This doctoral thesis discusses the Finnish and European discourses on the interna-
tionalisation of higher education and the roles of the University. The thesis aims to
understand the ways in which the roles and tasks of the University are played out in
the competitive knowledge society in Finland and the European Higher Education
Arena. The competitive knowledge society is seen as a dominant political rationality
within which changes in the University as a social institution can be evaluated and
discussed. The research's starting point is the representation of internationalisation as a change
in the University and as an indication of its responsiveness. Discourse analytical strate-
gies were used to analyse the empirical data used in the research. Institutional theory
and governmentality theory were utilised to make sense of the University as a social
institution and the competitive knowledge society as a dominant political rationality,
and the way these two framework conditions relate to the discourses. Six discourses were identifi ed in the empirical analysis. The three Internationalisa-
tion discourses were named the internationalisation as individual growth -discourse, the
internationalisation as rethinking the university -discourse and the internationalisation
as opening up the country -discourse. They provided answers to the questions about
what higher education internationalisation is and what its consequences are, from the
perspective of the individual, the university and the nation. The three University discourses were named the science and knowledge -discourse,
the civilisation and wellbeing -discourse and the competition and competitiveness
-discourse. The University discourses represent legitimations of the University in the
knowledge society. They describe the reasons why the University is needed in society,
what the University contributes to it, and what a "true" University is like. The representations of internationalisation, or the roles and tasks of the Uni-
versity and its identity as an institution in a competitive knowledge society, are not
singular or homogenous. Instead they are constructed of several different co-existing
and complementary discourses. Although the University contribution to competition
and competitiveness makes a strong constitutive and legitimating discourse, other
discourses and other legitimations live side by side with it.


This thesis discusses intuitionistic least and greatest fixedpoint logics, i.e., intuitionistic systems of logic with primitive predicate-valued operators on predicate transformers that send monotone predicate transformers to their least and greatest fixedpoints, predicates being quasiordered by inclusion. It consists of an account of some aspects of their basic proof theory (natural deduction), accompanied by an envisagement of an application from typed functional pro gramming. In tomparison to classical least fixedpoint logits, which have received much attention in the research literature, as they have been found to be interesting both mathematitally (for example, in finite model theory) and from the point of view of practical utility (most remarkably in the verification of transition systems), the general interest in intuitionistic least and greatest fixedpoint logits seems to have been modest. This is somewhat surprising in the view of the handily conjecturable significance of the deductive systems for intuitionistic least and greatest fixedpoint logits for typed functional programming, which we try to cast some light upon. The treatment of intuitionistic logics in this thesis is exclusively proof-theoretical. This is so in the first place because we adhere to the position that the philosophically accurate intuitive semantics of intuitionistic systems of logic is proof semantics, of which tenable natural deduction (N.D.) systems (or, which is essentia lly the same, typed lambda calculi), for instance, are formalizations, but also sinte it is exactly the availability of such formalizations that actually makes intuitionistic logics matter for typed functional programming.We describe eight proof-theoretically defendable extensions of the customary N. D. system for the full intuitionistic 1st-order predicate logit with least and greatest fixedpoint oper ators enjoying the strong normalization and uniqueness of normal forms properties as well as a number of translations between these and from these into the customary N. D. system for the full intuitionistic 2nd-order predicate logit that preserve reductions between proofs. Four of these systems are variants of systems that have appeared in the literature; four are, to our knowledge, new. The exposition is centered around a tube-shaped taxonomy of the systems developed guided by the translation relationships. We argue that all eight systems can be interpreted as terminating and determinist ic systems of typed functional programming with primitive formers of inductive and coinductive types and employed an media for program construction from judgements-as-specifications. In particular, we illustrate on toy examples a technique for program construction in which judgements are put to work as specifications in a specific simplistic way, employing our systems as media. We also provide a short survey of the related work, which we divide into two blocks: the related work on classical least fixed point logics and their applications, and the relating work on deductive systems for intuitionistic logics and their programming applications.


Gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal site involved by lymphoma with the majority being non-Hodgkin type. Although lymphoma can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, the most frequent sites in order of its occurrence are the stomach followed by small intestine and ileocecal region. Gastrointestinal tract lymphoma is usually secondary to the widespread nodal diseases and primary gastrointestinal tract lymphoma is relatively rare. Gastrointestinal lymphomas are usually not clinically specific and indistinguishable from other benign and malignant conditions. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common pathological type of gastrointestinal lymphoma in essentially all sites of the gastrointestinal tract, although recently the frequency of other forms has also increased in certain regions of the world. Although some radiological features such as bulky lymph nodes and maintenance of fat plane are more suggestive of lymphoma, they are not specific, thus mandating histopathological analysis for its definitive diagnosis. There has been a tremendous leap in the diagnosis, staging and management of gastrointestinal lymphoma in the last two decades attributed to a better insight into its etiology and molecular aspect as well as the knowledge about its critical signaling pathways.


In regard to the Roman king, whose priestly functions were inherited by his successor the King of the Sacred Rites, the foregoing discussion has led us to the following conclusions. He represented and indeed personated Jupiter, the great god of the sky, the thunder, and the oak, and in that character made rain, thunder, and lightning for the good of his subjects, like many more kings of the weather in other parts of the world. Further, he not only mimicked the oak-god by wearing an oak wreath and other insignia of divinity, but he was married to an oak-nymph Egeria, who appears to have been merely a local form of Diana in her character of a goddess of woods, of waters, and of childbirth. All these conclusions, which we have reached mainly by a consideration of the Roman evidence, may with great probability be applied to the other Latin communities. They too probably had of old their divine or priestly kings, who transmitted their religious functions, without their civil powers, to their successors the Kings of the Sacred Rites.


In this work, we introduce the qualitative and quantitative concept of the strong stability method in the risk process modeling two lines of business of the same insurance company or an insurance and re-insurance companies that divide between them both claims and premiums with a certain proportion. The approach proposed is based on the identification of the ruin probability associate to the model considered, with a stationary distribution of a Markov random process called a reversed process. Our objective, after clarifying the condition and the perturbation domain of parameters, is to obtain the stability inequality of the ruin probability which is applied to estimate the approximation error of a model with disturbance parameters by the considered model. In the stability bound obtained, all constants are explicitly written. Keywords—Markov chain, risk models, ruin probabilities, strong stability analysis.


Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) are currently the subject of intensive investigation as potential markers for autoimmune insulitis. However, the results of different reports vary widely. In an attempt to elucidate the reasons for the discrepant reports and to initiate standardization procedures, the International Diabetes Workshop (IDW) undertook two studies in which 22 centers worldwidemeasured IAA in coded samples. The variance in binding signal from the 49 sera in study 1 was considerable, even when results were standardized, but was largely systematic and attributable to basic differences in assay type (liquid phase versus solid phase) and to differences in the ligand used (human vs. nonhuman insulin). In study 2, 5 sera were prepared and presented blindly to compare dilution curves, insulin-species specificity, interference from irrelevant serum proteins, precision, and dose-dependent displaceability. Many assays, both liquid and solid phase, were influenced by marked and unpredictable nonspecific binding, revealed by loss of parallelism between dilution curves in pooled normal serum and buffer, by variable binding signals with different normal sera, and by difficulty in distinguishing human insulin-specific from crossreactive IAA sera. It was concluded from the experience of both studies that variance could probably be reduced by using a standard curve with derived common units, a single species of ligand, and methodology to minimize the effect of nonspecific binding. Variation related to assay type was probably due to liquid-versus solid-phase systems being differentially more sensitive to certain aspects of antigen-antibody binding; this issue will be addressed in future serum exchanges and workshops.


An automatic test pattern generator (ATPG) for combinational circuits based on a functional description has been developed. The algorithm generates tests on the basis of a set of Boolean equations or higher functional representations where little or no knowledge of the physical structure is required. A functional fault coverage is defined and related to structural fault coverage.<<ETX>>


Polyamines are small organic molecules which modulate many physiological processes. Here, an inhibitory effect of spermine on rat carotid body chemoreception is reported. Spermine inhibits catecholamine release, from isolated carotid bodies, induced either by high K+ or by hypoxia. This inhibitory effect could be mediated by: the activation of the Ca2+ sensing receptor (CaR) or the inhibition of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Measurements of intracellular Ca2+ in dissociated type 1 cells, demonstrated that spermine inhibits Ca2+ influx evoked by either high K+ or hypoxia, but did not affect the resting intracellular Ca2+ levels. Then, the expression of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and CaR were assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunochemistry in the carotid body. Cav1.2 and Cav2.2 were found to be especially expressed in type 1 cells while Cav1.3, Cav1.4, Cav2.1, Cav2.3, Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3 could not be detected. CaR was detected only in the nerve ending. Having declined a role of the CaR in mediating the spermine inhibition of type 1 cell chemoreception, the effect of spermine on Cav1.2 was investigated using patch-clamp recording of HEK293 cells transiently or stably expressing human Cav1.2. Spermine inhibits Cav1.2 using 2 mM Ba2+ as a charge carrier but not with 20 mM Ba2+. The inhibition of Cav1.2 by spermine in type 1 cells was then confirmed by co-application with nifedipine using Ca2+ imaging. These experiments demonstrate an inhibitory effect of spermine on Cav1.2 and potentially Cav2.2 in rat type 1 cells. In conclusion, spermine inhibits catecholamine release by type 1 cells, via the direct inhibition of Cav1.2 and possibly Cav2.2. This mechanism could act as a negative feedback on the type 1 cells and limit neurotransmitter release.


