AIM
To investigate factors that influenced nutritional care provided in two different types of residential care settings.

METHODS
The study used qualitative methods, including focus group interviews with relevant staff members, individual interviews with managers and residents of the care homes and their informal carers, observation of food preparation and mealtimes throughout the day and analysis of appropriate documents.

FINDINGS
Data were analysed thematically, and this article describes one of the four main themes that emerged: the relationship between social context and residents' eating and drinking experiences.

CONCLUSION
Greater understanding of the sociocultural context of eating and drinking in residential care settings may be used to inform nursing practice in relation to meeting older people's nutritional needs in other settings.


With his striking and dominant stick figures, Keith Haring emerged as the shooting star of the New York art scene in the '80s. His images, which range from comical to socially and politically critical, exude an energy and dynamic that is fascinating and universal today. Especially Haring's sketches demonstrate his ability to create powerful statements with clear-cut lines and reduced figures.


Understanding the reciprocal interactions between animal behavior and other inter-related systems such as physiology, morphology, ecology, and evolution has been called a "Grand Challenge" for organismal biology. Behavior offers two unique contributions to our understanding of organism response to environmental change: 1) behavior is a rapid and reversible response, and 2) organisms can directly influence their surrounding environment, and thus the stimuli their physiological and morphological systems are exposed to, by "choosing" their environment. My dissertation utilizes the temperate octopus Octopus bimaculatus to understand the reciprocal interactions between behavior and ecology in a human-altered landscape. I use a combination of animal population surveys, dietary analysis, mathematical models, and acoustic telemetry to understand the feedback loops been behavior and ecology. Octopuses play a key predatory role in shaping communities that is unmatched by any other invertebrate. Additionally, their "live fast, die young" life history strategy means their populations respond quickly and dramatically to changes in the environment, which suggests they could be an indicator of ecosystem change. Specifically, I addressed three fundamental questions about octopus behavior and ecology on Santa Catalina Island, CA: 1) What are key environmental variables influence octopus environmental choice?; 2) Where and when do octopuses move?; and 3) Does octopus diet reflect differences in predatory behavior within a human-altered habitat?The first question addressed a key gap in current knowledge of the environmental variables that influence octopus abundance and distribution in a rocky reef ecosystem by combining intensive population surveys with imperfect detection modeling. Binomial mixture modeling is used when the likelihood of false non-detection is high, and is ideal for studying highly cryptic species like octopuses. Abundance and detection probability was modeled with site and survey-level covariates such as abiotic variables, octopus predator and prey abundances, and habitat structural characteristics. No single abundance covariate explained the data for either year, but detection in 2013 was best modeled with Julian date. Model-averaged estimates of abundance had high ranges of possibility, and all correlations with estimated octopus abundance and environmental variables had weak support. These results highlight the high variability in patterns of octopus abundance and the necessity for integration of multiple environmental factors to elucidate drivers of octopus abundance and small-scale distribution. The second question quantified movement and habitat use of individual octopuses. This study pioneered acoustic telemetry research on small octopus species and was the first of its kind in the continental United States. I collected and tagged O. bimaculatus and recorded their position over the course of approximate 2 weeks and measured movement continuously over one day for each animal. I found that O. bimaculatus is highly mobile and, combined with my survey data, concluded that they do not stay in a single den for more than a few days. Additionally, movement distances and diurnal movement patterns are highly variable, suggesting a behavioral response to avoid predation.The third question aimed to identify the diet of O. bimaculatus using Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) and assess if octopus diet differed between Marine Protected Area (MPA) sites and non-protected sites. SIA allows for the indirect assessment of diet because the isotopic composition of prey is incorporated with reliable fidelity into the predators' tissues. I analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in octopuses and their prey collected inside and outside the Blue Cavern MPA. I found that octopus diet differs between MPA and non-MPA sites and octopuses located within the MPA have a more varied diet than those located outside. This difference indicates a change in the predator-prey relationships with the establishment of the MPA and suggests larger changes in the community structure.Together, these findings yield novel insights into what influences the populations and behavior of octopuses in a rocky reef environment, and lay the groundwork for directly testing how octopuses will respond to and influence the changes in their surrounding community.


Typical covered call strategies collect the equity and volatility risk premiums but also embed exposure to a naive equity reversal strategy that is uncompensated. This article presents a novel risk and performance attribution methodology that deconstructs the strategy into these three exposures. Historically, the equity exposure contributed most of the risk and return. The short volatility exposure realized a Sharpe ratio of nearly 1.0 but contributed only 10% of the risk. The equity reversal exposure contributed approximately 25% of the risk but provided little return in exchange. The authors propose a risk-managed covered call strategy that eliminates the uncompensated equity reversal exposure. This modified covered call strategy has a superior Sharpe ratio, reduced volatility, and reduced downside equity beta.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Individuals with schizophrenia present across a spectrum of symptomatology. Disability remains a debilitating reality across varying disease presentations and remains pervasive despite psychiatric medications. Cognition (neuro/social cognition) and negative symptoms have emerged as the strongest predictors of real-world disability, but account for <50% of the variance in outcomes. Methods: Our attempts to determine what accounts for the remaining 50% of variance has shown that poor introspective accuracy (IA) may be the most potent predictor of functional outcomes 25% of individuals with schizophrenia. We define IA as the adequacy of self-assessments of ability, skills, performance, or decisions. We suggest that IA is a progression of metacognition and can extend beyond cognition to include misestimation of prior and likely future performance in social or other adaptively relevant situations. Results: Additionally, IA is bidirectional and self-orientated. Emerging research has found that IA of neurocognitive ability better predicts everyday functional deficits than scores on performance-based measures or neurocognitive skills and has found that IA of social cognition accounts unique variance in real-world disability above social cognitive performance. Discussion: We argue that impaired IA, affecting 25–50% of patients with schizophrenia, in the absence or minimal presence of other impairments might be the most powerful predictor of functional outcomes.


Background: Child maltreatment is recognised as a significant health problem in developed countries. There is increasing awareness on family violence in Chile, becoming a health priority in the last five years, but there is scant information about its prevalence. Aim: Determine prevalence of child abuse, and associated factors in a population sample from Temuco, Chile. Material and methods: A standardised questionnaire was applied to a sample of 422 women at their homes. Instrument had questions about disciplinary practices by caretakers, a standardised questionnaire to assess mental health, as measures of risk and protective factors for violence Results: The prevalence of psychological aggression delivered by mothers or fathers was 17.5% and 6.8 % respectively. The figures for corporal punishment delivered by mother or fathers were 42.3% and 17% respectively. Three percent of mothers and 1.2% of fathers recognised severe physical abuse. Associated factors were mother impaired mental health, antecedents of child abuse in both parents, parents alcohol abuse and child emotional/behavioral problem. Conclusion: Child abuse is a extended significant problem in Temuco that requires multidisciplinary intervention programs (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 1425-32). (


Following an ecological framework, the primary purpose of this study was to examine the adjustment needs of international students within their academic and social communities. Focus group interviews revealed that students are more in need during their initial transition after arrival to the U.S. and that they experience a number of barriers in their attempts to adjust. Some of these barriers were related to academic life, health insurance, living on or off campus, social interactions, transportation, and discrimination. The implications of these findings are discussed. Recommendations are made for how higher education institutions can help facilitate these students' integration into their communities. ********** International students have become the focus of media and a research interest for many social scientists following the changes in American society after the September 11 attacks. Shortly after the attacks, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) became part of the Department of Homeland Security and changed the regulations for international students. Some of these regulations include tougher visa rules to get into the country and a close follow-up of the student through a computerized system (Chapman, 2003). Higher education institutions feared that they would financially suffer from these new regulations and that students would choose to study in other English speaking countries such as Canada, England, and Australia. Despite these concerns, the U.S. continues to host the highest number of international students in the world. A total of 586,323 international students were enrolled in different U.S. colleges during the 2002-2003 academic year, an increase from the academic years since before September 11, 2001. International student enrollment continues to increase at a steady pace and currently 4.6% of all college students in the U.S. are international students (Institute of International Education, 2004). Prior research has demonstrated that these students face many challenges in adjusting to their new environment and that this may have an impact on students' academic success and psychological well-being, and educational institutions' effectiveness in retaining these students (Barratt & Huba, 1994; Charles & Stewart, 1991; Pedersen, 1991). In the wake of 9/11, it may well be that the challenges these students confront have intensified because of the increased scrutiny to which they are subjected by the state and because of the suspicion with which foreigners are perceived in the broader community. Since societies and communities are dynamic, it continues to be important to examine the adjustment issues that international students encounter in different social and institutional contexts. This study examines the needs of international students in a semi-urban university situated in a relatively racially and culturally homogeneous community. It looks at how the students interact with and participate in their academic and social communities and how well these communities provide the necessary support to promote a healthy adjustment for these students. It also suggests ways for higher education institutions to better serve international students in their efforts to integrate into their new community. The study utilizes an ecological framework (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1995; Kelly, 1990; Kelly et al., 2000) in interpreting and analyzing the data. It argues that institutions of higher education need to constantly evaluate the entire context into which they recruit and educate international students. It is insufficient to focus on the concerns they have as merely an expression of individual problems. Rather, attention must be given to the different parts of the social system that foster or inhibit these students' adjustment. In the sections that follow, we review the research literature on the adjustment experiences of international students. We then discuss the framework for analysis and the parameters of the present study. …


