The term 'Normal School' as currently used in New Zealand and as used
in this thesis refers to the school attached to a Teachers' Training
College. In many countries the term refers to the Training College
itself: as it did also in New Zealand until early this century.The term Normal School comes from the German 'Normalschule', which was
the name given to the school attached to a teachers' seminary. In some
parts of Germany the terms 'Musterschule' and 'Uebungs-schule' later
came into use, but in Austria, even today, the primary school attached
to a 'Lehrerbildungsanstalt' or Training College is known as
'Normalschule'. The German teacher training institutions, particularly
those in Pruasia, served as a model to other countries. But in the 19th
century the Prussian influence came via France. A Frenchman, Victor
Cousin, had made a detailed survey of 'The State of Public Education in
Prussia', and the translation of his report in 1834 greatly influenced
teacher training in England and the United States. Cousin, however, used
 the word 'Ecole Normale' to refer to the German seminary. He had in
mind the name given to the short-lived teacher training institution
established by the Convention in 1794. That too owed its existence to
German influence. But for some reason or other the French applied the
German term 'Normalschule' to the Training College itself. One possible
explanation is that while there were few students in training , the
'Seminar' and the 'Normalschule' were sometimes combined in one and the
same institution which went under the name of ' Normalschule '.The current use of the term ' Normal School ' in New Zealand is
therefore not as much out of place as is often supposed


Summary Children whose mothers received prenatal progesterone have been shown to be advanced in development at one year and to have greater academic achievement at 9–10 years. This study compares the educational attainments at 17–20 years of 34 progesterone children with 37 normal and 12 toxaemic controls. More progesterone children continued schooling after 16 years compared with controls; a higher proportion left school with 'O' level and 'A' level passes, the average number of passes per child was greater at both levels and more obtained a university place. The best academic results were in those whose mothers had received over 5 grams of prenatal progesterone, and for whom administration commenced before the sixteenth week and treatment lasted longer than eight weeks.


Proponents of the legalization of recreational marijuana have argued that the policy would result in increased tax revenues for states. However, if legal substances are highly substitutable, tax revenues from marijuana may crowd out pre-existing revenues. We study the interaction between the marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco industries in Washington state using a combination of detailed administrative data on the marijuana industry and scanner data on alcohol and tobacco sales. We estimate a demand system and find that alcohol and marijuana are substitutes, with the legalization of marijuana in isolation leading to a 12% decrease in alcohol demand, and a marginal cross price elasticity of demand of .16. Marijuana legalization results in a 20% decrease in tobacco demand, but the marginal relationship is unclear. When prices are held fixed, 50% of marijuana tax revenue comes from cannibalizing alcohol and tobacco taxes. When those industries adjust their prices, only 22% of marijuana tax revenue comes from alcohol and tobacco. Though Washington has the highest marijuana tax rate in the country, a 1% increase in the marijuana tax results in a 1.01% increase in total revenues collected by the state. JEL Codes: H20, L65, L66, L00


Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is most commonly caused by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone. Secondary trigeminal neuralgia due to ischemic lesion of the pons is very rare. Here we report a patient with a pontine infarct transecting the central trigeminal pathways resulting with trigeminal neuralgia.


The frequency-dependent extinction cross section of an ellipsoidal particle is examined from the point of view of sum rules and optical moments. For particles of any size a second-moment representation generates a characteristic extinction cross-section frequency that depends only on the plasma frequency, the dc dielectric constant of the bulk material, and the particle shape and is independent of the order or the disorder inside the object. In addition, this characteristic extinction frequency has the same value as the characteristic absorption frequency previously found for the small-particle Rayleigh limit. To illustrate these intrinsic features, numerical calculations are carried out on spherical shells and on silicon spheres. A spherical particle with fractal structure is used to demonstrate that the characteristic frequency can depend on a special internal structure of the particle. Finally, the characteristic frequency of a dust of randomly oriented ellipsoids is determined. Since the characteristic extinction frequency is independent of particle size, size distributions cannot influence its value.


The concern of Putnam's computational functionalism is to settle the age old mind-body problem. Computational functionalism attempted to reduce explanations of mental state to machine state explanation. This reductionism, on the initial assumption that mental state is a functional state of the whole organism, is used to argue that each thing about mental state could be reduced to and then explained through an adequate understanding of machine state. This research attempted to find out whether, perhaps, there are some mental properties which may not be sufficiently reduced and then adequately explained by computational functionalism. The research found out that there may be some properties, phenomena experience, propositional attitude, which may not be sufficiently reduced and then adequately explained by computational functionalism. But, at the heart of the whole discussion, the research found out that a lot of cloud will be cleared if the relationship between our language and mental state on the one hand, and our language and machine state on the other, is sufficiently clarified. Keywords : Computational functionalism, Qualia, Algorithm, Mental state, Machine state.


OBJECTIVES
We estimated the effects of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on dental services use by Medicaid children in North Carolina.

METHODS
We used linked Medicaid claims and enrollment files, WIC files, and the area resource file to compare dental services use for children enrolled in WIC with those not enrolled. We used multivariate models that controlled for child clustering and employed 2-step methodology to control for selection bias.

RESULTS
Children who participated in WIC had an increased probability of having a dental visit, were more likely to use preventive and restorative services, and were less likely to use emergency services.

CONCLUSIONS
Children's WIC participation improved access to dental care services that should lead to improved oral health.


The Kenyan government has employed policy incentives in order to encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into the country. Despite these measures, FDI inflows into the country have continued to be characterized by fluctuations. These fluctuations have been more marked from 1980's onwards. The objective of the study was to examine the factors that influence FDI flows into Kenya, specifically, the wage rate, exchange rate, trade balance, savings rate, external debt, GDP growth rate, inflation, openness of the economy, policy incentives and macro-economic reforms. The study also sets out to measure the relative effects of these factors and to give policy recommendations based on the study findings. To develop the model the flexible accelerator model by Chenery was used. Time series data was collected from secondary sources, which included statistical abstracts, economic surveys and World Bank development indicators for period 1970-2009. Regression analysis was employed, using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate the linear model and best results reported. The linear regression results revealed that the exchange rate was the most significant variable in determining FDI inflows in Kenya. Other significant variables were trade balance, wage rate, savings rate, openness of the economy and policy incentives. Of these, the trade balance and wage rate had a negative effect on FDI. In addition, the rate of inflation, GDP growth rate, external debt and macro-economic reforms had negative effect on FDI inflows. Finally policy recommendations were also drawn from the regression results on the future of FDI inflows in Kenya. The need for Kenya to establish a conducive investment climate is an area that requires further research.


Biopolitics identifies a shift in how government operates, specifically at the level of managing the bodies of citizens. The critical thinkers I discuss in this paper––Michel Foucault, Georgio Agamben, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri––explore biopolitics and the topic of "life": what is life, how is it defined, and whom has the power to control it? In this paper, I argue that the presence of language in electronic literature not only points to the role of language in biopolitical power (or biopower), but also affords electronic literature the ability to act as a site of aesthetic resistance (following Hardt and Negri) operating within and against biopolitical regimes. In particular, I illustrate how 'codework,' a form of electronic literature which integrates natural and programming languages to create its surface-level language, provides a tool from which to think through and work against biopower.  For this, I turn to the writings of Mez Breeze, an electronic author working primarily with codework to explore questions of subjectivity, embodiment, and power in electronic literature.


Based on the clear introduction of the connotation of marginalization, the index of diagnosing the marginalization degree is put forward. According to the 685 copies of questionnaires on peasant households in Tongcheng County of Hubei Province and the statistical data of local government, marginalization of arable land and its correlation with rural labor migration in Tongcheng County are studied by using aggregative indicator method, clustering analysis method and correlation analysis method. Result shows that marginalization of arable land has happened two times in Tongcheng County since 1985. Dry land has severer marginalization degree than paddy field. There is significant correlation between marginalization degree of arable land and rural labor migration; and the correlation between marginalization degree and rural labor migration in paddy field is greater than that in dry land. Marginalization of arable land will advance the rural labor migration, while in response to the poor current circulation of lands; the rural labor migration will further deepen the marginalization degree. Marginalization of arable land is one of the important factors affecting the labor migration in rural areas.


A green and efficient conversion of redundant biomass into functional nanomaterials holds the key to sustainable future technologies. Recently, vertical graphene nanosheets (VGS) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for integration in high-performance biosensors and supercapacitors, owing to their excellent and unique structural, morphological and electrical properties. However, when considering the conventional techniques utilized in nanofabrication, such as thermal or chemical routes, these often involve complex, eco-destructive and resource-consuming processes. Here we report on a single-step, potentially scalable, environmentally-benign and plasma-enabled method to synthesize VGS from an underutilized and natural by-product precursor, honeycomb. The VGS multifunctionality is highlighted by its integration as supercapacitor electrodes for energy storage, and as an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the neurotoxic Amyloid-beta (Aβ) biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. The VGS were employed as binder-free supercapacitor electrodes, and demonstrated high specific capacitance up to 240 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 and 100% capacitance retention after 2000 charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, the VGS were functionalized with curcumin bioreceptors, and exhibited good sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of neurotoxic Aβ species, and demonstrated a detection limit of 0.1 μg mL−1.


