This reprint of a study by Dr. Audrey Richards (1899-1984) describes the living conditions of the Bemba of North-Eastern Rhodesia, with special reference to the effects of migrant labour on the social and economic life of a mainly agricultural society. Although primarily concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of food, and with conditions of labour and standards of living, the book gives a vivid picture of the social structure of the Bemba - their political organisation and the functions of the chief, systems of land-tenure, kinship groupings, and the whole complex of economic, social, and magico-religious factors which arise in any community. The book has been widely recognised as an authoritative study particularly among economists and anthropologists.


Abstract : The objective of the research program has been to gain an understanding of the electromagnetic propagation and diffraction properties of concave surfaces having radii of curvature large compared to the wavelength, with application to ground wave propagation, large reflector antennas, and mutually coupled conformal antenna arrays. This basic objective has been accomplished. When the program was initiated, there was only incomplete and non-conclusive information available on how the radiation, diffraction and guiding of fields is affected by a nearby large-radius concave surface. It was recognized that neither a geometrical optics nor a whispering gallery mode representation is satisfactory for description of the field, and that a mixture of rays and modes, or a more complicated formulation involving a canonical integral analogous to the Fock integral for convex surfaces, may be the most effective. However, the foundations for these conjectures were lacking; accurate criteria for the appropriate combination of rays and modes were not at hand, nor were comprehensive numerical comparisons to assess the utility and quality of various field representations. Missing also were tractable results for the case when the observation point approaches the source or when the radius of curvature of a circular contour tends to infinity (infinite plane limit). This work has succeeded in establishing a sound analytical basis for any of the above-mentioned field formulations. (Author)


Energy-harvesting (EH) and wireless power transfer in cooperative relaying networks have recently attracted a considerable amount of research attention. Most of the existing work on this topic however focuses on Rayleigh fading channels which represents outdoor environments. Unlike these studies, in this paper we analyze the performance of wireless power transfer in two-hop decode-and- forward (DF) cooperative relaying systems in indoor channels characterized by log-normal fading. Three well-known EH protocols are considered in our evaluations: a) time switching relaying (TSR), b) power splitting relaying (PSR) and c) ideal relaying receiver (IRR). The performance is evaluated in terms of the ergodic outage probability for which we derive accurate analytical expressions for the three systems under consideration. Results reveal that careful selection of the EH time and power splitting factors in the TSR- and PSR-based system are important to optimize performance. It is also presented that the optimized PSR system has near- ideal performance and that increasing the source transmit power and/or the energy harvester efficiency can further improve performance.


The main purpose of the article is to present how the Greek- -Macedonian naming dispute influenced the problem of implementation the international identity of Macedonia. Despite the initial problems of the government in Skopje related to determining their international identity, Macedonians managed to define the principles regarding the identification of a new state on the international stage. As a small country with limited attributes to shape its international position, Macedonia has basically been determined to seek guarantees for its existence and security in stable and predictable European international structures such as NATO and the European Union. The main obstacle for Macedonians on the road to Euro-Atlantic structures was the veto of Greece, a member of these organizations, resulting from Athens' refusal to accept the name the Republic of Macedonia. The Prespa Agreement of 2018 gave a new impetus to the realization of the international identity of North Macedonia.


The topic of measurement is not new to the library world. For some twenty years, professional literature, especially American and British, has dealt with the topic, as is shown by the 600 plus titles listed in the bibliography of the IFLA's recently-published guidelines for measuring the quality of university library services. The initial, theoretical approach was supplanted, in the early 1990s, by a more practical stance, with numerous operational models for librarians. This is the direction in which some international bodies are also moving today; in addition to the manual promoted by IFLA, the provisional version of the ISO manual and that which originated from the PROLIB/PI project financed by the European Commission have also been published. In Italy, interest in the topic is recent. The current situation can be summarised as one of "ongoing research", in the sense that the various experiments, seminars and discussions now in progress are gradually standardising definitions and methodologies suited to the historical and cultural context of Italian libraries. As regards academic libraries, measurement studies and applications are still few and far between, there is a dearth of documentation and emphasis to date has been on the quantitative aspects of the return with a view to rationalising resources and saving costs. The work should be continued, but oriented also towards effectiveness and, hence, fostering an assessment of the value of the services and not just of their productivity and costs. The quality of client-oriented services and the need to control the effectiveness of the library's capacity for interaction with its users should become the objectives of the new climate of managerial and organisational measures and the benchmark of the suitability of the players' professionalism to sustain the change of mentality demanded by the continuous broadening and diversification of higher education establishment users and of their needs. The work, which derives from the co-ordination experience of the Sassari University libraries, and in particular from the recording of the work loads, aims to satisfy the need to monitor all organisational aspects, both quantitative and qualitative, with a renewed attention to the client. The work starts out with some methodological clarifications, dedicated to the manner of use and requisites of the indicators and to the measurement path, offers considerations regarding data collection (on finances, assets, personnel, user spaces and reading places, potential users and services) with a view to creating a computerised system as a mandatory measurement stage, and concludes by proposing some measurement instruments immediately applicable even in libraries with little experience in this field. A comparative analysis of the main sources of library performance measurement was used to draw up a list of twenty indicators, specifically adapted to the realities of Italian university libraries and oriented to the direct and indirect evaluation of the quality of the service with users as the principal reference. All indicators can respond to the measurement needs of individual libraries, but some are well suited to monitoring a university library system. The paper concludes with a description of the eleven indicators, of the twenty elaborated, which were deemed the most client-oriented. The attention paid to them meets the objective of exemplifying the approach, method, applicability and limits of use of performance indicators. For each indicator, the information is organised on the basis of a grid adopted by IFLA, which appeared the best suited to exemplify the measurement approach through performance indicators, to facilitate their use also by inexperienced librarians, and to highlight all the elements which it was deemed appropriate to take into account in the application phase.


To achieve a system that improves the safety and comfort of the vehicle driving, a recognition system equivalent to the human recognition ability should be developed. However, the vehicle environment is complicated and involves situations so diverse that a uniform recognition processing approach cannot function sufficiently. For a solution to this problem, we have been studying a comprehensive risk recognition system, which we call the risk map system, with learning capability. As part of this paper, a system has been developed that autonomously obtains the image recognition processing. This paper presents a system as an example that automatically learns through genetic programming to obtain the image processing of pedestrians and vehicles taken by an onboard camera system


Lateral amygdala (LA) activity during synchronized‐epileptiform discharges in temporolimbic circuits was investigated in rat horizontal slices containing the amygdala, hippocampus (Hip), perirhinal (Prh) and lateral entorhinal (LEnt) cortex, through multiple‐site extra‐ and intracellular recording techniques and measurement of the extracellular K+ concentration. Application of 4‐aminopyridine (50 µm) induced epileptiform discharges in all regions under study. Slow interictal‐like burst discharges persisted in the Prh/LEnt/LA after disconnection of the Hip, seemed to originate in the Prh as shown from time delay analyses, and often preceded the onset of ictal‐like activity. Disconnection of the amygdala resulted in de‐synchronization of epileptiform discharges in the LA from those in the Prh/LEnt. Interictal‐like activity was intracellularly reflected in LA projection neurons as γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A/B receptor‐mediated synaptic responses, and depolarizing electrogenic events (spikelets) residing on the initial phase of the GABA response. Spikelets were considered antidromically conducted ectopic action potentials generated at axon terminals, as they were graded in amplitude, were not abolished through hyperpolarizing membrane responses (which effectively blocked evoked orthodromic action potentials), lacked a clear prepotential or synaptic potential, were not affected through blockers of gap junctions, and were blocked through remote application of tetrodotoxin at putative target areas of LA projection neurons. Remote application of a GABAB receptor antagonist facilitated spikelet generation. A transient elevation in the extracellular K+ level averaging 3 mm above baseline occurred in conjunction with interictal‐like activity in all areas under study. We conclude that interictal‐like discharges in the LA/LEnt/Prh spread in a predictable manner through the synaptic network with the Prh playing a leading role. The rise in extracellular K+ may provide a depolarizing mechanism for recruitment of interneurons and generation of ectopic action potentials at axon terminals of LA projection neurons. Antidromically conducted ectopic action potentials may provide a spreading mechanism of seizure activity mediated by diffuse axonal projections of LA neurons.


Abstract: The Persian Gulf is part of an asymmetric foreland basin related to the Zagros Orogen. Few published studies of this basin and associated onshore areas include seismic reflection data. We present a seismic-stratigraphic interpretation based on marine 2D seismic data, which reveals the presence of two types of compressional structures within the basin: (1) faulted domes related to salt movement and the offshore trace of a NNE–SSW-trending dextral basement fault (the Kazerun Fault); (2) long-wavelength (16 km), low-amplitude (60 ms two-way travel time) folds relating to the advancing deformation front associated with the orogen. Thinning of age-constrained stratal units across structures related to the offshore trace of the Kazerun Fault implies a distinct pulse of uplift on this fault during the Maastrichtian. The geometry of growth strata across other intra-basin structures suggests a second, later stage of deformation, which began in the Middle Miocene. Thickening and folding of post-Middle Miocene stratal units towards the NE (i.e. towards the Zagros Orogen) is interpreted to reflect rapid loading, subsidence and compression related to southwestwards advance of the orogen. The results of this study have implications for the interaction between pre-existing structures and later compressional events both within the Persian Gulf and elsewhere.


