Innovation, which is acknowledged as a key factor for the development of companies, may be too delicate to become a success for companies. Uncertainty related to value creation is often an important dissuasive reason. This is particularly the case for high-tech small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Indeed, they often have scarce human and financial resources which handicap them in accessing new knowledge. This weakness can be crucial at a given stage of the innovation development because SMEs loosely represent processes and knowledge. The second aspect we consider here is the type of innovation developed: a disruptive technological innovation. It presents a high technological uncertainty and involves a market discontinuity. As a result, it is inherently characterized by a lack of knowledge regarding the technology and the market. This context leads to establish that one of the most important challenges in technological disruptive innovation projects in SMEs is the identification and access to critical knowledge. The literature review describes innovation processes as a more or less complex succession of activities and decisions. But the decision-making micro-stages, whose quality depends on the ability of identifying and accessing specific and critical knowledge, is one weak point of high-tech SMEs. We propose here a model to increase efficiency of critical decisions in disruptive innovation projects under the following hypothesis: critical decision-making in a disruptive technological innovation project in a SME is easier, more rational and robust when decision-makers know its impacts in term of value creation and risks associated to all decision alternatives. This model is tested within a project on two decisions assessed as critical; one of them is detailed here. The results of these two experimentations validate our hypothesis. We realized interviews on feedbacks from our case study that demonstrate that the use of this method was very helpful to inform and facilitate the work of decision makers. Our implementation of a formalized decision process enables robust decision-making without hindering the flexibility of the innovation process of the SME.


Serology, plasmid profiles, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) were determined for 192 isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae from nodules of peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown on the south slope and bottomland topographic positions in eastern Washington State. A total of 3 serogroups and 18 plasmid profile groups were identified. Nearly all isolates within each plasmid profile group were specific for one of the three serogroups. Cluster analysis of IAR data showed that individual clusters were dominated by one serogroup and by one or two plasmid profile groups. Plasmid profile analysis and IAR analysis grouped 72% of the isolates similarly. Most plasmid profile groups and several IAR clusters favored either the south slope or the bottomland topographic position. These findings show that certain intraserogroup strains possess a greater competitiveness for nodulation and/or possess a greater ability to survive in adjacent soil environments.


Cerebrovascular disease may contribute to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated whether impairments in cerebral hemodynamics can be detected in early-stage AD. Nine patients with mild AD and eight cognitively normal controls matched for age underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological evaluation, followed by assessment of steady-state cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV, transcranial Doppler), blood pressure (BP, Finapres), and cerebrovascular resistance index (BP/CBFV). Cerebral hemodynamics were quantified using spectral and transfer function analysis of BP and CBFV in rest, during standing up after squat, and during repeated squat-stand maneuvers. Compared to controls, AD patients had lower CBFV and higher cerebrovascular resistance index, unexplained by brain atrophy. Low-frequency variability of BP was enhanced, suggesting impaired arterial baroreflex function. However, CBFV variability was reduced despite enhanced BP variability, and dynamic cerebral autoregulation was not impaired. In conclusion, despite a distinct pattern of altered cerebral hemodynamics, AD patients may have normal autoregulation. However, the challenges for autoregulation in AD are higher, as our data show enhanced BP fluctuations. Increased cerebral vasoconstriction or reduced vasomotion also may attenuate CBFV variability.


ABSTRACT In January 2015, there was a media-led fan campaign known by its hashtag #tay4hottest100 to vote Taylor Swift's track 'Shake it off' into the Hottest 100 music poll. The campaign developed and cascaded across multiple personal networks into a larger new media event. As a result of this, the #tay4hottest100 campaign involved multiple publics that were separate because of fan-like investments in different social positions and the critical reflexivity afforded by these investments. A key gap exists in existing work in theories of publics, networks, and new media events: what is the relation between the personalised action frame of participatory practice in 'connective action' and the reflexive circulation of discourse that characterises networked publics? There is a mediated relation here between two overlapping contexts: the personal action frame in networked connective action and the participatory action of discourse publics that draws on larger discursive formations to make sense of the present. This article argues that there is an affective resonance, associated in this context with 'Taylor Swift' celebrity fandom, between the personalised action frames circulating in networked publics and the contextual affective contours of the broader new media event.


Hepatitis E is an emerging viral disease that is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in the world. The vast majority of hepatitis E cases in developed countries are caused by zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 of hepatitis E virus (HEV) for which pig and wild boar and to lesser extent rabbits are the main reservoir. According to recent reports rabbits are a source of human HEV infection and highlight the risk of zoonotic foodborne transmission. Here we report the molecular analysis of a novel HEV strain identified in a rabbit during a countrywide surveillance of rabbits and hares in Germany, 2016. The analysis of the complete genome reveals characteristics of a putative novel recombinant subtype of the species Orthohepevirus A within the clade of genotype 3 but not closely related to any known subtypes. Importantly, the genome of this strain possesses a nucleotide exchange in the overlapping region of open reading frames ORF2/ORF3 interfering with a broadly applied diagnostic real-time RT-PCR. In conclusion, a new type of HEV strain was identified in a German rabbit with atypical and novel sequence characteristics.


Throughout the world, countries and companies are directing their attention towards actions to protect the planet. An important focus area during various initiatives is the aim to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climatic system. Various targets are set by governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the South African Government is, among others, investigating a carbon tax policy to facilitate their transition to a greener economy. This paper analyzes the sustainability reports of the top ten manufacturing companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) and the disclosures of emissions were evaluated against a checklist that was developed through a literature review comprising various sources. From the results of the research, it is evident that all the companies reviewed are aware of the importance of emissions disclosure and the impact that emissions have on climate change. Companies, in general, adhere more to the qualitative, narrative type of requirements than to the more quantitative, performance-related reporting of emissions. In this study the reporting of the companies specifically on Scope 3 emissions were inadequate. More attention should be given to measure performance and to improve their systems to quantify data.


Background/objectives There are some older patients who are 'at the decision margin' of admission. This systematic review sought to explore this issue with the following objective: what admission alternatives are there for older patients and are they safe, effective and cost-effective? A secondary objective was to identify the characteristics of those older patients for whom the decision to admit to hospital may be unclear. Design Systematic review of controlled studies (April 2005–December 2016) with searches in Medline, Embase, Cinahl and CENTRAL databases. The protocol is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42015020371). Studies were assessed using Cochrane risk of bias criteria, and relevant reviews were assessed with the AMSTAR tool. The results are presented narratively and discussed. Setting Primary and secondary healthcare interface. Participants People aged over 65 years at risk of an unplanned admission. Interventions Any community-based intervention offered as an alternative to admission to an acute hospital. Primary and secondary outcomes measures Reduction in secondary care use, patient-related outcomes, safety and costs. Results Nineteen studies and seven systematic reviews were identified. These recruited patients with both specific conditions and mixed chronic and acute conditions. The interventions involved paramedic/emergency care practitioners (n=3), emergency department-based interventions (n=3), community hospitals (n=2) and hospital-at-home services (n=11). Data suggest that alternatives to admission appear safe with potential to reduce secondary care use and length of time receiving care. There is a lack of patient-related outcomes and cost data. The important features of older patients for whom the decision to admit is uncertain are: age over 75 years, comorbidities/multi-morbidities, dementia, home situation, social support and individual coping abilities. Conclusions This systematic review describes and assesses evidence on alternatives to acute care for older patients and shows that many of the options available are safe and appear to reduce resource use. However, cost analyses and patient preference data are lacking.


Analytical probabilistic models (APM) are closed form mathematical expressions for long term system's output performance derived from the probability distribution of the system's input variables. In order to apply the APM for urban stormwater control systems' design, APM parameters have to be made known. These input parameters include APM parameters which are derived from the meteorological rainfall characteristics; storm depth, duration, intensity and inter-event time. This study is aimed to develop meteorological APM parameters that can be used for detention pond design in Peninsular Malaysia. Hourly rainfall data covering 10 to 40 years period were analyzed from 13 different locations spread across the Peninsular. The data were analyzed to obtain the APM parameters at different values of minimum storm separation time (MSST). The APM parameter of rainfall duration (λ) was found to range from a mean value of 0.260 h-1 for 2 h MSST to 0.04 h-1 for 24 h MSST. The APM parameter of rainfall volume (ζ) ranges from a mean value of 0.091 mm-1 for 2 h MSST to 0.038 mm-1 for 24 h MSST. Similarly, the APM parameter of rainfall intensity (β) ranges from a mean value of 0.355 h/mm for 2 h MSST to 0.504 h/mm for 24 h MSST. Finally, the APM parameter of inter-event time (ψ) ranges from a mean value of 0.025 h-1 for 2 h MSST to 0.012 h-1 for 24 h MSST. Once the APM parameters are determined for a particular area, the long term stormwater control systems' performance can easily be determined.


