Receptor-mediated feedback control plays an important role in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Recent evidence suggests that release and uptake, key mechanisms determining brain extracellular levels of the neurotransmitter, are governed by presynaptic autoreceptors. The goal of this study was to investigate whether autoreceptors regulate both mechanisms concurrently. Extracellular DA in the caudate–putamen and nucleus accumbens, evoked by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, was monitored in the anesthetized rat by real-time voltammetry. Effects of the D2 antagonist haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on evoked DA levels were measured to evaluate autoreceptor control mechanisms. Two strategies were used to resolve individual contributions of release and uptake to the robust increases in DA signals observed after acute haloperidol challenge in naive animals: pretreatment with 3β-(p-chlorophenyl)tropan-2β-carboxylic acidp-isothiocyanatophenylmethyl ester hydrochloride (RTI-76; 100 nmol, i.c.v.), an irreversible inhibitor of the DA transporter, and kinetic analysis of extracellular DA dynamics. RTI-76 effectively removed the uptake component from recorded signals. In RTI-76-pretreated rats, haloperidol induced only modest increases in DA elicited by low frequencies and had little or no effect at high frequencies. These results suggest that D2 antagonism alters uptake at all frequencies but only release at low frequencies. Kinetic analysis similarly demonstrated that haloperidol decreasedVmax for DA uptake and increased DA release at low (10–30 Hz) but not high (40–60 Hz) stimulus frequencies. We conclude that presynaptic DA autoreceptors concurrently downregulate release and upregulate uptake, and that the mechanisms are also independently controlled during neurotransmission.


: Sexual harassment is a frequent problem for visiting nurses and other community health workers. The Sexual Harassment Intervention Model is offered as a preliminary method for organizing data for assessment and designing intervention strategies.


During the 1930s, Italian communists founded various regional organizations in France with the aim of winning the masses of immigrants in the country, taking them away from the control of the fascist consulates. Regionalism represented an element of absolute innovation for the communists who, until then, had remained anchored in internationalism. The decision to form the brotherhoods was a reaction to the fascist penetration among immigrants and represented the result of a deep ideological revision by the Pci. This essay describes the events of the numerous brotherhoods and tries to identify the cultural and political roots of their success in some regional communities. According to the author, communist regionalism did not restrain the integration of immigrants in French society, but represented a form of mobilization that favored the entry of some of them in the public arena.


vascular diseases. Therefore, this study showcases a new approach for enriching and enhancing the function of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived endothelial cells from a very small amount of blood through ESM1 signalling, which greatly enhances their functionality and increases their therapeutic potential. Graphical abstract From a small amount of blood, human iPS cells are generated in a fast and robust approach and then differentiated to iPS-ECs. This novel approach for enhancing iPS-ECs through ESM1 could consequently improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the process, and greatly increase the ef fi ciency and generation of iPS-ECs as therapeutic tools to the treatment of EC dysfunction-based vascular disease.


We present a study of the phononic thermal conductivity of isotopically disordered carbon nanotubes. In particular, the behavior of the thermal conductivity as a function of the system length is investigated, using Green's function techniques to compute the transmission across the system. The method is implemented using linear scaling algorithms, which allows us to reach systems of lengths up to $L=2.5\mu$m (with up to 400,000 atoms). As for 1D systems, it is observed that the conductivity diverges with the system size $L$. We also observe a dramatic decrease of the thermal conductance for systems of experimental sizes (roughly 80% at room temperature for $L = 2.5$ $\mu$m), when a large fraction of isotopic disorder is introduced. The results obtained with Green's function techniques are compared to results obtained with a Boltzmann description of thermal transport. There is a good agreement between both approaches for systems of experimental sizes, even in presence of Anderson localization. This is particularly interesting since the computation of the transmission using Boltzmann's equation is much less computationally expensive, so that larger systems may be studied with this method.


Abstract In this article, we present results of a study on informal learning about teaching among novice university professors at one university in Spain. The study identified teaching competencies developed through informal learning, strategies of informal learning used, and organizational factors that might foster or hinder the acquisition of teaching competencies. We gathered data through 18 individual interviews with novice university faculty, two focus groups with university professors, a document analysis and a focus group of experts. We conducted content analysis of the transcripts of the interviews and focus groups, as well as the documents obtained. The results showed that the competencies most often acquired from informal learning are interpersonal skills, methodologies, planning and content mastery. They are primarily acquired through strategies such as peer interaction and experimentation in practice. The main support for informal learning is the organizational climate, while the main barriers are organizational culture and training policy. The research contributes to understand the phenomenon of informal learning about teaching by novice professors, which is a topic not covered widely at the level of Higher Education. In this article, we present results of a study on informal learning about teaching among novice university professors at one university in Spain. The study identified teaching competencies developed through informal learning, strategies of informal learning used, and organizational factors that might foster or hinder the acquisition of teaching competencies. We gathered data through 18 individual interviews with novice university faculty, two focus groups with university professors, a document analysis and a focus group of experts. We conducted content analysis of the transcripts of the interviews and focus groups, as well as the documents obtained. The results showed that the competencies most often acquired from informal learning are interpersonal skills, methodologies, planning and content mastery. They are primarily acquired through strategies such as peer interaction and experimentation in practice. The main support for informal learning is the organizational climate, while the main barriers are organizational culture and training policy. The research contributes to understand the phenomenon of informal learning about teaching by novice professors, which is a topic not covered widely at the level of Higher Education.


The anodized TiO2 ceramic film was post-treated by photoreduction and ion sputtering, respectively, to deposit platinum on the surface of the films. Surface morphology, the main elements of the films and platinum distribution on the film surface were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The phase composition of the films was examined by X-ray diffraction. The photocatalytic activity was compared through the effect of the films on photocatalytic (PC) degradation rate of the humic acid. The results showed that both films were composed of Pt5Ti3, rutile (R) TiO2 and anatase (A) TiO2, and the content of TiO2 (R) of the film prepared by photoreduction was a little more than that of the film by ion sputtering. Compared with Pt on the Pt-TiO2 ceramic film by photoreduction, Pt on the Pt-TiO2 film by ion sputtering dispersed more evenly and the grains were much smaller. Pt particulates in the film post-treated by ion sputtering were more strongly combined with the film than those by photoreduction. Besides, the PC degradation rate of humic acid by both Pt-TiO2 films were higher than that by TiO2 film, and Pt-TiO2 film by ion sputtering had higher catalytic activity and longer using life than that by photoreduction.


Subspace learning is the process of finding a proper feature subspace and then projecting high-dimensional data onto the learned low-dimensional subspace. The projection operation requires many floating-point multiplications and additions, which makes the projection process computationally expensive. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes two simple-but-effective fast subspace learning and image projection methods, fast Haar transform (FHT) based principal component analysis and FHT based spectral regression discriminant analysis. The advantages of these two methods result from employing both the FHT for subspace learning and the integral vector for feature extraction. Experimental results on three face databases demonstrated their effectiveness and efficiency.


The history of the Joseph Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw has had its beginnings only ten years after the end of the First World War. Historically, it was a time of the establishing the Second Polish Republic, as a result of the Versailles Treaty (1918). It was not a period conducive to such ambitious investments, but after regaining independence, there was determination to resurrect in a free country – at all costs – the cultural life, education and sport, in aim to bring up the young generation in accordance with the latest European principles.
The year 2019 was a special year, due to the 90th anniversary of the establishment of the Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. In the years 1929–2019, the walls of the university left more than 50,000 graduates, numerous doctors and habilitated doctors were promoted, and serious research and development potential was built. Currently, at the five faculties, study about 4,557 students. All graduates are highly qualified to meet the needs of the 21st century society: they are employed as teachers, trainers, instructors, physiotherapists, nurses, cosmetologists and occupational therapy specialists - they are highly appreciated in Poland and other countries in Europe. On the occasion of the Jubilee, numerous scientific conferences, symposia, publications, exhibitions, sporting and cultural events were organized, for highlighting the tradition and summarizing the achievements of the Joseph Pilsudski University of Physical Education.


An active microstrip antenna array with dual switching beams were developed and demonstrated. The array contained several active antennas and an extra amplifier-embedded coupling (microstrip) line. Two injection-locking signals were used in the design, that is, the free-space mutual coupling between antennas and the injection signal on the coupling line tapped from the first oscillator in the array. By turning on and off the amplifier on the line, these two signals dominated in turn, producing two radiation modes with different main beams. A three-element H-plane array and a two-element E-plane array were designed and measured. Both of the arrays had an out-of-phase radiation mode when the amplifier was turned off, and had an in-phase mode when the amplifier was on. Also, clean frequency spectra and good radiation patterns were measured, which demonstrated the validity of the present design.


