1. To account for the similarity in the kinetics of habituation between the central and peripheral components of siphon withdrawal, we have tested the idea (52) that each centrally located mechanoreceptor sensory neuron sends two branches to siphon motor neurons; one to centrally located siphon motor neurons and a collateral branch that remains in the periphery and innervates the peripheral siphon motor neurons. 2. We have found a group of peripheral siphon motor neurons and tested the connection onto these cells by central mechanoreceptors. In addition, we have defined by various electrophysiological and morphological criteria two general classes of peripheral neurons that lie along the course of the siphon nerve. 3. One class (type I) consists of only a single cell in each animal. This peripheral neuron typically has the largest cell body found lying along the siphon nerve and is the only peripheral nerve cell that appears white when viewed under epi-illumination. The type I neuron often has a highly regular firing pattern, which occurs in the absence of spontaneous synaptic input. The three-dimensional morphology of this neuron suggests a paucity of fine processes, most of which do not arborize and may terminate in the connective tissue sheath. Fine structural observations of the peripheral white cell have revealed the presence of large densecore granules. The peripheral type I neuron is similar in most of its electrophysiological and morphological properties to central neurons postulated to be neurosecretory. The peripheral white cell is, at present, the only peripheral neuron we can identify with certainty as a unique individual. 4. The second class (type II) of peripheral neurons are siphon motor neurons for the peripheral component of the siphon-withdrawal reflex. In contrast to the type I neurons, members of the second class of peripheral neurons possess smaller, more spherical cell bodies that have varying amounts of orange pigmentation and which give rise to a relatively well-developed and arborized dendritic tree. Type II neurons feature an irregular spontaneous firing pattern that is occasionally modulated by a rich spontaneous synaptic input. Peripheral siphon motor neurons have restricted motor fields that produce contraction of the mantle floor and the base of the siphon. Most of the type II neurons were found to be electrically coupled to one another. 5. The peripheral siphon motor neurons resemble the central siphon motor neurons in that they receive a collateral synapse from centrally located mechanoreceptor sensory neurons. This peripheral sensory-to-motor synapse exhibits the same kinetics of decrement as its central counterpart, both of which parallel behavioral habituation. 6. The rich mechanoreceptor input onto the relatively isolated dendritic trees of the peripheral siphon motor neurons provide a uniquely restricted neuropil to study the sensory-to-motor synapse. The peripheral motor neurons may, therefore, be a useful simple preparation for the cellular study of behavioral plasticity.


This thesis consists of a new book proposal regarding the emerging New Normal both in China and the United States and one sample chapter (the first chapter) of this new book which studies fairness and justice in contemporary China from an evolutionary perspective. This book itself aims to examine the key factors that may contribute to the New Normal from both an insider view and an outsider view and to provide contextual intelligences about China and the United States which will better facilitate the narrative of the New Normal. Comments Submitted to the Program of Organizational Dynamics in the Graduate Division of the School of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Organizational Dynamics at the University of Pennsylvania Advisor: Nancy Bauer This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/od_theses_msod/52 A PROPOSAL FOR THE BOOK OF "EMBRACE THE NEW NORMAL—CHINA AND THE USA"


Modern compilers are extremely sophisticated and complex. This enables them to produce highly optimized code. However, due to the limited scope of compilers, the optimization opportunities that arise from analyzing and optimizing across module boundaries remain largely unexplored. We examined the viability of optimizing statically linked programs for the IA-64 architecture. As a result, the code size was reduced on average with 20% and the execu-


N-Nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors were grown in a bilayer soft-agar culture system. The antiestrogen tamoxifen prevented formation of 50% of colonies formed in this in vitro system. Possible mediation of these antimitotic effects through the polyamine pathway was suggested by a similar inhibition of colony formation by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, and the lack of additivity of DFMO and tamoxifen. The cytostatic effect of DFMO was found to be dose dependent. The specificity of the DFMO effect through the polyamine pathway was indicated by the dose-dependent rescue of colony growth with exogenous administration of putrescine, the polyamine distal to the site of inhibition. A lack of alteration of colony size in proliferating clones was uniformly observed. These data indicate that the soft-agar culture technique can be successfully used to investigate the endocrine mechanisms affecting the growth of individual experimental mammary cancers. The data also suggest an important role of polyamines in mediating the growth of this mammary tumor model.


When regenerative processes cannot keep pace with cell death, functional epithelia are replaced by scar. Scarring is characterized by both excessive accumulation of fibrous matrix and persistent outgrowth of cell types that accumulate transiently during successful wound healing, including myofibroblasts (MFs) and progenitors. This suggests that signaling that normally directs these cells to repair injured epithelia is deregulated. To evaluate this possibility, we examined liver repair during different types of liver injury after Smoothened (SMO), an obligate intermediate in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, was conditionally deleted in cells expressing the MF-associated gene, αSMA. Surprisingly, blocking canonical Hh signaling in MFs not only inhibited liver fibrosis but also prevented accumulation of liver progenitors. Hh-sensitive, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were identified as the source of both MFs and progenitors by lineage-tracing studies in 3 other strains of mice, coupled with analysis of highly pure HSC preparations using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. The results identify SMO as a master regulator of hepatic epithelial regeneration based on its ability to promote mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions in a subpopulation of HSC-derived MFs with features of multipotent progenitors.


Tensor CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition has wide applications in statistical learning of latent variable models and in data mining. In this paper, we propose fast and randomized tensor CP decomposition algorithms based on sketching. We build on the idea of count sketches, but introduce many novel ideas which are unique to tensors. We develop novel methods for randomized computation of tensor contractions via FFTs, without explicitly forming the tensors. Such tensor contractions are encountered in decomposition methods such as tensor power iterations and alternating least squares. We also design novel colliding hashes for symmetric tensors to further save time in computing the sketches. We then combine these sketching ideas with existing whitening and tensor power iterative techniques to obtain the fastest algorithm on both sparse and dense tensors. The quality of approximation under our method does not depend on properties such as sparsity, uniformity of elements, etc. We apply the method for topic modeling and obtain competitive results.


THIS expensive but attractive pamphlet is the outcome of a lecture tour in Australia. In it Mylonas discusses the House of Columns on the citadel at Mycenae, a complex excavated by Tsountas and Wace and further investigated by Mylonas in recent years. Its quality and size are taken to indicate that it was not a separate establishment, but the central unit of the east wing of the palace. In the absence of any clear architectural relationship between it and the main palace buildings we may reserve judgement on this, but 'palatial' it certainly is, and Mylonas need not fear that we will think less of Mycenae if its palace proves not to be the largest known.


Aim

This is a research report examining the influence of organizational politics perceptions on nurses' work outcomes (job satisfaction, work stress, job burnout and turnover intention).

Background

Organizational politics is a phenomenon common in almost all institutions and is linked with undesirable consequences in employees.

Introduction

Despite the plethora of research around the world on this topic, studies describing organizational politics in nursing remain underexplored.

Methods

A cross-sectional research design was utilized in this study. One hundred sixty-six (166) nurses participated. Five standardized tools were used: the Job Satisfaction Index, the Job Stress Scale, the Burnout Measure Scale, the Turnover Intention Inventory Scale and the Perception of Organizational Politics Scale.

Results

Nurses employed both in private and government-owned hospitals perceived moderate levels of organizational politics. Positive correlations were identified between perceived organizational politics and job stress, turnover intention and job burnout. Negative correlations were found between perceived organizational politics and job satisfaction.

Discussion

Perceptions of workplace politics in Filipino nurses were lower when compared to findings in other international studies. A strong link was found between organizational politics perceptions and the four job outcomes (stress and burnout levels, turnover intention and job satisfaction).

Limitations

Use of a self-reporting questionnaire and exclusion of nurses from other provinces.

Conclusion

Perceived organizational politics predicted nurses' stress and burnout levels, turnover intention and job satisfaction.

Implications for nursing and/or health policy

The findings of this study may provide a valuable perspective of this organizational issue and could assist policymakers and nurse administrators in formulating interventions that could minimize the effect of workplace politics.


Fighting poverty at the grassroots level has been one of the key agendas of the Kenyan government. Since independence in 1963, the government has initiated various rural development programmes including Special Rural Development Programme, District Development Planning, Rural Development Fund and the District Focus for Rural Development Strategy with the aim of improving people's wellbeing. However, most of these programmes failed to address the needs of local people due to lack of political will, inadequate government funding, lack of appropriate technology, neglect of institutional development, lack of beneficiary participation and poor coordination from top to the bottom. However, in 2003 the government introduced Constituency Development Fund (CDF), a program that fights poverty at the grassroots. Since its inception, CDF has had tremendous impact among the rural communities in Kenya. This paper argues that the success of CDF as a rural poverty alleviation strategy is not only associated with availability of funds, but also with a myriad of factors, which include, beneficiary participation and involvement and consultative decision making among all parties involved, prioritizing needs by the locals through consultations and effective communication, good leadership and coherent and transparent phase-out plans. The authors conclude that rural development programs are integral in improving the lives of people in the rural settings. Therefore, these programmes should be put at the top of the national agenda by the government. They should be fundamental to all national and rural policies that mitigate underdevelopment. The paper recommends that government should consider allocating more resources particularly to infrastructure such as roads to ensure that rural areas are easily accessible by all stakeholders who want to participate in rural development. In addition, there should be independent structures at the grassroots to track the progress of development projects as well as discourage misappropriation and mismanagement of CDF funds.