We present results of multiband optical photometry of the black hole X-ray binary system V404 Cyg obtained using Wheaton College Observatory's 0.3 m telescope, along with strictly simultaneous INTEGRAL and Swift observations during 2015 June 25.15–26.33 UT, and 2015 June 27.10–27.34 UT. These observations were made during the 2015 June outburst of the source when it was going through an epoch of violent activity in all wavelengths ranging from radio to γ-rays. The multiwavelength variability timescale favors a compact emission region, most likely originating in a jet outflow, for both observing epochs presented in this work. The simultaneous INTEGRAL/Imager on Board the Integral Satellite (IBIS) 20–40 keV light curve obtained during the June 27 observing run correlates very strongly with the optical light curve, with no detectable delay between the optical bands as well as between the optical and hard X-rays. The average slope of the dereddened spectral energy distribution was roughly flat between the ICand V-bands during the June 27 run, even though the optical and X-ray flux varied by >25×during the run, ruling out an irradiation origin for the optical and suggesting that the optically thick to optically thin jet synchrotron break during the observations was at a frequency larger than that of V-band, which is quite extreme for X-ray binaries. These observations suggest that the optical emission originated very close to the base of the jet. A strong a H emission line, probably originating in a quasi-spherical nebula around the source, also contributes significantly in the RC-band. Our data, in conjunction with contemporaneous data at other wavelengths presented by other groups, strongly suggest that the jet-base was extremely compact and energetic during this phase of the outburst.


Babesiosis is characterized by non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia as a result of invasion of red blood cells by intraerythrocytic protozoans. Upon evaluation of patients who have ongoing hemolysis despite antibiotic treatment, a new entity of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) was recently identified in some patients with babesiosis. The data are limited to case reports and one case series. The aim of this research was to synthetize data on this topic according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the PubMed database. In this review, we found that all patients who had developed AIHA were asplenic. All had Coombs test positive for IgG or both IgG and C3 indicating Warm AIHA. Some but not all required blood transfusion and plasma exchange. Majority of patients responded to steroids and had resolution of parasitemia on follow-up. We believe that this review will make the clinicians aware that babesiosis can not only cause non-immune hemolysis but also AIHA. It is important to differentiate between the two entities as antibiotics alone may not be sufficient for immune-mediated hemolysis caused by babesiosis.


Here is described a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS) affecting the posterior mandible of a woman who was treated surgically and recovered without signs of recurrence or metastasis after 12 years of follow-up. Tumor sections were immunostained for cell cycle, epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Immunohistochemical analysis evidenced high Ki-67 positivity in stromal cells (mean of 20.9 cells/High power field). Epithelial cells displayed strong positivity for p53, p63 and cytokeratin 19. In addition to the case report, a systematic review of current knowledge is presented on the AFS's clinical-demographic features and prognostic factors. Based on the review, 88/99 cases were diagnosed as AFS, 9/99 as ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma and 2/99 as ameloblastic fibrodentinosarcoma. All these lesions displayed very similar clinical-demographic and prognostic features. Moreover, the review provided evidence that first treatment, regional metastasis, distant metastasis and local recurrence were significant prognostic values for malignant odontogenic mesenchymal lesions. Based on the findings, segregation among ameloblastic fibrosarcoma, ameloblastic fibrodentinosarcoma and ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma seems illogical, considering all these lesions have similar predilections and outcomes.


"Within the seventy years of this twentieth century, the field of education has witnessed many trends in emphasis and an even greater number of monumental changes. These situations have been paralleled by educational philosophies, concepts, theories, and practices; some were causal in nature, some were results, and some were simply concurrent related happenings. To many, the relationship of educational theory to educational practice has been of most concern. Nowhere in the field of education has this relationship been of more concern than in educational administration and supervision. At present, the debate continues -- how practical should we be, how theoretical should we be and how do we determine what attitude to take under the circumstances. This question is especially critical for education because of its traditional, unique role in bringing recent research to people and at the same time being a liaison enabling people to reach the educational process (the people's needs and/or practical perspective).

No doubt the debate will go on. However, this may help the reader to understand why this dissertation was developed, ordered, and writted as it is found here. There is some concern about the usual approach to graduate study research in administration and supervision which selects several practical variables, sets up a comparison study, then reaches for the appropriate literature and research which will support it. This study is an attempt to put research in proper order to convey to the reader the need to make theory relevant and practical, that is: literature. theory, question and then the study or comparison.

In using this approach, the thesis loses none of its objectivity, reliability, or validity. In fact, it is my expectation and desire the reader will see evidence of much concern for objectivity, reliability, and validity.

Some of the concepts such as ""attitudes,"" ""leader ship,"" ""administration,"" ""social system,"" which pervade this thesis are not easy to comprehend. They are even more difficult to explain. Hopefully, some clarity has been put into the manuscript.
There is a need to clarify the major concepts on which the research is based. Chapter one deals expressly with our educational purposes for this time. Chapter two deals with the objectives, limitations, and the ration ale of the research study. Chapter three is an attempt
to profile the relationship and identify the character istics of the school and community. Chapter four deals with leadership and the administrator role since a decision-making process is involved in this study. Chapter five comes to grips with attitudes and attitude changes and the concept of this somewhat nebulous term (attitude). Chapter aix deals with the agent of change, namely a teaching device called the Planetarium, the reader will find of inerest. The problem then,.,the research methods regarding the problem, concurrent pro cedures, results, conclusions, and implications for further study are found in the remaining chapters.

Regarding simplicity and clarity, the use of a quick reference glossary, to be found in the appendix, will enable the reader to follow the discussion with more meaning.
If the reader is only interested in certain sections of the dissertation, he can turn to page viii for the table of contents; to page 67 for a statement of the research problem; to page 73 for the experimental pro cedures; to page 69 for the questions of significance.

A quick review of the major findings are found on pages 80-106; the conclusions and implications for further study are found on pages 108-114.
In conclusion, the five volumes of print-out from the computer as well as the transcription tape for this research is found in the library at Olivet Nazarene College, Kankakee, Illinois."


A simple technique for analyzing the sensitivity and bit-error-rate (BER) performance of direct-detection lightwave receivers using optical preamplifiers is presented. The analysis provides closed-form expressions for the system performance and includes the impact of phase noise. For a negligible linewidth, the theory predicts an average signal energy of 42.3 photons/bit at a BER of 10/sup -9/. For comparison, a more accurate analysis predicts an average signal energy of 38 photons/bit under the same conditions.<<ETX>>


The Sun workstation is a personal computer system that combines graphics and networking capabilities with powerful local processing. The workstation has been developed for research in VLSI design automation, text processing, distributed operating systems and programming environments. Clusters of Sun workstations are connected via a local network sharing a network-based file system. The Sun workstation is based on a Motorola 6800 processor, has a 1024 by 800 pixel bitmap display, and uses Ethernet as its local network. The hardware supports virtual memory management, a "RasterOP" mechanism for high-speed display updates, and data-link-control for the Ethernet. The entire workstation electronics consists of 260 chips mounted on three 6.75 by 12 inch PC boards compatible with the IEEE 796 Bus (Intel Multibus). In addition to implementing a workstation, the boards have been configured to serve as network nodes for file servers, printer servers, network gateways, and terminal concentrators. The report discusses the architecture and implementation of the Sun workstation, gives the background and goals of the project, contemplates future developments, and describes in detail its three main components: the processor, graphics, and Ethernet boards.


We study the problem of model checking Interval-valued Discrete-time Markov Chains (IDTMC). IDTMCs are discrete-time finite Markov Chains for which the exact transition probabilities are not known. Instead in IDTMCs, each transition is associated with an interval in which the actual transition probability must lie. We consider two semantic interpretations for the uncertainty in the transition probabilities of an IDTMC. In the first interpretation, we think of an IDTMC as representing a (possibly uncountable) family of (classical) discrete-time Markov Chains, where each member of the family is a Markov Chain whose transition probabilities lie within the interval range given in the IDTMC. We call this semantic interpretation Uncertain Markov Chains (UMC). In the second semantics for an IDTMC, which we call Interval Markov Decision Process (IMDP), we view the uncertainty as being resolved through non-determinism. In other words, each time a state is visited, we adversarially pick a transition distribution that respects the interval constraints, and take a probabilistic step according to the chosen distribution. We introduce a logic ω-PCTL that can express liveness, strong fairness, and ω-regular properties (such properties cannot be expressed in PCTL). We show that the ω-PCTL model checking problem for Uncertain Markov Chain semantics is decidable in PSPACE (same as the best known upper bound for PCTL) and for Interval Markov Decision Process semantics is decidable in coNP (improving the previous known PSPACE bound for PCTL). We also show that the qualitative fragment of the logic can be solved in coNP for the UMC interpretation, and can be solved in polynomial time for a sub-class of UMCs. We also prove lower bounds for these model checking problems. We show that the model checking problem of IDTMCs with LTL formulas can be solved for both UMC and IMDP semantics by reduction to the model checking problem of IDTMC with ω-PCTL formulas.