Background: Most common microorganisms associated with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma (AEBA) are respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus (RV) and atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( M. p ). Causative organisms of AEBA in pediatric populations have been well documented; however, these have been rarely reported in adults. Recently multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied to detect effectively both respiratory bacteria and viruses. Aims: To evaluate etiologies in adult AEBA, a rapid reliable process based on real-time PCR for respiratory samples was used. Methods: From September 2012 to January 2013, we prospectively enrolled adult AEBA patients who satisfied our criteria; 20 years of age or older, within 7 days of onset, and informed consent. Nasopharyngeal swab and sputum samples were collected from all patients and comprehensive real-time PCR was used to detect 6 bacteria and 11 respiratory viruses. Results: Among 36 patients who satisfied our criteria, 25 (69.4%) of them detected microorganisms both bacteria and/or viruses by PCR test. 7 (19.4%) were diagnosed with viral infection, 11 (30.6%) with bacterial infection, 3 (8.3%) with atypical bacterial infection, and 4 (11.1%) with viral/bacterial co-infection. The remaining 11 (30.6 %) had unknown pathogens. Most leading microorganisms were Haemophilus influenzae ( H. i ), M. p , and RV. Conclusions: Our results suggest usefulness of real-time PCR for nasopharyngeal swab and sputum sample in estimating etiologies in adult AEBA. Results of the detection of M. p and RV were as expected; however, H. i was unpredicted. Based on the results, we analyzed the association between microorganisms and AEBA.


About 700 conodonts, of 32 species and 17 genera, are described from outcrop belts of the Trentonian Jacksonburg Limestone; the fauna is characteristic of the midcontinent conodont province and can best be correlated with faunas of the Trentonian Decorah Shale of Minnesota and the Kimmswick Formation of Missouri. By contrast, Jacksonburg Limestone in an isolated outlier near Clinton, N. J., yielded a distinctly northern European fauna of 250 specimens of 28 species and 16 genera. The fauna shows close correlation with the Crug and other limestones of Wales, equivalent to either Trentonian or Edenian in the North American standard. Coelocerodontus jerseyensis, n. sp., is described from Sarepta, N. J.


I. GENERAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION As one of the first generation of Standardised Patients in China, perhaps Asia as well, I have been working in the clinical skills training centre in West China Medical School of Sichuan University for 25 years. I would like to share with you how I joined this little-known and somewhat mysterious field, participated in this form of teaching, and progressed from a normal SP to a SP trainer. It is noted that the Standardised Patient (SP) was first introduced by Howard Barrows in 1963 (Pan & Luo, 2017). In 1993, West China School of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University was the first to do the training courses and trained the first group of SPs. In 2003, China Medical Boar (CMB) America organized a "Student Evaluation Plan Program"; 8 Chinese medical schools joined and imported the training programme to China.


With the introduction of more non-linear loads, e.g., compact fluorescent lamps, electric vehicles, photovoltaics, etc., the need to determine the harmonic impact of the residential load is rising, illustrated by the many studies performed on their harmonic impact. Traditionally, these studies are performed for a single new device and single penetration level, neglecting the harmonic interaction between new types of devices, as well as giving little information at which moment in time possible problems may arise. A composite approach to access the impact of harmonic sources on the distribution network is therefore proposed. This method combines a bottom-up stochastic modeling of the residential load with harmonic measurement data and harmonic load-flows all based on a scenario analysis. The method is validated with measurement data and shows a good prediction of the current level of harmonics in a residential neighborhood for the current situation. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, case studies are performed on the IEEE European Low Voltage Test Feeder. These case studies show a marked difference between applying individual device-based models and a composite modeling approach, demonstrating why the proposed approach is an adequate method for the determination of the impact of new devices on the harmonics.


We report a case of primary lung cancer with ossification. A 69-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to an abnormal shadow on a chest roentgenogram. Chest computed tomography demonstrated an irregular mass with scattered high-density areas in the left lower lung. Excisional biopsy of the mass revealed lung adenocarcinoma, and we performed left lower lobectomy. Histologic examination revealed the tumor to be a papillary adenocarcinoma with ossification. We confirmed that bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)-2 developed from the tumor by a western blot analysis.


In this paper, the item nonresponse problem associated with wage data collected by telephone surveys is analysed. Using data from the 1998 Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS) and data on interviewers, it is shown that the response decision can only partially be explained by the chracteristics of the interview situation, the respondent, and the interviewer. This suggests that the response inclination is, to a large extent, randomly distributed amongst the underlying population. It is therefore argued that wage functions estimated using only the observed wage data are not biased by the large (wage) item nonresponse encountered in telephone interviews.


Nalbuphine is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist analgesic. It labels mu receptors most potently where it acts as an antagonist. Nalbuphine is analgesic in the tail-flick assay after systemic (ED50, 41.8 mg/kg s.c.), i.c.v. (ED50, 21.3 micrograms) or intrathecal administration (ED50, 11.2 micrograms). Analgesia elicited by systemic nalbuphine was reversed by nor-binaltorphimine, but not by beta-funaltrexamine or naltrindole despite their ability to antagonize morphine and [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin analgesia, respectively. This insensitivity toward beta-funaltrexamine and naltrindole argued strongly against either a mu or delta component of analgesia. Nor-binaltorphimine antagonized systemic nalbuphine analgesia over 10-fold more potently after intrathecal injection of the antagonist than after i.c.v. administration, implying a role for kappa 1 receptors at the spinal level. The presence of analgesic cross-tolerance between nalbuphine and both naloxone benzoylhydrazone and nalorphine indicated an analgesic role for kappa 3 receptors, which act supraspinally. Additional studies revealed synergistic interactions between spinal kappa 1 and supraspinal kappa 3 receptors when nalbuphine was given both intrathecally and i.c.v. In conclusion, these studies suggest that nalbuphine elicits analgesia through a complex interaction of supraspinal kappa 3 and spinal kappa 1 mechanisms.


Abstract From an economic point of view, the business of record labels until recently boiled down to managing a portfolio of artists, with successful stars bringing the label enough money to recoup investments in market flops. The decline in record sales has called this model into question and forced labels to look for new sources of revenue. Employing qualitative data gathered in Poland, this paper demonstrates how labels react to adverse market conditions and what determines these reactions. The paper shows that these reactions include the monetisation of the relationship that a label has with artists through signing 360° deals, the commercial exploitation of artists' brand names, and concentration on niche markets, either foreign or format-based (e.g. the market for vinyl). The paper concludes that record labels, regardless of which approach they choose to deal with the adverse market conditions, still think in terms of managing a portfolio of artists. What is more, there is no universal strategy which can be applied by every label to deal with declining record sales.


BACKGROUND
Although schizotypal personality disorder aggregates in relatives of schizophrenic probands, the criteria for this disorder may not be optimal either in describing the dimensions of schizotypal phenomena or in identifying those with a high familial liability to schizophrenia.

METHODS
In the Roscommon Family Study, an epidemiologically based family study of major psychiatric disorders conducted in the west of Ireland, we examined 25 individual schizotypal symptoms and signs, assessed by structured personal interview, in 1544 first-degree relatives (without chronic psychosis or mental retardation) of five proband groups: schizophrenia; other nonaffective psychoses; psychotic affective illness; nonpsychotic affective illness; and matched, unscreened controls.

RESULTS
We obtained seven meaningful schizotypal factors: negative schizotypy, positive schizotypy, borderline symptoms, social dysfunction, avoidant symptoms, odd speech, and suspicious behavior. Taken individually, all of these factors, except borderline symptoms, significantly discriminated relatives of schizophrenic probands from relatives of controls; in descending order of the odds ratios, they were odd speech, social dysfunction, suspicious behavior, negative schizotypy, avoidant symptoms, and positive schizotypy. In a multivariate analysis, four of these factors remained significant: odd speech, negative symptoms, social dysfunction, and avoidant symptoms. These schizotypal factors differed in their specificity. Three of the four most predictive schizotypal factors also significantly discriminated relatives of probands with other nonaffective psychoses from relatives of controls.

CONCLUSION
"Schizotypy" is a complex, multidimensional clinical construct, whose various dimensions differ widely both in the degree and specificity with which they reflect the familial liability to schizophrenia. Subpsychotic thought disorder; negative schizotypal signs, such as poor rapport and odd behavior; deficient occupational functioning; and social isolation/avoidance best characterized relatives of schizophrenic probands compared with relatives of matched controls.


Abstract. Allele specific milk proteins were measured in 4544 samples from 2054 Fleckvieh (FV) cows in two succeeding years and in one year from 1809 Braunvieh (BV) cows partly crossbreds with Brown Swiss. The cows were from 454 and 403 sires, and in 316 and 46 farms, respectively. The allele specific milk proteins were measured photometrically. Gene action was mainly additive, but the aS1-CN BC was 2 to 4 % above the mean of the homozygotes and the heterozygotes at the CSN2 locus deviated from –2 to + 8 % from the means of the respective homozygotes. The extent of expression of the alleles varied. At CSN1S1 higher expression was shown by the B alleles in heterozygotes, and by the C alleles in homozygotes. At the CSN2 locus the statistically highly significant order of degree of expression was C>B>A. At the LGB locus allele both breeds showed higher expression than allele B and the difference between the expression of the two alleles in heterozygotes is twice of that observed in homozygotes. The CSN1S1 and CSN2 loci affected the synthesis of all caseins. The CSN3 locus shows statistically significant influence on κ-CN in FV. κ-CN appears to be influenced in particular by C2N2 alleles. The LGB locus shows much influence on the s-LG content but little on caseins. The effects of CSN1S1 and CSN2 loci on the contents of αS2-CN and k-CN indicate epistasis. Polygenic influence accounted for one third to one half of the overall genetic variance of contents of Ca-sensitive caseins. k-CN shows much greater polygenic influence (two thirds to four fifth of the genetic variance) and s-LG less (1/6 and less). The action of LGB was specific with none or very little influence on the caseins. Moreover, s-LG was also unaffected by the casein loci. The effects of the alleles on the contents were similar in the two breeds. Repeatabilities were 2/5 to almost 3/5, heritabilities 1/4 to 1/3 with the exception of αS2-CN and k-CN where it was lower.