Object aware video rate transcoding can significantly improve the perceptual quality of relatively low bit-rate video. However, precise object detection in arbitrary video scenes is computationally challenging. This paper presents an interesting experimentation with a live eyegaze tracker which suggests that object detection, particularly for perceptual encoding, may not have to be precise. Indeed, a simple approximation can not only reduce the complexity of the detection process, but also result in improved perceptual quality and yield very fast transcoding algorithms.


Sarcopenia is the progressive generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function which occurs as a consequence of aging. With a growing older population, there has been great interest in developing approaches to counteract the effects of sarcopenia, and thereby reduce the age-related decline and disability. This paper reviews (1) the mechanisms of sarcopenia, (2) the diagnosis of sarcopenia, and (3) the potential interventions for sarcopenia. Multiple factors appear to be involved in the development of sarcopenia including the loss of muscle mass and muscle fibers, increased inflammation, altered hormonal levels, poor nutritional status, and altered renin–angiotensin system. The lack of diagnostic criteria to identify patients with sarcopenia hinders potential management options. To date, pharmacological interventions have shown limited efficacy in counteracting the effects of sarcopenia. Recent evidence has shown benefits with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; however, further randomized controlled trials are required. Resistance training remains the most effective intervention for sarcopenia; however, older people maybe unable or unwilling to embark on strenuous exercise training programs.


Management of pain, agitation, and delirium is a complex process requiring a multimodal approach to optimize patient outcomes. Dexmedetomidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 agonist with sedative and analgesic properties that has demonstrated efficacy in managing pain, agitation, and delirium in a variety of critically ill patient populations. Dexmedetomidine has demonstrated the ability to provide a mild to moderate level of sedation in diverse ICU populations compared to conventional sedative regimens. Recent literature has demonstrated improved outcomes with dexmedetomidine based vs. benzodiazepine based sedation therapy in select mechanically ventilated ICU patients. However, dexmedetomidine therapy has also been associated with adverse cardiovascular events including hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole. The clinical pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy, safety considerations, controversies, and future directions of dexmedetomidine therapy in the ICU setting will be discussed.


To work on this part of the world is to encounter at every turn Aslund's forceful, categorical, and often angry pronouncements, apparently rooted in an unshakeable conviction that he always knows both who to blame and what to do. Born in 1952, Aslund studied economics at Oxford and then joined the Swedish foreign service, spending three years in perestroika-era Moscow. Abandoning diplomacy for economics, in 1989 he published Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform, a detailed account of factional duelling over policy within the Politburo. From 1991 until 1994, Aslund was part of the team of Western economists, led by Jeffrey Sachs, that advised Russia's government on macroeconomics. Funded by the Ford Foundation and the Swedish government, the Sachs team aggressively advocated shock therapy, backing free-market liberals in the Yeltsin administration such as Yegor Gaidar and the late Boris Fyodorov. When both left the government in early 1994, Sachs and Aslund resigned their posts.


Internal audit provides an independent and objective opinion to the Board
on risk management,
control and governance, by measuring and evaluating their effectiveness in achieving an organisation's
agreed objectives. It also provides an independent and objective consultancy service to help line
management improve the organisation's processes.
Internal auditors should respect in their work some ethical rules, especially these included in
the Code of Ethics formed by the IIA. This code is intended to clarify the standard of conduct expected
from all members of the internal audit unit. The main four principles that should be observed are
as follows: integrity, objectivity, competency and confidentiality
Being ethical in internal audit is necessary in order to win the trust of the environment in which
auditors work. However, declaring one's readiness to respect the Code of Ethics is not enough. Much
more important is to implement and comply with given rules in carrying out audit duties.


Human factors can play a significant role in the behavior of a system of systems. This is particularly true in collaborative system of systems, an example of which is the Smart Grid Demand Response. The Smart Grid Demand Response example is used in this paper to develop and prototype an approach to examine the impact of human factors (e.g., news stories and human interactions) on system of systems performance (e.g., peak load). The approach presented makes use of an agent-based model combined with probabilistic analysis to show the sensitivity of the performance of the Demand Response to uncertainty in human's decision to participate in a direct load control program. The human's decision could be influenced by several factors, including interactions with other humans and the news. Since most of the information regarding human factors is not known a priori, a sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to examine emergent behavior. The results of this study show that human factors can have a significant impact on a collaborative system of systems. In this study, news stories and human interactions have a significant influence on the effectiveness of the notional Demand Response program modeled.


Coccidioidomycosis is the major systemic mycoses, considered to be 1 of the most infectious fungal diseases. In symptomatic patients, the most common manifestation is pulmonary disease, but many other organs can be affected. Disseminated disease occurs in 1%-5% of all patients affected by coccidioidomycosis and can affect any organ, with the skin, central nervous system, and musculoskeletal system being reported as the most prevalent. Here, we report a 42-year-old male farmer from the west Texas who presented with an approximately 2-month history of progressive shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion, weight loss, and night sweats. He was treated with various antibiotics for possible upper respiratory tract infection without symptomatic improvement. Computed tomography of the chest revealed numerous subcentimeter noncalcified pulmonary nodules scattered throughout both lungs with extensive mediastinal and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. The patient was referred to our hospital for further evaluation of suspected metastatic lung disease. Physical examination revealed an erythematous 1.2 cm nodule on his left medial eyebrow. Skin biopsy of the lesion revealed prominent squamous epithelial hyperplasia with basal keratinocytic atypia and associated mixed inflammatory infiltrate and scattered large thick-walled spherules containing variable-sized endospores, predominantly within the multinucleated giant cells. Special stain Periodic acid-Schiff tissue culture studies confirmed these to be Coccidioides immitis. After appropriate treatment with antifungal therapy for 5.5 months, his symptoms have improved with complete disappearance of lung nodules and a partially cavitated (1.1 × 1.1 cm) lesion in the left upper lung confirmed by follow-up chest computed tomography. With this report, the authors highlight disseminated coccidioidomycosis, a great mimicker of metastatic lung disease, which was diagnosed by skin biopsy, to ensure its prompt recognition and appropriate antifungal therapy.


Purpose Individuals who experience stroke have a higher likelihood of subsequent stroke events, making it imperative to plan for future medical care. In the event of a further serious health event, engaging in the process of advanced care planning (ACP) can help family members and health care professionals (HCPs) make medical decisions for individuals who have lost the capacity to do so. Few studies have explored the views and experiences of patients with stroke about discussing their wishes and preferences for future medical events, and the extent to which stroke HCPs engage in conversations around planning for such events. In this study, we sought to understand how the process of ACP unfolded between HCPs and patients post-stroke. Patients and methods Using grounded theory (GT) methodology, we engaged in direct observation of HCP and patient interactions on an acute stroke unit and two stroke rehabilitation units. Using semi-structured interviews, 14 patients and four HCPs were interviewed directly about the ACP process. Results We found that open and continual ACP conversations were not taking place, patients experienced an apparent lack of urgency to engage in ACP, and HCPs were uncomfortable initiating ACP conversations due to the sensitive nature of the topic. Conclusion In this study, we identified lack of engagement in ACP post-stroke, attributable to patient and HCP factors. This encourages us to look further into the process of ACP in order to develop open communication between the patient with stroke, their families, and stroke HCPs.


Financial markets in Euroland differ from those of a national monetary union in two regards. First, capital markets in general and banking markets in particular show a greater degree of segmentation than national financial markets as a result of information costs and regulatory barriers to full integration. Second, financial market structures differ among the members of Euroland, which potentially affects the transmission of (monetary) shocks. This paper provides a simple model of a currency union which takes these peculiarities into account, focusing on the interaction of financial structures, the degree of capital mobility, the transmission of shocks, and the portfolio choices of banks.


The philosophical and religious ideas of Simone Weil bear on theory of history and historiography in ways not previously explored. They amount to a view of history as a consequence of the original creation, but they also generally exclude theodicy. By examining these ideas we see some of the ways in which to develop a theory of history centered on a conception of moral understanding that is impartialist and universal. For Weil such understanding is both inside of and outside of history. This leads to an approach to human history that centers on the moral dilemmas and choices of historical actors and that matches the force of compassion with that of power. Under an approach inspired by Weil's ideas, the historian's work of understanding can be an experience of moral growth.


Pancreas allograft rejection in dogs with pancreati-cocystostomy can be predicted in advance of hyperglycemia by monitoring the urinary amylase (UA) concentration (U/L): In initial experiments, UA values declined to <1000 1.3±0.2 days before hyperglycemia in non-immunosuppressed dogs, 3.3±1.0 days in dogs treated with cyclosporine (CsA), and 9.3±0.7 days in dogs treated with CsA, azathioprine (Aza), and prednisone (triple therapy). Autotransplanted control dogs maintained high urine amylase concentrations indefinitely (mean 125,544±36,931). In a subsequent experiment, in 19 dogs with bladder-drained pancreas allografts on CsA only for prophylactic immunosuppression, a five-day course of antirejection treatment with Aza (5.0 mg/ kg) and antilymphocyte globulin ALG (1 mg/kg) was started in group A (n = 10) when a raise in serum glucose was detected, and in group B (n = 9) when a drop of UA below 1000 was observed. The functional allograft survival rate was 9.2±0.5 days in group A (treatment started after hyperglycemia) and 29.0±5.7 days in group B (treatment started after drop in UA) (P = .002). The UA dropped in all dogs before hyperglycemia, at a mean of 2.7 days in group A and 20.8 days in group B. Clinically, 8 patients received a whole cadaver pancreas transplant with urinary drainage of the exocrine secretions. All were followed with UA monitoring. Three recipients lost the grafts for technical reasons. One had a primary nonfunction and UA was below 1000 U/24 hr; two developed abscesses and the grafts were removed while functioning with high UA values. Five grafts are currently functioning; 3 recipients had no rejection episodes and their UA values ranged from 30,000 to 100,000 U/24 hr during their entire postoperative course. The other two had rejection episodes. In both cases UA decreased to baseline levels 1 and 4 days in advance of the hyperglycemia. After antirejection treatment UA rose again to high values and plasma glucose levels declined. Both patients are currently in.


Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a major role in inflammatory diseases.
 They act as a first line of defense against invading infectious microorganisms. For this purpose,
 PMNs contain granules filled with proteolytic and other cytotoxic enzymes. Besides releasing
 enzymes, PMNs are also able to phagocytose and to convert oxygen into highly reactive oxygen
 species (ROS). Following phagocytosis, ingested microorganisms may be killed inside the
 phagosome by a combined action of enzyme activity and ROS production. Although the
 formation of ROS by stimulated PMNs is a physiological response which is advantageous to the
 host, it can also be detrimental in many inflammatory states in which these radicals give rise to
 excessive tissue damage. Therefore, there is an ongoing search for anti-inflammatory compounds
 which are able to prevent this damaging ROS production without affecting the other killing
 capacities of the PMN.
 In 1971, the isolation of apocynin from the roots of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. was
 reported. Picrorhiza kurroa is a small, perennial plant growing at high altitudes in the western
 Himalayas and which has been used extensively for ages and is still in use in the Ayurvedic
 system of medicine in India and Sri Lanka. Following experiments showed that apocynin was a
 potent anti-inflammatory agent, based on the selective inhibition of the production of ROS by
 activated human PMNs. Although proven to be an active anti-inflammatory compound in several
 experimental animal models, the exact mechanism of action of apocynin was still not fully
 understood.
 In this thesis, experiments are described that have led to a better understanding of the mode of
 action by which apocynin inhibits the ROS production by activated human PMNs. One of the
 conclusions is that apocynin itself is not active, but that it is converted into an active dimer inside
 the phagosomes of activated PMNs.


A major scientific challenge for a carbon neutral, environmental friendly future energy production is the development of renewable energy production to technological readiness. One example are solar thermal power plants. Since their energy generation is intermittent, they demand for a feasible storage solution for which thermochemical reaction systems are considered. The present work subjects the thermochemical reaction system CaO / Ca(OH)2 and its structural-mechanical correlations impacting the powder bulk performance upon thermochemical cycling. On exemplified Ca(OH)2 crystals is shown, that during the first deand rehydration process, the entire crystal morphology is disintegrated. The underlying mechanism is evaluated by theoretical considerations on the layered structure of Ca(OH)2 and validated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the probed material before and after dehydration as well as after rehydration. The obtained findings are transferred to the technically relevant powdery storage material, where they are capable to explain the phenomenon of agglomeration, which is proven by measurement of secondary particle size distribution over a number of ten thermochemical reaction cycles. From SEM imaging performed on the samples it is found, that agglomerates consist of cohering smaller particles. The inferred insights can help to deduce necessary amendments of reactor design or material modification also for other thermochemical reaction systems. Copyright © 2019 VBRI Press.


This paper describes recent progress with FEKO, an antenna simulation program. FEKO uses the method of moments (MoM), and also offers users a hybrid MoM/physical optics for suitable electrically large problems. Current work on UTD hybridisation is outlined, as well as work on the pre- and post-processors. The performance of FEKO in high-performance computing environments is discussed. The incorporation of a rigorous stratified media treatment is reviewed and current plans for FEM hybridisation briefly outlined.


Efficiency is one of the factor that play an important role in determining the level of productivity. This research aims are (1) to analyze the factors that affect cassava production, (2) to measure the level of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies, (3) to identify the factors that influence the technical inefficiency in Central Lampung Regency. The study was conducted in Central Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The purposive sampling method was used to select area study and simple random sampling technique was used to collect 78 cassava farmers in the study area. Data were analyzed with the stochastic frontier production function model and cost function dual frontier. The results shows that the land, seed,fertilizer N and fertilizer K variable significantly affected cassava production. The level of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of cassava farming were not efficient with average technical, allocative and economic efficiencies value respectively of 0,69; 0,71; and 0,47. This indicates that cassava farmers in Central Lampung regency has not been optimally allocate the use of inputs at the level of the minimum cost.  Socio-economic variables that significantly affect the technical efficiency is age, the time of harvest, family size, and access to credit.


Treatment of the growing geriatric patient population is increasingly being recognized as a necessary priority of the oncology community. As the most common cancer among men in developed countries, prostate cancer afflicts a sizable portion of elderly men. Caring for this population requires knowledge of aspects of disease presentation, screening strategies, treatment approaches, and survivorship care considerations unique to the geriatric population. In this article, we review characteristics of prostate cancer screening and treatment decision making for localized disease in elderly men, including a discussion of the biology of disease in the elderly population. We also review best practices for providing treatment for localized and recurrent disease in an elderly population, including engaging in a basic geriatric assessment to determine fitness for treatment, eliciting information about patient preferences and support systems, and balancing treatment decisions in the context of these factors using the resources of a multidisciplinary care team. We then consider complications of prostate cancer survivorship related to systemic treatment in the elderly population of men with this disease. Finally, we emphasize the importance of engaging patients in treatment decision making across the spectrum of disease to personalize treatment plans and provide optimal care.


Combinatorial optimization is a well-established area in operations research and computer science. Until recently, its methods have focused on solving problem instances in isolation, ignoring that they often stem from related data distributions in practice. However, recent years have seen a surge of interest in using machine learning as a new approach for solving combinatorial problems, either directly as solvers or by enhancing exact solvers. Based on this context, the ML4CO aims at improving state-of-the-art combinatorial optimization solvers by replacing key heuristic components. The competition featured three challenging tasks: finding the best feasible solution, producing the tightest optimality certificate, and giving an appropriate solver configuration. Three realistic datasets were considered: balanced item placement, workload apportionment, and maritime inventory routing. This last dataset was kept anonymous for the contestants.


A novel coronavirus was recently discovered and termed SARS-CoV-2. Human infection can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), for which, at this point, over 80,000 cases resulting in over 2,500 deaths have been reported in over 40 countries. SARS-CoV-2 shows some similarities to other coronaviruses. However, treatment options and a cellular understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking. Here we identify the host cell pathways modulated by SARS-CoV-19 infection and reveal that drugs targeting pathways prevent viral replication in human cells. We established a human cell culture model for infection with SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate. Employing this system, we determined the SARS-CoV-2 infection profile by translatome and proteome proteomics at different times after infection. These analyses revealed that SARS-CoV-2 reshapes central cellular pathways, such as translation, splicing, carbon metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism. Small molecule inhibitors targeting these pathways were tested in cellular infection assays and prevented viral replication. Our results reveal the cellular infection profile of SARS-CoV-2 and led to the identification of drugs inhibiting viral replication. We anticipate our results to guide efforts to develop therapy options for COVID-19. Authors and Benjamin Koch contributed equally to this work Data associated with the preprint has been made available on the authors' website. protein leading to the discovery of translation inhibitors as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV–2 replication in cells.


An in vitro system that recapitulates the development and differentiation of progenitors into mature neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) would provide a powerful platform for neuroscientists to investigate axo-glial interactions, properties and differentiation of multipotent progenitors, and progression of oligodendroglial lineage cells at the cellular and molecular level. We describe here a CNS aggregate culture system from embryonic rat forebrains, which can be maintained in a serum-free medium up to 3-4 weeks and is used in our laboratory as a model to study neuron-glia interaction and CNS myelination. This video clip will demonstrate how to isolate and grow these CNS aggregate cultures from E16 rat brain. Furthermore, from the same brain dissection, highly enriched regular dissociated neuronal cultures can be readily obtained and used for various studies on CNS neurons or used for co-cultures with other cells.


A first generation sodium Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System (LGS-AOS) was developed and integrated into the Lijiang 1.8m telescope in 2013. The LGS-AOS has three sub-systems: (1) a 20 W long pulsed sodium laser, (2) a 300-millimeter-diameter laser launch telescope, and (3) a 37-element compact adaptive optics system. On 2014 January 25, we obtained high resolution images of an mV 8.18 star, HIP 43963, during the first light of the LGS-AOS. In this paper, the sodium laser, the laser launch telescope, the compact adaptive optics system and the first light results will be presented.


Pre-embossed rigid magnetic (PERM) disks provide the potential to improve storage capacity, simplify the manufacturing process, and reduce overall manufacturing costs. Since the tracks including servo sectors are pre-embossed and assembled into the drive, there is runout mainly due to the inherent eccentricity. In order to compensate repeatable runout, an adaptive feedforward cancellation (AFC) scheme is implemented. It is shown through experiments that the AFC is effective in selectively canceling the desired frequency. Cancellation of the first three harmonic components is demonstrated, and experimental results are presented. Without track following servo, the AFC is able to reduce the position error signal (PES) by 83% of the track pitch.