Many scholars have argued that globalization involves the emergence of a global elite, who are attached more to supra-national identities than others, who remain more local. Two variants of the global elite can be found in the literature: cosmopolitan and capitalist. This literature suggests more broadly that cross-nationally stratification has a consistent influence on attitudes pertinent to globalization such as support for global economic institutions. Using a social stratification approach, we examined nine developed societies from the World Values Survey to test whether stratification is related to attitudes towards globalization, and find only modest support for the contention that the upper strata become more cosmopolitan and more capitalist, or in a word, more global. The evidence suggests that the attitudinal globalization of the upper strata in developed economies is temporary and does not occur simultaneously in all countries, and that it does not increase consistently over time.


While the policy arguments for physician-assisted suicide are strong they are not strong enough. They are counteracted by even stronger policy arguments against physician-assisted suicide. Importantly, the latter arguments apply with greater force to physician-assisted suicide than to withdrawal of lifesaving medical treatment or palliative but death-hastening treatment. First, the undue pressure argument predicts that legalizing physician-assisted suicide will put serious financial pressure on terminally ill patients, especially those who are poor, to choose this option rather than the option of lifesaving medical treatment. Because physician-assisted suicide will be significantly cheaper than life-sustaining treatments, it is highly likely that Medicare and Medicaid officials, health and life insurance companies, viatical settlement companies, and managed care plans--all of which are concerned at least to minimize their costs and possibly to maximize their profits--will much more frequently recommend against lifesaving medical treatment than they would have if the much cheaper option of physician-assisted suicide were not available as a legal alternative. Needless to say, this situation would be highly undesirable. We do not want patients choosing--no less being forced to choose--physician-assisted suicide simply for financial considerations. First, financial considerations are simply the wrong kind of basis for decisions that have such significant non-financial (i.e., personal, inter-personal, and spiritual/religious) significance and ramifications. Second, the financial pressure may be so overwhelming that it would render many less affluent patients' decisions to elect physician-assisted suicide non-voluntary and non-consensual. This financial pressure will only be compounded by psychological pressure as well. Too many terminally ill patients wish to die because they feel--or worse, have been made to feel--like annoying nuisances to their families and doctors. Legalizing physician-assisted suicide would simply intensify this guilt and therefore the "subtle coercion" of these patients to take this now legally available route. When physician-assisted suicide is illegal, patients do not have to justify their failure to exercise this option. It is simply not an option in the first place. If anything, they would have to justify why they still wish to die in spite of this legal roadblock. But if physician-assisted suicide were legalized, then the burden would suddenly fall on patients to justify why they are continuing to live--and thereby inconveniencing everybody around them for the indefinite future--rather than choosing this now legally available alternative. And they will feel themselves unable to satisfy this burden precisely because they will have internalized the attitude of rejection that they perceive all around them. They will deem themselves unworthy of continued existence precisely because every body else around them deems them unworthy of continued existence. Second, the patients who would feel themselves unable to satisfy this burden of justifying their continuing to live would then be dying too early--too early relative to when they would have died had their preferences been optimized. As a society, we simply don't want people choosing to die prematurely for the wrong reasons. And one very wrong reason would include a sense of worthlessness, a sense that one is not worth the inconvenience and financial hardships that one's continuing to live might impose on others. There are very few situations in which palliative care, when made available, is insufficient to alleviate a patient's pain and suffering. Unfortunately, it is not always made available. But this is not an argument for physician-assisted suicide. This is an argument for improving the current situation and extending adequate palliative care to every patient who needs it. Too many patients wish to die because they suffer less from physical pain and more from "psychic" pain, i. …


Today's warfare situation incorporates a considerable measure of innovative weaponry and every nation is attempting to outmaneuver the other utilizing high engineering, henceforth it is of most extreme criticalness to be at the front line of the bleeding edge innovation and having the best weapons conceivable to secure the country. One of the innovations which give the one having it the high ground is Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) engineering. Radar is an object recognition framework that uses electromagnetic waves to recognize the range, vehicles, climate developments and landscape. A radar framework incorporates a transmitter which radiates an arrangement of EM pulses. These pulses are transmitted in a directional pattern using a suitable high-gain antenna. The radar then uses a collector, normally joined with the same radio wire, to catch any returned pulses being reflected from items showing up in the reception apparatus' field of perspective. The transmitter, antenna and recipient are connected utilizing a circulator. This guarantees that all the transmitter power is sent to the radio wire whilst all the reflected power came back to the reception apparatus. The echo signal coming back to the receiver is a high recurrence signal in Ghz extent having low adequacy. The processing of this sort of signal is extremely troublesome and henceforth it needs to be down changed over into an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal whose reach is in Mhz. This down transformation is carried out utilizing a super heterodyne receiver. Most radar receivers use megahertz Intermediate Frequency (IF) with a value around 30 and 75 megahertz. Ground based radar is utilized for missile tracking framework to get its range and angular position to block and destroy. Precision of these radars is not sufficient to hit and crush, so the rocket itself is provided with onboard radar to track the target, block it buzzing around and pulverize. Radar signal handling of onboard radar is carried out in both simple and advanced modes, The latter mode of signal preparing is much simple to actualize changes and up gradation. But the IF signal before digitization needs to be amplified to get enough signal strength and filtered to select the desired. This paper exhibits the design and realization of an amplifier and filters to process the received signal at IF level of a locally available radar framework. MULTISIM is utilized to confirm the channel qualities and intensification variable.


With the accelerative development of modern society informationization, data and databases has rapidly increased. That demands the abroad application of distributed data mining (DDM) methods that can parallel to get the results in time. However the problem of minimizing the communications costs across limited bandwidth interconnection network in DDM is crucial now. Considering that, this paper proposes the architecture of distributed data mining, model of scheduling in distributed data mining and its algorithm to deal with it. To more optimize the result of the scheduling algorithm, genetic algorithm is also used in this paper.


Forming conical parts is one of the complex and difficult fields in sheet metal forming processes; because of the low contact area of the sheet with the punch in the initial stages of forming, too much tension is applied to the sheet causing burst occurrence. Furthermore, since the major part of the sheet surface between the blank holder and punch tip is free, wrinkles appear on the wall of the drawn parts. Therefore, these parts are normally formed in the industry by spinning, explosive forming or multi-stage deep drawing processes. In this paper, the parameters in the process of hydroforming conical parts along with using finite element simulation and experimental procedures have been studied. The punch radiuses parameters (the punch tip radius and the radius between the conical and cylinder section and their effects on the bursting and thickness distribution were investigated.


BACKGROUND
Imatinib (IM) is widely used in treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with target trough plasma concentrations above 1000 ng ml(-1). DBS can increase access to IM therapeutic drug monitoring.

RESULTS
IM was measured in the range 50-4000 ng ml(-1) by UHPLC-MS/MS using one 6 mm DBS in a fully validated method. IM was stable at DBS maintained at 40°C for 36 days. Plasma and DBS concentrations were highly correlated (r > 0.96). The use of a IM concentration target of 765 ng ml(-1) in DBS identified 93% of patients with plasma concentration below 1000 ng ml(-1).

CONCLUSION
IM can be measured in DBS using UHPLC-MS/MS with results comparable to those obtained in blood plasma.


BACKGROUND
Gay and bisexual men (GBM) are a key population affected by HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection. Providing HCV treatment scale-up across specialist and non-hepatitis specialist settings may eliminate HCV in this population. We aimed to (1) deliver and measure HCV treatment effectiveness, and (2) determine the population impact of treatment on HCV prevalence and incidence longitudinally.

METHODS
The co-EC Study (Enhancing care and treatment among HCV/HIV co-infected individuals to Eliminate Hepatitis C transmission) was an implementation trial providing HCV direct-acting antiviral treatment in Melbourne, Australia, from 2016-2018. Individuals with HCV/HIV co-infection were prospectively enrolled from primary and tertiary-care services providing care for 85% of GBM with HIV in our jurisdiction. HCV-viraemic prevalence and HCV-antibody/viraemic incidence were measured using a state-wide, individually-linked, electronic surveillance system.

RESULTS
Among 200 participants recruited, 186 initiated treatment during the study period. Sustained virological response among primary care participants (98%, 95%CI:93-100%) was not different to tertiary care (98%, 95%CI:86-100%). From 2012-2019, between 2434 and 3476 GBM with HIV-infection attended our primary-care sites annually providing 13,801 person-years of follow-up; 50-60% received an HCV test annually, 10-14% were anti-HCV positive. Among those anti-HCV positive, viraemic prevalence declined 83% during the study (54% to 9%; 2016 to 2019). HCV incidence decreased 25% annually from 1.7/100 person-years in 2012 to 0.5/100 person-years in 2019 (incidence rate ratio 0.75; CI:0.68-0.83;p<0.001).

CONCLUSION
High treatment effectiveness by non-specialists demonstrates the feasibility of treatment scale-up in this population. Substantial declines in HCV incidence and prevalence among GBM with HIV-infection provides proof-of-concept for HCV micro-elimination.

REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02786758).


We present a strictly nonblocking $4$ × $4$ electrooptic silicon photonic switch fabric with on-chip gain. The switch integrates 12 Mach-Zehnder cells in a 3-stage topology equipped with fast electrooptic phase shifters, and thermooptic phase trimmers. To compensate for the losses of the fabric, a 4-channel GaInAsP/InP semiconductor optical amplifier array is flip-chip attached into an etched cavity in the silicon photonic chip with butt-coupled waveguide interfaces. The chip is wirebonded to a CMOS driver that provides push-pull drive to each elementary Mach-Zehnder cell. We demonstrate an optical switch assembly with net neutral insertion loss in the C-band together with nanosecond-scale reconfiguration time.