Microbes including fungi, bacteria, and viruses commonly cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Nevertheless, there are many beneficial microbes. Recently, researchers proved that a phytoplasma is the biological agent causing free-branching in poinsettias which is an economically beneficial trait for their producers. Beneficial viruses for plants have been discovered as well. Symptoms due to virus infections include foliar mosaic, mottle, ring spots, necrosis, malformation, curling/rolling, yellow vein, flower and/or foliage variegation, fruit malformations, and overall plant stunting. However, interactions between plant viruses and their hosts do not always result in disease. There are other viruses that can cause desirable effects in their hosts, and infected plants have been selected or in some cases used by ornamental horticulturists to enhance their aesthetics. Plants with unusual foliage and/or flowers are highly sought by horticulturists and many ornamental plant enthusiasts. Selections of many ornamental plants exhibiting green leaves with other colors such as white, yellow, or red, alone or combined (generally known as variegations) have been propagated and commercialized as distinct cultivars. Similarly, this practice has been conducted with flowers exhibiting desirable aesthetic value, usually in the form of flower breaking (flowers in which petals are variegated due to the irregular distribution of pigment). Plant viruses can cause symptoms that mimic genetic variegations and vein discolorations. In this paper, we discuss some viruses that enhance natural beauty of certain ornamentals and increase their commercial value, and we discuss potential drawbacks and repercussions associated with their use.


In 2016, three enterprising librarians seized the opportunity to collaborate through their libraries in a nationally funded program of work that enabled their staff to experiment with new approaches to personal, professional, and organization development, and to redefine their roles and goals in the changing educational arena. L2L - Library Staff Learning to Support Learners Learning – is a groundbreaking endeavour that has transformed the professional lives of librarians and library assistants in Irish academic libraries and given new meaning and direction to their educational work and goals. L2L has real potential to revitalize the library teaching and learning community globally and catalyze similar transformations in other countries; the stories and insights shared in this book and companion website represent the first step in that process.

Narrated and crafted by project participants as candid accounts and honest reflections of their own educational journeys as library teachers and learning facilitators, the chapters and vignettes presented here will help fellow library workers around the world take a fresh look at their practice and the whole process of teacher development in libraries and encourage them to approach their own professional learning with renewed commitment and creativity. Projects in the UK and other countries have explored the professional development of librarians as teachers and contributed to our understanding of the forces driving and inhibiting the changes many of us want to see come to fruition. Yet despite advances on several fronts library workers continue to be frustrated in their efforts to accomplish their vision of the teaching library. Challenges have come from within and outside the library; access to resources, availability of courses, attitudes of colleagues, and ambiguity around roles have all been cited as barriers to professional development.

The L2L experience shows how library staff can overcome these and other challenges. The key to success is the National Professional Development Framework for All Staff Who Teach in Higher Education, a tool that is available on the web for anyone interested to access and use. Launched in 2016 in Dublin, Ireland, by the National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, the PD Framework (also known as the PDF) is captured in a ten-page document that sets out five domains for professional development, supported by a typology of professional development activities and learning, a cyclical model of evidence-based reflection and planning, and articulation of five core values underpinning the framework. The L2L consortium of three Irish academic libraries was funded to field test and evaluate the utility and quality of this new framework as a professional development tool for library staff.


Recent fieldwork aimed at increasing our knowledge of the taxonomy and ecology of African rattans has indicated that there is a significant relationship between these climbing palms and a number of ant species. A closer investigation into this relationship has found that the morphology of rattan palms is particularly well-suited for the colonisation of ants as they are provided with a wide range of domatia, or "little houses" for them to inhabit. Although there seems not to be a symbiotic relationship between ants and rattans in Africa, there is a clear relationship between which species of ant colonises individual rattan species indicating that there is some level of ant and rattan specificity. The management implications of this are not clear at present but may become more significant as more intensive production systems for rattans in Africa become more common. Keywords : Africa, rattans, ants, morphology, symbiosis Ghana Journal of Forestry Vol. 15&16 2004: 13-19


BACKGROUND
Studies conducted in Guatemala, Mexico, and Venezuela have found high prevalences of low plasma cobalamin (vitamin B-12) concentrations in infants and children. It is not known whether these low cobalamin concentrations are accompanied by altered metabolic functions.

OBJECTIVE
We sought to assess the prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Guatemalan children by using sensitive and specific markers of deficiency.

DESIGN
Children (n = 553) were screened for low plasma cobalamin. Those with low plasma cobalamin (< 162 pmol/L) were matched by age, grade, and sex to those with marginal (162-221 pmol/L) and adequate (> 221 pmol/L) concentrations. In this matched subset (n = 180), additional biochemical indicators of cobalamin deficiency were measured.

RESULTS
Of the 553 children screened, 11% had low plasma cobalamin and an additional 22% had marginal concentrations. The prevalences of elevated serum methylmalonic acid (MMA), plasma homocysteine, or both were significantly higher in children with low and marginal plasma cobalamin than in children with adequate plasma cobalamin. Mean serum MMA was high in all groups compared with values reported in other populations. Mean plasma holotranscobalamin II concentrations were significantly lower in children with low rather than marginal or adequate plasma cobalamin. However, holotranscobalamin II was a less sensitive indicator of cobalamin depletion than was MMA.

CONCLUSION
Biochemical markers of cobalamin deficiency confirmed that the cobalamin status of children with low and marginal plasma cobalamin is inadequate to support normal metabolic function.


International audience

 Dynamic crack propagation in elastomer membranes is investigated; the focus is laid on cracks reaching the speed of shear waves in the material. The specific experimental setup developed to measure crack speed is presented in details. The protocol consists in (1) stretching an elastomer membrane under planar tension loading conditions, then (2) initiating a small crack on one side of the membrane. The crack speed is measured all along the crack path in both reference and actual configurations, including both acceleration and deceleration phases, i.e. non steady-state crack propagation phases. The influence of the prescribed stretch ratio on crack speed is analysed in the light of both these new experiments and the few previously published studies. Conclusions previously drawn for steady-state crack growth are extended to non steady-state conditions: stretch perpendicular to the crack path governs crack speed in intersonic crack propagation regime, and the role of the stretch in crack direction is minor.


VIDUSUWA = An Innovative Patient Centric Telemedicine Solution for Electronic Remote Healing Two Sri Lanka Doctors , Dr. Keith R.P. Chapman, Consultant, General and Laparoscopic Surgeon, from the Ministry of Health and Nutrition and Dr. Shiromi Arunatileka, Senior Lecturer, University of Colombo School of Computing (UCSC) recently received India's prestigious "Manthan" award for Best e-Content in the category of eHealth in South Asia ( http://www.manthanaward.org ) for their ground breaking work in ViduSuwa ( Vi dyuth Du rastha Suwa ya) – A Patient Centric Telemedicine Solution. According to the Grand Jury, the "Manthan" was awarded to ViduSuwa because the project is based on the concept of a patient centric approach in utilizing ICT and providing a working model developed solely by Sri Lankan professionals in the IT and health sectors to empower the rural population of Sri Lanka. It is a remarkable project that will revolutionize the transfer of health records and benefits to rural patients. Earlier, ViduSuwa ( http://www.vidusuwa.com ) achieved national recognition by winning the "e-Swabhimani" award for the best eContent for eHealth in Sri Lanka. The concept is well accepted at National and International level in IT and eHealth circles and at Conferences in e-Society, eIndia, eAsia and eTelemed. It has been the subject of discussion and education among healthcare professionals at several seminars on eHealth, both local and abroad. ViduSuwa is all about providing tele-medicine facilities to the remote areas of Sri Lanka. In a country that is rebuilding itself from decades of war, providing extended healthcare facilities to every section of the society is a complex challenge. ViduSuwa offers to meet this challenge by delivering health services at a minimal cost. Patients living in the most remote areas can now receive the services of experts in the medical profession even if they are hundreds of miles apart. People can benefit without unnecessarily travelling great distances to meet medical consultants, thus saving cost and inconvenience. It also minimizes unnecessary transfer of patients between health institutions while knowledge transfer is facilitated between healthcare professionals. ViduSuwa, brings the peripheral patient and a centrally based medical specialist together in a virtual clinic following accepted medical ethics and guidelines as they would in a normal clinic. An Electronic Medical Record system (EMR) is used to transfer the information and a qualified doctor is present with the patient in the periphery during the consultation. This is achieved by using easily acquirable and relatively inexpensive technology. This concept can be practiced with very little extension to existing technology. According to Dr.Keith Chapman, the whole scenario consists of four main components - an eConsultation Centre in a Base Hospital or higher institution, an eClinic at a peripheral hospital or mobile health unit, a web-based EMR system and an m-communication system (mobile communication). The Vidusuwa software was developed by a team from the University Of Colombo School Of Computing consisting of staff and BICT degree students. The various aspects of the EMR itself were built to accommodate the local specialists who will be using the system and caters to many medical specialties. This project uses an evolutionary approach in order to have a smooth eTransformation. The pilot project is being carried out at the Base Hospital Marawila and the District Hospital Dankotuwa which are the specialist eConsultation Centre and the Peripheral eClinic respectively. E-Consultations are conducted weekly in the fields of surgery and dermatology. Financial assistance for the ViduSuwa project is provided by the e-Society Programme of the Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka (ICTA). The connectivity for the Pilot project is generously offered by Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT). Dr. Shiromi Arunatileka acknowledged the dedication and hard work of the Doctors and staff of Marawila, Dankotuwa and the National Hospital Colombo, all academic staff and students of UCSC who have contributed to making ViduSuwa a success. Sri Lanka Journal of Bio-Medical Informatics 2010; 1 (2):118-119 DOI: 10.4038/sljbmi.v1i2.1618


OFDM transmitter diversity systems that do not required a cyclic prefix have recently been proposed as means to improve bandwidth efficiency. For these systems, knowledge of the channel parameters is required at the receivers for interference cancellation, diversity combining, and decoding. In this paper, we propose a low complexity pilot-symbol-assisted channel estimator for OFDM transmitter diversity systems without a cyclic prefix. The pilot symbols are constructed to be periodic within an OFDM symbol interval in order to avoid ISI and ICI and to be non-overlapping in frequency to allow for the simultaneous sounding of the multiple diversity channels. The time-varying channel responses are then tracked by interpolating a set of estimates obtained through periodically transmitted pilot symbols. The effectiveness and limitations of the proposed estimator are verified by computer simulations.