Properly designed culverts do not produce water velocities that exceed fish swimming abilities. Fish have two different musculature systems for swimming. A white muscle system generates power for short, vigorous swimming. A red muscle system furnishes power for long, sustained swimming. The culvert design must account for both swimming modes. Therefore, the engineer must know the hydraulic conditions where the fish swims. These conditions change throughout the culvert. The engineer determines acceptable hydraulic conditions for fish by matching known fish swimming power and energy capacities. Subcritical flow is necessary to pass weak-swimming, upstream-migrating fish. Therefore, this requirement precludes the use of inlet control. The engineer may use artificial roughness to create areas of slower water velocities within culverts. Examples of these are depressed inverts, weir baffles, and deep culvert corrugations. This manual presents design procedures to pass upstream-migrating, weak-swimming fish. The manual also displays criteria for retrofitting existing culverts. This paper does not present cost-effective design criteria for strong-swimming fish.


Ainsley Iggo was one of the most prominent pioneers in pain research. He died 2 weeks before Easter at his home in Edinburgh at the age of 87. This editorial shall provide homage of this important scholar from the different viewpoints of his pupils and coworkers during different stations of his life as a scientist. Ainsley Iggo was born 1924 in New Zealand and graduated with a Master of Agricultural Sciences from the University of New Zealand. He was awarded with a scholarship, which allowed him to continue his studies first in Australia and later in the United Kingdom. Most important for his career, he was trained in neurophysiology at the University of Otago in the laboratory of John Eccles, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on synaptic transmission. Ainsley Iggo moved to Scotland in 1950 for the rest of his life. There, he worked first at the University of Aberdeen and later at the University of Edinburgh. In 1962, he became Professor and Chairman of Veterinary Physiology at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies. In Aberdeen, he began work on the sensory innervation of the stomach and there started his lifelong interest in the functions of peripheral nerve fibres, particularly the thinnest and most slowly conducting. At this time, the function and importance of the nociceptors was rather unclear. Pattern theories prevailed for the explanation of pain mechanisms. Ainsley Iggo was the first to record from unmistakable single unmyelinated nerve fibres, which were identified by a collision method he had invented. This method allowed to measure precisely the conduction velocities of single fibres. For the following decades, he published seminal papers on the function and classification of nociceptors and other receptor types in different body tissues. The finding that there is an abundant population of nociceptive nerve fibres in our body tissues brought Ainsley Iggo in antagonism to another influential scientist, Pat Wall, who put the emphasis on a pattern of spinal cord processing (gate control theory) for explaining pain origination and held nociceptors for dispensable for the explanation of pain mechanisms. The work of Ainsley Iggo was not restricted to nociceptor functions. He was also interested in other aspects of the skin innervation, e.g., the relationship of structure and function of mechanoreceptors. The Merkel cell, a structure supporting mechanoreceptor axons, which was first described by the anatomist Merkel in the 19th century, was even renamed in many textbooks as 'Merkel – Iggo Corpuscle'. Later on, he also contributed to pioneer work on the synaptic transmission in the spinal cord. Professor Iggo received many honours and became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Besides his groundbreaking scientific work, Ainsley Iggo was also a very competent and effective administrator of his department and of his faculty at the Royal Dick Veterinary School. His administrative skills proved invaluable for the development of pain research when he became founding member and later president of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). One of the best witnesses of this facet of his work is Louisa Jones, who joined his efforts during this period as the chief administrator of IASP. She wrote me in a letter: In the early days of IASP when Ainsley was IASP President, i.e. 1981–1984, the activities of IASP were primarily the journal, the triennial Congresses, and efforts to increase membership. The finances were meager and IASP had not yet launched into a substantial program of grants, book publishing, etc. I particularly remember that Ainsley was adamant Figure 1 At the meeting of Issaquah, 1973. Foundation of IASP. Photo: L.E. Jones, IASP Archives.


Habitat suitability and the distinct mobility of species depict fundamental keys for explaining and understanding the distribution of river fishes. In recent years, comprehensive data on river hydromorphology has been mapped at spatial scales down to 100 m, potentially serving high resolution species-habitat models, e.g., for fish. However, the relative importance of specific hydromorphological and in-stream habitat variables and their spatial scales of influence is poorly understood. Applying boosted regression trees, we developed species-habitat models for 13 fish species in a sand-bed lowland river based on river morphological and in-stream habitat data. First, we calculated mean values for the predictor variables in five distance classes (from the sampling site up to 4000 m up- and downstream) to identify the spatial scale that best predicts the presence of fish species. Second, we compared the suitability of measured variables and assessment scores related to natural reference conditions. Third, we identified variables which best explained the presence of fish species. The mean model quality (AUC = 0.78, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) significantly increased when information on the habitat conditions up- and downstream of a sampling site (maximum AUC at 2500 m distance class, +0.049) and topological variables (e.g., stream order) were included (AUC = +0.014). Both measured and assessed variables were similarly well suited to predict species' presence. Stream order variables and measured cross section features (e.g., width, depth, velocity) were best-suited predictors. In addition, measured channel-bed characteristics (e.g., substrate types) and assessed longitudinal channel features (e.g., naturalness of river planform) were also good predictors. These findings demonstrate (i) the applicability of high resolution river morphological and instream-habitat data (measured and assessed variables) to predict fish presence, (ii) the importance of considering habitat at spatial scales larger than the sampling site, and (iii) that the importance of (river morphological) habitat characteristics differs depending on the spatial scale.


While there was in general no negative attitude towards interest on loans in the ancient Near Eastern civilizations it was the moral commands of the Hebrew Bible that viewed the concept of interest taking on loans - at least to any member of the community of Israel -- as a morally questionable practice. All of the three legal codes of the Old Testament, the "Code of the Covenant," the "Law of Holiness," and the "Deuteronomic Code," contain a law prohibiting the lending on interest whereby the prohibition in the "Code of the Covenant" in the book of Exodus is generally agreed to be the oldest. This thrice repeated prohibition against lending for interest in the Pentateuch is therefore often regarded as the result of a primitive economic standard and the specific "kinship morality of a tribal society." A closer look at the subject seems to prove this general opinion of most scholars to be a historical myth. In the light of recent historical research the Hebrew condemnation of lending at interest is neither in striking contrast with the traditions of Israel's ancient neighbors nor rested on very different grounds to the ideas of Plato. The Biblical prohibition against lending at interest was formulated by the "Deuteronomic school" as part of an ideal law for a new post-exile "Israel." It was the utopian response to the ethical demands of the prophetic thematization of justice after Israel's economy had entered the stage of early capitalism. Therefore it was not the authors of Deuteronomy, who formulated the prohibition in a stricter way than the traditional "Covenant." It was the authors of Deuteronomy, who were the first to formulate the prohibition, and it was the "Deuteronomistic school," which extended the other codes with a prohibition against lending at interest based on the Deuteronomic Code. The Old Testament anti usury laws are but one of the many utopian ethical demands that had a profound influence on the life and thought of the Western World.


We present a simple dynamic investment strategy that allows long-term passive investors to hedge climate risk without sacrificing financial returns. We illustrate how the tracking error can be virtually eliminated even for a low-carbon index with 50% less carbon footprint than its benchmark. By investing in such a decarbonized index, investors in effect are holding a "free option on carbon." As long as climate change mitigation actions are pending, the low-carbon index obtains the same return as the benchmark index; but once carbon dioxide emissions are priced, or expected to be priced, the low-carbon index should start to outperform the benchmark.


A mechanism for gene conversion is proposed which overcomes many of the difficulties that any copy choice model encounters. It is suggested that along with general genetic pairing of homologous genomes at meiosis, effective pairing over short regions of the genetic material occurs at the molecular level by the separation of the strands of the DNA double helices, followed by the annealing of strands from two homologous chromatids. If the annealed region happens to span a heterozygous site, mispairing of bases will occur. Such a situation may be analogous to that in DNA which is damaged by mutagens; the same or similar repair mechanisms may operate, and these, by adjusting the base sequences in order to restore normal base pairing, would bring about gene conversion in the absence of any genetic replication. The model indicates how precise breakage and rejoining of chromatids could occur in the vicinity of the conversion, so that conversion would frequently be accompanied by the recombination of outside markers. The model also proposes that the distance between two mutant sites on a fine structure map depends not so much on the frequency of a recombinational event occurring between them, but rather on the degree of inhibition of the processes of genetic pairing by the mutants themselves. The model will explain almost all the data in a formal way, and it has the advantage over copy choice mechanisms for gene conversion in (1) being compatible with semi-conservative replication of DNA, (2) not invoking DNA synthesis during or after genetic pairing, (3) providing a molecular mechanism for close specific pairing, (4) making it unnecessary to postulate sister strand exchange or a process akin to this, (5) suggesting why rates of gene conversion in opposite directions are sometimes unequal and (6) providing an explanation of the clustering of mutant sites, a basis for map expansion and for the apparently capricious departure of fine structure maps from additivity. Although the model proposed is a general rather than a specific one, it suggests that the process of conversion and intragenic recombination is more complex than is usually believed, since it depends on several interacting factors. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the introduction of a model with this complexity will help to stimulate specific experiments, and that these will provide definitive information which would never be obtained if simpler models of conversion and intragenic recombination were believed to explain the genetic data sufficiently well.


