In order to secure effective service access, coverage, and impact, it is increasingly recognized that the introduction of novel health technologies such as diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines may require additional investment to address the constraints under which many health systems operate. Health-system constraints include a shortage of health workers, ineffective supply chains, or inadequate information systems, or organizational constraints such as weak incentives and poor service integration. Decision makers may be faced with the question of whether to invest in a new technology, including the specific health system strengthening needed to ensure effective implementation; or they may be seeking to optimize resource allocation across a range of interventions including investment in broad health system functions or platforms. Investment in measures to address health-system constraints therefore increasingly need to undergo economic evaluation, but this poses several methodological challenges for health economists, particularly in the context of low- and middle-income countries.
 Designing the appropriate analysis to inform investment decisions concerning new technologies incorporating health systems investment can be broken down into several steps. First, the analysis needs to comprehensively outline the interface between the new intervention and the system through which it is to be delivered, in order to identify the relevant constraints and the measures needed to relax them. Second, the analysis needs to be rooted in a theoretical approach to appropriately characterize constraints and consider joint investment in the health system and technology. Third, the analysis needs to consider how the overarching priority- setting process influences the scope and output of the analysis informing the way in which complex evidence is used to support the decision, including how to represent and manage system wide trade-offs. Finally, there are several ways in which decision analytical models can be structured, and parameterized, in a context of data scarcity around constraints. This article draws together current approaches to health system thinking with the emerging literature on analytical approaches to integrating health-system constraints into economic evaluation to guide economists through these four issues. It aims to contribute to a more health-system-informed approach to both appraising the cost-effectiveness of new technologies and setting priorities across a range of program activities.


ABSTRACT Health consequences of retirement have not been included in the current public debate about increasing the age at retirement, which might be due to the fact that studies aimed at health consequences of retirement show ambiguous results. The literature indicates that various contextual characteristics might explain conflicting results. The current study examines the effect of retirement and age at retirement (55–64 years) on self-perceived health. Characteristics tested for confounding and effect modification were: demographic, health, psychological, job, and retirement characteristics. Subjects were 506 participants in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). After three years, 216 retired and 290 remained employed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses show no main effect for retirement compared to continued employment. Modal (59–60) retirees were more likely to attain excellent or good self-perceived health (less than good self-perceived health as the reference category). Early (55–58) and late (61–64) retirees were unaffected by retirement if they did not receive a disability pension. Early and late retirees who received a disability pension were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement. Higher educated were less likely to attain excellent self-perceived health after retirement, especially at late retirement age, although health selection might explain this result. Finally, mastery possibly acts as an adjustment resource. The paper concludes with a discussion on explanations for the effect of retirement and age at retirement.


: Magda Isanos was born on April 17, 1916, in Iasi, shortly before Romania entered the First World War, while Europe is strongly ruled by warriors. In the autumn of the same year, the capital of Romania is taken over by Falkenheim, and the emigration to Iasi is profound , drawing a terrible painting, occupied by thousands of refugees, Romanians and other origins. The writer's family retires to Costiujeni, a village near Chisinau and Magda Isanos follows her studies in Bessarabia, later becoming an emblematic literary figure. The war takes away her first creations, which remain in the house from Costiujeni, in 1940, when the author's family flees from Bessarabia. Other manuscripts are lost due to the explosion of a bomb in the yard. In other words, the war misappropriates a few "puzzle pieces" that build the portrait of Magda Isanos. The echo of the war resounds in isanosian literature, especially because of the themes the young writer approaches: death, the struggle for life, time, the journey under the guise of the refuge, the love that is too little fulfilled, because her husband, Eusebiu Camilar, is on the front. With an incredible creative power and loaded with infinite optimism, Magda Isanos gladly receives everything that is happening to her. For example, in the refuge in Arges, in 1944, when she is carried on arms, because of her illness, she smiles to relieve the sadness of those who see her in distress. However, her notations about the war are made from an objective perspective, talking about poverty that dominates villages, about dead soldiers, about the effects of the war, being accused of communism, because of the illustration of the truth.


Small organic semiconducting molecules assembling into supramolecular J- and H- aggregates have attracted much attention due to outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, their easy and reproducible fabrication is not yet sufficiently developed for industrial applications, except for silver halide photography. Here we present a method based on aggregate precipitation during the phase separation and dewetting of the evaporating dye precursor solution. The smaller the precursor droplets, the more pronounced the J-aggregation. The aggregates cause the films to resonantly scatter incoming light. Because the dye aggregate extinction resonances have narrowest bandwidths, a wavelength selectivity is observed that exceeds the selectivity of localized surface plasmon resonances. The aggregation mechanism can be easily applied to periodically structured substrates, making the method appealing for photonic applications. We demonstrate this point with a 2D grating, where the narrow absorption range of the aggregates leads to wavelength specific (one color only) scattering.


Release-launch is a fundamental operation in space platform. Not like traditional land-base launcher, space-base launcher is more flexible and more efficient. Tubular linear electromagnetic launcher (TLEML), which provides higher force density, simple structure and no unilateral magnetic force, compared with the flat linear electromagnetic launcher, is more suitable for space platform. It can easily meet the demand such as little volume, light weight and high control precision. This paper analyzes and optimizes the thrust characteristics of tubular linear permanent magnet synchronous motors (TL-PMSM) for electromagnetic launcher, including different topologies, interior PMs (IPM) and surface-mounted PMs (SPM). First, build up the finite element model for the two kinds of TLEML and calculate the magnetic field. Then thrust force fluctuation figures are obtained by finite element analysis considering the pole/arc ratio, the pole pitch and the inner diameter/outer diameter ratio of the stator. The result shows that it can improve the thrust characteristic and decrease the cogging force by optimizing the parameters of the motor.


Timing is critical when trying to engage students in various engineering career paths. While many "National Engineers Week" programs exist for primary and middle school students, there is a lack of hands on activities for students in the 9th-12th grades. It is often difficult to devise experiments for this age group that are interesting and not juvenile. Yet, it is during these crucial years that most students are lost to science, math and engineering. Engaging students and presenting opportunities for invention and excitement is important in the teen years, when peer pressure and the distractions of friends, social events, and activities are particularly high.1. There are a number of open source programming and affordable hardware platforms that can be used to implement low cost and interactive programs to promote innovation with various age groups. In this paper we share our work, as well as our learnings on how to make the workshops more effective. We have created various Arduino projects that can be customized to grade levels ranging from grades 7-12, and even college undergraduate students. The various projects we describe in this paper have been used to interact with students of different grade levels to engage in basic elements of engineering and computer programming. The classes should be set up to work in groups to promote shared innovation, teamwork and collaboration with peers. The open source and hardware experimenting exposed the students to various career paths ranging from software engineer, to electronic engineers and basic elements of various other engineering paths. This paper is designed to demonstrate the promotion of the engineering profession in schools through the use of Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi Gemma kits, and Flora kits. The programs are also designed to accommodate classroom setting, workshops, or as an in-class field trip.


CONTEXT
Several randomized controlled trials have been performed to examine the effectiveness of external hip protectors in reducing the incidence of hip fractures, but the results are controversial.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effectiveness of hip protectors in reducing the incidence of hip fractures in an elderly high-risk population.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Randomized controlled trial of elderly persons aged 70 years or older, who have low bone density, and are at high risk for falls. Participants lived in apartment houses for the elderly, homes for the elderly, and nursing homes in Amsterdam and surrounding areas in the Netherlands. They were enrolled in the study between March 1999 and March 2001; the mean follow-up was 69.6 weeks. Of the 830 persons who were screened, 561 persons were enrolled.

INTERVENTION
External hip protector. Both groups received written information on bone health and risk factors for falls.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Time to first hip fracture. Survival analysis was used to include all participants for the time they participated.