This paper investigates the robust control problem of the uncertain unified chaotic systems subject to sector input nonlinearity. First, the adaptive parameter is introduced for designing sliding surface such that the parameters of the unified chaotic system are not necessary to know. Then, based on Lyapunov theory, the controller is designed via sliding mode technique, which cancels the assumption that the information on the bound of input nonlinearity should be known for designer in advance. Finally, the sliding mode controller is applied to ensure that different uncertain chaotic systems (Lorenz system, Lü system and Chen system) states can be regulated to zero levels asymptotically in the presence of sector input nonlinearity. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller.


The aims were to compare the genotype/phenotype relationship between USH3 mutations and the consequent hearing and vestibular phenotype; and to compare hearing loss (HL) progression between Usher syndrome types IB, IIA and USH3. Genetic, audiometric and vestibular examinations were performed in 28 subjects with USH3. Five different mutations in USH3 were identified. Severe HL was present from an early age (4 to 6 years) in 35% of subjects with USH3. Progression of HL begins in the first decade, and approximately 50% of subjects with USH3 become profoundly deaf by age 40. Various vestibular abnormalities were found in about half (10/22) of the tested subjects with USH3. Depending on the severity of HL, subjects with USH3 might be misdiagnosed as either Usher type IB or IIA. The results from this study can be used as discriminatory features in differential diagnosis of this syndrome.


Molar changes of the placenta are exceptionally rare in animals and in the cat, only one case of partial hydatidiform mole in a stillborn kitten was reported. A 3-year-old female cat was referred for anorexia, vomiting, depression and vaginal discharge. Abdominal distention and pain were noted. Blood count abnormalities were also observed in the cat. A septated, enlarged uterus with anechogenic content was diagnosed on ultrasonographic examination. Ventral midline ovariohysterectomy was performed. An uneventful recovery was observed and total blood count was within normal range on day 3 following ovariohysterectomy. Partial hydatidiform mole diagnosis was made based on the presence of embryos, gross appearance and histopathological findings. This report reflects the clinical presentation and histopathological findings of a partial hydatidiform mole leading to pregnancy loss in the cat.


To build reliable prediction models and identify useful patterns, assembling data sets from databases maintained by different sources such as hospitals becomes increasingly common; however, it might divulge sensitive information about individuals and thus leads to increased concerns about privacy, which in turn prevents different parties from sharing information. Privacy Preserving Distributed Data Mining (PPDDM) provides a means to address this issue without accessing actual data values to avoid the disclosure of information beyond the final result. In recent years, a number of state-of-the-art PPDDM approaches have been developed, most of which are based on Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC). SMC requires expensive communication cost and sophisticated secure computation. Besides, the mining progress is inevitable to slow down due to the increasing volume of the aggregated data. In this work, a new framework named Privacy-Aware Non-linear SVM (PAN-SVM) is proposed to build a PPDDM model from multiple data sources. PAN-SVM employs the Secure Sum Protocol to protect privacy at the bottom layer, and reduces the complex communication and computation via Nystrom matrix approximation and Eigen decomposition methods at the medium layer. The top layer of PAN-SVM speeds up the whole algorithm for large scale datasets. Based on the proposed framework of PAN-SVM, a Privacy Preserving Multi-class Classifier is built, and the experimental results on several benchmark datasets and microarray datasets show its abilities to improve classification accuracy compared with a regular SVM. In addition, two Privacy Preserving Feature Selection methods are also proposed based on PAN-SVM, and tested by using benchmark data and real world data. PAN-SVM does not depend on a trusted third party; all participants collaborate equally. Many experimental results show that PAN-SVM can not only effectively solve the problem of collaborative privacy-preserving data mining by building non-linear classification rules, but also significantly improve the performance of built classifiers. INDEX WORDS: Privacy preserving, Distributed data mining, Classification, Feature selection, Support Vector Machine, Kernel matrix approximation and decomposition PRIVACY PRESERVING DATA MINING FOR HORIZONTALLY DISTRIBUTED MEDICAL DATA ANALYSIS


In the present work, a semi analytic approach aimed at estimating the effects on reduction of the pressure sound level by synchronised switched shunt logic is described. The displacement field within a 1D longitudinal air column through a Fourier series expansion has been formalised by assigning a sinusoidal perturbation and fluid-structure interface condition on the left and right boundaries, respectively. To simulate the no control operative condition, the solution has been computed for the entire time domain, keeping invariant all circuitry properties; then for the switch working modality, the solution has been computed by splitting the entire time domain into partitions; for any partition, specific circuitry properties (e.g. piezo voltage, electrical field...) have been selected. Based on the displacement information, the related sound pressure level has been compared for no controlled and controlled operative conditions, with and without signal amplification.


SUMMARY: By subcultivating a streptococcal Z3 III strain in medium containing anti-III serum a strain lacking the type antigen was isolated. Evidence is given that this strain possesses only Z3 antigen. From partial acid hydrolysates of formamide extracts of both Z3 and Z3 III bacteria the same disaccharide was isolated. The most probable structure of the disaccharide is 3-O-α-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminoyl-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. It was 250 times more active than a-methyl-JV-acetylglucosamine in the inhibition of the Z3/anti-z3 system. This denotes that it is an important part of the determinant group of the Z3 antigen. By ethanol fractionation of a formamide extract of Z3III bacteria two distinct fractions were isolated. The first fraction reacted only with type III antiserum and consisted of glucose, galactose and rhamnose in the ratio 5:3:1. The second polymer was composed of rhaninose, glucosamine and galactosamine in relative amounts of about 2:1:1. Chemical and serological evidence suggests very strongly that this is the Z3 antigen. The similarities between z and true group antigens are discussed.


N region diversity in antigen receptors is a developmentally regulated process in B and T lymphocytes, which correlates with the differential expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). To precisely determine the onset of TdT gene activation during T cell differentiation and thymic ontogeny, TdT expression was directly detected at the cellular level by in situ hybridization and TdT function was assessed by analyzing the distribution of N additions in α and β TCR genes at early stages of development. Even though TdT transcripts were undetectable at birth, substantial N additions were observed in VαJα junctions and 3 days later in VβDβJβ junctions, indicating that TdT expression could be induced in immature thymocytes much earlier than expected. Indeed low TdT expression level was found in TN3/4 and DP from fetal day 17, suggesting that the onset of TdT expression occurs simultaneously in both populations and may depend on microenvironmental cues. Moreover significant increase in the proportion of thymocytes expressing high levels of TdT mRNA during the first week after birth without a similar increase in the level of N diversity suggests that TdT expression and TdT function in the generation of N diversity are not strictly correlated.


Motivational design theory complements instructional design theory and, when used together, both principles can impact learning, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge retention. In information literacy instruction, motivational design exists throughout the appropriate standards documents. However, there is limited current research on the best practices for using motivation in information literacy or library-based instruction. The existing research does indicate that librarians who deliver information literacy instruction attempt to implement motivational design theories such as Keller's ARCS model into their teaching, although often at a low level. Furthermore, studies of face-to-face and online library learning environments illustrate that using the ARCS model – and, more broadly, considering student motivation – can impact student learning and achievement. In considering how future information literacy instruction can be most effectively designed, expanding research on the meaningful inclusion of motivational design in information literacy instruction could help to impact this discipline's instructional significance, knowledge retention, and learning application.


PT. Metec Semarang is one of the foreign owned companies in Tanjung Emas Semarang bonded area, which is engaged in the manufacture of equipment and equipment Vending Machines (Automatic Sales Machine). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of job training, work motivation and work environment to work productivity of employees of production PT. Metec Semarang. This type of research uses quantitative methods with research type eksplanatory research, with data collection techniques through questionnaires. Population contained in this research that is employees of production of PT. Metec Semarang with the number of samples taken is 100 respondents with Slovin method. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. Analytical methods used are validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, correlation test, determination test, simple linear regression, multiple linear regression, T test, and F test. In this research assisted by computer program to process data that is SPSS. Based on the results of the study note that job training, work motivation and work environment have a significant effect on employee work productivity, either partially or simultaneously. The independent variable that has the greatest influence on the use decision is the work environment variable. As for suggestions that can be given that remains consistent and provide a variety of job training so that employees are more enthusiastic to follow pelaithan work given the company, provide more intense motivation both morally or materially, maintain and improve the security, comfort and cleanliness of the work environment at PT . Metec Semarang.


