Part I. Gasotransmitters: Past, Present, and Future The Evolution of Gasotransmitter Biology and Medicine: From Atmospheric Toxic Gases to Endogenous Gaseous Signaling Molecules Rui Wang Interactions Between Gasotransmitters Ray J. Carson, Gunter Seyffarth, Rubina Mian, and Helen Maddock Part II. The Emergence of the First Gasotransmitter: Nitric Oxide Nitric Oxide: Synthesis and Metabolism, Tissue Stores, and the Relationship of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide to Endothelium-Dependent Hyperpolarization Chris R. Triggle, Hong Ding, Ella S. M. Ng, and Anthie Ellis Chemical Interaction of Nitric Oxide With Protein Thiols: S-Nitrosylation Signaling Allan Doctor and Benjamin M. Gaston Nitric Oxide and Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channels: Their Different Properties But Analogous Effects on Cellular Protection Shoji Sanada, Jiyoong Kim, and Masafumi Kitakaze Interactions of Nitric Oxide and Related Radical Species With KCa Channels Yanping Liu and David D. Gutterman Nitric Oxide and Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels Claudio Grassi, Marcello D'Ascenzo, and Gian Battista Azzena Interactions of Nitric Oxide and Cardiac Ion Channels Zhao Zhang, Kathryn A. Glatter, and Nipavan Chiamvimonvat S-Nitrosylation of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels Marie-Christine Broillet Part III. Story of a Silent Killer: The Resurgence of Carbon Monoxide as the Second Gasotransmitter Synthesis and Metabolism of Carbon Monoxide Stefan W. Ryter and Augustine M. K. Choi Interaction of Carbon Monoxide With K+ Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Rui Wang Modulation of Multiple Types of Ion Channels by Carbon Monoxide in Nonvascular Tissues and Cells Rui Wang The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Calcium-Activated K+ Channels Lingyun Wu Carbon Monoxide and Signal Transduction Pathways Patty J. Lee and Leo E. Otterbein Carbon Monoxide-Induced Alterations in the Expression of KCa Channels in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Eric Dubuis, Prem Kumar, Pierre Bonnet, and Christophe Vandier Part IV. Gas of the Rotten Egg: Hydrogen Sulfide as Another Gasotransmitter Hydrogen Sulfide Production and Metabolism in Mammalian Tissues Kenneth N. Maclean and Jan P. Kraus Toxicological and Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen Sulfide Sheldon H. Roth Hydrogen Sulfide and the Regulation of Neuronal Activities Hideo Kimura The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide as an Endogenous Vasorelaxant Factor Rui Wang, Youqin Cheng, and Lingyun Wu Hydrogen Sulfide and Visceral Smooth Muscle Contractility Philip K. Moore Interaction of Hydrogen Sulfide and Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Rui Wang Part V. Gasotransmitters, Other Gaseous Molecules, and Cell Metabolism Gasotransmitters as a Novel Class of Metabolic Regulators: Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Nitrous Oxide Misato Kashiba Index


Effects of hydrogen doping on the internal friction (IF) of ternary Ti50Ni50-xCux (x=15, 20, 25) shape memory alloys, prepared by rolling and annealing laminating Ti and Ni-Cu alloy sheets, have been measured with a damping mechanical analyzer in a forced bending oscillation mode at temperatures from 173K to 423K at three frequencies, 0.1, 1 and 5Hz. The effects of hydrogen doping on IF are common to the three alloys: a hydrogen IF peak appears at around 260K; the IF peak value (tanφ) increases rapidly with increasing hydrogen concentration up to tanφ=0.03 at 0.5at% and then decreases; the peak temperature also increases rapidly and then gradually decreases. From the frequency dependence of the peak temperature, the activation energy E and the pre-exponential factor ω0 have been analyzed to be E=0.6-0.7eV and ω0=1013-14s-1. The origin of the hydrogen IF is interpreted to be the Snoek-Koester effect due to interaction of twin boundary dislocations and segregated hydrogen atoms. Effects of hydrogen on mechanical properties of the alloys have also been studied.


There is a consensus about the good sensing characteristics of Twitter to mine and uncover knowledge in financial markets, being considered a relevant feeder for taking decisions about buying or holding stock shares and even for detecting stock manipulation. Although Twitter hashtags allow to aggregate topic-related content, a specific mechanism for financial information also exists: Cashtag (consisting of the company ticker preceded by $) is a supporting mechanism to track financial tweets referring to a company listed in a stock market. However, according to our experiments and due to the lack of conventions in cashtags usage, the irruption of cryptocurrencies has resulted in a significant degradation on the cashtag-based aggregation of posts. Unfortunately, Twitter' users may use homonym tickers to refer to cryptocurrencies and to companies in stock markets, which means that filtering by cashtag may result on both posts referring to stock companies and cryptocurrencies. This research proposes automated classifiers to distinguish conflicting cashtags and, so, their container tweets by analyzing the distinctive features of tweets referring to stock companies and cryptocurrencies. As experiment, this paper analyses the interference between cryptocurrencies and company tickers in the London Stock Exchange (LSE), specifically, companies in the main and alternative market indices FTSE-100 and AIM-100. Heuristic-based as well as supervised classifiers are proposed and their advantages and drawbacks, including their ability to self-adapt to Twitter usage changes, are discussed. The experiment confirms a significant distortion in collected data when colliding or homonym cashtags exist, i.e., the same $ acronym to refer to company tickers and cryptocurrencies. According to our results, the distinctive features of posts including cryptocurrencies or company tickers support accurate classification of colliding tweets (homonym cashtags) and Independent Models, as the most detached classifiers from training data, have the potential to be trans-applicability (in different stock markets) while retaining performance.


Questions: Is the occurrence of vine species in neotropical rain forests primarily determined by properties of the forest (environmental factors), by properties of the trees (tree species or tree size) or are vines randomly distributed? Location: Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Methods: In five 1-ha plots that span variation from unlogged forest to forest impacted by recurrent human disturbance we recorded the presence of all climbing vine species on every tree. The presence of all free standing vine species and 11 environmental variables were recorded in 100-m2 subplots. The relationship of host tree diameter and host tree identity on single tree vine species richness was investigated by GLM modelling. Partial redundancy analyses were used to partition the variation in vine species composition on two sources: environmental factors and tree species identity. Results: Single tree vine richness increased with increasing host tree DBH and differed significantly among host species. For climbing vines, the ratio of variation in subplot presence explained by tree species and by environmental variables was ca. 4:1 (in the most disturbed logged plots slightly lower), for free standing vines this ratio varied from 1:2 in the most disturbed logged plots to 9:1 in reserve plots, while a ratio of ca. 1:1 was found for all plots analysed together. Conclusion: Different tree species have different probabilities of being infested by vines. Vines see both the forest and the trees; the environment is more important in earlier developmental stages, properties of individual trees become more important from the time vines start to climb.


There are many contemporary areas of practice available to the ACNP to date that encompass a surgical component of practice. Surgical specialty settings require a practitioner to be competent in a specialized base of knowledge as well as possess a fundamental set of psychomotor skills to practice competently. Unlike the training of the PA, ACNP programs do not typically address surgical theory or skills. The purpose of the program was to increase graduate nursing student confidence in basic surgical skills. The review of the literature examined the differences between the educational preparation of the PA and the NP, expansion of the NP role in surgery, as well as the use of simulation in graduate nursing education. The program incorporated a surgical skills lab concluding with a low-fidelity simulation experience. Skills addressed included the surgical hand scrub, donning surgical attire, and simple wound closure techniques. The sample comprised of 13 subjects representing 65% of the population meeting the inclusion criteria. The program was evaluated using a researcher designed and validated non-experimental Likert type survey measuring subject confidence both pre and post intervention. Responses to the nine Likert scale questions demonstrated a statistical increase from the pre-intervention to the post-intervention survey. Two participants reported utilized the new attained knowledge and skills during their final semester surgical clinical practicum. Incorporating surgical theory and skill training into graduate nursing education is vital if the ACNP would like to remain competitive with the PA in the surgical specialty job market.


The occurrence of helping behavior is thought to be automatically triggered by reflexive reactions and promoted by intuitive decisions. Here, we studied whether reflexive reactions to an emergency situation are associated with later helping behavior in a different situation, a violent conflict. First, 29 male supporters of F.C. Barcelona performed a cued-reaction time task with a low and high cognitive load manipulation, to tap into reflexive and reflective processes respectively, during the observation of an emergency. Next, participants entered a bar in Virtual Reality and had a conversation with a virtual fellow supporter. During this conversation, a virtual Real Madrid supporter entered and started an aggressive argument with the fellow supporter that escalated into a physical fight. Verbal and physical interventions of the participant served as measures of helping behavior. Results showed that faster responses to an emergency situation during low, but not during high cognitive load, were associated with more interventions during the violent conflict. However, a tendency to describe the decision to act during the violent conflict as intuitive and reflex-like was related to more interventions. Further analyses revealed that a disposition to experience sympathy, other-oriented feelings during distressful situations, was related to self-reported intuitive decision-making, a reduced distance to the perpetrator, and higher in the intervening participants. Taken together, these results shed new light on helping behavior and are consistent with the notion of a motivational system in which the act of helping is dependent on a complex interplay between intuitive, reflexive and deliberate, reflective processes.