The migratory behavior of females of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) can indicate a strategy that optimizes the population establishment. With this idea in mind, we evaluated the reproductive biology of M. amazonicum, hypothesizing that females were evenly distributed downstream of Hydroelectric Dam. Specimens were collected monthly for one year, from six sites of Rio Grande river. The specimens were sexed and measured (carapace length; CL). A total of 14,697 adults were captured, 2,864 males (AM), 11,082 non-breeding females (AF) and 751 breeding females (BF). The smallest BF had 3.8 mm CL. The distribution of demographic groups was assessed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which explained 95.16% of the distribution over the collection sites. Breeding females were more abundant in the sites closest to the dam. This result can be explained by rainfall, which varied significantly throughout the year. As the breeding females migrated upstream toward the dam and were more abundant there, our hypothesis of homogeneous distribution was rejected. This behavior probably optimizes larval dispersion. The reproduction was continuous with peaks in the period preceding the maximum rainfall.


Introducing dynamic aspects in diagrams that capture the aggregate structure of composite agents represents a promising notion, which can help to express in a straightforward manner how an entity is changing its placement during its evolution in time. This paper focuses on the novel concept of a dynamic aggregate "prototype" for agent-oriented modeling languages, which enables business modelers and system designers to play with and generalize models of existing reality. First, the importance of the role concept in dynamic collaboration is discussed and then the necessity of having explicit hierarchical structures for agents is argued. Next, the rationale for introducing agent groups is presented and their relation with the role concept is explained. A comparison with other approaches that offer agent aggregation is done. Finally, an example is used to illustrate the use of the new concept, and future avenues for research are introduced.


The nomenclatural history of the Australian epiphytic orchid Plectorrhiza purpurata (Rupp) M.A.M.Renner is reviewed. The first name published for this species, Cleisostoma gemmatum Rupp, is illegitimate, and Rupp proposed a replacement name, Cleisostoma purpuratum Rupp, shortly thereafter. Though the replacement was somewhat obliquely worded, Rupp fulfilled the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, such that Cleisostoma purpuratum was available to serve as the basionym for the name generally used for this orchid since 1967, i.e. Schistotylus purpuratus (Rupp) Dockrill. The transfer of this taxon to Plectorrhiza under the new name Plectorrhiza gemmata M.A.Clem., D.L.Jones & D.P.Banks resulted in the publication of a superfluous name, because the earliest legitimate epithet purpurata is available in Plectorrhiza and ought to have been adopted. The required new combination is made.


Helicase-like proteins play a crucial role in nucleic acid- and chromatin-mediated reactions. In this study, we identified 134 helicase-like proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and classified the proteins into 10 known subfamilies and a group of orphan genes on the basis of sequence similarity. We characterized loss-of-function phenotypes in RNA interference (RNAi)-treated animals for helicase family members, using the RNAi feeding method, and found several previously unreported phenotypes. Fifty-one (39.5%) of 129 genes tested showed development- or growth-defect phenotypes, and many of these genes were putative nematode homologs of essential genes in a unicellular eukaryote, budding yeast, suggesting conservation of these essential proteins in both species. Comparative analyses between these species identified evolutionarily diverged nematode proteins as well as conserved family members. Chromosome mapping of the nematode genes revealed 10 pairs of putative duplicated genes and clusters of C. elegans-specific SNF2-like genes and Helitrons. Analyses of transcriptional profile data revealed a predominantly oogenesis- and germline-enriched expression of many helicase-like genes. Finally, we identified the D2005.5(drh-3) gene in an RNAi-based screen for genes involved in resistance to X-ray irradiation. Analysis of DRH-3 will clarify the potentially novel mechanism by which it protects against X-ray-induced damage in C. elegans.


Grid Computing is a concept, a network, a work in progress, part hype and part reality, and it is increasingly capturing the attention of the computing community. It uses clusters of personal computers, servers or other machines. They link together to tackle complex calculations. In part, grid computing lets companies harness their unused computing power, or processing cycles, to create a type of supercomputer. Wireless grids extend the capability of grid computing to wireless devices. The number of users using laptops, PDAs, cell phones, and other wireless devices is increasing leading to more networked wireless devices, and creating a vast collective potential of unexploited resources. Wireless grid computing with its model of coordinated resource sharing may provide a way to utilize such resources that are normally distributed throughout a grid. We may have Gridnet in the future as we have Internet today. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of wireless grid computing.


This essay was presented as the 2006 William Howard Taft lecture at the University of Cincinnati College of Law. It suggests that the conflation of politics and law - the view that judges are not legal experts but rather legislators in robes - is part of a deeper and more worrisome trend. We do not see judges as legal experts because we no longer believe in expertise. We have, in other words, begun to conflate politics and knowledge. We are moving toward a world in which the creation of knowledge is not the province of experts, but is instead produced by popular vote. This essay explores and critiques that trend.


A restriction map was constructed of the ribosomal cistron in a mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). The 18s, 28s and nontranscribed spacer (NTS) regions were subcloned and used to probe for intraspecific variation. Seventeen populations were examined throughout the world range of the species. No variation was detected in the coding regions but extensive and continuous variation existed in the NTS. The NTS consisted of two nonhomologous regions. The first region contained multiple 190-bp AluI repeats nested within larger XhoI repeats of various sizes. There was a large number of length variants in the AluI repeat region of the NTS. No repeats were found in the second region and it gave rise to relatively fewer variants. An analysis of NTS diversity in individual mosquitoes indicated that most of the diversity arose at the population level. Discriminant analysis was performed on spacer types in individual mosquitoes and demonstrated that individuals within a population carried a unique set of spacers. In contrast with studies of the NTS in Drosophila populations, there seems to be little conservation of spacers in a population. The importance of molecular drive relative to drift and selection in the generation of local population differentiation is discussed.


Landslides can be mapped for purely academic reasons to understand their nature and properties, or for engineering purposes because they constitute a hazard to an existing human activity or a proposed development. The scale of the mapping to be carried out will be influenced by the requirements of the investigation. For engineering investigations large-scale mapping (>1:10000) is generally the most appropriate whereas for academic studies smaller-scale mapping can be just as valuable as it can reveal much about the role landsliding has in overall landscape development. In this paper three examples of mapping landslides at different scales are presented and the implications for the mapping procedures employed are explored. These examples are: (1) large-scale mapping of an active landslide affecting a road and mobile home site on the SW coast of the Isle of Wight, UK; (2) medium-scale mapping of landslides in the proximity of a river capture site in SE Spain; (3) small-scale mapping of large coastal landslides in northern Chile and the implications for mass sediment transfer along an active subduction margin. All three mapping programmes had a clear focus and intent but the method employed varied with the purpose of the investigation and the scale of the mapping that was carried out. It was concluded that it is important for any landslide mapping programme to have clearly identified objectives from the outset if time, and money, is not be wasted. However, even in site-specific investigations it is imperative for landslides to be seen in the wider context of their geomorphological situation with their role in landscape development assessed so as to understand the likelihood and potential magnitude of any hazards.


This incisive study takes on one of the grimmest secrets in America's national life - the history of lynching and, more generally, the public punishment of African Americans. Jacqueline Goldsby shows that lynching cannot be explained away as a phenomenon peculiar to the South or as the perverse culmination of racist politics. Rather, lynching - a highly visible form of social violence that has historically been shrouded in secrecy - was in fact a fundamental part of the national consciousness whose cultural logic played a pivotal role in the making of American modernity. To pursue this argument, Goldsby traces lynching's history by taking up select mob murders and studying them together with key literary works. She focuses on three prominent authors - Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Stephen Crane, and James Weldon Johnson - and shows how their own encounters with lynching influenced their analyses of it. She also examines a recently assembled archive of evidence - lynching photographs - to show how photography structured the nation's perception of lynching violence before World War I. Finally, Goldsby considers the way lynching persisted into the twentieth century, discussing the lynching of Emmett Till in 1955 and the ballad-elegies of Gwendolyn Brooks to which his murder gave rise. An empathic and perceptive work, "A Spectacular Secret" will make an important contribution to the study of American history and literature.