Checking data quality against domain knowledge is a common activity that pervades statistical analysis from raw data to output. The R package 'validate' facilitates this task by capturing and applying expert knowledge in the form of validation rules: logical restrictions on variables, records, or data sets that should be satisfied before they are considered valid input for further analysis. In the validate package, validation rules are objects of computation that can be manipulated, investigated, and confronted with data or versions of a data set. The results of a confrontation are then available for further investigation, summarization or visualization. Validation rules can also be endowed with metadata and documentation and they may be stored or retrieved from external sources such as text files or tabular formats. This data validation infrastructure thus allows for systematic, user-defined definition of data quality requirements that can be reused for various versions of a data set or by data correction algorithms that are parameterized by validation rules.


It is well known that finite volume schemes are not accurate at low Mach number in the sense that they do not allow to obtain the incompressible limit when the Mach number is small on Cartesian meshes [4]. Increase the order of the method with a Discontinous Galerkin method is not sufficient to get the accuracy at low Mach number [1]. The schemes needs corrections [4, 5, 3, 2]. These corrections aim at reducing the numerical diffusion of the scheme to obtain accurate schemes for flows near the incompressible limit but could induce checkerboard modes [5, 2]. Moreover, since this diffusion is necessary to stabilize the scheme, it is also interesting to focus on the accuracy of the scheme at low Mach number with respect to the acoustic part of the solution. We will present a corrected scheme that is accurate at low Mach number for steady and unsteady flows, has the same CFL restriction as the Roe scheme for an explicit time integration and is free of checkerboard modes.


In recent years, there have been substantial efforts to design and fabricate millimeter-wave and terahertz (THz) active and passive devices. Operation of microwave and photonic devices in THz range is limited due to limited maximum allowable electron velocity at semiconductor materials, and large dimensions of optical structures that prohibit their integration into nano-size packages, respectively. In order to address these issues, the application of surface plasmons (SPs) is mostly suggested to advance plasmonic devices and make this area comparable to photonics or electronics. In this research, the feasibility of implementing THz and millimeter-wave plasmonic devices inside different material platforms including: two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layers of hetero-structures, silicon wafers and graphene, are elaborated. To this end, an analytical model is developed to describe the propagation of two-dimensional plasmons along electron gas layers of biased hetero-structures. Using this analytical model, the existence of new plasmonic modes along the biased electron gas is reported for the first time. For an independent verification, a novel multi-physics simulator is developed to analyze active terahertz plasmonic structures. It is also anticipated that the solver can offer novel ideas for guiding the SPs inside the future plasmonic circuits. In a different approach to design plasmonic devices in a widely used material platform, silicon, a THz modulator is proposed. Using a full wave simulator, it is shown that plasmonic wave can propagate along an indented n-type doped silicon wafer (which is later covered with a metallic layer) with large attenuations. However, the signal losses can be prohibited by applying bias voltages onto the metal as the thickness of the depletion layer between the metal and silicon increases. At the end, an effective method to couple incident waves onto an infinitely thin graphene mono-layer is presented. As will be illustrated, the surface waves along a corrugated metal can efficiently transit into graphene and successfully launch plasmons.


: In vivo and in vitro efficacy of rifampicin and tetracycline hydrochloride, used alone and in combination, was tested against one strain of Brucella suis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin and tetracycline hydrochloride against this strain were 2 and 0.2 microgram/ml, respectively. In vitro efficacy was evaluated by inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium. Rifampicin killed 99.9% of the Brucella after 18 h of incubation of concentrations of 2 and 4 microgram/ml. Tetracycline hydrochloride was bacteriostatic at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 microgram/ml. Combinations of rifampicin and tetracycline hydrochloride had the same bactericidal efficacy as rifampicin alone when bactericidal concentrations of rifampicin (greater than 2 microgram/ml) were used. In contrast, a highly additive effect was observed with combinations containing non-bactericidal concentrations of rifampicin (less than 2 microgram/ml). In vivo efficacy was tested in experimentally infected mice by enumeration of B. suis in the spleen. Administration of rifampicin (25 mg/kg/day) or tetracycline hydrochloride (200 mg/kg/day) for 21 days cured 12 of 22 mice and 1 of 22 mice, respectively. Administration of both rifampicin and tetracycline hydrochloride for 10 days did not improve efficacy when compared to rifampicin alone. Concentrations of rifampicin and tetracycline hydrochloride in the serum and spleen of mice after single or combined administration were assayed using the large plate agar diffusion method. The presence of one antibiotic did not reduce serum and spleen concentrations of the other. The spontaneous mutation rate of B. suis against rifampicin (25 microgram/ml) was estimated to be 2.5 X 10(-9) per cell division. No rifampicin-resistant colony was detected out of 3,800 CFU originated from spleens of mice which were infected than treated with rifampicin.


In this work we have examined how to improve the Information Management (IM) process at UWV by making information planning more transparent and uncluttered.
To achieve this there has been a thorough examination of the literature and there have been interviews with relevant stakeholders (IM, GIM, CIO-Office). A set of requirements which an instrument for UWV must satisfy is formulated based on the results of these interviews and the literature study. The best visualizations have been presented to the Information Managers to be able to identify the
visualization that best suits UWV. From the literature study has been concluded that (i) the complexity of projects needs to be controlled, (ii) that projects have to be made less soft and that (iii) the uncertainty of projects needs to be reduced. Complex projects are projects which contain many varied and interrelated parts. Softness
entails a lack of clarity in the goals, the presence of multiple stakeholders with different expectations,
etc. Uncertainty means that there are changes in the environment which (can) influence the project.
Complexity, uncertainty and softness raise the probability that a project will not be completed within the attributed time, money and quality. Programme Management and Portfolio Management help to reduce the complexity, softness and
uncertainty by enabling the identification, elucidation, structuring and enabling the management of
dependencies between projects. Stakeholders have indicated the need for a visualization instrument to (i) clarify the relationships between projects, (ii) to be able to communicate in a pro-active way about the developments within the organisation which impact the own department and (iii) to gain insight in the consequences of changes in the organisation on projects. In sum; to do the right things and to do things with the right goals.
A visualization needs to contain elements which a manager uses to lead. It should never be a goal in itself to create the visualization. Furthermore, the visualization needs to be easy to use and easy to understand. The visualization must contain goals, alterations and dependencies. The goals describe why things need to be done. alterations describe what is going to be done and the dependencies are the relations between the alterations. The goals aid in structuring the alterations in a way that enables the identification and elicitation of dependencies. Dependencies describe which alterations need to be
finished before related alterations can be done. The Doelstellingen-Inspanningen-Netwerk ("goals-alterations-network", DIN) is the best visualization for UWV. The DIN enables the quantification of goals. Alterations can be coupled to these goals and the DIN enables the visualization of dependencies between alterations. The DIN
provides insight and overview in change programmes of areas of interest within an Information Management department. A DIN also provides insight in the relationships between goals and alterations and in the relationship between alterations. This enables Information Managers with
insight in the consequences of decisions regarding the starting and stopping of alterations.


In this paper, we examine the design process of fanbinding, through which physical, printed copies of fanfiction works are created and shared. These are often bespoke, samizdat, singular objects that cannot usually be mass-produced, and include unique hand-bound objects for the designer's own affective, aesthetic pleasure. Fanbinding suggests durability and preservation, and printed objects can be transformative works in themselves: designed, typeset, and perhaps featuring artwork, maps or other specifically created front/back matter and illustrations. Readers of these born-digital works may produce these in reaction to the fact that texts are published purely in digital, intangible forms, finding themselves craving the tangible, haptic properties of books. There are many design decisions involved in curating fanworks in a beautiful physical form, and we are interested in how fans go about making affective, aesthetic, practical and iterative design choices. For our case study, we chose the work-in-progress fanfiction series Down to Agincourt, currently four novels long, which takes as its critical starting point a single episode of the long-running television series Supernatural (2005-2020). Down to Agincourt occupies an unusual context by being highly literary in structure; its deliberate layers of complexity are designed to invite rereading and discussion. Its fans may be trying to possess an innately ephemeral thing: to encompass and annotate the text, to seek a more intimate relationship with it, or perhaps to memorialise the intimacy of the relationship they already have, a book being a beloved signifier of something less stable, more slippery. We report on a survey and interviews of Down to Agincourt fans investigating fanbinding conventions and preferences, in order to learn how fans discursively practise this highly affective art form.


: The available data on chemical carcinogenesis with methylcholanthrene in mosaic mice and studies of atherosclerotic plaques in human and experimental animal G6PD mosaics have been reviewed. The MC studies in two different kinds of mosaic mice demonstrate the importance of understanding normal tissue architecture before making inferences regarding the cellular kinetics of tumor origin. The analysis of the MC studies also indicates a large cellular target size for this carcinogen. The current data on atheromas in mosaic humans and animals do not support the classical idea of an injury-repair mechanism of plaque origin, and leave the possibility open that the monoclonal tendency of atheromas could indicate a tumorigenic type of mechanism in their development.