The effects of coatings on the creep and oxidation behavior of Ti-50Al alloy were investigated at 1173K in air at a constant loading of 30MPa. The coating was formed by a two-step Cr/Al diffusion treatment and consisted of an outermost TiAl2 layer, an outer Al-rich γ layer, an intermediate γ, Laves and β mixture layer, and a Cr diffusion zone. Creep tests were also carried out with sole Cr or Al coated TiAl and also of uncoated TiAl. The oxide scales formed on the uncoated TiAl and the sole Cr coated specimens were a mixture of TiO2 and Al2O3, which displayed several exfoliations. Both the two-step Cr/Al coated TiAl and the sole Al coated specimens formed a protective Al2O3 layer and little oxide exfoliation was observed here. Significant cracks were observed in the sole Al coated TiAl, while no cracks were observed in the sole Cr coated TiAl; the two-step Cr/Al coated TiAl showed a number of cracks in the coatings. Low creep rates in the two-step Cr/Al coated TiAl could be due to the Laves phase with a hexagonal C14 structure in the intermediate, γ, β and Laves phase mixture, and the high creep rates of the sole Cr coated TiAl may originate in the major β phase component with a B2 structure in the γ, β, and Laves phase mixture.


The maturity of the computer market is discussed. There are three distinct types of maturity - technical, market, and organizational - and they neither relate to one another in a straightforward way nor do they relate to restructuring. That obscures a second and deeper problem. Restructuring can lead to bitter losses for employees.


This article examines individual military identities as articulated by serving and former British military personnel. Following a review of approaches to military identities in both traditional military sociology and more contemporary sociologies of military personnel informed by post-structuralist theories, the article introduces a methodological approach to identities driven by respondents' perspectives generated during photo-elicitation interviews. These constructions of military identities rest on: the assertions and demonstrations of professional skill, competence and expertise of the trained military operative; the significance of fictive kinship and camaraderie amongst soldiers; and the place in identity work of personal participation in events of national or global significance. Military identity, we argue, is a locally emergent phenomenon, constituted by members' concepts of their own identity. These findings complement and develop existing sociological conceptualizations of military identities.


In this commentary, David deSilva approaches Ephesians as Paul's contribution to the ongoing work of forming his converts' individual and collective identity in Christ through the celebration of God's activity (past, ongoing, and future) on behalf of all who had responded in trust and faithfulness toward Jesus throughout the eastern Roman empire. He explores how Paul's first-century audiences in Roman Asia would have understood and responded to his message, particularly his promotion of the attitudes, pursuits, and practices that would constitute an appropriate response of gratitude for so costly a deliverance and so magnificent a destiny. deSilva's discussion is richly grounded in the Jewish and Greco-Roman contexts that both informed Paul as he composed and his audiences as they engaged his message. He is also attentive to points of relevance to the modern contexts of today's readers who continue to wrestle with Paul's vision for Christian discipleship and human community.


This article is an introduction to dealing with the male patient in a facial plastic surgery practice. It combines experience, data from other sources, and personal opinions to assist especially the younger surgeon. Topics include trends involving males in society and in facial plastic surgery, physical and mental considerations, types of procedures, and types of personalities. It carries this subject forward to explore briefly more difficult personalities and unhealthy types of patients as well as a few possible scenarios that the surgeon might encounter.


Improving Learning in a Professional Context provides vital new evidence on exactly how teachers learn to be teachers; evidence that is likely to affect and influence the profession for many years to come. Demonstrating that learning in schools is more than simple 'cognitive' knowledge of the curriculum and teaching skills, this book suggests that we need to pay more attention to the emotional, relational, ethical, material, structural and temporal dimensions of the teaching experience. Based on empirical research, including interviews with new teachers, by teachers themselves, on a scale rarely seen before, the book reveals the complexity of learning in a professional context and gives some basic truths about what really matters in teaching.


In this paper, we propose a simple method for the safe teleoperation of a three-parallel-crawler-type mobile robot with distance range sensors and a wireless camera having a fisheye lens. The method enables the robot to avoid collision when a distant operator manipulates the robot by viewing a streaming video. In addition, notifications of danger are shown on the control interface screen and an audible alarm informs of the risk of collision by using information obtained from distancemeasuring sensors. The validity of this system was evaluated during on the basis of experimental results for the effectiveness the sensors during operation.


Chronic wounds are difficult to heal and exhibit physiological features including prolonged inflammatory phase, mixed bacterial flora resistance and formation of biofilms, ineffectiveness of topical antimicrobials and high volumes of wound exudate. Polymeric gels of Polyox (POL) and blends of POL with carrageenan (CAR), chitosan (CS), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium alginate (SA) in different weight ratios were used to prepare films by the solvent casting technique and evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). The same gels were analysed using DSC to develop an optimum lyophilisation cycle with or without an annealing step to obtain freeze dried wafers of POL-CAR and POL-SA. Films prepared from POL were non-transparent and showed spherulitic crystallisation, however POL blends with CAR and SA (75/25 and 50/50 weight ratios respectively) showed improved flexibility and transparency with reduced spherulitic crystallisation (i.e. homogeneous surface) through hydrogen bonding between POL and/or CAR and SA. Addition of annealing step -25°C resulted in formulations with porous surface morphology for both POL-CAR and POL-SA wafers. Annealing (wafers) and addition of glycerol (GLY) (films) resulted in improved mechanical properties expected to withstand the mechanical stresses occurring during day-to-day activities and whilst flexible enough to prevent potential damage to newly formed tissue. Tough and flexible films were obtained by the addition of 9%w/w and 20% w/w GLY in POL-SA and POL-CAR respectively. Further, the POL-CAR and POL-SA films and wafers were loaded with 5-15%w/w of diclofenac (DLF) and 15-30% w/w of streptomycin (STP). Furthermore POL-CAR and POL-SA blank (BLK) and drug loaded (DL) films and wafers were analysed for swelling, mucoadhesion (in presence of normal and viscous simulated wound fluid), in vitro drug dissolution and anti-bacterial activity and compared against marketed medicated wound dressings. Addition of drug (STP and DLF) resulted in fair transparency of films and decreased porosity of wafers with existence of sodium sulphate which affected general performance of the films and wafers in terms of swelling, mucoadhesion, and antimicrobial activity. BLK plasticised (GLY) films and BLK annealed wafers showed higher swelling capacities compared to DL films and wafers. Neither DL films nor wafers showed 100 % release of the incorporated STP and DLF due to the formation of sodium sulphate which reduced hydration. Findings also showed that POL-SA films and wafers were effective against normal exudate whereas POL-CAR films and wafers were effective for viscous exudate to achieve better bioavailability and prolonged retention time. Multivariate data analysis of mucoadhesion showed slower rate of mucin diffusion into POL-CAR films and wafers compared to POL-SA films and wafers. The formulated films, wafers and marketed dressing showed antibacterial efficacy against 105 CFU/ml of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. STP and DLF present in both films and wafers acted synergistically and showed better antimicrobial activity than marketed dressings. Film dressing allows ease of application and due to fair transparency and flexibility whereas wafer dressings are useful to control exudate and both can maintain a moist environment. Combination of STP and DLF within a single dressing is expected to help to treat and prevent wound infections whereas DLF can help to relieve pain and inflammation associated with injury.


In this era of technology, people rely on online posted reviews before buying any product. These reviews are very important for both the consumers and people. Consumers and people use this information for decision making while buying products or investing money in any product. This has inclined the spammers to generate spam or fake reviews so that they can recommend their products and beat the competitors. Spammers have developed many systems to generate the bulk of spam reviews within hours. Many techniques, strategies have been designed and recommended to resolve the issue of spam reviews. In this paper, a complete review of existing techniques and strategies for detecting spam review is discussed. Apart from reviewing the state-of-the-art research studies on spam review detection, a taxonomy on techniques of machine learning for spam review detection has been proposed. Moreover, its focus on research gaps and future recommendations for spam review identification.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare a set of product specifications to evaluate appearance and performance characteristics of denim jeans at three price categories, and identify any relationships between price and product quality.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is as a quasi-experimental laboratory study. The product specifications of jeans are identified. Next, the appearance and performance characteristics of jeans are examined initially and after one and five repeated laundering cycles. The data are analyzed within and between each price category to identify any possible relationship between price and product quality.

Findings

The price category of jeans does not necessarily reflect different dimensions of product quality. Although higher priced jeans had superior product specifications and visual appearance, they did not show superior performance with respect to all elements of fit, durability, and color performance when these three factors were measured through laboratory testing.

Research limitations/implications

The limitations of this study from a research perspective include a small sample size, gender-focused sample selection. and the focus on only three retail categories. These limitations impact the generalizability of the results but could serve as a basis for similar studies. The evaluated product quality attributes were limited to intrinsic/measurable characteristics. Future studies should consider the extrinsic attributes of quality, especially as they are related to consumer's purchasing decision.

Practical implications

Retailers in moderate and budget price categories can benefit from educating consumers about the quality attributes of jeans that would ultimately influence their post-purchase experience and are not necessarily related to the product's price category. Educators can use this information to assist in teaching students about the multiple dimensions of materials and assembly choices, and how this will impact their final products as they are learning the apparel product development process.