A new method for parametric uncertainty analysis of numerical geophysical models is presented. It approximates model response surfaces, which are functions of model input parameters, using orthogonal polynomials, whose weighting functions are the probabilistic density functions (PDFs) of the input uncertain parameters. This approach has been applied to the uncertainty analysis of an analytical model of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols which has nine uncertain parameters. This method is shown to generate PDFs of the radiative forcing which are very similar to the exact analytical PDF. Compared with the Monte Carlo method for this problem, the new method is a factor of 25 to 60 times faster, depending on the error tolerance, and exhibits an exponential decrease of error with increasing order of the approximation.


Self-propelled particles can spontaneously form dense phases from a dilute suspension in a process referred to as motility-induced phase separation. The properties of the out-of-equilibrium structures that are formed are governed by the specifics of the particle interactions and the strength of the activity. Thus far, most studies into the formation of these structures have focused on spherical colloids, dumbbells, and rod-like particles endowed with various interaction potentials. Only a few studies have examined the collective behavior of more complex particle shapes. Here, we increase the geometric complexity and use molecular dynamics simulations to consider the structures formed by triangular self-propelled particles with surface roughness. These triangles either move towards their apex or towards their base, i.e., they possess a polarity. We find that apex-directed triangles cluster more readily, more stably, and have a smoother cluster interface than their base-directed counterparts. A difference between the two polarities is in line with the results of Wensink et al. [Phys. Rev. E 89, 010302 (2014)]; however, we obtain the reversed result when it comes to clustering, namely, that apex-directed triangles cluster more successfully. We further show that reducing the surface roughness negatively impacts the stability of the base-directed structures, suggesting that their formation is in large part due to surface roughness. Our results lay a solid foundation for future experimental and computational studies into the effect of roughness on the collective dynamics of swimmers.


Currently the need for micro thermometers with low inertia and accordingly with the small diameter of the capillary is increasing, and information about their inertia, which is necessary, in particular, for medicine, becomes insufficient. Micro thermometers with liquid-phase sensitive elements are made on the basis of capillaries filled with liquid. Important is the type of liquid (water, alcohol, mercury, etc.), the angle of inclination of the thermometer capillary, and its internal diameter. The time of their thermal inertia is rather small, since the thermal equilibrium of the thermometer and the controlled object is set extremely fast. However, in reality, the movement of a liquid in a capillary of a thermometer, which determines the readout of the temperature value, due to the change in the thermodynamic conditions during the measurement, is not so rapid to satisfy the metrology. The experience of studying the spontaneous penetration of liquids in porous micro and nano channels of natural structures is limited mainly by works that capture the significance of the influence of initial conditions. The features of filling capillaries of different internal diameters at different angles of inclination are considered in the paper. It enables us to work out the technology of manufacturing and application of these thermometers, and thus to predict the duration of setting the micro thermometers' indications not limited by thermal inertia. For this purpose, the Washburn's and Bosanquet equations are considered. Rate of filling the capillary is affected by fluid viscosity, surface tension, length of the filled capillary, and its diameter. Since the viscosity of the liquid increases slightly with pressure and decreases exponentially with temperature, it is inversely proportional to the rate of liquid penetration or to the rate of moving meniscus. We have analyzed the impact of these factors on the micro thermometers' performance that promotes their efficient production and application.


Introduction: The anatomy of the chest wall is curved which makes it quite complicated to plan radiation therapy for breast cancer. There are different techniques for delivering external beam radiation therapy. Therefore, it is essential to know the technique by which we can render a better treatment.Aim: To compare and analyse three different planning techniques namely Three Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3DCRT), two field Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and multiple field IMRT using dosimetric parameters.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective dosimetric study, we evaluated 10 breast cancer patients. For each patient, three plans namely 3DCRT, two field IMRT and multiple field IMRT (7 beams) were generated on the computed tomographic images using Oncentra Treatment Planning system. A dose of 50Gy in 25 fractions was prescribed to the Planning Target Volume (PTV). The plans were compared with each other on volume coverage (conformity and homogeneity) and organ-at-risk sparing. Paired t-test was used for identifying statistical differences between the plans. A significance level, p=5% or 0.05 was chosen.Results: The dose conformity was best by multiple field IMRT (p=0.0001). Both two field IMRT and multiple field IMRT provided more homogenous dose distribution with homogeneity index of 1.09±0.01 and 1.08±0.01 respectively when compared to
1.11±0.01 by 3DCRT (p=0.001 and 0.0001, respectively). D2 (dose received by 2% of the tumour volume), a measure of maximum dose was greater in 3DCRT. While dose to the critical organs was considerably less in both two field IMRT and 3DCRT than in multiple field IMRT, two field IMRT achieved lowest doses. Moreover, there was a substantial increase in the Monitor Units (MUs) for multiple field IMRT when compared with the other two techniques.Conclusion: Two field IMRT have the features intermediate of 3DCRT and multiple field IMRT. The two field IMRT is on the beneficial side with homogenous dose distribution in the target and less dose to the critical organs.


Within the independent private-values paradigm, assuming asymmetric bidders,using the principle of dynamic programming, and employing the notion of Bayes-Nash equilibrium, we demonstrate nonparametric identification of the data-generating process of the sequence of winning prices at multi-unit, sequential, oral, descending-price (Dutch) auctions. Subsequently, we propose estimators of the distribution of latent valuations. We implement our framework using a sample of data from sequential, Dutch auctions of flowers held in Aarhus, Denmark. Using the estimated distributions in conjunction with simulation methods, we then undertake the policy experiment of comparing the outcomes at Dutch auctions with those that would obtain were Myerson's optimal auction employed


Hypercrosslinked polymers for selective CO2 capture have been successfully synthesized from highly rigid contorted blocks via a low-cost versatile strategy. Such amorphous materials with improved porosities achieve high specific surface areas of up to 1616 m2 g−1 and substantially improved pore volumes (1.53 cm3 g−1). The polymer networks feature hierarchically porous structures ranging from ultramicropores to mesopores (0.50 to 3.80 nm) as well as high physicochemical stability. They can uptake 15.9 wt% CO2 at 273 K/1 bar, surpassing nearly all polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) and most known hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs). The abundant ultramicropores with pore diameters centered at around 0.50 nm allow selective CO2 uptake against N2 (ideal selectivity: 69.7) and CH4 (15.8). These results are significant for molecular design and emphasize the importance of utilizing rigid contorted blocks to build hierarchically porous networks for effective CO2 capture applications.


Two cows from separate farms were examined for gastrointestinal disturbances. The first animal had an acute gastrointestinal disturbance with colic and the second animal had chronic weight loss and anemia. Both cows had jejunal adenocarcinoma with metastasis. They were euthanized and necropsied. Adenocarcinomas of each cow were similar histologically. Adenocarcinoma of the intestine is a rare disorder of cattle, but may present as either an acute or chronic gastrointestinal disturbance.


There is widespread disagreement about the role of housing wealth in explaining consumption. This paper exploits liquid and illiquid wealth time series from household balance sheet data for South Africa, previously constructed by the authors, to explain fluctuations in the ratios of consumption and household debt to income in South Africa, from 1971 to 2005. The paper emphasizes the role of substantial credit liberalization and of wealth, treating credit conditions as a latent variable with key interactions with drivers of consumption and debt. Credit conditions are proxied by a spline function entering jointly estimated consumption, debt and income expectations equations in a 'latent interactive variable equation system' (LIVES). The empirical results corroborate the theory in the paper, confirming that consumption relative to income is driven by credit liberalization, fluctuations in a range of asset values and asset accumulation, uncertainty and income expectations, inter alia. The paper confirms a collateral interpretation of housing wealth on consumption as opposed to a life-cycle interpretation. The paper also throws important light on the monetary policy transmission mechanism in South Africa.


Abstract Objectives: Because of its importance for patient safety and treatment efficacy, the volume and methodological quality of the evidence available on the accuracy of therapeutic ultrasound equipment is examined with respect to power output and timing function. Evidence for a causal relationship between ultrasound inaccuracy and machine age, brand, frequency of use and intensity settings is also examined. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify observational studies examining levels of ultrasound machine inaccuracy. Methodological quality was examined using the Sheffield University hierarchy of evidence and a modified version of the McMaster University critical appraisal tool. Data was pooled using the descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage) available in each study. Results: Eighteen studies out of 47 were retained for review. Methodological scores ranged from 2 to 15˙5 (maximum 20). Two thirds of ultrasound machines (64˙6%; SD 23˙2; range 14–100%) were found to produce an inaccurate power input. The average percentage of timers found to be inaccurate was 30˙1 and 22˙6% at 5 and 10 min, respectively. The only variable correlated with level of machine inaccuracy was that of machine age. Discussion: The current review indicates that a significant proportion of ultrasound machines produce inaccurate power outputs or have an inaccurate timing function. This finding has implications for both clinical practice and therapeutic ultrasound research.