The cinema of the first two decades of the 21st century cannot be understood without the visual, technological, economic and cultural impact of blockbusters, linked in their transmedia dimension with a series of franchises: Harry Potter, Star Wars, Marvel. The digital revolution that began in 1999 (The Matrix and Episode I: The Phantom Menace) reached its zenith in 2019 with the premiere of Avengers: EndGame, breaking the box office. Thus, Disney, owner of LucasFilm, Pixar and Marvel Studios, reached the highest annual gross achieved by a film studio. Productions all premiered on the big screens of the world's cinemas financed with the sale of licenses for the commercialization of merchandising. The year 2020 will go down in history due to the global health crisis produced by Covid-19, the collapse of the health system, the confinement of the population, the closure of productive sectors, public and private services, sports, education and culture. At the same time, online sales businesses such as Amazon or audiovisual content platforms (Netflix, Disney or HBO) were reaching subscriber numbers expected for the not so near future. While all the cinemas in the world closed their theaters, postponing or moving premieres to streaming services and sales of domestic formats fell, merchandising companies increased their annual turnover derived from their licenses. The symbiotic relationship between companies dedicated to audiovisual production and those specialized in the design of licensed products is our object of study from the history of art and design from visual culture studies. The symbiotic relationship between companies dedicated to audiovisual production and those specialized in the design of licensed products is our object of study, analyzed from the history of art and design within visual culture studies


Multi-sensor monitoring devices that use skin surface or implanted sensors are susceptible to changes in temperature, sweat, and movement, such that the measured data cannot be used. This paper presents an automatic approach to detect such erroneous sensors. It is based on the assumption that valid measurements are related by a reconstruction model, while measurements from erroneous sensors are unrelated. The method estimates the data at each sensor based on the measurements from all other sensors, and compares it to the measurements. The sensor-data match is tested using ANOVA to detect the presence of an erroneous sensor. The method was tested on simulated and experimental data of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and ECG data which showed consistent identification of erroneous electrodes.


This study aims to determine (1) the effectiveness of the Kawi Smara Innovation Program in improving the quality of public services at Klungkung Regency (2) factors are the inhibitors of the effectiveness of the Kawi Smara Innovation Program in improving the quality of public at Klungkung Regency. This study employed the qualitative descriptive methodology. The results of this study indicate that (1) the implementation of Kawi Smara's innovation program has been effective in terms of service quality, this innovation program has proven to greatly facilitate the public to obtain a marriage certificate, this innovation program has advantages in terms of the speed of the marriage certificate. the solution for the people who want to do their marriage ceremony right away is to get their marriage certificate. The Kawi Smara program is not maximally in quantity, the target of Kawi Smara's innovation program has not been maximally achieved, this is evidenced by the still low percentage of people who follow Kawi Smara's innovative program services. (2) Factors that hinder the effectiveness of the Kawi Smara innovation program at Klungkung Regency based on the results of the study are Lack of socialization, low public awareness and budget constraints.


This is the first definitive treatment of an analytically complex type of electric power converter (cycloconverter) operating between ac sources and loads, where the output frequency can be independently controlled from the input frequency.Currently, there is much interest in applying cycloconverters to the special control of ac motors and to aircraft electrical systems; however, progress has been limited by lack of good technical information. This book provides an immeasurable service in that the author's theory is sufficiently detailed to allow accurate performance evaluation, design calculations, and cost projections. Moreover, he has culled an extensive, coherent bibliography from the scattered literature in the field.A cycloconverter of the naturally commutated type is essentially a pair of phase-controlled rectifiers connected in inverse parallel. Modulation of these converters to provide ac power at a lower frequency than the source frequency greatly complicates the analysis of their behavior. McMurray treats various effects of the modulation in theoretical detail and shows how the resulting equations can be used for accurate performance and design calculations. His analysis of the cycloconverter is based on the classical equations of a phase-controlled rectifier operating with continuous load current. The general algebraic form of the equations, which are applicable to many different circuit configurations, is retained throughout the book. It also presents in tabular and graphical form the results of numerical integration of corresponding rectifier equations, required in calculating many cycloconverter performance factors.This is the fourth monograph in the series Modern Electrical Technology, edited by Alexander Kusko.


The paper explores how valuing devices and verification mechanisms such as user-generated content (UGC) websites partake in performing placeness. The findings are based upon a corpus of data including a case study at the offices of the largest user-generated travel website, TripAdvisor, a longitudinal netnographic approach and a conceptual review. Originally inspired by theorists of space we treat places as sites of becoming that are performed through everyday practices. In claiming that places become meaningful only in and through practices we stress the importance of treating rating and ranking mechanisms as generative, rather than merely reductive algorithmically produced representations. By juxtaposing traditional enactments of traveling, we are discussing how placeness has been transformed and how this has fueled a series of further revisions to valuing tourism. We conclude the paper by appreciating the multiplicity of performativity as being implicated in the algorithmic configurations on contemporary valuing devices and enacted as we read, interpret, write, imagine. It is suggested that although earlier valuing devices have evoked place-making in various ways, the rise of UGC websites has converted the travel experience into a constant negotiation process whereby both the value of places and the value of valuing devices are contested.


We recently described a method for confocal reflection imaging through fibers, as a way to increase contrast when imaging unstained biological specimens. Using a transmission matrix, focused spots can be created at the distal end of a fiber. The backscattered field coming back from the sample can be filtered using optical correlation to obtain spatial selectivity in the detection. In this proceedings article, we briefly review the working principle of this method, and we discuss how the scheme could be adapted to confocal fluorescence imaging. In particular, we show simulations of the achievable detection bandwidth when using step-index multimode fibers as imaging devices.


Abstract The first total synthesis of the actin‐stabilizing marine natural product geodiamolide H was achieved. Solid‐phase based peptide assembly paired with scalable stereoselective syntheses of polyketide building blocks and an optimized esterification set the stage for investigating the key ring‐closing metathesis. Geodiamolide H and synthetic analogues were characterized for their toxicity and for antiproliferative effects in cellulo, by characterising actin polymerization induction in vitro, and by docking on the F‐actin target and property computation in silico, for a better understanding of structure‐activity relationships (SAR). A non‐natural analogue of geodiamolide H was discovered to be most potent in the series, suggesting significant potential for tool compound design.


Some common molecules like antipyrine and toluene-p-sulphonamide have been synthesized by Microwave Assisted method i.e. "Green Synthesis". The reaction yields were compared with reported conventional method. The purpose of this study was increasing practical yield, lowering the reaction time and reducing pollution. The products were characterized by various techniques like melting point, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), partition coefficients, dissociation constants, % ionization, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Mass and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy.


This study was aimed at providing the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Rhus coriaria in diarrhea. In mice, the crude of R. coriaria demonstrated antisecretory and antidiarrheal effects against castor oil-induced fluid accumulation and diarrhea at at 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, and was found safe up to tested dose of 5 g/kg. In isolated rabbit jejunum, R. coriaria exhibited concentration-dependent (0.01-3.0 mg/mL) relaxation of spontaneous and high K + (80 mM)-induced contractions, similar to verapamil. The Ca ++ antagonist activity was confirmed when pretreatment of R. coriaria shifted Ca ++ concentration-response curves to the right with suppression of maximal response, similar to verapamil. R. coriaria also suppressed the high K + -evoked transient contractile peaks similar to the effect of cyclopiazonic acid and verapamil. This study indicates that R. coriaria possesses antisecretory, antidiarrheal and antispasmodic properties mediated possibly through Ca ++ antagonist pathway, thus providing evidence to its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal spasm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v9i4.20879


OBJECTIVE
An appropriate parameter to study the performance of an X-ray imaging system is contrast transfer, or the system's ability to capture contrast in the radiation beam and bring it to the image. However, determining the input contrast to the system is difficult, as it is heavily affected by secondary radiation, which in turn depends on a multitude of factors. This work presents a method to improve the calculation of input contrast to the imaging system when PMMA phantoms are used. Approach: An expression to obtain input contrast from primary radiation attenuation and scatter-to-primary ratio is shown, and the approximation upon which it is based is discussed. Primary and secondary radiation emerging from the phantoms are calculated for monoenergetic pencil beams impinging on planar PMMA phantoms of different thicknesses. Monte Carlo simulations of two types of anti-scatter grids are also incorporated into the calculations. Main results: The primary and secondary components of radiant energy and grid transmission factors are presented for monoenergetic beams with energies from 10 to 150 keV. These results are then used to calculate input contrast for polyenergetic beams when using a commercial image quality phantom combined with different thicknesses of PMMA and anti-scatter grids. Significance: The information of the object contrast carried by the beam constitutes the input to the imaging system. An accurate determination of this input contrast can be carried out in a wide variety of situations from the study of a reduced number of cases, as those presented in this work for monoenergetic beams, PMMA phantoms of different thicknesses and anti-scatter grids. The relationship between the input contrast and the contrast due to primary radiation used in this work provides a good approximation for the different combinations of inserts, phantoms, grids, and energy spectra analyzed here.


In this paper we investigate the frequency sensitivity of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) when presented with clean samples versus poisoned samples. Our analysis shows significant disparities in frequency sensitivity between these two types of samples. Building on these findings, we propose FREAK, a frequency-based poisoned sample detection algorithm that is simple yet effective. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of FREAK not only against frequency backdoor attacks but also against some spatial attacks. Our work is just the first step in leveraging these insights. We believe that our analysis and proposed defense mechanism will provide a foundation for future research and development of backdoor defenses.