In this paper, we investigate the issues regarding the stabilization of public debt and its decrease down to 60 per cent of GDP for selected European Union countries using the primary balance derived from the public debt dynamic model as a leading indicator. We find that there is a high probability of stabilizing public debt at its 2014 level conditional on achieving an increased GDP growth rate . In addition, results indicate that it would take at least 10 years for many of the analyzed countries to decrease their public debt ratio to 60 per cent of GDP. We also draw conclusions on what really matters for fiscal sustainability and on implications for national and European fiscal policies.


Background In epidemiological research, shift work systems are commonly assessed using self-reports. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the validity of generally used questions on shift systems by comparing them to objective data. Material and methods We matched the working hour characteristics of 3 preceding months based on the pay-roll based registry data to the questionnaire date in 2014. The data comprised of all (n = 11,052 ) employees in a prospective cohort with a work contract during the questionnaire excluding only on-call workers. 81% (n = 8896) had at least 31 work shifts during the 3 months period. Results Using objective data as the gold standard, questions on "shift work with night shifts" and "permanent night work" showed high sensitivity (i.e., the proportion of true shift/night workers that are correctly identified; 96% and 90%) and specificity (the proportion of true non-shift/night workers that are correctly identified, 92% and 97%). Self-reported "regular daywork" showed low sensitivity (73%), but high specificity (99%). "Shift work without night shifts" showed both low sensitivity (62%) and low specificity (87%). In analysis of associations between "shift work without night shifts" and health outcomes in the prospective data, age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (multivariate logistic regression) were lower for subjective compared to objective assessment (e.g. for fatigue during free-time compared to day work 1.21, 95% CI: 0.78–1.87 versus 1.89, 95% CI: 1.06–3.35). Non-responding (n = 2156) to the questionnaire was not associated to the objective shift system but 55% of the dayworkers had at least one year of earlier shift work experience. Conclusions These findings suggest that the validity of self-reported assessment of shift work varies depending on the shift system. Exposure misclassification was most common in self-reported shift work without night shifts and regular day work, contributing to bias towards the null in analyses of health effects.


Women lag in the adoption of agricultural innovations compared to men, mainly due to gender inequalities in access to complementary inputs, capital, and knowledge/information. The Infection-and-Treatment-Method (ITM) is considered a safe and effective method of controlling East Coast fever. However, since its commercialisation in Kenya differences in demand for this vaccine among smallholder men and women dairy cattle keepers have not been assessed. Using a sample of 448 respondents, we used an Average-Treatment-Effect framework to estimate ITM adoption rates under awareness constraints and the determinants of adoption among smallholder male-headed (MHHs) and femaleheaded (FHHs) households. We found some difference in ITM awareness between MHHs (57 per cent) and FHHs (46 per cent). However, gender adoption gaps in the actual and potential adoption rates were considerable, with actual adoption rates of 41 per cent and potential adoption rate of 62 per cent among MHHs, compared to 19 per cent actual and 31 per cent potential adoption for FHHs. The smaller adoption gap for FHHs indicates that only increasing awareness amongst FHHs will not reduce inequities. ITM adoption in both household headships was mainly determined by education, extension interventions, access to financial services, and social capital. In addition to this, ITM adoption in FHHs was positively influenced by age, land-size, and group membership. To realise adoption beyond the current potential and to reduce inequities at the scale-up stage, gender-specific interventions targeting resource-poor women cattle keepers would be effective, in addition to ensuring that women have access to extension and financial services.


The process of authoring document-centric XML documents in humanities disciplines is very different from the approach espoused by the standard XML editing software with the data-centric view of XML. Where data-centric XML is generated by first describing a tree structure of the encoding and then providing the content for the leaf elements, document-centric encodings start with content which is then marked up. In the paper we describe our approach to authoring document-centric XML documents and the tool, xTagger, originally developed for this purpose within the Electronic Boethius project, otherwise enhanced within the ARCHway project, an interdisciplinary project devoted to development of methods and software for preparation of image-based electronic editions of historic manuscripts


For any realistic theory of quintessence that allows for a violation of the equivalence principle (VEP), we study the experimental constraints on such theories coming from ordinary matter as well as neutrinos. We discuss and compare constraints from two basically different (extra) contributions to differences of fermion masses: one is due to the vacuum expectation value (vev) of quintessence, and the other is based on a quintessence-exchange graph at finite temperature/density.


A theoretical model is developed to investigate the mechanical behavior of closely packed carbon nanoscrolls (CNSs), the so-called CNS crystals, subjected to uniaxial lateral compression/ decompression. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to verify the model predictions. It is shown that the compression behavior of a CNS crystal can exhibit strong hysteresis that may be tuned by an applied electric field. The present study demonstrates the potential of CNSs for applications in energy-absorbing materials as well as nanodevices, such as artificial muscles, where reversible and controllable volumetric deformations are desired.


Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) usually occurs in the setting of a spontaneous cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leak. We report the first description of a case of SIH caused by a CSF leak which improved after a targeted epidural patch with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) at the right T1–T2 level. An 81-year-old woman presented with an orthostatic headache for 6 days. MRI of the brain with contrast demonstrated low lying cerebellar tonsils, an engorged transverse sinus flow void, bifrontal small subdural fluid collections, and diffuse dural enhancement. CT myelography showed extravasation of intrathecal contrast at the right T1–T2 level. A targeted epidural patch was performed by injection of n-BCA through a catheter at the right T1–T2 level. After treatment, the patient's symptoms immediately improved and she was without a headache at 1-year follow-up.


Super Bialkali (SBA) photocathode is a new technology that improves the spectral response characteristics of position sensitive PMTs, boosting their quantum efficiency up to 35%. In this experiment, two SBA tubes were introduced into a production line of PET detectors mixed with the regular tubes. The detectors were assembled using the standard factory protocols for detector mounting, calibration and testing. We report an evaluation of the improvement introduced by the SBA photocathode comparing the spatial and energy resolution and the depth-of-interaction (DOI) performance of PET detector modules with DOI capabilities. We conclude that the superior performance of the SBA tube may enable the use of arrays with a larger number of crystals of smaller footprint, thus potentially improving the detector intrinsic spatial resolution without degrading the energy resolution or the phoswich (DOI) discrimination capability.


Computational design techniques are changing the role of analysis tools in collaborations between architects and engineers. Digital feedback loops of synthesis, analysis and evaluation establish a 'process of becoming' in which structural solutions evolve and adapt to specific requirements. Highly differentiated constructions are possible when digital techniques are fully integrated in design and production. Klaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann discuss these novel paradigms in relation to recent projects from engineering office Bollinger + Grohmann.


Background Hyperglycemia has been reported to enhance vagovagal reflex that causes the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO), at the neuromuscular junction in the antrum to relax the antrum and slow gastric emptying by stimulating glucose-sensitive afferent neurons. However, hyperglycemia has also been reported to cause fast gastric emptying that may be due to suppression of the inhibitory motor neurons. Aims The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the gastric antrum due to hyperglycemia. Methods Inhibitory electrical junction potentials were recorded from gastric antral muscle strips, using intracellular electrodes under non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions. Studies were performed in non-hyperglycemic NOD (NH-NOD), NOD mice as they develop hyperglycemia (H-NOD) and their age-matched controls. The purinergic inhibitory junction potential (pIJP) and nitrergic IJP (nIJP) were isolated pharmacologically. Results The control pIJP was large, around −18 mV and nIJP was small, around −9 mV. In NH-NOD the IJPs were not affected, but in H-NOD pIJP was nearly abolished and nIJP was significantly reduced. In H-NOD mice, membrane hyperpolarization caused by exogenous α,β-MeATP or diethylenetriamine NO adduct was similar to that in wild-type controls (P > 0.05). H-NOD smooth muscles were significantly depolarized as compared to NH-NOD smooth muscles. Conclusion These observations show that hyperglycemia causes suppression of purinergic and nitrergic transmission by acting on the motor neurons that form the last neuron in the vagovagal circuit. Moreover, the loss the neurotransmission is due to a defect in neurotransmitter release rather than a defect in signal transduction. Hyperglycemia also causes depolarization of smooth muscles that may increase their excitability.


Focusing and collimation of 8 keV x rays has been demonstrated using microchannel plate (MCP) blanks with cylindrical channels. The focusing effect arises from total external reflection of x rays at the interior surfaces of the channels of a MCP and has been described previously by the authors. Point to point focusing was observed with flat and curved MCPs, and collimation from a point source to a quasi-parallel beam was observed with a curved MCP. Intensity profiles at the image plane and at other planes behind a flat MCP were obtained for a 20 × 40 μm2 x-ray source, and agree well with theoretical predictions. The flux in a 40-μm-diameter collector in the image plane was compared with the flux in the same plane, but without a MCP. The relative gain in flux increases linearly with the source to MCP distance, as predicted. A maximum relative gain in flux of 18 ± 1 was observed for a source to detector distance of 50 cm.


OBJECTIVE
Many physicians struggle to communicate with patients with chronic, non-malignant pain (CNMP). Through the use of a Web module, the authors aimed to improve faculty participants' communication skills knowledge and confidence, use of skills in clinical practice, and actual communication skills.

SUBJECTS
The module was implemented for faculty development among clinician-educators with university faculty appointments, outpatient clinical practices, and teaching roles.

METHODS
Participants completed the Collaborative Opioid Prescribing Education Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (COPE-REMS®) module, a free Web module designed to improve provider communication around opioid prescribing. Main study outcomes were improvements in CNMP communication knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Skills were assessed by comparing a subset of participants' Observed Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) performance before and after the curriculum.

