Introduction Small bowel malignancies are uncommon worldwide and account for only 1–2% of all gastrointestinal malignancies.1 However there is evidence of the rising incidence of small bowel malignancies through the last decades, with increases as high 2.3 per 100 000 population from 1973 to 20042.2-3 We sought to investigate the number of small bowel malignancies diagnosed by double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and the 1 year outcomes at our institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all the DBEs performed at our UK tertiary centre from 2009 to 2015. Demographics, indications for DBE investigation, prior investigations, DBE findings and 12 month mortality were analysed. Results 294 DBEs were performed where 19 small bowel cancers were discovered. The original symptoms were anaemia (83.3%, n = 15), vomiting (11.1%, n = 2), and weight loss (5.6%, n = 1). All patients had undergone radiological imaging (76.5%, n = 13) or capsule endoscopy (58.8%, n = 10) prior to DBE. In 33.3% (n = 6) both radiological imaging and capsule endoscopy had been performed. The indication for DBE was abnormal capsule (41.2%, n = 7), abnormal imaging (52.9%, n = 9) and abnormal capsule and imaging (5.9%, n = 1). The histology findings were jejunal adenocarcinoma in 52.9% (n = 9), distal duodenal adenocarcinoma in 29.4% (n = 5), jejunal GIST in 11.8% (n = 2) and enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma in 5.9% (n = 1). 11 patients (57.9%) had capsule endoscopy prior to DBE, capsule endoscopy failed to diagnoses a malignancy in 3 patients (27.3%) who were subsequently found to have a malignancy on DBE (2 patients with Jejunal GIST and 1 patient with jejunal adenocarcinoma). In these 3 patients the capsule finding was reported as showing angiodysplasia. All the malignancies were deemed suitable for therapy by a multidisciplinary team. The treatment was surgery alone in 52.9% (n = 9), surgery and chemotherapy in 23.5% (n = 4) and chemotherapy alone in 17.6% (n = 3). The survival rate at 3 months was 88.2% and 66.7% at 1 year. In the patients with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma the 1 year survival rate was 85.7%. Conclusion The 1 year survival of 85.7% is significantly higher than previous reports (survival rate of 30% at 1 year from small bowel adenocarcinoma)4 and may reflect the improved outcomes from earlier diagnosis using capsule and DBE. DBE also aided in the diagnosis of tumours not seen on video capsule endoscopy, as described in literature.5 References 1 Chow JS, et al. Int J Epidemiol 1996;35:722–728 2 Haselkorn T, et al. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:781–7. 3 Shack LG, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:1297–306. 4 MH Fargat, A Shamseddine and K Barada. Small Bowel Tumours: Clincial presentation, prognosis and outcomes in 33 patients in a tertiary care centre. Journal of Oncology 2008. 5 Chong AK, et al. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64:445–9. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Municipal solid waste (MSW) settlement can be understood as volume reduction of the waste mass disposed in a landfill. Such phenomenon is mainly the result of organic matter degradation. Settlement can also be generated by MSW distortions, particle rearrengements, and other factors. These factors can be accurately analyzed if studied in an MSW experimental cell once it simulates the landfill behavior in a known and controlled way. This study aims to analyze the behavior of an experimental cell filled with MSW and how the biodegradation can influence the settlement over time and depth. The methodology was composed of waste sampling, experimental cell construction and filling, volatile solids analysis, and settlement measurements. The MSW gravimetric and volumetric analyses were performed in order to quantify the amount of organic matter contained inside the experimental cell. The tests indicated that the amount of organic matter drastically decreased in all MSW layers, and settlement varied according to the depth of the experimental cell due to mechanical factors and organic matter consumption.


This study aims to investigate the effect of profit and cash indices as well as financial leverage on the distribution of cash profits in the industrial companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange during the period (2009-2016). A simple stepwise regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. The outcomes were the lack of the impact of financial leverage indices on the distribution of cash profits, and the presence of an impact of profitability and cash indices on the proportion of cash dividends. The study also found a model that can be used to predict the distribution of cash dividends based on the monetary and profitability indices of Jordanian industrial companies. Finally, the study recommends that cash and profitability indices can be used to predict cash dividends and further studies.


The analysis of impurities at a trace level in chemical products, nutrition additives, and drugs is highly important to guarantee safe products suitable for consumption. However, trace analysis in the presence of a dominating component can be a challenging task because of noncompatible linear detection ranges or strong signal overlap that suppresses the signal of interest. Here, we developed a technique for quantitative analysis using multiplexing gas chromatography (mpGC) for continuous and completely automated process trace analytics exemplified for the analysis of a CO2 stream in a production plant for detection of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three structural isomers of xylene (BTEX) in the concentration range of 0-10 ppb. Additional minor components are methane and methanol with concentrations up to 100 ppm. The sample is injected up to 512 times according to a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) with a mean frequency of 0.1 Hz into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). A superimposed chromatogram is recorded which is deconvoluted into an averaged chromatogram with Hadamard transformation. Novel algorithms to maintain the data acquisition rate of the detector by application of Hadamard transformation and to suppress correlation noise induced by components with much higher concentrations than the target substances are shown. Compared to conventional GC-FID, the signal-to-noise ratio has been increased by a factor of 10 with mpGC-FID. Correspondingly, the detection limits for BTEX in CO2 have been lowered from 10 to 1 ppb each. This has been achieved despite the presence of detectable components (methane and methanol) with a concentration about 1000 times higher than the target substances. The robustness and reliability of mpGC has been proven in a two-month field test in a chemical production plant.


The authors present a comprehensive story of carcinoma in situ. The case histories were presented previously in two published reports in 1949 and 1951. In that this is a retrospective study, it was not possible to obtain new pathologic material, although new and serial sections were cut from existing blocks and old tissue was reblocked. A diagnosis of carcinoma in situ was made in 127 of the 235 patients in the series, and the tumors were classified as carcinoma in situ with (1) surface involvement, (2) glandular involvement, and (3) stromal invasion. These lesions are described in great detail and illustrated in numerous excellent photographs. Short abstracts of typical histories are presented. A diagram illustrates the interrelationships of the various benign and malignant prickle cell hyperplasias. The clinical findings concerning age, symptoms, appearance of cervix, location of lesion, results of Schiller tests, findings on colposcopy, marital history, racial incidence, and


Spermatozoa from siphonophores have been shown to be attracted towards an extracellular structure, the cupule, which covers the predetermined site of fertilization of the egg. Observations on sperm behaviour during the chemotactic response show that spermatozoa describe trajectories of large diameter (700-1000 micron) while far from the cupule, and of smaller diameter (200 micron) in the cupule area. The transition between the two types of swimming occurs progressively when spermatozoa cross a 3 mm wide area around the cupule. After a few minutes 99% of the spermatozoa keep swimming around the attractant source, following circular paths 150-200 micron in diameter. In the absence of the attractant, comparable modifications of sperm trajectories are observed in the presence of the ionophore A23187 and high calcium concentrations. In the presence of 10(-2) M calcium ions, A23187-treated spermatozoa describe trajectories 200 micron in diameter, which increase up to 800 micron at lower calcium concentrations (10(-6) M). In the absence of calcium ions, spermatozoa swim across the cupule area without modification of their trajectories and no sperm accumulation can be detected. This requirement of the chemotactic response for calcium ions is observed either with fresh cupules stuck on the eggs, with cupules separated from the eggs, or with cupule extracts. Moreover, a soluble component fractionated from the cupule induces, when diluted in sea water, a reduction in the size of the sperm trajectories and this also requires calcium ions. The present data show that the chemotactic response of siphonophore sperm, which requires millimolar concentrations of calcium ions, occurs through a non-transient induction of increased asymmetry of the flagellar waveform. It is proposed that the natural attractant operates to produce an increase in the intraaxonemal calcium concentration.


In this paper we propose a new control chart, the synthetic control chart, for the detection of increases in the fraction nonconforming (p). The operation, design, and performance of this control chart are described. The synthetic chart is a combination of the np chart and the conforming run length chart. It provides the user with some freedom in adjusting the control chart parameters so that the out-of-control average time to signal can be minimized. Numerical tests have indicated that the synthetic chart has a higher power for detecting process shifts in the fraction nonconforming than both the np chart and the conforming run length chart. The improvement is significant for all cases, resulting in a 50% or greater reduction of the out-of-control average time to signal. The application of the synthetic chart may therefore substantially enhance the effectiveness of statistical process control for attributes.


The traffic exchanged between two overlay nodes in different autonomous systems (AS) is always subjected to a series of inter-domain policies. However, overlay routing often manages to get around these policy restrictions by relaying traffic through multiple legitimate segments, in order to achieve its selfish goals (e.g., better latency paths between end- systems). We focus on the violation of a generalized exit policy, which specifies the exact next hop AS and the egress inter- domain link for a destination address prefix. We characterize the different types of these exit policy violations and investigate their extent in a Planetlab testbed. It is conceivable that the native ASes will eventually realize the negative impact of the exit violations and adopt stringent strategies to enforce the exit policies, thereby causing deterioration in overlay performance. In this context, based on our findings from a previous study[l], we develop a pricing-based strategy that an overlay service provider can use to obtain permits from a near-optimal set of native ASes, in an effort to regain its routing advantage within a fixed budget. Further, we illustrate the use of this approach on our case study overlay network.