The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) instituted a 'child rights' discourse within bi-lateral, multi-lateral and non-governmental development organizations. Through in-depth field work with a range of Peruvian actors, this thesis examines the practical outcomes of this discourse for poor children, and asks what the dynamics of the adoption and implementation of a child rights agenda in Peru reveal about policy-making processes. The status of children in Peru is more visible as a result of the emergence of a robust children's rights discourse. Yet what does imagining children as rights-bearing subjects mean for the transformation of child well-being through public policy? My broad engagement with a range of perspectives in Lima, Peru with representatives from national ministries, NGO directors, policy administrators, international organization representatives, social movement groups in civil society, academics, field workers, and a group of children in a marginalized neighbourhood -- revealed a host of contesting narratives about children and their rights. This contestation of narratives and perspectives is often described in terms of contradiction or even a 'gap' between concepts and practices. By contrast, this project uses the variety of ways in which subjects imagine rights as an intellectual resource for investigating the power that policy frameworks have to obscure or promote certain kinds of political demands. This dissertation argues that greater attention is needed towards the imagined 'subjects' present in the policy-making process, along with matched attention towards the framing, policies and material outcomes that emerge from those imaginings. Ultimately, it suggests that contestation and pluralism provide traction for the making of better policy. This thesis emphasizes the interpretation of rights, how children are imagined in policy, and the ways those ideas are implemented into practice, which becomes important in terms of material differences in children's lives.


Playwright Anthony Neilson was a key member of 'In Yer Face' Theatre, a contentious movement named, hounded and adored by critics in the 90s that challenged traditional theatrical form and content. Plays such as Stitching (2002) and The Censor (1997) won him the Time Out Award and Best Fringe Play. Recent work such as The Wonderful World of Dissocia, produced originally for the 2004 Edinburgh International Festival and performed at the Royal Court in 2007, continues to platform his muscular writing and his often disquieting experiments with form.


Despite decades of research, current understanding of elastic properties of shales is insufficient as it is based on a limited number of observations caused by the time-consuming nature of testing resulting from their low permeability. Though it is well known that shales are highly anisotropic and assumed to be transversely isotropic (TI) media, few laboratory experiments have been carried out for measuring the five elastic constants that define TI media on well-preserved shales. Many previous measurements were made without control of pore pressure, which is crucial for the determination of shale elastic properties.


This study is to examine the relationship between strategy with the used of Management Control System (MCS). This study is based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as its multivariate analyses instrument. AMOS Software 16 program is used as an additional instrument to resolve the problem in SEM modeling. Sample in this study is upper middle manager of manufacturing company. The findings of this study posit that there is positive relationship between intended strategy and interactive control system. There is positive relationship between intended strategy and diagnostic control system. There is positive relationship between emergent strategy and. Emergent strategy and diagnostic control system shows that there is no impact. These findings consistent with contingence theory. MCS is influenced by a context in which MCS operate and it needs to be adjusted with the organization's needs and condition.


Epoxidized castor oil-based polyurethane were synthesized with epoxidized castor oil (ECO) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the main raw materials. Epoxidized castor oil-based polyurethane (ECOPU) films were impregnated in different concentrations of chitosan (CS) solution containing acetic acid to prepare CS/ECOPU composite film. The structure and morphologies of the film have been characterized by means of mass change test, infrared spectroscopy, and optical polarization microscope. The recalcification time and dynamic blood-clotting tests were used to characterize the blood compatibility of CS/ECOPU composition film. The result showed that CS has been grafted onto the surface of ECOPU film. The material had good blood compatibility, and can be used as biomedical materials.


Photosystem II (PS II) inhibitors halt electron flow within the photosynthetic electron transport chain, thereby leading to increased oxidative stress. As a result, their addition to mesotrione, which inhibits carotenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), is complementary. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the joint action of POST mesotrione plus PS II inhibitor herbicide combinations. The joint action of mesotrione plus PS II inhibitors was investigated across five plant species, three PS II inhibitors, and two moisture environments to determine their influence on the joint action response. Rates of mesotrione evaluated ranged from 4.4 to 87.6 g ai/ha alone and in combination with reduced rates of atrazine, bromoxynil, and metribuzin. In the field, all combinations of mesotrione at 8.8, 17.5, and 35.0 g/ha plus atrazine, bromoxynil, or metribuzin were synergistic for necrosis 6 d after treatment (DAT) on sunflower. Addition of atrazine at 280 g/ha to mesotrione at 8.8 g/ha increased velvetleaf leaf necrosis by 18 to 47%. In the greenhouse, the addition of bromoxynil at 70 g/ha to mesotrione at 17.5 g/ha increased leaf necrosis by 23 to 34% and biomass reduction by 38 to 47%. Synergism on Palmer amaranth occurred similarly under both normal and dry moisture environments at application. Plant height at application was found to influence detection of synergism on the whole-plant level. Nomenclature: Atrazine; bromoxynil; mesotrione; metribuzin; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats. #3 AMAPA; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus # ABUTH; tame sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. # HELAN. Additional index words: Interaction, joint action, synergism, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, photosynthesis inhibitor, triketone herbicides. Abbreviations: ADM, additive dose model; DAP, days after planting; MSM, multiplicative survival model; PET, photosynthetic electron transport; PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density; PQ, plastoquinone; RCBD, randomized complete-block design; SWC, soil water content.


Since early work on the stability of the first Neptunian Trojan, 2001 QR322, suggested that it was a dynamically stable, primordial body, it has been assumed that this applies to both that object and its more recently discovered brethren. However, it seems that things are no longer so clear-cut. In this work, we present the results of detailed dynamical simulations of the orbital behaviour of 2001 QR322. Using an ephemeris for the object that has significantly improved since earlier works, we follow the evolution of 19 683 test particles, placed on orbits within the observational error ellipse of 2001 QR322's orbit, for a period of 1 Gyr. We find that majority of these 'clones' of 2001 QR322 are dynamically unstable, exhibiting a nearexponential decay from both the Neptunian Trojan cloud (decay half-life of ∼550 Myr) and the Solar system (decay half-life of ∼590 Myr). The stability of the object within Neptune's Trojan cloud is found to be strongly dependent on the initial semimajor axis used, with these objects located at a ≥ 30.30 au being significantly less stable than those interior to this value, as a result of their having initial libration amplitudes very close to a critical threshold dividing regular and irregular motion, located at ∼70◦–75◦ (full extent of angular motion). This result suggests that if 2001 QR322 is a primordial Neptunian Trojan, it must be a representative of a population that was once significantly larger than that we see today and adds weight to the idea that the Neptune Trojans may represent a significant source of objects moving on unstable orbits between the giant planets (the Centaurs).


Twenty years after a free and democratic South Africa was constituted, it seems as if South Africans are still in limbo. In this article I explore the essence of freedom as conceptualised by Arendt (1958, 1966; 1900; 2006) and the (im)possibilities of teaching-learning freedom towards continual new beginnings. Freedom and new beginnings are actualised when humans speak and act in equal difference. The possibilities of teaching-learning freedom rely on the acknowledgement of both the burden and the power of freedom and in unexpected acts of compassion and forgiveness in the teacher:child relationship. Using a phenomenological approach I explore qualitative data from the research project Human Rights Literacy: A quest for meaning (Roux, 2012) to explore the (im)possibilities of teaching-learning freedom.


The 15-km-long Hollywood fault extends through some of the most densely developed and expensive areas in southern California. Given that billions of dollars of real estate could be impacted by an earthquake occurring on the fault, and that tens of thousands of people live near it, the seismic hazard posed by the Hollywood fault is concerning. But how much so? The City of West Hollywood has required geological fault investigations and building avoidance of at least 15 meters from the fault's active trace since the mid-1990s, resulting in numerous site investigations. Geologic studies in support of the Los Angeles Metro subway and subsequent research found as-yet-unconfirmedequivocal evidence of an early Holocene-age (~8 ka) displacement event, and estimated strain rates of 0.3-0.9 mm/yr. In 2014, and following a "not-in-my-backyard" press campaign against the Hollywood Millennium project, the California Geological Survey zoned the eastern Hollywood fault as Holocene-active under their fault zoning program, requiring geological investigations and building setbacks from Holocene-age faults. In the years since the fault was zoned by the City of West Hollywood and the California Geological Survey, millions of dollars have been invested in geological studies of the fault for building projects. All of these dollars have been reluctantly spent by the private sector, and all of this work has been eagerly done by consulting firms. The results? With only four exceptions, two in West Hollywood, and two in the City of Los Angeles, and all having opportunities for alternative interpretations, no Holocene-age fault displacements have been found. Instead, other studies have found definitive evidence that the fault has not ruptured in 10s to 100s of thousands of years. So what is the ethical alternative? Should we ignore the hazard posed by the fault? Are we geo-professionals too enamored of the financial gains such regulatory zoning provides that we are unwilling to suggest changes? Could we move past the "one size fits all" zoning that requires that single-family homes are held to the same standard as 40-story buildings? In the following sections we present several case studies along the Hollywood fault and provide our suggestions for a more progressive program of fault hazard management.


Convolutional codes based on Hadamard sequences can achieve both orthogonality and variable rate. In contrast with other convolutional coding techniques, these codes incur no processing gain penalty in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. We describe a class of such codes called "telescopic protection codes". These codes enable variable-rate error protection in the manner of rate-compatible punctured-convolutional (RCPC) codes, but preserve the Hadamard orthogonality properties necessary to maintain processing gain that RCPC codes lack.