RESULTS
In the intervention group, 18 hip fractures occurred vs 20 in the control group. Four hip fractures in the intervention group occurred while an individual was wearing a hip protector. At least 4 hip fractures in the intervention group occurred late at night or early in the morning. Both in univariate analysis (log-rank P =.86) and in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-2.03), no statistically significant difference between the intervention group and control group was found with regard to time to first hip fracture. In addition, the per protocol analysis in compliant participants did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.25-2.38).

CONCLUSION
The hip protector studied was not effective in preventing hip fractures.


Cataract is one of major cause of blindness, 44% cases of blindness is due to cataract only. In developing countries such as India cataract is more common, and it manifest earlier in life than the most developed countries of the world. Cataract is more common in dry and hot area where sun (UV) exposure is more than prolong cloudy cover. In this study we are aimed to compare effects of UV-ray irradiation on cell viability of HLEC (Human lens epithelial cell) culture by using trypan blue dye exclusion assay against the unexposed control HLEC culture. Total 20 cataract patients from Dept. of Ophthalmology of Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur were included in this study. The capsulorhexis sample from cataract surgery taken for study from eye OT. The capsulorhexis sample without any UV-ray exposure taken as control. For culture of HLEC's RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum used. The HLEC cultures were UV-ray irradiated with increasing time exposure PHILIPS® TUV 15W/G15 T8 ultraviolet UV rays tube. The Trypan blue dye exclusion assay was used to analyze cell viability. The slides were analyzed using Olympus® BX51 Research microscope with oil immersion and 100 were observed per sample. The cell viability was calculated using Epi info® (version 6.0), as subject means with standard deviation. Statistical significance will be defined at P≤0.001. Out of 100 cases the 12 were female and 8 were male. Mean age of both male and female patients were 62.45±3.18(SD). A positive linear correlation was found (r:0.819, p<0.001) between the time of UV-Ray exposure and death cells per 100 observed LECs.


Malaysian Government agencies are gradually enhancing their ICT infrastructure. The wireless network is one of the important elements in ICT infrastructure since it is famously known for the most vulnerable area of cyber-attacks. Planning a perfect access control and security protection for wireless network is one of the crucial task of network administrator and information security officer. Generally, data transfer in government agencies is highly classified and if it falls into wrong parties it could lead to a major disaster. This identified wireless network risk has to be mitigated with highly durable security and network protection. It is important to develop a highly secure network for government agencies and this could assist by a standard network security auditing framework as a guideline. This guideline can be applied by all the government agencies during their network development project and secure their network is fully protected. Therefore, an operating government agency is selected for this research for further study and development of this framework. A survey and observation activities have been conducted to collect sufficient information needed and a standard auditing framework is developed.


We examine the rate of employment and the household income of the working-age population (aged 25-61) with and without disabilities over the business cycles of the 1980s and 1990s using data from the March Current Population Survey and the National Health Interview Survey. In general, we find that while the employment of working-age men and women with and without disabilities exhibited a procyclical trend during the 1980s business cycle, this was not the case during the 1990s expansion. During the 1990s, the employment of working-age men and women without disabilities continued to be procyclical, but the employment rates of their counterparts with disabilities declined over the entire 1990s business cycle. Although increases in disability transfer income replaced a significant fraction of their lost earnings, the household income of men and women with disabilities fell relative to the rest of the population over the decade. Economic Outcomes of Working-Age People with Disabilities over the Business Cycle: An Examination of the 1980s and 1990s


SIR,-Professor J N Morris and his colleagues in their article "Diet and heart: a postscript" (19 November, p 1307) state that short men are at greater risk of suffering coronary heart disease (CHD) than tall men. A similar clinical impression' prompted me to record the heights of patients with confirmed CHD in my practice and to compare them with those of a random sample. It was found that of the 60 patients with CHD (43 men and 17 women), 44 were below average in height, their height being, on average, approximately 5 cm (2 in) below the mean height of the random sample. One aspect of these findings is particularly interesting-the possible implication of a metabolic effect of growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Clearly, certain persons of short stature must have been deficient in GH before full growth was attained," and it is reasonable to assume that GH deficiency continues into adult life in such persons. Although the exact function of GH in adults is not understood,2 its metabolic functions are well established and if these are compared with the known facts concerning CHD we find: (1) GH stimulates triglyceride breakdown: established association between CHD and raised serum lipids; (2) GH plays a vital role in control of blood sugar: high incidence of CHD among diabetics; (3) GH deficient among persons of short stature: reported higher incidence of CHD in short persons; (4) GH injection reported to reduce serum cholesterol :3 hypercholesterolaemia long associated with CHD; (5) GH deficiency much more common among boys :2 CHD much more common in men. As the cause of CHD is still largely a mystery I submit that further study of the possible relationship between it and short stature, with particular reference to the effects of GH deficiency, may be fruitful.


NaMgF3 is a host material that has demonstrated luminescent properties suitable for radiation dose measurements when doped with lanthanide (Ln) ions. NaMgF3 has a response to ionising radiation similar to that of tissue, and hence it has potential application in radiotherapy where a high level of accuracy is required. This thesis focused on investigations into the suitability of NaMgF3 nanoparticles for radiation dose measurements. Nanoparticles display advantages that can be exploited to increase spatial resolution in two-dimensional dosimetry. Additionally, nanoparticles exhibit new and different distributions of optically active traps, and their luminescence can be sensitised to increase the signal to noise. Hence, this thesis presents results obtained from the synthesis and characterisation of Ln-doped NaMgF3 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesised via the hydrothermal, reverse micelle and thermolysis techniques. Structural studies were carried out, followed by investigations on the effect of X-ray irradiation on the luminescent properties of the nanoparticles. It was observed that compared to the bulk materials, the nanoparticles exhibited increased oxygen (O2-)-related defect luminescence and favoured substitution of trivalent ions over the divalent ions. The behaviour was attributed to the stability of trivalent ions in aqueous solutions during nanoparticle synthesis, which encouraged increased incorporation of O2--related defects to create charge neutrality. O2--related defects allowed for O2- → Yb3+ charge transfer process, hence Yb3+ emission in the infrared region. X-ray stimulation resulted in Yb3+ → Yb2+ radiophotoluminescence (RPL), but the increase in Yb-dopant concentration revealed no significant effect on the structural and luminescent properties.
 Most of the studied materials exhibited multiple luminescence properties for monitoring radiation doses, which would increase the dose accuracy. Ce-doped nanoparticles exhibited the first reported optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) in Ln-doped near tissue-equivalent NaMgF3 nanoparticles suitable for total radiation measurements. OSL occurred through a series of processes, including the creation of F-centres through X-ray irradiation and optical stimulation to release electrons that recombined with holes trapped at Ce4+ sites, followed by Ce3+ emission. In addition, the Ce3+ → Ce4+ RPL effect suitable for cumulative radiation monitoring was observed from isolated and aggregated Ce3+ sites in the Ce-doped nanoparticles, providing an additional method to increase dose accuracy. Furthermore, the Ce,Sm co-doped NaMgF3 nanoparticles demonstrated suitability for real-time and cumulative radiation dose monitoring via Sm radioluminescence after a priming dose and multiple Ce3+ → Ce4+, Sm3+ → Sm2+, and O2- → O- RPL signals through which cumulative radiation doses can be determined.
 Finally, the applicability of singly doped oleic acid-capped NaMgF3:Eu and NaMgF3:Sm nanoparticles for radiation monitoring via the Eu3+ → Eu2+ and Sm3+ → Sm2+ RPL effects were demonstrated. The studies were followed by investigations of the sensitisation of Eu3+ and Sm3+ luminescence signals using 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA). The first successful sensitisation of NaMgF3 nanoparticles was demonstrated through remarkable TTFA → Eu3+ energy transfer. However, minimal TTFA → Sm3+ sensitisation was observed, attributable to a non-optimal energy difference between the TTFA triplet state and the Sm3+ resonance energy level, encouraging back energy transfer. TTFA → O2- sensitisation was additionally observed in the NaMgF3:Sm nanoparticles. Furthermore, enhancement of Sm3+ luminescence was additionally demonstrated in the Ce,Sm co-doped nanoparticles via energy transfer from the Ce3+ fully allowed 4f → 5d transitions. The studies resulted in a wealth of information, and where possible, detailed schematic models are presented to explain the observations, which will guide future research. Ultimately, nanoparticles display luminescent properties suitable for dosimetry applications, and the results encouraged further research into the application of nanoparticles as dosimeter materials.