The study reported upon in this paper examines the data from interviews with 200 American teachers from the State of Pennsylvania who had been subjected to a particular form of in‐class supervision known as the Madeline Hunter Model. Broadly representative of a range of intrusive surveillance schemes allegedly aimed at checking on efficiency and effectiveness, this process seems to have gained some pseudo‐legitimacy from the recommendations of a number of national reports on education. The data, however, reveal that this form of supervision promoted a form of 'ritualism' which teachers failed to take seriously; it concealed their personal and professional histories through episodic visits by outside experts; and it actively denied having a political agenda by claiming to be neutral, objective, value‐free and substantiated by findings from research on teaching. Although this research has made some useful beginnings on exploring the mediating linkage between macro‐school reforms as espoused by policymakers ...


The long term management of nuclear power plants raises several major issues among which the aging management of key components ranks high, from both technical and economic points of view. In order to detect and characterize potential defects on cast components, a program of in-service inspections is carried out by non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. In general, defect detection is the first step of an inspection procedure. Should a defect be detected, the plant operator must evaluate whether the component should be replaced or repaired (now or later) and will be required to prove that the component still meets regulatory requirements. That is why the characterization of the defect in terms of locating and sizing is essential, especially when the proof relies on mechanical calculations. In this paper we provide an overview of advanced signal processing techniques based on regularization of inverse problems. Those techniques have a strong potential for improving defect positioning and sizing. This has already been demonstrated in several R&D studies in the field of radiography and ultrasonics, leading in some cases to expertise-oriented applications. After a presentation of the general principles, we detail how regularization can be applied to process eddy current probe signals and provide good estimates of the depth of small surface breaking defects. Encouraging laboratory results have been obtained so far, which may lead to re-consider the scope of the eddy current technique as presently used in the nuclear industry. For example, its eligibility as an alternative NDE method could be explored in cases dealing with this kind of defect, if ultrasonics failed to meet the required characterization performance.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


To the Editor: Baerlocher et al. (Sept. 3 issue)1 report on telomere-targeted treatment with imetelstat in 18 patients with essential thrombocythemia. The drug was effective in controlling platelet levels in all patients, albeit often at the expense of hemoglobin and neutrophil levels. However, the other main treatment goals in essential thrombocythemia2 — controlling symptoms and preventing both disease progression and thromboembolic complications — were definitely not achieved. Fatigue, diarrhea, and nausea were all reported by more than 70% of the patients. A total of 3 patients had progression to myelofibrosis, and 2 patients had a thromboembolic event. Thus, treatment with imetelstat does not seem to be promising in this relatively benign disease. Only 4 patients had received interferon before undergoing this experimental therapy. Pegylated interferon alfa-2 is effective in controlling thrombocytosis in most patients, and it is not associated with myelofibrotic transformation, leukemogenicity, or other adverse long-term events.3 Furthermore, interferon may induce a deep molecular remission (i.e., a very low JAK2 V617F mutation level) and normalization of bone marrow changes, effects that in some patients may be maintained years after treatment cessation.3,4 In Denmark, interferon is suggested as first-line treatment in patients with essential thrombocythemia.5


The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank is one of just a few regional central banks in the world and the only one where the member countries have pooled all their foreign reserves, the convertability of the common currency is fully self-supported, and the parity of the exchange rate has not changed. This occasional paper reviews recent developments, policy issues, and institutional arrangements in the member countries of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union, and looks at the regional financial system, its supervision, and the central bank's initiatives to establish a single financial space. The paper includes a large amount of statistical information that is not readily available elsewhere from a single source.


This research thesis presents an analysis of the torsional loads on V-band clamps. In some applications, the relative rotational movement of the flanges connected by V-band clamps can result in catastrophic system failure. The ability to understand the factors impacting on torsional load capacity is therefore essential. In this research project, a theoretical model of a V-band joint subjected to torsional loads was developed.This model is used to identify those parameters that will impact on the joint's reliability. An experimental investigation was conducted to validate a theoretical model using a newly developed test rig. The development and features of this test rig are presented in this report. This experimental investigation also allowed the impact of those parameters that are difficult to control, to be determined. A total of three V-bands were used with different diameters but nominally identical cross sections were studied. In the research results, the initial slip point between flanges and the V-band clamp was identified by experimentation within this research project. Different sizes of Vbands were used under boundary conditions and loads. From the simulation results it was determned that the friction effect on the V-band depends on the size of the V-band. For the largest size of V-band, there was moderate correlation of the experimental and theoretical results. For the smallest size, the results suggest that with band tightening, flange contact is localised, rather than being throughout the band's entire circumference.The research demonstrated the significant relevance of the band and flanges' contact points and the coefficient of friction, especially that between the flanges, on the V-band clamp's theoretical torsional load capacity


Oxidative stress (a condition where oxidant -free radical- activity dominates the antioxidant activity) in poultry may be caused by heat stress from high environmental temperature. In this research, antanan ( Centella asiatica ) and vitamin C was utilized as anti heat-stress agents for broilers. One hundred and twenty male broilers of 2 – 6 weeks of age were kept at 31.98 ± 1.94 0 C poultry house temperature during the day and 27.36 ± 1.31 0 C at night. The treatments consist of two kinds: two levels of vitamin C (0 and 500ppm) and three levels of antanan (0, 5 and 10% of diets). The data colected was analized for variance with a factorial in completely randomized design of 2 x 3 (2 levels of vitamin C, 3 levels of antanan) and continued with contrast-orthogonal test when applicable. The results indicated that the treatments of antanan 5% without vitamin C (A5C0), antanan 10% without vitamin C (A10C0), vitamin C 500ppm without antanan (A0C500), combination of A5 and C500 (A5C500), and combination of  A10 and C500 (A10C500) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the level of liver malonaldehida (MDA), carcass lipid and plasma cholesterol. Key Words : Oxidative Stress, Centella Asiatica, Vitamin C


Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of DM and N by young pigs fed diets supplemented with different protein sources or organic acids. Pigs were surgically fitted with silicone cannulas at 2 wk of age. Following surgery, pigs were allowed to recuperate with their dams while suckling normally. After weaning at 24 d, pigs were assigned to treatment diets at 28 d of age. A 3-d adjustment and 4-d collection sequence was followed for the duration of the 4-wk experiment. Four treatment diets were fed in each experiment in a weekly rotation until each diet had been fed to each pig. Diet samples and digesta collected through the ileal cannulas were analyzed for chromic oxide (used as an indigestible marker), DM, and N. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed isolysinic (1.0%) corn-based diets supplemented with casein, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, or isolated soy protein. Casein addition resulted in improved DM (P less than .001) and N (P less than .05) digestibility but reduced gain (P less than .05) compared with the average of the soy protein sources. Nitrogen from diets formulated with soybean meal was digested more completely (P less than .05) than N from diets based on soy protein concentrate and isolated soy protein. Experiment 2 was an evaluation of the effect of dried skim milk (25%) and fumaric acid (2%) addition on apparent ileal digestibility of N and DM in corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of dried skim milk improved DM (P less than .01) and N (P less than .05) digestibility and daily gain (P less than .001). Fumaric acid supplementation did not affect nutrient digestibility or gain (P greater than .10).


Desertification can be an irreversible process due to positive feedback among degraded plant and soil dynamics. The recovery of semiarid degraded ecosystems may need human intervention. In restoration practices, the abiotic conditions often need to be improved to overcome the positive plant–soil feedback loops. Using nurse‐plants to improve abiotic conditions for introduced individuals (facilitation) has been suggested as an alternative to direct abiotic amelioration. Here, we compared direct abiotic amelioration and facilitation as tools for restoration of semiarid grasslands in Spain. Seedlings and seeds of Lygeum spartum and Salsola vermiculata were planted and sown in a stably degraded semiarid area in Northeast Spain. Two levels of direct abiotic amelioration (ploughing and damming) and indirect abiotic amelioration through facilitation by Suaeda vera nurse shrubs were compared with a control with no amelioration treatment. The control treatment showed low plant establishment, confirming the practical irreversibility of the degraded state. Plant establishment was significantly higher in the three treatments with interventions than in the control treatment. The best treatment depended on the plant trait considered, but damming was in most cases better than plant facilitation. However, facilitation maintained the nutrient‐rich topsoil layer. Given the relative success of facilitation, revegetation using the facilitative effect of nurse‐plants would, in principle, be recommended for restoring semiarid grasslands. Direct abiotic amelioration would be needed under extreme degradation or harsh climatic conditions.


: Analysis of the immune system status of 200 patients with chronic pancreatitis has shown more marked immune shifts in the patients with the primary condition, who presented with high levels of immune complexes and autosensitization to pancreatic tissue. When pancreatitis was associated with intestinal abnormalities, T lymphocyte function was depressed, as was nonspecific defense of the body. In cases when chronic pancreatitis resulted from diseases of the bile duct, stomach, or duodenum, the findings evidenced high blood serum levels of immunoglobulins A, G, and M, and significant bacterial sensitization. These results may be useful in choosing immunocorrecting therapy.


BACKGROUND
Renal denervation is optimised when guided by knowledge of nerve distribution.