Originality/value

The focus of this study on the quantification of intrinsic product attributes is unique and provides measurable data for product evaluation by consumer researchers and industry. The results of this research identify the strengths and weaknesses in the appearance and performance characteristics of jeans in different price categories, and how those may affect consumers' purchase intention.


I read the paper by Brinjikji et al 1 with great interest. The authors concluded that the annual number of aneurysm (ruptured or unruptured) treatments (clipping or coiling) performed in the USA has leveled off, and the proportion of cases treated at 'high volume' centers (defined as 50+ treatments during the sampled year) has decreased. I found the conclusion not fully valid for a multitude of reasons.

Firstly, to confirm a real change (as opposed to random variability) in recent time, one is obliged to test the findings objectively with statistical trend. However, the authors did not conduct any statistical trend analysis.

Secondly, the per cent proportion of cases undergoing any treatment at a 'high volume' center (for any given volume cut-off) is a function of the total cases treated and the proportions treated at centers of different volumes. Thus the per cent treated at a 'high volume' center will decrease if the total number of cases decreases, even if the distribution of the proportion of patients at various centers remains constant, a result of centers with annual volumes close to the cut-off not meeting the cut-off due to an overall decrease in numbers. Of note, the authors found a decrease in overall volume of coiling during 2009–2010 and, therefore, a decrease in the proportion of …


The objective of this paper is to provide a parsimonious model for linking motorization level with the decreasing fatality rates observed across EU countries during the last three decades. Earlier models used to describe the - at the time - increasing relationship between motorization and traffic fatalities were adjusted in order to describe the decreasing relationship observed in the last three decades. A macroscopic analysis of road-safety in Europe at the country level (16 EU countries) is proposed through the application of non-linear models correlating fatalities and vehicles for the period between 1970 and 2002. Given the time series nature of road safety data, these models result in autocorrelated residuals, thus violating at least one of the assumptions of non-linear regression. Autoregressive forms of the considered models that overcome these limitations and provide superior predictive capabilities are also considered. An autoregressive log-transformed model seems to outperform the base autoregressive non-linear model in this respect. The use of these models allowed for the identification of the best and worst performing countries in terms of traffic fatalities. The proposed models may be proved useful for assessing the road safety performance of the examined countries, as well as for obtaining some insight on the current and future trends of less developed countries.


Airports are critical infrastructures entailing intense human, commercial and economic activity. As such, they are preferred targets for criminal and terrorist groups, who are attracted by the promisingly high revenues they might get from an attack. Every year, airport authorities worldwide have to face, with limited resources, attacks arising from different adversaries. There are several sensible areas within an airport organization that are especially vulnerable to the terrorist threat, including, among others: (1) those related to human lives (of passengers or staff); (2) airport infrastructure (airport perimeter, main terminal, Air Traffic Control Tower, runways, hangars, etc.); (3) aircrafts and other ground vehicles; and (4) IT systems and services. Besides the more traditional ones, we are particularly concerned with attacks launched against the last type of targets, an emerging and increasingly worrisome threat. Specifically, we analyze the impact of cyber-attacks launched by organized groups whose main goal is to take hold of airport operations. In some cases, in order to have more chances to achieve their purpose (and take advantage of its eventual success), cyber attackers may be backed up by a terrorist group who will try to interfere with the Air Traffic Management network. In this paper, we aim at supporting airport authorities in their fight against both threats, by devising a security allocation plan. We provide an adversarial risk analysis model to address the problem, and apply it to obtain the optimal portfolio of preventive measures in an illustrative case study. The model is open to extensions, as e.g. larger and more complex technical infrastructures, new threats, or additional recovery measures deployed by different defensive agents.


Robust fault estimation plays an important role in real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and fault-tolerance control. Accordingly, this paper aims to develop an effective fault estimation technique to simultaneously estimate the system states and the concerned faults, while minimizing the influences from process/sensor disturbances. Specifically, an augmented system is constructed by forming an augmented state vector composed of the system states and the concerned faults. Next, an unknown input observer (UIO) is designed for the augmented system by decoupling the partial disturbances and attenuating the disturbances that cannot be decoupled, leading to a simultaneous estimate of the system states and the concerned faults. In order to be close to the practical engineering situations, the process disturbances in this study are assumed not to be completely decoupled. In the first part of this paper, the existence condition of such an UIO is proposed to facilitate the fault estimation for linear systems subjected to process disturbances. In the second part, robust fault estimation techniques are addressed for Lipschitz nonlinear systems subjected to both process and sensor disturbances. The proposed technique is finally illustrated by the simulation studies of a three-shaft gas turbine engine and a single-link flexible joint robot.


Purpose
This paper aims to use a perspective informed by practice theory to examine the influence of change agents in enacting management control systems (MCS) in the process of shaping strategy.

Design/methodology/approach
The research uses a case study approach to examine the implementation of a business strategy in the utility sector. The authors seek a better understanding of practice theory and its role in influencing institutional change and stability.

Findings
The case study findings show that the change agents enacted MCS practices that aided the metamorphosis of a once state-owned company into a for-profit enterprise. The findings show how the organisation transformed from a long-established preoccupation with technical systems and engineering and shifted to a focus on customer satisfaction and shareholder interests.

Research limitations/implications
In terms of policy implications, bureaucrats need to appreciate that inculcating business norms is not an easy path and can be met with resistance, which creates delays in strategy implementation. The current study, while reporting some of the influences of tribal loyalty, was nevertheless limited by not having the time and space to examine in-depth the intersections of MCS and strategy within a strongly tribal context. This can be an avenue for future research.

Practical implications
The study helps to understand embedded actors in the implementation of strategy by refocusing research on the actions and interactions of strategy implementation practitioners.

Originality/value
The authors contribute to the literature by seeking to use practice theory and offer a valuable understanding, from the actor level, of how practices are created and enacted. Often accounting studies have paid less attention to the change agents in the process of shaping business-oriented strategic activity. This study enabled us to gain a better understanding of the action and practice behaviour around the strategy-MCS nexus.


This paper presents the development and initial results from a prototype airborne Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) snow thickness radar operating at 2-8 GHz. The FMCW radar was constructed at the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), Kansas University (USA), and is the product of a collaborative effort between Kansas University, the University of Tasmania (Australia) and the Australian Antarctic Division. This radar was successfully tested in a laboratory, and then deployed on a helicopter during the Australian-led Sea Ice Physics and Ecosystem Experiment (SIPEX) research cruise to the East Antarctic pack ice zone in September - October 2007. Approximately twenty hours of airborne radar data were collected and time-stamped with GPS data for accurate geolocation. Coincident data from a scanning laser altimeter, as well as digital photography, enable a multi-dimensional view of the sample areas, and are important for interpreting the radar signatures. The data obtained provide a multi-dimensional view of the snow and sea ice surface.


Cuprous oxide(Cu2O) microcrystals were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method using CuSO4•5H2O and Na2SO3 in HAc-NaAc buffer solution. The products were characterized by X-rays diffraction (XRD) ,scan election microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared Cu2O powders was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange solution under visible light irradiation at room temperature in air. The effects of chlorine ion on the photocatalytic activity of the Cu2O powders were investigated and discussed. The results show that chlorine ion in solution can obviously decrease the photocatalytic activity of Cu2O. When the concentration of chlorine ion increased to 0.5mol/L(about Cl- concentration in the seawater), the photocatalytic ratio of Cu2O decrease to 45% compared with the value in pure water. Increasing solution pH can enhance the photocatalytic activity of Cu2O. The mechanism of photo-degradation was discussed.


We report on under‐ice profiling float observations of cold, dense, and oxygenated bottom layers on the continental slope of Mac Robertson Land (60°–72°E) in East Antarctica. This bottom layer water mass, with potential temperature in the range −1.8°C < θ < −0.4°C, is identified as modified shelf water. It is a downslope variety of dense water formed on the Antarctic continental shelf in winter and plays an important role in ventilating the deep Southern Ocean. The seasonal evolution of its thickness and density follows the sea ice cycle of growth and decay, reaching a maximum in October–November. The characteristics and location of this modified shelf water are similar to Cape Darnley Bottom Water, thus suggesting the same primary source in the Cape Darnley polynya region. These float data support recent results that the continental shelf along Mac Robertson Land is a significant source of dense waters in East Antarctica.


It is well known among the seismic data processing community that the demands of reservoir characterization are far more rigorous than those of structural interpretation. Further, the undesired prestack seismic phenomena that need to be diminished or removed prior to reservoir characterization are also well known. The objective of this paper is to quantify the advantages of performing prestack data conditioning prior to reservoir characterization. Three specific seismic properties that will be addressed are: (1) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), (2) offset-dependent frequency loss, and (3) gather alignment.


