor models including delayed tumor growth and prolonged mice survival due to effective stimulation of antitumor T-cell immunity and increased infiltration of activated CD8+ effector T-cells in the tumor. Our findings provide a simple and robust vaccination strategy for DC-based vaccines and also a unique vaccine product for stimulating and enhancing T-cell immunity, holding great promise for immunotherapy against cancer and infectious diseases.


In the past 14 years pipotiazine palmitate, the second oldest depot neuroleptic, has proven to be effective and safe in reducing and preventing resurgence of symptoms of acute and chronic psychoses, chiefly in schizophrenia. It is particularly valuable in the management of erratic ingestors and unreliable absorbers of oral neuroleptics. Clinical experience substantiates that pipotiazine palmitate therapy is best initiated at low doses (25 mg), and that the most effective maintenance dosage is 25 to 200 mg once a month. Pipotiazine palmitate has a low propensity to evoke extrapyramidal reactions; in fact, it causes the lowest incidence of EPS of all depot neuroleptics. Patients receiving pipotiazine palmitate seldom require concomitant antiparkinsonian medication. This review highlights other assets and liabilities of depot pipotiazine therapy.


Background Lung transplantation (LTx) is offered to older and more complex patients who may be at higher risk of skeletal muscle dysfunction, but the clinical implications of this remain uncertain. The study aims were to characterize deficits in skeletal muscle mass, strength and physical performance, and examine the associations of these deficits with clinical outcomes. Methods Fifty LTx candidates (58% men; age, 59 ± 9 years) were prospectively evaluated for skeletal muscle deficits: muscle mass using bioelectrical impedance, quadriceps, respiratory muscle and handgrip strength, and physical performance with the Short Physical Performance Battery. Comparisons between number of muscle deficits (low muscle mass, quadriceps strength and physical performance) and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Questionnaire, and quality of life were assessed using one-way analysis of variance. Associations with pretransplant and posttransplant delisting/mortality, hospital duration, and 3-month posttransplant 6MWD were evaluated using Fisher exact test and Spearman correlation. Results Deficits in quadriceps strength (n = 27) and physical performance (n = 24) were more common than muscle mass (n = 8). LTx candidates with 2 or 3 muscle deficits (42%) compared with those without any deficits (26%) had worse 6MWD = −109 m (95% confidence interval [CI], −175 to −43), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Questionnaire = 18 (95% CI, 7-30), and St. George's Activity Domain = 12 (95% CI, 2-21). Number of muscle deficits was associated with posttransplant hospital stay (r = 0.34, P = 0.04), but not with delisting/mortality or posttransplant 6MWD. Conclusions Deficits in quadriceps muscle strength and physical performance are common in LTx candidates and further research is needed to assess whether modifying muscle function pretransplant can lead to improved clinical outcomes.


Monte Carlo calculations in the framework of lattice field theory provide non-perturbative access to the equilibrium physics of quantum fields. When applied to certain fermionic systems, or to the calculation of out-of-equilibrium physics, these methods encounter the so-called sign problem, and computational resource requirements become impractically large. These difficulties prevent the calculation from first principles of the equation of state of quantum chromodynamics, as well as the computation of transport coefficients in quantum field theories, among other things.
This thesis details two methods for mitigating or avoiding the sign problem. First, via the complexification of the field variables and the application of Cauchy's integral theorem, the difficulty of the sign problem can be changed. This requires searching for a suitable contour of integration. Several methods of finding such a contour are discussed, as well as the procedure for integrating on it. Two notable examples are highlighted: in one case, a contour exists which entirely removes the sign problem, and in another, there is provably no contour available to improve the sign problem by more than a (parametrically) small amount.
As an alternative, physical simulations can be performed with the aid of a quantum computer. The formal elements underlying a quantum computation - that is, a Hilbert space, unitary operators acting on it, and Hermitian observables to be measured - can be matched to those of a quantum field theory. In this way an error-corrected quantum computer may be made to serve as a well controlled laboratory. Precise algorithms for this task are presented, specifically in the context of quantum chromodynamics.


The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of the psychological
variables on the academic performance of first year students at the University of
Potchefstroom.
The reason that research in this field is important is that it can address the
negative influence that the high failure rate of the first year students have on the
community, the economy, and the severe financial and personal strain.
Academic performance is the product of various inter-related factors. It is
however difficult to get a representative model of all these factors. This is
because academic performance, especially at university level, is an extremely
complex and multi-facetted system. These factors need to be examined in
conjunction with one another.
A clear definition of the criteria used for academic performance evaluation is
essential. A distinction is made between first year students that are successful in
their studies as opposed to those that are not. A successful first year student is
defined as a student who is credited with a pass mark in all the subjects required
for that year of study, for the course taken. An unsuccessful first year student is a
student that fails 50% or more of the subjects required for his I her course in that
year, thus forcing the student to prolong the duration of the total study period by
at least one year.
A literature survey was done, in an attempt to identify and discuss some of the
factors that influence academic performance. Various researchers' opinion on

these factors were highlighted. The variables were grouped under the following
headings: biographic, socio-economic, cognitive, personality, and academic
factors.
The following empirical tests were used: Senior Aptitude Test (SAT), the Ninteen
Field Interest Inventory (19-FII), the Personal, Home, Social and Formal
Relations Questionnaire (PHSF) and the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes
(SSHA). The study population consisted of academically successful and
unsuccessful first year students that started their studies in 1998 at the University
of Potchefstroom. The population included diversity in terms of faculty, race and
gender. Detailed statistics were used to correlate the variables by means of
graphs for each assessment technique. Statistical variance is shown in tabular
form. Psychological differences between men and women are highlighted, as
well as differences between race groups and faculties. The empirical study
shows that there definitely are psychological factors that play a role in academic
performance. A correlation between intelligence, personality, career interests,
study habits and attitude, and the academic performance of the student is shown.
From the literature, and on grounds of the empirical study done, it can be shown
that psychological variables do influence the academic performance of the
student, and that there is a correlation between the variables and academic
performance.


In Escherichia coli, iron assimilation by means of the siderophore enterobactin requires two hydrophobic cytoplasmic membrane proteins, FepD and FepG, which are essential components of a binding-protein-dependent transport system. Such components are typically difficult to detect. Here we report observation of the fepD and fepG gene products in polyacrylamide gels; they appeared as diffuse bands at positions consistent with smaller sizes than those predicted by sequence analysis. Translational coupling was suggested by the lack of a detectable product from the fepG message in the absence of translation of the upstream fepD message. The orientation of FepD/FepG in the membrane was predicted based on their similarities in sequence and hydrophobicity to FhuB.


Through the construction of a multi-layered, symmetrical, mathematical model this article explores quanta as an emergent phenomena resulting from the slow-down of the speed of light from a native state of infinite speed to c. As a result of this slow-down, properties implicit to light in its native state 'accumulate' as quanta as it were, in order to allow such implicitness to express itself in a state of material diversity. The article proposes a mathematical process by which light at its native state symmetrically transforms to become light at c. In the process implicit properties diversify to sets of related properties, whose elements combine in various ways to practically become an infinite set of unique seeds. The article suggests that space, time, gravity, and energy are themselves emergent and dependent on light. In fact space is suggested as being the field in which unique seeds exist, time as the experience related to the maturity of the unique seeds, gravity as the inter-relation between the seeds, and energy as the process by which seeds materialize. The article suggests a composite fourfold quantum and applies the proposed space-time-gravity-energy quantum to a series of possible circumstances. The first four are more "normal" circumstance: at the atomic-particle level, at the unit-space level, at the level of a Big Planet, and in an Expanding Universe. The remaining circumstances are related more to the Theory of Relativity: as a particle approaches the speed of light, at a Black Hole level, and when a Cosmic Bounce occurs.


By building on a proud legacy of enterprise that spanned nearly two and a half centuries, India has acquired an exalted status on the global tea map. The country is the second largest tea producer in the world with production of 1208.78 million kg in 2013-14. Interestingly, India is also the world's largest consumer of tea with the domestic market consuming 890 million kg of tea during 2012-13. This paper tries to study the overall scenario of Indian tea industry. Export of tea being a major contribution to the Economy require adequate assessment in present context. Being the second largest producer of tea, export earnings are not yet satisfactory. This paper tries to observe the trend of export in relation to the production and domestic consumption. And also proper marketing channel is required for its disposal. Auction being the most important of the three available mode of marketing is discussed in this paper.