This thesis attempts to provide a general history of the tithe
system during the last century and a half of its existence in its
old form. It attempts this partly through a detailed study of one
county, thus enabling a wider variety of legal, administrative,
ecclesiastical and parochial documents to be used than has been
attempted in previous studies of the tithe system. Staffordshire
was selected partly because of its excellent source materials in
the Stafford County Record Office, the William Salt Library and the
Lichfield Joint Record Office, and partly because the county provides
a most useful admixture of different agricultural and industrial
settlements. As Caird wrote in 1850:
'The state of agriculture in Staffordshire is influenced by
such a variety of circumstances that examples of every system
pursued in England may be found in this county.'(1)
It was therefore possible to assess whether the tithe system had a
differential impact on different types of farming, and how much it
penetrated industrial areas. The thesis attempts to show how tithe
was collected in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and
how far tithing in kind remained. The importance of lay as well as
clerical tithe owners is studied and the thesis attempts to indicate
the amount of social tension occasioned by the system.
As litigation over tithe was frequent in much of the period, the complexities of the legal situation are studied and an analysis made
of the Staffordshire cases, indicating the major reasons for litigation,
what evidence was considered valuable, how cases were settled,
and the importance of legal costs in the progress and determination
of disputes. One particularly lengthy tithe battle - from Cheadle -
is treated as a separate case study.
A case study of the Quaker attitude to tithe, as the leading
dissenting sect objecting ID its payment, is also made, indicating
the degree of non-payment by Quakers, their legal tussles, persecution
and campaigns to change tithe law. The national campaign
against tithe is studied with consideration and evaluation of the
arguments of both sides in the light of the actual situation. The
reasons for the increasing momentum and bitterness of the campaign
from the late eighteenth century onwards are assessed. As the
eighteenth century enclosure movement provided the first major
opportunity since the Reformation for a change and redistribution
of tithe property, attention is paid to the impact of the movement,
indicating how far tithe was exchanged for land at enclosure. The
relative benefits to land and tithe owner are assessed.
The thesis concentrates finally on the parliamentary attempts to
reform the system, and the difficulties encountered there. The
origins of the 1836 Commutation Act are studied together with an
analysis of the Act and its intentions. The last chapter is devoted
to a study of the Act in operation, showing how easily commutation
was effected, how tithe values were altered, and how the parties
concerned reacted to the changes which commutation would bring. The thesis ends at 1850 with most commutations, and their attendant
redistribution, complete.
Above all, however, this study attempts to explain how men
attempted to make an anachronistic system work in an increasingly
complex society, how far compromises were necessary and acceptable,
and how far tithe was responsible for tension in the village
community. It attempts to provide a general history of tithe, but
it does so in the belief that, because tithe was a local and
parochial burden, its proper impact and effects cannot be properly
understood without detailed reference to local situations.


The initial aim of this project was to address the issue of spatial interference between robots in a robotic recycling system. The main potential bene�t of the proposed robotic recycling system is scalability. The underlying concept is that a swarm of robots process an incoming stream of materials, sorting them into homogeneous clusters of material which can then be quickly bagged and removed. When installed for a large centre, the number of robots would be correspondingly
large. However, when installed for a smaller centre - such as a remote community in Newfoundland & Labrador - the number of robots, and therefore the cost of the system would be much lower. The robots themselves would constitute the system, with the additional minimal requirements of an unstructured floor space in which to operate and some input from users to help classify the input materials. A previous Harris Centre / MMSB project to explore this system made some headway, but di�culties were encountered in developing an appropriate set of robots to support further experiments. While the aim of this project was to address the issue of spatial interference, it was found that much more work was required to develop appropriate robots that could transport proxy materials (coloured pucks), classify them, navigate, and exhibit su�cient endurance for meaningful experiments. Therefore, the focus of this project switched to the development of a robot platform
with these desired characteristics. It is important to note that the robots under discussion are intended for laboratory experiments using coloured pucks as proxies for real-world recyclables. A transition to robots capable of dealing with real-world conditions is far outside the project's scope.
The main outcome is a robot platform called the BuPiGo which will facilitate our own experiments as well as others who are interested in swarm robotics and other distributed robotic approaches. The BuPiGo �lls a key gap in terms of the robots available to researchers. It is not intended to be a product, but an open platform that is easily extensible and makes use of widely available low-cost computing technologies such as the Raspberry Pi and Arduino platforms. It also incorporates an omnidirectional camera system to allow visual navigation between points of interest (e.g. the input point of a recycling facility and the designated output points for sorted materials). We are hopeful that this platform will now allow us to move beyond the development of experimental hardware to develop a complete model of a recycling facility using the concepts described above. This model is a �rst step towards a real-world scalable recycling facility that would allow remote communities in Newfoundland & Labrador to implement local recycling centres that would minimize transport costs and demonstrate commitment to innovation and sustainability.


Energy security and climate change issues have increased the call for improved energy efficiency from all sectors of the economy, especially the transportation sector. While vehicle manufacturers can in principle make their current vehicle offerings more fuel efficient, historically they have not done so for reasons of poor auto market sensitivity to fuel economy. However, recent economic events have changed the automobile marketplace. Now, despite current gasoline prices at around $2/gal, there is nonetheless a greater demand for more fuel efficient vehicles, the primary reason for which is anticipation of a return to higher ($3/gal to $4/gal) fuel prices when the recession is over. Unfortunately, simply making the existing fleet of conventional vehicle offerings more fuel efficient will not adequately address energy security and climate change issues. New advanced technology vehicles also need to be considered such as plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), which hold the promise of considerably improving fleet energy efficiency and reducing fleet carbon footprint. However, because these vehicles cost a lot more than their conventional counterparts, especially in the near term, their market viability is in question, especially if no government policy initiatives are instituted to enable successful market penetration. To address this question, UMTRI has developed an agent based simulation to characterize the penetration of new vehicle penetration into the marketplace under a variety of consumer, economic and policy conditions. Our results show that by 2015, sales could reach 2 – 3 percent with fleet penetration of around 1%. By 2020, sales could reach around 4 – 5 percent with fleet penetration a little more than 2%. And in 30 years, they could be around twenty percent of sales with a fleet penetration of about 16%. Without subsidies, the current policy case would result in a fleet penetration level of less than 1% in ten years. Subsidies are critical; sales tax exemptions can help if applied to scenarios where OEM subsidies are in place.


Summary: The purpose of this study is to introduce an approach of metal cutting simulation. A Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) based model is carried out using the LS-DYNA software. SPH is a meshless method which is very promising as a numerical method for modelling problems involving large deformations such as metal cutting. Predicted cutting forces are compared with results from experiments. Series of sensitivity analyses were performed in order to evaluate the SPH based model. The model's sensitivity to changes of different parameters was examined. Experimental measuring of the cutting forces was performed with Kistler dynanometer type 9257BA. The numerical simulations were performed with the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA Ver. 971. rev. 7600.1224. A good agreement between the predicted and measured cutting forces was observed. The chip formation was also predicted well. The results of the analyses are: the cutting force was underestimated by 8.4% and the thrust force was underestimated by 12% when compared with measured forces from experiments.


Advanced power management capabilities have been proposed to be included into next-generation green network devices in order to modulate their energy requirements according to the workload. The clear side effect of enabling these new capabilities consists in a performance level reduction of network devices. Starting from some existing benchmarking standards for evaluating energy-efficiency, namely ECR and ATIS-060015, this contribution is devoted to determining a set of parameters, and methodologies that can be applied to correctly and precisely evaluate the tradeoff between energy consumption and network performance. Some experimental results obtained with the proposed indexes and methodologies, as well as a green SW router prototype have been provided.


Objective: To analyze the clinical features of invasive pulmonary fungal infection (IPFI), and to explore the prevention and treatment of IPFI. Methods: Clinical data of 103 cases with IPFI diagnosed in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: COPD, bronchial lung cancer, and the abuse of antibiotics were the main risk factors of IPFI, among which Candida albicans accounted for 57.3% and Aspergillus species accounted for 32%in all cases. The mortality of IPFI patients was 20.4%. Conclusions: IPFI is a secondary pulmonary infection because of variety of predisposing factors, and its mortality rate is high. Early diagnosing, effective treatment for the fungus and enhancing the nutrition are good for IPFI.


The function of the arteries as an elastic reservoir between the heart and the capillaries is reviewed. The appropriateness of selecting the exit from this reservoir as the point for estimating its effective pressure is shown. The technique for taking the pressure here by the method of Gaertner is described and its advantage and certain apparent disadvantages are indicated. The technique of Gaertner is shown to be especially applicable to the study of the blood pressure in fibrillation of the auricles. The use of this technique has brought out a defect in the so called fractional method of taking the pressure in this condition; the brachial and digital curves cross. Taking pressure of both brachial and digital arteries has shown that certain different types exist; first, that in which both central and peripheral pressures are stable; second, that in which the more central pressure is stable and the peripheral pressure fluctuates; and third, that in which both pressures fluctuate together.