RESULTS
Sixty-two percent of eligible participants completed the curriculum in 2013. Knowledge-based test scores improved with curriculum completion (75% vs. 90%; P < 0.001). Using a 5-point Likert-type scale, participants reported improved comfort in managing patients with CNMP both immediately post-curriculum and at 6 months (3.6 pre vs. 4.0 post vs. 4.1 at 6 months; P = 0.02), as well as improvements in prescribing opioids (3.3 vs. 3.8 vs. 3.9, P = 0.01) and conducting conversations about discontinuing opioids (2.8 vs. 3.5 vs. 3.9, P < 0.001). Additionally, CNMP-specific communication skills on the OSCE improved after the curriculum (mean 67% vs. 79%, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Experienced clinician-educators improved their communication knowledge, attitudes, and skills in managing patients with CNMP after implementation of this curriculum. The improvements in attitudes were sustained at six months. A Web-based curriculum such as COPE-REMS® may be useful for other programs seeking improvement in faculty communication with patients who have CNMP.


This study was conducted to determine the level of stakeholders' integration, and to validate its roles, and their social responsibilities to the local community in Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to enhance better understandings about stakeholders' engagements in the implementation of the Youth Revolving Fund to the local development process. Primary data were collected from 224 youths, and they were analyzed using descriptive and hierarchical regression. The finding of the study revealed that the overall level of stakeholders' integration to promote youth self-employment was at an average level. Despite this, there were differences in the youths' knowledge, interaction, and adaptation to stakeholders. As a result, a high level of stakeholders' integration provides a good opportunity to carry out social responsibilities. Hence, the study concludes that the stakeholders' integration in the implementation of the Youth Revolving Fund is optimum, and as a result, youths require knowledge, positive attitude, and willingness to change. Thus, local stakeholders should have commitments to support youth self-employment projects in the long-term, and the initiatives to support youth selfemployment should come from the local stakeholders.


A reduced beam-squinting printed leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed, comprising cascaded negative-refractive-index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterial unit cells. Each NRI-TL unit cell is implemented in co-planar strip (CPS) technology and consists of a host TL loaded with series interdigitated capacitors and shunt meandered inductors. Periodic analysis is applied to the NRI-TL unit cell in order to extract the dispersion and Bloch impedance characteristics. Subsequently, the angular variation of the main radiated beam with frequency or ldquobeam squintingrdquo is derived, based on the expression for the Bloch propagation constant of the NRI-TL line. It is shown that by operating the LWA in the upper right-handed band where the phase and group velocities are closest to the speed of light, the beam squinting that the antenna experiences can be minimized. The theoretical performance of the LWA is verified through full-wave simulations and measurements of a fabricated prototype designed to produce a radiated beam at an angle of at GHz. This 20-element NRI-TL LWA exhibits a measured return-loss bandwidth below dB of 0.91 GHz (18.2%), and an average beam squint of 0.031/MHz. The proposed NRI-TL LWA is uniplanar, differential and broadband, and therefore suitable for integration with other microwave components and devices.


The composition of the European Parliament during the 2019-24 legislature will comply with all the restrictions established in the Lisbon Treaty. One of them is that there should be degressive proportionality. Yet the stipulation has been broken in both of the last two legislatures (2009-14 and 2014-19). The European Parliament has proposed a composition to the European Council that fulfils degressive proportionality. Hence, the distribution is acceptable, although it can be improved.


Nanometer La2CuO4 particles have been prepared using chemical precipitation method. The reaction mechanism, microstructure and phase composition of the samples were investigated by TG-DTA, XRD, SEM. The XRD results showed that pure La2CuO4 phase can be obtained by calcining the La-Cu-O-H precursor powders at 900 oC for 2 h, and the impurity phase will appear in the La2CuO4 ceramic as increasing the sintering temperature over 1200 oC. La2CuO4 ceramic samples sintered at 950 oC for 6 h exhibit good thermoelectric properties. Seebeck coefficient can reach 714 μV/K, and power factor is about 2.33×10-5 W/mK2.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To summarize the available efficacy and safety data of novel agents for treating acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI), focusing on those active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

RECENT FINDINGS
There are now several agents active against MRSA that are approved for the treatment of ABSSSI, including tedizolid, ceftaroline, dalbavancin, telavancin, oritavancin, delafloxacin, and omadacycline. In addition, iclaprim has completed phase-3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs).

SUMMARY
Considering the similar efficacy that arose from direct comparisons in phase-3 RCTs, in order to adopt the best approach for treating ABSSSI on patient-tailored basis, the different safety profiles and formulations of the different available agents should be balanced by taking into account the specific features of each treated patient in terms of baseline comorbidities, related risk of toxicity, need for hospitalization, possibility of early discharge, and expected adherence to outpatient oral therapy.


Author(s): Asundi, Krishna Rama | Advisor(s): Rempel, David M | Abstract: The goal of this dissertation was to investigate how mechanical loading affected gene expression in tendons. A better understanding of which genes are affected by load may help identify proteins which are involved in the initial response to tendon overuse. Characterizing the gene expression response to load may help identify threshold limits to avoid overuse injuries.Gene expression levels for eight matrix molecules were quantified for tendon tissue obtained from rabbits exposed to cyclic load. No significant differences in expression levels were found. Long term repetitive loading may not lead to up-regulation at the transcriptional level of these eight genes or localized changes were missed due to homogenization of the tissue samples. RT-PCR may be an inappropriate technique for measuring localized changes in gene expression.A novel in vitro tissue loading system was designed capable of simultaneously applying specific loading patterns to six tissues under force or displacement control. Loading parameters such as amplitude, rate and frequency can be controlled while biomechanical factors such as creep, force relaxation and modulus can be affected and monitored. Employing the in vitro tissue loading system, rabbit flexor tendons were exposed to static loads of 0 (stress-shielded), 2 (low), 4 (moderate) or 6 (high) MPa for 20 hours. Gene expression levels for collagenase-1 (MMP-1), interlukin-1b (IL-1b) and cyclooxegenase-2 (COX-2) were measured. High static loads up-regulated MMP-1 expression compared to moderate loads. Correlations found between creep and the expression of MMP-1 and IL-1B suggests that the pathway for their expression, leading eventually to tendon degeneration, may be regulated by the biomechanical factor creep.These findings indicate in vitro culture systems can be a useful tool in examining the effects of loading on connective tissues, allowing investigators to measure the initial cellular response to mechanical load. Changes in gene expression may indicate possible threshold limits where loading leads to a remodeling response.


Background: Identifying the missing hereditary factors underlying the familial risk of breast cancer could have a major and immediate impact on managing the breast cancer risk for these families. Methods: We identified candidate breast cancer predisposition genes through whole exome sequencing of BRCAx families and subsequently sequenced up to 1325 genes, along with 76 common low penetrance variants associated with breast cancer, in index cases from 6,000 BRCAx families and 6,000 cancer free women (ethnically matched on principal component analysis). Results: The role of recently described (PALB2) or suspected (MRE11A) moderately penetrant genes was confirmed. Conversely, the size of the cohort means that the absence of enrichment for loss of function (LoF mutations) provides strong evidence against other reported breast cancer genes (BRIP1, RINT1, RECQL). For further moderate risk variants (in CHEK2, ATM, BRCA2) we observed significant risk modification based on the polygenic risk score (PRS - calculated from the common variant data), with the risk restricted to the co-occurrence of the rare variant and high PRS. Novel candidate genes were identified based on LoF mutations, including NTHL1 (38 cases versus 15 controls, OR 2.5 p=0.002): a member of the base excision repair (BER) pathway. DNA sequencing of the breast carcinomas from 17 heterozygous NTHL1 mutation carriers revealed a strong bias towards a C:G>T:A (C>T) transitions, consistent with a BER defect, which confirmed the recent findings in colorectal carcinomas from bi-allelic NTHL1 mutation carriers. This data extends the cancer predisposition phenotype of NTHL1 to heterozygous carriers. In addition to NTHL1, there are a large number of candidate genes where the ratio of LoF mutations in cases versus controls indicates that they may convey an actionable level of risk; 46 genes (519 families) meet the basic criteria of multiple LoF variants and an OR >2 for cases versus controls – including previously proposed breast cancer genes MRE11A, BLM, MLH1, MYH, FANCD2 and functionally plausible candidates such as MLH3, PARP2 and ATR. Collectively the OR of breast cancer for LoF mutations in this group of genes is 3.3 (95% CI 2.7-3.9, P=3.5x10-41). Conclusion: Our data shows that the effect of rare variation in established and novel breast cancer genes, along with consideration of the background polygenic risk, together explains a substantial component of the heritable risk of breast cancer in our cohort. Citation Format: Campbell IG, Li N, Rowley S, Goode D, Devereux L, McInerny S, Grewal N, Lee A, Trainer A, Wong-Brown M, Scott R, Gorringe K, James P. The contribution of rare variants, polygenic risk, and novel candidate genes to the hereditary risk of breast cancer in a large cohort of breast cancer families [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD1-04.


Polycarboxylate copolymers (PCs) with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) side chain were synthesized using first an esterification reaction technique and second a free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The resultant PCs have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The molecular structural parameters of PCs were determined from GPC and ion chromatography (IC). The dispersibility of PCs having different degree of polymerization (DP) of PEO side chain was investigated in cementitious system. Also, the mechanism of dispersion was discussed via the respect of electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance effect. The results show that the PCs possessing an appropriate DP of PEO side chain can exhibit a higher dispersibility.