Introduction : Foreign body a fish in oro-hypopharynx is a rare case and require rapid diagnosis and immediate treatment to prevent complication. There are some complications that can occur, such as upper airway obstruction, perforation of the pharyngeal wall, vocal cord paralysis, pneumomediastinum, and emphysema. Vocal cord paralysis is rare complication caused by a foreign body in the pharynx. The management for pharyngeal foreign bodies is the extraction of a foreign body with Magill forceps, direct laryngoscopy, and rigid endoscopy. Tracheostomy should be performed if endotracheal intubation could not be done or failed to be performed. Objective: Understanding diagnosis and management of patient foreign body a fish in an oro-hypopharynx. Case report : Reported a case, male 40 years old, with diagnosis foreign body a fish in oro-hypopharynx with complication unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The Foreign body was extracted using Magill forceps and rigid esophagoscopy with tracheostomy preparation if endotracheal intubation was failed to perform. Conclusion : Foreign body a fish in oro-hypopharynx is a rare case. Precise diagnosis and treatment are very important to prevent complication. Vocal cord paralysis is a rare complication caused by a foreign body in oro-hypopharynx.


The goal of the present paper was to investigate whether soccer referees' nonverbal behavior (NVB) differed based on the difficulty of their decisions and whether perceivers could detect these systematic variations. On the one hand, communicating confidence via NVB is emphasized in referee training. On the other hand, it seems feasible from a theoretical point of view that particularly following relatively difficult decisions referees have problems controlling their NVB. We conducted three experiments in order to investigate into this question. Experiment 1 (N = 40) and Experiment 2 (N = 60) provided evidence that perceivers regard referees' NVB as less confident following ambiguous decisions as compared to following unambigous decisions. Experiment 3 (N = 58) suggested that perceivers were more likely to debate with the referee when referees nonverbally communicated less confidence. We discuss consequences for referee training.


This Article critiques the idea that the ADA should exclude from its coverage people who use mitigating measures, such as medications and medical devices, to alleviate the effects of their mental and physical impairments. After describing the statute as an expansive but flawed tool for combating disability-based discrimination, the Article analyzes a 1999 trilogy of Supreme Court cases holding that in determining whether a person has a disability for purposes of ADA coverage, courts should take account of the ameliorative effects of so-called mitigating measures on the person's impairments. Through this holding, the Court inappropriately constricted the scope of the term "disability" in the statute and thus narrowed the ADA's coverage in a manner that undermines its legislative purpose. The Article concludes with a call for legislative action to re-establish the appropriately broad reach of the ADA.


A phenomenological Landau–Devonshire theory is developed to investigate the ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of (110) oriented Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 (x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7) thin films. At room temperature, the tetragonal a1 phase, the orthorhombic a2c phase, the triclinic γ1 phase, and the triclinic γ2 phase are stable. The appearance of the negative polarization component P2 in the a2c phase and the γ1 phase is attributed to the nonlinear coupling terms in the thermodynamic potential. The γ phase of the Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 thin films has better dielectric and piezoelectric properties than the a2c phase and the a1 phase. The largest dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients are obtained in the Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 thin film. The piezoelectric coefficient of 110–150 pm/V is obtained in the (110) oriented Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 thin film, and the Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 thin film has the remnant polarization and relative dielectric constant of 50 μC/cm2 and 100, respectively, which are in agreement with the experimental measurements reported in the literature.


Charcoal filters are installed in the emergency filtered air discharge system (EFADS) of multiunit stations to control the release of airborne radioiodine in the event of a reactor accident. These filters use highly activated charcoal impregnated with triethylenediamine (TEDA). The TEDA-impregnated charcoal is highly efficient in removing radioiodine from flowing airstreams. The iodine-removal efficiency of the charcoal is presumed to deteriorate slowly with age, but current knowledge of this effect is insufficient to predict with confidence the performance of aged charcoal following an accident. Experiments were performed to determine the methyl iodide removal efficiency of aged charcoal samples taken from the EFADS of Ontario Hydro 's Bruce-A nuclear generating station. The charcoal had been in service for ∼4 yr. The adsorption rate constant and capacity were measured under post-loss-of-coolant accident conditions to determine the efficiency of the aged charcoal. The adsorption rate constants of the aged charcoal samples were observed to be extremely high, yielding a decontamination factor (DF) for a 20-cm-deep bed of the aged charcoal >I X 10 15 . The results show that essentially no CH 3 I would escape from a 20-cm-deep bed of the aged charcoal and that the requirement for a DF of 1000 for organic iodides in the EFADS filters would be exceeded by a tremendous margin. With such high DFs, the release of iodine from a 20-cm-deep bed would be virtually impossible to detect. The adsorption capacities observed for the aged charcoal samples approach the theoretical chemisorption capacity of 5 wt% TEDA charcoal, indicating that aging in the EFADS for 4 yr has had a negligible impact on the adsorption capacity. The results indicate that the short- and long-term performances of the aged charcoal in the EFADS of Bruce-A following an accident would still far exceed performance requirements.


Oil and gas production is one of the largest emitters of methane, a potent greenhouse gas and a significant contributor of air pollution emissions. While research on methane emissions from oil and gas production has grown rapidly, there is comparatively limited information on the distribution of impacts of this sector on air quality and associated health impacts. Understanding the contribution of air quality and health impacts of oil and gas can be useful for designing mitigation strategies. Here we assess air quality and human health impacts associated with ozone, fine particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide from the oil and gas sector in the US in 2016, and compare this impact with that of the associated methane emissions. We find that air pollution in 2016 from the oil and gas sector in the US resulted in 410 000 asthma exacerbations, 2200 new cases of childhood asthma and 7500 excess deaths, with $77 billion in total health impacts. NO2 was the highest contributor to health impacts (37%) followed by ozone (35%), and then PM2.5 (28%). When monetized, these air quality health impacts of oil and gas production exceeded estimated climate impact costs from methane leakage by a factor of 3. These impacts add to the total life cycle impacts of oil and gas, and represent potential additional health benefits of strategies that reduce consumption of oil and gas. Policies to reduce oil and gas production emissions will lead to additional and significant health benefits from co-pollutant reductions that are not currently quantified or monetized.


No less than thirty investor-state disputes have been brought to arbitration under the auspices of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) since its entry into force back in 1998. Over the years, ECT tribunals have confronted the host states' attempts to invoke the 'denial-of-benefits' clause of the Treaty on multiple occasions. Yet the issue of the burden of proof under Article 17(1) remains largely unsettled. In general, only two solutions to the burden of proof dilemma are conceivable: it is either the respondent state that is under an obligation to persuade a tribunal that the criteria for an exercise of the 'right to deny' are met in a given dispute, or it is the claimant who has a duty to prove the opposite. ECT case law is split along the same lines. In some cases, the tribunals seemed to have endorsed the host states' 'free rider' attitude by tolerating the invocation of the denial clause, without requiring the respondents to establish the assertions proposed. In other arbitrations, the tribunals adhered to the classic canons of the legal burden. This article seeks to explore the two approaches to the burden of proof under Article 17(1) ECT from the perspectives of international law and jurisprudence on the legal burden, taking account of the wording and spirit of the ECT.


Markov clustering (MCL) is becoming a key algorithm within bioinformatics for determining clusters in networks. However, with increasing vast amount of data on biological networks, performance and scalability issues are becoming a critical limiting factor in applications. Meanwhile, GPU computing, which uses CUDA tool for implementing a massively parallel computing environment in the GPU card, is becoming a very powerful, efficient, and low-cost option to achieve substantial performance gains over CPU approaches. The use of on-chip memory on the GPU is efficiently lowering the latency time, thus, circumventing a major issue in other parallel computing environments, such as MPI. We introduce a very fast Markov clustering algorithm using CUDA (CUDA-MCL) to perform parallel sparse matrix-matrix computations and parallel sparse Markov matrix normalizations, which are at the heart of MCL. We utilized ELLPACK-R sparse format to allow the effective and fine-grain massively parallel processing to cope with the sparse nature of interaction networks data sets in bioinformatics applications. As the results show, CUDA-MCL is significantly faster than the original MCL running on CPU. Thus, large-scale parallel computation on off-the-shelf desktop-machines, that were previously only possible on supercomputing architectures, can significantly change the way bioinformaticians and biologists deal with their data.


The purpose of this study was to describe the extent and quality of prior knowledge, transactional nature, and social context of literacy knowledge demonstrated by young mildly handicapped learners. The study was based on current theories of literacy which view literacy growth as part of the total language system development, and ethnographic methods were used to gather and analyze qualitative data. Language and literacy events were observed in three special education classrooms including 43 students ranging in age from 4 years 1 month to 9 years 11 months.
Major findings of the study included: (a) The children in this study demonstrated prior literacy knowledge much like that of non-handicapped peers, (b) Demonstrations of oral and written language system transactions decreased after students received formal instruction in reading and writing. And (c) children's ability to interpret print depended greatly on the presence or absence of context with the print.


Abstract Many parents (over)share personal details regarding their children in social media without thinking that this can negatively affect the wellbeing of their child and put him/her at risk. Furthermore, parents forget that they are not owners of their children's data but just the legal representatives of the child with an obligation to act only for the best interests of the child. A child's right to privacy and the protection of his/her data is regulated in international, EU and national level, however, this is not enough to avoid malpractice of the data of a child. This article analyses social media dangers and whether parental actions result in privacy and online safety violations focusing on legal regulations and their interpretations in international, EU and national level exploring child's right to privacy, consent of the child and the right to be forgotten.