In no other policy field has European integration advanced more rapidly over the past decade nor has the challenge of reconciling uniform rules with national diversity arisen more sharply than in financial regulation generally and banking supervision in particular. The creation of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) for European Banking Union is widely recognized as one of the most significant integration steps since the Maastricht Treaty and the introduction of the euro. This paper begins by outlining two alternative approaches to integrating diversity within the EU: differentiated integration (DI), the adoption of policies and rules that apply only to some Member States, but not to others; and experimentalist governance (XG), a process of provisional goal setting and revision, based on recursive learning from comparative review of implementation in different local contexts. The paper then goes on to analyze the SSM from three distinct perspectives: first, as a centralized hierarchy, seeking to impose and enforce uniform rules, standards, and procedures across the Banking Union; second, as a polyarchic network, seeking to orchestrate intensive cooperation between the ECB and the NCAs; and finally, as an experimentalist organization, seeking to accommodate and learn from diversity by adapting common rules and procedures to the specificities of individual banks, and revising them regularly through peer review of implementation experience at multiple levels. Drawing on a wide range of documentation and in-depth interviews with EU and national officials, the paper reconstructs the evolution of the SSM's organizational practices and decision-making processes, along with its institutional structures, from its inception in 2014 to the present. From this study of the SSM "in action", the paper argues that while each of these three views highlights important characteristics which need to be incorporated into any comprehensive picture, the most encompassing perspective is that of the SSM as an experimentalist organization, which integrates and recasts key elements of the other two views into a more complete and dynamic analysis of its evolving architecture and practical operations. The paper concludes by drawing out some broader implications from the case of the SSM for the relationship between uniformity, differentiation, and experimentalism in EU regulation more generally.


We consider a network of rechargeable sensors, deployed redundantly in a random sensing environment, and address the problem of how sensor nodes should be activated dynamically so as to maximize a generalized system performance objective. The optimal sensor activation problem is a very difficult decision question, and under Markovian assumptions on the sensor discharge/recharge periods, it represents a complex semi-Markov decision problem. With the goal of developing a practical, distributed but efficient solution to this complex, global optimization problem, we first consider the activation question for a set of sensor nodes whose coverage areas overlap completely. For this scenario, we show analytically that there exists a simple threshold activation policy that achieves a performance of at least 3/4 of the optimum over all possible policies. We extend this threshold policy to a general network setting where the coverage areas of different sensors could have partial or no overlap with each other, and show by simulations that the performance of our policy is very close to that of the globally optimal policy. Our policy is fully distributed, and requires the sensor nodes to only keep track of the node activation states in its immediate neighborhood. We also consider the effects of spatial correlation on the performance of the threshold activation policy, and the choice of the optimal threshold.


Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the quantum of articles published by various dental specialties in a National and an International Forensic Odontology Journal from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014. Settings and Design: The present study is a 5-year retrospective content analysis study. Subjects and Methods: Data were collected from two forensic odontology journals (Journal of Forensic Odonto Stomatology [JOFS] and Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences [JFDS]) which are subscribed by institutional library. The article contents were scrutinized by one investigator and categorized into nine individual dental specialties based on the new working classification proposed for forensic odontology. Statistical Analysis Used: The quantum of articles published by various dental specialties and the various focus areas in each specialty were assessed using Chi-square test. Results: Among all the published articles, a maximum number of articles were related to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology (32.6%) in JFDS with Cheiloscopy (46.7%) being more focused area and to the Department of Prosthodontics (25.7%) in JFOS with Bite mark analysis (66.7%) being more focused area. Conclusions: There was a scarcity of information about the relationship of forensic odontology with various dental specialties in the articles published in JFDS and JFOS. The editorial board of journals should expand and elaborate their scope of journals to various focus areas of forensic odontology. This will encourage the researchers to explore in the different focus areas which are most neglected as of now.


The deflection of thin-walled components during machining will seriously affect their machining accuracy and surface quality. This paper presents a state of art review for the research in error prediction and error compensation during machining of these components. Some key techniques, such as the overall scheme, the cutting stability, the machining force modeling methodologies, the machining deformation analysis methodologies based on FEA and NC compensation methodologies, are discussed. The problems which have been highlighted in the research papers are pointed out and some problems which should be further investigated are given.


Perinatal depression (PND) is the most common obstetric complication in the United States. Even when screening results are positive, mothers often do not receive further evaluation, and even when PND is diagnosed, mothers do not receive evidence-based treatments. Studies reveal that postpartum depression (PPD), a subset of PND, leads to increased costs of medical care, inappropriate medical treatment of the infant, discontinuation of breastfeeding, family dysfunction, and an increased risk of abuse and neglect. PPD, specifically, adversely affects this critical early period of infant brain development. PND is an example of an adverse childhood experience that has potential long-term adverse health complications for the mother, her partner, the infant, and the mother-infant dyad. However, PND can be treated effectively, and the stress on the infant can be buffered. Pediatric medical homes should coordinate care more effectively with prenatal providers for women with prenatally diagnosed maternal depression; establish a system to implement PPD screening at the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-month well-child visits; use community resources for the treatment and referral of the mother with depression; and provide support for the maternal-child (dyad) relationship, including breastfeeding support. State chapters of the American Academy of Pediatrics, working with state departments of public health, public and private payers, and maternal and child health programs, should advocate for payment and for increased training for PND screening and treatment. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends advocacy for workforce development for mental health professionals who care for young children and mother-infant dyads, and for promotion of evidence-based interventions focused on healthy attachment and parent-child relationships.


This article explores the role of affect in the disorganized language and thought that can manifest itself in bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder, or as it was previously known, manic-depressive illness, can produce psychotic language and thought in its more extreme forms. During the production of discourse in bipolar disorder, there is a strong correlation between the underlying affective state, i.e., depression, euthymia, hypomania, and mania, and linguistic and cognitive performance. A psycholinguistic model of the dynamics between language, thought, and affect in bipolar disorder based on McNeill?s (1992, 2000) concept of a ?Growth Point? is proposed. In particular, the poetic structural phases of discourse production in bipolar disorder, which vary according to the underlying affective state, provide a phenomenological bridge between the psychotic discourse of mania and normal language production.


Thyroids of 185 males of different ages (from 17 to 75 years) were examined by histological and stereological methods. All persons died accidentally. Cases were not connected with endocrinological diseases. Maximum weight of organ (18.1 +/- 1.2 g) was at the age of 31-40 years. In all cases the thyroids were characterised by the large-follicular type of structure with a moderately pronounced colloid resorption and desquamation of thyrocytes. Statistically significant changes of nuclear volume and volume density of thyrocytes with age were found stereologically. It is concluded that the conditions of the European North influence the speed of the involutionary changes in the thyroid.


Nocturnal enuresis is a genetically determined maturational disorder of the central nervous system. Lack of arousal and an inhibition deficit of the micturition reflex have been found as the main dysfunctions leading to wetting during sleep. Both are mediated by nuclei in the brainstem. Therefore, evoked potentials (brainstem auditory evoked potential [BAEP], visual evoked potential [VEP], event‐related late acoustic‐evoked potential [P300]), and the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex were assessed to further evaluate the brainstem deficit compared with cortical function. Thirty‐seven children with nocturnal enuresis, aged 8 years to 14 years 8 months (mean age 10y 7mo [SD 1y 10mo]; 27 males, 10 females) were compared with 40 controls (mean age 10y 7mo [SD 1y 6mo]; 17 males, 23 females). Left interpeak latencies I—III and I‐V of the BAEP were increased in children with nocturnal enuresis. VEP measures did not differ between patients and controls. However, children with a positive family history of enuresis showed a shorter latency towards N75 and P100 than children without such a family history. P300 and PPI measures did not differ. We conclude that this strongly supports the postulation of a maturational deficit of the brainstem in nocturnal enuretic children. The increased interpeak latencies I—III and I‐V of the BAEP support the hypothesis of an arousal deficit mediated by delayed maturation of brainstem function. Differences in VEP latencies might point towards functional cortical differences in children with a family history of nocturnal enuresis.


Abstract Child-brokering (MediAzioni 2010) lies on the continuum of ad-hoc translation/interpreting. Using various field-specific lenses, from educational linguistics, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, communication, and translation/interpreting studies, the case of bilingual youngsters and children who have interpreted for their families and immediate communities has been the focus of different studies (e.g. Bialystock & Hakuta 1999; Borrero 2006; Cline, Crafter and Prokopiou; Orellana 2003, Valdés, Chavez and Angelelli et al. 2000, Valdés, Chavez, Angelelli 2003) with different linguistic groups of various ages in different parts of the world. Focusing on Latinos who live on the US/Mexico border and using a mixed paradigm, in this study we analyze the ways in which Spanish/English bilinguals perceive, discuss and characterize their experiences as they continue to broker communication for their families and immediate communities. We focus on youngsters' perceived agency and explanations of the relationship between child-language brokering and academic achievement. The findings reported here are part of a larger study that includes the adaptation of a valid and reliable instrument to measure bilingual youngsters' perceptions about their role (Angelelli 2014 and 2015), its administration and results, and their recall during interviews. Since most/many of the public-service/community interpreters of today were interpreters in their late childhood and adolescence, understanding their life experiences and perceptions of their roles as family language brokers is important for interpreter educators (Angelelli 2010b). In addition, research on bilingual youngsters and children brokering communication for adults allows us to problematize the constructs of language access and language policies of the societies these bilinguals inhabit (Angelelli 2010a). The results have theoretical and practical implications for current conceptualizations of multilingual societies, border areas, community interpreting (interpreting in public services) and for teaching and testing of interpreters.