Parents have long been encouraged to treat their child's development as a capability, with the imperative being to maximize this capability. At the same time, however, children's 'natural' process of development must be allowed to take its course. Digital media technologies promise to not only enhance children's developmental capacity, but also threaten to disrupt their normal development. Drawing on qualitative research involving 40 Australian parents, this article examines parents' concerns about their teenage children's use of digital media. It examines how parents negotiate the tension between technological development and the benefits it affords their child, and the perceived risks that technological development poses to their child's normal development, through mediating what they construct as positive and negative exposure to digital media. Parents distinguished between media use that was considered to enhance their child's development and use that had the potential to disrupt it, by categorizing various activities as appropriate and inappropriate.


A major focus of the National Nuclear Security Administration-led Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI) is the development of human capital to meet present and future challenges to the safeguards regime. An effective university-level education in safeguards and related disciplines is an essential element in a layered strategy to rebuild the safeguards human resource capacity. NNSA launched two pilot programs in 2008 to develop university level courses and internships in association with James, Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS) and Texas A&M University (TAMU). These pilot efforts involved 44 students in total and were closely linked to hands-on internships at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The Safeguards and Nuclear Material Management pilot program was a collaboration between TAMU, LANL, and LLNL. The LANL-based coursework was shared with the students undertaking internships at LLNL via video teleconferencing. A weeklong hands-on exercise was also conducted at LANL. A second pilot effort, the International Nuclear Safeguards Policy and Information Analysis pilot program was implemented at MIIS in cooperation with LLNL. Speakers from MIIS, LLNL, and other U.S. national laboratories (LANL, BNL) delivered lectures for the audience of 16 students. Themore » majority of students were senior classmen or new master's degree graduates from MIIS specializing in nonproliferation policy studies. The two pilots programs concluded with an NGSI Summer Student Symposium, held at LLNL, where 20 students participated in LLNL facility tours and poster sessions. The value of bringing together the students from the technical and policy pilots was notable and will factor into the planning for the continued refinement of the two programs in the coming years.« less


It is highly desirable to increase the sampling rate of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogator in other to sense dynamic strains caused by impulsive acoustic wave. We have developed a wavelength interrogator featuring 100k samplings per second that consists of a solid-state spectrometer, a photodiode array and fully parallel read-out circuits. Central wavelengths on the reflected partial spectra corresponding to FBGs are calculated by the centroid method with the selected groups of the consecutive photodiodes at which each FBG spectrum is imaged. The centroid calculation is simple to be implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and fast enough to capture impulsive strain waveforms in real time. Short-term noise on the interrogated wavelengths is estimated to be around 0.5 in terms of stain within the sampling bandwidth.


Background: Providing quality of care in family planning services is an important task for care providers so as to increase service utilization and coverage; however, little is known about the existing quality of care in such services.
Objective: To assess quality of care in family planning services in Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 20-24,2003 in eight service delivery points in Jimma zone. Three modules consisting six elements of quality in accordance with Bruce-Jain framework were used; observation was made during 687 clients interacting with their providers (the number of providers was 17), exit interview was made with 635 clients, and facility audit was also carried out.
Results: More than 80% of unmarried clients were getting the service from non-governmental clinic. Sixty-nine (10.9%) and 14(8.1% of those who reported problem) clients expressed dissatisfaction with waiting time and solutions given by the provider respectively. Method unavailability was the reason in most service delivery points for providing methods different from clients' choices. Most clients were not told method specific and other relevant information. Provider's special training and the time of the training have shown statistically significant difference on six and two quality of care indicators respectively. Majority of the service delivery points did not have copy of guideline and mechanism to make programmatic change based on clients' feedback; all were not supervised in the last three months prior to data collection.
Conclusion: Several constraints in the provision of the service are identified and recommendations are forwarded accordingly.
[ Ethiop.J.Health Dev . 2003;18(1):8-18]


— Heritage trees are natural large, individual trees with exceptionally value due to association with age or event or distinguished people. In Malaysia, there is an abundance of tropical heritage trees throughout the country. It is essential to set up a repository of heritage trees to prevent valuable trees from being cut down. In this cross domain study, a web-based online expert system namely the Heritage Tree Expert Assessment and Classification (HTEAC) is developed and deployed for public to nominate potential heritage trees. Based on the nomination, tree care experts or arborists would evaluate and verify the nominated trees as heritage trees. The expert system automatically rates the approved heritage trees according to pre-defined grades via Delphi technique. Features and usability test of the expert system are presented. Preliminary result is promising for the system to be used as a full scale public system.


: Resection of renal tumours may be useless when the staging procedures reveal that the disease is too far advanced. A retrospective study of 100 radical nephrectomies for renal cell carcinoma distinguished the following groups: advanced cancers in young patients; cancers in patients over the age of 70 years. Despite the limited follow-up of this series, the study of survival demonstrates the following points: the difficulty of predicting the degree of lymph node involvement on pre-operative staging, the value of an anterior sub-costal and abdominal approach which facilitates radical nephrectomy in elderly and fragile patients, the poor prognosis of lymph node invasion and metastases, although some patients have survived for 12 months after resection of metastatic tumours.


Closed-form design equations for the operation of a class-E amplifier for zero switch voltage slope and arbitrary duty cycle are derived. This approach allows an additional degree of freedom in the design of class-E amplifiers which are normally designed for 50% duty ratio. The analysis developed permits the selection of non-unique solutions where amplifier efficiency is theoretically 100% but power output capability is less than that the 50% duty ratio case would permit. To facilitate comparison between 50% (optimal) and non-50% (suboptimal) duty ratio cases, each important amplifier parameter is normalised to its corresponding optimum operation value. It is shown that by choosing a non-50% suboptimal solution, the operating frequency of a class-E amplifier can be extended. In addition, it is shown that by operating the amplifier in the suboptimal regime, other amplifier parameters, for example, transistor output capacitance or peak switch voltage, can be included along with the standard specification criteria of output power, DC supply voltage and operating frequency as additional input design specifications. Suboptimum class-E operation may have potential advantages for monolithic microwave integrated circuit realisation as lower inductance values (lower series resistance, higher self-resonance frequency, less area) may be required when compared with the results obtained for optimal class-E amplifier synthesis. The theoretical analysis conducted here was verified by harmonic balance simulation, with excellent agreement between both methods.


BACKGROUND
Paid employment has been shown to benefit childless women's health, while employed mothers experience poorer health, and more pronounced fatigue. This study measures the association between job characteristics and the health and well-being of employed mothers and the differential susceptibility to job characteristics between coupled and single-parent mothers.

METHODS
We used data from the 5th Portuguese National Health Survey from 1649 employed women (aged 25-54) living with a child under 16. We modelled depression (assessed by the Personal Health Questionnaire-8) and self-reported health as a function of job characteristics, adding interaction terms to compare coupled and single-parent mothers, using logistic regressions.

RESULTS
Working part-time was associated with depression (odds ratio (OR) = 3.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.31-3.48) and less-than-good health (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.26-1.31), compared to working full time. Compared to high-skill jobs, the likelihood for depression among low-skill occupations was lower among coupled mothers (OR = 0.25, 95%CI = 0.24-0.26), and higher among single-parent mothers (OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.54-1.99). Unstable jobs were associated with depression among coupled mothers.

CONCLUSIONS
Part-time jobs are detrimental for mothers' mental health, but high-skilled jobs are protective for single-parent mothers. Part-time and unstable jobs are linked to poorer self-reported health among coupled mothers. Results question the gendered arrangements that may face employed coupled mothers.


The article presents the humanization and democratization of the educational process of vocational and educational training teachers Ukraine, implementation of new educational technologies, finding the most optimal conceptual approaches to the development of national pedagogy cause growth of scientific and practical interest to study the experience of secondary and higher education, including the Republic of Poland. European requirements for teacher training, the quality of their professional qualifications and competencies, professional development of teachers - is the most pressing issue of training teachers in Europe. Polish scientists actively working on finding optimal ways of improving training of primary school teachers in higher education. The most important industrial and educational and developmental functions performed by primary school teacher in the Ukraine, is a professional and personal self-help that improve the professional competence and pedagogical skills through personal and professional self-development, creating conditions for self-development and self-disclosure by the child self-development technologies and techniques.


Al Noman, Abdullah M.S.E.C.E., Purdue University, May 2016. Optical Characterization of On-Chip Silicon Nitride Microresonators. Major Professor: Andrew M. Weiner. Optical Characterization of on-chip microresonators is very important in microresonator research area. Full optical characterization includes both the time and the frequency domain characterizations by which we can get some basic parameters and properties like Free Spectral range (FSR), Quality Factor, Dispersion, ability to generate coherent Frequency Comb etc. These parameters and properties are very important because a lot of applications of microring resonators depend on the value of those parameters that we obtain from optical characterizations. In this thesis, we tried to describe some of the fundamental frequency domain characterization methods namely the Transmission Spectrum measurement, Quality factor measurement, Dispersion measurement and Optical Frequency Comb generation. The major contribution of this thesis is the development of an improved dispersion measurement scheme which reduced the complexity of the previous design and simplified the measurement process. The modified dispersion measurement scheme, which uses the FSR evolution and spectroscopy method, can measure dispersion very precisely and in a more efficient way.