This paper presents an efficient, simple, and fast method for the derivatization, extraction, and preconcentration of several phenolic compounds (phenol, o–, m– and p–cresol, 4–chlorophenol, and 2–nitrophenol) from wastewater samples and analysis of those samples by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. In this method, initially the phenolic compounds are derivatized with acetic anhydride in an alkaline pH. In the following, the derivatized analytes are extracted into mL–volume of acetonitrile during homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction and further enrichment of the analytes are accomplished by their extraction into µL–volume of 1,1,2–trichloroethane through dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction step. Effective parameters controlling the performance of the proposed method such as type and volume of derivatization agent and catalyst, type and volume of extraction/disperser solvent in homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction, and type and volume of extraction solvent and salt addition in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction are optimized. Under optimum conditions linear range of the proposed method was obtained 0.7–4000 µg L–1. Limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.07–0.20 and 0.23–0.70 µg L–1, respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were ranged from 220 to 440 and 44 to 88%, respectively.


OBJECTIVE--To investigate the mode of inheritance of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease by complex segregation analysis. DESIGN--Cross sectional population based survey of familial occurrence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. SETTING--Population of the Copenhagen county in 1987. SUBJECTS--662 patients in whom inflammatory bowel disease had been diagnosed before 1979, of whom 637 (96%) provided adequate information. Of 504 patients with ulcerative colitis, 54 had 77 relatives with ulcerative colitis and of 133 patients with Crohn's disease, five had seven relatives with Crohn's disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Patterns of segregation of either disease as assessed by complex segregation analysis performed with the computer program POINTER. RESULTS--The analysis suggested that a major dominant gene with a penetrance of 0.20-0.26 is present in 9-13% of adult patients with ulcerative colitis. The analysis did not allow for other components in the familial aggregation. For Crohn's disease the best fitting model included a major recessive gene with complete penetrance, for which 7% of the patients are homozygous. However, this model was not significantly different from a multifactorial model. CONCLUSIONS--The segregation pattern indicates that a major dominant gene has a role in ulcerative colitis, and suggests that a major recessive gene has a role in Crohn's disease.


With the aid of computer simulations, coat-hanger die was designed for more uniform residence time distribution. Analysis of velocity distribution and flow path line indicate that stagnation areas exist in the coat-hanger die, which is caused by the geometry abrupt change between the circular section manifold and the rectangular section slot gap. The stagnation areas affect the melt residence time directly. After changing the circular section manifolds to tear-drop section manifolds, the stagnation areas decrease from 8.21 mm2 to 5.40 mm2. Compared with the melt residence time in circular section manifolds, both the maximum residence time and the residence time dispersion were decreased.


Background: A number of studies have explored student attitudes to examining each other (peer physical examination: PPE). Differences have emerged in whether students prefer to be examined by friends or strangers. Changes have been reported in how students feel about PPE if asked before or after the PPE programme commences. Research intention: Since a Grounded Theory paradigm was employed, there was no formal research hypothesis: the research intention was to explore factors which might underlie changes in student willingness to undertake PPE following familiarity with the process. Methods: Students who had completed an Examining Fellow Students Questionnaire at the beginning and end of the academic year, and who had indicated a change in willingness to participate, were invited to attend focus groups. Four focus groups were convened and transcripts were analysed for common themes. Results: Surprisingly, students downplayed the significance of changes. Also unexpectedly, dichotomous views emerged on familiarity, with some students preferring friends for examination and others preferring strangers. Staff embarrassment also emerged as a factor inhibiting student participation. Conclusions: The significance of reported changes in attitudes to PPE may have been exaggerated. Proposals for increasing the willingness of students to participate in PPE are developed from the emergent themes.


We consider the estimation of a semiparametric location-scale model subject to endogenous selection, in the absence of an instrument or a large support regressor. Identification relies on the independence between the covariates and selection, for arbitrarily large values of the outcome. In this context, we propose a simple estimator, which combines extremal quantile regressions with minimum distance. We establish the asymptotic normality of this estimator by extending previous results on extremal quantile regressions to allow for selection. Finally, we apply our method to estimate the black-white wage gap among males from the NLSY79 and NLSY97. We find that premarket factors such as AFQT and family background characteristics play a key role in explaining the level and evolution of the black-white wage gap.


This work is devoted to the modification of neural network method for classifying the helicopters turboshaft engines ratings at flight modes using neural network technologies, which, through the use of a new hybrid network of ART-1 and BAM, made it possible to improve the quality of recognition of operating modes to almost 100 %. The hybrid network ART-1 and BAM training process was modified, which made it possible to adapt the network without adding a new class and train it to recognize existing classes when the incoming data only slightly differs from those recorded in long-term memory. This makes it possible to associate non-identical data with one identifier vector, which makes it possible, when using the classifier in helicopters turboshaft engines automatic control system, to correctly respond to the presented data.


Multiple agents have been suggested as urinary bladder carcinogens. Of these, certain aromatic amines and some tryptophan metabolites (Anthranilic acid, 3 hydroxy Anthranilic acid) have been proved to be carcinogenic. Others are suggested but are not conclusively proved as carcinogenic agents. Various animal species have been used as experimental models for the study of induction of cancer of the bladder and substantial progress has been made in the search for etiologic factors and pathogenesis of bladder tumors. A carcinogenic model of cancer bladder induction is proposed. However, knowledge of the tumorigenesis of cancer of the bladder is still limited and fragmentary. It appears, however, that Tryptophan dysmetabolism play a major role in this field and future experimental and epidemiologic studies should take this fact into consideration.


Geodemographic segmentation systems are area classifications that use multi-criteria and geo-statistical analytics to group places and people into clusters of similarity. The benefits of these geocomputation techniques have been largely embraced by countries in the developed world where the origins of geodemographics lie. In spite of identified value of segmentation techniques for driving efficacy in policy making in developed societies, numerous developing countries still lack these systems. At the very basic level, some of the reasons for this paucity may appear obvious; however some more pertinent issues like the misunderstanding of the significance of data infrastructure has often been overlooked. In this paper, we provide some background on the antecedents of geodemographics and focus on the challenges and benefits of spatial segmentation as an option for driving evidence-based policy making within developing countries.

 Key words: Developing world, geodemographics, geographic information systems, millennium development goals, public policy.


Psychophysical studies have shown that the processing of modulation in one frequency channel is interfered with when a similar modulation pattern is present in another frequency channel. To test for physiological correlates to this phenomena a sinusoidally amplitude‐modulated (SAM) probe tone was presented in the presence of a simultaneously gated, modulated, or unmodulated interfering tone while recording from the scalp of anesthetized gerbils. Responses were recorded from the scalp, amplified, digitized, and averaged. The amplitude of the response was determined as the magnitude of the Fourier transform measured at the frequency corresponding to the probe fmod and fc. Responses in the presence of the interfering tone were compared to responses obtained to the SAM probe tone alone. The shape of the interference pattern was highly dependent on the modulation frequency of the interfering tone. With some modulation frequencies an increase in interference relative to control responses was observed at the pro...


Abstract Agricultural cooperatives are often viewed as appropriate vehicles to facilitate vertical coordination with, or horizontal integration between, small farmers who would otherwise be excluded from value-adding opportunities and discerning markets. In South Africa, renewed interest in development-oriented cooperatives saw the introduction of a new Cooperatives Act in 2005, along with support measures dedicated to 'emerging' cooperatives. This paper contends that the architects of the new Act discounted important trends in international legislation that would have made development-oriented cooperatives more versatile and given their members better access to capital and expertise through equity partnerships with private agribusiness firms. It is concluded that the new Act should be amended to admit non-patron investors as members, and to allow for non-redeemable and hence appreciable and tradable shares. Such innovations are emerging internationally, usually with a cap on non-patron voting power.


A great speech captures the power and passion of its ideas; it's an attempt to influence thought, or to commemorate a moment in time. On the publication of her updated anthology, Well May We Say, Sally Warhaft responds to some of Australia's most significant speeches, on the themes of defence, women, immigration and indigenous affairs, in conversation with Stuart Macintyre and host Gideon Haigh. Actors Bert LaBonte and Zahra Newman will bring these speeches to life, infusing them with new passion and meaning. Featured orations will reflect how these critical issues have evolved and changed with the times. You'll hear from feminist firebrands and political giants throughout Australian history, from Julia Gillard to Alfred Deakin, John Howard to Paul Keating. Be carried away by the power of live speech … and reflect on the national contest of ideas, then and now.


To sustain its serene environment, YourTown, USA—which is a real town—enacted a policy designed to abate public nuisances occurring on residential properties. The nuisance ordinance authorizes the police chief, after two incidents within a twelve-month period in which criminal activity nuisances have occurred on a property, to warn owners in writing that a third incident may result in an order to pay fees. The third finding authorizes YourTown to "abate the nuisance by responding to the activities using administrative and law enforcement actions, and the costs of such abatement shall be assessed on the nuisance property." On one of YourTown's tree-lined streets lives a couple with a twenty-six-year old son, Jeremy—a real person—whose combination of behavioral disorders produces what his psychiatrist describes as devastatingly difficult symptoms. Jeremy's behavior frequently takes him outside, where he disturbs his neighbors with screams and moans.