The paper develops a general Bayesian framework for robust linear static panel data models using epsilon-contamination. A two-step approach is employed to derive the conditional type II maximum likelihood (ML-II) posterior distribution of the coefficients and individual effects. The ML-II posterior densities are weighted averages of the Bayes estimator under a base prior and the data-dependent empirical Bayes estimator. Two-stage and three stage hierarchy estimators are developed and their finite sample performance is investigated through a series of Monte Carlo experiments. These include standard random effects as well as Mundlak-type, Chamberlain-type and Hausman-Taylor-type models. The simulation results underscore the relatively good performance of the three-stage hierarchy estimator. Within a single theoretical framework, our Bayesian approach encompasses a variety of specifications while conventional methods require separate estimators for each case. We illustrate the performance of our estimator relative to classic panel estimators using data on earnings and crime.


Introduction With a transient and isolated lifestyle, little knowledge about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or HIV/AIDS along with a tendency toward risky sexual behaviour, the migrants are always at higher risk for HIV and STIs. The present study aims to explore the knowledge and awareness about STI/HIV and the misconceptions among the undocumented Bangladeshi migrants in Kolkata, India. Methods Bivariate and multivariate techniques were used for analysing the data which was collected in the year 2016 from 400 undocumented cross border Bangladeshi migrants residing in Kolkata, India using respondent driven sampling. Results Only 18 percent of the migrants have heard about STIs and around three-fifths about HIV/AIDS. The main source of information about STI was health workers and doctors while for HIV/AIDS it was friends/relatives. Very few migrants reported that condoms can prevent STIs as compared to 80% reporting condoms as well as sex with one uninfected partner can prevent HIV/AIDS. More females than males recognised the actual symptoms of STIs. Around two-fifths migrants had the misconception that only bad people get STIs and by presence of STI will reflect on appearance. Half migrants reported that taking antibiotic from chemist will cure STI. One tenth of the migrants had misconception and agreed that it can be transmitted by mosquito bite and sharing food/water with HIV patient. A considerable proportion also reported that people can get HIV by hugging someone with AIDS.Binary logistic regression shows that aged migrants (40+), those who have mass media exposure, HIV/AIDS awareness and condom knowledge are more likely (p<0.001) to know about STIs. The males are 85% less likely to know about STIs (p<0.001). While, educated migrants and those having STI knowledge are more likely(p<0.001) to be aware of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion The lack of STI awareness, misconceptions and gender gap in STI and HIV knowledge among the undocumented migrants calls for gender specific interventions to reduce cross border migrant's elevated risk of contacting STIs/HIV.


The article presents the results of the research carried out among students coming from the UK, Ukraine, and Turkey. Surveys were conducted in 2015 amongst 105 coming students from: of Great Britain (34 persons), of Ukraine (40 persons), of Turkey (34 persons). The study aimed to show the relationship between the culture of these nations and the employer branding. The results showed the existence of relationships between cultural assumptions and factors influencing the choice of taking up employment by foreign students.


OBJECTIVE
To study whether clinical symptoms and signs can predict radiological osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip in primary care patients with hip pain.

METHODS
Consecutive patients (n = 220) aged 50 years or older consulting the general practitioner for hip pain and referred for radiological investigation underwent a standardized history, radiological, laboratory, and physical examination. Radiological OA was confirmed with joint space < or = 2.5 mm. Additionally, a more stringent definition was used (< or = 1.5 mm). The relationship between radiological OA and possible clinical symptoms/signs of OA was tested. Combinations of clinical symptoms/signs that had shown an independent relationship with radiological OA in multivariate analyses were tested for their predictive value.

RESULTS
Radiological OA (joint space < or = 2.5 mm) of the (more) symptomatic hip was present in 35.5% of the study population and more severe OA (joint space < or = 1.5 mm) in 11.4%. Presence of 4 specific symptoms/signs from history and examination showed a positive predictive value (PPV) of 73% (specificity 91%, sensitivity 45%) for radiological OA. When 5 specific symptoms/signs were present, the PPV for the more severe radiological OA was 82% (specificity 98%, sensitivity 72%), and when 6 or 7 specific symptoms/signs were present the PPV was 100% (specificity 100%, sensitivity 40% and 8%, respectively). Negative predictive values were high for almost all combinations.

CONCLUSION
In primary care patients with hip pain, clinical symptoms and signs can to a moderate extent predict radiological OA and to a large extent more severe radiological OA.


Employing a latent profile analytic approach, this investigation identified racial socialization patterns among African American fathers. In addition, this study explored whether profiles varied by father and child sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were 166 African American fathers (M 32.20, SD 8.26) of adolescents (M 12.60, SD 2.20). Analyses revealed that a 5-cluster solution fit the data most optimally. Identified profiles were (a) infrequent racial socializers, (b) negative racial socializers, (c) positive racial socializers, (d) low race salience socializers, and (e) race salience socializers. Results provided partial support for sociodemographic variation across racial socialization. Implications for multidimensional perspectives on African American fathers' racial socialization practices are discussed.


Based on analysis of different guidelines and standards for material selection of casing which belong to six companies in four countries, the main factors that influence the material selection of casing have been generalized. Through comparing the safety and corrosion resistance properties of materials recommended by different guidelines in specific conditions, a synthetic guideline has been developed, which can provide a more appropriate suggestion. The environmental conditions and materials adopted in East Sichuan region have been taken for example. By comparing the proposed results with adopted materials of field well completion, it demonstrates that the result provided by the synthetic guideline is accurate and reliable.


Heart failure is considered to be a common condition in the adult population and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Many advances have been made in the way in which heart failure is classified, diagnosed, managed and treated, and the body of knowledge is ever-expanding. This results in a need for frequent re-review of treatment guidelines and the emerging data from ongoing research. Due to the vastness of the subject matter, however, this article can only focus on the basic essentials to try and elucidate some of the current strategies pertaining to this condition in general. Certain associated pathological conditions and modalities are therefore beyond the scope of this article and the reader is advised to consult the latest international guidelines for more detailed explanations of advanced treatment strategies, the cardiomyopathies, congenital heart defects, acute cardiac failure, and heart failure within the context of myocardial infarction, cardiac valve replacement surgery, coronary artery revascularisation and other specialised examples.


Possession of the promised land, obedience to the commands of Moses, and the extennination of the peoples of the land constitute the primary themes which configure the book of Joshua. Although there has been common agreement that these themes function to establish a sense of national identity, attempts to describe how they do so have been frustrated by the contradictory perspectives they present. Claims that Israel "took all the land" vie with assertions that vast tracts of the land must still be possessed. Demonstrations of Israel's precise execution of divine commands conflict with episodes that depict Israelites breaking the commandments of Moses and YHWH. And reports that the Israelites slaughtered "everything that breathed" are opposed by stories which relate the survival of the peoples of the land. These conflicting perspectives have often been explained in terms of the Joshua's complex compositional history. That is, the tensions are seen as a consequence of a process in which multiple editors commented on and modified source materials or earlier versions of the book. While it offers an attractive scenario, this approach conveniently sidesteps the vexing difficulties that arise from the canonical form of the text. If Joshua aims to construct a national identity for Israel, why does it continually undercut those themes which seem to reinforce Israel's distinctive character? The ambivalent presentation of these themes in Joshua suggests that the book is not so much advancing as it is working through issues of identity. Motifs of land, kinship, and religious observance articulate common ethnic signifiers. Each is repeatedly presented and tested as the story moves from beginning to end, but none finally proves to be a definitive mark of national identity. Enclaves of Canaanites, as well as Israelites living east ofthe Jordan, belie the notion that Israel the nation can closely associated with the land west of the Jordan. Repeated infractions of the commandments illustrate that obedience does not essentially characterize Israel. The incorporation of indigenous peoples on the one hand, and the extennination of an Israelite family on the other, reveal that a sense of blood relatedness does not essentially define the nation. By subverting notions of identity along these lines, Joshua lays the foundation for the presentation of an alternative vision of Israel. The final section ofthe book (Josh 22-24) advances this vision by recasting identity in terms ofloyalty and decision. In short, Joshua is·a carefully crafted narrative


The Newbery Medal was named for eighteenth-century British bookseller John Newbery. It has been awarded annually since 1922 to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children.