Net fences are among the most widespread passive protective measures to mitigate the risk from rockfall events. Despite the current design approach being based on partial safety factors, a more efficient time-dependent reliability approach has been recently introduced by the authors. This method is influenced by various parameters related to the geometry and the kinematics of the block, i.e., the uncertainty related to the distribution of the size of the impacting block, its occurrence probability, and the shape of the right-tail of the distributions of its velocity and trajectory height at the location of the net fence. Furthermore, the block size distribution of the deposit greatly affects the results. The present work focuses on the possible range of such parameters to encompass the great majority of real events. The obtained results are compared with the current design approaches based on fixed partial safety factors. It emerges that the choice of the characteristic mass of the block and the failure probability greatly influence the results. Moreover, if a set of partial safety factors is assigned to different sites, an intrinsic variability in the failure probability has to be accepted. Suggestions for an accurate procedure and future developments are provided.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in young infants. Evidence suggests that cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with significant morbidity following RSV infection. We and others previously demonstrated that airway epithelium is the primary target of RSV infection. However, little is known about the impact of RSV infection on CF airway epithelium. To address this, we established and characterised well-differentiated primary nasal epithelial cell cultures (WD-PNECs) from recently diagnosed CF infants to study RSV cytopathogenesis in CF airway epithelium. CF WD-PNECs were successfully generated from 11 infants and characterised by light and fluorescent microscopy. CF WD-PNECs secreted thick dry apical mucous, consistent with in vivo observations. Extensive cilia coverage was also evident, although cilia beat frequencies appeared lower than those evident in WD-PNECs from healthy neonates. Quantification of goblet and ciliated cells in the CF WD-PNEC cultures were similar to those of healthy cultures. Viral growth kinetics were similar for CF WD-PNECs and healthy WD- PNECs, with peak virus titres evident at 72–96 hpi. CXCL8/IL-8 and CXCL10/IP-10 secretions were upregulated following RSV infection of CF WD-PNECs, while IL-6 secretions did not change. Interestingly, our data suggested that duoxa2 and duox2 expression post-infection were reduced in WD-PNECs from CF compared to healthy infants. Our data suggest that this model provides an exciting opportunity to elucidate the cytopathogenic, inflammatory and molecular consequences of RSV infection of airway epithelium derived from very young CF infants.


This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of anhydrous ammonia (NH3) or urea treatment on the occurrence of fungi in hays of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk, baled and stored with different moisture contents. The following treatments were evaluated: T1= green forage, soon after the harvest; T2= hay with 25% of moisture, with evaluation before baling; T3= hay with 13% of moisture and untreated; T4= hay with 25% of moisture + .5% of NH3 in the DM T5= hay with 25% of moisture + 1% of NH3 in the DM; T6= hay with 25% of moisture + .9% of urea in the DM and T 7= hay with 25% of moisture + 1.8% of urea in the DM. The treated hays stayed under plastic cover during 75 days, and samples were collected soon after the opening of the bales piles,and they were immediately analyzed in the laboratory. Eleven fungi were identified in different treatments, with high incidence of Aspergillus in the untreated hay, in the hay stored with 25% of moisture and treated with .5% NH3. The ammoniation totally reduced the occurrence of Helminthosporium and Nigrospora, but it did not control the occurrence of Cladosposrium and caused the occurrence of Penicillium in large intensity. The occurrence of Epicoccum, Curvularia, Phitomyces and Aspergillus genus were totally controlled by the treatment of hay with 1% of NH3; .9 and 1.8% of urea.


Cables are very important electrical devices that carry power and signals across multiple instruments. Any fault in a cable can easily result in a catastrophic outcome. Therefore, verifying that all cables are built to spec is a very important part of Electrical Integration Procedures. Currently, there are two methods used in lab for verifying cable connectivity. (1) Using a Break-Out Box and an ohmmeter this method is time-consuming but effective for custom cables and (2) Commercial Automated Cable Tester Boxes this method is fast, but to test custom cables often requires pre-programmed configuration files, and cables used on spacecraft are often uniquely designed for specific purposes. The idea is to develop a semi-automatic continuity tester that reduces human effort in cable testing, speeds up the electrical integration process, and ensures system safety. The JPL-Cable Tester Box is developed to check every single possible electrical connection in a cable in parallel. This system indicates connectivity through LED (light emitting diode) circuits. Users can choose to test any pin/shell (test node) with a single push of a button, and any other nodes that are shorted to the test node, even if they are in the same connector, will light up with the test node. The JPL-Cable Tester Boxes offers the following advantages: 1. Easy to use: The architecture is simple enough that it only takes 5 minutes for anyone to learn how operate the Cable Tester Box. No pre-programming and calibration are required, since this box only checks continuity. 2. Fast: The cable tester box checks all the possible electrical connections in parallel at a push of a button. If a cable normally takes half an hour to test, using the Cable Tester Box will improve the speed to as little as 60 seconds to complete. 3. Versatile: Multiple cable tester boxes can be used together. As long as all the boxes share the same electrical potential, any number of connectors can be tested together.


Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a powerful method to estimate high-resolution physical parameters of the subsurface by iteratively minimizing the misfit between the observed and synthetic seismic data. Standard FWI algorithms measure seismic misfit between amplitude-preserved seismic data (true-amplitude FWI). However, in order to mitigate the variations in sources and recording systems acquired on complex geological structures and the physics that cannot be modelled using an approximation of the seismic wave equation, the observed and synthetic seismic data are normalized trace-by-trace and then used to perform FWI. Trace-by-trace normalization removes the amplitude effects related to offset variations and only keeps the phase information. Furthermore, trace-by-trace normalization changes the true amplitude difference because of different normalization factors used for the corresponding synthetic and observed traces. In this paper, we study the performance of true-amplitude FWI and trace-normalized-residual-based FWI in the time domain. The misfit function of trace-normalized-residual-based FWI is defined such that the adjoint source used in gradient calculation is the trace-normalized seismic residual. We compare the two inversion schemes with synthetic seismic data simulated on laterally invariant models and the more complex 2-D Marmousi model. In order to simulate realistic scenarios, we perform the elastic FWI ignoring attenuation to noisy seismic data and to the synthetic data modelled using a viscoelastic modelling scheme. Comparisons of seismic data and adjoint sources show that trace-by-trace normalization increases the magnitude of seismic data at far offsets, which are usually more cycle-skipped than those at near offsets. The inverted results on linear-gradient models demonstrate that trace-by-trace normalization increases the non-linearity of FWI, so an initial model with sufficient accuracy is required to guarantee the convergence to the global minimum. The inverted results and the final seismic residuals computed using seismic data without trace-by-trace normalization demonstrate that true-amplitude FWI provides inverted models with higher accuracy than trace-normalized-residual-based FWI, even when the unknown density is updated using density–velocity relationship in inversion or in the presence of noise and complex physics, such as attenuation.


Stefano Micossi argues in this paper that the Basel framework for bank prudential requirements is deeply flawed and that the Basel III revision has failed to correct these flaws, making the system even more complicated, opaque and open to manipulation. In practice, he finds that the present system does not offer regulators and financial markets a reliable capital standard for banks and its divergent implementation in the main jurisdictions of the European Union and the United States has broken the market into special fiefdoms governed by national regulators in response to untoward special interests. The time is ripe to stop tinkering with minor adjustment and revisions in order to rescue the system, because the system cannot be rescued.

In response to the current situation, Micossi calls for abandoning reference to risk-weighted assets calculated by banks with their internal risk management models for the determination of banks' prudential capital, together with the preoccupation with the asset side of banks in correcting for risk exposure. He suggests that the alternative may be provided by a combination of a straight capital ratio and a properly designed deposit insurance system. It is a logical, complete and much less distortive alternative; it would serve better the cause of financial stability as well as the interest of the banks in clear, transparent and level playing field.


This study explored risk factors associated with episodes of enteric disease in animal waste handlers as occupational hazards in Tanzania. A qualitative survey involving 124 animal waste handlers from Morogoro peri-urban and urban areas was carried out. Large number of respondents (84) had experienced enteric episodes, and among these handlers, 56.0 % had reported this to a health facility while 44.0% had consulted a nearby pharmacyor drug shop. Heaping was the most practiced method of storage or cattle waste (52.4%) and most farmers deposited wastes within living plots (71.0 %). The percentage of handlers who were aware of risks of acquiring enteric episodes in animal waste handlers was low (43.6 %. There was limited awareness of government guideline on handling such wastes (3.2%) and washing hands without soap was found to be the most common health measures taken after handling animal wastes (70.2 %). The handlers who had experienced enteric episodes were found to be those who had little knowledge on occupational hazards ( p=0.000 and OR=20.5 ), limited knowledge on enteric zoonotic pathogens ( p=0.019 and OR = 8.62 ), and experience on handling cattle wastes was statistically associated with enteric episodes ( p=0.000 and OR = 13.5 ). In addition there was a statistical difference in knowledge when the families with cattle were compared to those who not keep cattle ( p= 0.0002 ). This study shows that animal wastes handlers are frequently experiencing enteric diseases, most probably because they are exposed to enteropathogens. Therefore, training on proper measures to handle animal wastes, protect themselves and the environment are urgently needed. Keywords: Peri-urban; Occupational hazards; Episodes; Urban Livestock


This two-part series is an evaluation of the acceptability for thermocompression (TC) bonding of Cu leads having reduced thicknesses of Au-plating at the bond sites. Part I was concerned with initial characterization which made use of recent grain boundary diffusion work in the Cu-Au system. In this second part, long term reliability is considered where use is made of recent work in volume interdiffusion in the Cu-Au system. Three properties are evaluated: 1) Long term reliability based on accelerated aging of bonded leads; 2) temperature cycling; and 3) cyclic 45° bend fatigue. Results of these evaluations are the following. 1) A lifetime of greater than 40 years at 50° C is predicted for Cu leads with as little as 0.7 µm Au-plating. This conclusion was reached using volume interdiffusion as the rate controlling mechanism for the observed decrease in strengths. The same conclusion was reached from a statistical analysis of the lifetime data without making recourse to a physical model for the degradation. 2) No degradation in bond strength was observed for up through 300 temperature cycles between -40 and +150°C. 3) Cyclic 45° bend fatigue of the bonded leads was not affected by the Au-plating thicknesses studied. In summary, when the results of both parts are combined, the overall conclusion is that oxygen-free Cu leads plated with as little as 0.7 µm Au are judged acceptable for TC bonding.