AIMS
We aimed to assess sympathetic nerve distribution along the renal arteries, especially in post-bifurcation vessel segments.

METHODS
Renal arteries and surrounding tissue from 10 body donors were collected and examined histologically. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyse nerve distribution and to identify afferent and efferent sympathetic nerves.

RESULTS
A total of 6,781 nerves surrounding 18 renal arteries were evaluated. The mean lumen-nerve distance of the left renal artery (2.32±1.95 mm) was slightly greater than the right (2.29±2.03 mm; p=0.161); this varied across the arteries' courses: 3.7±2.3 mm in proximal segments, 2.5±2.0 mm in middle segments, 1.9±1.6 mm in distal prebifurcation segments and 1.3±1.0 mm in post-bifurcation segments (p<0.001). The number of nerves per quadrant was highest in the proximal segments (13.7±18.6), followed by the middle (9.7±7.9), distal prebifurcation (8.0±7.6), and distal post-bifurcation (4.3±4.0) segments (p<0.001). Circumferentially, the number of nerves was highest in the superior (7.8±9.4) and the ventral (7.6±13.1) quadrants (p=0.638). The mean tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ratio increased from proximal (37.5±33.5) to distal (72.0±7.2 in the post-bifurcation segments; p<0.001). Thirty-eight neuroganglia were identified along 14 (78%) renal arteries.

CONCLUSIONS
Nerves converge to the renal arteries' lumen in the distal segments and along branches, resulting in the lowest number of nerves per quadrant and the shortest lumen-nerve distance in the distal post-bifurcation segments. Efferent nerves occur predominantly, and the ratio of efferent to afferent nerves continues to increase in the vessels' course.


BACKGROUND
Many cases of tendon rupture after glucocorticoid injections have been reported in the literature. Despite previous studies on the histological and biomechanical changes in tendons after glucocorticoid injections, the role of glucocorticoid in causing tendon rupture still remains controversial. The objective of this study was to determine whether glucocorticoid has deleterious effects on the cellular metabolism and collagen production of cultured human tenocytes and the reversibility of these effects by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGFBB).

METHODS
Primary cultures of human tenocytes obtained from explants of healthy patellar tendon, harvested during anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, were performed. The effects on cell viability, cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis were measured by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation, and DNA fragmentation assay, respectively. The effect on collagen synthesis was measured by (3) H-proline incorporation assay.

RESULTS
The number of viable cells was decreased, in a dose-dependent manner, by the administration of 10 (-9) to 10 (-4) -M dexamethasone. This dose range also suppressed cell proliferation. No apoptotic effect was detected. Treatment with 10 (-6) -M dexamethasone significantly reduced the amount of collagen synthesis. Co-incubation with 10 ng/mL of PDGFBB significantly reversed the effects caused by 10 (-6) -M dexamethasone.

CONCLUSIONS
Dexamethasone significantly decreased cell viability, suppressed cell proliferation, and reduced collagen synthesis in cultured human tenocytes. The effects were reversed by the simultaneous administration of PDGFBB.


This study was based on three macromycete samples collected during field studies carried out to determine the macrofungal biodiversity of Of and Çamburnu districts of Trabzon province (Turkey). As a result of necessary investigations, Pluteus variabilicolor Babos (Pluteaceae), Coprinopsis urticicola (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (Psathyrellaceae) and Chroogomphus confusus Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang (Gomphidiaceae) were recorded from Turkey for the first time. Brief descriptions and photographs related to macroand micromorphologies of the species are provided together with their localities, geographical positions, collection date and Genbank number related to genetic sequences.


Presence of interfering targets causes a significant loss in detection performance. In this study, detectors of multiple targets, which are located at the same range cell but have different Doppler frequencies, are developed. The clutter is modeled to have compound-Gaussian distribution. The detectors that are designed here can alleviate the masking problem by means of considering the existence probability of an interfering target and performing the estimation of the target returns, clutter texture parameter and Doppler frequencies accordingly. The performance analysis was done through simulations and it was shown that the methods enable the detection with high probability, even in the presence of a strong interfering target. Besides, it was shown that the performance loss of the multiple-target detectors in single-target case is insignificant unless the signal to clutter ratio is too low.


We studied the effect of vagal afferents on the left ventricular contractile response (LVdP/dW) to administration of sympathomimetic amines into the left circumflex coronary artery in conscious dogs. The positive inotropic effects of bolus administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol were greater during bilateral vagal cold block (BVB) than in the control state with the vagi intact (P < 0.001). The inotropic potentiation observed with BVB was not due to vagal efferent interruption, since parasympathetic efferent block with atropine did not potentiate the inotropic effects of intracoronary epinephrine (P > 0.05). BVB also potentiated the inotropic effects of constant intracoronary infusion of epinephrine (P < 0.01). BVB alone had no significant effect on LVdP/dtmax however, BVB during constant intracoronary infusion of epinephrine did result in an increase in LVdP/ dtmax (P < 0.05). We propose that the potentiation of the inotropic effects during BVB could result from either interruption of a vagal afferent-mediated negative feedback reflex and/or an unmasking of a sympathetic afferent-mediated positive feedback effect induced by BVB. However, the observations that ganglionic blockade also potentiated the contractile effects of epinephrine supports the concept that a negative feedback reflex does attenuate the inotropic effect of catecholamines in the control state. In conclusion, these data suggest that vagal afferents attenuate the positive inotropic effects of intracoronary administration of catecholamines via a cardiocardiac negative feedback reflex which occurs through a vagal afferent inhibition of sympathetic efferent activity back to the left ventricle.


The basic regularities in the time course of adrenocortical lipids in acute cardiovascular stress and in injuries of different duration are shown. The author hypothesizes that the reticular zone of the cortical substance of the gland is not a zone of cell aging and death but, quite the contrary, a functionally active zone able, together with the adjacent sites of the bundle zone, to meet the requirements of the organism in glucocorticoids during common vital activity but not during stress. The bundle zone of the cortex overloaded with lipids represents a "cholesterol depot" which is mobilized for the synthesis of steroids in emergency. Study of adrenocortical lipids helps detect the reaction to stress and, hence, helps to decide whether the processes were life-time and when they coursed and permits estimation of the speed of dying and detection of the causes and mechanisms of death. Language: ru


The anisotropy of Ti2AlC transport properties is investigated focusing on the Hall effect and resistivity vs temperature measurements performed on a highly (000l)-oriented thin film and a bulk polycrystalline sample. Experimental data are interpreted on the basis of density functional theory calculations including transport coefficients obtained with the Boltzmann semiclassical transport equation in the isotropic relaxation time approximation. It is shown that the Hall constant is independent of the temperature and that the charge-carrier sign depends on the investigated crystallographic orientation. Charge carriers exhibit a holelike character along the basal plane of the Ti2AlC, whereas the bulk sample Hall constant is negative. The resistivity anisotropy is also evidenced: using an effective medium approach, the room temperature basal plane resistivity is shown to be more than one order of magnitude lower than that along the c axis. This very important anisotropy is shown to result from the anisotropy of the Fermi surface increased by electron-phonon interactions. These interactions are much more important along the c axis than within the basal plane, a situation opposite to that observed in literature for Ti2GeC where resistivity was reported to be isotropic.


We propose a novel approach to the statistical analysis of simulation models and, especially, agent-based models (ABMs). Our main goal is to provide a fully automated and model-independent tool-kit to inspect simulations and perform counterfactual analysis. Our approach: (i) is easy-to-use by the modeller, (ii) improves reproducibility of results, (iii) optimizes running time given the modeller's machine, (iv) automatically chooses the number of required simulations and simulation steps to reach user-specified statistical confidence, and (v) automatically performs a variety of statistical tests. In particular, our framework is designed to distinguish the transient dynamics of the model from its steady-state behaviour (if any), estimate properties of the model in both"phases", and provide indications on the ergodic (or non-ergodic) nature of the simulated processes -- which, in turns allows one to gauge the reliability of a steady-state analysis. Estimates are equipped with statistical guarantees, allowing for robust comparisons across computational experiments. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we apply it to two models from the literature: a large scale macro-financial ABM and a small scale prediction market model. Compared to prior analyses of these models, we obtain new insights and we are able to identify and fix some erroneous conclusions.


We consider the monopole-antimonopole static potential in the confining phase of the Abelian Higgs model and in particular the corrections to the Coulomb-like potential at small distances r. By minimizing numerically the classical energy functional we observe a linear in r, stringy correction even at distances much smaller than the apparent physical scales. We argue that this term is a manifestation of the condition that the monopoles are connected by a mathematically thin line along which the scalar field vanishes. These short strings modify the operator product expansion as well. Implications for QCD are discussed.