Letter from Guest Editor of Students Making Sense
by Carole Brooke

Dear Readers,
It is with some trepidation but much pleasure and relief that I present this volume 'Students Making Sense' to you. It has been a long time in the making! I first explored the possibility of publishing some of my students' work back in 2001. During 2003 I had the vision for this issue and with support from the team at TAMARA began to develop the idea further.
I believe that this is a new endeavour - a journal issue of international refereed standing which comprises work written
entirely by undergraduate students. I am very grateful to the folk at Tamara, especially David Boje, for their support and encouragement in pursuing this idea. Students rarely share their insights about their learning journey with a wider community. My hope is that it will be an encouragement to other students around the world wrestling with the concepts and language they encounter during their studies of postmodernism and organization. I also hope that it will be a useful and accessible 'way in' for others reading around the topic.
This issue contains work by students who followed the third year of the Management degree course at Lincoln University in England, UK. All the papers are the result of research which the students conducted as part of their assignment writing for the course. The modules from which this work was drawn include 'Critical Perspectives on
Management' and 'Contemporary Issues in Management'. The poem by Juan Watterson is a lyrical parody of a Gilbert and Sullivan song. It was written as an additional fun piece and was not part of the assessment process. I liked it so much that I decided to share it with you by way of an introduction to the whole volume. It speaks to me of what
we might call 'serious play'. This is followed by six full papers in this issue. A number of other papers were considered but fell at the final hurdle for a variety of reasons, some of which were due to time constraints. A few of these un-included papers hold promise for a future publication and it may be that we return to these possibilities at some point in the future.
I would like to give a brief context to the papers that follow. The first and second papers give accounts of an evaluation of an organisation very familiar to many in the UK - 'the Co-Op'. Best known for its high street convenience stores, the Co-Operative movement in the UK has a long and interesting history. For a full account of this see the case study which I co-wrote for the Co-Operative Bank (downloadable from www.co-operativebankcasestudy.org.uk). In 2003 the students were asked by a local Co-Op to evaluate their overall image and to give feedback which would help them to
reconsider how they present themselves, especially to younger customers. I encouraged the students to conduct their
work in the form of a consultancy task but to explore the material using ideas and analytical tools from critical and postmodern theory. The objective in so doing was two-fold. It produced some novel perspectives for the client to consider, and it helped the students to 'ground' many somewhat abstract notions in a project that was very immediate and 'real' for them. Having undertaken some group evaluation, the students were asked to write up their own accounts drawing in particular upon storytelling and metatheatre to highlight the reflexive nature of their learning process and to expand the dimensions of their evaluation. Two of these (by Charlotte McClelland and Nathan Millward) have been included in this issue. Charlotte's account uses storytelling to portray two very different experiences of shopping with the Co-Op. This then enables her to develop four different aspects of the image of the Co-Op which reflects the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of operating a co-operatively owned
organisation within a capitalist society. Her conclusions are somewhat sympathetic to the organisation and echo the difficulties that this revealed tension presents. This tension leads us neatly to the opening of Nathan's account.
Nathan Millward opens with a dramatic image of the Co-Op as a beast badly wounded during an aggressive capitalist crusade but he emphasises that this is just one perspective amongst many, depending on which route you take through the 'evidence'. He proceeds to adopt a two-voice device to conduct a debate between those who see co-operatives as out of touch with commercial reality and those who see it as a potential model for developing socially
sustainable business for the long term. It is interesting to reflect on all of this a few years down the line. The steady rise in recent years of social enterprise and corporate social responsibility as key issues for organization must surely invite us once again to explore what the Co-Operative movement offers and to see what we can learn from its long history and experience. The next three papers by Stefan, Pete and Juan are connected by the internal tensions
they represent, characteristic of many students' stories when encountering both reflexive styles of learning and postmodern tools of analysis for the first time. Stefan Pertz was inspired during 2005 through his assignment to explore the nature of the 'guru' in management education. He uses metaphor and religious imagery to evaluate the process that resulted in Tom Peters becoming his guru. Through decentring the self, he attempts some critical
reflexivity and draws conclusions about the nature of the making of a guru and the making of valued knowledge. Notably he finds that guru-ness resides not in the guru but in others. Thus, Peters becomes his 'fallen angel'. In deconstructing his own guru Stefan also finds that he has to deconstruct himself, something he did not anticipate at the start of the journey. Perhaps for this reason, he includes a brief note to the reader about his own methodology.
Peter Sawyer's contribution emerged from work he conducted in 2004 to consider whether or not postmodernism had anything useful to offer the manager of today. In particular, he asks whether it can really be applied in practice. Like Nathan, Pete adopts a two-voice device, once again de-centring the self. He analyses some basic tenets and arguments of postmodernism, the sort of information that students are frequently introduced to, and we see him struggle to make sense of this for himself. He accepts the need to be critical of one's own assumptions but this also presents him with a practical dilemma. Where does the questioning end, and if reality is indeterminate anyway how can it be analysed? He finishes with a challenge to the reader about the authenticity of what he has written. Juan Watterson's paper is the earliest piece to be produced in this series, being first written during 2001. Juan addresses a similar question to Pete's but does so in a very different way. Juan considers the idea that language and representation have
always been used by management as tools to oppress and manipulate the workers. He, therefore, decides to explore the usefulness to managers of postmodern ideas through a lens of critique that owes something to the influence of Marx. Juan concludes that organizational theory and postmodernism have a symbiotic relationship. Translating
postmodern ideas into management practice, he concludes, constitutes the privileging of a particular discourse by and in the service of one group (managers) at the possible expense of another (workers). No change there then!
The last of the six papers, by Ben Walker, entitled 'A Critical day Out' is in the form of a comic strip. Completed in 2006, Ben's paper is based on the work he did for an assignment about the nature of the 'manager'. He illustrates a story of spending the day with various key characters (Derrida, Castaneda, Brooke, Taylor and Kroc) during which they engage in dialogue and debate. Between chats on benches, trips to McDonalds and Waterstones bookshop, the group surface
some very different opinions on the nature of organization and management. Despite the large amount of contradictory information revealed by his new friends, and the threat of a headache, Ben manages to reach a place
of self-realisation. He concludes that the biggest challenge is not just to find your own place in the story but to know how to present it.
Well, that brings me to the end of my letter. I hope that you will find something of use and interest amongst this collection of works by students, all struggling to make sense of their own journeys. Above all, I hope you enjoy
looking at this material and will keep visiting the TAMARA journal.

Best wishes,
Carole Brooke


With the ever-expanding sea of resources available to students today, it is now more important than ever to teach students how to navigate, assess, and interpret resources. Given the ease of access to information, students tend to seek out the path of least resistance, most often a Google search and/or Wikipedia . Their unfamiliarity with print resources, such as thematic catalogues, means they are missing out on significant music scholarship that is not available online or through Google. Today's students have grown up searching the internet. The single-search approach of a web search leaves many students confused by terms like online catalogues, databases, and indexes, and the concepts required to navigate music libraries and electronic resources are foreign to them. As a music librarian and musicologist, introducing students to appropriate resources is a key component of my teaching in both my own courses and library instruction sessions. Getting students engaged in, and hopefully excited about, the research process must come first. Otherwise, teaching resources becomes a show-and-tell exercise followed by a paint-by-the-numbers assignment. Using experiential learning activities and exercises shows students what resources are out there, how to find useful resources, and how to assess what they find. Students are taught how to explore their intellectual curiosity, engage in research, and ask questions that require scholarly resources to answer them effectively. This article will explore ways to introduce research materials into the classroom as well as the opportunities research-based assignments provide for learning and student engagement. Appendices A and B are also given as a separate PDF file in a format with narrower margins than in the article.


HRTF databases available today offer different sampling schemes. These schemes differ in the number of arrival angles and in the distribution of the angles. To evaluate the pressure at the ears at intermediate arrival angles not sampled in the database, interpolation is required. In addition to the limited spatial resolution, most databases lack measurements below certain elevation angles, since sound rarely arrives from directly below the listener and due to technical constraints in the measurement system. This lack of measurement positions introduces errors to the interpolation process. Different methods proposed to reduce the error include diagonal loading (DL) and methods for robust matrix inversion. In this work a method is proposed for interpolating HRTF utilizing singular-value decomposition (SVD). Considering only the significant singular vectors holding most of the energy of the HRTFs, an algebraic manipulation defines a new set of base functions. This set holds low energy levels at directions where no measurements were taken, and favors the signal space over the null space. Interpolation performed using this new set is more natural to the sampling scheme and produces a lower average error rate. The error at different frequencies is compared to other methods such as traditional Spherical Harmonics Decomposition using DL.


Although health care systems throughout the world recognise the need to co-ordinate health and social care, collaborative efforts tend to be based more on faith than evidence, with ad hoc and voluntary arrangements often failing to meet expressed aims or observed needs. The result has been a shift towards more mandated forms of collaboration with a view to forcing better inter-agency working, reducing costs and improving outcomes through more co-ordinated participative processes. However, the belief that wicked issues such as fragmented care, unmet needs, blocked beds and raising costs can be dealt with more effectively by the forcing of inter-organisational relations is not without its problems, particularly where national directives fail to account for local complexities and politics. Taking the UK as an example, this chapter considers the latest in a long line of attempts to improve the co-ordination of health and social care. Specifically, it analyses the creation of Health and Wellbeing Boards and their explicit mandate to drive the integration of local health and social care systems by forcing politicians, social care professionals and health professionals to collaborate at a local level. In what follows, I show how, despite new structures and good intentions, there is an unexplored dark side to intra and inter-organisational relations where referent authority and competing perspectives forestall collaborative efforts in a way that directly impacts collaborative processes and policy outcomes. The paper considers how this occurs and why narrow prescriptions for joint working fail to account for the complexities of organisational functioning.


The (redacted) School of Business at the University of (redacted) launched a pilot Bridge to Professional Accounting (BPA) Program in September 2010 to help internationally educated accountants acquire professional recognition and prepare for the Canadian workplace. This paper discusses the background of Bridge programs, many of the best practices and features of Bridge programs, how our Bridge Program for Professional Accounting was developed and the changes we intend to make as we approach our second year. The purpose of this paper is to disseminate our experiences and lessons learned to inform readers who may be considering setting up programs at their own institutions.