[Ontogenetic development in reptiles entails major changes in size-related foraging options. We studied the changes in foraging behavior of marine iguanas. In this species, size increases about twenty- to hundredfold from hatching to full adult size. The foraging strategy of marine iguanas was studied at Miedo on Santa Fe Island in the Galapagos archipelago. During low tide, large marine iguanas (>250 mm snout vent length (SVL)) foraged more in the lower intertidal than small ones ( 250 mm snout vent length (SVL)) foraged more in the lower intertidal than small ones (<250 mm SVL) which preferred the upper intertidal with higher temperatures and less frequent wave washing. Animals usually returned to the same foraging site day after day and had lower food intake after changing their foraging site. Feeding accounted for 60% of the time spent in the intertidal. Smaller animals fed every day, larger ones only every other day. Smaller individuals shuttled faster between foraging and basking sites than larger ones. Total feeding time per day was, however, the same for both size classes. At neap tides (= high water level at low tide) animals had shorter foraging bouts than at spring tides with much lower water levels at peak low tide. Length of feeding bouts depended most on wave action, time of low tide (during the daylight period), and body mass of an animal. Small animals fed significantly less at higher than at lower wave activities. All animals on Santa Fe spent more time feeding in the intertidal than in the subtidal. Only large males additionally foraged subtidally and the more so the bigger they were. During the reproductive season, territorial males were less likely to go foraging, but when feeding, territorials fed more subtidally than nonterritorials, went foraging earlier, and spent less time foraging in the IT than nonterritorials. Ability to resist wave drag increased with body size but did not decrease at lower body temperature, whereas running speed did so significantly. Bite frequency during foraging also decreased with decreasing body temperature and smaller, younger animals had higher bite rates than older, bigger ones. White-painted animals rewarmed slower than naturally black ones and partially compensated for this by shortening foraging bouts but increasing their number. The observed age-related changes in foraging behavior can be explained by postulating a rule of the form 'forage while warm and warm up when getting inefficient at grazing'. Of course, animals will also stop feeding should the stomach be filled before the end of the low tide cycle. To explain age- and motivation-related differences in foraging behavior, the only change that needs to be postulated is in the thresholds of body temperature inducing switches from foraging to warming-up and back. These changes are adaptive responses to size-related changes in costs and benefits of foraging in a cool, wavewashed environment.]


The scandium phosphate pretulite has been identified with scandian zircon and xenotime-(Y) in an apatite-rich oolitic Ordovician ironstone at Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux, Armorican Massif, France. Pseudo-octahedral crystals of pretulite, up to 400 m across, have grown epitactically on detrital zircon. They reveal complex zoning due to incorporation of Y and HREE, as well as to an extended solid-solution toward the zircon end-member. Characteristic compositions in the pretulite ‐ xenotime-(Y) ‐ zircon system are: Prl0.973Xnt0.020Zrn0.007, Prl0.907Xnt0.088Zrn0.005, Prl0.873Xnt0.042Zrn0.085, Prl0.718Xnt0.024Zrn0.258 and Prl0.453Xnt0.042Zrn0.505. A single-crystal X-ray refinement of the structure in space group I41/amd (R = 0.0389) gives a 6.5870(9), c 5.809(1) A, for the formula (Sc0.904Y0.032HREE0.016Zr0.048)(P0.952Si0.048)O4. The Raman spectrum is presented. Detrital zircon shows phosphate-rich metamict zones containing HREE and Sc (up to 3.2 wt.% Sc2O3). Analytical and crystallographic data suggest a complete solid-solution between zircon and pretulite. Xenotime-(Y), also epitactic on zircon, shows distinct stages of crystallization, with a decrease in Y together with an enrichment in the lighter REE and Sc (up to 0.7 wt.% Sc2O3). The scandium minerals at Saint-Aubin reflect the evolution of the iron ore, from sedimentation to diagenesis and metamorphism, followed by multistage hydrothermal leaching and recrystallization. Despite the high concentration of Fe in the environment, this quite unique occurrence of Sc minerals illustrates the high capacity of the phosphate ion to extract scandium and precipitate it as a specific phase, at relatively low-temperature conditions.


Background Adherence and obtaining parental con-sent for their children's participation are key factors in clinical neonatal research influenced by: the quality of the information delivered and the interaction between parents and investigators. This exchange of information is one of the most serious challenges as failure to disclose some important items by clinicians would lead to difficul-ties in decision making by parents, not being an informed consent process anymore. This Delphi survey aims to es-tablish a consensus between parents of preterm infants and healthcare professionals on the information criteria deemed essential by both parties in order to improve the recruitment of newborns in clinical trials. Methods This study has been conducted among par-ents of preterm newborns and healthcare professionals (pediatri Drug use during pregnancy: a systematic re-viewcians, neonatologists, obstetricians; experts in phar-macology, researchers, clinical research studies coordina-tors; ethicists and members of ethics committees). In this 3-phase study, the items were defined by the Scientific Committee (CS), composed of 11 clinicians (from 7 coun-tries: Belgium, Canada, France, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States) and 1 European representative of newborn parents associations (European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants, EFCNI). Then, the Com-mittee of Experts (CE), composed of 16 clinicians and 16 parents, members of preterm newborns parents associa-tions (with a balanced distribution in 10 countries), evalu-ates these items on two occasions. Results 96 items were selected by the SC, submitted and evaluated by the CE on a scale from 1 to 9 accord-ing to the importance they had for them, based on their personal experience and beliefs. In the first round, 63/96 items were retained (first level of consensus criteria: me-dian score above 7, 65% of responses in the top tertile between 7 and 9-). The second round, in progress, will refine this selection and only items meeting the second level of consensus criteria (median score above 7, 75% of responses in the top tertile -between 7 and 9-) will be conserved for the final consensus. Conclusion This parental/professional consensus will improve parents' information and decision-making pro-cess, respecting ethical and quality criteria to include newborns in clinical trials.


The high level of intratissue electric cooperation enables to detect tissue potentials with microelectrodes thick enough to destroy individual cells. Nevertheless, in ordinary perfused rat liver, these "cooperative potentials" (CP) coincide in the magnitude with usual cell membrane potential (MP). Intercellular dissociations, however, cause appreciable differences in CPs at different scales. The data obtained show possible role of cytoplasmic calcium in primary control of hierarhic tissue integrity.


Vedolizumab (VDZ) and ustekinumab (UST) are treatments for moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease (CD). The payer addressable burden (PAB) is the total allowed cost of care of a national health plan based on an actuarial analysis of all members total cost burden, for a given disease, regardless of any other underlying conditions. We used an actuarial retrospective claims analysis of direct and indirect costs associated with payer allowed resource utilizations to understand the US payer cost burden of the biologic-treated CD population.

 Mean annual allowed cost per member with CD in the commercial health plan population was examined from a health plan actuarial and financial perspective. Data were obtained from medical and prescription claims of commercial and Medicare health plan members from Optum's proprietary de-identified Normative Health Information database. Administrative claims data for all commercial members with pharmacy and medical coverage were used to determine medical utilization and medication unit cost patterns for CD treatment for 2017–2019. PAB analysis includes resource utilizations and associated costs among CD patients (pts) whose last biologic agent received in a year was UST subcutaneous (SC) or VDZ intravenous (IV). Costs captured were the total paid by plan and pts for medical or pharmacy claims. ICD-10 diagnosis codes were used to identify prescriptions to be included based on CD diagnosis. Members with diagnostic codes for concomitant ulcerative colitis (UC) were included only if they had more claims for CD than UC. Allowed claims costs, the sum of all medical and pharmacy costs, were categorized as CD-specific PAB and all-cause PAB. Cost per member per month was estimated by dividing total costs by total member enrolled months.

 In this retrospective claims analysis, more members with CD were treated with VDZ IV than UST SC in 2017 and 2018. Total and CD-related costs were lower with VDZ IV than with UST SC in overall members with CD and biologic-naïve members with CD (Figure 1). Both CD-related and all-cause PAB were markedly lower for VDZ IV than UST SC (Figure 2).

 PAB can help payers identify opportunities for cost-saving. For patients with CD, the payer cost burden was lower with VDZ IV than with UST SC. This analysis provides a cross-sectional view of financial burden for US payers in managing members with CD. The analysis did not include longitudinal follow-up of pts for cost difference or adjustment of confounders in biologic-treated pts. The results capture the real-world burden of all forms of clinical practice and resource utilization in treating pts with CD enrolled in a commercial national plan.


PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to assess the opinion of dental patients who use tobacco towards receiving tobacco cessation counseling and services in a dental college and hospital setting.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional descriptive survey method using a structured questionnaire was used in this study. Participants were patients attending The Oxford Dental College, Hospital, and Research Center, Bengaluru, India. Each patient in the clinic waiting room was asked by the investigator to complete a 29-item self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis using Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis of the data.

RESULTS
Ninety-six percent (n = 770) of tobacco users had previously attempted to quit tobacco and 95.7% were willing to quit. Sixteen percent (n = 132) of respondents reported that they currently used tobacco. About 83% of tobacco users agreed that the student dentist should ask patients whether or not they use tobacco, 79.4% agreed that the student dentist should advise tobacco users to quit, and 81.4% agreed that student dentists should offer information on quitting tobacco to patients who want to quit. Only 12.5% (n = 100) of the patients who use tobacco were aware of the community resources available to quit tobacco.

CONCLUSION
This study shows that patients expect and felt comfortable with receiving tobacco cessation counseling services by oral health professionals in a dental hospital setting.


This article contains an overview of the cluster approach methods; the author analyses the management strategy in mining activities permit in forest area. The law management mining should be synergy policy in term of the mining activities permit in forest areas, in the Act No. 41 1999, there is still overlapping the utilization of forest between mining and forestry activities are still unresolved and still occur in some areas. Similarly, Law No. 4 Year 2009 on Mineral and Coal is not yet fully support synergically, the natural sustainability remain legal, it can be seen from the existence of many dredging coal mines, then the Law 32 of 2009 requires the use of natural resources which is in harmony and balanced with environmental functions. There is a duality of government policy, in which one side of them seeks to protect protected areas and establish rules to preserve it, but on the other hand, it is opened up opportunities for the protected forest area to be exploited. Policy or development program must be imbued by the obligation to make environmental preservation and realize the goal of sustainable development.


In Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) coordinate time-series unrecognized errors and unmodelled (periodic) effects may bias nonlinear motions induced by geophysical signals. Hence, understanding and mitigating these errors is vital to reducing biases and on revealing subtle geophysical signals. To assess the nature of periodic signals in coordinate time-series Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions for the period 2008–2015 are generated. The solutions consider Global Positioning System (GPS), GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) or combined GPS+GLONASS (GNSS) observations. We assess the periodic signals of station coordinates computed using the combined International GNSS Service (IGS) and four of its Analysis Centers (ACs) products. Furthermore, we make use of different filtering methods to investigate the sources of the periodic signals. A faint fortnightly signal in our PPP solution based on Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) products and the existence of an 8 d period for those ACs generating combined GPS+GLONASS products are the main features in the GPS-only solutions. The existence of the 8 d period in the GPS-only solution indicates that GPS orbits computed in a combined GNSS solution contain GLONASS-specific signals. The GLONASS-only solution shows highly elevated powers at the third draconitic harmonic (∼120 d period), at the 8 d period and its harmonics (4 d, 2.67 d) besides the well-known annual, semi-annual and other draconitic harmonics. We show that the GLONASS constellation gaps before December 2011 contribute to the power at some of the frequencies. However, the well-known fortnightly signal in GPS-only solutions is not discernible in the GLONASS-only solution. The combined GNSS solution contains periodic signals from both systems, with most of the powers being reduced when compared to the single-GNSS solutions. A 52 per cent reduction for the horizontal components and a 36 per cent reduction for the vertical component are achieved for the fortnightly signal from the GNSS solution compared to the GPS-only solution. Comparing the results of the employed filtering methods reveals that the source of most of the powers of draconitic and fortnightly signals are satellite-induced with a non-zero contribution of site-specific errors.


A pseudo random number generator (PRNG) is also known as a deterministic random bit generator(DRBG). It is an algorithm which generates a sequence of random numbers. This paper presents an implementation of pseudo random number generator. The design is specified in VHDL and is implemented on altera FPGA device. It is based on the Residue Number System (RNS). It gives us the way to design a very fast circuit. This paper presents design and implementation of a pseudo-random number generator which is based on Blum Blum Shub, XOR Shift, Fibonacci series and Galois LFSR methods. We have demonstrate that how the introduction of application specificity in the architecture can deliver huge performance in terms of area and speed. The design is specified in VHDL and is analyzed on altera FPGA parameter. Which has given us higher throughput and also the parameter like area, propagation delay and power requirement.


This topical volume deals with the processes through which TRIPS compliance was achieved in four developing country jurisdictions: Brazil, China, India and Thailand. More importantly, it analyses the macro and micro implications of TRIPS compliance for innovative activity in industry in general, but focuses specifically on the agrochemical, automotive and pharmaceutical sectors.


Deletion of Ptpn1 , which encodes Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), delays the onset of Her2/Neu -driven breast cancers in mice, but the underlying mechanism(s) remains controversial. Moreover, the role of PTP1B in HER2 + human breast cancer is unresolved. We found that, unexpectedly, PTP1B protects HER2 + breast cancer (BC) cell lines and tumors from hypoxia-induced death. Although there was no consistent effect of PTPN1 depletion or PTP1B inhibition on growth factor signaling or proliferation of HER2 + BC cells in vitro , PTP1B-deficient HER2 + xenografts showed increased hypoxia, necrosis and impaired growth. PTPN1 -knockdown (1B-KD) also sensitized HER2 + BC lines to hypoxia-induced death in vitro . Studies using catalytically inactive mutants or an allosteric PTP1B inhibitor demonstrated that the ability of PTP1B to promote survival in hypoxia requires catalytic activity. Metabolic analysis revealed increased non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption, accompanied by decreased α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) levels, in 1B-KD cells, suggestive of enhanced activity of one or more α-KG-dependent dioxygenases. Consistent with this notion, addition of the pan-oxygenase inhibitors IOXI or DMOG protected 1B-KD HER2 + BC cells from hypoxia-induced death. Studies with "substrate-trapping" mutants identified the product of the Moyamoya disease-associated gene RNF213 , as a PTP1B substrate in HER2 + BC cells. Remarkably, RNF213 -knockdown ( RNF213 -KD) rescued the effects of PTP1B-deficiency on non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption and hypoxia-induced death of HER2 + BC cells. RNF213 -KD also partially restored growth of tumors evoked by 1B-KD HCC1954 cells. RNF213 is a 591kDa E3-ligase with RING finger and AAA+ ATPase domains, not previously implicated in PTP1B action. Preliminary proteomic characterization revealed that BT474 1B-KD cells have RNF213-dependent alterations in the ubiquitylome. Future work will determine how these changes affect α-KG-dependent dioxygenase(s) activity. Our results reveal a new function for PTP1B, acting via RNF213, to control one or more α-KG-dependent dioxygenases in HER2 + BC cells. This novel PTP1B/RNF213 hypoxia-regulatory pathway is critical for the survival of breast cancer and possibly other malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Robert S. Banh, Caterina Iorio, Richard Marcotte, Yang Xu, Dan Cojocari, Anas Abdel Rahman, Judy Pawling, Ankit Sinha, Toshiaki Hitomi, Toshiyuki Habu, Akio Koizumi, Sarah Wilkins, Thomas Kislinger, Christopher J. Schofield, James W. Dennis, Bradly G. Wouters, Benjamin G. Neel. PTP1B regulates the Moyamoya disease-associated E3 ligase, RNF213 and cellular dioxygenase activity to allow breast tumor survival in hypoxia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-302. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-302


Heinrich Heine has been one of the liveliest topics in German literary studies for the past fifteen years. His life was marked by an exceptionally high pitch of constant public controversy and an extraordinary quantity of legend and speculation surround his reputation. This biography, the first in English in over twenty years and the first fully documented one in over a century, makes full use of the newest material in contemporary studies as well as of older scholarship.Originally published in 1980.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Liver is one of the vital organ that performs many functions in the human body. Prominently it acts as a metabolizing organ for the body. This chapter elaborately describes hepatocytes along with their morphological features. In addition, it explains the structure of hepatocytes and different parts such as kupffer cells, hepatic stellate and hepatic sinusoids. Moreover present chapter elaborates the varieties of functions that hepatocytes perform such as filtration of blood, acting as a viral incubator, lipophagy and regulation of insulin and glucose. This chapter also explains hepatic injury that is caused by chronic consumption of alcohol along with the mechanism behind it.


"The musical legacy of Sergei Rachmaninoff" — this is the first lecture from the authorial cycle of Doctor of Arts, Professor Alexander Demchenko "The Classics of 20th Century Russian Music." Its following sections will be dedicated to such composers as Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Dmitri Shostakovich, Aram Khachaturian, Georgiy Sviridov, odion Shchedrin and Alfred Schnittke. The lecture is supposed to include listening to a number of musical fragments chosen to give a general perception of the range of the composer's artistic explorations. The preferential performance versions and durations of the corresponding musical fragments are given. The publication of the lecture is addressed to students and faculty members of conservatories, artistic institutions of higher education, as well as music colleges and high schools.


We analyzed data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System from 1986-2003 to determine the epidemiology of gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units (ICUs) for the most frequent types of hospital-acquired infection: pneumonia, surgical site infection (SSI), urinary tract infection (UTI), and bloodstream infection (BSI). We analyzed >410,000 bacterial isolates associated with hospital-acquired infections in ICUs during 1986-2003. In 2003, gram-negative bacilli were associated with 23.8% of BSIs, 65.2% of pneumonia episodes, 33.8% of SSIs, and 71.1% of UTIs. The percentage of BSIs associated with gram-negative bacilli decreased from 33.2% in 1986 to 23.8% in 2003. The percentage of SSIs associated with gram-negative bacilli decreased from 56.5% in 1986 to 33.8% in 2003. The percentages pneumonia episodes and UTIs associated with gram-negative bacilli remained constant during the study period. The proportion of ICU pneumonia episodes associated with Acinetobacter species increased from 4% in 1986 to 7.0% in 2003 (P<.001, by the Cochran-Armitage chi2 test for trend). Significant increases in resistance rates were uniformly seen for selected antimicrobial-pathogen combinations. Gram-negative bacilli are commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections in ICUs. The proportion of Acinetobacter species associated with ICU pneumonia increased from 4% in 1986 to 7.0% in 2003.


We study the problem of adversarially robust learning in the transductive setting. For classes $\mathcal{H}$ of bounded VC dimension, we propose a simple transductive learner that when presented with a set of labeled training examples and a set of unlabeled test examples (both sets possibly adversarially perturbed), it correctly labels the test examples with a robust error rate that is linear in the VC dimension and is adaptive to the complexity of the perturbation set. This result provides an exponential improvement in dependence on VC dimension over the best known upper bound on the robust error in the inductive setting, at the expense of competing with a more restrictive notion of optimal robust error.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Thyroid carcinomas thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) are rare. The aim of this paper is to address a valid diagnostic and therapeutic protocol for these tumours using three exemplary cases and the previously published literature.

METHODS
The routine use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in all cases of unclear thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or in cases of multiple neck masses.