An investigation of Native English Speaking Teachers' performance in schemes in six Asian contexts, commissioned by the British Council, and undertaken by three British academics, is subjected to critical evaluation. Key issues for exploration are the issue of a monolingual approach to English learning and teaching, and the inappropriate qualifications of those sent to education systems when they are unfamiliar with the learners' languages, cultures, and pedagogical traditions. Whether the schemes involved constitute linguistic imperialism is analysed. Whereas the need for multilingual competence is recognised as desirable by some British experts, the native speakers in question seldom have this key qualification. This is even the case when the host country (Brunei) aims at bilingual education. It is unlikely that the host countries are getting value for money. Whether the UK and other 'Englishspeaking' countries have relevant expertise is questionable. There is therefore a definite need for a change of paradigm, one based on principles for effective foreign language teaching. Some but far from all Western 'experts' recognize this need, whereas scholars and teachers elsewhere do. Five fallacies that underpin the linguicism of British pedagogical expertise are generally involved in native speaker export businesses. They underpin a hierarchy with underqualified native speakers projected as superior to local teachers who are seen as in need of foreign 'aid'. In view of the British bodies involved openly declaring the economic and geopolitical agenda behind this English teaching business, there is clear evidence of linguistic imperialism in the functions of this global professional service. These activities serve to strengthen Western interests.


The attitudes and experiences of 13 music students entering a conservatoire were tracked before their entry and throughout their first term at college. Aspirations and apprehensions towards the musical, academic and social aspects of college life were collected in addition to career aims, and the data analysed qualitatively to produce emergent themes. Three pivot points were drawn from the analysis, describing events or factors that appear to shape the development of the students as musicians. The first highlights the importance of the students' first performance at college, and the second focuses on overcoming possible feelings of inadequacy generated from being one of many outstanding musicians. Thirdly, the role of feedback is highlighted as an important part of the students becoming confident in all aspects of their musical work.


The size frequency distributions of diffuse, primitive and cored senile plaques (SP) were studied in single sections of the temporal lobe from 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The size distribution curves were unimodal and positively skewed. The size distribution curve of the diffuse plaques was shifted towards larger plaques while those of the neuritic and cored plaques were shifted towards smaller plaques. The neuritic/diffuse plaque ratio was maximal in the 11 – 30 micron size class and the cored/ diffuse plaque ratio in the 21 – 30 micron size class. The size distribution curves of the three types of plaque deviated significantly from a log-normal distribution. Distributions expressed on a logarithmic scale were 'leptokurtic', i.e. with excess of observations near the mean. These results suggest that SP in AD grow to within a more restricted size range than predicted from a log-normal model. In addition, there appear to be differences in the patterns of growth of diffuse, primitive and cored plaques. If neuritic and cored plaques develop from earlier diffuse plaques, then smaller diffuse plaques are more likely to be converted to mature plaques.


This paper proposes a new dual-frequency signal deformation fault monitor which can effectively reduce the time delay at the Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) airborne user from the airborne filter initialization to the time when it incorporates ground corrections and user measurements for navigation, assuring the system integrity at the same time. The new monitor is applied together with the existing Honeywell signal deformation monitor and Code-Carrier Divergence monitors to protect the airborne users against the signal deformation faults. In addition, the probability of missed detection of the monitors are assessed for the GBAS Approach Service Types (GAST) F, which supports the Category (CAT) II and III precision approaches based on the multi-frequency and multi-constellation. As a result, the proposed monitor together with the Honeywell and the CCD monitors is able to assure the system integrity for all fault cases within the threat space. The result also shows that the addition of the proposed monitor can reduce the time delay by 80% and moreover, it can even reduce the recommended time delay below 50 second. Consequently, it can avoid the unnecessary delays for the use of newly available satellites at the airborne.


Type A Aortic dissection is a life-threatening emergency. It has varied clinical presentation from acute severe chest pain radiating to the back, collapse due to aortic rupture or pericardial tamponade or features of myocardial infarction, end organ or limb ischemia. The outcome is determined by the extent of the dissection, timing of presentation, comorbid factors, prompt diagnosis, adequate cerebral protection strategies, and skilled post-operative intensive care. Good immediate and mid-term results have been obtained with standard surgical techniques of aortic root, ascending aorta +/− hemi arch replacement. Endovascular techniques can be used as a hybrid procedure to provide more durable long term results.


How should democracy be thought? How do we go about organising its concept? On what basis? And to what end? Rather than confine democracy to an ancient political constitution or modern system of government, this dissertation pursues a conception of democracy often concealed by the customary institutional analysis. Written as a sustained appraisal of the often antagonistic encounter between philosophy and politics, as a strategy to reframe democracy an emancipatory, transformative agency of the demos, it is proposed that the topic of democracy be initiated according to what democracy is against. This approach serves to entirely reconsider the question of democracy, engendering a renewed interpretation of what the power of the people can mean. Through a series of detailed studies of Jacques Rancire, Claude Lefort and Miguel Abensour, it is argued that democracy invariably appears as a counter or objection to an established social order in which a spectrum of familiar modes of domination are already in place. As the initiation of a unique political controversy and dispute, democracy is presented as an unprecedented challenge to unrestricted and arbitrary rule, concentrations of authority, strategies of inequality and hierarchies of all kinds. It is identified with the forces that seek to expose, contest and transform oppressive and exclusionary arrangements and practices from below, from the outside, from a minoritarian positionality. Ultimately seeking more inclusive, participatory and egalitarian institutions and relations, democracy is consequently conceived as the perpetual democratisation of society.

After a preliminary reflection on the Hellenistic roots of politics itself, the dissertation undertakes an extensive analysis of what is determined to be democracys most general form: its being-against the arch (the underlying principle that divides governor from governed, ruler from ruled). It then proceeds to consider two contemporary theoretical models that uncover the against in more distinguishing terms: Rancires democracy against the police and Abensours democracy against the State. It concludes that contrary to its long tradition since Plato, philosophy can enhance and embolden an emancipatory politics, as Lefort demonstrates, when it ventures to advance a radical, savage conception of democracy organised to critique the here and now.


ABSTRACT Background: Research suggests that stigma may affect the management of glycemic control in people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate perceived stigma among youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who are current or past recipients of care from the Life for a Child (LFAC) program. We hypothesized that perceived stigma differs by glycemic control, age, duration of type 1 diabetes, sex, and vocational center attendance. Methods: Hospitals with pools of former vocational center attendees were targeted for participant recruitment. Research staff administered a 25–item adapted version of the Berger HIV Stigma Scale. Higher scores indicate more stigma. Scores were summarized using median (IQR). The association between perceived stigma and glucose control were assessed by both Spearman's correlation coefficient and a Wilcoxon rank sum test. Perceived stigma scores were compared according to age and duration of diabetes, using Spearman's correlation coefficient, and according to groups defined by sex and vocational center attendance using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results: All 54 (24 current, 30 former) approached LFAC participants completed the questionnaire. Ages ranged from 15-32 years; 31(57%) female. Stigma scores ranged from 48-83(median=64,IQR:55-67) and were weakly correlated with HbA1c(rs=0.31,p=0.11). Those with adequate glycemic control did not differ in terms of perceived stigma from those with poor glycemic control (p=0.25). Perceived stigma did not correlate significantly with age(rs=-0.21,p=0.14) or duration of diabetes(rs=-0.23,p=0.1). However, median scores were lower in males (56, IQR=53-66) than females(66,IQR=58-69; p=0.01). Median scores were higher in former center attendees than non-attendees(66, IQR=62-69 and 54, IQR=52-62, respectively)(p


To analyze the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains at a hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and mutations related to multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, we conducted a prospective case-control study. Our findings reinforce the value of incorporating already standardized molecular methods for rapidly detecting resistance.


Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) can be a diagnostic challenge in the emergency department (ED). Recently, the HEART score was developed, a simple bedside scoring system that quantifies risk of ischaemic events in patients with undifferentiated chest pain presenting in the ED. Objective In this prospective cohort study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of HEART score and clinical gestalt (clinical judgement) for diagnosing ACS in an unselected population of patients with chest pain presenting to the ED. Methods HEART score (0–10) and clinical gestalt (low risk, intermediate risk or high risk of ACS) were prospectively determined in the ED in 255 patients presenting with chest pain by the treating physician. The reference standard was the presence of ACS, which was defined as either acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or the occurrence of a major adverse cardiac event within 6 weeks after presentation in the ED. Results 75 out of 255 patients (29%) had an ACS. A HEART score ≤3 had a lower negative likelihood ratio (0.15 (0.06–0.36)) for ACS than a low risk based on clinical gestalt (0.35 (0.19–0.64)), whereas a high HEART score ≥7 had a higher positive likelihood ratio (5.2 (3.2–8.5) vs 3.1 (2.2–4.4)). However, c-statistic of HEART score was not significantly different from clinical gestalt (0.81 (0.76–0.86) vs 0.79 (0.73–0.84), p=0.13). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that HEART score and clinical gestalt have similar diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing ACS in an unselected population of patients with chest pain presenting in the ED.


We study the bound states of the Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of quarks in certain models of universal extra dimensions. Such bound states may be detected at future lepton colliders in the cross section for the pair production of KK quarks near threshold. For typical values of model parameters, we find that ``KK quarkonia'' have widths in the 10\char21{}100 MeV range, and production cross sections of the order of a few picobarns for the lightest resonances. Two body decays of the constituent KK quarks lead to distinctive experimental signatures. We point out that such KK resonances may be discovered before any of the higher KK modes.