Linolenic acid (LA) has poor oxidative stability since it is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Soybean oil has a high LA content and thus has poor oxidative stability. To identify candidate genes that affect the linolenic acid (LA) content in soybean seeds, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed with 1,060 soybean cultivars collected in China between 2019–2021 and which LA content was measured using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF IMS). A candidate gene, GmWRI14, encoding an APETALA2 (AP2)-type transcription factor, was detected by GWAS in cultivars from all three study years. Multiple sequence alignments showed that GmWRI14 belongs to the plant WRI1 family. The fatty acid contents of different soybean lines were evaluated in transgenic lines with a copy of GmWRI14, control lines without GmWRI14, and the gmwri14 mutant. MALDI-TOF IMS revealed that GmWRI14 transgenic soybeans had a lower LA content with a significant effect on seed size and shape, whereas gmwri14 mutants had a higher LA content. compared to control. The RNA-seq results showed that GmWRI14 suppresses GmFAD3s (GmFAD3B and GmFAD3C) and GmbZIP54 expression in soybean seeds, leading to decreased LA content. Based on the RNA-seq data, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and qRT-PCR were performed to confirm the transcriptional regulation of FAD3s by GmWRI14. Our results suggest that FAD3 is indirectly regulated by GmWRI14, representing a new molecular mechanism of fatty acid biosynthesis, in which GmWRI14 regulates LA content in soybean seeds.


Intermediate modes of transport, such as shared vehicles or ride sharing, are starting to increase their market share at the expense of traditional modes of car, public transport, and taxi. In the advent of autonomous vehicles, single occupancy shared vehicles are expected to substitute at least in part private conventional vehicle trips. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of shared autonomous vehicles on average trip duration and vehicle-km traveled in a large metropolitan area. A stated preference online survey was designed to gather data on the willingness to use shared autonomous vehicles. Then, commute trips and home-based other trips were generated microscopically for a synthetic population in the greater Munich metropolitan area. Individuals who traveled by auto were selected to switch from a conventional vehicle to a shared autonomous vehicle subject to their willingness to use them. The effect of shared autonomous vehicles on urban mobility was assessed through traffic simulations in MATSim with a varying autonomous taxi fleet size. The results indicated that the total traveled distance increased by up to 8% after autonomous fleets were introduced. Current travel demand can still be satisfied with an acceptable waiting time when 10 conventional vehicles are replaced with 4 shared autonomous vehicles.


When seeking to uncover the brain correlates of language processing, timing and location are of the essence. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) offers them both, with the highest sensitivity to cortical activity. MEG has shown its worth in revealing cortical dynamics of reading, speech perception, and speech production in adults and children, in unimpaired language processing as well as developmental and acquired language disorders. The MEG signals, once recorded, provide an extensive selection of measures for examination of neural processing. Like all other neuroimaging tools, MEG has its own strengths and limitations of which the user should be aware in order to make the best possible use of this powerful method and to generate meaningful and reliable scientific data. This chapter reviews MEG methodology and how MEG has been used to study the cortical dynamics of language.


Objective: The aim of this paper is to report on registered nurses' adherence to current Australian health behaviour recommendations. Barriers and facilitators to healthy lifestyles, and their attitudes towards being role models and promoting healthy lifestyles to their patients.
Background: It is widely accepted that a healthy diet, limiting alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking and regular physical exercise are important components of healthy lifestyles and play a significant role in preventing chronic diseases. Nurses are well situated to contribute to providing health and patient education regarding modifiable health risk factors, however their own adherence to health behaviours may impact this.
Study design and methods: The research is a mixed methods study of 123 registered nurses from both public and private organisations in Regional Queensland. Data for this paper were generated from an online survey which is the first of two phases in the broader study.
Results: Four health risk factors were examined; diet, smoking, physical exercise and alcohol consumption. BMI was also calculated and considered as a fifth risk factor. Of this sample, 13% of participants met the guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake, 5.2% smoked, and only 24.2% exercised enough to be classed sufficiently active for their health. Of the 93.62% of participants whom consumed alcohol, 69.3% consumed more than 2 standard drinks/day. The most common barriers to adhering to healthy lifestyles were shift work, long working hours and family commitments.
Conclusion: Many nurses are not adhering to healthy lifestyle recommendations. It is recommended that the health and wellbeing of our health professionals, especially nurses be considered.  Providing support and resources to enable them to care for themselves, may in turn allow them to better care for patients.
Implications for research, policy, and practice: Research is needed into strategies to enable registered nurses' better work/life balance. To make a real difference to health outcomes, nurses own health and health education needs to be made a priority that is supported and implemented at multiple points: by policymakers, within nursing practice, nursing curriculum, and in healthcare institutions. Nurses need to be supported in the provision health education to their patients with better resources, education and time allocation. Future research should include studies conducted in different regions or ideally a large nationally representative sample.


The Tasmanian devil, S. harrisii, is polyovular and monoestrus and embryonic diapause was not found. The mean number of pouch young for 69 litters was found to be 2.95. The number of young in a litter varies with the age of the mother. More young are born than can be accommodated in the pouch. The time of breeding varies from year to year, mating taking place in March. The percentage of breeding females varies annually as well as from place to place, being found to be as low as 31 % in one area. The devil has a high reproductive potential because there are no losses at the pouch-young stage. This is offset by poor recruitment of juveniles into the population. Pseudopregnancy was found to occur. The sex ratio of both pouch young and adults favoured the female. The development and growth of the young is described.


In conjugated polymers and small molecules of organic solar cells, aggregation induced by intermolecular interactions governs the performance of photovoltaics. However, little attention has been paid to the connection between molecular structure and aggregation within solar cells based on soluble small molecules. Here we demonstrate modulation of intermolecular aggregation of two synthesized molecules through heteroatom substitution to develop an understanding of the role of aggregation in conjugated molecules. Molecule 1 (M1) based on 2-ethylhexyloxy-benzene substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDTP) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) displays strong aggregation in commonly used organic solvents, which is reduced in molecule 2 (M2) by facile oxygen atom substitution on the BDTP unit confirmed by absorption spectroscopy and optical microscopy, while it successfully maintains molecular planarity and favorable charge transport characteristics. Solar cells based on M2 exhibit more than double the photocurrent of devices based on M1 and yield a power conversion efficiency of 5.5%. A systematic investigation of molecular conformation, optoelectronic properties, molecular packing and crystallinity as well as film morphology reveals structure dependent aggregation responsible for the performance difference between the two conjugated molecules.


Re-platforming — the transfer of a legacy system to a new target platform — is often seen as a first cost-reduction step to enable a long term reengineering effort of a legacy system. However, recreating a functionally equivalent ecosystem on a different platform entails significant technical and organisational challenges. This extended abstract describes challenges, their solutions as well as an important lesson learned during a re-platforming project of 40 year old PL/I and COBOL applications.


The lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition for 93 species of reef-building and soft corals from the South China Sea (Vietnam) were analyzed and statistically compared to study system- atic patterns of the distribution of lipids in corals and the influence of zooxanthellae on the lipids of symbiont-host association. The lipid and FA compositions of hexacorals and octocorals significantly correlated with their taxonomic position, but the lipid features of species within each of these system- atic groups mainly depended on the presence of zooxanthellae. The hexacorals had lower content of polar lipids (PL), sterols (ST), and monoalkyldiacylglycerols (MADAG), but higher content of triacyl- glycerols (TG) and wax esters (WE) than the octocorals. On average, zooxanthellate species contained less structural lipids (PL+ST), but more MADAG when compared to azooxanthellate species. Tetracos- apolyenoic acids 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 were chemotaxonomic markers for octocorals, whereas 22:5n-6 was a marker for Milleporidae. A strong correlation was apparent between zooxanthellate coral fam- ily and/or genus and the content of the unsaturated FA; 12 FAs were significant for the separation of azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate specimens. The latter had lower concentrations of 7-Me-16:1n-10, 18:1n-7, and six C20 -24 polyunsaturated FA, but higher concentrations of 16:0, 16:2n-7, 18:3n-6, and 18:4n-3. The presence of >2% of 18:3n-6 and 18:4n-3 of total FA is characteristic of zooxanthellate corals. An inverse correlation was established between the content of 18:3n-6 and 16:2n-7 in zoo- xanthellate soft corals. The present study highlights the importance of zooxanthellae in coral lipid metabolism, especially when compared with symbiont-host exchanges in reef-building and soft corals.


The process of identifying radio transmitters by examining their unique transient characteristics at the beginning of transmission is called RF fingerprinting. The security of wireless networks can be enhanced by challenging a user to prove its identity if the fingerprint of a network device is unidentified or deemed to be a threat. This paper addresses the problem of identifying an individual node in a wireless network by means of its RF fingerprint. A complete identification system is presented, including data acquisition, transient detection, RF fingerprint extraction, and classification subsystems. The classification performance of the proposed system has been evaluated from experimental data. It is demonstrated that the RF fingerprinting technique can be used as an additional tool to enhance the security of wireless networks.


Clocks function as media objects in at least two ways. First, they create shared senses of temporality. Second, they facilitate technologically mediated auditory communication. When clocks fall out of sync with one another, the result is a type of noise that signal-processing engineers call jitter . Jitter is, in turn, managed through practices known as clocking . Drawing on technical engineering literature and an ethnography of Los Angeles-based recording professionals, I articulate a broader sociotechnical definition of jitter and clocking, which I use to analyze three sites of temporal negotiation in the recording process: (1) the organization of clock signals in the analog-to-digital conversion process; (2) the production of the studio as a heterochrony or "other time," distinct from the world outside the studio; and (3) the reconciliation of human and nonhuman temporalities, exemplified in the interaction between a drummer and a drum machine. I further consider jitter's conceptual affordances for media studies generally.