RESULTS
Three cases of thyroid CASTLE tumours, finally confirmed by histology, are evaluated. All three patients remain in good conditions after an aggressive surgical approach followed by radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS
MRI should be routinely used in cases of unclear FNAC or multiple neck masses, Surgery and radiotherapy are effective to manage thyroid CASTLE tumours.


In a retrospective review, the telemedical management of 65 outpatients from a randomized controlled trial (ReT) of telemedicine for non-urgent referrals to a consultant neurologist was compared with the management of 76 patients seen face to face in the same trial, with that of 150 outpatients seen in the neurology clinics of district general hospitals and with that of 102 neurological outpatients seen by general physicians. Outcome measures were the numbers of investigations and of patient reviews. The telemedicine group did not differ significantly from the 150 patients seen face to face by neurologists in hospital clinics in terms of either the number of investigations or the number of reviews they received. Patients from the RCTseenface to face had significantly fewer investigations but a similar number of reviews to the other 150 patients seen face to face by neurologists (the disparity in the number of investigations may explain the negative result for telemedicine in that ReT). Patients with neurological symptoms assessed by general physicians had significantly more investigations and were reviewed significantly more often than all the other groups. Patients from the RCT seen by telemedicine were not managed significantly differently from those seen face to face by neurologists in hospital clinics but had significantly fewer investigations and follow-ups than those patients managed by general physicians. The results suggest that management of new neurological outpatients by neurologists using telemedicine is similar to that by neurologists using a face-to-face consultation, and is more efficient than management by general physicians.


This paper proposes a general scheme for recognizing the contents of a video using a set of panoramas recorded in a database. In essence, a panorama inherently records the appearances of an omni-directional scene from its central point to arbitrary viewing directions and, thus, can serve as a compact representation of an environment. In particular, this paper emphasizes the use of a sequence of successive frames in a video taken with a video camera, instead of a single frame, for visual recognition. The associated recognition task is formulated as a shortest-path searching problem, and a dynamic-programming technique is used to solve it. Experimental results show that our method can effectively recognize a video.


D o you ever wake up with pain in the heel of your foot first thing in the morning? If so, you may have plantar fasciitis, the most common type of heel pain. People with heel pain typically report a sharp pain under their heel that may spread into the arch of the foot. The pain is often worse when the person stands after lying down or following a period of sitting—for example, taking the first couple of steps in the morning or standing up after watching TV. Although the pain may actually decrease with activity, such as walking, it tends to return at the end of the day. Plantar fasciitis is not typically the result of an injury. Instead, this condition usually develops gradually and, if untreated, may get worse over time. By current estimates, 2 million Americans develop heel pain each year, and about 10% of all people will have heel pain at some point in their lives. The February 2011 issue of JOSPT published a research study that provides new evidence that can help people who suffer from heel pain.


Continuity of care is widely regarded as a core value of primary care. The objective of this article is to explore the literature about the concept of continuity of care focusing on factors that influence continuity; advantages and disadvantages of continuity and the effect of continuity on outcomes, hence on the quality of care. Electronic databases and other websites were searched for relevant literature. The results of this review showed that continuity of care is influenced by demographic factors, factors related to patients and healthcare professionals, patient-healthcare professional relationship, inter-professional factors, role of receptionists and organisational factors. Several advantages were found to be associated with most types of continuity in various medical disciplines preventive medicine, general health, maternity and child health, mental and psychosocial health, chronic diseases and costs of care.Various factors influenced different types of continuity. Most types of continuity were associated with good outcomes, hence indirectly affecting the quality of care. Health care professionals and policy makers should be aware of the effect of continuity on quality of care and of the factors that influence continuity if they wish to preserve it as a core value of primary care.


The leadership styles of social work educational administrators have been understudied. Very few articles have utilized the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5x-short (Avolio & Bass, 2004) to explore social work leadership (Gellis, 2001; Mary, 2005; Mizrahi & Berger, 2001), and none of this research explored social work educational administrators practicing in colleges and universities. The hypotheses that social work educational administrators would utilize transformational leadership practices more often than other types and that these practices would be more effective than the other types were supported by this exploratory study. Implications for social work educational leadership are discussed.


With the increasing requirement for analysis and separation of samples related to genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pharmacology and agrochemistry, diverse stationary phases for liquid chromatography have been prepared by Cu(i)-catalyzed 1, 3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). It has been proved that CuAAC is a powerful tool for preparing covalently bonded stationary phases. In this tutorial review, we highlighted the preparation of separation materials by immobilization of functional groups on silica beads, polymer beads and agarose via CuAAC and their applications in liquid chromatography and related purposes, such as separation of polar compounds, enrichment of valuable bio-samples, orthogonal two-dimensional HPLC and chiral separation. Meanwhile, agarose-based separation materials for affinity chromatography are reviewed.


Time-lapse applications of seismic methods have been recently suggested in the nearsurface scale to track hydrological properties variations due to climate, water level changes, or permafrost thaw, for instance. But when it comes to traveltime tomography or surface-wave dispersion inversion, a careful estimation of the data variability associated with the picking process must be considered prior to any time-lapse interpretation. In this study, we propose to estimate picking errors that are due to the inherent subjectivity of human operators, using statistical analysis based on picking repeatability. Two seismic datasets were collected along the same profile under distinct hydrological conditions across a granite–micaschist contact at the Ploemeur hydrological observatory (France). Both datasets were recorded using identical equipment and acquisition parameters. A thorough statistical analysis is conducted to estimate picking uncertainties, at the 99% confidence level, for both P-wave first arrival time and surface-wave phase velocity.With the suggested workflow, we are able to identify 33% of the P-wave traveltimes and 16% of the surface-wave dispersion data, which can be considered significant enough for time-lapse interpretations. In this selected portion of the data, point-by-point differences highlight important variations linked to different hydrogeological properties of the subsurface. These variations show strong contrasts with a non-monotonous behaviour along the line, offering new insights to better constrain the dynamics of this hydrosystem.


Characteristics of DKI Jakarta as Indonesian capital with a rich diversity of people from various social, cultural, and economic backgrounds, have challenging implication for participatory community empowerment. This is proven by low participation level in community affairs in the province. This research aims to assess factors responsible for low participation in community empowerment in urban areas and identify measures to improve it.  The research was based on a qualitative methods in the Village Community Empowerment Program (PPMK) implemented in KampungRawa, Kalibaru, and Tanjung Duren Melawai in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. The selection of the administrative villages was based on Social Insecurity Potential Index (IPKS) which portrays an overview of urban social structure. Research results showed that low  participation in community affairs is attributable to the normative nature of  participation, non-compliance of  targeted groups in  certain areas, lack of information, weak public institutions (Village Consultative Council/LMK), lack of adequate support from  local leaders (Chief of Neighborhood Association (RT) and Chief of Community Association (RW)), and absence of  management training programs. Moreover, low participation is exacerbated by low public awareness about the environment. Thus, efforts that can be undertaken include enhancing the role of the   Government, implementing e-governance by RT and RW neighborhood heads as the driving force and representatives of the community.


Local reservoir ages are often estimated from the difference between the radiocarbon ages of aquatic material and associated terrestrial samples for which no reservoir effect is expected. Frequently, the selected aquatic material consists of bivalve shells that are typically well preserved in the archaeological record. For instance, large shell middens attest to the importance of mussel consumption at both coastal and inland sites. However, different physiological mechanisms associated with tissue and shell growth may result in differences in reservoir effects between the surviving component (shell) and the component relevant to dietary reservoir effects in consumers (tissue). The current study examines bivalve tissue-shell age differences both from freshwater and marine contexts close to archaeological sites where human consumption of mollusks has been attested. Results exhibited significant 14C age differences between bivalve tissue and shell in a freshwater context. In a marine context, no significant bivalve tissue-shell age differences were observed. The results also showed that riverine and lacustrine shells show large and variable freshwater reservoir effects. The results have important implications for establishing local reservoir effects especially in a freshwater environment. For good a priori knowledge of expected 14C differences in organic and inorganic water, carbon is thus necessary. Furthermore, the high variability in freshwater shell 14C ages implies the need for representative sampling from the archaeological record.


Guar gum-graft-poly(vinylacetate) (GG-g-PVA) has been synthesized and evaluated for Hg(II) removal from synthetic Hg(II) solution. The optimum performance GG-g-PVA sample (G1) was synthesized using 0.25 g guar gum, 1.0 × 10 -2 M K2S2O8, 2.3 × 10 -2 M ascorbic acid, 0.46 M vinyl acetate (VA), total reaction volume 25 mL, grafting time 1 h, and reaction temperature 35±0.5 °C. G1 has been extensively characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC studies. pH drift experiments have shown that G1 has pHzpc of 2.8 and it was most efficient in removing Hg(II) at pH 6. The kinetic studies indicated that the removal involved chemisorption in the rate determining step and the sorption equilibrium was attained in 4 h. High Qmax (100 mg g -1 ) of the copolymer indicated its suitability as a versatile and sustainable adsorbent for exceptionally high mercury recovery. Copyright © 2016 VBRI Press.


The effect of machine wormshaft speed and seed moisture content on oil recovery from two beniseed accessions (Yandev 55 and E8) was studied in an oil expeller. The levels of moisture content of 4.1 to 10.3% wet basis and and wormshaft speed of 30 to 75 rpm were used. The oil recoveries from the two accessions increased from 37.56 to 70.62 and 33.70 to 64.85 respectively as the wormshaft speed increased from 30 to 45rpm at 4.1% moisture content. A further increase to 75 rpm decreased the respective oil recoveries to 40.23 and 38.79%. This was a general trend for all the studied moisture contents. The maximum filtered oil recoveries of 79.63 and 74.28% of the expressable oil were obtained for Yandev-55 and E8 respectively from a – one pass crushing. These values were obtained at 45 rpm and 5.3% m.c. The statistical analysis shows that wormshaft speed and its interaction with moisture content have significant effect on the oil recovery from the seed.