Based on the philosophy of cloud computing and cloud manufacturing, cloud process management, a new intelligently network process management model, is proposed. And it is service-oriented, highly efficient, and knowledge-based. On the base of the study of contemporary process management, cloud computing, and cloud manufacturing, product life cycle-oriented cloud process management is researched with the survey of a large state-owned enterprise. The cloud process management is initially defined. The structure model of cloud process management is expounded. And the application mode of product life cycle-oriented cloud process management is initially put forward. These establish the foundation for further research.


Most destructive earthquakes nucleate at between 5–7 km and about 35–40 km depth. Before earthquakes, rocks are subjected to increasing stress. Not every stress increase leads to rupture. To understand pre-earthquake phenomena we note that igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks contain defects which, upon stressing, release defect electrons in the oxygen anion sublattice, known as positive holes. These charge carriers are highly mobile, able to flow out of stressed rocks into surrounding unstressed rocks. They form electric currents, which emit electromagnetic radiation, sometimes in pulses, sometimes sustained. The arrival of positive holes at the ground-air interface can lead to air ionization, often exclusively positive. Ionized air rising upward can lead to cloud condensation. The upward flow of positive ions can lead to instabilities in the mesosphere, to mesospheric lightning, to changes in the Total Electron Content (TEC) at the lower edge of the ionosphere, and electric field turbulences. Advances in deciphering the earthquake process can only be achieved in a broadly multidisciplinary spirit.


Atom probe field ion microscopy has revealed that excessive copper levels in pressure vessel steels result in the formation of ultrafine copper-enriched clusters and precipitates during in-service neutron irradiation. In addition to these important clusters and precipitates, this technique has revealed many other fine-scaled microstructural features in these steels. These microstructural features may be divided into two broad categories: (1) intragranular precipitates and clusters and (2) interfacial segregation. The precipitates and clusters include spherical, rod-shaped with disk-shaped molybdenum and vanadium carbides, disk-shaped molybdenum nitrides, and spherical iron oxides. The type of precipitate is dependent on the metallic additions that are made to the various types of steels used in the pressure vessel. Some of these features are present in approximately the same number density and size as the copper clusters and precipitates and will therefore make a contribution to the mechanical properties. The characterization of grain boundaries and precipitate/matrix interfaces has revealed a complex pattern of segregation of various solutes including phosphorus, nickel and manganese.


CONTEXT
Patient opinion about the ability to perform athletic maneuvers is important after injury; however, prospective assessment of self-perceived physical capability for athletes before the beginning of a season is lacking.

OBJECTIVE
To perform a descriptive analysis of knee, shoulder, and elbow self-perceived measures of physical capability specific to athletics and to compare the measures between athletes with and without a history of injury.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
Preparticipation physical examinations.

PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
A total of 738 collegiate athletes (486 men, 251 women; age = 19 ± 1 years) were administered questionnaires after receiving medical clearance to participate in their sports. Of those athletes, 350 reported a history of injury.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Athletes self-reported a history of knee, shoulder, or elbow injury. Perceived physical capability of the 3 joints was evaluated using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Sport and Recreation Function and Knee-Related Quality of Life subscales and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score. We conducted nonparametric analysis to determine if scores differed between athletes with and without a history of injury.

RESULTS
Median values for the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Sports and Recreation Function and Knee-Related Quality of Life subscales and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score for all athletes were 100. Median values for perceived physical capability of athletes with a history of injury were 3 to 12 points lower for each questionnaire before the start of the season (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
Our study provided descriptive values for individual perceived knee, shoulder, and elbow physical capability of collegiate athletes participating in 19 sports. Athletes who did not report previous injuries perceived their physical capabilities to be nearly perfect, which could set the goal for these athletes to return to participation after injury. Athletes reporting previous injuries perceived less physical capability before the competitive season. Self-assessment of joint-specific capability may supplement preseason physical examinations, identifying particular athletes needing further monitoring or care during a season.


Purpose

This paper aims to investigate whether the trabecular architecture found in natural bone can be effectively replicated through the selective laser sintering process of Nylon P2200.

Design/methodology/approach

Trabecular bone was idealised into a scaled up hexagonal cell proven to replicate the natural structure. The structure was modelled in Solidworks 2013 to form a network of interlinking cells. The specific property analysed was the structure toughness through the measurement of the energy absorbed before sample fracture.

Findings

It was found that the impact absorption can be increased with the integration of a greater number of trabecular cells producing a finer resolution and not necessarily by increasing the trabecular size. The information gained from this research may be useful in the design of impact and shock absorbing components, with an emphasis on efficient use of material mass.

Research limitations/implications

Designers and engineers may find biomimetic methods of absorbing shock and impact an efficient alternative consideration in design applications.

Practical implications

The trabecular architecture should be designed so as to be weaker than the bounding surfaces, ensuring that the individual trabecular experience failure first, maximising their energy absorbing capability through increasing the period of deceleration. The simplest way of doing this is to ensure the rod thickness is less than the bounding material thickness.

Originality/value

This work documents original testing of both the RP material and consolidated design of samples of idealised bone structures. It builds on previous work in the area and through the results of empirical testing, derives recommendations for further considerations in this area of design and manufacture of biomimetic structures.


Combining photoharvesting semiconductors with MoS2 co-catalysts is an intriguing approach to develop inexpensive and efficient photocatalysts for visible-light-driven hydrogen (H2) evolution; however, how to coordinate light absorbers and catalytic sites still remains a great challenge. Here, we propose a facile strategy for optimizing assembly of CdS–MoS2 (CM) nanohybrids with controlled active edge exposure by cation coordination competition in one-pot solvothermal synthesis. With the involvement of Cd ions, more formed CdS nanocrystals coordinated preferentially with MoS2 edges self-optimize into unique CM hybrids, which enables the maximum performances of active area and photo-induced electron transfer and injection into the photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER). As a result, the optimum CM hybrids exhibit an outstanding and stable photocatalytic activity with a H2 evolution rate of up to 1009 mmol h−1 g−1, more than 104-fold higher than that of pure CdS, which is the best among the state-of-the-art heterogeneous photocatalysts. This work provides a facile strategy for a controlled configuration of MoS2 edge active sites on photoharvesting semiconductors toward high-efficiency solar photocatalytic H2 generation.


A phase III study was designed comparing the effectiveness of Hexamethylmelamine (NSC 13875) to Dibromodulcitol (NSC 104800) in lung carcinoma. 250 of the 316 patients entered on the study were stratified into groups according to stage of disease and cell type. The results showed Hexamethylmelamine to be more effective in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and slightly superior to Dibromodulcitol in patients with anaplastic/undifferentiated cell carcinoma, whereas Dibromodulcitol proved to be more effective in patients with adenocarcinoma.


This paper attempts to determine if beer is a separate relevant product market from rum and soft drinks. Three conventional statistical tests - Pearson's correlation, unit root and Granger causality - are applied to average monthly retail price data from Barbados for the three categories of beverages for the period January 2012 to July 2015. The results of both the correlation and Granger causality tests suggest that beer is a distinct product market from rum and soft drinks, while the result of the unit root test was inconclusive. The results of the paper should interest practitioners of competition law in the Caribbean region as it shows that price tests could be used as quantitative proof on market boundaries to support the intuition and evidence the traditional Small but Significant Non-transitory Increase in Price (SSNIP) test provides.


Time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods have been used successfully for the detection of resistive targets such as hydrocarbons, gas hydrate, or marine groundwater aquifers. As the application of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods increases, surveys in areas with a strong seabed topography are inevitable. In these cases, an important question is whether bathymetry information should be included in the interpretation of the measured electromagnetic field or not. Since multi‐dimensional inversion is still not common in time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods, bathymetry effects on the 1D inversion of single‐offset and multi‐offset joint inversions of time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods data are investigated. We firstly used an adaptive finite element algorithm to calculate the time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods responses of 2D resistivity models with seafloor topography. Then, 1D inversions are applied on the synthetic data derived from marine resistivity models, including the topography in order to study the possible topography effects on the 1D interpretation. To evaluate the effects of topography with various steepness, the slope angle of the seabed topography is varied in the synthetic modelling studies for deep water (air interaction is absent or very weak) and shallow water (air interaction is dominant), respectively. Several different patterns of measuring configurations are considered, such as the systems adopting nodal receivers and the bottom‐towed system. According to the modelling results for deep water when air interaction is absent, the 2D topography can distort the measured electric field. The distortion of the data increases gradually with the enlarging of the topography's slope angle. In our test, depending on the configuration, the seabed topography does not affect the 1D interpretation significantly if the slope angle is less or around 10°. However, if the slope angle increases to 30° or more, it is possible that significant artificial layers occur in inversion results and lead to a wrong interpretation. In a shallow water environment with seabed topography, where the air interaction dominates, it is possible to uncover the true subsurface resistivity structure if the water depth for the 1D inversion is properly chosen. In our synthetic modelling, this scheme can always present a satisfactory data fit in the 1D inversion if only one offset is used in the inversion process. However, the determination of the optimal water depth for a multi‐offset joint inversion is challenging due to the various air interaction for different offsets.


Get snap happy with the new edition of the bestselling guide to digital photography from guru Tom Ang. Learn everything you need to about digital photography from Tom Ang with the "Digital Photographer's Handbook, 5th Edition", the photography guide that has it all. Tom's inspirational images and jargon-free tips on demystifying the technical elements of photography will get you taking great shots every time. Fully updated to include all of the latest developments in digital cameras, equipment and software the book covers the pros and cons of all types of camera, from camera phones to top of the range DSLRs. Plus find out how to manipulate your pictures to perfection and pick up trouble-shooting advice. Suitable for all levels of experience, "The Digital Photographer's Handbook, 5th Edition" is perfect for everyone from amateurs to aspiring David Baileys.