Registration and integration of measured shape data of real objects are important for 3D modeling for computer graphics and computer-aided design. We propose a new algorithm that solves registration and integration of multiple range images in a unified framework. The closest point of an object from a general 3D point can be determined uniquely. If we have range images of an object and the images are registered correctly, the closest points found on the range images should be matched except for the case where the part is not measured. We register multiple range images by minimizing the error function determined by the variance of the closest points from every point in the 3D volume surrounding the object. We introduce scale factors to control the detail of the shape to be considered. The result contains the information of the closest point on the integrated shape, from which we can determine the distance and surface normal to the object. We experimented this method on synthetic and measured range images.


The purpose of this research project was to examine the content of engineering students imagined futures. We asked 347 students from a large undergraduate engineering program to list ten salient events they imagined in their future, as well as to list the ages at which they wanted to realize those milestones. We also surveyed them about their learning strategies and motivation for engineering coursework. We developed a coding procedure to examine the types of events participants in the sample reported, and utilized a number of statistical techniques to examine the relationship between event type and classroom motivation and learning strategies, as well as to compare differences in event type between males and females. Our correlational results suggested that students who listed more professional engineering events were more likely to self-report adaptive learning strategies and motivation for their coursework. Further exploration of the data uncovered that women were more focused on short term academic events than males, and that their long term vision of the future was split between domestic events and professional events, which may have decreased how far their events extend into the future.


Objective: to evaluate the performance of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Methods: this was a cross-sectional population-based study with adults living in the catchment areas of the Health Centers (HC) located in the Northern Health District of Florianópolis in 2012; the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool-Brazil) was applied do assess the presence and extent of PHC characteristics. Results: of the 598 interviewees, 68,4% reported that they considered PHC centers to be their usual source of care; while the usage subdimension of the First Contact Access characteristic was the best evaluated (8.4; 95%CI 8.2;8.6), the service delivery subdimension of the First Contact Access/subdimension accessibility was the worst evaluated (3.5; 95%CI 3.3; 3.6); four (36.6%) of the eleven PHC centers evaluated had a high overall and essential PHC score, although their overall mean score was low (6.4; 95%CI 6.2;6.5). Conclusion: considering the PHC model evaluated by PCATool-Brazil, PHC services need to be improved, especially with regard to their process and structure components.


Joining of dissimilar materials is of increasing interest for a wide range of industrial applications like nuclear, thermal power. The automotive industry, in particular, views dissimilar materials joining as a gateway for the implementation of lightweight materials. Friction welding of tube to tube plate using an external tool is an innovative friction welding process and is capable of producing high quality leak proof weld joints. In the present study, friction welding of steel tube to commercial aluminum tube plate using an external tool with and without tube projection have been performed. The joints were evaluated by mechanical testing and metallurgical analysis. The results of bonding interface hardness and joint strength reveal that steel tube with projection are better than the steel tube without projection.


The proportion of signal elements embedded in noise needed to detect a signal is a standard tool for investigating motion perception. This paradigm was applied to the shape domain to determine how local information is pooled into a global percept. Stimulus arrays consisted of oriented Gabor elements that sampled the circumference of concentric radial frequency (RF) patterns. Individual Gabors were oriented tangentially to the shape (signal) or randomly (noise). In different conditions, signal elements were located randomly within the entire array or constrained to fall along one of the concentric contours. Coherence thresholds were measured for RF patterns with various frequencies (number of corners) and amplitudes ("sharpness" of corners). Coherence thresholds (about 10% = 15 elements) were lowest for circular shapes. Manipulating shape frequency or amplitude showed a range where thresholds remain unaffected (frequency ≤ RF4; amplitude ≤ 0.05). Increasing either parameter caused thresholds to rise. Compared to circles, thresholds increased by approximately four times for RF13 and five times for amplitudes of 0.3. Confining the signals to individual contours significantly reduced the number of elements needed to reach threshold (between 4 and 6), independent of the total number of elements on the contour or contour shape. Finally, adding external noise to the orientation of the elements had a greater effect on detection thresholds than adding noise to their position. These results provide evidence for a series of highly sensitive, shape-specific analysers which sum information globally but only from within specific annuli. These global mechanisms are tuned to position and orientation of local elements from which they pool information. The overall performance for arrays of elements can be explained by the sensitivity of multiple, independent concentric shape detectors rather than a single detector integrating information widely across space (e.g. Glass pattern detector).


Carbon doped silicon oxide (SiOC(-H)) films with low dielectric constant were deposited on a p-type Si(100) substrate using inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition with a methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS : CH3Si(OCH3)3) precursor and oxygen gases. The dielectric constant of the SiOC(-H) composite film depends on the relative carbon concentration and the content of the ring link mode in SiOC(-H) bonding structure. The elastic modulus and the dielectric constant decreased by the annealing process. The lowest dielectric constant of an annealed film at 400 °C was about 2.25, which was deposited with [MTMS/(MTMS+O2)]×100 flow ratio of 100%.


It is widely held that benthic foraminifera exhibit species-specific calcification depth preferences, with their tests recording sediment pore water chemistry at that depth (i.e. stable isotope and trace metal compositions). This assumed depth-habitat-specific pore water chemistry relationship has been used to reconstruct various palaeoenvironmental parameters, such as bottom water oxygenation. However, many deepwater foraminiferal studies show wide intra-species variation in sediment living depth but relatively narrow intra-species variation in stable isotope composition. To investigate this depth-habitat–stable-isotope relationship on the shelf, we analysed depth distribution and stable isotopes of "living" (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera from two box cores collected on the South Georgia shelf (ranging from 250 to 300 m water depth). We provide a comprehensive taxonomic analysis of the benthic fauna, comprising 79 taxonomic groupings. The fauna shows close affinities with shelf assemblages from around Antarctica. We find "live" specimens of a number of calcareous species from a range of depths in the sediment column. Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) were measured on stained specimens of three species, Astrononion echolsi, Cassidulinoides porrectus, and Buccella sp. 1, at 1 cm depth intervals within the downcore sediment sequences. In agreement with studies in deep-water settings, we find no significant intra-species variability in either δCforam or δOforam with sediment living depth on the South Georgia shelf. Our findings add to the growing evidence that infaunal benthic foraminiferal species calcify at a fixed depth. Given the wide range of depths at which we find "living", "infaunal" species, we speculate that they may actually calcify predominantly at the sediment–seawater interface, where carbonate ion concentration and organic carbon availability is at a maximum.


In 1981 the editor of this bibliography was attracted to the Busy Beaver Problem by a reference in the Dutch translation of Ogilvy's Tomorrow's Math [Ogi72]. Tracing back in time one finds of course Rado's publication "On non-computable functions" [Rad62a, Rad62b]. The course of events since then is not always easy to trace. In the period 1962–1989 there were many successive high tides and low tides in the research efforts and in the results thereof. Moreover, researchers sometimes worked in isolation, and were unaware of the results of one another, though it seems most of the researchers involved live in the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America. Literature search via e.g. Science Citation Index and via personal correspondence with some of the researchers in this field, gradually did result in this list of articles, books, reports and theses. Separately, reviews in Computing Reviews (CR), in the Journal of Symbolic Logic (JSL), in Mathematical Reviews (MR), and in the Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete (Zbl) are listed. A review between brackets contains nothing more than the author's summary. Most of this bibliography was compiled before 1986. Only a few entries have been added haphazardly since then.


This manuscript empirically compares logistics strategies and outcomes in Ghanaian and U.S. firms to test the underlying factor structure and measurement equivalences of the Bowersox/Daugherty model and its relationship with critical success factors. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from Ghanaian and American logistics managers. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we compared the three dimensions of Overall Logistics Strategy (OLS) - Process Strategy, Market Strategy, and Information Strategy – in the two countries. A structural equation model (SEM) was then used to assess the impact of OLS on perceived organizational competitiveness in the two countries. Although the economic, political, and cultural dimensions of the two countries differed substantially, the relationships among the constructs used were similar. Data from both countries provided strong support for the dimensionality of the Overall Logistic Strategy (OLS). In addition, it was found that OLS, when combined with Logistics Coordination Effectiveness (LCE) and Customer Service Effectiveness (CSE), contributes to organizational effectiveness (COMP) in both the countries studied. This research provides insights into comparative logistics in two completely disparate economies and provides support for the Bowersox/Daugherty logistics/supply chain management typology. The manuscript also provides insights into comparative logistics/ supply chain management that have not been previously reported through empirical research.