Radio astronomy has traditionally depended on observatories allocating time to observers for exclusive use of their telescopes. The disadvantage of this scheme is that the data thus collected is rarely used for other astronomy applications, and in many cases, is unsuitable. For example, properly calibrated pulsar search data can, with some reduction, be used for spectral line surveys. A backend that supports plugging in multiple applications to a telescope to perform commensal data analysis will vastly increase the science throughput of the facility. In this paper, we present "SETIBURST," a robotic, commensal, realtime multi-science backend for the 305 m Arecibo Telescope. The system uses the 1.4 GHz, seven-beam Arecibo L-band Feed Array (ALFA) receiver whenever it is operated. SETIBURST currently supports two applications: SERENDIP VI, a SETI spectrometer that is conducting a search for signs of technological life, and ALFABURST, a fast transient search system that is conducting a survey of fast radio bursts (FRBs). Based on the FRB event rate and the expected usage of ALFA, we expect 0–5 FRB detections over the coming year. SETIBURST also provides the option of plugging in more applications. We outline the motivation for our instrumentation scheme and the scientific motivation of the two surveys, along with their descriptions and related discussions.


This paper considers the challenges and possible solutions of moving a group speaking assessment from face-to-face mode to online mode during the coronavirus pandemic from February to May in 2020. The assessment involved 168 higher diploma level students from a range of departments at a tertiary institution in Hong Kong taking their second English subject at university. The students generally have a low level of English (Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education level 3). They are in their second semester in their first year at university which runs from September to July each year. The students' first semester was curtailed due to the civil unrest in Hong Kong that led to the closure of the university campus in November 2019. The modified speaking assessment was successfully conducted in early May 2020. Feedback from the English language teachers in the subject was generally positive with the general feeling that students received a more accurate grade as a result of the one-to-one discussion assessment than they had previously received with the group discussion assessment. Grade data appear to confirm this. Student feedback to the modified assessment was mixed with some preferring the original 'group discussion' format while others opting for the revised 'one-to-one discussion' format. Overall, there were some administrative concerns, and the assessment rubric needs to be further modified if the revised format is continued.


The alpha rhythm in electroencephalograph has been associated with the mental state of the brain. The aim of the present study was to analyze the complexity of the alpha activity in depression patients by Renyi entropy (RE) under two conditions, i.e., resting with eyes closed followed by a simple mental arithmetic. The EEGs were recorded in 20 depression patients and 20 age-matched control subjects. Results showed that the alpha activity of depression patients is more complex during resting and is more regular during the mental arithmetic than that of the controls. RE analysis can well characterize the alpha activity in depression patients and could be a valuable tool to study cognitive process and also a potential effective approach for the diagnosis of depression.


In the classic certainty multiperiod, multigood demand problem, suppose preferences for current and past period consumption are separable from consumption in future periods. Then optimal demands can be determined from the standard two stage budgeting process, where optimal current period demands depend only on current and past prices and current period expenditure. Unfortunately this simplification does not significantly reduce the informational requirements for the decision maker since in general the expenditure is a function of future prices. Recent behavioral evidence strongly suggests that frequently individuals significantly simplify or "narrow bracket" intertemporal choice problems. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions such that the current period's expenditure and hence optimal current demands are independent of future prices. Since this preference property is a special case of separability, it is referred to as myopic separability. One well known special case of myopic separability is log additive (or equivalently Cobb-Douglas) utility. However, this form of utility is overly restrictive, especially given the general aversion of Fisher (1930), Hicks (1965) and Lucas (1978) to requiring preferences to be additively separable. Myopic separability requires neither additive separability nor logarithmic period utility. As an application, we derive simple restrictions on equilibrium interest rates which are necessary and sufficient for utility to take the myopic separable form. These conditions are arguably less restrictive than those implied by additively separable preferences.


The purpose of this study was to examine teachers' estimates towards the use of e-portfolios as an alternative evaluation tool with students suffering from reading difficulties. The study sample consisted of (122) students; a self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Content validity was achieved by submitting the questionnaire for evaluation by educational experts. Reliability was ensured by computing the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the internal consistency (0.87). Results showed that teachers' evaluation for the reading weakness using the e-portfolio in general for the student in their first classes was moderate, with a mean of (3.59), and standard deviation (0.49). There were statistical differences between mean scores for the reading weakness from teachers' point of view, with regard to their (gender, academic qualification, experience, and age). There were statistical significant differences due to the interaction between gender and experience, and between gender and age.


On April 30th 2008, the journal Nature announced that the missing circuit element, postulated thirty-seven years before by Professor Leon O. Chua has been found. Thus, after the capacitor, the resistor and the inductor, the existence of a fourth fundamental element of electronic circuits called "memristor" was established. In order to point out the importance of such a discovery, the aim of this article is first to propose an overview of the manner with which the three others have been invented during the past centuries. Then, a comparison between the main properties of the singing arc, i.e. a forerunner device of the triode used in Wireless Telegraphy, and that of the memristor will enable to state that the singing arc could be considered as the oldest memristor.


INTRODUCTION
Fournier's gangrene is a poly-microbial necrotizing fasciitis that involves the perineum and/or external genitalia. Urgent surgical debridement is well recognized as essential acute treatment yet unique challenges arise for plastic surgical reconstruction to obtain a complete functional recovery. This case describes a successful delayed pedicle flap repair based upon the anterior abdominal wall.

CASE DESCRIPTION
A 24 year old man was admitted to ICU ten days after elective circumcision with Fournier's gangrene. He underwent a number of surgical debridements, and was referred for plastic surgical management. He had penile reconstruction using a random pattern abdominal flap, which was performed as a three stage procedure including flap vascular delay technique.

DISCUSSION
Perineal and penile skin loss can be significant and is difficult to repair. Various techniques have been used to reconstruct lost tissue: skin grafts, transposition of the testes and spermatic cords to the thigh, flaps, and other types of pediculated myocutaneous flaps. Muscle flap reconstruction provides an environment that allows for complete regeneration of the urethral epithelium but is bulky and unsightly. Skin grafts contract and may produce painful and dysfunctional reconstructions. This novel technique produces a functional, and aesthetic reconstruction.

CONCLUSION
Penile skin recovery following Fournier's gangrene recovery is problematic. This case demonstrates the functionality of a delayed flap repair using the anterior abdominal wall.


Abstract We draw on our experiences with mentoring two students to develop a framework for undergraduate research projects with Twitter data. Leveraging backward design principles, we share our learning objectives and rubric for summative assessments. To illustrate the value of Twitter as a data source, we detail methods for collecting and analyzing tweets. We conclude by emphasizing how Twitter text analysis projects enable students to formulate original research questions, collect and analyze data, and communicate findings and their implications. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


BACKGROUND: Leprosy is rare in the UK, but migration from endemic countries results in new diagnoses annually. Early recognition, diagnosis and treatment can prevent harmful stigma and disability. METHODS: We conducted retrospective analysis from a database of new cases of leprosy seen at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London from 1995 to 2018. We aimed to identify typical demographics of patients presenting with leprosy and identify causes and consequences of delayed diagnosis. RESULTS: 157 cases were included. A large proportion were male (67.5%) with a median age of 34 years. Most were non-UK born and migrated in adulthood. 41.3% of cases were acquired in India, Sri Lanka or Bangladesh. Borderline tuberculoid (43.9%) was the most common type, followed by lepromatous leprosy (33.8%). The mean time between arrival in the UK and symptom onset was 5.87 years (SD 10.33). It took over 5 years for 12.8% of patients to be diagnosed. 93.6% of patients completed multidrug treatment following diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Male predominance and age at diagnosis reflects global epidemiology of leprosy. Patterns of acquisition reflect trends in UK migration from endemic countries. The typical patient presenting to the clinician is a young male who has migrated as an adult and developed symptoms in the years surrounding migration. Many patients may have developed disability before treatment commences as the time to diagnosis can be prolonged. Once diagnosed in the UK, treatment is of high quality, readily available, and effective: earlier recognition by clinicians can prevent disability and reduce the risk of transmission.


The incorporation of C14-formate into thymine is described as a method for measuring desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by bone marrow cells in vitro. The method is satisfactorily reproducible and permits measurement of DNA synthesis over short periods of time with small amounts of bone marrow.

Normal serum was found to be essential for rapid rates of DNA synthesis and could not be replaced by supplemented media. The rate of DNA synthesis was almost constant during the first 4-6 hours of incubation, but fell off rapidly thereafter. The ability to promote DNA synthesis was found to differ from one normal serum to another. The optimal pH for DNA synthesis was approximately 7.8.

Because DNA synthesis is vitally concerned with cell duplication, measurement of the rate of its synthesis should be a valuable tool for measuring viability of those marrow cells young enough to proliferate.


Neuraxial anesthesia is a term that denotes all forms of central blocks, involving the spinal, epidural, and caudal spaces. Epidural anesthesia is a versatile technique widely used in anesthetic practice. Its potential to decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated by numerous studies. To maximize its perioperative benefits while minimizing potential adverse outcomes, the knowledge of factors affecting successful block placement is essential. This paper will provide an overview of the pertinent anatomical, pharmacological, immunological, and technical aspects of epidural anesthesia in both adult and pediatric populations and will discuss the recent advances, the related rare but potentially devastating complications, and the current recommendations for the use of anticoagulants in the setting of neuraxial block placement.