This study demonstrates that the association of mitochondria with vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs) measurably increases their membrane potential. This increase is detected by quantitatively comparing the fluorescence intensity of mitochondria stained with the membrane potential‐sensitive dye tetramethylrhodamine‐ethyl ester (TMRE) in murine vimentin‐null fibroblasts with that in the same cells expressing human vimentin (~35% rise). When vimentin expression is silenced by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) to reduce vimentin by 90%, the fluorescence intensity of mitochondria decreases by 20%. The increase in membrane potential is caused by specific interactions between a subdomain of the non‐α‐helical N terminus (residues 40 to 93) of vimentin and mitochondria. In rho 0 cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and consequently missing several key proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (ρ0 cells), the membrane potential generated by an alternative anaerobic process is insensitive to the interactions between mitochondria and VIF. The results of our studies show that the close association between mitochondria and VIF is important both for determining their position in cells and their physiologic activity.—Chernoivanenko, I. S., Matveeva, E. A., Gelfand, V. I., Goldman, R. D., Minin, A. A., Mitochondrial membrane potential is regulated by vimentin intermediate filaments. FASEB J. 29, 820–827 (2015). www.fasebj.org


Ohmic properties, thermal stability and surface morphology of Al-based and non-aluminium metallizations are investigated in dependence on the annealing temperature and initial composition. Non-aluminium contacts show poor ohmic properties, while contact resistivity of 3.47x10-5 Ω.cm2 is achieved for Ti/Al/Ti/Au metallization with a former-Ti/Al ratio of (30 wt.% /70 wt.%). Thermal properties of the Al-based metallization are improved by application of Mo layer as a barrier under the upper Au film of the contact structure. These contacts show excellent thermal stability at operating temperatures as high as 400oC. The less Al amount in the contact composition and Mo barrier layer contribute to the smoother surface and better edge acuity.


In today's consumption society, the image and core values of a company have become more important in order to secure the attention on the market. All entrepreneurs have to distinguish themselves in the extremely tight competition.This thesis examines how product photos can reach out to the consumers successfully. Both students have previous experiences from model shoots – but now want to study the possibilities to sell a product without a human model.The purpose of the thesis is to examine how to convey core values by commercial product photos - how to best capture the attention of a customer. We have broken down the study in the following questions:- What are the major factors, influencing the viewer, of an advertisement picture?- In what ways can a company's core values be conveyed by a product photo? To reach our conclusions we've interviewed two experts in the field; a photographer and a stylist. We also conducted a competitor analysis which conclusions we've tested on a test group of 88 people. Literature studies in picture communication, perception and how to process information are also the basis for our conclusions.The result of our thesis is that – there are many variables that affect how to communicate core values with a commercial product photo. There are plenty of perception techniques and other methods to get the attention of the viewer. These techniques can be applied to all kinds of products but in different ways – and you have to know them all and when to use them.Finally, the most important outcome of our thesis is that lighting and composition in particular are the major factors when communicating core values by product photos.


Vertical facets and oblique sidewalls are realized in AlGaAs-GaAs graded index separate confinement (GRINSCH) structure along the [01~1] and [01~1~] direction, respectively, with C/sub 2/H/sub 5/Cl gas-phase etching under a SiO/sub 2/ stripe mask. They are immediately embedded with consecutive MOCVD regrowth all around the active layer, to form optical windows and BH-type waveguide at the same time. This in situ process is very effective to reduce the fabrication cost of a semiconductor laser by combining the three processing steps of waveguide definition, facet formation, and facet coating into one consecutive gas manipulation in the same growth furnace.


Carbonyl-ene, Prins and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reactions represent powerful strategies for carbon-carbon bond formation relying on Lewis acid catalysts. Although common Lewis acids are able to provide efficient activation, the reactions often proceed with low regio-, or chemoselectivity while high selectivity frequently requires the use of well-designed metal-ligand complexes. Here we demonstrate that simple Lewis acids including Me2AlCl, FeCl3, and SnCl4 can show remarkable selectivity in dif-ferentiating between distinct transformations of carbonyl and olefin functional groups resulting in either carbonyl-ene or carbonyl-olefin metathesis products. Specifically, we report the development of predictive multivariate linear regression models that rely on kinetic and thermodynamic information obtained in DFT calculations to gain important insights into the complex potential energy surfaces (PES) of these competing reaction paths. The presented results further our understanding of Lewis acid reactivity and suggest that even simple Lewis acids have the potential to function as highly selective catalysts.


Probabilistic preference models predict that a subject makes different choices with different probabilities in repeatedly experiments with the same stimuli. This paper explains why. First, we prove that a gamble is a statistical ensemble or sample function of a random field with canonical Gibbs-Luce measure. And we employ Good-Jaynes maximum entropy principle to characterize the underlying probability function space. Second, we find that maximum entropy for unconstrained unobserved probability distributions predicts that subjects have Von Neuman Morgenstern utility (EUT). Therefore, probability weighting is inapplicable to ambiguity aversion. Third, when unobserved probability distributions are constrained by partially revealed information, i.e., finite moments, maximum entropy predicts that for the same stimuli the source of differential choice in probabilistic preference is a behavioural quantum wave function embedded in harmonic probability weighting functionals (HPWF), from which probability amplitudes (popularized by quantum decision [field] theory) are computed. This explains the "quantal effect" or why pwfs are not well behaved near their end points. Fourth, for application, we show how a simple affine transformation produces a harmonic inverted S-shaped probability weighting functional consistent with the principle of bounded subadditivity, and likelihood insensitivity reported in recent source function theory of uncertainty. To wit, probabilistic preferences are different for the same stimuli because decision weights depend on broken cycles for HPWF. However, our model also reveals a fixed point probability puzzle. Vizly, for -w(p)log(w(p))=p, we get p=1/e when w(p)=p. So the fixed point has maximum entropy even though it is invariant. We prove that the puzzle may be explained by the existence of a cluster set of fixed points for probability weighting functionals, that include Prelec's generalized pwf's, which are not constrained to 1/e. The cluster set represents an invariant linear subspace of probability weighting schemes that support EUT while the complementary subspace supports nonexpected utility theories.


Shopping cart abandonment in online shopping is a growing concern for retailers because it represents lost sales. This study looks at perceived risk and perceived ownership in relation to shopping cart abandonment. It is hypothesized that perceived risk in intended behavior will affect actual purchase behavior and perceived ownership in intended behavior will positively affect perceived ownership in actual behavior. It is believed that decreasing risk will also decrease cart abandonment and increasing ownership will increase transaction completion therefore decreasing cart abandonment. A survey was administered and results showed that the most common perceived risk in abandoning the cart was financial risk. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between perceived ownership in intended behavior and actual purchase behavior however, 33% of the respondents indicated that they were likely to abandon the cart even with a sense of ownership.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of productivity management and potential expert systems applications at each stage of productivity analysis. Based on literature reviews it discusses the strengths and limitations of these technologies. Describes several tasks in the measurement, interpretation and evaluation phases and examines the appropriateness of an expert systems application. Finds that expert systems applications could be useful in interpretation and evaluation. Focuses on productivity analysis at the organizational‐level only. Opines that business managers with limited or no knowledge of productivity models may want to have expert systems applications developed to diagnose problems and take corrective actions in a timely manner. The paper could be useful to business practitioners as well as researchers. Contributions include a detailed description of productivity analysis and how and where expert systems applications could make a difference. Productivity management is critical for long‐term business survival.


In this work, we present a simple inviscid point vortex model to study the dynamics of asymmetric vortex rows, as might appear behind misaligned vortex generator vanes. Starting from the existing solution of the infinite vortex cascade, a numerical model of four base-vortices is chosen to represent two primary counter-rotating vortex pairs and their mirror plane images, introducing the vortex strength ratio as a free parameter. The resulting system of equations is also defined in terms of the vortex row separation and the qualitative features of the ensuing motion are mapped. A translating and orbiting regime are identified for different cascade separations. The latter occurs for all unequal strength vortex pairs. Thus, the motion is further classified by studying the cyclic behaviour of the orbiting regime and it is shown that for small mismatches in vortex strength, the orbiting length and time scales are sufficiently large as to appear, in the near wake, as translational (non-orbiting). However, for larger mismatches in vortex strength, the orbiting motion approaches the order of the starting height of the vortex. Comparisons between experimental data and the potential flow model show qualitative agreement whilst viscous effects account for the major discrepancies. Despite this, the model captures the orbital mode observed in the measurements and provides an impetus for considering the impact of these complex interactions on vortex generator designs.


We study the dynamics of pricing efficiency in the equity REIT market from 1993 to 2014. We measure pricing efficiency at the firm level using variance ratios calculated from quote midpoints in the TAQ database. We find four main results. First, on average the market is efficient, with variance ratios close to one. However, in any given year, there is considerable cross-sectional variation in variance ratios, suggesting at least some firms are priced inefficiently. Second, higher institutional ownership by active institutional investors is related to better pricing efficiency, while passive ownership does not reduce pricing efficiency. Third, REITs that are included in the S&P 500 and S&P 400 are priced more efficiently than other REITs. For the S&P 500 firms we find evidence that this was purely driven by sample selection, while for S&P 400 firms, we find evidence that it is inclusion in the index that drives efficiency. Finally, we find evidence that firm investment, analyst coverage, and debt capital raising activity can influence pricing efficiency.