The editors and contributors to this volume are not willing to accept what is known as uneven development, where some cities win and some lose. They look at two practical consequences of urban growth: the change in residence patterns as neighborhoods gentrify, and the change in employment patterns, as factory workers lose jobs and white-collar workers gain jobs. The editors' goal is to highlight the alternatives to uneven development and to the growth ideology. They outline and advocate specific policies, including affordable housing, changes in taxation, and direct community participation in planning and zoning decisions. "Challenging Uneven Development "begins with a rousing discussion of the pervasiveness of the community redevelopment ideology. The growth machine defines the language of the debate. The next group of chapters examine residence patterns--how communities have organized to fight gentrification, why residential integration is essential for good planning as well as morality, and what strategies can be used to achieve racial diversity. Another chapter emphasizes the role of lenders in regulating the flow of credit within communities. Disinvestment by credit providers causes decline, and opens the way for gentrification, which displaces local residents. The impact of taxes in stimulating the growth machine is also explained. Later chapters move beyond gentrification issues to examine other problems of economic restructuring. They look at how blacks, Latinos, and women have been affected by the growth of service sector jobs. The final chapter serves as a strategic guide to those who wish to establish a progressive agenda for community-based economic development. The authors call for social change, not unimaginative reform.The contributors to this volume are leaders or researchers from community organizations, civic groups, government agencies, and universities. In addition to the editors, they are Mel King, Teresa Cordova, Daniel Lauber, Jena Pogge, David Flax-Hatch, Arthur Lyons, Wendy Wintermute, Charles Hicklin, Jeffrey D. Reckinger, David Mosena, Charlotte Chun, Raymndo Flores, Luther Snow, Deborah Bennett, John Betancur, and Patricia Wright. They have presented "state-of-the-art" progressive policy solutions for urban problems."


To the Editor. —The three related articles about termination of artificial nutrition and hydration for the critically or incurably ill in the January 1985 issue of theArchiveswere quite good in throwing light on both legal and medical facets of decisions to terminate care. I would, however, like to comment on their legal perspective. Also, there appears to be a slight overstatement regarding family members' lack of authority to decide to terminate care for an incompetent relative. In their otherwise excellent article, Professor Rebecca Dresser and Dr Eugene Boisaubin 1 state that family members "lack explicit legal authority to make treatment decisions for their incompetent adult relatives" and that they "must be appointed legal guardian" to obtain such authority. By explicit legal authority, Professor Dresser and Dr Boisaubin refer to that authority that would give physicians "certain legal immunity." I do not discount physicians' concerns and fears regarding malpractice,


Assistance to refugees living in camps is shifting from a humanitarian model, based on care and maintenance, to a development model that promotes refugee self-reliance through income-generating activities, market development, and cash transfers. Evidence on the effects of this paradigm shift is limited. Exploiting a regression discontinuity design, this paper tests whether the adoption of a development approach to refugee assistance in a new settlement in Kenya has a positive impact in the short run. We find that refugees benefiting from the new approach have better diets and perceive themselves as happier and more independent from humanitarian aid. We find no effect on assets and employment. These effects appear to be driven by the switch from food rations to cash transfers and by the wider promotion of kitchen gardens. Our findings argue in favor of the development approach to refugee assistance, which is cheaper and leads to better outcomes.


In April 2003, Peru's cocaleros broke into the national spotlight by mobilising a six thousandstrong March of Sacrifice from their coca-producing valleys to the capital city of Lima. In 2006, cocalero leaders ascended to several political positions at the municipal and national
level. However, their political impact has been limited and divisions amongst coca-producing valleys have prevented cocaleros from articulating a unified agenda on the coca issue itself, let alone on wider issues. The experience of Bolivia's cocaleros presents a very different picture. In 2005, cocalero leader Evo Morales was elected president with the highest margin of victory in the country's electoral history. He was re-elected in 2009 by a greater margin.
Morales and his political party mobilised a broad coalition as they developed an identity of 'excluded' that challenged Bolivia's unrepresentative democracy, neoliberal economic model and relationship with the United States.
How do we explain the political ascent of these unprecedented actors that stand on the border of illegality? Why has the empowerment and impact of these actors on their national political landscapes varied so significantly?
This work aims to explain the different experiences of the Bolivian and Peruvian cocaleros in gaining political empowerment through contentious action that originated in defence of coca—an issue that is both de-legitimising and divisive. This work presents the political ascent of these actors as cases of identity-formation. It argues that their ability to construct identities that deterred disunity, legitimised their struggle and broadened their appeal
determined their degree of political empowerment. Furthermore, it reveals how contentious interactions—bound by the context in which they unfolded—distinctly shaped each case's identity-formation processes. In Peru, the imposed identity of 'illegitimate' weakened the identity of 'cocalero' and generated disunity, isolation and a limited political impact. In Bolivia, the identities of 'syndicalist' and 'excluded' strengthened the identity of 'cocalero' and engendered unity, alliance formation and a significant political impact.


Regional projects and programs are intended to become the main mechanism for achieving national development goals in territorial entities. The aim of the article is to analyze the problems of project implementation and program approaches at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as to develop proposals for their development. The methodological basis of the study is the regulatory legal acts of the federal and regional levels, scientific (foreign and domestic) literature in the field of economics and public finance, official statistical information, empirical data regarding the results and progress of the implementation of regional projects and state programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The author uses the method of system analysis. The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of project management in the public sector, foreign and domestic research on this issue, examples of program implementation abroad, establishes the role of regional projects and state programs in the budget system of the Russian Federation, their relationship, identifies the main problems of their financing, considers examples of direct implementation of projects and programs, and suggests directions for their development. In the course of the study, the distortion of the initially inherent meanings of the implementation of the project approach is proved, first of all, in determining the goal setting, providing sufficient mechanisms for its achievement and financing. It is established that the state programs at present actually represent documents of planning of budget appropriations in implicit interrelation with the main directions of activity of authorities. It is concluded that it is necessary to clarify the current project and program methodology, which will allow the regions not only to engage in the implementation of federal projects but also to initiate them according to the priorities of socio-economic policy and the characteristics of the region. The author also proposes to develop regional projects as financial institutions. For this, it is necessary to clarify the budget legislation to ensure the possibility of actual planning of expenditure obligations within the framework of the design of projects. The prospects for further research are to develop a model for evaluating the effectiveness of the design and implementation of regional projects and state programs, and its further testing on specific programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.


Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) reconstructs 3-D tomographic images of brain activities from observations by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) that is formulated as an ill-posed inverse problem. This brief presents a method for NIRS DOT based on a hierarchical Bayesian approach introducing the automatic relevance determination prior and the variational Bayes technique. Although the sparseness of the estimation strongly depends on the hyperparameters, in general, our method has less dependency on the hyperparameters. We confirm through numerical experiments that a schematic phase diagram of sparseness with respect to the hyperparameters has two regions: in one region hyperparameters give sparse solutions and in the other they give dense ones. The experimental results are supported by our theoretical analyses in simple cases.


Pedestrian detection in real world scenes is a challenging problem. In recent years a variety of approaches have been proposed, and impressive results have been reported on a variety of databases. This paper systematically evaluates (1) various local shape descriptors, namely Shape Context and Local Chamfer descriptor and (2) four different interest point detectors for the detection of pedestrians. Those results are compared to the standard global Chamfer matching approach. A main result of the paper is that Shape Context trained on real edge images rather than on clean pedestrian silhouettes combined with the Hessian-Laplace detector outperforms all other tested approaches.


This thesis demonstrates that a parametrically-modifiable Advanced Marine Vehicle Structural (AMVS) module (that can be integrated into a larger framework of marine vehicle analysis modules) enables stakeholders, as a group, to complete structurally feasible ship designs using the Set-Based Design (SBD) method. The SBD method allows stakeholders to identify and explore multiple solutions to stakeholder requirements and only eliminating the infeasible poorer solutions after all solutions are completely explored. SBD offers the and advantage over traditional design methods such as Waterfall and Spiral because traditional methods do not adequately explore the design space to determine if they are eliminating more optimal solutions in terms of cost, risk and performance. The fundamental focus for this thesis was on the development of a parametrically modifiable AMVS module using a low-fidelity structural analysis method implemented using a numerical 2D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) applied to the HY2-SWATH. To verify the AMVS module accuracy, a highfidelity structural analysis was implemented in MAESTRO to analyze the reference marine vehicle model and provide a comparison baseline. To explore the design space, the AMVS module is written to be parametrically modified through input variables, effectively generating a new vessel structure when an input is changed. AMVS module is used to analyze an advanced marine vessel in its two operating modes: displacement and foil-borne. AMVS demonstrates the capability to explore the design space and evaluate the structural feasibility of the advance marine vehicle designs through consideration of the material, stiffener/girder dimensions, stiffener/girder arrangement, and machinery/equipment weights onboard.


Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the most widely used resist in electron beam lithography. This paper reports on a lithography and Raman spectroscopy study of development characteristics of PMMA in methanol, ethanol and isopropanol mixtures with water as developers. We have found that ethanol/water mixtures at a 4:1 volume ratio are an excellent, high resolution, non-toxic developer for exposed PMMA. We have also found that the proper methodology to use so that contrast data can be compared to techniques used in polymer science is not to rinse the developed resist but to immediately dry with nitrogen. Our results show how powerful simple lithographic techniques can be used to study ternary polymer solvent solutions when compared to other techniques used in the literature. Raman data show that both tightly bonded –OH groups and non-hydrogen bonded –OH groups play a role in the development of PMMA. Tightly hydrogen bonded –OH groups show pure Lorentzian Raman absorption only in the concentration ranges where ethanol/water and IPA/water mixtures are effective developers of PMMA, pointing to possible ordering or reduced amorphization due to the liquid state. The impact of understanding these interactions may open doors to a new developers of other electron beam resists that can reduce the toxicity of the waste stream.