A new frequency coding method is proposed and experimentally demonstrated that employs a phase modulator driven by sequential radio frequency and a synchronously controlled acoustooptic modulator to generate time division multiplexing probe pulses for coherent optical time domain reflectometry (C-OTDR). Each probe pulse contains two probe frequencies that are symmetrical regarding the frequency of local oscillator (LO). Heterodyne between the backscattered Rayleigh light of the dual frequency probe pulse and LO generates the same intermediate frequency. Experimental results show that the new C-OTDR, using ten frequency-coded probe pulses, brings an 8.0-dB dynamic range enhancement, compared with conventional C-OTDR.


Evidence for Health: From Patient Choice to Global Policy is a practical guide to evidence-informed decision-making. It provides health practitioners and policy-makers with a broad overview of how to improve health and reduce health inequities, as well as the tools needed to make informed decisions that will have a positive influence on health. Chapters address questions such as: What are the major threats to health? What are the causes of poor health? What works to improve health? How do we know that it works? What are the barriers to implementation? What are the measures of success? The book provides an algorithm for arriving at evidence-informed decisions that take into consideration the multiple contextual factors and value judgements involved. Written by a specialist in public health with a wealth of international experience, this user-friendly guide demystifies the decision-making process, from personal decisions made by individual patients to global policy decisions.


"REASONABLE TACT AND DIPLOMACY": DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN NORTH AMERICA, 1890-1950 Lisa M. Cox Advisor: University of Guelph, 2013 Professor Stuart McCook This dissertation is an investigation of bovine tuberculosis eradication in Canada and the United States from the beginning of formal intervention in the early 1890s to 1950. A zoonotic disease, capable of passing from animals to humans, Bovine tuberculosis emerged as a significant public health and livestock health issue in the late nineteenth century. Eradicating bovine tuberculosis, therefore, came on two fronts; suppressing and managing the disease in livestock, and preventing diseased livestock products from human consumption. Using the jurisdictions of Ontario and New York State, this study details bovine tuberculosis legislation over the roughly sixty years it took to successfully suppress and manage the disease. Particular attention is directed towards the formation, practice, and transformation of policy on both sides of the border, the public and livestock health implications of the disease, and the role of the state and veterinary medicine in disease intervention and management. This work complements and builds upon studies produced by scholars such as Olmstead and Rhode, Jones, and Jenkins, who have adopted various approaches to the history of bovine tuberculosis. In particular, by placing bovine tuberculosis intervention in New York State and Ontario alongside one another, key contrasts are observed in the structure of authority for disease control, competing ideas about the nature and implications of the disease, and the policies that resulted. Over time, distinct programs practiced on either side of the border grew into similar, widespread national testing programs with compensation for livestock owners. This study will explore the tremendous collaboration between Canada and the United States in terms of bovine tuberculosis thinking and practice that saw management efforts unfold, and shed light on an underexplored body of individuals who were critical to the suppression and management of not only bovine tuberculosis, but a host of other infectious diseases: veterinarians. Veterinarians such as John G. Rutherford of Canada and Veranus Moore of the United States were central to the formation, practice and transformation of bovine tuberculosis policy in the early twentieth century. It would be through these individuals that the power of the state would meet the disease on the ground. Bovine tuberculosis, despite the fanfare that surrounded the scientific understanding of it discovered in the nineteenth century, was not a disease suppressed and managed through a dramatic intervention of science, but a steady and dedicated intervention of the state. It was bureaucratic innovation, not necessarily scientific innovation that saw this disease successfully brought under control.


Cockle (Cerastoderma edule) growth has not been studied a lot yet and the current approach of counting external ridges in order to make age estimation is limited. Nevertheless, growth is a key parameter for the monitoring of bivalve populations, which are heavily exploited in French estuaries. This morphometric study is based on the analysis of cockles shells collected in the Bay of Somme. This site, which has an area of 70 km², is located in the eastern Channel in the north of France, and is one of the most important French cockles fields. This analysis is part of a study of the dynamic of cockles stocks in the Bay of Somme, which shows sharp inter-annual abundance fluctuations. High-resolution pictures analysis were performed with the TNPC software (Digital Processing for Calcified Structures) on both valves in order to measure the following parameters : length, width and area, with a 1.10-4 millimeter accuracy. Also, the weight of each valve was measured too with a 0.1 mg precision. Crossed analysis of these four parameters allow quantifying the difference which may exist between left and right valves. In a second time, internal increments census after thin slicing and polishing allow estimating cockles age with a resolution of a day at least. After age validation through the internal increments, the statistical modeling (GLM), based on external morphometric data, will be calibrated. This will enable to avoid having to study increments in the future. Furthermore, the coupling of a growth study with environmental parameters acquisition at an adequate frequency could supply some clues to the strong abundance variations of cockles, noticed in the Bay of Somme, and so, will constitute a tool for management in this sector.


Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that record brain signals and then classify them to generate computer commands. Keeping a minimal number of channels (electrodes) is essential for developing portable BCIs. Unlike existing methods choosing channels without optimization of time segment for classification, this work proposes a novel subject-specific channel selection method based on a criterion derived from Fisher's discriminant analysis to realize the parametrization of both time segment and channel positions. The experimental results show that the method can efficiently reduce the number of channels (from 118 channels to no more than 11), and shorten the training time, without a significant decrease of classification accuracy on a standard dataset.


The speed gap between processors and DRAM remains a critical performance bottleneck for contemporary computer systems, which necessitates an effective management of last level caches (LLC) to minimize expensive off-chip accesses. However, because all sets in a conventional set-associative cache design are statically assigned an equal number of blocks, the LLC capacity utilization can drastically diminish when the cache actually exhibits nonuniform capacity demands across the sets. To reveal the wide existence of set-level non-uniformity of capacity demand in real applications, this technical report first establishes an accurate metric for measuring individual sets' capacity demands by developing a group of mathematical models. Then, the report presents a lastlevel cache design called COSET (COoperative SET) L2 cache that identifies the capacity needs of individual sets based on the new metric, dynamically couples two sets with complementary capacity demands, and enables the set with a higher resource demand to utilize the capacity of its coupled set to reduce conflict misses. Our simulation study on 6 selected SPEC CPU 2000 benchmarks shows that the COSET L2 cache achieves a MPKI of as low as 0.383 and 0.781 on average normalized to the standard LRU cache, outperforming the state-of-the-art approach SBC that has the best and average performance results of 0.585 and 0.867 respectively.


There is evidence to suggest that GPs experience significant difficulties associated with lack of support from, and communication with, hospital and other specialists in palliative care. The establishment of cancer and palliative care facilitator schemes by Macmillan Cancer Relief reflects these current concerns very clearly. This paper presents some of the findings from the first phase of an evaluation of one such GP facilitator scheme in the Welsh county of Powys. It examines the perceptions and expectations of GP facilitator post-holders during the first year of the facilitator scheme, based upon data gathered from qualitive interviews conducted on three separate occasions. The picture that emerges from the first year of this facilitator project is broadly a positive one. Facilitators have tailored their roles to fit in with and augment the practices with which they deal. Attitudes vary, but their goals of facilitation and education appear similar. Themain challenges facing post-holders is that of being aware of the possible existence of professional rivalries whilst developing their role in ways which do not encroach upon the territories of long-established colleagues.


Purpose: This research develops a model to improve the quality and freshness of sold vegetables through a funding program between farmers and retailers. Through this program, retailers who are interested in the distribution of first quality vegetables provide funds to farmers to increase their production this type of vegetables through the acquisition of new machinery, technology, or training.Design/methodology/approach: The problem is solved through a multi-objective mathematical programming model that simultaneously optimizes the supply chain profits, the waste of vegetables, the economic unfairness among farmers, the unfairness in the distribution of funds, and the freshness of sold vegetables. The ?-constraint method is used to obtain several non-dominated solutions to the problem after linearizing the non-lineal equations related to the unfairness objectives.Findings: Results show that it is possible to improve the indicators related to the vegetable waste, the economic unfairness, the unfairness in the distribution of funds and the freshness of vegetables while maintaining similar to optimal profits for the supply chain. Interesting trade-offs between the five objectives are identified, which can be used by supply chain members to select the most appropriate solution to be implemented in the real supply chain.Originality/value: This research models aspects relevant to the agri-food sector that have not been previously modelled for the problem under study. The main novelties of this paper are the consideration of the limited shelf life of the vegetables as well as the requirement of ensuring a minimum freshness at the moment of their sale, the price dependence on the quality and freshness of vegetables, the optimization of vegetable waste and the freshness of vegetables sold, as well as the joint optimization of the five previously defined objectives.