High throughput plant phenotyping is the advanced scientific approach for rapid phenotyping of plant traits, especially high consumable grains or crops, which is designed to process a high volume of data in a short time for plant breeders and cultivars to utilize. Detection and counting of crop traits such as plants, fruits, wheat or rice spikes, sorghum head, and plant diseases is more advanced research in this field, where real-world data are collected using aerial and land-based imaging platforms equipped with a variety of geospatial sensors, and their statistical analysis is conducted using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning-based solutions. In this paper, we contributed to solving such a challenge of phenotyping by detecting and counting wheat spikes from land-based imaging by applying a Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. Our method employs the use of CNN to extract features from the imaging platform and the learning model is trained to detect and count wheat spikes in field images based on these extracted features. Using the publicly available SPIKE dataset to train and test our model, our proposed method achieved 98% average precision and 91% average F1 score on the test set. Our results show a significant improvement of 2.9% and 11.2% in detection accuracy as well as 1% and 3% in average precision metric over state-of-the-art Faster Regionbased Convolutional Neural Network (Faster-RCNN), and RetinaNet, respectively, and have the potential to significantly benefit plant breeders by facilitating the selection of wheat varieties with high yields.
DUJASE Vol. 7 (2) 21-30, 2022 (July)


INTRODUCTION
Physical fitness may be assessed among children and adolescents in a quantitative and qualitative manner. At present, in Chile, there are no tools available to assess self-perception of physical fitness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument that would allow to assess selfperception of physical fitness among adolescents and propose standards for age and sex.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A survey was administered among adolescent students from six public schools in the Maule Region, Chile, selected in a probabilistic (stratified) fashion. To measure self-perception of physical fitness, a qualitative instrument was developed: the Self-Perception of Physical Fitness Scale (EAPAF, escala de autopercepcion de la aptitud fisica), which is made up of four dimensions and 18 questions. The LMS method (L: Box-Cox coefficient, M: median curve, and S: variation coefficient) was used to establish percentiles and propose references by dimension, age and sex.

RESULTS
A total of 3060 adolescents (1702 boys and 1358 girls) aged 11.0 to 18.9 years old were included. The factor analysis evidenced four factors. Saturation values were above 0.40. The percentage of instrument explanation reached 54.24%. In terms of reliability, the 18 questions reflected that Cronbach's alpha was between 0.82 and 0.85. Percentiles (p15, p50 and p85) were developed to classify self-perception of physical fitness by dimension, age and sex. Boys showed higher scores in the self-perception of physical fitness scale when compared to girls (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
The instrument developed in this study was valid and reliable. In addition, the standards proposed may become a useful tool to classify adolescents in relation to their selfperception of physical fitness.


The great solar radiation in the Brazilian semiarid region, combined with an adequate irrigation management, favors fruit production and quality of crops that were adapted to this region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the fruit quality of two apple cultivars grown in the Sub-Mid Sao Francisco River Valley under different irrigation water depths. A complete randomized block experimental design in a split-plot arrangement with five replications was used. The plots consisted of four irrigation water depths (ID) (60, 80, 100 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration - ETo), the subplots consisted of two apple cultivars (C) (Julieta and Princesa) and the sub-subplots consisted of fruit positions in the tree canopies (FP) (east and west sides). The soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pulp firmness (PF) and fresh weight (FW) of the fruits were evaluated. The factors evaluated showed no triple interaction between the evaluated factors, however, the SS and TA were significantly affected by them; the interaction between ID and C significantly affected the PF; the interaction between ID and FP significantly affected the PF, SS/TA ratio and FW; and the interaction between C and FP significantly affected the SS/TA ratio. The increase in water depth increased the fruit size of both cultivars, without compromising the post-harvest quality. The cultivar Princesa presented the best results regarding SS, TA, PF and FW, however, both cultivars had organoleptic characteristics within the recommended standards for commercialization. The fruits harvested on the west side presented better post-harvest quality.


BACKGROUND
One of the reasons of failure to decannulate patients after airway surgery or long-term tracheostomy is suprastomal tracheomalacia.

OBJECTIVES
Evaluate the results obtained in the treatment of suprastomal tracheomalacia by anterior cricoid suspension.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We present 8 patients with suprastomal tracheomalacia associated to long-term tracheostomy corrected by this technique. Prior to surgery, other causes of airway obstruction, as well as the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease should be ruled out. Results 5 females and 3 males wer treated by this technique. Mean age at surgery was 4,1 +/-0,97 years (range, 1,5-8,8 years). anteroposterior suprastomal collapse occluding 75% of the trachea was observed in 5 cases, and 75-90% in other three. All the patients were extubated successfully, although in one case stridor recurred because of residual suprastomal malacia that required a new surgical procedure. After a follow-up of 38,7+/-7,39 months (range, 1 month-4,6 years), the patients are decannulated and going well. Conclusions It is an safe surgical technique, easily reproducible and with low costs.


One can learn any hypothesis class H with O(log |H|) labeled examples. Alas, learning with so few examples requires saving the examples in memory, and this requires |X | memory states, where X is the set of all labeled examples. This motivates the question of how many labeled examples are needed in case the memory is bounded. Previous work showed, using techniques such as linear algebra and Fourier analysis, that parities cannot be learned with bounded memory and less than |H| examples. One might wonder whether a general combinatorial condition exists for unlearnability with bounded memory, as we have with the condition V Cdim(H) =∞ for PAC unlearnability. In this paper we give such a condition. We show that if an hypothesis class H, when viewed as a bipartite graph between hypotheses H and labeled examples X , is mixing, then learning it requires |H| examples under a certain bound on the memory. Note that the class of parities is mixing. Moreover, as an immediate corollary, we get that most hypothesis classes are unlearnable with bounded memory. Our proof technique is combinatorial in nature and very different from previous analyses.


Due to its extreme density, depleted Uranium (DU) has recently entered the warfare industry and became a major pollutant to the biosphere. Although DU is less radioactive than natural Uranium, it still retains all its chemical toxicity. Limited data exists regarding the long-term hazards of DU on humans, however, it is suspected to be a major toxic and mutagenic agent. Literature review reveals the scarcity of the World Health Organization's knowledge regarding related DU-malignancies. Battlefield reports documented a steady rise of malignancies and newborn malformations after war, that is, leukemia in the Balkans, and congenital anomalies and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in Iraq. Kaposi sarcoma in Iraq has a quite aggressive behavior compared with the classic KS before, suggesting a potential relation with DU, and possibly a different DU related KS-type. Children are more susceptible to radiation than adults. This enlarges the responsibility of the medical communities for an evidence-based attitude towards DU, and to ban its use until proven otherwise. We, as medical bodies have a human approach - stand with man not to be mistreated, and with green norms, which veto all suspected pollutants of the planet. Until further notice, DU should be thoroughly checked for safety, before it kills.


STUDY QUESTION
Is the rate and nature of chromosome instability (CIN) similar between bovine in vivo-derived and in vitro-cultured cleavage-stage embryos?

SUMMARY ANSWER
There is a major difference regarding chromosome stability of in vivo-derived and in vitro-cultured embryos, as CIN is significantly lower in in vivo-derived cleavage-stage embryos compared to in vitro-cultured embryos.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
CIN is common during in vitro embryogenesis and is associated with early embryonic loss in humans, but the stability of in vivo-conceived cleavage-stage embryos remains largely unknown.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Because human in vivo preimplantation embryos are not accessible, bovine (Bos taurus) embryos were used to study CIN in vivo. Five young, healthy, cycling Holstein Friesian heifers were used to analyze single blastomeres of in vivo embryos, in vitro embryos produced by ovum pick up with ovarian stimulation (OPU-IVF), and in vitro embryos produced from in vitro matured oocytes retrieved without ovarian stimulation (IVM-IVF).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Single blastomeres were isolated from embryos, whole-genome amplified and hybridized on Illumina BovineHD BeadChip arrays together with the bulk DNA from the donor cows (mothers) and the bull (father). DNA was also obtained from the parents of the bull and from the parents of the cows (paternal and maternal grandparents, respectively). Subsequently, genome-wide haplotyping and copy-number profiling was applied to investigate the genomic architecture of 171 single bovine blastomeres of 16 in vivo, 13 OPU-IVF and 13 IVM-IVF embryos.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
The genomic stability of single blastomeres in both of the in vitro-cultured embryo cohorts was severely compromised (P < 0.0001), and the frequency of whole chromosome or segmental aberrations was higher in embryos produced in vitro than in embryos derived in vivo. Only 18.8% of in vivo-derived embryos contained at least one blastomere with chromosomal anomalies, compared to 69.2% of OPU-IVF embryos (P < 0.01) and 84.6% of IVM-IVF embryos (P < 0.001).

LARGE SCALE DATA
Genotyping data obtained in this study has been submitted to NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; accession number GSE95358).

LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION
There were two main limitations of the study. First, animal models may not always reflect the nature of human embryogenesis, although the use of an animal model to investigate CIN was unavoidable in our study. Second, a limited number of embryos were obtained, therefore more studies are warranted to corroborate the findings.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Although CIN is also present in in vivo-developed embryos, in vitro procedures exacerbate chromosomal abnormalities during early embryo development. Hence, the present study highlights that IVF treatment compromises embryo viability and should be applied with care. Additionally, our results encourage to refine and improve in vitro culture conditions and assisted reproduction technologies.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
The study was funded by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT) (TBM-090878 to J.R.V. and T.V.), the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO; G.A093.11 N to T.V. and J.R.V. and G.0392.14 N to A.V.S. and J.R.V.), the European Union's FP7 Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP, SARM, EU324509 to J.R.V., T.V., O.T, A.D., A.S. and A.K.) and Horizon 2020 innovation programme (WIDENLIFE, 692065 to J.R.V., O.T., T.V., A.K. and A.S.). M.Z.E., J.R.V. and T.V. are co-inventors on a patent application ZL913096-PCT/EP2014/068315-WO/2015/028576 ('Haplotyping and copy-number typing using polymorphic variant allelic frequencies'), licensed to Cartagenia (Agilent Technologies).