The wide use of data networks encourages the exchange of electronic documents. However, this practice often has unwanted side-effects such as unauthorised copying, redistribution or modification of these documents. Moreover, the recipient usually has no convenient means of confirming the authenticity of the document, while the sender has no proof of receipt. In this paper we present the major requirements for the commercialisation of electronic information and describe an agent-based framework for the exchange of arbitrary electronic documents over open networks.


Sharply marked social differentiation is a salient characteristic of Mediterranean societies. In the anthropology of the Mediterranean, inequality of social status has been analyzed so far only within the paradigmatic town/village relationship (Bell 1979; Davis 1977; Silverman 1966). None of the Mediterraneanist anthropologists, however, has studied in a systematic fashion the relationship between trade networks, as the most prominent aspect of Mediterranean communication, and the process of social stratification. On the island of Hvar, off the Croatian coast in the Adriatic Sea, distinct social hierarchies emerged and surpassed in its elaboration the majority of other ports in the province of Dalmatia. Moreover, this social differentiation on the island is not limited to the town of Hvar, but appears clearly in the rural areas as well, a variation recorded only rarely in the Mediterranean anthropology literature (O'Neill 1987). Neither history nor ecology alone can account for the exceptional and early development of a complex class structure as it is found on Hvar, and I see its locational advantage in the eastern Adriatic communication network as the decisive factor. The ecology of the Dalmatian archipelago allows for little differentiation in terms of natural resources. Combined with locational advantage, however, these minimal differences are utilized to the greatest benefit of some communities in the network. To demonstrate Hvar's locational advantage, I use the graph-theoretic models of betweenness centrality and neighborhood, based on the assumption that communities that are able to attract the,largest number of ships will profit from trade and fees and develop an early and complex system of social stratification. Among all eastern Adriatic ports Hvar played an exceptional role as one of the most frequented places. Mediterranean voyaging was, and still is, for the most part restricted to the conservative technique of port hopping. In the past the need for frequent stops to renew supplies of food and water, as well as for refuge from bad weather and pirates, dictated most often sailing in the daytime and staying in a protected harbor at night. The Venetian Republic built its commercial dominance on her possessions in the Adriatic. As Braudel (1972:149) wrote, " these islands, running along the axis of her power, were Venice's stationary fleet." The ability to control the sea routes through the possession of islands was the key to both its military and commercial power in the Mediterranean. Through an application of graph-theoretic models, I will demonstrate here that the combination of locational advantage and an excellent harbor enabled Hvar to maintain the most important position in the Dalmatian archipelago during the entire period of Venetian reign. Under these conditions internal social stratification, both urban and rural, developed and was sustained through the transfer of wealth and through marriage alliances. In addition to an elaborate social stratification in towns concentrated around harbors, the rural areas on the island of Hvar also developed three main social strata differentiated by land ownership (Milicic 1992). With its relative lack of natural resources the island's production was primarily aimed for trade. Thus, for example, the rural community of Brusje, with its production first of wine and later of lavender, was directly dependent on the island's position in the trade network. In the case of Hvar the external trade network set up the conditions for internal stratification based on the differentiafion in the degree of access to exchange and, consequently, wealth. Centrality is a concept of graph theory that can be empirically interpreted in several ways (Freeman 1979). In the case of the Adriatic trade network the concept of betweenness centrality is interpreted as the measure of the frequency of stopovers of ships sailing between Dalmatian ports. The wealth acquired from fees and taxes depends on the flow of traffic through individual ports. …


The study was conducted in purposively selected three talukas viz., Jintur, Parbhani and Purna of Parbhani District of Marathawada region of Maharashtra state during the year 2014-15. From each taluka, four villages selected purposively and from each village10 respondents were selected purposively, there by constituting a total sample size of 120 respondents. Data were collected by using personal interview method. The collected data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with the help of appropriate statistical tools. Majority of respondents were found having medium level of adoption of improved farm implements. It was observed that farming experience, social participation, extension contact, economic motivation and risk orientation had non-significant relationship with adoption of recommended improved farm implements whereas education, land holding, annual income and source of information had significant relationship with adoption of recommended improved farm implements by the respondents.


This article takes a critical, historical view of the LGBT rights movement in three related areas: marriage equality; injury to same-sex relationships in tort law; and the creation and enforcement of private contractual agreements between same-sex partners. The period surveyed covers the early 1970's through late 2008.Through examination of case law, legislation and legislative history, and the increasing visibility of the LGBT community during the period in question, Marriage, Tort and Private Ordering: Rhetoric and Reality in LGBT Rights argues that, during the 1970's, the socially enforced invisibility of gay lives and relationships translated into an inability to regard "gay marriage" as anything but an oxymoron. Moreover, inasmuch as marriage was also seen as required for relationship validity, tort claims also met with failure when the intimate lives of gay and lesbian couples came into view. Over time, though, both visibility and the vocabulary needed to describe it have moved same-sex couples ever closer to formal, legal equality. Private arrangements by same-sex couples, by contrast, have long enjoyed greater recognition, in part because courts were been able to focus on economic understandings and the law of contract.


Both four-dimensional (space-time) models and Casimir-like processes predict that the representations of stimulus-response pairing remain in altered or virtual states that can be potentially retrieved. Over a six month period we demonstrated "excess correlations" between mild acidification in quantities (50 ml) of spring water in a local space and the temporally contiguous incremental alkalinisation in nonlocal quantities of water when both loci were exposed to the same experimental paradigm that produced "entanglement" in photon reactions. The procedure required simultaneous exposures of both loci to specific patterns of rotating magnetic fields displaying specific rates of change in angular velocity. If the ~0.1 unit increases in pH within the non-local water samples due to injections of acetic acid in the local samples had been established on one day, comparable shifts occurred in the non-local water samples the following day when there were no injections of acetic acid if the space was exposed to the original magnetic field configurations. These results suggest that, like photon patterns, the "memory" or representation of pH (H+) shifts remain in space long after the stimulus has been removed and can be retrieved within that space if the specific electromagnetic field is repeated.

NeuroQuantology | December 2013 | Volume 11 | Issue 4 | Page 511-518


Weakly electric fish are unique model systems in neuroethology, that allow experimentalists to non-invasively, access, central nervous system generated spatio-temporal electric patterns of pulses with roles in at least 2 complex and incompletely understood abilities: electrocommunication and electrolocation. Pulse-type electric fish alter their inter pulse intervals (IPIs) according to different behavioral contexts as aggression, hiding and mating. Nevertheless, only a few behavioral studies comparing the influence of different stimuli IPIs in the fish electric response have been conducted. We developed an apparatus that allows real time automatic realistic stimulation and simultaneous recording of electric pulses in freely moving Gymnotus carapo for several days. We detected and recorded pulse timestamps independently of the fish's position for days. A stimulus fish was mimicked by a dipole electrode that reproduced the voltage time series of real conspecific according to previously recorded timestamp sequences. We characterized fish behavior and the eletrocommunication in 2 conditions: stimulated by IPIs pre-recorded from other fish and random IPI ones. All stimuli pulses had the exact Gymontus carapo waveform. All fish presented a surprisingly long transient exploratory behavior (more than 8 h) when exposed to a new environment in the absence of electrical stimuli. Further, we also show that fish are able to discriminate between real and random stimuli distributions by changing several characteristics of their IPI distribution.


The purpose of this study is to understand the knowledge of the school counselor and their room for manoeuvre regarding cyberbullying among students. We have used a qualitative method, which consists of eight semi-structured interviews with six middle school student counselors and two high school student counselors, in a middle-sized municipality in Sweden. Our study showed that the school counselors have limited knowledge about cyberbullying due to the fast development of the internet, and limited time in their work. The limited knowledge affects the school counselor's way of work, and how they use their room for manoeuvre on cyberbullying. All the school counselors in this study make no difference in the way they work to identify traditional bullying versus cyberbullying. Today, bullying occurs in two arenas, the physical room and the virtual room. Due to the fact that bullying can occur any time of the day, the limits for responsibility of the school counselors and when the parent's responsibility comes in, is unclear. This study shows that the school counselors have too much on their desk, which entails that they have limited knowledge on how to handle the problem of cyberbullying. The result of the study shows that the school counselors have various knowledge and they use their room for manoeuvre in different ways.


Retinoblastoma (RB) is a primary intraocular malignancy in childhood. Relapses may develop and cause secondary cancers during later development. This study was set up to identify optimal cell culture conditions for RB cell growth in vitro and to optimize tumor growth in an in vivo model. RB cell lines (Y79 and WERI-Rb1) were cultivated under three different in vitro conditions and apoptosis, proliferation and cell growth, as well as expression profiles of two epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, were analyzed. EMT gene expression profiles were not generally changed, whereas apoptosis levels, tumor cell proliferation, and in vitro growth were significantly influenced by different cell culture conditions. In order to optimize the time-limited chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, we investigated two different time points of tumor cell inoculation (embryonic development day EDD8 and EDD10) as well as three different cell concentrations. We showed that inoculation at EDD8 led to decreased tumor formation and chicken viability, whereas different cell concentrations did not change size and weight of developing tumors. Our findings demonstrate that medium conditions in vitro as well as the starting point for CAM inoculation in ovo significantly influence the experimental outcome of investigations using RB cell lines.