The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities of legacy mainframes to support and use in smart phones and mobile applications devices. Legacy mainframes are trusted backbone platforms for executing critical business transactions. They are robust, reliable, scalable, and most importantly, resilient. Mainframe ecosystems have evolved to stay relevant, and despite their bad press, they have contributed to major technology milestones in the last decade.96 of the world's top 100 banks, 23 of the top 25 US retailers, and 9 out of 10 of the world's largest insurance company's still use mainframes. Mainframes process roughly 30 billion business transactions per day, including most major credit card transactions and stock trades, money transfers, manufacturing processes, and ERP systems. Across the globe, more people now use mobile devices as their primary means of obtaining information and requesting services over the Internet. This shift is due to the convenience of being able to carry devices wherever they go, along with their user-friendly and intuitive nature. There have been many discussions on how to integrate the different capabilities and features of mainframes with the features that are required on a mobile application. The introduction of web services capabilities in CICS Transaction Server V3 provided the fundamental building blocks of service connectivity, enabling the adoption of service-oriented architecture (SOA), and underpinning today's mobile solutions. CICS has continued to add new capabilities to the run time. From a mobile perspective, the introduction of the CICS TS Feature Pack for Mobile Extensions provides JSON and Representational State Transfer (REST)-conforming (RESTful) web service support, further enhancing the options for enterprise applications to mobile devices. Customers around the world use CICS TS to host hundreds of millions, and in some cases billions, of transactions per day. As the number of mobile devices worldwide continues to grow, so does the variety and volume of workload that they drive. CICS has the capacity to scale up in support of this increasing mobile workload, providing an exceptional platform for hosting mobile workloads.


In this editorial, we provide a brief explanation of the physical literacy construct and its potential to contribute to the education, safety and overall development of a healthy life for the full lifespan. Although there has been a significant focus on teaching the competence component of being physically active, there has been a lack of focus on teaching people the confidence, desire, motivation, enjoyment and social benefits of physical activity.1–3 Therefore, we challenge the sports medicine and health-related professions to embrace and implement physical literacy's holistic approach (both mind and body) to physical activity. The term physical literacy has been used in the academic literature since the 1930s1; however, it was not until the 1990s that the construct was re-introduced, embraced by several countries and gained significant attention.1–3 Following a number of iterations, the International Physical Literacy Association settled on the following definition: Physical Literacy is the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life .4 Much of the available research thus far has focused on the sport and education sectors and specifically on the younger generation.1 3 5

Focusing on the younger generation can have a substantial impact on the health of future generations. However, as the definition indicates, physical literacy is …


parent. In your leading article (17 August, p. 430) you express an opinion that was discarded by most ophthalmologists in Britain many years ago. Your support for this del-ayed surgery is lperpetuating an idea which results in many children not developing any form of binocular vision and is performing a grave disservice to squinting children.-I am, etc., BARRIE JAY Moorfields Eye Hospital, London E.C.1


Proprioception is the sense of position or the motion of the limbs and body in the absence of vision. It is a complex system having both conscious and unconscious components involving peripheral and central pathways. The complexity of sensorimotor systems requires deep knowledge of anatomy and physiology to analyze and localize the symptoms and the signs of the patients. Joint sense and vibration sense examination is an important component of physical examination. This chapter consists anatomy, motor control, postural control related to proprioception with neurologic clinical correlation and also the information about the changes of proprioception after orthopedic surgeries and discuss with the available literature.


The current research work focused on the distribution of Spirogyra in different localities of river Kabul in relation to pollution. Species' diversity was determined from water polluted due to all the three types of water pollution i.e. domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. In all the sets of collected samples from the research sites a total of 37 species of Spirogyra belonging to class Chlorophyta were recorded. Of them 30 species were collected from unpolluted, 36 from slightly polluted and 4 from highly polluted waters. The chemical analysis of collected water samples from three selected sites showed high concentration of CaCO3 (245mg/L) at highly polluted site Main Gujar; 188 mg/L and 164 mg/L at Khazana and Shah Alam respectively.


The pathogenesis of feline vaccine site-associated sarcomas (VSSs) remains obscure. The low prevalence of VSSs suggests that congenital or acquired genetic factors within individual susceptible cats may act as initiators of oncogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential viral candidates in the etiopathogenesis of VSSs. Retroviruses investigated included feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline foamy virus (FeFV) and endogenous feline leukemia virus (enFeLV). Vaccination could increase replication and/or expression of latent retroviruses or endogenous retroviruses within proliferating fibroblasts and/or inflammatory cells. Malignant transformation could then result from insertional activation or inactivation of cell cycle regulatory genes. DNA viruses evaluated included papillomavirus (PV), polyomavirus (PyV) and herpesvirus. Members of these three viral families have oncogenic potential and could be introduced either as vaccine contaminants or as skin contaminants transported to the subcutis by vaccination. Also, non-pathogenic or latent viruses pre-existing in host tissues could become oncogenic within the local milieu created by vaccination. Fifty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded VSSs were negative for the five exogenous viruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or immunohistochemistry. The level of enFeLV RNA in VSSs was not significantly different compared to that in non vaccine site-associated feline fibrosarcomas using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The significance of these results is that the retroviruses FIV, FeFV and enFeLV, and the DNA viruses PV, PyV and herpesvirus do not appear to be directly involved in the etiopathogenesis of VSSs.


AIMS
The applicability of particle lithography with monodisperse mesospheres is tested with various proteins to control the surface coverage and dimensions of protein nanopatterns.

METHODS & MATERIALS
The natural self-assembly of monodisperse spheres provides an efficient, high-throughput route to prepare protein nanopatterns. Mesospheres assemble spontaneously into organized crystalline layers when dried on flat substrates, which supply a structural frame or template to direct the placement of proteins. The template particles are displaced with a simple rinsing step to disclose periodic arrays of protein nanopatterns on surfaces.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The proteins are attached securely to the surface, forming nanopatterns with a measured thickness of a single layer. The morphology and diameter of the protein nanostructures can be tailored by selecting the diameter of the mesospheres and choosing the protein concentration.

CONCLUSIONS
Particle lithography is shown to be a practical, highly reproducible method for patterning proteins on surfaces of mica, glass and gold. High-throughput patterning was achieved with ferritin, apoferritin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin-G. Depending on the ratio of proteins to mesospheres, either porous films or ring structures were produced. This approach can be applied for fundamental investigations of protein-binding interactions of biological systems in surface-bound bioassays and biosensor surfaces.


In this paper we introduce a statistical method to build two-dimensional gas distribution maps (Kernel DM+V/W algorithm). In addition to gas sensor measurements, the proposed method also takes into account wind information by modeling the information content of the gas sensor measurements as a bivariate Gaussian kernel whose shape depends on the measured wind vector. We evaluate the method based on real measurements in an outdoor environment obtained with a mobile robot that was equipped with gas sensors and an ultrasonic anemometer for wind measurements. As a measure of the model quality we compute how well unseen measurements are predicted in terms of the data likelihood. The initial results are encouraging and show a clear improvement of the proposed method compared to the case where wind is not considered.