In this essay, I analyze the production of value in the shamanic complex of the indigenous Cofán people of eastern Ecuador. While acknowledging the ethical nature of human existence and the generative power of human action, I describe the shaman as a paradoxical figure with regard to the efforts that produce him and the criteria that orient his actions. The shaman occupies a central social position, but he profits from little Cofán labor and receives mixed Cofán praise. Consequently, it is arguable that he represents no value at all. If anything, I suggest, he embodies valueless value, a concept I articulate in relation to Pierre Clastres's notion of "powerless power." In dialogue with the anthropology of ethics, morality, and productive action, I use my analysis of Cofán shamanism to demonstrate the utility of a value-based approach in any ethnographic investigation that takes human practice as its primary object.


The delayed-early DNA polymerase promoter of Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), officially known as Invertebrate iridescent virus, was fine mapped by constructing a series of increasing deletions and by introducing point mutations. The effects of these mutations were examined in a luciferase reporter gene system using Bombyx mori cells transfected with promoter constructs and infected with CIV. When the size of the upstream element was reduced from position -19 to -15, relative to the transcriptional start site, the luciferase activity was reduced to almost zero. Point mutations showed that each of the 5 nt (AAAAT) located between -19 and -15 were equally essential for promoter activity. Mutations at individual bases around the transcription initiation site showed that the promoter extended until position -2 upstream of the transcription start site. South-Western analysis showed that a protein of approximately 100 kDa interacted with the -19 nt promoter fragment in CIV-infected cells. This binding did not occur with a point mutant that lacked promoter activity. The AAAAT motif was also found in the DNA polymerase promoter region of other iridoviruses and in other putative CIV delayed-early genes.


In the evaluation of undergraduate and graduate study programs, there is an important issue about which competencies must be acquired by graduates. This study tested the importance of competencies in public administration study programs in the light of expectations of employers in Slovenian public administration. The aim of the research was to find out how various competencies acquired in higher education (undergraduate and graduate study in public administration) are evaluated by employers in public administration. On the basis of analysis of findings of similar research projects, the competencies contained in programs by renowned universities and competencies defined for the work positions, a set of discipline-specific competencies (61) were designed. Research was conducted in 2015 and involved 343 respondents. A qualitative research method (survey) was used to collect the data which were then analyzed with the SPSS statistical program and Microsoft Excel. The results show that the competencies related to ethics and ethical behavior were evaluated as the most important; generic competencies are better assessed than specific ones and on average the competencies received a higher assessment for graduates (compare to undergraduates) positions


We propose a general but simple bipedal walking control architecture that incorporates intuitive control and learning algorithms. The learning algorithm is mainly used to generate the key parameters for the swing leg. The intuitive control is used to maintain the height and body posture. Based on the proposed architecture, a control algorithm is constructed and applied to a planar biped and a 3D biped. By applying an appropriate local speed control mechanism, we demonstrate that the bipeds can successfully achieve walking of 100 seconds within a reasonable number of trials. No dynamic models or nominal joint trajectory data are required for the implementations.


Constructing the material civilizations were the symbols of modernization in Taiwan during the Japanese ruling Era. Electricity power was one of the most important infrastructures. How did the establishment of electricity come about? The electrical engineer did play an important role in constructing the electric facilities, how did they learn the professional knowledge and how did they practice it? What kind of professional discipline they learned at schools? What kinds of languages were important for them to learn the professional knowledge and practice it? This paper aims to solve these problems by analyzing the case of Taiwan Power Company. The periodical of this company, Tai Den Sha Ho (The Tai Den Gazette, 1919-1944), provided a communication platform for their engineers, especially for the mechanical, civil and electrical engineers. By means of it, they built a connection of network of the electricity knowledge. The resource of their professional knowledge was from multiple sources. Except from the publications, the experience based on the practice at work was as important as what they learned from books. To strengthen their expertise, the engineers went to Japan, the motherland of colony, and went to America, the advanced country, to learn the newest electrical knowledge. This paper comes to the conclusion that English is the basic bridge for the Taiwan Power engineers to keep up with the advanced knowledge of electricity. From this aspect, America and Europe were pioneering regions of the knowledge resource of electricity, and Japan is the second center. But the engineers in the periphery, namely, Taiwan, were not only receivers from the center, they were also practitioners in the periphery of electrical knowledge. Moreover, Taiwan Power engineers brought their electrical knowledge to other regions during the wartime (1940s), e.g., the South-China and the south-east Asia. That is to say, Taiwan became a new center of electrical knowledge for some regions while it was the periphery of America, Europe and the Japanese Empire.


The mammalian gut harbors complex and variable microbial communities, across both host phylogenetic space and conspecific individuals. A synergy of host genetic and environmental factors shape these communities and account for their variability, but their individual contributions and the selective pressures involved are still not well understood. We employed barcoded pyrosequencing of V1-2 and V4 regions of bacterial small subunit ribosomal RNA genes to characterize the effects of host genetics and environment on cecum assemblages in 10 genetically distinct, inbred mouse strains. Eight of these strains are the foundation of the Collaborative Cross (CC), a panel of mice derived from a genetically diverse set of inbred founder strains, designed specifically for complex trait analysis. Diversity of gut microbiota was characterized by complementing phylogenetic and distance-based, sequence-clustering approaches. Significant correlations were found between the mouse strains and their gut microbiota, reflected by distinct bacterial communities. Cohabitation and litter had a reduced, although detectable effect, and the microbiota response to these factors varied by strain. We identified bacterial phylotypes that appear to be discriminative and strain-specific to each mouse line used. Cohabitation of different strains of mice revealed an interaction of host genetic and environmental factors in shaping gut bacterial consortia, inmore » which bacterial communities became more similar but retained strain specificity. This study provides a baseline analysis of intestinal bacterial communities in the eight CC progenitor strains and will be linked to integrated host genotype, phenotype and microbiota research on the resulting CC panel.« less


Abstract Few issues are more important to scholars of Europe's emergence as a foreign policy actor than whether the European Union (EU) can forge a common defense-industrial policy out of 27 states' procurement policies and defense industries. Overlooked in most scholarly analyses of European defense-industrial cooperation, the story of Europe's international armaments organizations stretches back more than six decades. In this article, we examine the impact of past institutional outcomes on the defense-industrial field by applying the concepts and analytic tools of historic institutionalism to European armaments organizations. Because past institutional dynamics have channeled the subsequent development of armaments cooperation, what has emerged is a polycentric governance architecture wherein organizations with transatlantic, pan-European and restrictive-European memberships dominate distinct components of the cooperative process. We demonstrate that this maturing institutional pattern will likely limit the opportunities for the EU – and especially its Commission – to shape the future contours of European defense-industrial cooperation.


A new flexible feeding ECM machine has been presented in the paper. The rational optimization rules of cathode's feeding are proposed. According to analysis of a three dimensinal complicated surface's shaping process, the cathode's feeding route is optimized. Instead of feeding at a constant angle the cathode in the paper can feed flexibly during the ECM process. Finally the analysis result of distribution of inter-electrode gap has shown that the optimized feeding route do help to improve the workpiece's accuracy.


— Polymer fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with 28-dB transmission rejection and a line width less than 0.5 nm has been achieved for the first time. This result is achieved based on the systematic investigation of growth dynamics of polymer FBGs. We have observed that the growth of polymer FBGs bears some similarities to that of silica FBGs. This work links the mechanism of polymer fiber gratings formation to silica fiber grating and helps to gain better understanding of polymer fiber grating formation process.


The ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of composite cylinders is dependent on the thorough understanding of the propagation characteristics of the wave modes in these materials. In this dissertation the propagation of free harmonic non-axisymmetric (flexural) waves in a homogeneous piezoelectric solid cylinder of transversely isotropic material is studied, on the basis of the linear theory of elasticity and linear electromechanical coupling of the elastic and electric variables. The equations of motion of the cylinder are developed using the constitutive relations of a piezoelectric material possessing transversely isotropic symmetry properties, with the symmetry direction collinear with the axis of the cylinder. The physically allowed boundary conditions are derived from Hamilton's variational principle. Four displacement and three electric potentials satisfying Helmholtz's equation are used to solve the equations of motion of the cylinder. The characteristic equation (dispersion relation) is obtained by the application of the boundary conditions satisfied by the elastic and electric variables. The characteristic equation is solved numerically by a novel method which makes use of the three dimensional plot of the log of the modulus of the left hand side of the characteristic equation. The results are numerically illustrated via dispersion curves of a sample PZT-4 composite cylinder. Significant changes in the propagating wave modes are revealed by the dispersion curves, when compared with a corresponding non-piezoelectric model of a PZT-4 cylinder. It is also observed that the dispersion curves are sensitive to the form of the electric boundary conditions.


Worldwide loss of life and property from fire is a huge problem. In addition to education of consumers to use smoke detectors and to use common sense in the household where potential fires may occur, scientists are developing new technologies to enhance fire safety. This book describes some of the key scientific advances in all areas of fire retardancy and has contributions from almost all of the leading worldwide groups who are active in this area.