OBJECTIVE
Bodily threat monitoring is a core clinical feature of Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) and is targeted in psycho-oncology treatments, yet no comprehensive self-report measure exists. The aim of this study was the theory-informed development and initial validation of the Bodily Threat Monitoring Scale (BTMS).

METHODS
Adult survivors of breast and gynaecological cancers (Study 1: N = 306, age = 37-81 years) and childhood cancer survivors (Study 2: N = 126, age = 10-25 years) completed the BTMS, designed to assess how individuals monitor for and interpret uncertain symptoms as indicating that something is wrong with their body. Participants completed measures to assess construct and criterion validity of the BTMS, and childhood cancer survivors (Study 2) completed the BTMS again 2 weeks later to assess test-retest reliability.

RESULTS
The 19-item BTMS demonstrated excellent internal consistency across adult and childhood cancer samples (α = 0.90-0.96). Factor analyses indicated two subscales capturing 1. Monitoring of bodily sensations and 2. Threatening interpretations of bodily sensations. Two-week stability estimates were acceptable. For construct validity, the BTMS correlated with body vigilance and anxiety sensitivity. The BTMS also demonstrated criterion validity, yielding significant associations with FCR, intolerance of uncertainty, help-seeking behaviours, and quality of life. The BTMS was associated with FCR while controlling for body vigilance and anxiety sensitivity, indicating a unique contribution of this theory-informed measure.

CONCLUSIONS
The BTMS shows evidence of sound psychometric properties and could be used to elucidate the role of bodily threat monitoring in the maintenance and management of FCR.


Cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) are prescribed with increasing frequency. This study aimed to investigate the perceived stigma attached to patients prescribed CBMPs in the UK to establish its prevalence. A qualitative survey was developed by an expert multidisciplinary group and data were collected via Qualtrics. In total, 2319 patients on CBMP therapy were invited to take part in this study. 450 (19.4%) participants completed the questionnaire. In total, 81.3% (n = 366), 76.9% (n = 346), and 61.3% (n = 276) of participants reported feeling very comfortable or comfortable telling friends, family, and medical professionals, respectively, about their treatment. Participants thought that friends (n = 372; 82.7%) and family (n = 339; 75.3%) were very approving or somewhat approving of their CBMP prescription. However, participants thought that only 37.8% (n = 170) of healthcare professionals and 32.9% (n = 148) of society in general were very approving or somewhat approving of their CBMP prescription. 57.1% (n = 257), 55.3% (n = 249), and 40.2% (n = 181) of participants were afraid of what the police or criminal justice system, other government agencies, and healthcare professionals might think about their treatment. This study highlights those patients treated with CBMPs experience a high prevalence of perceived stigma from many corners of society. Future work should be undertaken to explore strategies to reduce perceived stigma at an individual and community level to avoid discrimination of patients, likely increasing appropriate access.


This paper focuses on the analysis of InGaZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) and circuits under the influence of different temperatures and bias stress, shedding light into their robustness when used in real-world applications. For temperature-dependent measurements, a temperature range of 15 to 85 °C was considered. In case of bias stress, both gate and drain bias were applied for 60 min. Though isolated transistors show a variation of drain current as high as 56% and 172% during bias voltage and temperature stress, the employed circuits were able to counteract it. Inverters and two-TFT current mirrors following simple circuit topologies showed a gain variation below 8%, while the improved robustness of a cascode current mirror design is proven by showing a gain variation less than 5%. The demonstration that the proper selection of TFT materials and circuit topologies results in robust operation of oxide electronics under different stress conditions and over a reasonable range of temperatures proves that the technology is suitable for applications such as smart food packaging and wearables.


Bioengineered bone substitutes might represent alternatives to autologous bone grafts in medically compromised patients due to reduced operation time and comorbidity. Due to the lack of an inherent vascular system their dimension is limited to the size of critical bone size defect. To overcome this shortcoming, the experiment tried to create heterotopic bone around vessels. In vivo, a two-component fibrin and thrombin gel containing recombinant bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP-2) and transglutamate vascular endothelial growth factor (TG-VEGF) in different ratios, respectively, was injected into a dimensionally stable membrane tube, wrapped around the femoral vessel bundle in twelve New Zealand white rabbits. Sacrifice occurred eight weeks postoperatively. Microcomputed tomography of the specimens showed significantly increased bone volume in the rhBMP-2 to TG-VEGF ratio of 10 to 1 group. Histology showed new bone formation in close proximity to the vessel bundle. Immunohistochemistry detected increased angiogenesis within the newly formed bone in the rhBMP-2 to TG-VEGF ratios of 3 to 1 and 5 to 1. Heterotopic bone was engineered in vivo around vessels using different rhBMP-2 and TG-VEGF ratios in a fibrin matrix injected into a dimensionally stable membrane tube which prevented direct contact with skeletal muscles.


The cost of long-term plasma-exchange is comparable with that of chronic hemodialysis and less than long-term residential care. If it could be shown that it saved lives or enabled patients to live in the community when they would otherwise be disabled, then the cost would not matter. At present, however, although there are suggestions that it may save lives in such diseases as myeloma and macroglobulinemia and reduce disability in the connective tissue disorders, these benefits are not well enough documented to justify its routine introduction.


PT Himalaya Everest Jaya, a company engaged in importers, exporters of electricity and mechanics. In its daily life, PT Himalaya Everest Jaya has used information technology in its operational activities. But problems are often found in supporting operational activities in the field. Where this can hamper the work of every employee who uses it. The problems that often occur include hardware, software, and network connections. Current problem submission is still not effective because employees who have problems must contact the IT directly or by using the telephone. Likewise with recording problems, because the EDP / IT still records every problem using a paper that can be lost or damaged at any time. Therefore, an integrated Helpdesk application is needed and can be accessed quickly by employees and the EDP / IT division. The method used in designing this application is based on the Web, to find out which system is running, the author uses several tools such as Flowmap and UML (Unified Modeling Language), while the system development method uses the Waterfall method. The supporting software used is Xampp, and MySQL as the builder and program documentation. With the existence of a web-based system that has been connected to this database, the process of delivering and handling complaints is expected to be resolved properly and quickly in its handling.


: We present a framework for modeling the boundary-value problem (frequency driven) for homogeneous multiferroic material bismuth ferrite under the validity of post constraint and apply it to fundamental differential equation of electromagnetism in valid new regimes (boundary conditions for material with simultaneous electric and magnetic order). The only multiferroic material exhibiting the unambiguous magneto-electric effect at room temperature is bismuth ferrite. We illustrated the presence of Tellegen parameter as magneto-electric tensor or magneto-electric quadrupole, which is not related to the position of crystal. We developed the model to enhance the magneto-electric effect of the bismuth ferrite.


In this report, we discuss the proliferation of the field of management issues in the Netherlands in the 1950's and 1960's. We mainly focus on the role of the consultants and social scientists. The field developed quickly after World War 2. It proliferated itself on a number of issues, such as the stimulation of productivity. The systemic context in which this proliferation occurred was strongly determined by initiatives of the Dutch government and the pillarisation of the society. The government established the agenda in the field of management knowledge and organised a central player in the field: the Liaison Committee. As a result the diffusion and translation of best practices became more successful. Consultancy firms played an important role in these activities. Another important factor in the proliferation of the consultants as a separate group was their necessary role in the realisation of government policies such as the wage developments on the labour market. This situation changed in the nineteen sixties. The government became less directive. The economic restructuring created new demands for managers and added new issues to the portfolio of consulting firms. Issues as strategy, leadership, co-rdination of large organisations and marketing were rising in importance. American consulting firms started to enter the Dutch market and Dutch consultants started to diffuse the new American practices. At the same time, new issues were rising in importance. Especially the social scientists were involved in large-scale research towards experiments with codetermination within companies. In the years to come, the consulting branch was growing rapidly and constituted more and more an independent force in the structuration of this institutionalized field of management knowledge in the Netherlands.


In the United Kingdom number of products containing codeine in combination with nonopioid analgesics are available from pharmacies for purchase without a prescription. These products may be abused and it has been reported that in order to avoid nonopioid toxicity, some users may attempt to separate the components of combination analgesics, by mixing the dosage form in water and passing it through a coffee filtration apparatus (coffee filters). The present research sought to test the ease of separation of products available in the United Kingdom. The results obtained indicated that separation was possible; however, the extent of separation was influenced by the volume of water used and the product chosen. Healthcare professionals must be aware that separation may be attempted by those wishing to abuse codeine; however, significant nonopioid toxicity could still arise in the abuser.