Finite Element analysis can provide accurate deformable models for soft-robots. However, using such models is very difficult in a real-time system of control. In this paper, we introduce a generic solution that enables a high-rate control and that is compatible with strong real-time constraints. From a Finite Element analysis, computed at low rate, an inverse model of the robot outputs the setpoint values for the actuator in order to obtain a desired trajectory. This inverse problem uses a QP (quadratic-programming) algorithm based on the equations set by the Finite Element Method. To improve the update rate performances, we propose an asynchronous simulation framework that provides a better trade-off between the deformation accuracy and the computational burden. Complex computations such as accurate FEM deformations are done at low frequency while the control is performed at high frequency with strong real-time constraints. The two simulation loops (high frequency and low frequency loops) are mechanically coupled in order to guarantee mechanical accuracy of the system over time. Finally, the validity of the multi-rate simulation is discussed based on measurements of the evolution in the QP matrix and an experimental validation is conducted to validate the correctness of the high-rate inverse model on a real robot.


Open-ended problems provides a window for innovations, but understanding the actual problem is challenging. Typically, teams might settle on their first impression as the design problem. Such an approach usually ends up in, not a bad solution, but in a solution that might not solve the right problem. Radical innovation literature suggests that teams should challenge their perspective of the problem, e.g. frame and reframe it, before solving it. This paper presents a study of how framing and reframing contributes to determining the constraints of two different types of design problems. A project course provides the particular data for the study, the result indicate that technological oriented problems needs support that forces the team to diverge from their initial design vision and that radical oriented problems needs support that encourage deliberation in the team. In conclusion support is required to be flexible, in open-ended design tasks, to fit its purpose.


: An 88-year-old woman with a history of stomach perforation and lumbar compression fracture was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of continuous vomiting, which she had experienced since the previous day. She showed vomiting, spontaneous pain and tenderness from the epigastric fossa through the left flank. In addition, she had marked kyphosis. On a CT scan, although the fornix was located in the abdominal cavity, the antrum and body had escaped into the thoracic cavity. A large volume of gastric content was observed. The patient was diagnosed with upside-down stomach from gastric volvulus and a hiatal hernia. Although we recommended surgery, the patient and her family did not agree with it. Thus, conservative therapy was selected. The patient's symptoms showed a significant improvement after the placement of a nasogastric tube, fasting and fluid therapy. After stabilization, an endoscopic examination was performed. The release of the gastric volvulus was confirmed and the nasogastric tube was removed. We instructed the patient to perform postprandial repositioning, which was based on the running shape of the digestive tract with the goal of achieving the passage of food and preventing a relapse of vomiting. The patient was instructed to first place herself in the right lateral decubitus position and then the prone position after eating. There was no recurrence of vomiting after the patient resumed eating. She was therefore discharged from our hospital. Upside-down stomach is usually an indication for surgery. However, in elderly patients, the fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall has been reported to occur after endoscopic reduction, and conservative treatment was thus selected in this case.We herein reported a case in which postprandial repositioning was used to treat upside-down stomach.


OBJECTIVE
To examine and describe the influence of maternal depressive symptoms on maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) in predominantly low-income women.

DESIGN
Mixed method.

SETTING
Three urban obstetric/gynecologic (OB/GYN) clinics serving predominantly low-income women.

PARTICIPANTS
A convenience sample of 166 women participated in the quantitative component and a purposeful subsample of 12 women participated in the qualitative component; all women were between 24 and 28 weeks gestation at the time of data collection.

METHODS
Linear regression models were used to examine the influence of depressive symptoms and social support on MFA. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted among a subsample of women to explore the influence of maternal depressive symptoms on MFA.

RESULTS
Fifty-nine percent (n = 98) of participants had scores that were clinically significant for depressive symptoms. In the final model of social support and depressive symptoms regressed on MFA, social support (b = .23, 95% CI [0.09, .37], p = .002) and depressive symptoms (b = -1.02, 95% CI [-1.32, -.73], p < 0.001) were significant predictors. This multivariate linear regression model with two variables accounted for 65.2% of the total variance in overall MFA. Qualitative participants discussed the importance of social support in contributing to their mood state and MFA.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings from this study highlight the importance of assessing for depressive symptoms during pregnancy given its influence on MFA. By understanding how important it was for these women to have a supportive person to experience their pregnancies with, nurses can improve the pregnancy experience for vulnerable populations.


Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; reefs 30–150 m depth) are poorly studied, with existing research heavily geographically biased away from the most species-rich reef regions. Yet, MCEs are of high interest because of their unique species and potential to act as refuges from the impacts of fishing. Using baited remote underwater video systems, we surveyed reef fish communities from 2 to 85 m depths throughout the Raja Ampat archipelago in West Papua, Indonesia—an area considered the heart of the Coral Triangle where coral reef biodiversity is greatest. We sought to provide the first assessment of fish communities across this depth gradient in the region and identify whether human population density and market access differently affected fish abundance based on depth. Here we show that—similar to shallow reefs—Raja Ampat MCEs are exceptionally diverse, with 152 fish species recorded at depths greater than 40 m. We found that fish community structures were highly depth driven, with declines in fish abundance at increased depth. In contrast to previous studies elsewhere in the world, we found that the proportion of planktivores declined across the shallow reef to MCE depth gradient. While greater human population density correlated with lower Epinephelidae and Lutjanidae abundance (two key fisheries families), we did not find evidence that MCEs provide a depth refuge from fishing. Surprisingly, we also found that fish abundance declined at greater distances from the major regional market—likely caused by historical fisheries pressure in more remote areas. These results both expand upon and contrast some previously established MCE-depth patterns and human impact patterns on fish communities, suggesting that regional context and historical pressures matters. Our findings highlight the need for future MCE studies within the Coral Triangle region.


New millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in compact binaries provide a good opportunity to search for the most massive neutron stars. Their main-sequence companion stars are often strongly irradiated by the pulsar, displacing the effective center of light from their barycenter and making mass measurements uncertain. We present a series of optical spectroscopic and photometric observations of PSR J2215+5135, a "redback" binary MSP in a 4.14 hr orbit, and measure a drastic temperature contrast between the dark/cold (TN = 5660 K) and bright/hot (TD = 8080 K) sides of the companion star. We find that the radial velocities depend systematically on the atmospheric absorption lines used to measure them. Namely, the semi-amplitude of the radial velocity curve (RVC) of J2215 measured with magnesium triplet lines is systematically higher than that measured with hydrogen Balmer lines, by 10%. We interpret this as a consequence of strong irradiation, whereby metallic lines dominate the dark side of the companion (which moves faster) and Balmer lines trace its bright (slower) side. Further, using a physical model of an irradiated star to fit simultaneously the two-species RVCs and the three-band light curves, we find a center-of-mass velocity of K2 = 412.3 ± 5.0 km s−1 and an orbital inclination i = 63.°9 . Our model is able to reproduce the observed fluxes and velocities without invoking irradiation by an extended source. We measure masses of M1 = 2.27 M⊙ and M2 = 0.33 M⊙ for the neutron star and the companion star, respectively. If confirmed, such a massive pulsar would rule out some of the proposed equations of state for the neutron star interior.


The experiment was conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory of the Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2017. The aim of the research was to determine the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts from coriander roots and stems on the germination of lentil 'Smėlinukai' variety seeds and the growth of seedlings in early development stages. The treatments of investigations were as follows: 1) aqueous extracts of Coriandrum sativum roots, concentration 1:12 (C. sativum biomass : distilled water); 2) aqueous extracts of roots, concentration 1:30; 3) aqueous extracts of C. sativum stems, concentration 1:12; 4) aqueous extracts of stems, concen 191 tration 1:30. The control was distilled water. The experiment was repeated three times. In total, 25 lentil seeds were used for every replicate.
 Coriander root aqueous extracts of 1:12 and 1:30 concentrations did not have any significant effect on the germination energy and germination of lentil seeds. The coriander stem aqueous extracts of 1:12 and 1:30 concentrations significantly inhibited the lentil germination. Compared with distilled water, it was, respectively, 1.25 and 1.17 times lower. The 1:12 concentration coriander root aqueous extract substantially inhibited the growth of lentil sprouts. Sprouts were 47.7%, or 1.91 times, shorter than with distilled water. The lentil root length was significantly reduced in the 1:12 concentration aqueous extracts of corianden roots and stems, 83.3 (roots) and 73.1% (stems), respectively. As a result of the effect of the 1:12 concentration coriander root and stem aqueous extracts, the ratio of roots/sprouts length was less than 1. It was 0.7 and 0.85, respectively.