Background:
 Light Chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis and refers to the deposition of abnormally folded monoclonal light chains or their fragments which can cause organ dysfunction. While treatment with autologous stem cell transplantation needs to be considered in patients who qualify, the increased use of proteasome inhibitors in the past decade has led to deeper hematologic and organ responses. Daratumumab, a CD-38 monoclonal antibody, has also showed promising therapeutic benefit. Given the major advances in AL amyloidosis, our objective was to evaluate presentations, management, and outcomes in AL amyloidosis patients diagnosed from January 2012-April 2020 at our institution.
 Methods:
 The Cleveland Clinic electronic medical record was queried to identify patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AL amyloidosis from January 2012 until April 2020. All patients over the age of 18 who followed up at the Cleveland Clinic after their initial diagnosis were included. Of 255 patients that were initially queried, 161 were ultimately able to be evaluated and met inclusion criteria. Clinical data was reviewed by authors D.B. and J.T. and conflicts were resolved by consensus. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS).
 Results:
 A total of one hundred sixty-one patients were evaluated with baseline characteristics in Table 1. Among them, 92 (57.14%) were males, 69 (42.86%) were females, 92 (57.14%) had cardiac involvement at diagnosis, and 86 (53.42%) had kidney involvement at diagnosis. Also, 61 patients (37.89%) had a Revised Mayo stage of 3 or 4 at diagnosis. Thirty-nine patients (24.22%) underwent autologous stem cell transplantation as part of their treatment regimen. The two-year overall survival (OS) rate was 0.71 (95%CI: 0.64-.79), five-year OS rate was 0.60 (95%CI:0.52-0.69), and the median OS was not reached in this cohort of patients (Table 2). OS was also evaluated by patient group (Table 2).
 Conclusion:
 Given the recent major advancements in the treatment of AL amyloidosis, we evaluated the presentation, treatment, and outcomes in 161 patients with a diagnosis of AL amyloidosis at the Cleveland Clinic from January 2012-April 2020. A wide variety of patients with AL amyloidosis were evaluated and overall survival by patient group showed significantly better OS in patients age <65 at diagnosis, patients without cardiac involvement, and patients with Revised Mayo stage 2 or less at diagnosis, with a five-year overall response rate of 0.60(95%CI:0.52-0.69) for all patients. Our patient experience highlights the efficacy of proteasome inhibitor use in the past decade for the treatment of AL amyloidosis and also reflect the use of newer agents such as daratumumab. While many major milestones have been achieved in the treatment of AL amyloidosis, more data is needed to assess the optimal duration and appropriate setting for newer therapeutics for this formidable disease.

 Valent: Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Other: Teaching, Speakers Bureau; Amgen Inc.: Other: Teaching, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Other: Teaching, Speakers Bureau.


In his recent book 'The Democratic Horizon' (2014), political philosopher Alessandro Ferrara analyses democracy from a critical philosophical perspective in relation to globalisation and economic crisis. Ferrara's earlier work has mostly focused on grounding notions of ethics and identity in contemporary pluralist society. In this interview, a connection between the areas is sought while the subjects of education and the clash of cultures are also touched on.


CRISPR/Cas9 has become one of the most promising techniques for genome editing in plants and works very well in poplars with an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. We selected twelve genes, including SOC1, FUL, and their paralogous genes, four NFP-like genes and TOZ19 for three different research topics. The gRNAs were designed for editing, and, together with a constitutively expressed Cas9 nuclease, transferred either into the poplar hybrid Populus × canescens or into P. tremula. The regenerated lines showed different types of editing and revealed several homozygous editing events which are of special interest in perennial species because of limited back-cross ability. Through a time series, we could show that despite the constitutive expression of the Cas9 nuclease, no secondary editing of the target region occurred. Thus, constitutive Cas9 expression does not seem to pose any risk to additional editing events. Based on various criteria, we obtained evidence for a relationship between the structure of gRNA and the efficiency of gene editing. In particular, the GC content, purine residues in the gRNA end, and the free accessibility of the seed region seemed to be highly important for genome editing in poplars. Based on our findings on nine different poplar genes, efficient gRNAs can be designed for future efficient editing applications in poplars.


Abstract. Physical and chemical characterizations of the atmospheric aerosol were carried out at Mt. Cimone (Italy) during the 4 June-4 July 2000 period. Particle size distributions in the size range 6nm-10µm were measured with a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and an optical particle counter (OPC). Size-segregated aerosol was sampled using a 6-stage low pressure impactor. Aerosol samples were submitted to gravimetric and chemical analyses. Ionic, carbonaceous and refractory components of the aerosol were quantified. We compared the sub- and superµm aerosol mass concentrations determined by gravimetric measurements (mGM), chemical analyses (mmCA), and by converting particle size distribution to aerosol mass concentrations (mmSD). Mean random uncertainties associated with the determination of mmGM, mmCA, and mmSD were assessed. The three estimates of the sub-µm aerosol mass concentration agreed, which shows that within experimental uncertainty, the sub-µm aerosol was composed of the quantified components. The three estimates of the super-µm aerosol mass concentration did not agree, which indicates that random uncertainties and/or possible systematic errors in aerosol sampling, sizing or analyses were not adequately accounted for. Aerosol chemical composition in air masses from different origins showed differences, which were significant in regard to experimental uncertainties. During the Saharan dust advection period, coarse dust and fine anthropogenic particles were externally mixed. No anthropogenic sulfate could be found in the super-µm dust particles. In contrast, nitrate was shifted towards the aerosol super-µm fraction in presence of desert dust.


Exposure of cells to stressful conditions results in the rapid synthesis of a subset of specialized proteins termed heat shock proteins (HSPs) which function in protecting the cell against damage. The stress-induced activation of hsp genes is controlled by the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). At the cellular level, one of the most striking effects of stress is the rapid and reversible redistribution of HSF1 into a few nuclear structures termed nuclear stress granules which form primarily on the 9q12 locus in humans. Within these structures, HSF1 binds to satellite III repeated elements and drives the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of these sequences into stable RNAs which remain associated with the 9q12 locus for a certain time after synthesis. Other proteins, in particular splicing factors, were also shown to relocalize to the granules upon stress. Here, we investigated the role of stress-induced satellite III transcripts in the relocalization of splicing factors to the granules. We show that the recruitment of the two serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins SF2/ASF and SRp30c requires the presence of stress-induced satellite III transcripts. In agreement with these findings, we identified the second RNA-recognition motif (RRM2) of hSF2/ASF as the motif required for the targeting to the granules, and we showed by immunoprecipitation that the endogenous hSF2/ASF protein is present in a complex with satellite III transcripts in stressed cells in vivo. Interestingly, satellite III transcripts also immunoprecipitate together with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) in vivo whereas the intronless hsp70 transcripts do not, supporting the proposal that these transcripts are subject to splicing. Altogether, these data highlight the central role for satellite III transcripts in the targeting and/or retention of splicing factors into the granules upon stress.


This research project grew out of an identified need within teacher education programs at the Institute of Early Childhood (IEC), Macquarie University. The researchers are lecturers and coordinate Professional Experience units across the Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) degree. They identified a continuing pattern of international students receiving low grades or failing professional experience units; particularly when they were placed in the school environment. Bourdieu� theorised� the� importance� of� 'capital'� as� a� 'power'� resource� for� individuals� (1989). He identified the role of the school system in reproducing and reinforcing the dominant cultural group within society (Bourdieu, 1973). International students have usually attended school outside of Australia and do not possess the cultural capital of the school setting they are being placed into for professional experience. Whilst they are learning to be an effective teacher they are, in parallel, learning to understand the culture of schooling within Australia. A pilot study was conducted which aimed to identify supports and constraints for international students completing their first professional experience school placement. The research employed a social constructivist approach (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) to explore the factors which impact on professional experience placements in school settings for international students. Social constructivism is driven by lived experiences and defines patterns of experience. The pilot study involved four phases; interviewing key stakeholders; identifying appropriate support strategies for students; applying strategies prior to and during professional experience placements; and follow up interviews to identify changes to practice. In this paper the researchers will outline the current literature and report on the first two phases of the pilot study. Findings from key stakeholders (international students and cooperating teachers) will outline their various perspectives and identify key issues of concern. Supports required for these international students on their first school setting placement will also be discussed.


A component of designing a managed aquifer recharge system in a dune aquifer is the control of diffusive evaporative loss of water which is governed by the physical properties of the sediments and the position of the water table. A critical water table position is the "extinction depth", below which no further loss of water occurs via diffusion. Field experiments were conducted to measure the extinction depth of sediments taken from a typical dune field in the region. The soil grain size characteristics, laboratory porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured. The sand is classified as well-sorted, very fine sand with a mean grain diameter of 0.15 mm. Soil moisture gradients and diffusion loss rates were measured using sensors in a non-weighing lysimeter that was placed below land surface. The sand was saturated carefully with water from the bottom to the top and was exposed to the natural climate for a period of about two months. The moisture gradient showed a gradual decline during measurement until extinction depth was reached at about 100 cm below surface after 56 days. Diurnal temperature changes were observed in the upper 75 cm of the column and were negligible at greater depth.