Abstract. The paper describes the final step of the Baratti in 3D project, aimed at the dissemination of the important archaeological heritage of the Etruscan city of Populonia (Tuscany, Italy). The chain of "data metrical surveying – 2D and 3D representation – communication" has been applied on the "Princes's tombs" of the monumental necropolis of San Cerbone and its finds to provide a detailed description of their context, workmanship, morphological characteristics and materials to realize the virtual recreation. The preservation of the finds from the excavations in two different museums far from the archaeological area (the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze and the Museo Archeologico del Territorio di Populonia, in Piombino) makes the understanding of the original context very difficult for visitors. Thus the "Baratti in 3D Project" has been conceived in order to document the tombs, their finds and produce the "virtual match" showing in its entirety the environmental and architectural provenance and material ritual context and in order to display in innovative visual approach this archaeological heritage. To complement the interactive platform, as a physical fallout of this project has been realized "A museum in every sense", a permanent exhibition in the Museo Archeologico del Territorio di Populonia.


Background Subclinical antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR) has been characterized in serial biopsies from presensitized recipients but has not been systematically studied in conventional renal transplants. Methods We evaluated 1101 consecutive kidney transplant biopsies (400 surveillance biopsies [SBx] and 701 for cause biopsies [FCBx]) with concurrent donor-specific antibody (DSA) studies, C4d staining, and ultrastructural examination. Results A comparison of AMR-related features (DSA and DSA class, C4d staining, and microvascular injury) demonstrated that these were qualitatively and quantitatively associated with each other and with graft dysfunction. A major difference between SBx and FCBx was that the complete AMR phenotype was more common in FCBx. Among SBx, 8.5% showed complete or incomplete AMR with predominance of an incomplete phenotype (according to the Banff schema, these were acute AMR [23.5%], chronic active AMR [14.7%], suspicious for acute AMR [41.1%], suspicious for chronic active AMR [2.9%], and only microvascular injury insufficient to consider AMR [17.5%]). Persistence or worsening of AMR in a subsequent biopsy occurred in 38.2% of cases independently of the strength of AMR findings in the first biopsy (e.g., progression to chronic AMR occurred also in cases with suspicious or nondiagnostic findings). Temporal progression from subclinical to clinically evident AMR is consistent with the fact that, overall, the biopsies with incomplete phenotype (DSA±C4d) occurred between 14.52 and 20.86 months, whereas the complete phenotype occurred much later (36.71 months). Conclusion An accurate diagnostic interpretation of the potentially important but incomplete, subclinical, AMR phenotype represents a serious challenge that may impact clinical management.


Multichannel seismic data collected off Wilkes Land (East Antarctica) reveal four main units that represent distinct phases in the evolution of the Cenozoic depositional environment. A Cretaceous synrift succession is overlain by hemipelagic and distal terrigenous sequences deposited during Phase 1. Sediment ridges and debris-flow deposits mark the transition to Phase 2. Unit 3 records the maximum sediment input from the continent and is characterized by the predominance of turbidite deposits. During Phase 4 the sediment supply from the continental margin was reduced, and draping and filling were the dominant processes on the continental rise. Unit 4 also contains the deposits of sediment wave fields and asymmetric channel-levee systems. These four units are a response to the Cenozoic evolution of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. During Phase 1, small ice caps were formed in the innermost continental areas. The ice volume increased under temperate glacial regimes during Phases 2 and 3, when large volumes of melt-water production led to high sediment discharge to the continental rise. Change to a polar regime occurred through Phase 4, when a thick prograding wedge developed on the continental shelf and slope and the sediment transport to the rise diminished, producing general starvation conditions.


Green and Bavelier (2003) provided evidence to indicate a relationship between regular video-game playing and improved attentional skills. This study attempted to replicate the findings of Green and Bavelier (2003) and extend this work by examining the impact of regular video-game playing on attention, executive function and short-term memory. It was predicted that expert and trained novice video-gamers would show superior performance across all of the attention tasks compared to control participants, replicating the results of Green and Bavelier (2003). It was further predicted that these group differences would be apparent on measures of executive function and short-term memory if regularly playing video-games impacts on higher-order cognitive processes. The results of the study provided some evidence of a relationship between video-game playing and cognitive processes. The implications of video-game playing and cognition will be discussed.


Infrastructure is currently a much discussed notion in the field of landscape architecture. It regards the entire urban and rural space as a network that calls for an integrated planning approach. Natural and man-made infrastructures are viewed as forming a single, overarching whole. The book examines this new and ecologically sustainable approach with essays by well-known experts in the field. It also documents thirteen international examples. The Infrastructure Research Initiative is part of the SWA Group, which was founded in 1957 by Peter Walker and Hideo Sasaki and has since developed into one of the largest and most important landscape planning agencies in the United States. Among the projects of the firm that have captured international attention are the technologically innovative roof domes for Renzo Piano's California Academy of Science in San Francisco ( 2008 ), which were planted with indigenous flora.


Abstract Background: Despite not being licensed for human consumption, the Internet has triggered renewed, widespread interest and availability of 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP). DNP, a cellular metabolic poison, causes thermogenesis resulting in fat burning and weight loss. Whilst extensively available for purchase online, research on user experiences of DNP is limited. Methods: A netnographic approach was used to describe user experiences of DNP via online public websites. Public websites discussing DNP were identified and a purposeful sample selected. Discussion threads were downloaded and a textual qualitative analysis conducted. Four themes containing 71 categories were generated. Results: There exists a plethora of communal folk pharmacological advice and recommendations for DNP manufacture and use, together with associated harms and outcomes. The efficacy and untoward effects of DNP were described and discussed alongside the notion that DNP should only be used by experienced bodybuilders. Dosage and regimes for optimal use were also described. Conclusion: This unique study provides a rich examination of the knowledge, attitudes, and motivations of DNP users, illustrating the significant role of online public websites in sharing information. Further understanding of DNP users and the online communities in which they reside is warranted to facilitate engagement and formulate appropriate and effective policy responses.


Karyotype of Corchorus aestuans L. was investigated with differential staining, viz . orcein, CMA and DAPI. In addition, activities of three isozyme system namely, esterase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase were studied to obtain specific molecular markers. This species was found to possess 2n = 14 metacentric chromosomes. In this species, three terminal CMA-bands appeared of which two in chromosome pairs I and the rest in a member of chromosome pair VI. Two thick DAPI-positive terminal bands were found in pair II and III. These two chromosomes showed deep CMA-negative bands at the terminal regions where DAPIpositive bands were found. Moreover, one member of pair VII fluoresced entirely with DAPI whereas an interstitial DAPI band occurred in its homologue. Five esterase, one peroxidase and two acid phosphatase bands were observed in this species. These isozyme bands were very stable and species specific. Therefore, differential fluorescent chromosome banding and isozyme assay were found to produce characteristic cytogenetical and molecular markers in C. aestuans. Key words: Fluorascent banding; Isozyme assay; Corchorus aestuans DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i1.7997 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40 (1): 47-52, 2011 (June)


Abstract, In 1964, Yoko Ono performed Cut Piece in New York's Carnegie Hall. This performance art involved Ono sitting on a bare wood stage wearing dark stockings, a dress, and a cardigan. She sat still while largely white male and female members of the audience approached her and one by one cut off a piece of her clothing with a pair of scissors. In the years since Cut Piece was performed, it has attained a nearly mythic quality among feminist art historians; while Ono herself has not always embraced Cut Piece's illumination of sexual and racial violence, many art critics have recognized its capacity to express important aspects of sexual and racial violation that go unrecognized in legal and civil discourse. In this paper, I limn Cut Piece's relevance to a gendered and raced problem that law often confronts when a woman has experienced a sexual violation, but did not resist, did not complain during or afterwards, appears to have "invited it," and otherwise does not conform to the stereotype of what Susan Estrich has described as a "real rape" victim. I study Cut Piece in relationship to mainstream legal responses to sexual violation that occurs in this context, as well as feminist and intersectional and anti-essentialist approaches. I also examine the important relationship that exists between law, art, and feminist legal theory. In the end, I conclude that Cut Piece is resonant with intersectional, anti-essentialist, and radical feminist approaches to sexual violations that exhibit Cut Piece's complex dynamics: While the law does not now recognize these violations as illegal, these theories and Cut Piece together offer a new pathway toward understanding the connections between race and sexual violation.


- Formal methods play an important role in increasing the quality, reliability, robustness and effectiveness of software. Also the uses of formal methods, especially in safety-critical systems, help in the early detection of software errors and failures which will reduce the cost and effort involved in software testing.
The aim of this paper is to prove the role and the effectiveness of formal specification for the cruise control system (CCS) as a case study. A CCS formal model is built using Perfect formal specification language, and its correctness is validated using the Perfect Developer toolset. We develop a software testing tool in order to generate test cases using three different algorithms. These test cases are evaluated to improve their coverage and effectiveness. The results show that random test case generation with full restriction algorithm is the best in its coverage results; the average of the path coverage is 77.78% and the average of the state coverage is 100%. Finally, our experimental results show that Perfect formal specification language is appropriate to specify CCS which is one of the most safety-critical software systems, so the process of detecting all future possible cases becomes easier.