This is a report on a project funded by the Criminology Research Council. The original title of the research project, in the name of Associate Professor Jeanette Lawrence, University of Melbourne, was 'Safeguarding fairness for children in interactions with adults in authority'. The project aimed to systematically examine young people's understanding of procedural fairness, and specifically their preferences for procedural safeguards for young offenders in encounters with authoritative adults. In a series of studies, the project asked for the procedural emphases and preferences for adult / child interactions expressed by over a thousand young people ranging in age from 12 to 24 years. The approach involved an interactive computer program allowing secondary school and university students to make considered judgements about appropriate procedural safeguards for adult / child encounters. Disciplinary situations presented in short, realistic stories ranged from the close and informal interactions between a mother and her adolescent child, and the distant, formal and unfamiliar situation of a magistrate and young offender in court, together with the intermediate situation of a teacher confronting an offending student. The most important safeguards to these young people were safeguards ensuring that adults in positions of authority behaved towards young offenders in even handed, fair and well explained ways. Surprisingly, the young participants would rather rely on an authoritative adult to act fairly, than on an offender being able to actively participate in the proceedings or to have a voice or someone else to speak up for them. Either young people are simply content to invest procedural protection in the adults in authority, or they don't know it could be done differently. The study concludes that we need now to understand young people's lack of concern about their active participation and voice and to build educative programs to help inform their expectations. (Author abstract, edited).


The CH-TRU Waste Content Codes (CH-TRUCON) document describes the inventory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CH-TRU waste within the transportation parameters specified by the Contact-Handled Transuranic Waste Authorized Methods for Payload Control (CH-TRAMPAC). The CH-TRAMPAC defines the allowable payload for the Transuranic Package Transporter-II (TRUPACT-II) and HalfPACT packagings. This document is a catalog of TRUPACT-II and HalfPACT authorized contents and a description of the methods utilized to demonstrate compliance with the CH-TRAMPAC. A summary of currently approved content codes by site is presented in Table 1. The CH-TRAMPAC describes "shipping categories" that are assigned to each payload container. Multiple shipping categories may be assigned to a single content code. A summary of approved content codes and corresponding shipping categories is provided in Table 2, which consists of Tables 2A, 2B, and 2C. Table 2A provides a summary of approved content codes and corresponding shipping categories for the "General Case," which reflects the assumption of a 60-day shipping period as described in the CH-TRAMPAC and Appendix 3.4 of the CH-TRU Payload Appendices. For shipments to be completed within an approximately 1,000-mile radius, a shorter shipping period of 20 days is applicable as described in the CH-TRAMPAC and Appendix 3.5more » of the CH-TRU Payload Appendices. For shipments to WIPP from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Nevada Test Site, and Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, a 20-day shipping period is applicable. Table 2B provides a summary of approved content codes and corresponding shipping categories for "Close-Proximity Shipments" (20-day shipping period). For shipments implementing the controls specified in the CH-TRAMPAC and Appendix 3.6 of the CH-TRU Payload Appendices, a 10-day shipping period is applicable. Table 2C provides a summary of approved content codes and corresponding shipping categories for "Controlled Shipments" (10-day shipping period).« less


Nitrogen doping of carbon quantum dots results in improved fluorescence performance and a wider range of applications in photocatalysis, sensors, bioimaging, etc. Herein, a water-soluble and well-crystallized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) has been obtained by using a MOF-derived carbon (ZIF-8C) as a new source of graphitic sheets. The preparation is based on a rapid, eco-friendly and efficient acid vapour cutting strategy, which is different from previously reported solution chemistry routes. The as-prepared N-GQD is photoluminescent and exhibits an excitation-independent behaviour. Because of the presence of O-functional groups on the surface, the obtained N-GQD can serve as a fluorescent sensing probe for highly selective detection of Fe3+ ions with a detection limit of 0.08 μM (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). This work would enable new opportunities for the wider use of MOF-based materials and also contribute to the fluorescent analysis of Fe3+.


Abstract Despite 15 years of functioning as an interest group, our domain of inquiry is relatively young and there are limited theoretical boundaries to support, shape, and assist our efforts. This metaphorical "blank canvas" is both empowering, in that so many inquiries are open for exploration, and yet also limiting. In this document we highlight three critical elements to emphasize their importance in MSR research: (a) delineating and operationalizing the key terms of religion, spirituality, and workplace spirituality; (b) acknowledging the work to date in the MSR corpus around definitions of these terms, and (c) being explicit about how ontological and epistemological assumptions inform our methods. The intention is to encourage growth in the quality and rigor of our individual and collective scholarship.


In the interpretation of Joseph Ratzinger, the identity of Jesus Christ is important in determining the relationship between the Church and the state. Tempted at the beginning of his public activity, he does not reduce his mission to social or political activity. During the trial before Pilate, he confesses that His kingdom is not of this world, and is based on the power of truth. In accordance with the principle of religious-political dualism, religious and political authority must be distinguished. Nonetheless, the secular state needs the Church as a reservoir of values relevant to the public order, which for centuries matured on the basis of the Christian faith. Thus, healthy secularity manifests itself in the separation of the state and the Church, and at the same time within religious freedom and the presence of the Church in the public sphere of life.


The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic reached more than 150 countries in all continent in two months, after triggering in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. One of the main features of this pandemic is the increased severity of the disease with age and the highest proportion of serious cases among males. Most severe cases were caused by an intensive immune response with massive release of cytokines which induces acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-visceral failure. Melatonin is the major neuro-hormone secreted by the pineal gland. The synthesis of this hormone shows a circadian pattern. Melatonin secretion gradually decreases with age and becomes clear in people over the age of 60. This deprivation is inversely proportional to the increase in mortality due to COVID-19 with age. Also the level of this hormone seems to be higher in women. It is assumed that melatonin with its immunomodulatory and antiviral actions plays a protective role against the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Following our review, we concluded that this hypothesis was highly plausible and we proposed a prophylactic treatment protocol against the severity of COVID-19 using a melatonin supplementation.


The Hydroisomerization and Hydrocracking of n-Heptane was carried out in a packed bed plug-flow zeolitic catalytic membrane reactor at a constant pressure of (100 kpa).Material was encapsulated by trimetallic 1% (Pt -Ni-Co). The structural and textural features for encapsulated nanoporous MCM-48 were studied by X -ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX, nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET) and FTIR. The characterizations were carried out before and after loading. The results show that the catalytic activity evaluation in a membrane reactor revealed that trimetallic 1 % (Pt-Ni-Co)/MCM-48 catalyst possess a high activity for conversion of n-heptane around (83%) at 400 oC with a maximum selectivity around (65%) at 325 oC.