An ultrahigh density optical disk head which utilizes evanescent light (near-field light) had been designed to enhance the near-field optical wave for the throughput increment using the surface plasmon polariton resonance effect between the light inside the near-field optical head and nano-fabricated corrugated metal thin film. The theoretical analysis is discussed with the emphasis on the two- and three-dimensional simulation using finite difference time domain method. It is also experimentally shown that the near-field light enhancement in a waveguide of a clad covered with corrugated gold thin film was observed and that the near-field light enhancement in a waveguide without the film was not. If the corrugation pitch and the focused laser wavelength used with self-aligned microlens are designed properly, more than 20% throughput will be realized using nanometer fabricated metallic grating.


Sophisticated techniques of archaeological survey, including airborne imaging spectroscopy, electromagnetic induction and ground-penetrating radar, are opening up new horizons in the non-invasive exploration of archaeological sites. One location where they have yielded spectacular results is Carnuntum in Austria, on the south bank of the Danube, capital of the key Roman province of Pannonia. Excavations in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries revealed many of the major elements of this extensive complex, including the legionary fortress and the civilian town or municipium. Excavation, however, is no longer the only way of recovering and recording the details of these buried structures. In 2011, a combination of non-invasive survey methods in the area to the south of the civilian town, where little was visible on the surface, led to the dramatic discovery of remains interpreted as a gladiatorial school, complete with individual cells for the gladiators and a circular training arena. The combination of techniques has led to the recording and visualisation of the buried remains in astonishing detail, and the impact of the discovery is made all the greater by the stunning reconstruction images that the project has generated.


Allele-specific DNA methylation (ASM) is well studied in imprinted domains, but this type of epigenetic asymmetry is actually found more commonly at non-imprinted loci, where the ASM is dictated not by parent-of-origin but instead by the local haplotype. We identified loci with strong ASM in human tissues from methylation-sensitive SNP array data. Two index regions (bisulfite PCR amplicons), one between the C3orf27 and RPN1 genes in chromosome band 3q21 and the other near the VTRNA2-1 vault RNA in band 5q31, proved to be new examples of imprinted DMRs (maternal alleles methylated) while a third, between STEAP3 and C2orf76 in chromosome band 2q14, showed non-imprinted haplotype-dependent ASM. Using long-read bisulfite sequencing (bis-seq) in 8 human tissues we found that in all 3 domains the ASM is restricted to single differentially methylated regions (DMRs), each less than 2kb. The ASM in the C3orf27-RPN1 intergenic region was placenta-specific and associated with allele-specific expression of a long non-coding RNA. Strikingly, the discrete DMRs in all 3 regions overlap with binding sites for the insulator protein CTCF, which we found selectively bound to the unmethylated allele of the STEAP3-C2orf76 DMR. Methylation mapping in two additional genes with non-imprinted haplotype-dependent ASM, ELK3 and CYP2A7, showed that the CYP2A7 DMR also overlaps a CTCF site. Thus, two features of imprinted domains, highly localized DMRs and allele-specific insulator occupancy by CTCF, can also be found in chromosomal domains with non-imprinted ASM. Arguing for biological importance, our analysis of published whole genome bis-seq data from hES cells revealed multiple genome-wide association study (GWAS) peaks near CTCF binding sites with ASM.


Development of Literacy Learning Through Constractive Islamic Based Mind Mapping to Improve Literacy of Reading and Writing of PGSD. Literacy is a conceptual framework used as a guide for conducting classroom activities to
improve skills related to reading and writing. Implementation of constructive Islamic-based Mind Mapping method or Islamic values is very important as a demand to develop and instill Islamic values in every subject studied by students as prospective elementary school teachers, so that lecturers not only transfer knowledge but animate every transfer Science with Islamic values sourced to the Qur'an. The research was held at Muhammadiyah Sukabumi Univesity students as research subjects. The population in this study are 33 students for 2nd and 34students for 4th grade. This study uses
descriptive statistics Sugiyono is to describe or give an idea of the object under study through sample data or population as is, without doing analysis and make conclusions that apply to the public.The result shows that the increasing of students writing and reading
literacy skil and the increasing from mid term examination to final examination The implication of the research indicates that the using of mind mapping method encourage students more active in learning process in line with their ages. The teacher can develop this
methode more innovative based on the students needs in order to create the learning activity more dynamic and meaningful


Brown fat hypertrophy in the rat resulting from cold adaptation is shown here to involve increased mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and lysosomal enzyme activities. Mitochondrial activity in homogenates of brown fat was estimated as cytochrome c oxidase. After 4 wk in the cold (+5 C), the total activity was 3-fold higher than in control rats, although the specific activity was somewhat lower. Peroxisomal activity was followed as cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA-dependent NAD+ reduction (palmitoyl-CoA oxidase) and as catalase. The total activity of both palmitoyl-CoA oxidase and catalase was more than 10-fold higher than in controls and the specific activity about 3-fold higher. Acid phosphatase, used as a lysosomal marker, showed a 6-fold higher total activity and almost twice as high specific activity. The relatively greater increase in peroxisomes and lysosomes compared with mitochondria indicates an involvement in thermogenesis also for these organelles.


As the Supreme Court put it a half century ago, the right to counsel for juveniles reflects "society's special concern for children" and "is of the essence of justice." In a variety of legal proceedings, from delinquency matters to child welfare proceedings to judicial bypass hearings, the law requires the appointment of counsel to child litigants. While coherent in the whole, the law regarding counsel for child litigants is a patchwork of state and federal constitutional rulings by courts and statutory grants. Legal scholarship about a child litigant's right to counsel is similarly fragmented. Predominantly, legal scholars have examined arguments for a child litigant's right to counsel at government expense by focusing on a particular kind of proceeding.

This Article offers a unified theory for a child litigant's right to counsel at government expense that spans judicial proceedings. In legal proceedings where significant legal rights or interests are at stake, fairness demands that child litigants have a right to counsel at government expense in those proceedings. In the main, the law coheres with the theory proposed here. However, one type of proceeding involving tens of thousands of juveniles annually with tremendous consequences stands as an unjustifiable outlier – immigration removal (deportation) proceedings.


ABSTRACT This paper explores the effects of part-time instructors in the Principles of Marketing course at a comprehensive IIA university in the Mid-South. We find part-time instructors assign grades 0.86 points higher than assigned by full-time instructors. Using a multiple linear regression, in which the response variable is students' grades, the explanatory variable instructor status-i.e., full-time or part-time-is statistically significant at less than a 0.01 level of confidence (p-value = 3.4E-22). Additionally, the explanatory variable grade point average (GPA) is also significant at an alpha level less than 0.01 with a p-value of 1.57E-51. The model yielded an adjusted R2 value of 0.52, indicating that 52 percent of students 'grades are accounted for by the explanatory variables included in the model. INTRODUCTION There is an increasing trend towards the use of part-time instructors at community colleges and four-year institutions (Leatherman, 1997; Leslie, 1998; Sonner, 2000). Many four-year institutions employ part-time instructors in an effort to contain escalating operating costs. Leslie (1998) finds that hiring patterns have shifted to the point where more than 40 percent of college or university instructors are part-time. Clery (1998) finds that between 1976 and 1995, the number of part-time instructors increased by 91 percent compared with an increase of only 27 percent in the number of full-time instructors. According to The New Professoriate, a report released in October 2002 by the American Council on Education (ACE), non-traditional faculty "now make up the majority in academe" (Marklein, 2002). DeBarros (2003) states several reasons for the increasing utilization of part-time instructors, including the following: the budgetary constraints facing numerous educational institutions; the increasing number of academic program offerings; the shortage of qualified full-time instructors, and the manpower flexibility associated with the use of part-time instructors. Government-provided funds to community colleges and their students have declined markedly in recent years. Consequently, academic administrations, in an effort to stretch available financial resources, have increasingly turned to the use of part-time instructors. In an effort to attract more students, many colleges and universities have increased their course offerings and non-traditional scheduling times to include more Saturday and evening program courses. Additionally, the use of satellite campuses, course offerings via the Internet, and other distance learning methods has increased. Since they participate in scholarly activity, committee responsibilities, student advising, community service, and other university requirements in addition to teaching, full-time instructors have little time to assume a heavier course load. Part-time instructors are filling many of these expanding course demands. University enrollments have increased and projections are that the next 10 to 15 years will see an even greater number of students applying to colleges and universities as the Generation Y population attains college age (DeBarros, 2003). Even with new modes of instruction, the demand for faculty should increase to meet the rising student enrollment. If full-time instructors are unavailable, part-time instructors will be needed. They can usually be terminated with much less difficulty than full-time instructors, giving universities flexibility when enrollments decline or other financial exigencies dictate. There are other potential advantages to the use of part-time instructors. It is suggested, for example, that part-time instructors who usually have other full-time jobs outside academe may bring unique, real world insights into the classroom. Moreover, evidence suggests that part-time instructors are comparable to full-time instructors in their teaching abilities (Roueche, Roueche & Milliron, 1996). There are also drawbacks to the use of part-time instructors. …


This work addresses continual learning for non-stationary data, using Bayesian neural networks and memory-based online variational Bayes. We represent the posterior approximation of the network weights by a diagonal Gaussian distribution and a complementary memory of raw data. This raw data corresponds to likelihood terms that cannot be well approximated by the Gaussian. We introduce a novel method for sequentially updating both components of the posterior approximation. Furthermore, we propose Bayesian forgetting and a Gaussian diffusion process for adapting to non-stationary data. The experimental results show that our update method improves on existing approaches for streaming data. Additionally, the adaptation methods lead to better predictive performance for non-stationary data.