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In this study we evaluated modifications of various structural and functional properties of the plasma membrane of HeLa S3 cells following infection by the lytic virus herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity considerably decreased during the first few hours post-infection (p.i.), whereas Na+ and K+ concentrations were not significantly affected until a much later period. By 8 h p.i., a partial membrane depolarization in infected cells had occurred, as indicated by a small change in the transmembrane potential. HSV infection induced a time-dependent lipid peroxidation of HeLa cell plasma membranes temporally correlated with the progressive reduction in Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity. Moreover, a significant decrease of membrane fluidity appeared at a late phase of the viral replicative cycle probably representing cumulative membrane damage. These results demonstrate that HSV-1 infection induced the production of free radicals in non-phagocytic cells. Since lipid peroxidation begins at an early stage of the virus replicative cycle, it may be directly related to viral cytopathicity.


This study of the community's acceptance of biodiversity offsets in Australia provides insights relevant to future revisions of offset policies of both State and Commonwealth Governments. A choice experiment was used to measure preferences for the general acceptability of offsetting, and for a number of attributes that define how an offset can be implemented. Based on a sample of 204 respondents from Perth, WA, we found that the majority of respondents did not object to the practice of biodiversity offsetting in general. A minority of respondents preferred that offset actions be direct, but most accepted a combination of direct and indirect actions. Individuals generally preferred that the offset be located near the site of impact, and it became more unacceptable the further away that it was located. However, there was heterogeneity in preferences for protecting the impacted species or a more endangered one.


We address the conflict in earlier results regarding the relationship between dispersal potential and range size. We examine all published pelagic larval duration data for tropical reef fishes. Larval duration is a convenient surrogate for dispersal potential in marine species that are sedentary as adults and that therefore only experience significant dispersal during their larval phase. Such extensive quantitative dispersal data are only available for fishes and thus we use a unique dataset to examine the relationship between dispersal potential and range size. We find that dispersal potential and range size are positively correlated only in the largest ocean basin, the Indo-Pacific, and that this pattern is driven primarily by the spatial distribution of habitat and dispersal barriers. Furthermore, the relationship strengthens at higher taxonomic levels, suggesting an evolutionary mechanism. We document a negative correlation between species richness and larval duration at the family level in the Indo-Pacific, implying that speciation rate may be negatively related to dispersal potential. If increased speciation rate within a taxonomic group results in smaller range sizes within that group, speciation rate could regulate the association between range size and dispersal potential.


MPs have strongly criticised the UK government for being too close to the drinks industry and have backed calls for the introduction of minimum pricing for alcohol.

The health select committee's report on alcohol states: "It is time the Government listened more to the Chief Medical Officer and the President of the Royal College of Physicians and less to the drinks and retail industry.

"Alcohol consumption has increased to the stage where the drinks industry has become dependent on hazardous drinkers for almost half its sales. In formulating its alcohol strategy the Government must be more sceptical about the industry's claims that it is in favour of responsible drinking."

The report says it is a myth put about by the drinks industry that increasing the price of alcohol would unfairly affect the majority of moderate drinkers. Instead it says that minimum pricing would mostly affect those who drink cheap alcohol—in particular, young binge drinkers and heavy drinkers on low incomes, the group …


In oil exporting countries, especially OPEC members, oil price fluctuation has significant impacts on their economies. Herein, just a drop in the oil price causes directly many adverse effects, such as inflation, falls in economic growth, and increases in unemployment. However with a country which not only exports crude oil but also imports petroleum as Vietnam, it is not easy to determine falling or a rising oil prices is beneficial to the economy. Therefore, this paper aims to carry out a numerical analysis on the influences of oil prices on the macroeconomic variables of Vietnam, including inflation, growth rate, budget deficit and unemployment, during a period from 2000 to 2015. By using a vector auto regression (VAR) model, it is realized that a rise in oil prices would lead to higher inflation and budget deficit in Vietnam while its impacts on the GDP growth and unemployment are unclear.


Applications of Generative Machine Learning techniques such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are used to generate new instances of images, music, text, and videos. While GANs have now become commonplace on social media, a part of children's lives, and have considerable ethical implications, existing K-12 AI education curricula do not include generative AI. We present a new module, "What are GANs?", that teaches middle school students how GANs work and how they can create media using GANs. We developed an online, team-based game to simulate how GANs work. Students also interacted with up to four web tools that apply GANs to generate media. This module was piloted with 72 middle school students in a series of online workshops. We provide insight into student usage, understanding, and attitudes towards this lesson. Finally, we give suggestions for integrating this lesson into AI education curricula.


Anesthesia awareness—the unexpected cognizance that occurs when anesthesia lightens during surgery—is the subject of a recent Sentinel Event Alert issued by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Forty-eight percent of patients who experience awareness report auditory recollections, 48% report being unable to breathe, and 28% report pain—without being able to communicate this to the surgical team.


The increasing spread of the Internet holds much potential for enhancing opportunities for people with disabilities. However, scarce evidence exists to suggest that people with disabilities are, in fact, participating in these new developments. Will the spread of information technologies (IT) increase equality by offering opportunities for people with disabilities? Or will a growing reliance on IT lead to more inequality by leaving behind certain portions of the population including people with disabilities? In this paper, the authors draw on nationally representative data regarding Americans' Internet uses to (1) identify the extent to which people with disabilities are embracing use of the Internet; (2) how their use of the Internet compares with the Internet uses of the rest of the population; (3) how having a disability relates to and interacts with other social statuses (e.g. socioeconomic status, age, gender) with regard to Internet use; and (4) what explains these trends. They draw on representative data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census of the United States to answer these questions. It is found that people with disabilities are less likely to live in households with computers, are less likely to use computers and are less likely to be online. However, once socioeconomic background is controlled for, it is found that people with hearing disabilities and those who have limited walking ability are not less likely to be Internet users. This research enables a deeper understanding of both the use of the Internet by people with disabilities and the spread of new IT more generally.


Section One Psychological research 1 Psychology and research Where does the psychology student start? How do psychologists answer questions? Why do psychologists ask questions? Glossary 2 Designs - experiments and non-experimental designs in psychology Experimental and non-experimental designs The exact nature of experiments The laboratory Field experiments Non-experimental investigations Correlational studies Observational studies Interviews, surveys and case-studies Experimental designs Repeated measures design Independent samples design Matched-pairs design Single participant design The humanist objection Glossary Exercises 3 Psychological measures - variables in psychological investigations Measuring variables Defining psychological variables Psychological constructs Independent and dependent variables Extraneous variables Reliability, validity and standardisation of psychological measures Reliability Validity Standardisation Glossary Exercises 4 People - groups, samples and comparisons in psychological investigations Samples Sampling Groups Longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-cultural studies Glossary Exercises Section Two Non-experimental investigation methods 5 Observing - observational designs and techniques Observation as a technique Why conduct an observational study? Systematic observation Controlled and naturalistic observation Participant observation Glossary Exercises 6 Questions - interviews, surveys, questionnaires and psychological scales How do psychologists ask questions? General issues Interviews Surveys Questionnaires, scales and psychometric tests Sociometry Glossary Exercises 7 Qualitative research and data - meaning versus numbers Introduction The argument against purely quantitative data What do qualitative researchers propose? Dealing with qualitative data - interpreting interview, observation and case study results Changing qualitative data to quantitative data Content analysis Glossary Further reading Section Three Organising quantitative data 8 How data arrive - various levels of measurement Why do we have to learn about levels of measurement? Glossary Exercises 9 Describing data - descriptive statistics Statistics are a selection Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Population parameters and sample statistics Distributions Graphical representation The normal distribution Glossary Exercises Section Four Analysing quantitative data 10 Is it a real effect? Testing for statistical significance Giving probability a value The logic of probability Significance Glossary Exercises 11 Is there a real difference? Tests of significant difference Tests at the nominal level of measurement Related data - the binomial sign test Using tests of significance - the general procedure Unrelated data - the chi-squared test Tests at the ordinal level of measurement Related data - the Wilcoxon (T) signed ranks test Unrelated data - the Mann-Whitney (U) test Tests at the interval/ratio level of measurement Parametric tests The t-test for related data The t-test for unrelated data Glossary Exercises 12 Is there a real relationship? Testing for correlation between pairs of data The nature of correlation Pearson's produce-moment correlation coefficient Spearman's rho Significance and the strength of correlations Correlation doesn't indicate cause and effect Common uses of correlation in psychology Glossary Exercises 13 Which tests do we need? Choosing an appropriate test Making a choice Exercises Section Five Ethics and practice 14 Ethical issues and humanism in psychological research Introduction Publication and access to data Confidentiality and privacy Milgram - the classic experiment for ethical debate Deception Debriefing Stress and discomfort The right to non-participation The special power of the investigator Involunatary participation Intervention Research with animals Conclusion Glossary 15 Planning practicals 16 Writing your practical report What is the purpose of a report? What are the rules? The title Abstract Introduction Stating aims The hypothesis The method Results Discussion Conclusion References Appendices General presentation Checklist for writing a practical report Comments on a fictitious student practical report Appendix 1 Structured questions Appendix 2 Statistical tables Appendix 3 Answers to exercises and structured questions References Index


Australia and Indonesia signed the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989 as a means to jointly benefit from the petroleum reserves in the Timor Sea between East Timor and northwestern Australia without permanently resolving their dispute over seabed delimitation. The Treaty utilizes rights granted by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I1, 1982). Resolution In of the UNCLOS III provides the benefit of the Convention's rights to United Nations-recognized non-self-governing peoples, which includes the East Timorese people. Under Resolution III, the East Timorese are entitled to all of the Convention's rights, including sovereignty over natural resources in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The Timor Gap Treaty violates international law by using the UNCLOS III's rights to exploit petroleum reserves within the East Timorese people's EEZ, a seabed area reserved to the East Timorese under Resolution Ill. Australia and Indonesia cannot assume the benefits of the UNCLOS III without also respecting its obligations. The International Court of Justice may adjudicate the validity of the Timor Gap Treaty in a pending case, East Timar (Portugal v. Australia).