Given the growing presence of additive manufacturing (AM) processes in engineering design and manufacturing, there has emerged an increased interest in introducing AM and design for AM (DfAM) educational interventions in engineering education. Several researchers have proposed AM and DfAM educational interventions; however, some argue that these efforts might not be sufficient to develop higher-level skills among engineers (e.g., identifying design opportunities that leverage AM capabilities). Prior work has shown that longer, distributed educational interventions are more effective in encouraging learning and information retention; however, these interventions could also be time-consuming and expensive to implement. Therefore, there is a need to test the effectiveness of longer, distributed DfAM educational interventions compared to shorter, lecture-style interventions. Our aim in this research is to explore this research gap through an experimental study. Specifically, we compared two variations of a DfAM educational intervention: (1) a module-style intervention spread over two sessions with the introduction of DfAM evaluation metrics, and (2) a lecture-style intervention completed in a single session with no evaluation metrics introduced. From our results, we see that students who received the module-style intervention reported a greater increase in their DfAM self-efficacy. Additionally, students who received the module-style intervention reported having given a greater emphasis on part consolidation and feature size. Finally, we observe that the structure of the educational intervention did not influence the creativity of ideas generated by the participants. These findings highlight the utility of module-style DfAM educational interventions towards increasing DfAM self-efficacy, but not necessarily design creativity. Moreover, these findings highlight the need to formulate educational interventions that are effective and efficient.


The flow field characteristics have a significant effect on the machining stability in high-speed small hole EDM drilling. Thus, Lagrangian discrete phase model (DPM) has been developed to simulate the gap liquid-solid two-phase flow field. The numerical calculation is based on the standard k-ε turbulent model, and the SIMPLEC algorithm is used in the simulation. All the governing equations are solved by software Fluent 6.2. Through numerical simulation, the pressure distribution, the velocity distribution of the dielectric liquid, traces of debris particles, and the debris particle concentration were obtained. The flow field characteristics under different pressures and drilling depths were obtained through simulations. Finally, experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the flush velocity at exit obtained through simulation on material removal rate (MRR).


The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference (PI) score with traditionally collected visual analog scale (VAS) scores and to determine the influence of patient demographics on PROMIS PI and VAS scores. Patient demographics were collected, and PROMIS PI, PROMIS Physical Function (PF), and VAS questionnaires were distributed to 215 patients in orthopedic ambulatory clinics. The primary outcome was correlation between PROMIS PI and VAS questionnaires. The statistical method of seemingly unrelated regressions was used to identify significant predictors and strengths of correlation between PROMIS PI and conventional forms. The PROMIS PI score was highly correlated to conventional pain and functional scores, with each standard deviation increase in PROMIS PI score predicting a 16-point increase for pain-related VAS scores (current pain, pain at rest, pain during activity, pain at night), an 18-point decrease in satisfaction of function score, and a 6-point decrease in general health score. Each standard deviation increase in PROMIS PF score for black patients predicted a reduction of 11 points for current pain, 10 points for pain at rest, 10 points for pain during activity, and 12 points for pain at night scores. The PROMIS PI score consistently predicts changes in VAS pain scores and can be considered a useful, standardized tool for measuring pain for clinical and research purposes. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(6):e813-e819.].


Abstract For the first time, the role(s) of selected amino acids and sugars in the production of volatile compounds in microwave prepared heat treated tobacco suspensions (HTTS) has been unambiguously defined. The role can be expressed in two major reaction pathways: 1) Strecker degradation of amino acids and 2) amino acid/sugar Maillard-type reactions. The mechanism of the Strecker degradation was confirmed by the addition of selected 13C- labelled amino acids to the reaction suspension. The addition of the amino acid resulted in a dramatic increase in the concentration of the specific, appropriate, low molecular weight Strecker aldehyde in the headspace above the reaction suspension. The mechanism of the amino acid/sugar Maillard-type reactions was substantiated by: 1) adding a wide array of amino acids to the suspension; 2) by employing 15N-labelled amino acids; and 3) employing 13C-labelled sugars. Addition of amino acids to the suspension followed by heat treatment resulted in significant increases (2 ×) in the concentration of volatile pyrazines relative to the control. Most amino acids significantly increased the concentration of headspace pyrazines. Reactivity differences, as a function of sugars, was also demonstrated. Analysis of the headspace above suspensions incorporating 15N-labelled amino acids and 13C-labelled sugars revealed the 15N and 13C atoms to have been distributed throughout a wide array of volatile pyrazines. The distribution of the 15N atoms within the pyrazines was unique to the amino acid and the distribution of the 13C atoms was linked to the type of sugar employed. These results have documented for the first time in a heat treated tobacco formulation the mechanisms of amino acids and sugars in the production of volatile compounds which have documented intense sensory characteristics.


Due to the aging Malaysian population, the issue concerning the elderly has become increasingly important. The elderly are said to have a higher risk to undergo depression compared to other age groups (Boyd & Bee, 2009). Thus this study is conducted to see the correlation between levels of self-esteem and levels of depression among the elderly in nursing homes, Kuantan and the differences by gender. This study consists of respondents aged 60 years old and above, respondents were selected based on the method of purposive sampling 50 respondents out of 83 people in four nursing homes were involved in this study. Beck's Depression Inventory research tool was used to measure levels of depression and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to measure the respondents' self esteem. The data obtained were analyzed using Pearson correlation and T-test. Pearson correlation test results show that there was significant relationship between self-esteem and depression levels, but the relationship is weak where the value of r =0.301. T-test results showed no significant difference between self-esteem by gender and level of depression by gender. Based on these findings and several suggestions have been submitted.


In the end of 1991 dissociation of the Soviet Union and formation of new independent states out of its former republics took place. As an independent state, Russia exists since 1992. This event defined the period under consideration in our study: 1991-1994. Only starting from 1992 the Russian budget system has begun to perform the whole complex of the functions peculiar to any independent state. Before that Russia was a republic in a federal state where finances were highly centralized. In our opinion, any attempts to reconstruct Russian budget before 1992 taking into account all the proceeds generated in its territory from the Russian and state budgets cannot be correctly done due to lack of the necessary statistics.


A Johann-type X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for XES, RXES/RIXS, HERFD XAS and RXS experiments was designed, constructed and commissioned at the X10DA-SuperXAS beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The spectrometer consists of three key elements: a sample manipulator, an X-ray dispersive element (spherically bent silicon or germanium crystal), and an one-dimensional-array X-ray detector. The detected X-ray fluorescence energy is scanned by changing the angle between the sample, crystal and detector. The energy resolution of the spectrometer ranges from sub-eV to several eV. Thanks to the use of a one-dimensional array detector the spectrometer is easy to align and operate.


Interactional approaches to prosody have seen an enormous growth in the last decades. One crucial assumption common to these approaches is that prosodic devices may serve as resources for structuring and organizing an interaction. Methodologically, interactionally informed research of prosody rests upon ethnomethodological conversation analysis and contextualization theory. In this paper, a case study of the Cologne German rising-falling intonation contour serves to illuminate the prevalent methods in the field. The results are discussed with respect to their implications for basic theoretical assumptions about prosody and intonation. Consistent with core assumptions of Interactional Linguistics, they point to the variable and gradient nature of intonational functions that can best be captured in a grammar model that allows for holistic descriptions of linguistic structures.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of umbilical artery Doppler studies in premature deliveries. METHODS: In this cohort study of 582 singleton pregnancies delivered between 24 and 35 weeks of gestation, we evaluated the ratio of peak-systolic to end-diastolic (S/D) blood flow velocities in the umbilical artery of all the patients. The correlations among the results of the Doppler studies, short-term neonatal complications, and the infantsneurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years were studied by univariable and multivariable methods. RESULTS: The prevalences of either neonatal death or cerebral palsy among the 266 (45.7%) growth restricted fetuses were 3.4%(3/88) in pregnancies with a S/D ratio below the 95th percentile, 4.9%(5/103) in pregnancies with a S/D at or above the 95th percentile, and 17.3%(13/75) in those with absent or reversed end-diastolic blood flow in the umbilical artery (P for trend = .001). The corresponding figures in the 316 pregnancies with adequate fetal growth were 6.4%(15/234) and 4.3%(3/69) among pregnancies with a S/D ratio below and at or above 95th percentile, respectively, whereas no cases of either neonatal death or cerebral palsy were recorded in the 13 pregnancies with adequate fetal growth and absent or reversed end-diastolic blood flow velocity (P for trend = .28; χ2 for heterogeneity of linear trends compared with growth-restricted infants = 7.02, P = .008). In logistic regression, in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction, absent or reversed enddiastolic blood flow in the umbilical artery was still associated with an increased risk of either neonatal death or cerebral palsy even after adjustment for gestational age and proportion of expected birth weight, (odds ratio 3.2, 95%confidence interval 1.18-8.66, P = .02). CONCLUSION: Absent or reversed enddiastolic flow in the umbilical artery is an independent predictor of either neonatal death or cerebral palsy in preterm growthrestricted fetuses. In the absence of fetal growth restriction, umbilical artery Doppler study was associated with none of the infant outcome parameters studied.