Carinal resection (CR) is defined as the resection of the trachea-bronchial bifurcation with or without lung resection. It is an uncommon challenging surgery performed in case of NSCLC, primitive airway tumors or benign lesions invading the carina. A well-organized team is essential to manage patients undergoing CR and it must involve several specialists experienced in diagnosis, operative treatment and postoperative care. Before and during surgery a strict cooperation between surgeon and anesthesiologist is essential; cross-field ventilation is generally used to maintain the adequate gas exchange during surgical airway reconstruction, but also high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could be valid alternative options when cross-field ventilation is not feasible. Right-sided lesions requiring a CR with pulmonary resection are better approached through an ipsilateral thoracotomy (IV intercostal space), whereas tumor involving the carina as well as the left main bronchus and requiring a left carinal pneumonectomy could be treated using a left thoracotomy with subaortic dissection (only for very limited tracheal resection due to a bad exposure of the trachea after moving the aortic arch). Instead, CR without pulmonary resection and left carinal pneumonectomy are better approached through a median sternotomy. Reconstruction of the airway could be performed in different ways according to the extension of the resection and to the surgeon experience with the sole purpose to obtain a tension-free anastomosis to reduce as much as possible the possible post-operative complications due to impairment healing of the suture. Based on tumor histology and the pathological staging the patient should be referred to the oncologist and/or radiotherapist for the further medical treatments. Improved patient selection, anesthetic management, surgical technique and better postoperative management are essential in such a challenging surgery to have the lowest possible rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality.


BACKGROUND AND METHODS
Trials of antidepressant medications for smoking cessation have had mixed results. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a sustained-release form of bupropion for smoking cessation. We excluded smokers with current depression, but not those with a history of major depression. The 615 subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo or bupropion at a dose of 100, 150, or 300 mg per day for seven weeks. The target quitting date (or "target quit date") was one week after the beginning of treatment. Brief counseling was provided at base line, weekly during treatment, and at 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks. Self-reported abstinence was confirmed by a carbon monoxide concentration in expired air of 10 ppm or less.

RESULTS
At the end of seven weeks of treatment, the rates of smoking cessation as confirmed by carbon monoxide measurements were 19.0 percent in the placebo group, 28.8 percent in the 100-mg group, 38.6 percent in the 150-mg group, and 44.2 percent in the 300-mg group (P<0.001). At one year the respective rates were 12.4 percent, 19.6 percent, 22.9 percent, and 23.1 percent. The rates for the 150-mg group (P=0.02) and the 300-mg group (P=0.01) -- but not the 100-mg group (P=0.09) -- were significantly better than those for the placebo group. Among the subjects who were continuously abstinent through the end of treatment, the mean absolute weight gain was inversely associated with the dose (a gain of 2.9 kg in the placebo group, 2.3 kg in 100-mg and 150-mg groups, and 1.5 kg in the 300-mg group; P= 0.02). No effects of treatment were observed on depression scores as measured serially by the Beck Depression Inventory. Thirty-seven subjects stopped treatment prematurely because of adverse events; the frequency was similar among all groups.

CONCLUSIONS
A sustained-release form of bupropion was effective for smoking cessation and was accompanied by reduced weight gain and minimal side effects. Many participants in all groups were smoking at one year.


In this study, SiC films were deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering of high purity (99.999%) Si target in Ar/CH4 gas mixture. Three types of substrates, AISI M2 grade high speed steel, glass, and Si (100) were used in each deposition. Films were grown with different compositions at 50 oC and 250 oC by varying (0–50 %) CH4/Ar processing gas ratios. Microstructural properties of SiC films were characterized by cross-sectional FE–SEM (Field–Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) observations. XRD (X–Ray Diffractometer) results indicated that films were amorphous. Friction coefficients as low as 0.1 were obtained from SiC coatings against Al2O3 balls, according to the tribological tests. Optical investigations showed that the transparency and opacity of SiC films could easily be tailored by modifying Si and C concentrations in the coatings.


The two works reprinted in this volume represent the pinnacle of the career of one of the most remarkable American archaeologists of the early 20th century, Clarence Bloomfield Moore. Moore's "Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Black Warrior River" (1905) and "Moundville Revisited "(1907) brought the Moundville site in Alabama to the attention of the scholarly world in dramatic fashion by offering a splendid photographic display and expert commentary on its artifactual richness. Moore was the leading southeastern specialist of his day and the most prolific excavator of southern sites during the early part of the 20th century. Today Moore gives the impression of having been everywhere, having excavated everything, and having published on all of it. "Moundville Expeditions" contains facsimile reprints of these two classic works, along with a new scholarly introduction by one of the leading authorities on the Moundville archaeological site. Once again these rare materials on Moundville are available both for scholars and for a general audience. "


In the Netherlands as well as in adjacent countries Carex pulicaris is a strongly declining species. It is mainly known as an inhabitant of little or not manured fen-meadows (Junco-Molinion). Besides there are a limited number of localities of C. pulicaris in the dunes, and in one of these (on the Wadden island of Texel) it thrives in abundance. 'Releves' are presented from all Dutch dune areas where the species still occurs (table 1). Various kinds of habitats may be distinguished: 1) Older stages of Schoenus nigricans vegetation in marshy dune-slacks. Carex pulicaris forms rather luxuriant, dense clumps notably on tussocks of (living or dead) Schoenus. Thus its roots generally remain somewhat ahead of the water-table. This kind of vegetation with C. pulicaris is found on Texel and in a fragmentary form on Schiermonnikoog (tabel 1, columns 5 and 6). 2) Margins of moist, leached dune-slacks, the age of which is at least half a century. The influence of groundwater is visualized by the colour of the turf, especially in summer. Carex pulicaris is generally limited to the upper belt of the green, moist turf, bordering on the brown, dry turf of adjacent dune-slopes. Generally this belt is just ahead of inundations (except perhaps in wet winters). Localities of this kind are met with on Texel, Schiermonnikoog and the former Wadden island – now part of the mainland coast – of Callantsoog (tabel 1, columns 7, 8 and 9). 3) Valleys in old pastures in the inner dunes ('vroongronden'). This kind of habitat is a variant of type 2, differing mainly by a long tradition of grazing. Vegetation is often quite rich in species. Plant species normally characteristic of dry habitats (table 1, group 11 and in part also group 10) are found side by side with those of wetter habitats, which might be ascribed to lowering of mutual competition by grazing. Such 'vroongronden' with C. pulicaris are found in the south-west of the Netherlands, viz. on Goeree and – in a much poorer form – on Schouwen, while on the Wadden island of Ameland a site was observed quite similar to those on Goeree (tabel 1, columns 3,10 and 4, respectively). 4) Moist hay-fields at the inner side of the dunes of Callantsoog and Schiermonnikoog (table 1, col. 1 & 2). In the last three kinds of habitat C. pulicaris forms looser tufts than in Schoenus marshes, and its leaves tend to take a more horizontal position. Its way of dispersal is suited to various habitats, its 'jumping' fruits enabling the species to migrate from tussock to tussock, while they might also be transported by grazing mammals (the sharp 'beak' of the fruit caught in their pelt). Syntaxonomical groups accompanying C. pulicaris in all of its localities in the dunes are characteristic species of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and the Violion caninae (table 1, groups 7 and 9, respectively). This combination is also met with in the Junco-Molinion, so that in syntaxonomical respect the species behaves in the dunes in the same way it does elsewhere in the Netherlands. In part of its localities it is accompanied by species characteristic of calcareous mires (Caricion davallianae; table 1, group 5), and in some of these localities (notably on Texel) its shows a striking vitality, but in half of the sites of C. pulicaris in the dunes no such species are present at all. Therefore C. pulicaris cannot be considered characteristic of the Caricion davallianae. Its intolerance of longer inundations makes clear that it is no Parvocaricetea species either (compare the low abundance of species of group 3 in the table). A comparison with data from Central Europe, the British Isles and Scandinavia makes clear that C. pulicaris has a lower moist demand near the coast than it has in the interior. In Central Europe it is mainly found in marshy sites in hilly or mountain districts, where both supply and discharge of water are well ensured, a kind of habitat very rare in a lowland country like the Netherlands.


To scale service operations requires sharing knowledge across the organization. However, prior work highlights that individuals on the periphery of organizational knowledge sharing networks may struggle to access useful knowledge at work. A knowledge repository (KR) has the potential to help peripheral individuals gain access to valuable knowledge because it is universally available and can be used without social interaction. However, for it to serve this equalizing function, those on the periphery of the organizational knowledge sharing networks must actually use it, possibly overcoming barriers to doing so. In this paper, we develop a multi-level model of knowledge use in teams to explore how individuals on the periphery of knowledge networks – due to inexperience, location, lack of social capital, gender, and role – access knowledge from a KR. Unexpectedly, we find that individuals whose experience and position already provide access to vital knowledge use a KR more frequently than individuals on the organizational periphery. We argue that this occurs because the KR – despite its appearance of equivalent accessibility – is actually more accessible to central than peripheral players. Thus, KR use is not driven primarily by the need to overcome limited access to other knowledge sources. Rather KR use is enabled when actors know how to reap value from the KR, which ironically improves with increasing access to other sources of knowledge. We conclude that KRs are unlikely to scale service operations without additional intervention.