In visual robot self-localization, graph-based scene representation and matching have recently attracted research interest as robust and discriminative methods for selflocalization. Although effective, their computational and storage costs do not scale well to large-size environments. To alleviate this problem, we formulate self-localization as a graph classification problem and attempt to use the graph convolutional neural network (GCN) as a graph classification engine. A straightforward approach is to use visual feature descriptors that are employed by state-of-the-art self-localization systems, directly as graph node features. However, their superior performance in the original self-localization system may not necessarily be replicated in GCN-based self-localization. To address this issue, we introduce a novel teacher-to-student knowledge-transfer scheme based on rank matching, in which the reciprocal-rank vector output by an off-the-shelf state-of-the-art teacher self-localization model is used as the dark knowledge to transfer. Experiments indicate that the proposed graph-convolutional self-localization network can significantly outperform state-of-the-art self-localization systems, as well as the teacher classifier.


Recent work with HTS SQUIDs in nondestructive evaluation has concentrated on the detection of flaws in aircraft-grade aluminum, with particular emphasis on surface-breaking tears beside rivets. More complex materials are now also being used in aircraft manufacture, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) being one of the most common. Existing technologies such as ultrasound are particularly well suited to the detection of impact-damaged sites and until now there have only been a few reports of eddy current examination of CFRP samples. Here we present results on samples with regions of heat damage, impact damage and with nonmagnetic inserts using eddy current detection techniques. We compare the signal to noise ratio and spatial resolution for a variety of sensors including HTS SQUIDs and gradiometers and conventional induction coils, and discuss variations in detection efficiency with field component measured.


Building Information Modelling (BIM) is considered an innovation for construction, with the potential to digitise various construction processes. Being an innovation, it affects and is affected by organisational aspects. At the same time, innovations are better observed at a project level. This study connects intraand interorganisational levels mobilised during BIM implementation. To explore the relation between BIM motivation and capabilities within firms and BIM implementation in projects, three case studies are analysed through the theoretical lens of loosely coupled systems. The results showed that despite the fact that the firms had strong external or internal BIM motivations and visions, at a network level, they rarely coordinated to support BIM implementation. To this end, the multi-actor networks of projects where firms were motivated by 'internal' drivers (e.g. quality assurance) for adopting BIM implemented BIM in a more collaborative and flexible way. On the contrary, networks of firms that were driven to BIM to comply with 'external' demand (e.g. macroscopic market pressures or client demand), were largely rigid and competitive during BIM implementation and did not allow for knowledge transfer. Drawing upon the empirical data other factors affecting mature BIM implementation and in need for further inter-organisational alignment were corporate compatibility, inter-firm knowledge mobility, and power dynamics among firms.


ABSTRACT Dermacentor andersoni and Dermacentor variabilis from allopatric and sympatric populations near their northern distributional limits were examined for the presence of Francisella species using molecular techniques that targeted 373 bp of the 16S rRNA gene. Although there was no evidence for the presence of Francisella tularensis in any tick, Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLEs) were common in D. andersoni and D. variabilis adults and immatures. A significantly greater proportion of female ticks contained FLEs compared to male ticks. In addition, significantly more D. variabilis adult individuals contained multiple FLE sequence types than did D. andersoni adults. Ten different types of FLEs were identified based on the sequence data, which has implications for diagnostic tests and epidemiological studies of F. tularensis in tick populations in Canada. The three most prevalent types of FLEs have been detected previously in D. andersoni or D. variabilis from other parts of their distributional ranges, whereas the other seven FLE types have not been reported previously. A comparison of the FLEs from both allopatric and sympatric populations of these two tick species provided insight into the relative host-specificity and the modes of transmission of these tick-borne bacteria. In general, each FLE type was specific for one tick species, suggesting vertical transmission of each bacterium. However, there were a few instances of potential cross-transfer of two FLE types to the other tick species at locations where D. andersoni and D. variabilis occurred in sympatry, suggesting that there may be occasional horizontal transmission of some FLEs.


BACKGROUND
The uptake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into the liver, gut mucosa, and tumor tissue and plasma levels after preoperative administration of supplemented enteral nutrition was investigated in patients with malignancies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incorporation of preoperatively administrated PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into cell phospholipids.

METHODS
Patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery (n = 40) were prospectively randomized to receive a PUFA-supplemented liquid oral diet 5 days preoperatively or an isocaloric control diet. The planned diet intake was 1000 mL/d providing 3.7 g of PUFA. The diet was given in addition to the usual hospital diet. The phospholipid fractions in plasma were analyzed on the day of surgery. Tissue samples of liver, gut mucosa (small intestine), and tumor were taken during surgery and homogenized. EPA and DHA content was analyzed using liquid gas chromatography.

RESULTS
Both patient groups (PUFA group: n = 20; control group: n = 20) were similar in age, weight, and surgical procedures. As compared with the control group, the PUFA group had significantly increased levels of EPA in liver tissue (0.4 vs 1.3 weight %), gut mucosa (0.3 vs 1.0 weight %), and tumor tissue (0.3 vs 0.8 weight %). Also, the DHA levels in the PUFA group were significantly higher than the control group: liver tissue (4.1 vs 7.5 weight %), gut mucosa (2.1 vs 3.7 weight %) and tumor tissue (1.9 vs 4.2 weight %).

CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that administration of PUFA-enriched diets leads to increased incorporation of EPA and DHA not only in liver and gut mucosa tissue, but also in tumor tissue in patients with solid gastrointestinal tumors. Thus, preoperative administration of oral PUFA-enriched diets could have an impact on the postoperative inflammatory response after major abdominal surgery.


In February 2012, Yemen's revolutionary movement achieved its first victory: the removal of President Ali Abdullah Saleh. However, the co-option of the movement by Yemen's key powerbrokers, regional insurgencies and daunting economic challenges threaten to squander the opportunity to repair Yemen's failing social contract. Stabilisation efforts, though indispensible, must not come at the expense of a democratic and civic state.


The Financial Accounting Standards Board has recently adopted Statement No. 106 providing accounting rules for nonpension postretirement benefits. This change presents a complex series of design, funding and tax issues that will forever change the way employers view the offering of postretirement benefits. Careful analysis of these issues within the specific context of each employer's human resources and financial strategy will be needed to select the proper course of action for dealing with this new accounting statement.


We consider a resource-constrained project scheduling problem with respect to the makespan minimization criterion. The problem accounts for technological constraints of activities precedence together with resource constraints. Activities preemptions are not allowed. The problem with renewable resources is NP-hard in the strong sense. We propose an exact branch and bound algorithm for solving the problem with renewable resources. It uses our new branching scheme based on the representation of a schedule in form of the activity list. We use two approaches of constructing the lower bound. We present results of numerical experiments, illustrating the quality of the proposed lower bounds. The test instances are taken from the library of test instances


Ovarian cancer (OC) displays the highest mortality among gynecological tumors, mainly due to early peritoneal dissemination, the high frequency of tumor relapse following primary debulking and the development of chemoresistance. All these events are thought to be initiated and sustained by a subpopulation of neoplastic cells, termed ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC), that are endowed with self-renewing and tumor-initiating properties. This implies that interfering with OCSC function should offer novel therapeutic perspectives to defeat OC progression. To this aim, a better understanding of the molecular and functional makeup of OCSC in clinically relevant model systems is essential. We have profiled the transcriptome of OCSC vs. their bulk cell counterpart from a panel of patient-derived OC cell cultures. This revealed that Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), classically known as a calcification-preventing factor in cartilage and blood vessels, is markedly enriched in OCSC. Functional assays showed that MGP confers several stemness-associated traits to OC cells, including a transcriptional reprogramming. Patient-derived organotypic cultures pointed to the peritoneal microenvironment as a major inducer of MGP expression in OC cells. Furthermore, MGP was found to be necessary and sufficient for tumor initiation in OC mouse models, by shortening tumor latency and increasing dramatically the frequency of tumor-initiating cells. Mechanistically, MGP-driven OC stemness was mediated by the stimulation of Hedgehog signaling, in particular through the induction of the Hedgehog effector GLI1, thus highlighting a novel MGP/Hedgehog pathway axis in OCSC. Finally, MGP expression was found to correlate with poor prognosis in OC patients, and was increased in tumor tissue after chemotherapy, supporting the clinical relevance of our findings. Thus, MGP is a novel driver in OCSC pathophysiology, with a major role in stemness and in tumor initiation.


We transform traditional experience writing into in-situ voice-based multimedia authoring. Documenting experiences digitally in blogs and journals is a common activity that allows people to socially connect with others by sharing their experiences (e.g. travelogue). However, documenting such experiences can be time-consuming and cognitively demanding as it is typically done OUT-OF-CONTEXT (after the actual experience). We propose in-situ voice-based multimedia authoring (IVA), an alternative workflow to allow IN-CONTEXT experience documentation. Unlike the traditional approach, IVA encourages in-context content creations using voice-based multimedia input and stores them in multi-modal "snippets". The snippets can be rearranged to form multimedia articles and can be published with light copy-editing. To improve the output quality from impromptu speech, Q&A scaffolding was introduced to guide the content creation. We implement the IVA workflow in an android application, LiveSnippets - and qualitatively evaluate it under three scenarios (travel writing, recipe creation, product review). Results demonstrated that IVA can effectively lower the barrier of writing with acceptable trade-offs in multitasking.