Global changes currently cause temporal shifts in the favourable conditions for different phases of species life cycles. Phenologies characterizing temporal presence, may adapt through heritable evolution in response to these changes. Given a community context, this evolution may cause a change in the phenology overlap and thus a change of interspecific interactions such as competition. Using a model in which phenologies compete and coevolve, we study the conditions under which diversity emerges, as well as their annual distribution. We find that the environment richness (food quantity, light, pollinators…) and competition constrain the diversity and spread of phenologies. A robust pattern of phenologies distribution emerges consistent with Swedish flowering observations. Once a stable community is reached, we apply a progressive change in environmental conditions. We found that adaptation eventually restored diversity, but that the simulated change often led to numerous extinctions due to increased competition. The percentage of diversity lost depends on the speed of change and on the initial diversity. Phenologies already pre-adapted to the new environmental conditions drive the restoration of diversity after the change. We finally study a spatial version of the model in which local communities are organized along an environmental gradient. Pre-change, allowing dispersal decreases the local adaptation of phenologies to their local fixed environmental conditions. Dispersal however largely enhances the maintenance of biodiversity in changing environments, though its benefits are not homogeneous in space. Evolution remains the only rescue mechanism for southern phenotypes.


Twenty-one marine recruits in three training programs at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, SC, were prospectively studied for one week for the presence of myoglobinemia and development of clinical rhabdomyolysis. Myoglobinemia was found in two thirds of the recruits at least once during the study period despite the absence of clinical symptoms. Serum myoglobin value ranged from 0.30 to 3.60μg/ml and correlated poorly with serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase. With the exception of one recruit believed to have subclinical exertional rhabdomyolysis, those recruits in apparently poorer physical condition had higher average daily serum myoglobin and enzyme levels. Eleven marine recruits who were hospitalized for exertional rhabdomyolysis are compared to the asymptomatic recruits. Serum myoglobin and enzyme concentrations were 10 to 100 times greater in the hospitalized men than in asymptomatic recruits.


In recent years dynamic progress has been seen in practically all areas of human activity. It has contributed to the development of new techniques used in engineering materials. For example, in powder metallurgy many new methods of powder forming and consolidation were developed. The SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) process, also known as PECS (Pulsed Electric Current Sintering) or FAST (Field Assisted Sintering Technique), is one of them. This paper describes the SPS method and its possible applications, and presents examples of powder consolidation by means of this technology.


Our recent work on EBSD-based characterization of incommensurate 7M modulated martensite in a polycrystalline Ni50Mn30Ga20 alloy were summarized. The 7M martensitic plates were revealed to be self-accommodated in colonies, where each colony consisted of four types of variants that were twin related. All the pairs of variants can be categorized into three twinning modes, i.e. type-I, type-II and compound twins. The twin interface planes were in coincidence with the respective twinning planes. Using the measured orientations of adjacent martensitic variants, the orientations of parent austenite grains were calculated under the assumed orientation relationships for the austenite to martensite transformation. The energetically favorable orientation relationship between austenite and martenstie for the martensitic transformation was identified to be the Pitsch relation.


Despite abundant data on the early evolution of the Central Alps, the latest stage exhumation history, potentially related to relief formation, is still poorly constrained. We aim for a better understanding of the relation between glaciation, erosion and sediment deposition. Addressing both topics, we analysed late Pliocene to recent deposits from the Upper Rhine Graben and two modern river sands by apatite fission‐track and (U‐Th‐Sm)/He thermochronology. From the observed age patterns we extracted the sediment provenance and paleo‐erosion history of the Alpine‐derived detritus. Due to their pollen and fossil record, the Rhine Graben deposits also provide information on climatic evolution, so that the erosion history can be related to glacial evolution during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Our data show that Rhine Graben deposits were derived from Variscan basement, Hegau volcanics, Swiss Molasse Basin, and the Central Alps. The relations between glaciation, Alpine erosion, and thermochronological age signals in sedimentary rocks are more complex than assumed. The first Alpine glaciation during the early Pleistocene did not disturb the long‐term exhumational equilibrium of the Alps. Recent findings indicate that main Alpine glaciation occurred at ca. 1 Ma. If true, then main Alpine glaciation was coeval with an apparent decrease of hinterland erosion rates, contrary to the expected trend. We suggest that glaciers effectively sealed the landscape, thus reducing the surface exposed to erosion and shifting the area of main erosion north toward the Molasse basin, causing sediment recycling. At around 0.4 Ma, erosion rates increased again, which seems to be a delayed response to main glaciation. The present‐day erosion regime seems to be dominated by mass‐wasting processes. Generally, glacial erosion rates did not exceed the pre‐glacial long‐term erosion rates of the Central Alps.


Summary
In the pursuit of maximizing agricultural yields and profits, crop management under intensive agriculture has reduced the heterogeneity of crop sward structure within fields. Several farmland bird specialists that nest within arable crops have undergone marked population declines during recent periods of agricultural intensification. Understanding the mechanisms that link crop sward structure to demographic fitness and population change may be important for developing effective conservation solutions.
We studied whole-season breeding performance of a declining cereal crop specialist, the corn bunting Emberiza calandra, to test the relationships between crop sward structure and both nest site selection and reproductive output within intensively farmed landscapes. Experimental double-drilling of cereal seed was used to manipulate crop sward structure and explain the observed within-field nest distribution.
The density of crop tillers (reproductive cereal stems) was a strong predictor of nest site selection and a disproportionate number of nests occurred close to (15–30 m) crop edges where regular seed sowing overlaps (operational double-drilling) occurred during crop establishment. Nest survival was subject to a strong crop edge effect and re-nesting rate increased with mean tiller density in the surrounding crop.
Experimental double-drilling that simulated seed sowing overlaps increased crop tiller density (by 25%) and corn bunting nest density (by 406%) compared to adjacent areas of operational double-drilling. Corn buntings breeding in intensively managed cereal crops therefore place their nests in areas of high tiller density which under normal sowing practice tend to occur close to crop edges where nest survival is low. A simple population model indicated that productivity under conventional, intensive cereal management may be too low to sustain local populations in the absence of immigration. Modern cereal husbandry therefore creates an ecological trap for nesting corn buntings.
Synthesis and applications. This study highlights a novel mechanism by which modern cereal crop management lowers the potential reproductive success of a conservation priority species nesting in intensively managed cereal crops. Unavoidable overlapping of cereal seed along crop headlands, close to crop edges, systematically produces patches of dense sward that attract nesting corn buntings. This creates an ecological trap because nests close to crop edges are subject to high predation rates, and this may be linked to the loss of arable weeds elsewhere within crops. When double-drilled strips are intentionally provided adjacent to these areas, nesting preference switches to these strips, suggesting a potential conservation solution. Provision of mid-field double-drilled strips at least 100 m from crop edges, if similarly selected by nesting females, should raise nest survival rates and improve population trends. Such interventions are simple and cheap to implement, unlike most conservation measures in high-value cropping systems.


Inexpensive three-axis magnetometers can sense not just heading, but also variations in Earth's magnetic field. Combined with a magnetic field map, this information can be used for positioning. Pairing the three-axis magnetometer measurements with position information from a ground vehicle creates a magnetic field map containing the variation and localized perturbations in Earth's magnetic field as a function of position. A magnetometer and the magnetic field map can then be used for navigation. This paper describes how magnetometer measurements can be used to calculate a position update using three different likelihood functions, and it also demonstrates direct incorporation of magnetic field measurements into a map-matching particle filter. These algorithms were tested in three different vehicles under a variety of road conditions and demonstrated meter-level positioning when local magnetic field features are available. Overall the information is sufficient for road level navigation when used as the sole source of navigation information. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.