Adaptation in protein-coding sequences can be detected from multiple sequence alignments across species, or alternatively by leveraging polymorphism data inside a population. Across species, quantification of the adaptive rate relies on phylogenetic codon models, classically formulated in terms of the ratio of non-synonymous over synonymous substitution rates. Evidence of an accelerated non-synonymous substitution rate is considered a signature of pervasive adaptation. However, because of the background of purifying selection, these models are potentially limited in their sensitivity. Recent developments have led to more sophisticated mutation-selection codon models aimed at making a more detailed quantitative assessment of the interplay between mutation, purifying and positive selection. In this study, we conducted a large-scale exome-wide analysis of placental mammals with mutation-selection models, assessing their performance at detecting proteins and sites under adaptation. Importantly, mutation-selection codon models are based on a population-genetic formalism and thus are directly comparable to McDonald & Kreitman tests at the population level to quantify adaptation. Taking advantage of this relationship between phylogenetic and population genetics, we integrated divergence and polymorphism data across the entire exome for 29 populations across 7 genera, and showed that proteins and sites detected to be under adaptation at the phylogenetic scale are also under adaptation at the population-genetic scale. Altogether, our exome-wide analysis shows that phylogenetic mutation-selection codon models and population-genetic test of adaptation can be reconciled and are congruent, paving the way for integrative models and analyses across individuals and populations. Significance Statement Detecting genes under adaptation represents a key step in the decoding of genomes. Several methods have been proposed, focussing either on the short time scale (population genetics, e.g. human populations), or on the long time scale (phylogenetics, e.g. across mammals). However, the accuracy of these methods is still under debate, and it is still unclear whether the signatures of adaptation are congruent across evolutionary scales. In this study, using novel phylogenetic methods and gathering genome data across and within species, we show that the signatures of adaptation at the phylogenetic and population-genetic scales can be reconciled. While providing a mutual confirmation of the two approaches, our work paves the way for further methodological integration between micro- and macro-evolutionary genomics.


Traditionally, prediction has been considered an ineffi cient and cognitively expensive processing mechanism in the domain of language comprehension, where there are many possible ways for relaying a single thought, meaning or desire and the chances of mispredicting are accordingly high. Predictive linguistic processing, however, does not seem untenable given its similarity to other neural processing domains that are contextually grounded and appear to implement knowledgeand experience-based mental representations anticipatorily. Here, we examine linguistic prediction from multiple perspectives, ranging from theoretical models that analyze predictability at the level of ambiguity resolution, to experimental evidence primarily from event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that supports a "strong" model of prediction in which items are not just incrementally integrated, but are wholly or featurally pre-activated via accruing mental sentential representations. We also explore possible consequences of a neural language parser (aka, brain) that may be prone to mispredicting, and what electrophysiological evidence for such processing may look like. We conclude by arguing for the importance of investigating such linguistic eff ects as yet another example of a neural system in which probability estimation is inherent, with a proposal to move beyond the debate of whether there is linguistic prediction, toward focusing research eff orts on how pre-activation may occur and what is pre-activated. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF LINGUISTIC


Cities are microcosms of societies, worlds within worlds, which repeat themselves at different spatial scales and over different time horizons. In this essay, we argue that such recursion is taken to an entirely new level in the digital age where we can represent cities numerically, embed them within computers, scale and distort their representations so that we can embed them within one another, even believing them to be 'computers' in their own right. We begin with the conundrum of recursion, showing how its occurrence in cities through spatial similarity at different scales, leads to worlds within worlds. We illustrate these ideas with a large-scale digital representation of the core of a world city, London, showing how we can generate different realizations of the city for different purposes. We embed these representations within one another, building virtual worlds, moving from the material to the digital and back again, using the digital model to represent the material world in different ways, and finally printing – fabricating the model. Our message is that digital representation opens a cornucopia of possibilities in representation and communication through a variety of devices which in turn can be embedded in the city, Escher-like, and which indeed are rapidly becoming the city.


ABSTRACT The aim of this editorial to the Viewpoints Special Issue on 'Children Living in pandemic Times: a geographical, transnational and situated view' is, on the one hand, to present a transnational general picture of the COVID-19 situation for children. And on the other, to make a call for childhood researchers particularly focused on children's geographies, to collaboratively approach this unprecedented situation. The main aspects of children living in pandemic times as they are identified by the different viewpoints in this special issue are presented, highlighting key commonalities and differences across countries, discussing the aspects that emerge from this phenomenon that seem most relevant for research on children's geographies in these times. Finally, we refer to some of the studies being conducted in different parts of the world, methodological challenges for children's geographies research under these circumstances, and emerging research questions.


Forensic Pig Dissection (Carolina Biological. One student group, $55. Kit for class of 32, $200.)

I have been teaching Anatomy and Physiology for the past 13 years, and one of the underlying themes in the semester is forensic science. This is an introductory course, so I have a lot of freedom to select activities to pique my students' interest. I was looking for an activity that could introduce students to dissection before the much more detailed cat dissection, which occurs at the end of the course. I was also looking for a new way to have my students explore the steps of autopsy. In the past, I had done the virtual autopsies available on the Internet, but I really wanted an activity in which the students could be more active in the process. The Carolina Forensic Dissection Kit, as I discovered, does a great job of meeting both of my needs. It engages students in the process of a forensic autopsy, while using a new approach to teach mammalian anatomy.

The kit is designed for middle and high school students, with the overarching learning goal of students conducting a fetal pig dissection using the protocol for a human autopsy. If you are like me and have to check off every indicator and benchmark, Carolina Biological has designed the product in such a way that it is effortless to modify the investigation to match your goals …


OBJECTIVES
In 2012, the Ohio Department of Medicaid introduced requirements for enhanced care management to be delivered by Medicaid managed care organizations (MCOs). This study evaluated the impact of care management on reducing infant mortality in the largest Medicaid MCO in Ohio.

STUDY DESIGN
Observational study using infant and maternal individual-level enrollment and claims data (2009-2015), which used a quasi-experimental research design built on a sibling-comparison approach that controls for within-family confounders.

METHODS
Using individual-level data from the largest MCO in Ohio, we estimated linear probability models to examine the effect of infant engagement in care management on infant mortality. We used a within-family fixed-effects research design to determine if care management reduced infant mortality and estimated models separately for healthy infants and nonhealthy infants.

RESULTS
Infant engagement in care management was associated with a reduction of 7.4 percentage points (95% CI, -10.7 to -4.1; P <.001) in infant mortality among the most vulnerable infants, those identified as not well at birth. This effect was larger in recent years and likely driven by new statewide enhanced care management requirements. Infant mortality was unchanged for healthy infants engaged in care management (coefficient = 0.03; 95% CI, -0.01 to 0.08).

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence that care management can be effective in reducing infant mortality among Medicaid MCO enrollees, a population at high risk of mortality. Few infants were engaged in care management, suggesting to policy makers that there is room for many additional infants to benefit from this intervention.


Tobacco crop currently provides the best economic return per hectare amongst all the major annual crops grown in Zimbabwe. Tobacco production currently contributes 30 % of the total exports and nearly 10 % of the GDP. According to the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board, of the 106 127 number of registered tobacco growers, about 84 % belong to the smallholder category. The small holder section contributes more than 50 % of the total tobacco output. This article details the curing process and phases as well as the necessity of curing efficiency. An overview of the relationship between tobacco production and deforestation in Africa, and especially in Zimbabwe, is highlighted. A justification of the need for improved energy efficient flue-curing tobacco barns is presented. The article also reviews the different types of curing barns in Zimbabwe with particular attention to their development, operational systems, curing efficiencies, advantages and disadvantages. The main conclusion was that there is urgent need for improving energy efficiency in tobacco curing. In the short term, high fuel consumption can be reduced by optimizing the thermal efficiency of curing structures, particularly for smallholder tobacco growers in Zimbabwe. Keywords: tobacco, flue-curing, smallholder farmers, energy efficient barns, heat transfer


This research sets out to discover what impact parental schizophrenia makes on a child's life. It focuses on the daily life and experiences of children. Their health, education, family and leisure activities are examined. Contact with helping agencies and their unmet needs are investigated. The sample was drawn from the children of patients attending the mental health services in South West Dublin. They were matched with a control group of children of well parents. The majority of children who have one parent with schizophrenia had similar profiles to the children of well parents in the areas of physical health, positive family feelings, friendships, hobbies and household tasks. In a number of other areas, however, differences were found. Sample children had more psychiatric disturbance, more problems associated with school, less contact with relatives and spent more time at home. The children had little access to services and were upset by hospital visiting. The need for an educational programme and support for these children was demonstrated. It is recommended that a more co-ordinated approach is required by both adult and child mental health services in order to meet their needs.


We (a) propose an implementable innovation index, (b) relate it to existing innovation definitions and (c) show whole-economy and industry-specific results for the UK market sector, 2000-2005. Our innovation measure starts by observing that we could get more GDP without innovation by simply duplicating existing physical capital and labour (e.g. adding a second aircraft and crew on an existing route). Thus we propose to measure innovation as the additional GDP over and above the addition existing physical capital and labour. In our measure this is the contribution to GDP growth of market sector investment in knowledge (or intangible) capital. This contribution is measured from company spending on knowledge/intangible assets and TFP growth. We relate our measure to the literature on innovation definitions, TFP, creative industries and hidden innovation. We implement it for six UK market sector industries, 2000-2005, combining with output and tangible investment data from the EUKLEMS database. Our main findings are as follows. Over 2000-2005, market sector labour productivity grew at 2.74% per annum, of which the contribution of knowledge capital, our innovation measure, was 1.24% pa. In turn, manufacturing accounted for about 60% of this latter figure. If one includes increase in labour skill deepening (0.45% pa) as innovation, then innovation contributed 61% (=(1.24+0.45)/2.74)of labour productivity growth over the period.