In this venture we significantly offering constant information security in distributed computing. Giving security to petabytes of information is imperative. A current study on cloud security States that the security of clients' information has the most astounding need and also concern. In this manner, to give secure cloud structure I have proposed a framework named secure distributed computing system (SCCF). To upgrade security, we proposed to include programmed interruption recognition and aversion strategy for Brute compel and SQL infusion assaults. At last the information proprietor records are encoded utilizing RC5 encryption calculation and put away out in the open distributed storage named cloudMe.


The regional stress field in and around the Rhinegraben rift system and in the adjacent parts of the Alps has been investigated by a series of "doorstopper" in situ stress determinations. This is a stress-relief method that measures rock strain by destressing the rock with an overcoring operation. The maximum component of horizontal compression was found to trend approximately northwest to north-northwest. The excess horizontal stress culminates in the central Alps, decreases abruptly at the northern margin of this mountain range, and has relatively low values in the foreland area of the Rhinegraben.

Alpine folding and thrusting ceased in Pliocene time, but strong epeirogenic uplift continues today. While plate-tectonics compression relaxed, stresses caused by topographic effects and unloading increased within the rising mountain body. The directions of maximum horizontal compression are about normally oriented to the isobases of Holocene uplift. The measured excess stresses obviously are not sufficient for thrust progression, since the Alps are considerably consolidated.

The Rhinegraben was formed as an extensional rift valley in mid-Eocene to early Miocene time. The remaining zone of weakness trends about parallel to the sinistral shear of the active regional stress field. Because of this, the rift belt has been remodeled into a shear zone; its slip rates are related to the lateral extension of the Alpine mountain body farther south. Deflected by two changes in the graben's axial trend, the neotectonic deformations of the individual graben segments demonstrate a varying interaction of shear with compression in one case or shear with extension in the others. Where active shearing ceases at the northern end of the graben, the shift of the South German block is transmitted directly to the northward adjacent Rhenish massif. This massif reacts by secondary movements along pre-existing discontinuities, by horizontal flexuring, and by seismic activity. Farther north, in the Lower Rhine embayment, the Holocene peri-Alpine stress regime causes extensional rifting and subsidence.

Tectonic effects to be ascribed to the Holocene regional stress pattern may be recognized back to mid-Pliocene time. Before that, in early Pliocene to mid-Miocene time, tectonic deformations were controlled by different stress regimes. Plate-tectonics processes in the rigid sphere were complemented by plastic mass compensations within the asthenosphere. Mantle rise was an additional factor controlling the Tertiary process of extensional rifting.


In 1999, Poland was one of the first countries to carry out the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and World Health Organization, a standardized school-based survey of teenage smoking behavior, attitudes, and knowledge. This report presents background information on smoking, and tobacco control policies in Poland, and simple descriptive statistics of the GYTS survey data. It focuses on the relationship between smoking behavior, cigarette prices, and other factors that can be affected by policies intended to reduce smoking in order to reduce the associated burden of disease, and premature death. Multiple regressions explore the factors that affect the decision to smoke, and the number of cigarettes that current smokers report smoking each month, and find that availability of pocket money, age, gender, living in a large town, advertising, counter-advertising, and disease-specific information on the effects of smoking all appear to be statistically significant. The analysis does not include the data needed to estimate price elasticity, but the survey suggests clearly that higher cigarette taxes that raise real prices, and certain tobacco control policies can reduce cigarette demand among teenage students in Poland.


A compact suspension-structure is on-chip integrated surrounding to a piezoresistive pressure sensing diaphragm for elimination of packaging-stress induced instability. The novel technology is named by us as PS3 (Packaging-Stress Suppressed Suspension). Using one single-side polished wafer and micromachining process only from the front-side, the cantilever-like PS3 structure is formed compactly around a piezoresistive pressure sensor to provide a packaging-process/substrate friendly method for low-cost but high-performance sensors. The tested results show that the sensor with PS3 structure has the same linear output sensitivity of 0.046mV/kPa as the sensor without PS3 structure has. But, the temperature-drift of the sensor with PS3 is only 0.016%/°C-FS that is about 15 times better than that of sensor without PS3. Obviously, the PS3 technique effectively eliminates the packaging-stress.


Though there are a number of well-known textbooks on tropical medicine there is no other exactly like this one, which was written expressly for the student and busy practitioner, who are more concerned with diagnosis and treatment than with many of the intricacies of applied laboratory methods and parasitology. It is not intended to imply that these aspects of the subject are ignored, but only sufficient information is given to allow of a satisfactory comprehension, both practical and theoretical, of the aetiology and transmission of each disease and of the principal prophylactic and preventive measures. That such a book should have reached a third edition so soon after the publication of the first in 1930 speaks for itself and justifies the joint authors' contention that there was need for a book which was mainly clinical in its outlook. In this new edition the size of the book, now familiar to readers, does not appear to have changed at all, though much new information which has come to light since the issue of the second edition in 1935 has been incorporated. This is particularly noticeable in the sections devoted to disease due to defective diets, yellow fever, typhus, cholera, malaria, schistosomiasis, and leprosy. As was to be expected during this period of intensive chemotherapeutic investigation, when new drugs may be said to be appearing almost daily, carefully selected reference has been made to the value of certain of these which have given good results in the treatment of tropical diseases-as, for instance, the use of sulphonamide in undulant fever, of solustibosan in kala-azar, of nicotinic acid in pellagra. It is evident that the authors have kept a careful watch on the literature, and it can safely be stated that this new edition has been brought thoroughly up to date. Students of tropical medicine and practitioners in hot countries can do no better than accept it as a reliable guide and follow the instructions it gives for dealing with the diseases which are likely to be encountered in tropical climates.


Communication is a part of everyday life. The more sensitive information we handle, the more interesting the question around security of your information becomes. There are two ways of handling security around the information you want to communicate, either you control the means by which you are communicating. Or you control the way you communicate, making you able to use existing communication channels. Existing methods within cryptography enables two parties to communicate information securely. But it is not without a downside, anyone who manages to see your communication knows that you are hiding something. This is where Linguistic steganography comes in to play. Linguistic steganography is an attempt to solve the problem of suspicion, by concealing hidden messages in plain text. This report attempts to give the reader an insight to three different methods within linguistic steganography, as well as discussing the strengths and weaknesses. These methods are Mimicry, the use of synonyms and grammatical changes. The discussion of these methods leads to a simple implementation of a modern version of Mimicry, applicable to the current daily communication by short messages such as SMS. The discussions also lead to a theoretical way of implementing an automatic way of using synonyms as well as acknowledging the fact the method of grammatical changes is a complex system. The general conclusion is that the area of linguistic steganography needs to be explored further.


Following the significant reservoir depletion on Elgin / Franklin fields since 2007, drilling infill wells was considered to not only be high cost but also carry a high probability of failure to reach the well objective. The recent campaign on the Elgin field, one of the most heavily depleted reservoirs worldwide, demonstrated that infill drilling can be achieved safely while improving performance.
 Drilling of HPHT infill wells on the Elgin field faced increasing challenges arising from the reduction of reservoir pressure that changed the stresses in the formations above and influenced the overall pressure regime. This stress reorganization in the overburden has affected the fracture network in these formations resulting in reduction in Fracture Initiation Pressure (FIP) and increase of gas levels.
 Challenges were faced during the drilling of three wells in the 2015-2017 campaign. Loss events in Chalk formations in the intermediate sections significantly decreased the already Narrow Mud Weight Window (NMWW). A strategy to define and validate the minimum required MWW in 12-1/2" and 8-1/2" sections was developed following a complex subsurface well control event. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technique was extensively used to safely manage gas levels and assess pore pressure.
 Reservoir entry with more than 850 bar of overbalance remains the main challenge in infill drilling. A total loss event during first reservoir entry in the latest campaign confirmed the limitations of wellbore strengthening mud and stress caging materials available today.
 Lessons learned from each well in this campaign were implemented to address these challenges and improve performance. This paper describes the Elgin HP/HT infill drilling experience and the specific techniques and practices that were developed to address these challenges and improve performance. The importance of Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) management with very narrow MWW, successful high gas level management with MPD and depleted reservoir entry, shows that even in a highly complex environment, drilling performance can be improved allowing for further economical development drilling. The successful and safe delivery of the Elgin 2015-2017 infill drilling campaign demonstrates this at a time the industry moves toward unlocking the reserves of more challenging HPHT fields.