Schizophrenia is manifested in positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Especially, the cognitive symptoms offer useful methodological approach for comparative studies using spatial navigation tasks in both, schizophrenia patients and animal models of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. In order to demonstrate the deficit of spatial cognition in schizophrenia and to test the validity of pharmacological model, we designed two virtual tasks inspired by previous animal research: the virtual Morris water maze and Carousel maze. The newly-designed tasks require the tested subject to navigate toward several hidden goal positions placed on the floor of an enclosed stable arena or on a rotating arena. Data obtained in a group of schizophrenia patients and matched group of healthy volunteers show cognitive impairment in first episodes of schizophrenia using both, standardized neurocognitive methods and newly-developed virtual tests. The virtual test batteries show different involvement of navigation strategies and different level of impairment in schizophrenia patients. These findings indicate usefulness of these virtual methods in future cognitive remediation. Despite the fact, that both virtual tasks test spatial navigation towards hidden goal, obtained results are divided into partly different clusters using PCA, while performance parameters measured in the stable arena form a cluster mostly with tests of memory and executive functions; the rotating arena seems to be more related to performance tests dependent on timing, psychomotor speed and mental flexibility.


t6 Fig. 1. An example of the genealogy of a sample of six sequences. T = t2 +-* * + t6 is the age of the common ancestor of the sequences, and ti is the ith coalescent time. Li= I1 k= 2 I)k(O +2k-1) e-k(o+k-1)T (k-2)!(n-k)! flnI l(O+k+i) (4) Thus, pn(TIO) depends on 0 = 2N,u. From Eq. 4, one can obtain two estimates Tmode and Tmean of T. The mode estimate Tmt,xe is the value of T that maximizes the posterior probability pn(TJ0), while the mean estimate Tmean is the expected value of T given there is no variation in the sample, that is, Tmean = fo t pn(tlO)dt. In addition, the 95% confidence interval of T can be obtained from pn(TJ0) as (T2.5, T97.5) where TX is the T value such that x% = fT pn(tl0)dt. In the present situation Tmcde is preferred over Tmean because the former is the most likely value of T, while the latter is more of a prediction and its computation assumes that T can be infinitely large; in reality, T must be finite. T95 is also of interest, because it is the 95% upper limit of T. As the mutation rate per sequence per year has been estimated to be 0.98 X 106 by Dorit et al. (1), the mutation rate (,u) per sequence per generation can be estimated as 20 x 0.98 x 10-6 if one human generation is 20 years. However, to estimate T from Eq. 4, one needs to know the effective size N of Table 1. Estimate (1000) of age of the most recent common ancestor for male humans (T) and the 95% confidence interval for the data presented by Dorit et al. (1). Estimates are rounded to nearest thousand years.


The present article discusses the results of density functional calculations obtained using B3LYP functional and the standard 6-31G* basis sets for mono-, di-, and triethylamines (MEA, DEA, and TEA, respectively) and their H-bonded complexes with water molecules. In particular, the origin of the observed experimentally clear red shift for methylene νCH mode due to the nanosecond laser T-jump in TEA/H2O system is validated theoretically by explicit consideration of related infrared (IR) and Raman peaks appeared at the CH absorbance region. All theoretical calculations were performed with full geometry optimizations without imposing any constraints, and followed by direct harmonic frequency calculations. The effects of nonspecific and specific solvations were accounted for using simple Onsager model and explicit water molecules. It was shown that the former continuum model does not strongly perturb the observed spectral changes in the CH region because of shallow potential energy surface for the interacting subsystems. Both the structural changes in geometry and electron redistribution as a result of H-bonding were found to be main factors to explain the observed experimental spectral changes in IR and Raman spectra. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005


This chapter provides an overview and a critical analysis on the most recent advances on the field of homogeneous metal-free oxidation catalysts. Special focus will be put on the accepted and proposed reaction mechanisms, as well as on the possibilities and limitations of these systems. Moreover, we will compare them to the known and well-established metal-based and enzymatic systems, which in turn will be discussed in separate chapters of this book. The modus operandi for the majority of metal-free oxidation systems involves electron-transfer processes from gaseous oxygen to the substrate with the intermediacy semi-stable organic radicals, although closed-shell transition states have also being reported. N-Oxyl catalysts are used here as benchmark to illustrate the specific properties and reactivity that a compound requires to be a good oxidation catalyst. Moreover, hypervalent iodine compounds, bio-mimetic and bio-inspired systems and other systems based on elemental catalysts and radical cations are presented and discussed.


We present marine geological and geophysical data for the Antarctic Peninsula that call for a larger ice-sheet reconstruction during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than suggested by previous studies. Such glacial reconstructions are important for quantifying post-LGM sea-level rise and providing boundary conditions for general circulation models. Megascale glacial lineations on the continental shelf surrounding Antarctica provide documentation for grounded ice that was streaming. Swath bathymetry data (NBP02-01) reveal lineations in each of the major glacial troughs, except for Smith Trough, which features grooves and bedrock drumlins (0.5–3 km spacing, 1:20 elongation ratios) on crystalline bedrock. We place the maximum extent of ice at the seaward limit of the lineations, at or near ( Megascale glacial lineations imaged in this study and other areas surrounding Antarctica (including the Ross Sea, Pine Island Bay) have a consistent morphology, with elongation ratios of >80:1 and spacings of 200–600 m (mode of 300 m). In contrast, lineations ("bundles"; Canals et al., 2000) in the Gerlache-Boyd Trough exhibit larger spacing (1–5 km), and the upstream portions (∼7 km) are carved directly into bedrock rather than till, as suggested by previously unpublished air gun (∼120 Hz) seismic data. These features have yet to be dated; however, they are believed to have been active during the LGM. Radiocarbon dates in glaciomarine sediments (foraminifera and organic matter) from seven glacial troughs indicate that megascale glacial lineations were formed during the LGM. Other geomorphic features, such as the grounding zone wedge in the northwestern Weddell Sea, formed when the ice sheet was retreating. The initial retreat of the grounded ice from the outer shelf occurred by 18,500 cal yr B.P. The inner shelf was mostly ice free by 13,000 cal yr B.P. This is significantly earlier than numerical models, which suggest Antarctic deglaciation began at 12,000 cal yr B.P. This also suggests the peninsula area contributed to global sea-level rise associated with meltwater pulse (MWP) 1a.


This guide provides useful information and resources that address the effects that the Roman Empire had on Celtic Britain, with particular emphasis on Romanisation of the native tribes.


Optimizing compilers for high performance computing only support IEEE~754 floating-point (FP) types and applications needing higher precision involve cumbersome memory management and calls to external libraries. We introduce an extension of the C type system to represent variable-precision FP arithmetic, supporting both static and dynamically variable precision. We design and implement a compilation flow bridging the abstraction gap between this type system and hardware FP instructions or software libraries. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution by enabling the full range of LLVM optimizations and leveraging two backend code generators: one for the ISA of a variable precision FP arithmetic coprocessor, and one for the MPFR multi-precision FP library. Both targets support the static and dynamically adaptable precision of our type system. On the PolyBench suite, our optimizing compilation flow targeting MPFR is shown to outperform the Boost programming interface for the MPFR library.


The relation between surface glycoconjugate molecules involved in the control of commitment to growth and attachment was investigated in adult Wistar rat hepatocytes in primary culture. On the one hand, the approach has been to analyse the binding of 3H-labelled concanavalin A ([3H]Con A) to cell surfaces when these two cellular phemona were in turn modulated. The replacement of calf serum (CS) by foetal calf serum (FCS) in culture medium greatly enhanced cell attachment, its effect being about the same as that of FCS adsorbed to glass culture plates, but this change did not significantly affect the growth-stimulatory process. In contrast 2 or 3 microM-cytochalasin D (CD), which is known to act specifically on the inner face of the cell membrane, reversibly decreased the [3H]thymidine (dThd) incorporation in both CS-containing and FCS-containing media, but had only a very moderate effect on cell attachment. The reversible effect of the drug, too, was followed by [3H]leucine incorporation, as well as by measuring the [3H]dThd incorporation in media with CD plus insulin and glucagon. Hepatocytes were assayed for binding either in buffered solution (at 4 or 37 degrees C) or in serum-containing media (at 37 degrees C). The Hill coefficients were calculated to be near 2.2 and 1.9, respectively for CS-stimulated and FCS-stimulated cells, and around 1.6 for CD-treated and glutaraldehyde-fixed cells. We interpret these results as showing that two different types of surface components might be involved in the control of commitment to growth and attachment. On the other hand, evidence was presented to indicate that these components really bind Con A. First, Con A treatment in buffered solution of cells previously attached in the presence of CS or FCS resulted in a progressive inhibition of EGTA-mediated cell detachment from substrata. Secondly, Con A reversibly decreased [3H]dThd incorporation in both CS-containing and FCS-containing media through a specific interaction with the cell surface. We conclude that entrance into S phase and attachment to serum protein substrata are unrelated phenomena in isolated adult rat hepatocytes and seem to be regulated by two species of surface glycoconjugates.


UNLABELLED
Most cellular tasks are performed not by individual proteins, but by groups of functionally associated proteins, often referred to as modules. In a protein association network modules appear as groups of densely interconnected nodes, also called communities or clusters. These modules often overlap with each other and form a network of their own, in which nodes (links) represent the modules (overlaps). We introduce CFinder, a fast program locating and visualizing overlapping, densely interconnected groups of nodes in undirected graphs, and allowing the user to easily navigate between the original graph and the web of these groups. We show that in gene (protein) association networks CFinder can be used to predict the function(s) of a single protein and to discover novel modules. CFinder is also very efficient for locating the cliques of large sparse graphs.

AVAILABILITY
CFinder (for Windows, Linux and Macintosh) and its manual can be downloaded from http://angel.elte.hu/clustering.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available on Bioinformatics online.