◆ Housing Market Has Held Up Well in This Recession, but Some Issues Raise Concern—Recent trends in mortgage underwriting are of particular interest, as an estimated $2 trillion in mortgage debt, approximately one-third of the total outstanding, was underwritten during 2001. Nonconstruction residential mortgages traditionally have represented one of the better-performing loan classes during prior downturns. The level of credit risk, however, may be higher this time around because the mortgage lend ing business has changed since the last downturn. This article examines these changes, including increased involvement by insured institutions in the higher-risk subprime credit market, the acceptance of higher initial leverage on home purchases, and greater use of automated underwriting and collateral valuation processes, which have not been recession-tested.


From introduction: The purpose of this report is to test the accuracy and precision of the MIBK extract technique and its suitability for A1 determination in rain, surface waters, ground waters, and effluents obtained from leaching various types of rocks with acidified water. The present study investigates the accuracy, precision, and detection limit of this technique and reports methods for improvement. The purpose of the report also is to test the effect of filtration of water samples and the storage of samples in conventional polythylene (CPE), linear polythylene (LPE), and polypropyene (PP) bottles on accuracy of A1 determination.


The induction motors are the most common electric machines on industrial systems and with extended applications when adjustable speed drives (ASD) are used. The speed drives are based on power electronic devices and therefore they are highly sensitive to electric disturbances such as voltage sags, interruption, etc. Voltage sags has become one of most common power quality problems in the electrical systems, producing negative effects mainly in loads with power electronic technology. In this paper, the analysis of the effects produced by voltage sags in the ASD and the induction motor are presented. The electric system used for the analysis is conformed by an induction motor, an AC drive with V/Hz control scheme and a step down transformer connected in Yd. The voltage sags were produced by faults in the electric system with a time duration of 6 cycles (0.1 s). The whole electric system was modeled and simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The operating conditions of the induction motor was 80% of nominal speed and full load. The obtained results show high sensitivity of the drive, mainly to the dc-link voltage drop, resulting in a motor speed drop and overcurrents in the drive feeders at the ending sag. The adopted parameters used as a limit for the speed drive disruption were 5% of variation in the motor speed and 1.5 p.u. for the peak current. The most severe effects occur with sags type A and G due to three-phase and two-phase to ground faults respectively. The effect of these sags produced a dc-link voltage drop higher than 30% and therefore the drive disruption as a result of the operating limits exceeded. With voltage sags type C and D, caused by single-phase to ground and two-phase faults respectively, the effects produced in the drive and the motor are negligible.


A population-based series of 649 unselected incident cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed in Ontario, Canada, during 1995-96 was screened for germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. We specifically tested for 11 of the most commonly reported mutations in the two genes. Then, cases were assessed with the protein-truncation test (PTT) for exon 11 of BRCA1, with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for the remainder of BRCA1, and with PTT for exons 10 and 11 of BRCA2. No mutations were found in all 134 women with tumors of borderline histology. Among the 515 women with invasive cancers, we identified 60 mutations, 39 in BRCA1 and 21 in BRCA2. The total mutation frequency among women with invasive cancers, 11.7% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 9.2%-14.8%), is higher than previous estimates. Hereditary ovarian cancers diagnosed at age <50 years were mostly (83%) due to BRCA1, whereas the majority (60%) of those diagnosed at age >60 years were due to BRCA2. Mutations were found in 19% of women reporting first-degree relatives with breast or ovarian cancer and in 6.5% of women with no affected first-degree relatives. Risks of ovarian, breast, and stomach cancers and leukemias/lymphomas were increased nine-, five-, six- and threefold, respectively, among first-degree relatives of cases carrying BRCA1 mutations, compared with relatives of noncarriers, and risk of colorectal cancer was increased threefold for relatives of cases carrying BRCA2 mutations. For carriers of BRCA1 mutations, the estimated penetrance by age 80 years was 36% for ovarian cancer and 68% for breast cancer. In breast-cancer risk for first-degree relatives, there was a strong trend according to mutation location along the coding sequence of BRCA1, with little evidence of increased risk for mutations in the 5' fifth, but 8.8-fold increased risk for mutations in the 3' fifth (95%CI 3.6-22.0), corresponding to a carrier penetrance of essentially 100%. Ovarian, colorectal, stomach, pancreatic, and prostate cancer occurred among first-degree relatives of carriers of BRCA2 mutations only when mutations were in the ovarian cancer-cluster region (OCCR) of exon 11, whereas an excess of breast cancer was seen when mutations were outside the OCCR. For cancers of all sites combined, the estimated penetrance of BRCA2 mutations was greater for males than for females, 53% versus 38%. Past studies may have underestimated the contribution of BRCA2 to ovarian cancer, because mutations in this gene cause predominantly late-onset cancer, and previous work has focused more on early-onset disease. If confirmed in future studies, the trend in breast-cancer penetrance, according to mutation location along the BRCA1 coding sequence, may have significant impact on treatment decisions for carriers of BRCA1-mutations. As well, BRCA2 mutations may prove to be a greater cause of cancer in male carriers than previously has been thought.


Hagfishes (Myxine glutinosa, Cyclostomata) are the only vertebrates whose body fluids are isoosmotic to seawater due to high sodium and chloride concentrations in the plasma. The unique mode of fluid and electrolyte handling of Myxine has been studied by micropuncture methods at the single nephron level. In the archinephric duct, which assumes the function of the tubular apparatus of higher vertebrates, no fluid or sodium is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. Calcium, glucose and magnesium are reabsorbed whereas potassium and phosphate are excreted. The intravascular volume of M. glutinosa is mainly regulated by the filtration rate which greatly increases with increasing arterial as well as venous pressure.


This paper is built on the assumption that architecture is the establishment of the relationship between past and future, built and unbuilt, within the inherited and natural context and in direct connection with the overall culture. Unlike a traditional approach to heritage generally limited to considering only the visible values of the place, this research stands on the belief that, in the context of heritage, the implementation and application of behavioral knowledge in architectural discourse contributes to the intensification and enhancement of these relations. In accordance with the need to re-examine existing and explore new forms of the relationship between future life of heritage and social wellbeing, the main goal of the research is to examine the possibility of improving this relationship through a value-based architectural programming methodological framework. This paper was conducted through: (1) theoretical framework that intertwines environment–behavior theories and architectural programming as the value-matrix methodology for the reuse of heritage; (2) exploring the established framework through design results gathered within the design-based studio on "heritage reprogramming" at the University of Belgrade—Faculty of Architecture with a particular focus on the modernist architectural heritage; and (3) discussing the overall principles through the multiscale and value-based approach. The evaluation of the results indicates the possibility of improving the social dimension of heritage protection and reuse, as well as the need to shift the focus from exclusively material and formal values of heritage to social and cultural aspects in accordance with the needs of contemporary society and culture. Results indicate that the multidimensional nature of architectural programming methodological approach in the context of modern heritage and, accordingly, the synergy of different programming values (environmental, human, social, systemic, temporal, economic, aesthetic) provides sustainable access to heritage and has the capacity to improve the social wellbeing of individual users but also of the wider community.


Football (football) is a sport which needs special attention. The sport involved many people and all individuals who played in one team and other team faced one another. In a football game, there are often small friction among players and unavoided physical contact which develop chaos or mass-fight in football match.
The research has statement of problems as : 1. What factors became the cause of mass-fight among football players? ; 2. how the eradication of mass-fight among football player which has done by Regional Committee of Indonesia Football Institution East Java?
This research aimed to find out the causal factors of mass-fight which were done by Regional Committee of Indonesia Football Institution East Java to the mass-fight in football match.
The research method used in this thesis was socio-juridical method by doing interview and analyzing data along research whether interview with Regional Committee of Indonesia Football Institution East Java or football players. The data then analyzed in descriptive way.
From some of respondents explanation, factors which caused mass-fight among players were : (a) cultural factor ; (b) behavior of football players ; (c) the match officers ; (d) team officials ; (e) match result ; (f) field factor ; (g) security factor ; (h) un-sportive player.
The research showed that the effort by Regional Committee of Indonesia Football Institution East Java to eradicate mass fight among football players were done by preventive and repressive by paying attention to several rule of football in Indonesia.
The fighting among players in football match were often done by football player who didn't have professional mental match and didn't have sportivity and fair play in playing football, also the lack of institutional rule in football at Indonesia.


While microbial fuel cells are being considered as a tool for energy saving in wastewater treatment facilities, such applications in oil refineries pose a challenge due to harder acclimation of microorganisms. In this research, the effect of heat pretreating mixed culture microorganisms (MCM), and cell cross section, on the performance of a novel cell design with two cross sections (single chamber microbial fuel cells, with circular: SCMFC_CC and rectangular: SCMFC_RC cross section) fed batched with refinery wastewater were investigated. First, using original and heat pretreated MCM, the performance of SCMFC_CC in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and electricity production was investigated. Then, using only the heat pretreated MCM, the electricity production of SCMFC_RC was measured and compared with that of SCMFC_CC. Heat pretreatment of MCM improved maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) and maximum power density generated by 14% and 16%, respectively. However, heat pretreatment reduced COD removal by about 4%. The performance of SCMFC_CC in terms of maximum OCV and power density compared to SCMFC_RC was improved by 41% and 279%, respectively. Heat treatment of MCM increases the electricity generation of the cell, while reducing the performance of COD reduction due to decreasing the microorganism varieties in the MCM.