Methylene blue (MB), a blue-colored aniline-based dye that was first developed for the dyeing of cotton, is a phenothiazine derivative that is soluble in water and organic solvents. Its reduced form, leucomethylene blue, is colorless and has a regulatory effect on the redox cycle. This feature allows it to be used in malarial therapy by inducing glutathione reductase (GR), an enzyme of glutathione metabolism. Malaria is a disease characterized by repeated growth cycles of Plasmodium group parasites in erythrocytes and changes in glutathione metabolism. Methylene blue was recognized as an antimalarial agent when it was observed that it reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase and by selectively inducing oxidative stress. It has also been observed that MB can reduce factors that cause aging and Alzheimer's disease, such as the accumulation of tau proteins in plaques, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS increase due to disorders in the electron transport chain (ETC). Methylene blue has been used in Alzheimer's treatment, considering its features of tau protein inhibition, anti-ROS antioxidant properties, and ability to regulate ETC. Methylene blue, known for its antimalarial and antioxidant effects, has also been used in the treatment of Candida infections as an antifungal agent. In candidiasis infections, MB is aimed to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in yeast and treat the patient. In this review, the history of MB as an antimalarial, antioxidant and antifungal agent; malaria, Alzheimer's, and its role in the treatment of candidiasis. In this review, the history of MB and its role as an antimalarial, antioxidant, and antifungal agent in the treatment of malaria, Alzheimer's, and candidiasis are discussed.


With the growing trends in favor of online course offerings in higher education, it is important that researchers continue to focus on investigating the components vital to effectiveness. Using a survey design, the elements of interaction and presence, and their relationship and influence on student learning in an online course is examined in the current study. The findings of the study suggest that students perceive instructor-learner and learner-content interaction to be more important to their learning as compared to learner-learner interaction. In addition, teaching presence plays a more important role in student learning followed by cognitive presence and then social presence. Again, when it comes to the combination of the factors of interaction and presence, the factors that students perceive to have the most influence on their learning are teaching presence and learner-instructor interaction with the least important factor being learner-learner interaction. Overall, the results of this empirical study have implications for online course design and delivery to ensure student learning in online environments.


Sequences of late Pliocene to Holocene sediment lap onto juvenile igneous crust within 20 km of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in northwestern Cascadia Basin, Pacific Ocean. The detrital modes of turbidite sands do not vary significantly within or among sites drilled during Leg 168 of the Ocean Drilling Program. Average values of total quartz, total feldspar, and unstable lithic fragments are Q = 35, F = 35, and L = 30. Average values of monocrystalline quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar are Qm = 46, P = 49, and K = 5, and the average detrital modes of polycrystalline quartz, volcanic-rock fragments, and sedimentary-rock plus metamorphic-rock fragments are Qp = 16, Lv = 43, and Lsm = 41. Likely source areas include the Olympic Peninsula and Vancouver Island; sediment transport was focused primarily through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Juan de Fuca Channel, Vancouver Valley, and Nitinat Valley. Relative abundance of clay minerals (<2-μm-size fraction) fluctuate erratically with depth, stratigraphic age, and sediment type (mud vs. turbidite matrix). Mineral abundance in mud samples are 0%–35% smectite (mean = 8%), 18%–59% illite (mean = 40%), and 29%–78% chlorite + kaolinite (mean = 52%). We attribute the relatively low content of smectite to rapid mechanical weathering of polymictic source terrains, with little or no input of volcanic detritus from the Columbia River. The scatter in clay mineralogy probably was caused by converging of surface currents, turbidity currents, and near-bottom nepheloid clouds from several directions, as well as subtle changes in glacial vs. interglacial weathering products.


Criminal procedure scholarship has spent little time discussing the guiltless and much discussing the guilty. Recent attempts to correct this problem have led to discussions of the plight of an innocent person who confessed to a crime he did not commit. These discussions call for still more regulation of police interrogations without attempting to quantify the problem. Such a focus is incomplete because the innocent are at risk not only when police extract untruthful confessions but also when police fail to obtain truthful confessions from criminals. It is possible that more regulation aimed at reducing false confessions may produce such a substantial drop in truthful confessions as to pose a greater risk to the innocent. The aim of this empirical essay is to think more carefully about "the numbers" – that is, to try and place the risk to the innocent from false confessions, lost confessions, and lost convictions into some perspective. Part I attempts to quantify the dimensions of the false confession problem. Part II then turns to an assessment of the relative risk to the innocent from false confessions versus lost confessions. False confessions are a relatively infrequent cause of wrongful convictions while truthful confessions are perhaps the most frequent way in which miscarriages of justice are uncovered. Finally, Part III provides an escape from these tradeoffs by suggesting videotaping of police interrogation as a substitute for the restrictive Miranda rules.


Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract and are characterized by constitutive activation of the KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase (1,2). According the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, the incidence of GIST was 0.32 per 100,000 persons in the United States. The median age was 62 years and primary tumors are located mainly in the stomach (58.7%) and small bowel (31.2%). Up-front surgery is still standard therapy for located GIST (except for located GIST tumors of <2 cm diameter in which observation is an option), while imatinib (a c-KIT tyrosine-kinase inhibitor), is currently used in unresectable or metastatic GIST. Despite that 50% of patients respond to Imatinib therapy, the vast majority of patients develop secondary resistance, with a median time of 2 years (3-5). In metastatic GIST without imatinib progression (either generalized or local progression), several studies suggest that surgical rescue would improve overall survival (6-13). Unfortunately, also in this favourable subset of patients, the value of surgical rescue is on debate, because the lack of a control group (patients treated with imatinib therapy with response and not treated with surgical rescue) to adequately contextualize the clinical benefit.


While various economies have started to embark on a gradual shift towards renewable sources of energy, energy block chain based crypto currencies have emerged. The purpose of this study is to shed fresh light into whether an energy commodity price index (ENFX) and energy block chain based crypto price index (ENCX) can be used to predict movements in the energy commodity and energy crypto market. Using principal component analysis over daily data of crude oil, heating oil, natural gas, and energy based cryptos, the ENFX and ENCX indices are constructed, where ENFX (ENCX) represents 94% (88%) of variability in energy commodity (energy crypto) prices. Natural gas price movements were better explained by ENCX, and shared positive (negative) correlations with cryptos (crude oil and heating oil). Using a vector autoregressive model (VAR), while the 1-day lagged ENCX (ENFX) was significant in estimating current ENCX (ENFX) values, only the lagged ENCX was significant in estimating current ENFX values. Granger causality tests confirmed the two markets do not granger cause each other. One standard deviation shock in ENFX had a negative effect on ENCX, and one standard deviation shock in ENCX left ENFX unaffected. Both indices had 1 structural break on different dates. Overall findings suggest that while the ENFX and ENCX are good representative of commodity energy prices and energy block chain based cryptos respectively, the two markets are not robust determinants of each other.


We have developed a gravity inversion method to estimate a 3D density-contrast distribution producing strongly interfering gravity anomalies. The interpretation model consists of a grid of 3D vertical, juxtaposed prisms in the horizontal and vertical directions. Iteratively, our approach estimates the 3D density-contrast distribution that fits the observed anomaly within the measurement errors and favors compact gravity sources closest to prespecified geometric elements such as axes and points. This method retrieves the geometry of multiple gravity sources whose density contrasts (positive and negative values) are prescribed by the interpreter through the geometric element. At the first iteration, we set an initial interpretation model and specify the first-guess geometric elements and their target density contrasts. Each geometric element operates as the first-guess skeletal outline of the entire homogeneous gravity source or any of its homogeneous parts to be reconstructed. From the second iteration on, our method automatically redefines a new set of geometric elements, the associated target density contrasts, and a new interpretation model whose number of prisms increases with the iteration. The iteration stops when the geometries of the estimated sources are invariant along successive iterations. Tests on synthetic data from geometrically complex bodies and on field data collected over a mafic-ultramafic body and a volcanogenic sedimentary sequence located in the Tocantins Province, Brazil, confirmed the potential of our method in producing a sharp image of multiple and adjacent bodies.


Relaxation is becoming increasingly important in modern stressful times. Besides special psychological practices or consuming pharmaceuticals, one can achieve a more relaxed state also by applying an appropriate magnetic field stimulation of the head (low-intensity rTMS). Following the entrain-ment model, we did the research using carefully chosen frequencies of modest MF intensity that followed the principles of clinical trials. Besides the situations of blind verum stimulation and the sham one, we tested also the situation that included expectations of the applied stimulation. The testing was done by electrophysiological methods and VAS. The results demonstrated an objective relaxing effect of MF stimulation, where drowsiness was not stimulated. This outcome is much more evident from electrophysiological data than from the VAS ones. From the latter results, we noticed even a slightly negative reaction to expectations.


Seven patients with fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid arteries have been operated upon at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. One lesion was treated by graduated dilatation with Bake's dilators combined with resection, end-to-end anastomosis, and vein patching of a tortuous segment. All other lesions were treated by graduated dilatation with an arterial dilator-shunt. All of these patients are asymptomatic presently. One patient has been operated upon recently because of symptoms related to the previously unoperated side as well as mild symptoms related to the previous operation. Two other patients with arteriographic evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia are being followed clinically. One is asymptomatic and one has minimal symptoms. Both are being treated with acetylsalicylic acid in hopes of preventing microembolization from these lesions. Important technical considerations in treating this condition are meticulous dissection of the internal carotid artery as near to the base of the skull as possible, confining the arteriotomy to the region of the carotid bulb, and straightening the carotid artery while passing the dilator under direct vision. A technique for routine shunting in these patients now is available.