In 4 consecutive patients admitted for multiple pulmonary embolism 2-dimensional echocardiography showed large right atrial migrant thromboemboli in transit, floating and prolapsing into the right ventricle in diastole. This pattern was always associated with the echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension. All the patients were treated with intravenous infusion of 100 mg of rt-PA in 3 hours. rt-PA determined the dissolution and disappearance of the right atrial thromboemboli (it took 4 hours in 2 patients and 5 hours in the remaining 2), and the concomitant disappearance of the echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension. During and after the rt-PA therapy there was no evidence of further pulmonary embolism. The fibrinolytic treatment for right atrial thromboemboli during multiple pulmonary embolism is a promising alternative to right atrial thrombectomy: our results indicate that rt-PA acts rapidly and is effective and safe; if these results will be confirmed in a larger group of patients, rt-PA could become the first-choice therapy of right atrial thromboembolus.


Many fear China's accession to WTO will impoverish its farmers, via greater import competition in its agricultural markets. We explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labour-intensive) farm and non-farm products could rise. New estimates, from the global, economy-wide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the real income implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm/non-farm income inequality may well rise within China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The Paper concludes with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession.


This study explores the role of leading newspapers of both America and Pakistan on the war-on-terror (WoT). The comparative framing analysis of the WoT in the selected newspapers Dawn (Pakistan) and The New York Times (USA) was carried out. Content analysis in which Categorization Scheme was used with predefined categories that were made on the basis of Framing theory. Five different news frames are deduced by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) i.e. attribution of responsibility, human interest, conflict, morality, and economics were looked at in the selected newspapers. The coverage and framing of USA's press related to the war on terror were dominated by regional foreign politics especially the framing of Pakistan and its role in the war on terror. The mean length of the news stories in The New York Times (USA) was significantly more than Dawn. The New York Times (USA) carried a more negative tone than Dawn (Pakistan). Frames used in Dawn (Pakistan) and The New York Times (USA) did not have a statistically significant difference. The conflict frame was used more than any other frame in the coverage of WoT in both the newspapers. This study revealed that the coverage trend of media reporting on WoT in the press of both Pakistan and USA. Also how frames in the press used are subjective to the internal politics of country in order to receive a sense of legitimacy and support.


BERT is a cutting-edge language representation model pre-trained by a large corpus, which achieves superior performances on various natural language understanding tasks. However, a major blocking issue of applying BERT to online services is that it is memory-intensive and leads to unsatisfactory latency of user requests, raising the necessity of model compression. Existing solutions leverage the knowledge distillation framework to learn a smaller model that imitates the behaviors of BERT. However, the training procedure of knowledge distillation is expensive itself as it requires sufficient training data to imitate the teacher model. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a tailored solution named LadaBERT (Lightweight adaptation of BERT through hybrid model compression), which combines the advantages of different model compression methods, including weight pruning, matrix factorization and knowledge distillation. LadaBERT achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on various public datasets while the training overheads can be reduced by an order of magnitude.


What is the influence of the diversity of the targeted audience on how and what is communicated? Although Gricean pragmatics studies the effect of context on what is being communicated, the question how things are communicated is mostly ignored. Moreover, the impact of the size (and thus expected diversity) of the targeted audience is typically not addressed at all. In this paper we will study these questions making use of game theory, the theory of rational interaction. In particular we will argue he above questions can be addressed making use of insights gathered on the equilibria solutions of the Stag Hunt game.


Real time smart electrical energy meter network is one of the backbones for modern smart grid. It is very critical to have the right technologies for the efficient operation of smart meter network. In this paper, real time wireless smart electrical energy meter system has been designed and implemented which PIC microcontroller is used for real time energy measurements. In this system, all real time energy measurements will be send to base station through ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) for managements and monitoring. Also database will be design to record and manage all data and information of consumers.


This chapter focuses on the 1905 Revolution, underscoring the price Russia paid for the strategic errors discussed in the previous chapter, and stressing the important financial-historical legacy of this period within the broader story of the revolution. It shows that, given the precarious state in which the Tsarist government found itself at the time and the massive size of the Russian Government Loan of 1906, some began to refer to the deal as "the loan that saved Russia." However, an examination of business and government documents from both the Russian and Western sides suggests that such an interpretation is overly generous. Based on materials in European banking archives as well as Russian sources, there is reason to question the idea that the 1906 loan played a stabilizing role, and to think of it instead as a deal that played a destabilizing role in Russia and even abroad in the long run. The loan did not just fail to resolve domestic political tensions, it in fact exacerbated them, exposed the regime to attacks from its enemies abroad, and likely contributed to the roots of the Panic of 1907—a seminal event in the financial history of the twentieth century.


There is a lack of epidemiological studies addressing cerebrovascular diseases in remote places as the Amazon river basin. We aimed to calculate the stroke prevalence rates among "ribeirinhos", rural inhabitants who living in riverbanks fishing and extracting fruit and nuts, in the rainforest comparing to townsmen in the same municipality. Methods: From May to October 2011, 6216 residents aged over 35 years in the of Coari, a municipality that is coverage by the Family Health Program with of 76 000 inhabitants, 35% of them are "ribeirinhos". We trained all community health workers to carry out a door-to-door application of the "Stroke Symptom Questionnaire" for people over 35 years-old. This tool was applied first for the family for stroke screening and further for the index stroke case, including questions about six key functional impairment. It was previously translated to Portuguese and validated by a neurologist. Results: From a total of of 4897 respondents of urban area and 1028 "ribeirinhos", we calculated crude prevalence of stroke of 6.3% (95% CI; 5.0-7.7) among the "ribeirinhos" and of 3.7% (95% CI; 3.3-4.1) among townsmen. This difference was maintained after sex-age-adjustment. The female:male prevalence ratio was 1.37 (95% CI; 1.02-1.85) in urban area and the rural area of 0.93 (95% CI; 0.57-1.52). Among stroke suffers, the "ribeirinhos" were those with less access to medical care (32.1% vs. 52.5%, p=0.01) and a lower proportion of stroke survivors requiring help with least 1 activity of daily living (16.9% vs. 39.3%, p=0.001) in comparison to townsmen. Conclusion: To our knowledge it was the first study that provided a population-based stroke survey in the Amazon rainforest revealing a higher stroke prevalence among "ribeirinhos" compared to townsmen of the same municipality.


Two-dimensional (2D) metal chalcogenides (MC) such as MoS2 have been recognized as promising materials for near future applications. However, general strategies to functionalize them are still scarce, while the nature of functionalization still remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and universal functionalization route through complexation reaction between the amino-containing organic agents and MCs. Degrees of functionalization are tunable by adjusting the organic group types and ratios. No further defects are introduced and the functionalized 2D MCs are dispersible in corresponding typical solvents. Both experimental results and geometry optimization calculations indicate that the grafting of functional groups through the coordination effect truly exist, while the surface properties and resulting photoelectric properties of 2D MCs are greatly altered. More intriguingly, our proposed functionalization process is demonstrated to be universal and can be applied to different MCs, thus opening new avenues for the application of 2D MCs.


BACKGROUND
Helicobacter pylori induced antibodies reacting with fundal mucosa have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic atrophic gastritis in adults. Furthermore, previous reports have indicated that Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric carcinoma, suggesting that the bacterium plays a role in mucosal changes representing especially in adulthood important steps in the progression from gastritis to cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We investigated 16 Helicobacter pylori+ children from a series of 53 dyspeptic patients. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection was based on the positivity of at least 3 of the following tests: serology, 13C-urea breath test, rapid urease test and histology. Autoreaction was detected by incubation of gastric body sections with autologous sera and revealed by immunohistochemistry. Positive sera were tested with samples of unaffected gastric body to exclude a link with residual bacterial antigens. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistostain was also performed to evaluate the epithelial proliferative state.

RESULTS
Histologically 6 out of 16 Helicobacter pylori+ patients showed chronic pangastritis. In the remaining 10 Helicobacter pylori-related mucosal inflammation was confined to the antrum. All 6 subjects with pangastritis and 3 out of 10 with antral gastritis were anti-CagA+. The autoreaction was found in a 10-year old male child with Helicobacter pylori+ pangastritis and a clinical history of ulcer-like dyspepsia. Parietal cells, in particular, were involved and showed diffuse cytoplasm staining. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression demonstrated, only in this case, a zone of regeneration extending from the normal site in the neck towards the base of the glands.

CONCLUSIONS
Our finding demonstrates that an autoreaction of gastric mucosa may be found in Helicobacter pylori gastritis of childhood. Its association with some known risk factors (i.e., cytotoxic strains and increased proliferation of gastric epithelium with a changed pattern) may play a role in the progression from gastritis to atrophy and account for the increased risk of late gastric cancer when Helicobacter pylori infection occurs in paediatric age.