With twenty chapters from leading scholars in African American history, urban studies, architecture, women's studies, American studies, and city planning, "We Shall Independent Be" illuminates African Americans' efforts to claim space in American society despite often hostile resistance. As these essays attest, Black self-determination was central to the methods African Americans employed in their quest to establish a sense of permanence and place in the United States. Contributors define space to include physical, social, and intellectual sites throughout the Northern and Southern regions of the United States, ranging from urban milieus to the suburbs and even to swamps and forests. They explore under-represented locations such as burial grounds, courtrooms, schools, and churches. Moreover, contributors demonstrate how Black consciousness and ideology challenged key concepts of American democracy -- such as freedom, justice, citizenship, and equality -- establishing African American space in social and intellectual areas. Ultimately, "We Shall Independent Be" recovers the voices of African American men and women from the antebellum United States through the present and chronicles their quest to assert their right to a place in American society. By identifying, examining, and telling the stories of contested sites, this volume demonstrates the power of African American self-definition and agency in the process of staking a physical and ideological claim to public space.


Hearing loss is one of the most common chronic diseases. For people with hearing loss, communicating with other people, particularly in an environment with considerable background noise, is difficult. Recently, several hearing aids have been developed to improve speech comprehension in a noisy environment. The use of an adaptive beamformer is one of the alternative methods for improving speech intelligibility. However, the adaptive beamformer requires the location of the desired speaker to estimate the time differences of arrival (TDOAs) of speech sources to numerous spatially separated sensors in acoustics. In general, the technique of steered response power source localization was used to estimate the TDOA; however, this technique was easily affected by environmental reverberation. To overcome the aforementioned concern, a novel hearing aid is proposed in this paper. By using an image processing technology, the location of the desired speaker could be manually selected to provide precise information on the TDOA. Moreover, adaptive signal enhancements were implemented in a field-programmable gate array to enhance the speech of interest in real time. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system could improve speech intelligibility in various noisy environments. Therefore, the proposed system may be employed to improve the daily lives of people with hearing the loss in the future.


Literature supports that feedback is central to the learning process, and technology is central in the delivery of online education. Critical lines of research consistently identify two crucial variables associated with effective online higher education: community and learning. Thus, the current study examined how audio and text feedback as compared written feedback can contribute to 125 online doctoral students' sense of community and learning. The findings show that doctoral students who received audio and text feedback had better perceptions of their instructor and cognitive development than those who received written feedback. The students who received audio and text feedback also had better learning outcomes. There was no difference in social presence between the two groups. These results are consistent with qualitative research on audio and text feedback and are explained by media theory.


The statistical models used to derive the results of experimental analyses are of incredible scientific value and
are essential information for analysis preservation and reuse.
In this paper, we make the scientific case for systematically publishing the full statistical models and discuss the technical developments that make this practical.
By means of a variety of physics cases -
including parton distribution functions, Higgs boson measurements, effective field theory interpretations, direct searches for new physics, heavy flavor physics, direct dark matter detection, world averages, and beyond the Standard Model global fits -
we illustrate how detailed information on the statistical modelling can enhance the short- and long-term impact of experimental results.


Legionella pneumophila, typically a parasite of free-living protozoa, can also replicate in human alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial cells causing Legionnaires' disease in humans, a severe atypical pneumonia. The pathogen encodes six peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases), which generally accelerate folding of prolyl peptide bonds, and influence protein folding. PPIases can be divided into three classes, cyclophilins, parvulins and FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs). They contribute to a multitude of cellular functions including bacterial virulence. In the present review, we provide an overview of L. pneumophila PPIases, discussing their known and anticipated functions as well as moonlighting phenomena. By taking the example of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) of L. pneumophila, we highlight the potential of PPIases as promising drug targets.


The authors analyze the current views of incidentally discovered adrenal masses and the potentialities of ultrasound study (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in their detection and presents the US, CT, and MRI symptoms of different incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Due to the availability and almost extensive application of US apparatuses, they define the importance of US screening of the adrenal region and emphasize the capacities of echographic differentiation of cystic and solid adrenal masses in patients with different diseases of the abdomen and retroperitoneal space. The authors also note the basic role of CT and MRI in the specified topical diagnosis of retroperitoneal space lesions and in the presumption of the morphological structure of some tumor and tumoroid (hyperplasia-type) adrenal changes.


The integrated use of calcareous nannofossil and dinoflagellate cyst events in a study of the late Pliensbachian–early Toarcian interval in central Italy has yielded a high resolution biostratigraphy. The use of both the first and last occurrences of selected taxa belonging to the two phytoplankton groups allows the dating of the sediments with a very refined detail, even when lithologies are unfavourable to the preservation of one fossil group. The evolutionary history of calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts during the early Jurassic and its links with global events are responsible for the high potential of this integrated biostratigraphy.


The Lovozero complex, Kola peninsula, Russia and the Ilímaussaq complex in Southwest Greenland are the largest known layered peralkaline intrusive complexes. Both host world-class deposits rich in REE and other high-tech elements. Both complexes expose spectacular layering with horizons rich in eudialyte group minerals (EGM). We present a detailed study of the composition and cryptic variations in cumulus EGM from Lovozero and a comparison with EGM from Ilímaussaq to further our understanding of peralkaline magma chambers processes. The geochemical signatures of Lovozero and Ilímaussaq EGM are distinct. In Lovozero EGMs are clearly enriched in Na + K, Mn, Ti, Sr and poorer Fe compared to EGM from Ilímaussaq, whereas the contents of ΣREE + Y and Cl are comparable. Ilímaussaq EGMs are depleted in Sr and Eu, which points to plagioclase fractionation and an olivine basaltic parent. The absence of negative Sr and Eu anomalies suggest a melanephelinitic parent for Lovozero. In Lovozero the cumulus EGMs shows decrease in Fe/Mn, Ti, Nb, Sr, Ba and all HREE up the magmatic layering, while REE + Y and Cl contents increase. In Lovozero EGM spectra show only a weak enrichment in LREE relative to HREE. The data demonstrates a systematic stratigraphic variation in major and trace elements compositions of liquidus EGM in the Eudialyte Complex, the latest and uppermost part of Lovozero. The distribution of elements follows a broadly linear trend. Despite intersample variations, the absence of abrupt changes in the trends suggests continuous crystallization and accumulation in the magma chamber. The crystallization was controlled by elemental distribution between EGM and coexisting melt during gravitational accumulation of crystals and/or mushes in a closed system. A different pattern is noted in the Ilimaussaq Complex. The elemental trends have variable steepness up the magmatic succession especially in the uppermost zones of the Complex. The differences between the two complexes are suggested to be related dynamics of the crystallization and accumulation processes in the magma chambers, such as arrival of new liquidus phases and redistributions by mush melts.


This paper is comprised of three sections and outlines the outcome achieved from instituting an effective preventative maintenance program; specifically, highlighting a steam surface condenser application that was originally equipped with a stainless-steel metal bellows type expansion joint system. In the first section of the paper, a general overview of steam inlet type expansion joint systems will be presented to provide an understanding of the specific application, typical design parameters and conditions, system components, varying expansion joint designs, configurations, and installation methodologies. The second section will outline types of inspections that typically support preventative maintenance programs within the power generation industry. Lastly, the case study will examine the account of an actual project and the practice of implementing a preventative maintenance program; outlining inspection types, how those measures supported a root cause analysis, and ultimately developing a unique solution to address the issues identified during subsequent inspections and analyses. The case study focuses on developing a retrofitted rubber 'dog bone' expansion joint system to replace the failed metal bellows expansion joint. Various points within the overall project life cycle will be reviewed; from the point of initial inspection that identified the root cause and defined loss in performance, evaluation and engineering to support the replacement design, onsite execution and installation methodology, and post-maintenance testing and operation.


This paper introduces a new backoff mechanism for IEEE802.11, which aims to achieve fair channel access without knowledge of the network topology. By adjusting a time interval and the contention window dramatically, the algorithm aims to approach the optimal equilibrium where the time interval is the minimum possible such that every node that faces the same contention successfully sends only one packet per such interval. We show how this algorithm can be modeled as a game and use game theoretic arguments to prove the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium as well as convergence of the algorithm to this equilibrium.


This File May Be Corrupted

In the 1972 documentary film Reyner Banham Loves Los Angeles , Banham drives an automobile equipped with a fictional "Baede-Kar" visitor guidance system, a humorous "tribute to Karl Baedeker, the father of the modern guidebook," that purportedly helps him navigate the city.1 Some forty years later we could be just one app away from self-driving cars featuring voice-activated GPS systems that not only tell us where to go but also describe the historical significance of the buildings we see along the way. More than simply being influenced by multimedia publications, architectural history has arrived at producing hypermediated experiences. From engaging media as part of architecture's intellectual history to adapting multimedia projects to the conventions of historical research to producing spatial stories through interactive delivery systems that allow participants to construct narratives across divergent sequences, hypermediated histories may more clearly define the historian's role as an active participant in, rather than passive observer of, the delineation of our built environment.

For their pioneering conceptualization of such digital phantasmagoria I remain profoundly indebted to this journal's previous multimedia review editors, who have argued for multimedia's potential to augment architectural history as much as architecture. …


Current voice translation tools and services use natural language understanding and natural language processing to convert words. However, these parsing methods concentrate more on capturing keywords and translating them, completely neglecting the considerable amount of processing time involved. In this paper, we are suggesting techniques that can optimize the processing time thereby increasing the throughput of voice translation services. Techniques like template matching, indexing frequently used words using probability search and session-based cache can considerably enhance processing times. More so, these factors become all the more important when we need to achieve real-time translation on mobile phones.