Contemporary society is marked by the presence of institutions that organize, regulate and govern the social relations of work. While institutions can be designed individually, they also have the ability to organize into networks that aim to strengthen intra and inter- institutions. Given this context, the aim here is to perform a theoretical incursion into public administration, institutionalism and social capital, showing the possible conceptual interfaces in order to elucidate the contributions of institutional and social capital to better understand contemporary public administration. On the one hand, the theory of social capital promotes understanding of the set of investments that are channeled into socioeconomic and cultural activities to meet specific social needs arising from organized groups in civil society. Thus, according to the assumptions of the capital, people interact with each other for access to public resources in order to achieve the collective targeting of several common interests. Meanwhile, institutionalism sets out on the assumption that any institution that is formally constituted and legitimately recognized by the legal attributes of society loses when the reason for the logic of its constitution can no longer be any more effective than individual action alone. Finally, the discussions surrounding the themes of social capital, institutional and public administration models invite us to reflect on the changes that take place in modern societies, especially regarding forms of government and trends in relations between state and society that take place in a globalized world.


Author(s): Zhang, Jingwei | Advisor(s): Keasling, Jay | Abstract: Lactam is an important class of commodity chemicals used in the manufacture of nylons, with millions of tons of production every year.2-Pyrrolidone is a valuable bulk chemical with myriad applications as a solvent, polymer precursor and active pharmaceutical intermediate. A novel 2-pyrrolidone synthase, ORF27, from Streptomyces aizunensis was identified to catalyze the ring closing dehydration of γ-aminobutyrate. ORF27's tendency to aggregate was resolved by expression at low temperature and fusion to the maltose binding protein (MBP). Recombinant Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered for the production of 2-pyrrolidone from glutamate by expressing both the genes encoding GadB, a glutamate decarboxylase, and ORF27. Incorporation of a GadB mutant lacking H465 and T466, GadB_ΔHT, improved the efficiency of one-pot 2-pyrrolidone biosynthesis in vivo. When the recombinant E. coli strain expressing the E. coli GadB_ΔHT mutant and the ORF27-MBP fusion was cultured in ZYM-5052 medium containing 9 g/L of L-glutamate, 7.7 g/L of L-glutamate was converted to 1.1 g/L of 2-pyrrolidone within 31 h, achieving 25% molar yield from the consumed substrate.Caprolactam and valerolactam are important commodity chemicals used in the manufacture of nylons, with millions of tons produced every year. Biological production of these high valued chemicals has not been possible due to a lack of enzymes that will cyclize the ω-amino fatty acid precursors to the corresponding lactams under ambient conditions. In this study, we demonstrated proof of these bioconversions by in vitro enzyme assays. We found that ORF27, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ECO-02301 in Streptomyces aizunensis, has a broad substrate spectrum and can not only cyclize γ-aminobutyric acid into butyrolactam, but also 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AVA) into valerolactam and 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA) into caprolactam. The ORF27 lactam formation reaction was characterized by product analysis, and ORF27's activity on the three ω-amino fatty acids were compared. Recombinant E. coli expressing ORF27 produced valerolactam and caprolactam when 5-AVA and 5-AHA, respectively, were added to the culture medium. Upon co-expressing ORF27 with a metabolic pathway that produced 5-aminovaleric acid from lysine, we were able to demonstrate production of -valerolactam from lysine or directly from glucose.Biological production of caprolactam, valerolactam and butyrolactam were enabled by the recent discovery of lactam synthases that cyclize their ω-amino fatty acid precursors to the corresponding lactams. To facilitate strain optimization with regard to product yields, productivities, and titers, it is desirable to develop a high throughput screening system forspecific small-molecule detection and response. We took the chemical informatics concepts used in small molecule drug discovery, and adapted them into a metabolic engineering strategy for targeted scouting of protein sensor candidates, named "Analog Generation towards Catabolizable Chemicals". We discovered a lactam biosensor based on the ChnR/Pb transcription factor-promoter pair. The microbial biosensor was engineered to be a single plasmid system, demonstrating dose dependent response for caprolactam, valerolactam and butyrolactam with great dynamic range (1.8-3.5) and wide linear range of 1-2 orders of magnitude. The biosensor also showed specificity against intermediates of lactam biosynthetic pathways and therefore could potentially be applied for high throughput metabolic engineering for industrially important lactam biosynthesis.


The objective of this study is the analysis of pedestrian motivations, travel habits and attitudes and behaviour, towards road safety in Europe, by using the responses of road users from a large sample including 21 European countries at the SARTRE-4 pan-European survey. The data include pedestrians' responses to the dedicated "Other Road Users ORU" part of the SARTRE-4 questionnaire, as well as the responses of selected questions of the common part of the questionnaire (addressed to all road users i.e. car drivers, motorcyclists, pedestrians, cyclists etc.). The data was collected by means of personal interviews on a minimum sample of 200 ORU in each country. The analysis consists of two parts, the descriptive analysis and the statistical modelling of pedestrians' travel habits, attitudes and behaviour. More specifically, factor and cluster analyses were carried out. The descriptive analysis of the study (frequencies, percentage and country comparisons, analyses per age, gender, town size and area type) revealed significant trends on pedestrians' road safety attitudes and behaviour. The factor analysis revealed eight factors of pedestrian attitudes, perception and behaviour. The cluster analysis revealed four groups of pedestrians according to their travel habits and three groups of pedestrians regarding attitudes and perception towards road safety. The results are discussed with respect to potential reasons leading to particular attitudes and behaviour, the pedestrians' characteristics, the share of each group in different countries etc.


Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the complex complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study has been designed to examine the possible protective effects of the transient receptor potential canonical type 1 (TRPC1) on DN. After administrated with TRPC1, the levels of blood glucose, urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) in DN rats were significantly decreased compared with the model rats. In addition, morphological studies demonstrated that TRPC1 attenuated mesangial expansion and capillary basement membrane thickening as well as glomerular structure. The treatment of TRPC1 reduced the inflammatory cytokines including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) though the immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, related-mRNA and proteins of NF-κB signal pathway were investigated to determine the protective molecular mechanism of TRPC1 on the DN. The results presented here suggest that the protective mechanism of TRPC1 may be attributed partly to decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway.


The location and identity of interfollicular epidermal stem cells of adult human skin remain undefined. Based on our previous work in both adult murine and neonatal human foreskin, we demonstrate that cell surface levels of the alpha6 integrin and the transferrin receptor (CD71) are valid markers for resolving a putative stem cell, transit amplifying and differentiating compartment in adult human skin by flow cytometry. Specifically, epidermal cells expressing high levels of alpha6 integrin and low levels of the transferrin receptor CD71 (phenotype alpha6 (bri)CD71(dim)) exhibit several stem cell characteristics, comprising a minor population (2%-5%) of the K14(bri) fraction, enriched for quiescent and small blast-like cells with high clonogenic capacity, lacking the differentiation marker K10. Conversely, the majority of K14(bri) K10(neg) epidermal cells express high levels of CD71 (phenotype alpha6 (bri)CD71(bri)), and represent the actively cycling fraction of keratinocytes displaying greater cell size due to an increase in cytoplasmic area, consistent with their being transient amplifying cells. The alpha6 (bri)CD71(bri) population exhibited intermediate clonogenic capacity. A third population of K14(dim) but K10 positive epidermal cells could be identified by their low levels of alpha6 integrin expression (i.e. alpha6 (dim) cells), representing the differentiation compartment; predictably, this subpopulation exhibited poor clonogenic efficiency. Flow cytometric analysis for the hair follicle bulge region (stem cell) marker K15 revealed preferential expression of this keratin in alpha6 (bri) cells (i.e., both stem and transient amplifying fractions), but not the alpha6 (dim) population. Given that K15 positive cells could only be detected in the deep rete ridges of adult skin in situ, we conclude that stem and transient amplifying cells reside in this location, while differentiating (K15 negative) cells are found in the shallow rete ridges.


If the overall amount of the company's assets is smaller than its total debts, then a fair solution is to give, to each creditor, the amount proportional to the corresponding debt, e.g., 10 center for each dollar or 50 cents for each dollar. But what if the debt amounts are not known exactly, and for some creditors, we only know the lower and upper bounds on the actual debt amount? What division will be fair in such a situation? In this paper, we show that the only fair solution is to make payments proportional to an appropriate convex combination of the bounds – which corresponds to Hurwicz optimism-pessimism criterion for decision making under interval uncertainty.