Integration of new data in sedimentology, micropalaeontology and organic carbon isotope analysis of upper Ypresian strata in central Belgium (Zemst hole) enables differentiation of a series of biotic events and carbon isotope trends, which are believed to be associated with the 1.5-million-year-long period of global warming, known as the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). The relatively low values in δ 13 Corg (-26.5‰ to -27.1‰) in the interval from the Panisel Sand to the Merelbeke Clay Members (upper NP12-lower NP13) are shown to be coinciding with a fairly high frequency in Apectodinium (>3%, up to 14%) and a Discoaster-bloom (16%-50%, essentially D. kuepperi). This is quite analogous, although less prominent, to what has been observed during the Paleocene- Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM: Apectodinium abundance of 75% at middle and high latitudes and Discoaster blooms in tropical areas). The abrupt positive shift of up to 1‰ in δ 13 Corg values at the base of the overlying Pittem Clay Member (mid-NP13, mid-chron C22r), which is coincident with the virtual disappearances of Apectodinium (<0.1%) and Discoaster (<0.5%) seems to mark the end of the EECO in the southern North Sea Basin. The Zemst data allow the identification of the NP12/NP13 boundary, virtually coinciding with chron C23n/C22r boundary, at the depositional break between the Panisel Sand Member and the overlying Kwatrecht Member. The new data also allow to substantially refine the calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy during Biochron NP15 (mid-Lutetian) at middle latitudes. This is corroborated by additional data from Belgium, which furthermore reveal that the primary criterion for identifying the base of the Lutetian (LO of Blackites inflatus), as adopted in the Gorrondatxe GSSP (Spain), cannot be applied in the North Sea Basin s.s. (excluding the Paris Basin) and that there is an urgent need for defining appropriate substitutes for this boundary at these latitudes.


Author(s): Pitic, Badema | Advisor(s): Rice, Timothy | Abstract: This dissertation focuses on a repertoire of Western classical, neo-traditional, and religious music created in the past twenty years to commemorate the Srebrenica genocide, a massacre that occurred in July 1995 at the end of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Drawing on more than seven months of fieldwork in Bosnia and the United States, I explore this commemorative repertoire as a demonstration of the interdependence of official and personal narratives of the genocide. Approaching works of commemorative music as performative narratives, I argue that this repertoire reflects and reinforces current projects of nation-building and identity construction among Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) that are largely founded on interpretations of the war and sentiments of victimization. At the same time, this repertoire provides a means for genocide survivors to preserve and transmit their memories, to build transnational and translocal communities, and to experience emotional catharsis while making sense of the traumatic past. I address both the use of music by genocide survivors as a mnemonic medium and its appropriation by Bosniak political elites for rhetorical interpretation of the war and genocide, which affects inter-ethnic and inter-religious dynamics in Bosnia.


In this paper, phase-pure monodisperse NiO nanocrystals were prepared in a temperature-dependent manner via a thermal decomposition approach, showing sphere-like shapes and snowflake-like NiO arrays. Such hydrophobic NiO nanocrystals were converted into hydrophilic nickel oxide-sodium oleate-Pluronic P123 (NiO-SO-P123) micelles in aqueous solution. Phenolic resin (PR) formed in situ was successfully deposited on the hydrophilic area of the NiO-SO-P123 micelles via a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism to form NiO-phenolic resin nanospheres (NiO-PRNSs) with uniform particle size. By adjusting the size and amount of NiO nanocrystals used, the diameter of the obtained NiO-PRNSs can be effectively controlled from 185 to 103 nm, and a narrow size distribution is seen, revealing the effects of the NiO nanocrystals on the reconstructed NiO-integrated micellar size. Meanwhile, the morphology (ring buoy, semi-bowl, sphere) depends upon the initial amount of NiO. The carbonization of NiO-PRNSs produced Ni(0)-integrated hollow N-doped carbon nanospheres (Ni(0)-HNCNSs), which involved the conversion of NiO to Ni(0) and the contraction of particle size, and the size and distribution was affected by the starting amount of NiO. However, upon using monodisperse and polyhedral FeO nanocrystals, the obtained FeO-free/-incompletely-filled/-fully-filled core-shell structured Fe-PRNSs showed relatively uniform particle size, except for when multiple FeO cores formed large FeO-PR nanospheres after starting with the same initial FeO size. The carbonized FeO-HNCNSs still preserved a pomegranate-like core-shell structure with uniform size and there was no change in the size of the FeO nanocrystals. Moreover, high-loaded Ni(0)-integrated hollow or solid N-doped carbon microspheres or flakes can be synthesized via a one-pot method, but with a broad size range, showing highly uniform Ni distribution with a Ni size as small as 8.5 nm. Note that Ni(0)- and FeO-HNCNSs were prepared for the first time according to our knowledge. Finally, low-loaded Ni- and FeO-HNCNSs with uniform morphology and size were chosen as representatives to investigate their electrochemical properties for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), showing excellent lithium storage properties and superior reversibility. This study provides a potential strategy for controlling the sizes and morphologies of metal-integrated carbon materials to obtain adjustable electrochemical properties.


Abstract The armed conflict in Afghanistan since 2001 has raised manifold questions pertaining to the humanitarian rules relative to the conduct of hostilities. In Afghanistan, as is often the case in so-called asymmetric conflicts, the geographical and temporal boundaries of the battlefield, and the distinction between civilians and fighters, are increasingly blurred. As a result, the risks for both civilians and soldiers operating in Afghanistan are high. The objective of this article is to assess whether – and if so how much – the armed conflict in Afghanistan has affected the application and interpretation of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution – principles that form the core of legal rules pertaining to the conduct of hostilities.


HYPOTHESIS
Sentinel node (SN) biopsy for breast cancer enhances staging sensitivity, often demonstrating only micrometastases (<2 mm) or isolated, keratin-positive cells. When SN metastasis is present, the value of additional axillary dissection is unclear and not all patients benefit from axillary lymph node dissection (ALND).

DESIGN
Prospective cohort study, median 32-month follow-up.

SETTING
Multidisciplinary breast cancer centers.

PATIENTS
Forty-six women having SN metastases diagnosed between May 1, 1996, and September 1, 2001, who refused ALND or were recommended to omit ALND owing to serious comorbid conditions.

INTERVENTIONS
Isosulfan blue dye-directed SN biopsy. Axillary lymph node dissection was not performed. Standard breast irradiation was given. Adjuvant systemic therapy was provided as determined by an oncologist. Interval clinical evaluation was performed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Axillary and systemic failure rates.

RESULTS
Mean patient age was 61.6 years (age range, 36-92 years). Mean tumor size was 1.65 cm (range, 0.4-5.5 cm). Thirty-five (76%) of 46 tumors were ductal carcinomas and 39 (87%) of 45 were estrogen receptor-positive. A mean of 2.6 SNs were identified (median, 2; range, 1-7). Thirty-nine patients (85%) had a single positive SN; the remaining 7 patients (15%) had 2 positive SNs. Seven patients (15%) had macrometastases (>2 mm); 16 (35%) had micrometastases (<2 mm); and 23 (50%) had cellular metastases. Only 16 positive SNs (35%) were seen on hematoxylin-eosin staining, while 30 SNs (65%) had positive immunohistochemical staining. There have been no axillary recurrences. One patient (2%) developed distant metastases during follow-up (range, 4-61 months).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with SN metastases who did not have ALND had a low incidence of regional failure. To confirm this observation, we suggest that patients with SN metastases are ideal candidates for trials evaluating the necessity of ALND.


Across the globe, renewable energy policy is changing. The change is coming so quickly that it appears the world is now on the cusp of a new future. The renewable energy policy of the past is on its way out; a new and different policy is taking its place. That new policy has different end goals, implementing mechanisms, and strategies than its predecessors. This is not just policy evolution but a policy revolution. The labels of the past soon no longer will apply because they are being merged and blurred — and replaced. Using the U.S. electricity sector as its primary lens, this paper traces the historical arc of renewable energy policy, identifies four factors driving the ongoing policy revolution, and then explores likely paths forward — and lessons learned — for renewables policy. In so doing, the paper provides an important overview of both the past and future of renewable energy policy.


Despite persistent impunity for conflict-related sexual violence, there have been a limited number of significant cases holding perpetrators accountable within national justice systems. One of these cases is the Sepur Zarco case, in which two former military members were accused of committing acts of sexual violence, sexual slavery and domestic slavery near a military outpost in Sepur Zarco during the civil war in Guatemala. In a landmark verdict issued in February 2016, a Guatemalan court convicted the two accused, marking the first time a Guatemalan court has convicted former military members for acts of sexual violence committed in the context of the country's civil war, and the first instance of a domestic court prosecuting sexual slavery as an international crime. In acknowledging that these acts amounted to grave crimes, the Sepur Zarco verdict changed the narrative about sexual violence in Guatemala's conflict. Up until then — as in other conflicts in the region and beyond — sexual violence had not been recognized as a separate crime, equivalent to other crimes committed during the conflict, for which perpetrators could be held accountable. This chapter will highlight some of the critical developments prior to the case, as well as the legal and political strategies employed in the case, which led to its remarkable success. It will also offer some reflections about the challenges that have emerged since the Sepur Zarco case and the potential lessons learned for pending and future litigation of similar cases in the region.