This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the error characteristics of time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements obtained from positioning systems in indoor environments where rich multipath and nonline-of-sight propagation exist. By careful analysis of the measured data from three different sets of measurements, a model for the range errors is developed. The model has two components, one associated with the TOA measurement in the receiver and another associated with the delay excesses accumulated along the propagation path. By modeling multipath signals mathematically, and application of the central limit theorem, it is shown that statistical shape of the leading edge of a received pulse is essentially independent of the details of the scattering environment. Application of this statistical shape of the leading edge allows estimates of the statistical distribution of the TOA measurements to be calculated, either analytically or numerically from simulations. The second component of the delay excess is a model based on the number of walls along the path. Statistical performance based on this combined model is shown to be in good agreement with measured data collected from three different systems that have different RF frequencies, signal bandwidths, and TOA detection algorithms. The insights afforded by the theory assists in the design of more accurate positioning systems.


Purpose of review Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) followed by pathology investigation of the obtained specimens is the initial step in the management of urinary bladder cancer (UBC). By following the basic principles of oncological surgery, en-bloc resection of bladder tumour (ERBT) aims to overcome the limitations associated with conventional transurethral resection, and to improve the quality of pathological specimens for a better decision making. The current bulk of evidence provides controversial results regarding the superiority of one technique over the other. The aim of this article is to summarize the recent data and provide evidence on this unanswered question. Recent findings Despite heterogeneous and controversial data, ERBT seems to have a better safety profile and deliver higher quality pathologic specimens. However, the recent evidence failed to support the hypothesized oncological potential benefits of ERBT in the initial surgical treatment of patients with UBC. Summary ERBT has gained increasing interest globally in the past decade. It continues to represent a promising strategy with a variety of features intended to solve the inherent limitations of TURBT. However, the current quality of evidence does not allow solid conclusions to be drawn about its presumed superiority compared with the conventional technique.


The study of turbulence is important in a wide variety of applications. Some examples are: the flow of fluid once a sluice gate is opened; the flow of air over the wing of an aircraft; the flow of air from a ventilation system. A very important concept to consider when dealing with turbulence is the boundary layer that develops around an object as air or fluid moves past the object. The boundary layer is a thin layer in which the velocity gradients increase rapidly from zero at the contact surface, to match the mainstream velocity further away from the surface. The velocity is zero at the contact surface due to the viscous nature of the fluid or air molecules moving past the surface. Within the boundary layer either laminar or turbulent flow, or both types of flow, occur. Laminar boundary layers have been analysed rigorously in the past. In this dissertation we analyse turbulent boundary layers and turbulent wall jets. The turbulence is represented by introducing the concept of eddy viscosity. The Reynolds averaged boundary layer equations are used in this dissertation. The group invariant solution of the two–dimensional turbulent boundary layer equations are derived by finding the Lie point symmetries of the equation. The mainstream velocity is allowed to be an arbitrary function. The Lie point symmetries of the equation modelling the wall jet are used to solve for a group invariant solution. The conserved quantity for the wall jet is found which enables us to solve the problem.


Title: The nurse's dilemma in psychiatric inpatient care - a balancing act between good and evil Objective: To describe the nurse's experience of relieving patient suffering caused by coercive measures on a closed psychiatric ward . Frame of reference : The results are discussed in light of Eriksson´s theory of suffering and caring relationships Method: A qualitative analysis based on focus group discussions Results: The analysis resulted in six categories, to protect the patient , to involve the patient , not to lose control , to remain , to justify compulsion , and to be touched . The results showed that nurses had the experience of being able to relieve the suffering of patients caused by coercive measures. It was also found that the nurses had a tendency to justify coercive measures , the more experience they had of performing these . Conclusion: The results describe that nurses have the experience and knowledge of how to relieve patients' suffering caused by coercion but also their experiences of performing these . All the nurses in the study express a desire to do good for the patients , however , their experience of this nuanced and different. The conclusion of this study is that it is relatively small means that nurses feel able to relieve the suffering of patients . By taking the time to listen , acknowledge and see the patient , to be honest and respectful in their treatment and , wherever possible, try to accommodate patients' wants and needs so you can hopefully avoid adding unnecessary patient suffering. Keywords : Compulsory treatment , psychiatric , experiences, involuntary suffering


This paper reports on a study in which L1 speakers (n = 53) of Swedish rated the accentedness of read-aloud sentences produced by L2 speakers (n = 6) of Swedish. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of certain prosodic features on the accentedness ratings. These features include Swedish tone accents and and deviant speech rhythm (e.g. lack of primary stress, and realization of multiple stresses). The results reveal that utterances with deviant speech rhythm yielded perceptions of stronger foreign accent than utterances with target-like rhythm. As for the tone accents, their effect on the scores were non-existent or only marginal. As missing tone accents have been previously found not to compromise intelligibility, the results of the present study reinforce the conclusion according to which emphasis in teaching should be put on prosodic features other than tone accents, especially rhythm.


Two hundred ninety-six gestating sows were used to determine the physical dimensions of sows in commercial settings. Sows were examined from five farms within a single production model that included identical feed formulation, management practices, herd health, and similar, but not identical, genotypes. Sows were individually weighed, backfat thickness was determined by ultrasound, and body dimensions were determined. Sow body length, height, width (lateral length, left to right from mid-line), and depth (measured as distance from ventral to dorsal extremes) were also determined. Regression procedures were used to model the changes in sow body size in relation to parity, BW, and stage of gestation within and among genotypes. Farm-to-farm variation in sow dimensions for the same genotype was also determined. Least squares means, SD, and 95% upper confidence limits of this sample are presented. Sows increased (P < 0.001) in body dimensions by predicable levels with parity (r2 = 0.92) up to Parity 6, and with advancing pregnancy (r2 = 0.99). Sows of different but related genotypes differed (P < 0.01) in body length, width, height, and depth. Sows of the same genotype, fed the same feed formulation, differed in body dimensions when managed on different farms. Based on mean values and a 95% confidence interval, stall width would need to be at least 72.4 cm to accommodate all sows on the farm. These data and models can be used to design stall sizes and farm floor space needs to meet current animal welfare recommendations. To accommodate the body size of pregnant sows on commercial farms, stall sizes for the majority of sows would need to increase, as would the total floor space needed for a given number of gestating sows individually penned in conventional production systems to meet recently published guidelines.


This paper is a discussion of a team‐taught interdisciplinary course that was designed to provide cohesion between the 12 departments that participate in the environmental studies major at Salisbury University. This course provides a model for addressing several positive and negative tendencies at work in interdisciplinary programs, and provides students with a first‐hand experience in how multiple disciplines can work together to provide a more developed picture of a particular field or interest. This paper presents a discussion of the teaching experiences of faculty involved in the environmental studies course for two years. A framework for the development of such courses is included, as well as a discussion of the agreements and disagreements that can arise when students and faculty work within an interdisciplinary context.


This thesis aims to develop a class of state space models for non-Gaussian time series. Our models are based on distributions of the exponential family, such as the Poisson, the negative-binomial, the binomial and the gamma. In these distributions the mean is allowed to change over time through a mechanism which mimics a random walk. By adopting a closed sampling analysis we are able to derive finite dimensional filters, similar to the Kalman filter. These are then used to construct the likelihood function and to make forecasts of future observations. In fact for all the specifications here considered we have been able to show that the predictions give rise to schemes based on an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA). The models may be extended to include explanatory variables via the kind of link functions that appear in GLIM models. This enables nonstochastic slope and seasonal components to be included. The Poisson, negative binomial and bivariate Poisson models are illustrated by considering applications to real data. Monte Carlo experiments are also conducted in order to investigate properties of maximum likelihood estimators and power studies of a post sample predictive test developed for the Poisson model.


In connection with clinical applications of fast neutrons, depth-dose measurements have been carried out for collimated 15 MeV neutron beams at various source-to-skin distances, using different phantoms of the upper part of the human body. The distribution of fast, thermal and intermediate neutron dose or kerma and gamma dose over the phantoms was determined with tissue-equivalent ionization chambers, gold foils with and without cadmium covers and a shielded Geiger-Muller counter, respectively. In order to determine the tumour dose and the exit dose for the irradiation of patients with pulmonary metastases, depth-dose measurements have been performed for an inhomogeneous phantom containing lung-equivalent material. The measurements indicate a considerable difference in depth dose with respect to the dose distribution in a homogeneous phantom. Measurements with sulphur activation detectors to monitor the exit dose are discussed and compared with the results obtained in the actual patient irradiations.


The generating of face gear with arcuate tooth has been proposed in this paper, and the meshing characteristics are investigated. Based on the concept of imaginary gear cutter, tooth surface equation has been derived, flank modification has also been considered. The transmission errors and bearing contacts of the face gear drive with arcuate tooth under different assembly conditions are investigated by applying the tooth contact analysis. The numerical results reveal that the bearing contacts are not sensitive to the errors of misalignments, and a more favorable type parabolic function of transmission errors with better symmetry and reduced amplitude may be obtained according to the modification of the face gear.