Not long ago I received from my friend Dr. H. K. Warth some very interesting specimens, including fossil Conulariæ, discovered by him in the Eastern Salt Range, parts of which region I had examined from his bungalow at the Mayo Salt-mines, and sometimes in his company. His discovery was the subject of a short paper by my self read before the Royal Geological Society of Ireland, an abstract of which appeared in the "Geological Magazine" for March 1886. Almost immediately afterwards, the Records of the Geological Survey of India (vol. xix. pt. 1, 1886) having reached me, I found therein a paper on the same subject by Dr. Waagen, of Prague. The treatment of the matter in this paper and the extent to which its deductions are carried with regard to the geology of the whole Eastern Hemisphere are too important in their bearing upon Salt-Range geology and stratigraphy to be quite passed over by an individual who had the largest part of the task of examining that Range for the Geological Survey of India. So far as the paper now referred to deals with the stratigraphy of the Range, I am in a position to offer opinions the result of direct observation; where it deals with purely pal~eontological matter, I offer none; and where it embraces collateral questions, bearing upon the geology of half the earth, depending upon stratigraphic features of the Range, I claim recognition of the observed facts only so far as my own part in these


Cellular automata (CAs) are lattices of simple cells, whose states change according to a set of local rules. Applications range from simulating real world systems to a general platform for computation. Within the field of computer science, current research is mainly concerned with developing methods for programming CAs to solve particular tasks, as well as the pursuit of CAs with signs of complex behaviour. When it comes to I/O little has been done. In this project the togglecount transform is introduced and investigated. It is a method for obtaining multiple outputs from a simple transformation over the temporal evolution of a CA, based on the number of state changes for individual cells during the time window of the transform. Investigation is done on elementary CAs (ECAs), and is mainly concerned with the diversity of the output, with respect to CA rule, CA size and the length of the time frame for the transform. The output variation is quantified by counting the number of unique achievable togglecount spectra, coined the "spectral diversity" of the CA. Research is done both in a qualitative and quantitative manner. A combination of spacetime plots and spectrograms is introduced as a tool for inspecting the togglecount specter over the temporal evolution of the ECA. The specter density plot is introduced as a way of representing the full range of togglecount spectra achievable for a given ECA. Simulations are employed to find the spectral diversity for various sizes of the ECAs, for various transform window sizes. Bounds for the achievable spectra are found to be intrinsic to the rule, but many ECAs show a relatively wide range of spectra over the set of initial configurations. Spectral diversity generally increases with increasing CA size s, and with transformation window size w when w < s. The ECAs are divided in three classes based on the behaviour of the spectral diversity with respect to window size, some of which has an oscillating behaviour, and a connection is found to an existing classification scheme based on the fourier transform. The results show that the togglecount transform leads to output consisting of multiple variables, and that those variables take a range of values depending on initial configuration.


Humans convey emotions with subtle facial expressions. The interpretation of these expressions not only depends on that expression, but on how it developed. Exposing this development enables a better analysis of the ambiguity experienced when analyzing the underlying emotion. Subtle facial expressions can be objectively measured in terms of action units as defined in the facial action coding system. This paper presents a facial expression language based on FACS which provides a continues stream of expressions for measuring the growth of expression. The development of the emotion surprise which requires two action units is used as a test case


We propose an innovative statistical‐numerical method to model spatio‐temporal data, observed over a generic two‐dimensional Riemanian manifold. The proposed approach consists of a regression model completed with a regularizing term based on the heat equation. The model is discretized through a finite element scheme set on the manifold, and solved by resorting to a fixed point‐based iterative algorithm. This choice leads to a procedure which is highly efficient when compared with a monolithic approach, and which allows us to deal with massive datasets. After a preliminary assessment on simulation study cases, we investigate the performance of the new estimation tool in practical contexts, by dealing with neuroimaging and hemodynamic data.


Thesis (M.A.)--Georgetown University, 2009.; Includes bibliographical
 references. When Maura Clancey and Michael J. Robinson's analysis of the media coverage of the
 1984 election showed that incumbent President Reagan received significantly more negative
 coverage than his challenger Walter Mondale, they did not conclude that this was due to
 liberal media bias. Instead, they came up with the notion of "compensatory
 journalism" - the tendency of reporters to be tougher on candidates who have
 perceived advantages over their competitors.; In the case of the 1984 presidential election,
 the advantage Reagan held was incumbency. In the 1996 Republican primary, Steve Forbes
 received atypically negative coverage that was the result of two main perceived advantages of
 his campaign: self-financing and negative television commercials. In the 2008 Republican
 primary, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney was in a similar position as Forbes in
 terms of personal wealth and airing attack ads, and was also polling ahead of his competitors
 in crucial early contest states like Iowa and New Hampshire. This brings about the question:
 did the mass media engage in compensatory journalism in its coverage of the 2008 Republican
 primary?; Using content analysis of the broadcast networks' evening news shows, this study
 looks at the tone of the coverage the main Republican candidates received, as well as the way
 their television ads and money situations were covered. Analysis of the data shows that
 compensatory journalism was present in the coverage of the 2008 Republican primary. This
 thesis also explains the potential effects compensatory journalism can have on voters and
 consequently the outcome of elections.


OBJECTIVES
Hyperthyroidism has been associated with relatively rare presentations of psychotic symptoms. We report an example of the successful use of antipsychotics to manage psychotic symptoms in hyperthyroid-related psychosis. Furthermore, we systematically describe the available literature on the use of antipsychotics in this setting to determine the associated relative efficacies of the various antipsychotic agents.

METHODS
Presentation of a case of hyperthyroid-related psychosis treated with an antipsychotic agent followed by a systematic review of all similar cases: PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and PMC were searched for articles published between 1960 and 2017 that report on the use of specific antipsychotics in the management of hyperthyroid-related psychosis.

RESULTS
An 81-year-old woman presented with hallucinations and delusions in the context of untreated Graves' Disease and was effectively treated with medical management of her thyroidopathy and psychopharmacologic management of psychotic symptoms. Systematic review revealed that typical and atypical antipsychotics have comparable efficacy in the management of psychotic symptoms in hyperthyroid-related psychosis.

CONCLUSION
Choice of antipsychotic in hyperthyroid-related psychosis should be primarily based on side-effect profile and medical comorbidities. Risperidone is the optimal and seemingly effective choice for treating hyperthyroid-related psychosis in an elderly thyrotoxic patient.


This paper reports on the experimental results from the first design of a CMOS lateral-axis vibratory gyroscope that utilizes comb fingers for both actuation and sensing. The fabrication is compatible with standard CMOS processes and the design has an integrated, fully-differential capacitive interface circuit. This gyroscope design uses integrated comb drives for out-of-plane actuation, and is motivated by the desire to integrate three-axis gyroscopes on a single chip. The packaged gyroscope operates at atmospheric pressure with a sensitivity of 0.12 mV/deg/s and the resonant frequency of the drive mode is thermomechanically tuned between 4.2-5.1 kHz. Resonant frequency matching between the drive and sense modes is realized by integrating a polysilicon heater inside the spring beams.


In 1853 Sylvester introduced a family of double sum expressions for two finite sets of indeterminates and showed that some members of the family are essentially the polynomial subresultants of the monic polynomials associated with these sets. A question naturally arises: What are the other members of the family? This paper provides a complete answer to this question. The technique that we developed to answer the question turns out to be general enough to charactise all members of the family, providing a uniform method.


Background Previous studies have linked high physical activity at work to increased risk of heart disease. However, it is not known whether beneficial psychosocial working conditions such as high job influence may buffer the increased risk of heart disease from high physical activity at work. Objective To investigate whether high job influence has a modifying effect on the association between high physical activity at work and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) Methods A total of 12,093 nurses aged 45–54 years form the Danish Nurse Cohort Study were followed for 20.6 years by individual linkage to the Danish National Register of Hospital Discharges for occurrence of incident IHD. Information on physical activity at work, job influence, other occupational factors and known risk factors for IHD was collected by self-report in 1993. Physical activity at work was categorised as low (covering sedentary and moderate), demanding and strenuous and job influence was dichotomised as high and low (covering no to some job influence). Results During follow-up 869 nurses were hospitalised with incident IHD. In an analysis using nurses with high job influence and low physical activity at work as reference group, nurses with low job influence and strenuous physical activity at work had a significant 44% higher risk of IHD (hazard ratio (HR) 1.44 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–2.05)), whereas those with high job influence and strenuous physical activity at work did not have a significantly increased risk of IHD (HR 1.09 (95% CI: 0.59–2.03)). However, no statistically significant multiplicative interaction between physical activity at work and job influence was found. Conclusion Tendencies for a buffering effect of high job influence for IHD from strenuous physical activity at work were observed, but no statistically significant effect modification was found. Future studies on this potential buffering effect in other job groups are recommended


A strongly decelerated turbulent boundary layer is investigated by direct numerical simulation. Transition to turbulence is triggered by a trip wire which is modelled using the immersed boundary method. The Reynolds number close to the exit of the numerical domain is Reθ = 2175 and the shape-factor is H = 2.5. The analysis focuses on the latter portion of the flow with large velocity defect, at higher Reynolds numbers and further from the transition region. Mean velocity profiles do not reveal a logarithmic law. Departure from the law of the wall occurs throughout the inner region. The production and Reynolds stress peaks move to roughly the middle of the boundary layer. The profiles of the uv correlation factor reveal that u and v become less correlated throughout the boundary layer as the mean velocity defect increases, especially near the wall. The structure parameter is low in the present flow, similar to equilibrium APG flows and mixing layers, and decreases as the mean velocity defect increases. The statistics of the upper half of the boundary layer resemble those of a mixing layer. Furthermore, various two-dimensional two-point correlation maps are obtained. The Cvv and Cww correlations obtained far from the transition region at Reθ = 2175 and at y/δ = 0.4 coincide with results obtained for a ZPG boundary layer, implying that the structure of the v,w fluctuations is the same as in ZPG. However, Cuu indicates that the structure of the u fluctuation in this APG boundary layer is almost twice as short as the ZPG one. The APG structures are also less correlated with the flow at the wall. The near-wall structures are different from ZPG flow ones in that streaks are much shorter or absent.