In April 9 issue, van den Berg EH et al.1 report interesting results on the indication for lipid-lowering treatment in a large cohort with suspected NAFLD within the population-based Lifelines Cohort Study. FLI≥60 was used as a proxy of NAFLD and the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) to identify NAFLD patients with suspected advanced fibrosis. CVD risk was established by the 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemias2 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Realistic simulations of radiative magneto-convection in the solar (sub)photosphere are used for a spectral synthesis of Fraunhofer's G band, which is dominated by spectral lines from the CH molecule. It is found that the spatial pattern of integrated G-band brightness closely matches the spatial structure of magnetic flux concentrations in the convective downflow regions. The brightness contrast is mainly caused by the weakening of CH lines due to the reduced CH abundance and the resulting shift of the optical depth scale in the hot and tenuous magnetic flux concentrations. Various properties of the synthetic brightness images agree well with G-band observations. These results lends credit to the observational usage of G-band bright features as proxies for magnetic flux concentrations in the solar photosphere. However, the converse is only correct in a limited sense: only a fraction of the magnetic flux concentrations turn out to be bright in the G band.


Due to the inherent property of mobile ad hoc network, nodes in this environment move arbitrarily or illogically. Due to the mobility of nodes the topology changes dynamically. As routing of data in such dynamic topology is an important issue in mobile ad hoc network, so the selection of suitable routing protocol is necessary which enables to route data between mobile nodes efficiently by using less bandwidth of the network. Each routing protocol has its own architecture and working. Routing protocols behave differently under different environments. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of different routing protocols under different environments. Many studies have been done on the performance evaluation of routing protocols of MANET, but most of these studies are based on IPv4. On the other hand, IPv6 gains popularity because it has some additional features over IPv4 as it supports multicasting, multi-homing, efficient routing. IPv6 is more secure as compared to IPv4 and has large address space to support. On account of these features of IPv6, many organizations are moving to use IPv6, and therefore, it is worthwhile to evaluate the performance of routing protocols under IPv6 environment. In this paper we evaluate the performance of two ad hoc routing protocols OLSR and AODV under IPv6 environment on the basis of end-to-end delay, throughput, and network load. The objective of this research is to investigate how these routing protocols behave under IPv6 environment and identify which routing protocol performs better. OPNET Modeler 14.5 is used as simulation tool. On the basis of simulations we conclude that OLSR performs well which proves that it is suitable for efficient routing.


Background The purpose of this study was to identify gene polymorphisms of mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) specific to patients with oral cancer susceptibility and clinicopathological status. Methodology/Principal Findings Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Maspin gene from 741 patients with oral cancer and 601 non-cancer controls were analyzed by real-time PCR. The participants with G/G homozygotes or with G/C heterozygotes of Maspin rs2289520 polymorphism had a 2.07-fold (p = 0.01) and a 2.01-fold (p = 0.02) risk of developing oral cancer compared to those with C/C homozygotes. Moreover, gene-gene interaction increased the risk of oral cancer susceptibility among subjects expose to oral cancer related risk factors, including areca, alcohol, and tobacco consumption. Conclusion G allele of Maspin rs2289520 polymorphism may be a factor that increases the susceptibility to oral cancer. The interactions of gene to oral cancer-related environmental risk factors have a synergetic effect that can further enhance oral cancer development.


A red pigment was formed when heating dehydroascorbic acid in the presence of α-amino acids and thought to be an intermediate amino-reductone in the Strecker degradation. The reaction of pigment formation can be kinetically expressed as two-step consecutive first-order in the presence of excess of α-amino acids. The reaction rate constants were successfully determined by employing various amino acids (L-His., L-Gly., L-Thr., L-Ser.) at different pH. The results suggested the formation of the red pigment was most favorable at the pH 5. 0.


Objective To evaluate the relevance of the individual components of the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 criteria for periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The association between biomarkers and adverse procedural outcome has been established. However, the additive prognostic importance of signs and symptoms are more uncertain. Methods A total of 125 consecutive TAVI patients were prospectively included in this study. Biomarkers for MI were analyzed and signs and symptoms according to VARC-2 criteria were collected from clinical records. Results The criteria of elevated biomarkers and of signs or symptoms were found in 27 (22%) and 32 (26%) of the patients, respectively. According to VARC-2 definition, 12 (10%) had MI. VARC-2 definition of MI, Troponin T (TnT) > 600 ng/L, and presence of signs or symptoms correlated with 6 months mortality, prolonged ICU stay, elevation of N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, and renal impairment. No signs or symptoms were found in 7 (44%) of the patients who fulfilled the criterion of elevated TnT > 600 ng/L. In the group with positive TnT criterion, there were no significant differences between those with and without signs or symptoms in respect to levels of TnT (1014 [585–1720] ng/L versus 704 [515–905] ng/L, p = 0.17) or creatine kinase-MB (36 [25–52] μg/L versus 29 [25–39] μg/L, p = 0.32). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, TnT > 600 ng/L was the only significant independent variable associated with 6-months postprocedural mortality. Conclusions Myocardial injury in TAVI, measured with biomarkers, correlates well with adverse procedural outcome. In this study it is also the strongest predictor for early postprocedural mortality. The additional requirement of signs or symptoms for the diagnosis of MI results in omission of a considerable number of clinically significant MI.


Following on from work done on integrating learning development into the curriculum (Hill and Tinker, 2013), we have since concentrated on specific aspects of student progression, and in particular how the 'forgotten' second year of study (Tobolowsky, 2008) can be used to bridge the gap between first and final years. Through focus groups with students, staff and learning developers, we have established where perceptions of a multi-layered learning journey merge and diverge. Using voices from the focus groups, this presentation identifies shared themes of progressive learning development, but also illustrates the complexity and conflict inherent in these perceptions. The challenge for learning developers is to acknowledge these tensions and design curricula resources and timely interventions which balance the expectations of both teachers and learners. We will showcase a new website resource, developed with ALDinHE, which provides materials to encourage and support learning developers to collaborate with subject specialists in embedding academic, information literacy and employability skills progressively within the curriculum. These materials include a searchable database of case studies, a bank of research literature, and audio, video and workshop resources. Experiences, ideas and concerns of learning developers, captured at the ALDinHE Embedding Skills Day (June 2012), are also incorporated.


This paper draws on critical securitisation theory to explore different constructions of housing risk within the Australian context. In particular, it is interested in how housing regulation has been variously constructed as an issue of national importance. To this end the paper has three key parts. First, the salience of securitisation framing theory is reviewed as a critical analytical lens that might have utility within the urban housing context. Second, key national housing narratives are identified and discussed in relation to the role of regulation at the risk management/securitisation nexus. Third, the national securitisation of Australian housing as part of the broader political economic 'great risk shift' is discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications of this approach to the national securitisation of housing risk in a climate-constrained future.


The behavior of water at the interface formed between a quasi-perfect Pt(111) single-crystal electrode and an aqueous electrolyte solution is studied by means of the laser-induced temperature jump method. This method is based on the use of nanosecond laser pulses to suddenly increase the temperature at the interface. The measurement of the response of the interface toward the laser heating under coulostatic conditions provides evidence on the net orientation of water at the interface. Especially interesting is the study of the effect on the interfacial water caused by the selective deposition of foreign metal adatoms, because these bimetallic systems usually exhibit appealing electrocatalytic properties. The T-jump methodology shows that the surface composition strongly affects the interaction of water with the surface. The most representative parameter to characterize this interaction is the potential where water reorientation occurs; this potential shifts in different directions, depending on the relative values of the electronegativity of the adatom and the substrate. These results are discussed in the light of available information about the effect of adatom deposition on the work function and the surface potential of the modified surface. Finally, some implications on the enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity are briefly discussed.


Despite weighty obligations imposed upon securities underwriters by Section 11 and 12 of the 1933 Securities Act, it seems inappropriate to saddle the underwriter with the entire burden to discover pre-offering fraud, especially in light of its dual roles, as well as its status as a dependent gatekeeper. Where fraudulent activity is so well concealed by perpetrators that even sophisticated parties such as pre-IPO private equity investors, auditors, SROs, and perhaps even federal regulators, do not uncover material facts of the fraud, underwriting firms, absent active involvement in concealing fraud, cannot be reasonably construed as culpable, and perhaps not even liable, for losses connected to and caused by the well concealed schemes of an issuer and its executives.


The hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in collagen are synthesized by an apparently unique pathway in which proline and lysine are hydroxylated after they are incorporated into a large polypeptide precursor of collagen called protocollagen. When the hydroxylation of protocollagen in isolated tissues is intermittently interrupted, hydroxylation can occur after complete polypeptides are released from ribosomal complexes. Cartilage from chick embryos was incubated with the iron chelator α,α'-dipyridyl for 2 hours to inhibit protocollagen hydroxylase, and then the inhibition was reversed by transferring the tissues to medium containing ferrous iron and no α,α'-dipyridyl. "Pulse labeling" of the tissues during these two periods indicated that both the accumulated protocollagen and the polypeptides synthesized after reversal of the inhibition were hydroxylated at the same rate. Even when no measures are taken to inhibit the hydroxylation of protocollagen, most of the hydroxyproline in collagen is probably synthesized after complete protocollagen polypeptides are released from ribosomes.