Abstract This study reviews commercial real estate leases as one transaction form to finance corporate capital assets. Credit risk is common to leases and debt as substitute transactions; but the two credit forms generate different transaction costs and agency conflicts, and thus differential pricing. Causal relationships resulting in explicit options in leases reflect complex agency considerations, which complicate the application of current option pricing principles to value the options. In general, it seems as if lease pricing phenomena are poorly researched. This article aims to identify where more narrowly demarcated research could assist in unraveling lease pricing behavior. There is little doubt that the priority in real estate investment research over the last three decades has been to progress the understanding of the behavior of real estate as an asset class within developments in capital market theory. In all, the pursuit of this priority has indeed generated a large body of theoretical and empirical research that has achieved this aim, notwithstanding the continuing data problems experienced by all seeking to unravel the fundamental questions related to real estate investment. Despite the progress in capital market theory-inspired research into real estate, research into real estate economics and finance at the asset level has been neglected, and in effect this neglect may have delayed the introduction of the same capital market theory into real estate investment analysis at the asset level-where it is equally relevant. One such area that has been overlooked is the nature of commercial real estate leases as financial investments. Another neglected area is the contribution of a portfolio of leases to total returns and the risk of an asset over a holding period. For example, when commercial real estate investments are viewed as being a two-part portfolio, namely the lease portfolio and the asset residual, it is clear that leases pose a problem of valuation, portfolio construction and portfolio management, similar to a portfolio of loan contracts to a bank. It may thus seem that an analysis of the underlying financial contract-the leases-in a more disaggregated and theoretically rigorous manner has been neglected, particularly when compared to the body of work on debt contracts. Indeed, Sirmans and Miller (1997) state that although real estate investment analysis is fundamentally about lease valuation, much less is understood about leases as financial instruments, for example, than about mortgages. A range of practical benefits may flow from concerted and systematic research into leases. Better financial data on term and risk structure of lease returns could allow better structuring of target lease portfolios for investors in single multi-tenanted and/ or portfolios of multi-tenanted properties, and facilitate the application of risk management practices used elsewhere in the financial sector to commercial real estate investment. For example, Sirmans and Miller (1997) point out that institutional investors with access to detailed lease-by-lease data could develop a better profile of the riskiness of a lease portfolio and the risk added by major new leases or various types of lease clauses under consideration (such as options). Furthermore, identification and isolation of the influence of leases on asset price behavior may allow fine demarcation of research to unravel the dynamics of commercial real estate asset price movements and thus risks to lenders' collateral. Often-used proxies for riskiness of rental income in the analysis of real estate investments, such as comparable bond ratings for lessee quality, may also be replaced with information that reflects economic and financial risks that are specific to leases rather than to assume that leases and debt contracts may be treated as substitutes. There may also be potential improvements in real estate investment performance evaluation from a better understanding of lease portfolio structures as suggested by Turner and Thomas (2000). …


Wind power generation exhibits a strong temporal variability, which is crucial for system integration in highly renewable power systems. Different methods exist to simulate wind power generation but they often cannot represent the crucial temporal fluctuations properly. We apply the concept of additive binary Markov chains to model a wind generation time series consisting of two states: periods of high and low wind generation. The only input parameter for this model is the empirical autocorrelation function. The two-state model is readily extended to stochastically reproduce the actual generation per period. To evaluate the additive binary Markov chain method, we introduce a coarse model of the electric power system to derive backup and storage needs. We find that the temporal correlations of wind power generation, the backup need as a function of the storage capacity, and the resting time distribution of high and low wind events for different shares of wind generation can be reconstructed.


In Germany the foreign born population is made up of foreigners and so called "ethnic Germans" who migrated from eastern European countries to Germany. While the first group is confronted with problems arising from the typical German concept of ethnicity and citizenship, the latter are entitled to a German passport immediately after crossing the border. About one half of the immigrants who entered Germany since 1984 are ethnic Germans. Thus, any analysis of the living conditions of immigrant children in comparison to native born German children must take into account the heterogeneity of immigrants in Germany as well as the respective institutional settings. Throughout the last decade the financial situation of children in Germany has been marked by increasing problems: in 1997 the population share of children living in households receiving welfare payments was about twice as high as the respective share for the entire population. Poverty head count rates (based on a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median equivalent income) clearly increased over this period from about 10 percent to more than 15 percent in 1996. The central aim of this paper is to analyze differences between native and foreign children within this process. Our comparative analyses are based on the different sub-samples of the German Socio- Economic Panel Study (GSOEP). With respect to non-monetary as well as monetary indicators there are - although the German transfer system is strong - remarkable differences in living conditions between native born German children and those born to immigrants and foreigners. On average we find that children in Germany to have lost out in terms of their relative income position over the period 1985/86 to 1995/96, thus pushing the need for targeted social policy. This should cover targeted financial transfers as well as an improvement of day care for children. Although there are some signs of improvement concerning the integration process of foreigners' children over this period, the majority of this group still lives in rather poor conditions. There is no formal "discrimination" of immigrant children by the German school system. But due to the strong intergenerational correlation of educational attainment it is a problem that the educational level of immigrant parents as well as of foreign parents living in Germany is still clearly below the population average, although there are some signs of improvement. As a result of the low educational level of their parents we find children born to immigrants and foreigners in Germany to be on less favorable educational tracks more often than native born German children. The long-term problem arising from this will be a persistently high share of rather poorly qualified persons in the future work force, who will face severe labor market problems and as such will be a problem for the German economy as a whole. In other words: the German educational system -- including pre-school, school and vocational training -- needs to provide equal opportunities to all children regardless of their social background. If necessary, there should be additional incentives for children born to immigrants and foreigners to overcome language disadvantages.


In economies with multi-level governments, why would a change in the fiscal rule of a government in one level lead to a fiscal response by a government in a different level? The literature focused primarily on the standard common-pool problem, while giving little attention to the potential role of complementarity or substitutability (CS) between the public goods supplied by the two governments. This paper fills this gap by focusing on the latter channel. First, we illustrate its potential key role in determining the sign of the vertical reaction through a generic model of vertical fiscal interactions. Second, we propose a novel strategy for identifying it, by considering an empirical design that confines the common-pool channel to specific locations. We implement this design through a quasi-natural experiment: the 1980 U.S. Crude Oil Windfall Act, which increased federal tax collections from sale of crude oil, thereby affecting the tax base of oil rich states specifically. This latter feature enables attributing the vertical fiscal reactions of the remaining states to the CS channel. Following this strategy, via a difference-in-differences approach, we decompose the sources of the vertical fiscal reactions arising from this federal tax change and find that those attributed to the CS channel: (i) account for approximately 38% of the overall vertical fiscal response; (ii) point at complementarity between state and federal public goods, most notably in transportation and welfare expenditures; (iii) are manifested primarily via changes in states' sales and income taxation.


U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration Introduction holds increased from 2.2 million in Researchers, public policy makers, 1970, to 2.3 million in 1980, to 3.3 and the media first began to notice million in 1992. In 1970, a little an increase in the number of grandover 3 percent of all children under children living in grandparentage 18 were living in a home maintained households in the early maintained by their grandparents 1990s. The Census Bureau's (Figure 1). By 1992, this Current Population Report, Marital percentage had increased to Status and Living Arrangements: nearly 5 percent. More recent data March 1992, noted that the show that this trend has continued. number of children under 18 living in In 1997, 3.9 million children were grandparent-maintained houseliving in homes maintained by their grandparents — 5.5 percent of all children under 18. Substantial increases have occurred in the number of children living in households maintained by grandparents regardless of the presence or absence of the grandchildren's parents. Between 1970 and 1992, these increases were greatest among children with only one parent in the household. Between 1992 and 1997, the greatest growth has occurred among grandchildren living with grandparents with no parent present. The increase in grandchildren in these "skipped generation" living arrangements has been attributed to the growth in drug use among parents, teen pregnancy, divorce, the rapid rise of single-parent households, mental and physical illness, AIDS, crime, child abuse and neglect, and incarceration of parents.


The tubular technique for economical production of Nb3Sn material with large numbers of subelements is being explored further by Supergenics I LLC and Hyper Tech Research Inc. The number of subelements has been raised to 271 (246 + 25) by increasing the size at which the restacking is carried out. The product exhibited no fabrication problems and was drawn down and tested at a wire diameter of 0.42 mm, where the subelements are 18 mum in diameter. Heat treatment of a 271 subelement restack has been varied and a pre heat treatment of 48 h at 575degC followed by long times at 635degC has been shown to be advantageous. Restacks with 217 subelements have been subjected to both compositional and heat treatment changes and the best results, closely approaching those found on PIT materials, have been found on samples given 500 h at 625degC.


This is the fourth volume in the series of books on the Southeast Asian water environment. The most important articles presented at the Sixth and Seventh International Symposiums on Southeast Asian Water Environment have been selected for this book. It covers water environment management, biological and physico-chemical processes in water and wastewater treatment, monitoring approaches, and water related health issues. This publication is the result of building an academic network among researchers of related fields from different regions to exchange information.

This book will be an invaluable source of information for researchers, policy makers, NGOs, NPOs, and those who are concerned with achieving global sustainability within the water environment in developing regions.

This title belongs to Southeast Asian Water Environment Series .

ISBN: 9781843393627 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780401539 (eBook)