August 15, 1996 Chicago, Illinois Citation and Response CHARLES ARTHUR BOWSHER Max M. Fisher College of Business THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CITATION written by Daniel L. Jensen, Professor The Ohio State University read by Arthur R. Wyatt, Professor University of Illinois Born an identical twin in Elkhart, Indiana, his father was from Chicago and his mother from Toronto, Canada. Following graduation from high school, he attended the University of Illinois where his interest in accounting was fostered by the excellent courses taught by Hall of Fame Member Robert K. Mautz, Arthur R. Wyatt, and other members of the Department of Accountancy. Upon completing his Bachelor of Science degree in accountancy, he served for two years in the U. S. Army, and upon discharge, enrolled at the University of Chicago where he earned an M.B.A. degree. He became a Certified Public Accountant and joined the firm of Arthur Andersen & Co. in 1956. In 1967, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Financial Management, a post he held for four years. Returning to Arthur Andersen & Co., he was instrumental in the firm's efforts to encourage public discussion on the need for sound financial reporting within the public sector. He headed a research project that reviewed financial reporting practices of the federal government and recommended preparation of consolidated financial statements. He also was responsible for engagements involving compliance with federal election laws and was the engagement partner when the firm was retained to assist the Treasury Department in dealing with New York City's financial crisis in the mid-1970s. Appointed by President Reagan to a fifteen-year term as Comptroller General of the United States in 1981, he aggressively pursued the mandate of the General Accounting Office resulting in increased visibility and effectiveness for the agency. Under his leadership, the GAO became involved in major issues ranging from health care reform and the savings and loan crisis to the federal budget deficit and efforts to "reinvent government." In addition, as Comptroller General, he played a key role in helping to resolve the fiscal crises at Lockheed, Penn Central, the Chrysler Corporation, and Conrail. He was instrumental in Congress' passage of the Single Audit Act of 1984, requiring annual audits for state and local governments, and the Chief Financial Officers' Act of 1990, requiring federal department and agencies to prepare financial statements and to undergo annual financial audits. During his term, he testified before congressional committees over 200 times, and, under his direction, the GAO more than doubled the number of reports to Congress and greatly increased the frequency of congressional testimony by GAO officials. Recently invited to be a trustee of the Financial Accounting Foundation, he has been an active contributor to many organizations, including the advisory councils of both the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board. He chaired the Railroad Accounting Principles Board for three years and is one of the three principals of the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. Under his chairmanship, the International Organization for Supreme Audit Institutions, an organization comprised of his counterparts from around the world, adopted international standards and guidelines for auditing, internal control, and accounting in governments. He holds five honorary doctorates and is the recipient of many other honors and awards. His hobbies include reading and golf, and he resides with his wife, the former Mary C. Mahoney of Chicago, in Bethesda Maryland. They have two grown children, Kathryn and Stephen. He is the 57th member of the Accounting Hall of Fame, The Honorable Charles A. Bowsher. RESPONSE by Charles A. Bowsher I very much appreciate the honor of being elected to the Accounting Hall of Fame. …


Mounting evidence has confirmed that essential hypertension (EH) is closely related to low-grade inflammation, but there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of the state of immune cells in the circulating blood of patients with EH. We analyzed whether hypertensive peripheral blood immune cell balance was destroyed. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of all subjects were analyzed using time-of-flight cytometry (CyTOF) based on 42 kinds of metal-binding antibodies. CD45+ cells were categorized into 32 kinds of subsets. Compared with the health control (HC) group, the percentage of total dendritic cells, two kinds of myeloid dendritic cell subsets, one intermediate/nonclassical monocyte subset and one CD4+ central memory T cell subset in the EH group, was significantly higher; the percentage of low-density neutrophils, four kinds of classical monocyte subsets, one CD14lowCD16− monocyte subset, one naive CD4+ and one naive CD8+ T cell subsets, one CD4+ effector and one CD4+ central memory T cell subsets, one CD8+ effector memory T cell subset, and one terminally differentiated γδ T cell subset, decreased significantly in EH. What is more, the expression of many important antigens was enhanced in CD45+ immune cells, granulocytes, and B cells in patients with EH. In conclusion, the altered number and antigen expression of immune cells reflect the imbalanced immune state of the peripheral blood in patients with EH.


Introduction: For the caries management of the carious process it is necessary a complex approach, which includes caries risk assessment, recommendations for healthy behavior and clinical professional care from the general dental practitioners. The cooperativity of the most of the little patients can not provide the necessary conditions for treatment and restoration of the affected hard tooth tissues. Aim: Assessment of the caries risk and the cooperativeness of 5-7-year-old children. Materials and methods: Clinical examination includes 100 children on 5-7 years of age from Varna, whose cooperativity is assessed by the dentist using the 4-grade scale of Frankel and data received from interviewed parents. The caries risk assessment is done by tool of American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Results: The children's behavior is slightly negative at 32% of the children, at 44% it is positive and strongly positive behavior have 24%. There is no statistically significant difference in the received results for the three groups of children (p>0,05). The parents assess their child as negative before the dental treatment in 35% of the cases and as positive in 47%. The parents assess the behavior for 18% of the children as strongly positive. Doing the caries risk assessment the most significant factors are the clinical data dmf(T+t) and the caries activity. Regarding the oral hygiene and low social status respectively 58% and 59% of the children are classified in the group of medium risk. Regarding the risk biologic factors such as carbohydrate intake and caries activity of the parents the highest part of the children are classified in the group of high risk. DOI: 10.18044/Medinform.201954.1001 Original Article MedInform I S S U E 1 , 2 0 1 9 1002 MedInform Conclusion: The caries risk assessment and the cooperativeness of the children is really important for the choice of treatment method, restoration materials and prophylaxis of the dental caries.


After a brief mention of Bose and Fermi oscillators and of particles which obey other types of statistics, including intermediate statistics, parastatistics, paronic statistics, anyon statistics and infinite statistics, I discuss the statistics of ``quons'' (pronounced to rhyme with muons), particles whose annihilation and creation operators obey the $q$-deformed commutation relation (the quon algebra or q-mutator) which interpolates between fermions and bosons. I emphasize that the operator for interaction with an external source must be an effective Bose operator in all cases. To accomplish this for parabose, parafermi and quon operators, I introduce parabose, parafermi and quon Grassmann numbers, respectively. I also discuss interactions of non-relativistic quons, quantization of quon fields with antiparticles, calculation of vacuum matrix elements of relativistic quon fields, demonstration of the TCP theorem, cluster decomposition, and Wick's theorem for relativistic quon fields, and the failure of local commutativity of observables for relativistic quon fields. I conclude with the bound on the parameter $q$ for electrons due to the Ramberg-Snow experiment.


Commentary on the paper by Yamazaki et al ( see page 17 )

After several reports in the early 1990s showing excessive mortality associated with unexpectedly low concentrations of particulate matter, substantial research efforts have been devoted to investigating particulate matter health effects and elucidating the related pathophysiological mechanism. Despite remaining knowledge gaps, epidemiological and toxicological studies have provided reasonably coherent evidence supporting the significance of particulate matter-mediated acute cardiovascular effects.1 Among the mounting volume of literature on air pollution epidemiology, multi-city ecological studies using time-series or case-crossover analyses have reported fairly consistent associations between increased concentrations of particulate matter over short periods of one or several days and increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (eg, hospitalisations and emergency visits). However, scientific data linking air pollution to stroke, including ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), remain relatively scant and inconclusive.2

In this issue, Yamazaki et al 3 present a case-crossover study examining the acute effect of particles on mortality from stroke among elderly people (aged ⩾65 years) across 13 Japanese cities in 1990–1994. They found that …


Riparian restoration is an important objective for landscape managers seeking to redress the widespread degradation of riparian areas and the ecosystem services they provide. This study investigated the long-term outcomes of 'one-off' restoration activities undertaken in the Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment, NSW, Australia. The objective of the restoration was to protect and enhance riparian vegetation and control erosion, and consequently reduce sediment and nutrient delivery into the Murrumbidgee River. To evaluate the outcomes 10 years after restoration, rapid riparian vegetation and geomorphological assessments were undertaken at 29 sites spanning the four different restoration methods used (at least five replicates per treatment), as well as at nine comparable untreated sites. We also trialed the use of aerial imagery to compare width of riparian canopy vegetation and projective foliage cover prior to restoration with that observed after 10 years. Aerial imagery demonstrated the width of riparian canopy vegetation and projective foliage cover increased in all restored sites, especially those with native plantings. The rapid assessment process indicated that 10 years after riparian restoration, the riparian vegetation was in a better condition at treated sites compared to untreated sites. Width of riparian canopy vegetation, native mid-storey cover, native canopy cover and seedling recruitment were significantly greater in treated sites compared to untreated sites. Geomorphological condition of treated sites was significantly better than untreated sites, demonstrating the importance of livestock exclusion to improve bank and channel condition. Our findings illustrate the value of 'one-off' restoration activities in achieving long-term benefits for riparian health. We have demonstrated that rapid assessments of the vegetation and geomorphological condition can be undertaken post-hoc to determine the long-term outcomes, especially when supported with analysis of historical aerial imagery.