– Recent debates within the literature and amongst practitioners of coaching have been focussed on defining the scope and practice of coaching as a form of organizational intervention that can facilitate organizational and individual change. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate about what coaching is by reviewing an emerging comparative conceptual framework of coaching as a form of practice for management and organizational development., – The framework was developed through an exploratory study involving a focus group of practitioners in coaching and management. The overall approach to this study blends a conceptual consideration of the practice of coaching with the results gained from a focus group. The study uses cognitive mapping, thematic grouping and content analysis to seek to define the key characteristics of coaching in comparison to other forms of management practice., – A framework of "meta‐categories" of management practice are identified and the role and processes of coaching is compared in relation to these. Results from the study suggest that coaching adopts a holistic approach to management and organizational development and that certain key characteristics can be identified that differentiate it from other forms of management and organizational development. Results also open the way for research into forms of coaching required to facilitate and support whole systems change., – The framework could be of use to managers in assessing whether a coaching‐based approach to promoting and managing change is appropriate and what processes it involves.


This study focuses on the design of high-loop-delay modulators for parallel sigma-delta conversion. Parallel converters, allowing a global low oversampling ratio, consist of several bandpass modulators with adjacent central frequencies. To ensure the global performance, the noise transfer function (NTF) of each modulator must be adjusted regarding its central frequency. In this thematic a new topology of sixth-order modulators based on weighted-feedforward techniques is developed. This topology offers an adequate control of the NTF at each central frequency by simple means. Additive signal paths are moreover proposed to obtain an auto-filtering signal transfer function. An optimisation method is also developed to calculate the optimised coefficients of the modulators at different central frequencies. The main concerns are improving the stability and reducing the sensitivity of the continuous-time circuit to analogue imperfections. This is essential for parallel conversion since, in each channel, the modulator works at a central frequency which differs from the fourth of the sampling frequency. The performance of the optimised modulator is compared with its discrete-time counterpart with good argument.


Pregnancy is not contraindicated in renal transplant recipients with stable renal function, and a successful and healthy obstetric outcome can be expected in 95% of such cases. The incidence of both maternal and fetal complications is related to the degree of graft dysfunction and/or hypertension prior to pregnancy. Poorer prognosis is associated with poorer renal function. If complications (usually hypertension, renal deterioration, and/or rejection) occur before 28 weeks, then successful obstetric outcome is reduced by 20%. More information is needed about the intrauterine effects and neonatal consequences of maternal immunosuppression, which appears harmless at maintenance levels. From the data available it seems that pregnancy does not compromise long‐term transplant prognosis. In the absence of prospective controlled studies transplant pregnancy registries are the only viable means of providing clinicians with timely and relevant information on pregnancy outcomes on which to base management guidelines.


This paper proposes a control scheme for the current injected by an Active Power Filter (APF) that has an LCL filter at its output. The proposed structure relies in a Two-Degrees-of-Freedom (2DOF) controller in which resonant terms are included. The 2DOF scheme follows the current reference at the fundamental frequency of the grid and damps the resonance phenomenon of the LCL filter, whereas the resonant regulators allow a proper tracking of the harmonics. This is achieved with only the measurement of the current injected by the APF into the grid, without the need for additional measurements or observers. In order to assess the performance of the controllers, a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulation has been carried out. The results show a good time response, allowing the compensation of current disturbances at both the fundamental frequency and its harmonics.


A young adult presented with headache, bilateral retro-orbital pain, decreased visual acuity (VA) bilaterally and left sided facial paraesthesias. Visual failure occurred over 3 days. There were no other neurological symptoms. Recent history included a viral illness with fever, headache and pharyngitis. There was no past medical history.

On examination, best VA was 6/5 on the right and 6/60 on the left with a relative afferent pupillary defect. Visual field examination revealed severe loss bilaterally: the left eye had superior nasal quadrant perception of hand movement; the right had superior hemifield perception of count fingers (figure 1A,B). Colour perception was absent on the left and reduced on the right. Fundoscopy revealed bilateral papillitis (figure 2A,B). Extraocular movements were normal. Pinprick sensation was decreased in all divisions of the left trigeminal nerve. Otherwise, the neurological examination revealed bilateral hyperreflexia but flexor plantar …


Through unconfined compressive strength tests and triaxial compression tests made by sea water wet fly ash, fly ash solidified by cement, and the analysis with water wet strength of the material solidified fly ash formation mechanism, getting their basic mechanical properties and index. The results showed that curing water wet fly ash cement has good stability and durability, mixing curing mixture strength with age of stable growth, increased strength by adding cement content. The pilot research on the retaining structure, embankment reinforcement and ground improvement has important engineering applications such as theory and practice of value.


Abstract A program of electron cyclotron heating (ECH) with 4 MW at 140 GHz has been launched for developing scenarios of stable high performance through control of the pressure and current density profiles on the EAST tokamak. Several electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostics are under development as important components of the research program on EAST. The smaller HT-7 tokamak is equipped with a multichannel superheterodyne radiometer and an ECE imaging system. Physics issues including fluctuations driven by electron and ion modes, low frequency zonal flows, magnetic reconnection mechanisms, etc. were investigated on HT-7 using these two systems, which have been moved to EAST after some modifications. New systems, including a 32-channel ECE system and an ECE imaging system of 24(radial) × 16(vertical) channels, are under development. These new systems are designed for the ECH plasma regimes and provide long-range correlation measurements of plasma turbulence. A grating polychromator ECE system has been installed for measurement of the Te profile covering the whole operational range of toroidal magnetic field on EAST.


A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, ovoid, aerobic bacterial strain, designated BUT-3(T), was isolated from activated sludge from the wastewater treatment facility of a herbicide-manufacturing plant in Kunshan city, Jiangsu province, PR China. Strain BUT-3(T) grew between 15 and 40 °C, with optimum growth at 30 °C. The pH range for growth was between 5.0 and 10.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The range of NaCl concentrations for growth of strain BUT-3(T) was 0-7.0 % (w/v), with an optimum of 1.5-3.0 % (w/v). A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain BUT-3(T) clustered closely with Rhodoligotrophos appendicifer 120-1(T) (98.32 % similarity), with a bootstrap confidence level of 100 %. The major fatty acids (>5 % of total fatty acids) were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Strain BUT-3(T) contained ubiquinone Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified aminolipids (AL1-3), two unknown phospholipids (PL1, 5), four unidentified glycolipids (GL1-4) and two unknown lipids (L1, 2). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67.7 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between BUT-3(T) and R. appendicifer 120-1(T) was 44.1±0.6 %. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, strain BUT-3(T) should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Rhodoligotrophos, for which the name Rhodoligotrophos jinshengii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BUT-3(T) ( = CCTCC AB2013083(T) = KACC 17220(T)).


: The use of antibiotics during pregnancy have particularly risk, choosing an antibiotic requires consideration of the effects on both the mother and the unborn child. Some antimicrobial agents are safe for use throughout pregnancy, while other are completely contraindicated. Pregnant women need treatment for serious infections, in this cases antibiotics must be used nevertheless the adverse effects of the antimicrobial agent, we must choose the antibiotic with more antimicrobial activity and less risk for the mother and the fetus.


The article is devoted to the study of a word "umami" borrowed from the Japanese language, which is used to denote the taste characteristics of a product or a dish. The author notes that the word "umami" is often accompanied by a historical commentary containing the name of the scientist who discovered the taste, his nationality, the date of its discovery, chemical composition and its general name – the fifth taste. The word "umami" and its derivatives collocate with verbs and adjectives with the semantics of "striving to achieve the most pronounced taste". When describing the flavors indicated by the word "umami", a metaphorical transfer may be involved, the source of which is the military, musical and medical spheres. The grammatical features of the non-declinable noun "umami" are following: most often the noun is used in the masculine gender (in accordance with the generic word "taste"), but there are contexts in which the word is used in the neuter gender as an inanimate non-declinable noun denoting an object. In Russian language the lexeme adapts word-formatively, forming a word-formation series such as umami – umamnyi – umamnost', a predicative adverb umamno (a state category word) is formed from the adjective, as well as some complex words – umami-containing, umami-expressed. The material for the study was collected from "Kommersant Weekend" magazine articles (columns "Food with Elena Chekalova", "Food with Alexey Zimin" and "Restaurant criticism with Daria Tsivina"); as well as from various sites dedicated to culinary topics.


First Chapter of the Global Administrative Law Casebook (3rd ed., 2012). The book is an attempt to analyse global administrative law through the elaboration and examination of a number of different cases and case-studies. The architecture of its contents mirrors the characteristics of this field. The first chapter (States and Global Administrations in Context) examines the emergence of administrative law beyond the State and the rise of global administration. On one hand, it focuses on the notion of the State and the implications for this of the formation of a global administrative space. Topics analysed include the concept of "the State" in a globalized world; the application of this concept to the Palestinian case; and the rise of the global regulatory State in the South. On the other hand, it deals with the proliferation and differentiation of IOs, offering a classification of global institutions into four different types: formal intergovernmental organizations (e.g., the UN, WIPO, UNESCO, WHO, ILO, UNICEF, IOM, or even ASEAN); hybrid public-private organizations and private bodies exercising public functions (e.g. ICANN, the WADA, ISO, or the Global Fund); transgovernmental and transnational networks (such as the G-8, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), ASEAN International Investment Agreements, or the Basel Committee); complex forms of governance, such as hybrid, multi-level or informal global regulatory regimes (e.g. global and national proceedings under the International Patent Cooperation Treaty, decision-making procedures in fisheries governance, the composite interaction of UNESCO advisory bodies in the World Heritage Convention, or the clean development mechanism).