We show that the two most important prop- erties needed for a tRNA to function in initiation in Escherichia coli are its ability to be formylated and its ability to bind to the ribosomal P site. This conclusion is based on conversion of two different elongator tRNAs to ones that can act as initiators in E. coli. We transplanted the features unique to E. coli and eubacterial initiator tRNAs to E. coli elongator methionine tRNA (tRNAMet) along with an anticodon sequence change and analyzed their activities in initiation in E. coli. Introduction of a CloA72 mismatch at the end of the acceptor stem of tRNAMet, which generates the minimal features necessary for formyla- tion, produces a tRNA with very low activity in initiation. Subsequent introduction of three consecutive G-C base pairs at the bottom of the anticodon stem, which is necessary for ribosomal P site binding, produces a tRNA with significant activity in initiation. Furthermore, introduction of the features necessary for formylation and for ribosomal P site binding into E. coli elongator glutamine tRNA produces a tRNA that initiates protein synthesis in E. coli.


According to Dawenkou bridge, a seriously deteriorated rigid-frame arch bridge, typical deteriorations of rigid-frame arch bridges were summarized. Based on 3-dimensional finite element model of a rigid-frame arch bridge, the relationship between dynamic properties and deteriorations of the structure, especially the influence of lateral tie system on the dynamic properties of the structure was analyzed. The results show that, damages of lateral tie system in operation induced premature appearance of lateral vibration directly; however, the large curvature torsion of deck obviously should take the mainly responsibility of damages of lateral tie system. According to the above analysis, the corresponding reinforcement scheme and specific measures were proposed.


Environmental friendly pesticides with a natural origin can be used as an alternative to chemicals in pests control programs. Efficiency of plant extracts from Satureja hortensis and Fumaria parviflora was tested against the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hṻbner for its antifeedant activity. The nutritional indices: relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI) were analysed for first-instar larvae (15 d-old). Treatments were evaluated by the method of flour disk bioassay in the dark, at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% R.H. Concentrations at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 μL/disk were prepared from each essential oil and 10 first instar larvae (15 day-old) were introduced into each treatment. After 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated. Results indicated that S. hortensis oil was highly effective compared to F. parviflora and significantly decreased the relative growth rate and relative consumption rate. Also, in higher concentration (2 μL/disk), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (9.843%) was significantly low. The S. hortensis oil was more effective on feeding deterrence index than F. parviflora.


The segregation of callosal and association pathways in the developing visual cortex of the monkey was studied using the retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow. Quantitative analysis of the laminar distribution of labeled callosal and association neurons made it possible to reveal the shifting pattern of connections that characterizes the development of these two pathways. In the adult, callosal neurons are restricted to supragranular layers, where they are concentrated at the bottom of layer 3. Association neurons are located both in infra- and supragranular layers. Supragranular layer association neurons are concentrated in layer 2, with limited spread into layer 3 so that there is little overlap with callosal neurons. In the immature brain, callosal neurons are characterized by a tangential distribution that is more widespread than in the adult, while their laminar distribution undergoes little developmental change. Association neurons show two types of changes in their laminar distribution: (1) in the early fetus, there is a large excess of association neurons in supragranular layers, the adult distribution being achieved some time after birth; and (2) during maturation there is a selective elimination of at least 50% of the projections originating from the lower part of layers 2/3. Hence, the adult radial segregation of association and callosal pathways is achieved in part by regressive phenomena. The developmental reduction of bihemispheric projections is largely independent of changes in the organization of association neurons. Quantitative analysis of the morphology and spatial location of neurons sending axon collaterals to both hemispheres suggests that they constitute a subset of callosal neurons and that their frequency is determined by factors that regulate directly this population. These results are discussed with respect to the specification of visual cortical pathways during ontogenesis.


Mathematics plays an important role in various fields, one of them is graph theory. Graphs can be used to model many types of relations and processes in many domains such as solving problems related to mathematical chemistry by using topological indices. A topological index of a graph is a number that quantifies the structure of the graph. It is used for modeling the biological and chemical properties of molecules in QSPR (Qualitative Structure-Property Relationships) and QSAR (Qualitative Structure-Activity Relationships) studies. The Degree Distance index DD(G) is one of the important topological indices. In this paper, we are going to determine DD(G) for some complex graphs like: Star vertex's graph (SV ), Star edge's graph (SE), and Path's graph (P).


Bats are known to harbor a number of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viruses, many of which are highly pathogenic in other mammals but result in no clinical symptoms in bats. The ability of bats to coexist with viruses may be the result of rapid control of viral replication early in the immune response. IFNs provide the first line of defense against viral infection in vertebrates. Type III IFNs (IFN-λs) are a recently identified IFN family that share similar antiviral activities with type I IFNs. To our knowledge, we demonstrate the first functional analysis of type III IFNs from any species of bat, with the investigation of two IFN-λ genes from the pteropid bat, Pteropus alecto. Our results demonstrate that bat type III IFN has similar antiviral activity to type I and III IFNs from other mammals. In addition, the two bat type III IFNs are differentially induced relative to each other and to type I IFNs after treatment or transfection with synthetic dsRNA. Infection with the bat paramyxovirus, Tioman virus, resulted in no upregulation of type I IFN production in bat splenocytes but was capable of inducing a type III IFN response in three of the four bats tested. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the simultaneous suppression of type I IFN and induction of type III IFN after virus infection. These results may have important implications for the role of type III IFNs in the ability of bats to coexist with viruses.


In the modern world, it is hard to imagine a day without some
form of interaction with digital data. Real world data originating from
signal generating transducers or communication channels are often
recorded as streams of data samples separated by time stamps, sample
counters or simply data record delimiter e.g. newline (\n), comma (,)
etc. Sampling is the basis of statistical estimation from any data source
containing signal records. The process of random sampling has been
in practice since time immemorial. However, rapid scale of data generation processes working in tandem with of computing infrastructures
, the volume of data is getting quite unmanageably large in nearly
every discipline of science. On the other hand, mere volume of data
is of no consequence if we can't extract effective intelligence out of
it on an "on demand" basis. Of particular interest is the case where
data is stored in a file as a record separated by newline(or any other
delimiter) character. When the number of records in the file is greater
than a threshold, random sampling is a formidable task. It is nearly
impossible to pragmatically load the entire file in the computer memory
or even if theoretically possible, the time it takes to load the data in
its entirety from natural data sources can be overwhelmingly long or
often unnecessary! We can strategically bypass these problems by
carefully designing a data interface tool such that any part of a given
file can be instantly accessed for random sampling or other kinds of
processing tasks by loading only the necessary parts of the data. With
this goal, we created a novel, portable and highly efficient rapid data
access tool named GSFRS: Giant Signal File Random Sampler, written
in modern C++ language to enable near real-time access to any part of
an arbitrarily large sized data file that is almost independent of the file
size for all practical scenarios. Also, big-data processing would become
relatively commonplace and cost effective even in commodity hardwares
once the indices are made available through its indexing protocol. This
capability would potentially revolutionize the way we gather intelligence
from files containing large samples. Adaptation of GSFRS at the source
level of various data generators, processing times and energy footprints
of various computations can be dramatically reduced.


Taking NCLB at its word, Ms. Hamilton and Mr. Stecher look beyond each year's release of test scores and consider how to make the new law work more effectively as a tool for educational improvement. THE NO CHILD Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 has focused the attention of educators, policy makers, and the public on accountability for performance in public education. Yet many of those who will be responsible for improving school performance lack guidance on how to proceed in the brave new world of NCLB accountability. For the most part, state education department and district staff members, principals, teachers, and parents have spent their time trying to understand what the law means and how it will affect them. They have had to react quickly -- and sometimes without much direction -- to those provisions of the law that have already gone into effect. Few have had time to look ahead and make plans for operating effectively in this new environment. This article is intended to offer some strategies that will help educators function better in the world of accountable districts and accountable schools. NCLB mandates the implementation of accountability systems that include standards, assessments, annual progress goals, and incentives. States have options about how some of these components are constituted, but all must be present. Together these components make up what we call a test-based accountability system. The system is designed to improve school outcomes by sending clear signals about expected performance (standards), measuring student achievement against those standards (assessments), comparing performance to increasingly tough targets (annual progress goals), and establishing rewards and sanctions to change behaviors and promote improvement (incentives). NCLB mandates accountability for student outcomes and is designed to give states, districts, and schools flexibility over the educational process. The core of NCLB is an annual feedback loop in which information about the attainment of progress targets triggers incentives that, in theory, reinforce positive practices (those that lead to student achievement) and sanction negative ones. The law requires students to be taught by qualified teachers using proven practices, but beyond that, the intention is for local educators to have control over curriculum, instruction, school organization, and other features of schooling. To many observers outside the education system, emphasis on accountability seems like a logical approach to ensuring good performance on the part of educators. At the same time, those who work in schools, districts, and state departments of education have expressed concerns that the law imposes unrealistic targets and will prove detrimental to the quality of public education. There is research to support the views of both advocates and critics. On the positive side, schools, teachers, and students seem to respond to the incentives created by accountability systems, and scores on state tests typically rise after these systems are introduced. There is also evidence that scores on some external tests, such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), may rise when states implement accountability systems.1 On the negative side, higher test scores do not necessarily reflect real gains in student mastery of content standards; they may, for example, reflect students' learning of particular test content or formats. Even when NAEP scores rise, the gains tend to be many times smaller than those on the state test of the same subject matter.2 In addition, test-based accountability sometimes leads to changes in curriculum and instruction that are not necessarily desirable.3 Regardless of whether the research to date is interpreted as positive or negative, educators must learn to operate in the environment of accountability defined by NCLB. They must find ways to respond to the law and provide the best services possible to the students they serve. …


Active control was applied to oscillatory thermocapillary flow in an open cylindrical container filled with Silicone oil. Thermocapillary convection was driven by imposing a radial temperature gradient on a flat free surface. This is an extension of the previous work by Shiomi et al. who applied proportional feedback control by locally heating the surface at a single position using the local temperature signal at a different position fed back through a simple algorithm. Although significant attenuation of the oscillation was detected, an uncertainty remained if global stabilization was achieved. In the present paper, two sensor/heater pairs were installed to achieve the global suppression of the oscillation. Successful global stabilization of the oscillation was achieved in a range of Marangoni number, with the best performance in the weakly nonlinear regime. Using a reliable temperature measurement method, quantitative analysis is carried out to quantify the performance of the control. The optimal values of gain and relative position of sensor/heater pairs were identified.