In this report a model for simulating aerosol cluster impact with rigid walls is presented. The model is based on JKR adhesion theory and is implemented as an enhancement to the granular (DEM) package within the LAMMPS code. The theory behind the model is outlined and preliminary results are shown. Modeling the interactions of small particles is relevant to a number of applications (e.g., soils, powders, colloidal suspensions, etc.). Modeling the behavior of aerosol particles during agglomeration and cluster dynamics upon impact with a wall is of particular interest. In this report we describe preliminary efforts to develop and implement physical models for aerosol particle interactions. Future work will consist of deploying these models to simulate aerosol cluster behavior upon impact with a rigid wall for the purpose of developing relationships for impact speed and probability of stick/bounce/break-up as well as to assess the distribution of cluster sizes if break-up occurs. These relationships will be developed consistent with the need for inputs into system-level codes. Section 2 gives background and details on the physical model as well as implementations issues. Section 3 presents some preliminary results which lead to discussion in Section 4 of future plans.


Resa M. Chandler (email@example.com) and Amy J. Stringer are assistant professors in the School of Teaching and Learning at Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, NC. "I ncreased screen time" and "decreasing physical activity" are both commonly expressed phrases iterated when physical educators and their advocates make a case for physical education (PE) in the United States (U.S.). Often this argument is used when there is a threat to reduce PE time in local school districts, and PE is found once again on the chopping block, forced to defend its place in the U.S. educational system. The Surgeon General's 60 minutes of physical activity (PA) per day (Strong et al., 2005) is the gold standard for today's youth, a recommendation known for its ability to positively influence overall health. A PE class is one avenue to attain this 60-minute goal both in actuality and in providing the skills and knowledge base for children to explore PA outside of the school setting. Sixty minutes of PA may at times seem ominous to a child. Also, the quality of this general notion of "activity" is wildly vague with no standard for intensity or skilled movement. It is not uncommon for school administrators to encourage students to walk around the parking lot after lunch just to say that they were doing their part in contributing to the requirement. As physical educators we can do better than laps around the perimeter of the school parking lot! One option for enhancing PA with children is participating in high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This type of workout may be a great way to increase the vigorous portion of daily PA in a PE class and actually enhance some aspects of participants' health-related fitness. The State of Physical Activity in School-aged Children in the United States


Configuration similarity is a special form of content-based image retrieval that considers relative object locations. It can be used as a standalone method, or to complement retrieval based on visual or semantic features. The corresponding queries ask for sets of objects that satisfy some spatio-temporal constraints, e.g., "find all triplets of objects (v/sub 1/, v/sub 2/, v/sub 3/), such that v/sub 1/ is northeast of v/sub 2/, which is inside v/sub 3/." Exhaustive processing (i.e., retrieval of the best solutions) of configuration similarity queries, in general, has exponential complexity and fast search for sub-optimal solutions is the only way to deal with the vast amounts of multimedia information in several real-time applications. In this paper we first discuss the utilization of nonsystematic search heuristics, based on genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and hill climbing approaches. An extensive experimentation with real and synthetic datasets reveals that hill climbing techniques are the best for the current problem; therefore, as a subsequent step we study the search space, and develop improved variations of hill climbing that take advantage of the special structure of the problem to enhance speed. The proposed heuristic methods significantly outperform systematic search when there is only limited time for query processing.


Corrosion prediction in upstream oil & gas industry is a very important process. Many
prediction models have been developed for the Exploration & Production (E&P)
business, varying from the empirical to mechanistic models. The fact that data are very
limited in the design stage compared to operational stage. The uses of default values are
common in design stage by which the design of the tubing and pipelines are decided.
The question whether the utilization of default values is accurate can be checked with
the modeling of operational data. This project will assess the corrosion predictions from
two CO2 prediction models mainly the ECE4 and MULTICORP. Comparison on the
corrosion rates predicted and other driving features will be analyzed for a set of cases
taken from corrosion field database. Evaluation of the models can strongly depends on
the selection of field data used and the accuracy of the field data. The task is to perform
modeling of field data by comparing the predictions on the design and operation stage of
a project by using same field data. The accuracy of ECE4 predictions for the design
stage is higher by more than 200% compared to the operation stage predictions.
However, MULTICORP did come up with predictions that are within 30% difference of
the design and operation stage. CO2 partial pressures, H2S, acetic acid, carbonate
content, flow type and flow velocity are the crucial parameters that can highly stimulate
corrosion process to occur. Therefore, it is essential that the user have the ability to
accurately predict the default values if the data are not available. With less data
available, ECE4 can provide satisfactory predictions. MULTICORP would be a better
model for higher accuracy predictions if more data were available. Thus, regardless the
amount of data available, it is crucial to understand the uncertainties and limitations of
the corrosion prediction models and how the input could affect the corrosion prediction.


We propose a model based approach for estimation of probability mass functions for discrete random variables. The model is based on tools from multirate signal processing. Similar in principle to the kernel based methods, the approach takes advantage of well-known results from multirate signal processing theory. Similarities to and differences from wavelet based approaches is also indicated where appropriate. In the final form, the probability estimates are obtained by filtering the square root of the histogram through a multirate system whose components are biorthogonal partners of each other.


We have updated our previous multipoles model for the kaon photoproduction process γp→K+Λ by using the recently available experimental data, including the new CLAS 2016 data, and up-to-date information on the nucleon resonance properties provided by the Particle Data Group (PDG). The background and resonance parameters are extracted by fitting the calculated observables to nearly 7400 experimental data points and constraining the resonance parameters within the PDG error bars. The model can nicely reproduce the experimental data with χ2/Ndof=1.63. Different from the previous result, the present analysis finds the N(1650)S11, N(1720)P13, and N(1900)P13 states to be the most important resonances in the process. Excluding these states in the model increases the value of χ2 tremendously. As in our previous model, however, the contribution of the N(1710)P11 state in minimizing χ2 is found to be less significant. By including the new CLAS 2016 data in the fitting database and refitting the calculated observables to nearly 9000 data points, the χ2/Ndof increases to 2.88. In spite of the increase of χ2, the agreement of model calculations with the new data is improved and the conclusion on the most important resonances in the process remains the same. An extensive comparison between the result of model calculations and experimental data on differential cross section, single polarization observables P, T, and Σ, as well as double polarization observables Cx, Cz, Ox′, Oz′, Ox, and Oz, is presented in this paper.


We examined the correlation between the odor concentration and the chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Three types of ETS samples were prepared: secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and field ETS samples from an outside smoking area. The odor concentrations of the ETS, SHS, and THS samples were determined by the triangle-odor-bag method, and the chemical compositions were determined by proton transfer mass spectrometry. The odor concentration of the SHS samples was three or four orders of magnitude higher than that of the field ETS samples, and three orders of magnitude higher than that of the THS samples. The concentration ratios of the constituent chemicals in THS to those in SHS were about 10−4, corresponding to the ratio of the odor concentration. The concentration ratios of the constituent chemicals in the field ETS samples were much lower than the ratios of the odor concentrations. This suggests that the main contributing components to the odor of the field ETS samples are different from those in SHS and THS. The main contributors of the odor in the field ETS samples could be acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, acetic acid, and other unknown components with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 39 and 43.


Tumors are not static masses of cells but rather dynamic ecosystems where cancer cells experience constant turnover and evolve fitness-enhancing phenotypes. Selection for different phenotypes may vary with 1) the tumor niche (edge or core), 2) cell turnover rates, 3) the nature of the tradeoff between traits (proliferation vs migration), and 4) whether deaths occur in response to demographic or environmental stochasticity. In an agent based, spatially-explicit model, we observe how two traits (proliferation rate and migration speed) evolve under different trade-off conditions with different turnover rates. Migration rate is favored over proliferation at the tumor's edge and vice-versa for the interior. Increasing cell turnover rates only slightly slows the growth of the tumor, but accelerates the rate of evolution for both proliferation and migration. The absence of a tradeoff favors ever higher values for proliferation and migration. A convex tradeoff tends to favor proliferation over migration while often promoting the coexistence of a generalist and specialist phenotype. A concave tradeoff slows the rate of evolution, and favors migration at low death rates and proliferation at higher death rates. Mortality via demographic stochasticity favors proliferation at the expense of migration; and vice-versa for environmental stochasticity. All of these factors and their interactions contribute to the ecology of the tumor, tumor heterogeneity, trait evolution, and phenotypic variation. While diverse, these effects may be predictable and empirically accessible.


Numerical solutions to the elastic wave equations for plane monochromatic P-waves scattered in models with irregular boundaries can explain the magnitude of the variations in the amplitude and arrival time of short-period teleseismic recordings observed at receivers located within a few wavelengths of each other. Solutions are obtained using finite difference techniques on a perturbation about a plane wave solution of the elastic wave equations for isotropic 2-dimensionally inhomogeneous media. Three models of structure along a discontinuity are considered: A horst-like 5 kilometer upwelling of the lower medium into the upper over 10 kilometers along the discontinuity; a graben-like depression into the lower medium of the same size; and, a faultlike offset step in the discontinuity of 5 kilometers over 5 kilometers. For each model solutions are calculated for normal and 10° off normal incidence. Impedance contrasts applicable to the lower crust are used.