Large scale distribution system planning is a relatively complex and reasonably difficult problem. This paper proposes the application of improved genetic algorithm (GA) for the optimal design of large scale distribution systems in order to provide optimal sizing and locating of the high and medium voltage (HV and MV) substations, as well as medium voltage (MV) feeders routing, using their corresponding fixed and variable costs associated with operational and optimization constraints. The novel approach presented in the paper solves hard satisfactory optimization problems with different constraints in large scale distribution networks. This paper presents a new concept based on loss characteristic matrix introduced for optimal locating of MV substations, followed by new methodology based on graph theory and GA for optimal locating of the HV substations and MV feeders routing in a real size distribution network. Minimum spanning tree algorithm is employed to generate set of feasible initial population. In the present article to reduce computational burden and avoid huge search space leading to infeasible solutions, special coding methods are generated for GA operators to solve optimal feeders routing. The proposed coding methods guarantee the validity of the solution during the progress of the genetic algorithm toward the global optimal solution. The developed GA-based software is tested in a real size large scale distribution system and the well satisfactory results are presented.


We propose a self-organizing archival Intermemory. That is, a noncommercial subscriber-provided distributed information storage service built on the existing Internet. Given an assumption of continued growth in the memory's total size, a subscriber's participation for only a finite time can nevertheless ensure archival preservation of the subscriber's data. Information disperses through the network over time and memories become more difficult to erase as they age. The probability of losing an old memory given random node failures is vanishingly small-and an adversary would have to corrupt hundreds of thousands of nodes to destroy a very old memory. This paper presents a framework for the design of an Intermemory, and considers certain aspects of the design in greater detail. In particular, the aspects of addressing, space efficiency, and redundant coding are discussed.


Little is known about the infection cycles of viruses infecting cells from Archaea, the third domain of life. Here, we demonstrate that the virions of the archaeal Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 (SIRV2) are released from the host cell through a mechanism, involving the formation of specific cellular structures. Large pyramidal virus-induced protrusions transect the cell envelope at several positions, rupturing the S-layer; they eventually open out, thus creating large apertures through which virions escape the cell. We also demonstrate that massive degradation of the host chromosomes occurs because of virus infection, and that virion assembly occurs in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, intracellular viral DNA is visualized by flow cytometry. The results show that SIRV2 is a lytic virus, and that the host cell dies as a consequence of elaborated mechanisms orchestrated by the virus. The generation of specific cellular structures for a distinct step of virus life cycle is known in eukaryal virus-host systems but is unprecedented in cells from other domains.


ABSTRACT Although political violence has proven to be difficult for governments to manage, predict or control, previous research on the impact of relevant federal government actions and US presidential rhetoric on terrorist attacks and hate crimes demonstrates that what the US government does matters in ways that are both expected and unexpected. In the US, government counterterrorism strategies changed rapidly in response to the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the US. The Bush administration formed a new executive department, centralised intelligence agencies, invested in tangible counterterrorism measures, implemented two invasions and occupations, and spoke publicly about terrorism on a near-daily basis. Yet much has changed since that research, as the US has since elected a president whose presidential campaign relied upon espousing antagonism towards Muslims, immigrants and other minority groups. Further, President Trump's administration has repeatedly demonstrated its commitment to isolate and suppress Muslims as a strategy to combat Islamist extremism in contrast to previous administrations' more cooperative approaches. This article considers what existing research tells us about whether and how the different actions of the Trump administration may fuel both Jihadi and far-right extremism.


The Galpha(12/13) family of heterotrimeric G proteins modulate multiple cellular processes including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Galpha(12/13) interact with several cytoskeletal/scaffolding proteins, and in a yeast two-hybrid screen with Galpha(12), we detected an interaction with the scaffolding subunit (Aalpha) of the Ser/Thr phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A dephosphorylates multiple substrates including tau, a microtubule-associated protein that is hyperphosphorylated in neurofibrillary tangles. The interaction of Aalpha and Galpha(12) was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation studies in transfected COS cells and by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Galpha(12) pull-downs from cell lysates of primary neurons. The interaction was specific for Aalpha and Galpha(12) and was independent of Galpha(12) conformation. Endogenous Aalpha and Galpha(12) colocalized by immunofluorescent microscopy in Caco-2 cells and in neurons. In vitro reconstitution of GST-Galpha(12) or recombinant Galpha(12) with PP2A core enzyme resulted in approximately 300% stimulation of PP2A activity that was not detected with other Galpha subunits and was similar with GTPgammaS- and GDP-liganded Galpha(12). When tau and active kinase (Cdk5 and p25) were cotransfected in to COS cells, there was robust tau phosphorylation. Co-expression of wild type or QLalpha(12) with tau and the active kinase resulted in 60 +/- 15% reductions in tau phosphorylation. In primary cortical neurons stimulated with lysophosphatitic acid, a 50% decrease in tau phosphorylation was observed. The Galpha(12) effect on tau phosphorylation was inhibited by the PP2A inhibitor, okadaic acid (50 nm), in COS cells and neurons. Taken together, these findings reveal novel, direct regulation of PP2A activity by Galpha(12) and potential in vivo modulation of PP2A target proteins including tau.


Chronic infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) add to age-dependent bone loss and may contribute to lower bone strength in the elderly. In this review, we report recent highlights on the epidemiology of bone fragility in chronic viral infections with HIV, HCV and HBV, its physiopathology and discuss the interference of antiviral therapies with bone metabolism. Chronic infections influence bone through the interactions between risk factors for bone fragility and falls (which are highly prevalent in infected patients), virus activity and antiviral drugs. HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of fracture and the risk is higher in cases of co-infection with HIV and untreated chronic viral hepatitis. In HIV patients, the majority of bone loss occurs during virus activity and at initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, long-term elderly HIV-infected patients on successful ART display bone microstructure alterations only partially captured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone loss is associated with an increase of bone resorption, reflecting the upregulation of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathways via a crosstalk between virus activity, inflammation and the immune system. The use of some antiviral drugs, such as tenofovir (controlling both HBV and HIV infections) or protease inhibitors, may be associated with higher bone toxicity. The reduction of tenofovir plasma concentrations with the implementation of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) attenuates bone mineral density (BMD) loss but it remains unknown whether it will contribute to reducing fracture risk in long-term HIV-treated patients. Moreover, to what extent the new direct-acting agents for treatment of HCV, including nucleotide inhibitors and protease inhibitors, may affect bone health similarly as ART in HIV should be investigated.


We present results from a survey of galaxies in the fields of six z ≥ 3 Damped Lyman α systems (DLAs) using the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We report a high detection rate of up to ≈ 80% of galaxies within 1000 km/s from DLAs and with impact parameters between 25 and 280 kpc. In particular, we discovered 5 high-confidence Lyα emitters associated with three DLAs, plus up to 9 additional detections across five of the six fields. The majority of the detections are at relatively large impact parameters (> 50 kpc) with two detections being plausible host galaxies. Among our detections, we report four galaxies associated with the most metal-poor DLA in our sample (Z/Z = −2.33 ± 0.22), which trace an overdense structure resembling a filament. By comparing our detections with predictions from the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological simulations and a semi-analytic model designed to reproduce the observed bias of DLAs at z > 2, we conclude that our observations are consistent with a scenario in which a significant fraction of DLAs trace the neutral regions within halos with a characteristic mass of Mh ≈ 1011−1012 M , in agreement with the inference made from the large-scale clustering of DLAs. We finally show how larger surveys targeting ≈ 25 absorbers have the potential of constraining the characteristic masses of halos hosting high-redshift DLAs with sufficient accuracy to discriminate between different models.


This paper addresses a general problem of sensory navigation for autonomous cleaning robots (ACR) in unknown environments. Although absolute self-localization and accurate environment modeling still remain unsolved, a delicately designed mobile robot still can carry out a task practically. Under this strategy, we propose a cleaning robot system, which works without any environment map and global self-localization. It has a three-layer structure. The lower layer is composed of general hardware: ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, incremental encoders, DC motors, vacuum, etc. Upon these sensors is the sensory behavior layer, which includes several motion templates. These intelligent motion templates can deal with most situations, seldom making the robot trapped. The upper layer is the task-based navigation layer, which carries out the tasks of environment learning, cleaning, and homing. Finally the experiment results show that this strategy works well, even if the robot knows only a little about the environment.