We evaluated a potential index for quantifying wetland floristic quality, based on the Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI) developed and tested in other regions of the United States. Principal reasons for this study were 1) FQAI is based on plant species' coefficients of conservatism, which are unavailable for most of the world and 2) FQAI value calculation mathematically neglects exotic (non-native) species. The index that we evaluated, termed the Floristic Assessment Quotient for Wetlands (FAQWet), incorporated components of total species richness, wetland affinity of species present, and the contribution of native versus exotic species to wetland vegetation quality. Thus, this index incorporated factors demonstrated to be influenced by the degree of human activity on the landscape while including both native and non-native plant species, and it used information that is readily available for most plant species encountered in wetlands of the United States. Adequacy of this index at representing perceived human influence on wetlands was evaluated by sampling vascular plant assemblages in 53 wetlands across northern Mississippi, USA. Correlation of FAQWet scores with semi-quantitative disturbance indicators suggested that FAQWet Index calculations weighted by proportion and frequency of native species performed best overall and were comparable with the currently used FQAI, although all indices displayed low correlation with indices of human activity. Analyses of individual components of the disturbance index, along with information on hydrogeomorphology and hydrologic alteration, helped account for some unexplained variation in the relationship between floristic quality and disturbance. For example, there were more exotic species and a lower overall degree of wetland affinity in vegetation of depressional wetlands than in lake fringe and riverine wetlands. The most important benefits of the FAQWet index in these studies were a lack of correlation with total plant species richness (unlike the FQAI), a stronger correlation with non-native species richness than was the case with the FQAI, and the ease of obtaining wetland indicator status and nativity status for FAQWet calculations. Results also highlighted the potential danger of ignoring exotic species in floristic assessments because of the relatively strong correlations of non-native species richness with human activity, hydrologic impairment, and floristic index scores.


AbstractKnowledge is one of the most important resources of an enterprise. Skillful knowledge management can bring significant benefits including labour productivity growth, an increase in quality of provided services and also a strengthening of the competitive position of an enterprise. This paper presents an iT model of a knowledge Map which supports knowledge management in a construction enterprise. The model was developed on the basis of the results of surveys and analyses carried out in small and medium sized construction enterprises in Poland. The process approach in management was included in the proposed model and it involves analysis of an enterprise activity as a set of processes. The model contains processes occurring at enterprise level and also in the widely considered investment process in the construction industry. This assumption made the proposed knowledge Map universal and able to be applied in construc- tion enterprises operating in both the design and executive field.


Patients with long-standing chromoblastomycosis may respond poorly to standard treatments such as amphotericin B, oral antifungals, surgical measures or thermotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of alternate week and combination therapy with itraconazole and terbinafine in the treatment of poorly responsive, or non-responsive, chromoblastomycosis. Four patients with longstanding chromoblastomycosis (8-23 years) caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi had responded poorly to standard therapies including monotherapy with the oral antifungal agents. In order to try and improve the response to oral itraconazole and terbinafine, alternate week or combination therapy with itraconazole and terbinafine was initiated. Bloodwork including complete blood count and liver function tests were performed every 3-8 weeks to ensure patient safety. Reduction or resolution of lesions of chromoblastomycosis was noted with alternate week or combination treatment using oral itraconazole and terbinafine. Three of four patients experienced no clinical side-effects; the third reported mild, transient gastric discomfort which responded to antacids. Bloodwork generally remained within normal limits throughout the entire course of treatment with no clinically significant changes. The combination therapy was considered effective in treating the poorly responsive chromoblastomycosis of all four patients. Some success with alternative week therapy was also noted in one patient. The favorable response and lack of significant adverse effects suggests that these regimens may be an option for some patients with chromoblastomycosis.


We present a density functional theory study of the electronic structure of single-layer TiSe2, and focus on the charge density wave (CDW) instability present on this 2D material. We explain the 2×2 periodicity of the CDW from the phonon band structure of the undistorted crystal, which is unstable under one of the phonon modes at the M point. This can be understood in terms of a partial band gap opening at the Fermi level, which we describe on the basis of the symmetry of the involved crystal orbitals, leading to an energy gain upon the displacement of the atoms following the phonon mode in a 2  ×  1 structure. Furthermore, the combination of the corresponding phonons for the three inequivalent M points of the Brillouin zone leads to the 2  ×  2 distortion characteristic of the CDW state. This leads to a further opening of a full gap, which reduces the energy of the 2  ×  2 structure compared to the 2  ×  1 one of a single M point phonon, and makes the CDW structure the most stable one. We also analyze the effect of charge injection into the layer on the structural instability. We predict that the 2  ×  2 structure only survives for a certain range of doping levels, both for electrons and for holes, as doping reduces the energy gain due to the gap opening. We predict the transition from the commensurate 2  ×  2 distortion to an incommensurate one with increasing wavelength upon increasing the doping level, followed by the appearance of the undistorted 1  ×  1 structure for larger carrier concentrations.


Phenotypic plasticity (genotype × environment interaction) is an especially important means for sessile organisms to cope with environmental variation. While kelps, the globally most productive group of seaweeds, generally possess a wide thermal performance range, kelp populations at their warm distribution limits are threatened by ocean warming. Here, we investigated effects of temperature during ontogeny of the kelp Laminaria digitata across haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte life cycle stages in five distinct genetic lines. We hypothesized that thermal plasticity increases trait performance of juvenile sporophytes in experimental temperatures that match the temperature experienced during gametogenesis and recruitment, and that plasticity differs among genetic lines (genetic variation for plasticity). We applied a full-factorial experimental design to generate different temperature histories by applying 5 and 15°C during meiospore germination, gametogenesis of parental gametophytes and recruitment of offspring sporophytes (19–26 days), and juvenile sporophyte rearing (91–122 days). We then tested for thermal plasticity among temperature history treatments at 5 and 15°C in a final 12-day experiment assessing growth, the storage compound mannitol, carbon and nitrogen contents, and fluorometric responses in 3–4 month old sporophytes for five genetic lines. Our study provides evidence for the importance of cold temperatures at early development on later sporophyte performance of L. digitata. Gametogenesis and recruitment at 5°C promoted higher growth of offspring sporophytes across experimental temperatures. While photosynthetic capacity was higher at 15°C, carbon and nitrogen storage were higher at 5°C, both showing fast acclimation responses. We identified an important role of genetic variation for plasticity in shaping L. digitata's thermal plasticity. Trait performance at 5 or 15°C (reaction norm slopes) differed among genetic lines, even showing opposite response patterns. Interestingly, genetic variation for plasticity was only significant when sporophytes were reared at 5°C. Thus, we provide evidence that the cold-temperate to Arctic kelp species, L. digitata, which possesses a wide temperature tolerance between 0 and 23°C, is impaired by warm temperature during gametogenesis and recruitment, reducing growth of juvenile sporophytes and expression of variable thermal plasticity in the wild.


This article examines two uses of the word enunciation in some recent contributions of the italian semiotics: a) "enunciation" as activation of open semantic potentials (VIOLI 2003) ; b) "enunciation" as modulation of local encyclopedic sections (PAOLUCCI 2010). Thanks to the theoretical resources of two fundamental research programs as Benveniste's linguistics (LEB) and Culioli's theory of predicative and enunciative operations (TOPE), we try to demonstrate that these uses are variants of the same general idea, i.e. "actualization" of encyclopedic virtualities. In the last section of the paper, we formulate some questions that remain open in the context of this investigation.


The genetic characteristics and diversity of 21 experimental chicken lines registered with the National BioResource Project of Japan were examined using mitochondrial D-loop sequences and 54 microsatellite DNA markers. A total of 12 haplotypes were detected in the 500-bp mitochondrial DNA sequences of the hypervariable segment I for 349 individuals of 21 lines. The 12 haplotypes belonged to three (A, D, and E) haplogroups, out of the eight (A‒H) common haplogroups in domestic chickens and red junglefowls. The haplogroups A and D were widely represented in indigenous chickens in the Asian and Pacific regions, and the haplogroup E was the most prevalent in domestic chickens. Genetic clustering by discriminant analysis of principal components with microsatellite markers divided 681 individuals of 21 lines into three groups that consisted of Fayoumi-, European-, and Asian- derived lines. In each of the cladograms constructed with Nei's genetic distances based on allele frequencies and the membership coefficients provided by STRUCTURE and with the genetic distance based on the proportion of shared alleles, the genetic relationships coincided well with the breeding histories of the lines. Microsatellite markers showed remarkably lower genetic heterozygosities (less than 0.1 observed heterozygosity) for eight lines (GSP, GSN/1, YL, PNP, BM-C, WL-G, BL-E, and #413), which have been maintained as closed colonies for more than 40 years (except for #413), indicating their usefulness as experimental chicken lines in laboratory animal science research.