Summary. This paper explores the course of infant and childhood mortality in the Greek island of Paros from the end of the nineteenth until the mid-twentieth century. For this purpose the method of family reconstitution has been applied to two towns on the island. Official population statistics have been used to derive basic mortality estimates for the Cyclades and Greece as a whole. Reference to other studies concerning island mortality is also made. Hence, there appears the chance to compare insular with mainland mortality and realise that insular mortality presented some distinct features. It is shown that island populations presented lower mortality than the national average until the first decades of the twentieth century. However, by the 1950s Greece's infant and childhood mortality had dropped to the same or even to lower levels than those of the islands.


The debate on mass polarization is itself polarized. Some argue that the United States is in the midst of a culture war; others argue that the claims are exaggerated. As polarization is a multifaceted concept, both sides can be correct. I review four distinct manifestations of polarization that have appeared in the public opinion literature—ideological consistency, ideological divergence, perceived polarization, and affective polarization—and discuss ways in which each has been measured. Then, using longitudinal data from the American National Election Studies (ANES), I update past analyses in order to more clearly show the ways in which Americans have or have not polarized: Americans at the mass level have not diverged, nor have they become more consistent ideologically, but partisans have; perceptions of polarization have increased, but this change is driven by partisans, who increasingly dislike one another.


Sexual assault is both a common and a very serious crime which is investigated by the police with an intensity second only to that of murder. Despite India stiffening its laws on sexual crimes, nothing much has changed on the ground. This retrospective study was conducted on 86 cases of sexual assault received for examination at Vijayanagara Institute of medical sciences (VIMS), Ballari, Karnataka, during the year 2010 - 2013. This study revealed that most vulnerable age group were males aged 11-20 years, where most commonly sexual crimes were performed by the person familiar to the victim (33.72%).  The maximum numbers of victims were medico-legally examined on the second day (46.51%) of the assault. Examinations as recent tear of hymen was noticed in 16.66% female victims, and restrain marks on the victims were present in 25 (29.06%) cases. The study aims to enhance public awareness regarding sexual violence, as support the ground to the law enforcement authorities to implement strategies to prevent such cases in the future. Keywords:  Forensic science; forensic pathology; sexual assault; hymen; anal intercourse.


Assisted hatching is a laboratory technique makes an artificial opening in thick zona to make the embryonic cells can hatch out and attach to the uterine wall and form pregnancy. Laser assisted hatching used in conjugation with intra-cytoplasmic insemination fertilization. Material and methods: The study was conducted at Kamal al-Samarrai Specialist Hospital of fertility and IVF-Baghdad during the period from 3 July 2016 to 10 November 2017. Fifty nine infertile couples have been enrolled in this study and were included in ICSI cycle. The patients subdivided into 3 groups according to the duration of laser exposure (2, 4.5 and 8 μs). Results: younger women had higher successful clinical pregnancy compared to older women (40% vs. 27.6%), 4.5 μs had the highest successful clinical pregnancy 57.9% compared to 2 μs and 8 μs, with an PR (95%CI) 8.25 (1.797 – 37.881). Conclusion: Age has modest effect to predict successful clinical pregnancy outcome, in which the older the age of women the lower probability of clinical pregnancy, in multivariate analysis 4.5 μs (and consequently 6.1 μm) was 7 folds associated with better clinical pregnancy compared to 8 μs.


Organizational learning can be described as a transfer of individuals' cognitive mental models to shared mental models. Employees, seeking the same colleagues for advice, are structurally equivalent, and the aim of the paper is to study if the concept can act as a conduit for organizational learning. It is argued that the mimicking of colleagues' advice seeking structures will induce structural equivalence and transfer the accuracy of individuals' cognitive mental models to shared mental models. Taking a dyadic level of analysis authors revisit a classical case and present novel data analyses. The empirical results indicate that the mimicking of advice seeking structures can alter cognitive accuracy. It is dis-cussed the findings' implications for organization learning theory and practice, addressed the study's limitations, and suggested avenues for future research.


The present study first examines the trends in age structural shifts in selected Asian economies over the period 1950–2050 and analyzes their impact on economic growth in terms of the first and second demographic dividends computed from the system of National Transfer Accounts. Then, using the National Transfer Accounts, we analyze the effect of the age structural shifts on the pattern of intergenerational transfers in Japan; the Republic of Korea; and Taipei,China. A brief comparison of the results reveals that, in the next few decades, the latter two are likely to follow in Japan's footsteps by increasing public transfers and asset reallocations, and by reducing familial transfers, particularly among older persons. Next, we consider a newly defined demographic dividend, which is generated through the use of the untapped work capacity of healthy older persons and to which we refer as "the silver" or "the third" demographic dividend. By drawing upon microlevel datasets obtained from Japan and Malaysia, we calculate the magnitude of the impact of that dividend on macroeconomic growth in each of the two economies, concluding that while in Japan the expected effect is substantial, in Malaysia it will take several decades before the country can enjoy comparable benefits.


Livestock antibiotic resistance Most antibiotic use is for livestock, and it is growing with the increase in global demand for meat. It is unclear what the increase in demand for antibiotics means for the occurrence of drug resistance in animals and risk to humans. Van Boeckel et al. describe the global burden of antimicrobial resistance in animals on the basis of systematic reviews over the past 20 years (see the Perspective by Moore). There is a clear increase in the number of resistant bacterial strains occurring in chickens and pigs. The current study provides a much-needed baseline model for low- and middle-income countries and provides a "one health" perspective to which future data can be added. Science, this issue p. eaaw1944; see also p. 1251 Growing demand for meat in developing economies increases antibiotic consumption and fuels the risk of antibiotic resistance. INTRODUCTION The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Since 2000, meat production has plateaued in high-income countries but has grown by 68%, 64%, and 40% in Asia, Africa, and South America, respectively. The transition to high-protein diets in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been facilitated by the global expansion of intensive animal production systems in which antimicrobials are used routinely to maintain health and productivity. Globally, 73% of all antimicrobials sold on Earth are used in animals raised for food. A growing body of evidence has linked this practice with the rise of antimicrobial-resistant infections, not just in animals but also in humans. Beyond potentially serious consequences for public health, the reliance on antimicrobials to meet demand for animal protein is a likely threat to the sustainability of the livestock industry, and thus to the livelihood of farmers around the world. RATIONALE In LMICs, trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals are poorly documented. In the absence of systematic surveillance systems, point prevalence surveys represent a largely untapped source of information to map trends in AMR in animals. We use geospatial models to produce global maps of AMR in LMICs and give policy-makers—or a future international panel—a baseline for monitoring AMR levels in animals and target interventions in the regions most affected by the rise of resistance. RESULTS We identified 901 point prevalence surveys from LMICs reporting AMR rates in animals for common indicator pathogens: Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., nontyphoidal Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobial compounds with resistance higher than 50% (P50) increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs and plateaued between 0.12 and 0.23 in cattle. Global maps of AMR (available at resistancebank.org) show hotspots of resistance in northeastern India, northeastern China, northern Pakistan, Iran, eastern Turkey, the south coast of Brazil, Egypt, the Red River delta in Vietnam, and the areas surrounding Mexico City and Johannesburg. Areas where resistance is just starting to emerge are Kenya, Morocco, Uruguay, southern Brazil, central India, and southern China. Uncertainty in our predictions was greatest in the Andes, the Amazon region, West and Central Africa, the Tibetan plateau, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Dense geographical coverage of point prevalence surveys did not systematically correlate with the presence of hotspots of AMR, such as in Ethiopia, Thailand, Chhattisgarh (India), and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The highest resistance rates were observed with the most commonly used classes of antimicrobials in animal production: tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and penicillins. CONCLUSION The portfolio of antimicrobials used to raise animals for food is rapidly getting depleted, with important consequences for animal health, farmers' livelihoods, and potentially for human health. Regions affected by the highest levels of AMR should take immediate actions to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials that are essential in human medicine by restricting their use in animal production. In some middle-income countries, particularly in South America, surveillance must be scaled up to match that of low-income African countries that are currently outperforming them despite more limited resources. Policy-makers coordinating the international response to AMR may consider sparing African countries from the most aggressive measures to restrict access to veterinary drugs, which may undermine livestock-based economic development and rightfully be perceived as unfair. However, in regions where resistance is starting to emerge, there is a window of opportunity to limit the rise of resistance by encouraging a transition to sustainable animal farming practices. High-income countries, where antimicrobials have been used on farms since the 1950s, should support this transition—for example, through a global fund to subsidize improvement in farm-level biosafety and biosecurity. Animals raised for food use the majority of antimicrobials sold on Earth. The main article presents a map of antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries where sales of veterinary antimicrobials remain largely unregulated. In this image, broilers are seen roaming freely outside of a family-owned farm in Kitwe, Zambia. [Photo: S. Jetha] The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Antimicrobial consumption in animals is threefold that of humans and has enabled large-scale animal protein production. The consequences for the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals have received comparatively less attention than in humans. We analyzed 901 point prevalence surveys of pathogens in developing countries to map resistance in animals. China and India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, with new hotspots emerging in Brazil and Kenya. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials showing resistance above 50% increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs. Escalating resistance in animals is anticipated to have important consequences for animal health and, eventually, for human health.