Big events, such as Olympic Games, Universal Expositions, European Cultural Capital, etc., are based on a system of "infrastructure-buildings", able to host the happenings related with such events, to represent or reinvent the city itself and to improve the area they settle in, in particular in terms of accessibility. It is questionable whether these infrastructure-buildings, usually gathering crowds from far beyond the city limits, are able to interact with the rest of the city, renewing at least the parts around the building itself, or are isolated objects incapable to "make city". This paper is focused on two very new infrastructure-buildings, both created to qualify the area they are built in, and both in the midst of sportive and recreational areas former in need to be renewed and to be better linked with the around. Analysing these two infrastructure-buildings may help us to understand the impact these kinds of buildings have on the area the are built in and on the city as a whole. The effects of the transformations related with Arata Isozaki's Palahockey (built for the Winter Olympic game, Turin 2006) and Manuel Salgado's Stadium Dragao (built for the European Soccer Championship, 2004) are good examples of new centralities and they show how it is possible, working on morphological, functional, and symbolic qualities, to re-invent urban spaces and residential costumes in contemporary cities.


Folie à deux is a condition that presents distinct challenges in the legal system. The authors searched the LexisNexis database for cases involving folie à deux and provide a review of criminal and civil case law involving individuals with the diagnosis. The case surrounding Elizabeth Smart's abduction from her Utah home is highlighted. Folie à deux is a formally recognized mental disorder, although it is intrinsically different from most other primary psychiatric conditions. It can cause considerable confusion among mental health experts and legal professionals alike. It is difficult to make a reliable diagnosis of a condition that is, to date, not well validated. The authors discuss possible directions for future research and suggest methods for examining evaluees with suspected folie à deux.


At the start of the conceptual design process, designers start to give tangible form to their thoughts by sketching. This helps with reasoning and communicates ideas to other members of the team. Sketches are gradually worked up into more formal drawings which are then passed to the other stages of the design process. There are however some problems with basing early ideas on sketching. For example, due to their ad-hoc nature, sketches tend only to be diagrammatic representations and so designers cannot be sure that their ideas are feasible and what is being proposed meets the constraints described in the client brief. This can result in designers wasting time working up ideas which prove to be unsuitable. Also the process of constraint checking is complex and time consuming and so designers tend limit their search of possible options and instead choose satisfying rather than good solutions. This paper describes the INTEGRA project which examines the role of sketching in early conceptual design and how this can be linked to other aspects of the process and particularly automated constraint checking using an IT based approach. The focus for the work is the design of framed buildings. A multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted and the work has been undertaken in close collaboration with practising designers and clients.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the administration of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and the potential drug–drug interactions (pDDIs) in older patients in emergency departments (EDs) over a 12-month period and to identify the factors associated with the administration of PIMs. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using the electronic medical records from two university-affiliated teaching hospitals in South Korea. ED visit cases of patients aged 65 and older from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2013, were included in the analysis. Among the medications administered in ED, PIMs or pDDIs were identified using a drug utilization review program available in Korea. Results: During the study period, a total of 13,002 ED visit cases were reported from 10,686 patients. The proportion of ED visit cases with any PIM was 79.2% and the average number of PIMs was 2.7 (range, 1–17). The most commonly administered PIMs that were contraindicated or should have been used with caution were ketorolac (41.3%) and metoclopramide (10.3%), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that female patients (p = 0.012), patients with more than six drugs in the ED (p < 0.001), and visits longer than 300 minutes (p = 0.026) were significantly associated with PIM administration in the ED. Potential DDIs between the medications administered in EDs were observed in 20.5% of total visit cases, with ketorolac being the most frequently reported drug in contraindicated drug combinations. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high incidence of the administration of PIMs and medications with pDDIs in older patients in EDs and revealed the characteristics that are significantly associated with an increased risk of PIM administration. Healthcare providers in EDs should consider the risk of administering PIMs or medications with pDDIs, especially when treating older patients.


The temporal distributions for six classes of trace organic contaminants (chlordanes, DDTs, dieldrin, PAHs, PCBs, and butyltins) in oysters from six Galveston Bay sites from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Mussel Watch Program are compared with other NS&T sites from the Gulf of Mexico as well as all NS&T sites of the United States (East Coast, West Coast, and Gulf of Mexico). Decreases in the median for the Gulf-wide concentration of chlordanes, dieldrin, and butyltins occurred during 1986–1994. The Gulfwide median concentrations of DDTs, PAHs, and PCBs exhibited a strong cyclic distribution with time. For Galveston Bay oysters, "high" concentration is defined as the concentration greater than the median plus one standard deviation for all Gulf of Mexico sites. The percentage of sites having high concentrations during 1986–1994 for Galveston Bay oysters are 49% for dieldrin, 45% for butyltins, 40% for chlordanes, 38% for PCBs, 30% for PAHs, and 21% for DDTs. For PCBs, 43% of Galveston Bay oyster samples analyzed over the first 9 yr have concentrations high enough for potential biological effects to be observed in oysters. The percentages in other agents were chlordanes (22%), butyltins (22%), dieldrin (5%), and PAHs (4%). National Academy of Science-proposed regulatory limits for oysters were exceeded in only 2% of Galveston Bay samples for DDTs and 1% for PCBs. All other contaminants were below proposed NAS limits.


Fast chemical communications in the nervous system are mediated by several classes of receptor channels believed to be independent functionally and physically. We show here that concurrent activation of P2X2 ATP-gated channels and 5-HT3serotonin-gated channels leads to functional interaction and nonadditive currents (47–73% of the predicted sum) in mammalian myenteric neurons as well as in Xenopus oocytes or transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell heterologous systems. We also show that these two cation channels coimmunoprecipitate constitutively and are associated in clusters. In heterologous systems, the inhibitory cross talk between P2X2 and 5-HT3 receptors is disrupted when the intracellular C-terminal domain of the P2X2 receptor subunit is deleted and when minigenes coding for P2X2 or 5-HT3A receptor subunit cytoplasmic domains are overexpressed. Injection of fusion proteins containing the C-terminal domain of P2X2receptors in myenteric neurons also disrupts the functional interaction between native P2X2 and 5-HT3 receptors. Therefore, activity-dependent intracellular coupling of distinct receptor channels underlies ionotropic cross talks that may significantly contribute to the regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity.


Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) has become a popular alternative to orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) in multi-user communication on LTE uplink systems. This is primarily due to the low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of SC-FDMA compared to that of OFDM. Long-term evolution (LTE) uses SC-FDMA on the uplink to exploit this PAPR advantage to reduce transmit power amplifier (PA) back-off in mobile user terminals. However, the latest generation of communication systems requires high power efficiency and a large quantity of capacity in transmitting mobile data, bringing out some other critical problems: 1) the nonlinearity of Radio Frequency (RF) power amplifiers inevitably affects the power efficiency. Working beyond the saturation point is the main reason for power amplifiers having nonlinear properties; 2) In order to obtain adequate capacity, wide bandwidth is applied to the latest communication systems. Since in previous systems the pre-distorter would focus on memory-less distortion with relatively narrow bandwidth, this change makes memory distortion become a serious issue, degrading the transmission quality in the wireless communication systems. The intent of this thesis is to present nonlinear analysis of the SC-FDMA Spectrum with the RF power amplifier. Relevant mathematical models were considered and applied to the RF power amplifier in terms of intermodulation products and the third-order intercept point. The equivalent mathematical model is applied for the first time to SC-FDMA signals and with the previous formulation of the PA model, the derivation of the expressions for spectrum regrowth of amplified SC-FDMA signals was first established and finally simulated with Matlab software. The digital pre-distortion (DPD) technology was also applied to SC-FDMA signals for the first time in this thesis. An inverse intermodulation and Autoregressive Moving-Average (IM-ARMA) model was introduced to linearize the PA distortion with memory in the LTE uplink system. The DPD was finally implemented by Matlab R2010b. Conclusions are drawn that amplified power emission levels can be expressed by the form of third-order intercept point (IP_3). The expressions for spectrum regrowth of amplified SC-FDMA signals have been verified for the first time with the comparison of simulation, measurement and calculation results. The effects of third order intermodulation have a greater impact than higher order components with respect to out-of-band emission power levels. Furthermore, the DPD algorithm reduced the spectrum regrowth of SC-FDMA signals by 12 dB. The proposed pre-distorter can effectively solve the distortion problem caused by the memory effect in RF power amplifier.