Background Methods for diagnosing and treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are cumbersome, resource-intensive, and often inconvenient for the patient. Purpose Systematically review the evidence on OSA diagnosis and treatment in adults. The Key Questions focus on OSA screening and diagnosis, treatments, associations between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and clinical outcomes, and predictors of treatment compliance. Data Sources MEDLINE®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and existing systematic and narrative reviews. Study selection Primarily prospective comparative studies of different tests, randomized controlled trials of treatments, and multivariable association studies. Only published, peer-reviewed, English-language articles were selected and manually screened based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Data extraction A standardized protocol was used to extract details on design, diagnoses, interventions, outcomes, and quality. Data synthesis In total, 234 studies met eligibility criteria (46 on diagnostic tests, 17 predictor studies, 190 on treatments). We found moderate evidence that portable monitors are accurate in diagnosing OSA (as defined by polysomnography), but retain a variable bias in estimating AHI; low strength of evidence that the Berlin Questionnaire is able to prescreen patients with OSA with moderate accuracy; and insufficient evidence to evaluate other questionnaires or clinical prediction rules. No study adequately addressed phased testing for OSA. There was insufficient evidence on routine preoperative testing for OSA. High strength of evidence indicates an AHI >30 events/hr is an independent predictor of death; lesser evidence for other outcomes. We found moderate evidence that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an effective treatment for OSA; moderate evidence that autotitrating and fixed CPAP have similar effects; insufficient evidence regarding comparisons of other CPAP devices; moderate evidence that oral devices are effective treatment for OSA; moderate evidence that CPAP is superior to oral devices; and insufficient trial evidence regarding the relative value of most other OSA interventions, including surgery. We found high and moderate evidence, respectively, that AHI and Epworth Sleepiness Scale are independent predictors of CPAP compliance, and low evidence that some treatments improve CPAP compliance. Limitations Very few trials evaluated objective clinical outcomes. Data were meager for many specific questions. Studies were generally of moderate to poor quality, and often had short followups, high dropout rates, and poor analyses and reporting. Conclusions Portable monitors and questionnaires may be effective screening tools, but assessments with clinical outcomes are necessary to prove their value over polysomnography. CPAP is highly effective in minimizing AHI and improving sleepiness. Oral devices are also effective, although not as effective as CPAP. Other interventions, including those to improve compliance, have not been adequately tested.


RESOLUTION 1973 (17 MARCH 2011) WAS THE FIRST TIME THE UNITED NATIONS Security Council authorized the use of military force for human protection purposes against a functioning de jure government. As such, it represents a significant development in the international politics of military force. But what are its likely consequences and how did it come about? We submit that Resolution 1973 and the subsequent enforcement operations, Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector, were partly facilitated by the developing principle and practice of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Despite an increasing number of rhetorical commitments made by international institutions and many governments to prevent mass atrocities in the post--Cold War era, the use of force for human protection purposes remained severely constrained by principled objections rooted in international law and moral differences, the low political payoffs and potentially grave risks associated with humanitarian war, and the combination of difficult operational dilemmas and an absence of clear guidance about the strategies and tactics most likely to have positive effects in different circumstances. (1) Historically, these obstacles coalesced to produce a default policy environment that was strongly averse to the use of force to prevent or end the commission of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, or crimes against humanity (hereafter, genocide and mass atrocities). We submit that R2P has helped mitigate these three types of constraints, albeit unevenly, making UN-authorized humanitarian military intervention both politically possible in Libya and more likely in other similar cases. (2) First, R2P has largely resolved principled debate about whether international society should become engaged in such crises and replaced it with debates about how to best protect populations from grave abuses. Within international society, this principle is underscored by a widely shared understanding of the need for Security Council authorization for any use of military force. Second, R2P has helped to change international political calculations by establishing shared expectations and common interests, though of course national interests and domestic politics continue to shape decisions about using force. Third, it has provided a catalyst for more creative thinking about operational issues, most notably supporting moves toward using a broader range of measures to coerce and induce behavioral change and deepening understanding of the range of potential military measures and associated pitfalls. Nevertheless, while agreement on principles is important, reaching consensus on how to consistently apply those principles in response to specific cases is far more difficult, as the case of Syria in 2012 demonstrates only too well. (3) Moreover, while the use of force to protect populations from genocide and mass atrocities has become more likely, it is still rare and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. (4) To substantiate these claims, we begin this article by summarizing the road to the use of force in Libya, focusing on the forging of international consensus around Resolution 1973. Next, we contextualize Resolution 1973 by outlining the main principled, political, and prudential obstacles to using force for human protection purposes. In the final section, we revisit these obstacles and explore R2P's role in reshaping the way they are conceptualized and, in turn, the politics of using force to protect populations from genocide and mass atrocities. Libya: The Road to Humanitarian War On 19 March 2011, military forces from France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States struck the air defenses and soldiers of Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Libya. These countries led a coalition of states with the expressed aim of enforcing the objectives set out by UN Security Council Resolution 1973, principally the operation of a no-fly zone over Libya, imposition of an arms embargo, and the protection of civilians on the ground. …


We propose a calling convention for capability machines with local capabilities. The calling convention ensures local-state encapsulation and well-bracketed control flow. We use the calling convention in a hand-full of program examples and prove that they behave correctly. The correctness proofs use a logical relation that is also presented in this appendix. This is the technical appendix for the paper with the same name and authors accepted at ESOP18 and under review for TOPLAS.


Ocular bobbing is a distinctive eye movement disorder seen in patients with pontine dysfunction. The typical phenomenon consists of abrupt, spontaneous downward jerks of the eyes with a slow return to the midposition in association with paralysis of spontaneous and reflex horizontal eye movements. Bobbing was present in a patient with acute cerebellar hemorrhage in whom no intrapontine lesions could be demonstrated. The myth that this sign is specific for intrapontine destruction has to be abandoned.


Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.


Green tea extract (GTE) inhibits obviously gastrointestinal malignant tumors in rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The incidence of tumor was 93.3% in the MNNG positive control group, whereas 53.3% in the MNNG plus GTE group (P < 0.01). The percentage of inhibiting tumor growth was 88% (P < 0.001). N-nitrosoproline blockage test in 3 groups of 45 cases of patients from the highly prone to (gastric cancer people), examined with gastroscope and classified pathologically, revealed that GTE can block N-nitroso-proline synthesis in vivo, with blockage rate of 91% in superficial chronic gastritis (P < 0.001), 94% in intestinal metaplasia (P < 0.001) and 93% in atypical hyperplasia and gastric cancer (P < 0.001). Chemical analysis demonstrated that the main ingredients in GTE are catechols (with the content of 50%), vitamins and trace elements. The mechanism of GTE's cancer-inhibiting and cancer-preventing function might be that catechols combine with N-nitroso-compounds or resolve them, and reduce their carcinogenic activity. These results will be of great significance in preventing gastrointestinal cancer.


Antibody microarrays are powerful and high-throughput tools for screening and identifying tumor markers from small sample volumes of only a few microliters. Optimization of surface chemistry and spotting conditions are crucial parameters to enhance antibodies' immobilization efficiency and to maintain their biological activity. Here, we report the implementation of an antibody microarray for the detection of tumor markers involved in colorectal cancer. Three-dimensional microstructured glass slides were functionalized with three different aminated molecules ((3-aminopropyl)dimethylethoxysilane (APDMES), Jeffamine, and chitosan) varying in their chain length, their amine density, and their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance. The physicochemical properties of the resulting surfaces were characterized. Antibody immobilization efficiency through physical interaction was studied as a function of surface properties as well as a function of the immobilization conditions. The results show that surface energy, steric hindrance, and pH of spotting buffer have great effects on protein immobilization. Under optimal conditions, biological activities of four immobilized antitumor marker antibodies were evaluated in multiplex immunoassay for the detection of the corresponding tumor markers. Results indicated that the chitosan functionalized surface displayed the highest binding capacity and allowed to retain maximal biological activity of the four tested antibody/antigen systems. Thus, we successfully demonstrated the application of amino-based surface modification for antibody microarrays to efficiently detect tumor markers.