Blackberries, mobile technology with limited functionality, have been adopted rapidly by users. Few studies about the Blackberry technology explore the apparent addiction that users have for this technology. Our study explores users' perceptions about the device and how it impacts on their day to day life. The participants of the study consist of users currently using Blackberry devices and users that chose to return their Blackberries after a short use period. The study highlights the apparent contradictions inherent in working in an environment with anytime anywhere connectivity. The study highlights the need for future research in the changes that the use of mobile devices such Blackberries has on the day to day life of users.


Intermolecular copigmentation reactions are significantly responsible for the manifold color expression of fruits, berries, and their products. These reactions were investigated with five anthocyanins and five phenolic acids acting as copigments. The stability of the pigment-copigment complexes formed was studied during a storage period of 6 months. The study was conducted using a UV-visible spectrophotometer to monitor the hyperchromic effect and the bathochromic shift of the complexes. The greatest copigmentation reactions took place in malvidin 3-glucoside solutions. The strongest copigments for all anthocyanins were ferulic and rosmarinic acids. The immediate reaction of rosmarinic acid with malvidin 3-glucoside resulted in the biggest bathochromic shift (19 nm) and the strongest hyperchromic effect, increasing the color intensity by 260%. The color induced by rosmarinic acid was not very stable. The color intensity of pelargonidin 3-glucoside increased greatly throughout the storage period with the addition of ferulic and caffeic acids.


This paper proposes an alternative use of the passive error concealment algorithm present as part of the H.264 standard with the aim of providing active macroblock skipping functionality. Selected macroblocks are deliberately removed during the encoding stage in the knowledge that they can be effectively concealed during the decoding stage. This is in addition to those macroblocks chosen by the standard under the SKIP mode decision mechanism. The proposed method has been tested over a variety of test sequences that typify a large range of motion characteristics and has demonstrated significant reductions in bit stream size with only a negligible effect on the resulting Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), in most cases even improving this result compared to the standard decoder.


Indapamide, a low-dose thiazide-type diuretic, is used for the treatment of essential hypertension. In this study, we developed an indapamide sustained release formulation using Methocel K15 MCR (a modified    hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), Methocel K100 LVCR (a modified hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), magnesium stearate, talc and starch 1500 by direct compression . The powders for tableting were evaluated for angle of repose, loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index, total porosity etc. The tablets were subjected to thickness, weight variation test, hardness, friability and in vitro release studies. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out in the gastric medium (pH 1.3) for first two hours and then in the intestinal medium (pH 6.8) for 22 hours using United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) 22 paddle-type dissolution apparatus. The granules showed satisfactory flow properties, compressibility index etc. All the tablets complied with pharmacopoeial specifications. The results of    dissolution studies indicated that the formulation F-5 and F-7 (up to 75.36 % drug release in 12 hours) could extend the drug release up to 12 hours. The drug release patterns were simulated in different kinetic orders such as Zero Order release kinetics, First Order release kinetics, Higuchi release kinetics, Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics and Hixson-Crowell release kinetics to assess the release mechanism. From the study we observed that Higuchi release    kinetics was the predominant release mechanism than Zero Order and First Order kinetics. The drug release mechanism from the matrix tablets was found to be non Fickian mechanism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v10i2.11785 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 10(2): 87-92, 2011 (December)


Facies and sequences of the Westphalian C are identified in cores and well logs of three boreholes and three seismic lines supplied by Conoco-Phillips from the Lorraine coal Basin. The lithofacies associations suggest various paleoenvironments and sequences during the Westphalian C. Decameter-thick sedimentary bodies display alluvial fan deposits in the northwestern border of the basin (Chaumont borehole). Decametric sedimentary bodies constituted either of conglomeratic and sandy facies with cylindrical shape in well logs represent braided river deposits, or alternations of fining and coarsening upward sequences with sandy, silty and clayey facies with bell and funnel shapes in well log correspond to meander river and lacustrine deltaic deposits in the Saulcy and Lorettes boreholes. Three fining upward third order sequences in the center of the basin in the Lorettes and Saulcy boreholes represent a period 1 with braided river deposits, a period 2 with flood plain, lake and meandering river deposits and a period 3 with anastomosed or meandering river deposits.

Period 1 is correlated with a subsidence period in the basin and uplift of the borders, period 2 with the maximum fresh water flooding period with flood plain or lake deposits and period 3 with the filling period.

The seismic profiles of Conoco-Phillips confirm the tectonic structures described by previous authors in Lorraine Basin. We agree that this basin was a strike-slip basin as demonstrated by previous authors with depocenters near the South Hunsruck and Metz faults from the Westphalian to the Permian. Biomarkers show that paleoclimate changes (wet/dry) of weak amplitude in the equatorial climate could also modify the sedimentation of this basin and act on sequences of second order.


This paper addresses the problem of optimal traffic engineering in a connectionless autonomous system. Based on non- linear control theory, the approach taken in this paper provides a family of optimal adaptation laws. These laws enable each node in the network to independently distribute traffic among any given set of next hops in an optimal way, as measured by a given global utility function of a general form. This optimal traffic distribution is achieved with minimum information exchange between neigh- boring nodes. Furthermore, this approach not only allows for op- timal multiple forwarding paths but also enables multiple classes of service, e.g., classes of service defined in the differentiated services architecture. Moreover, the proposed decentralized control scheme enables optimal traffic redistribution in the case of link failures. Suboptimal control laws are also presented in an effort to reduce the computational burden imposed on the nodes of the network. Finally, an implementation of these laws with currently available technology is discussed.


Public transportation is an important medium of mobility to support people's daily activities in the city. The general conditions of public transportation in the city are reflected by the city itself. The choice of mode of transport lies on the benefits they received from the mode of transportation. This paper attempts to outline the people's perception towards the public transportation services in Medan. The research was conducted in Medan with the daily commuter of public transport as the main respondents. In this case mini bus is the most widely used vehicles in the city. The study applies variables such as reliability, comfort, safety, speed and fare as an indicator of assessment. The data from the field survey are analyzed and complemented with descriptive analysis by using frequencies, graphics and chi-square analysis. According to the analysis, the respondent changed the mode of transport once they get to their destination. Generally, the travellers are satisfied with the services rendered especially where frequent stop can be requested from the driver even not at the proper bus stop. Although they feel comfortable by using public transportation, however the feeling of insecurity exists according to the respondents. Other factors contribute to insecurity are pick pockets and traffic accidents. The chi-square analysis shows that the respondents' answer distribution is not homogeneous, or the users of the public transportation in Medan appear to have different perception against the public transportation service as a parameter of variables.


Summary

1. Crop raiding by great apes is an emerging conservation issue across their range. It is important because it involves highly threatened species that can cause significant economic damage and be killed in retribution. Yet, to date, no quantitative study has sought to test possible solutions for preventing this form of human–wildlife conflict.

2. From February 2007 to August 2009, we monitored crop-raiding patterns across a Sumatran agroforest landscape to determine background levels of human–orangutan conflict. We also intensively monitored a subset of 50 farms to assess changes in farmer attitudes towards orangutan management; differences between farmer reported and independently enumerated monetary loss from crop raiding; and the effectiveness of mitigation techniques in reducing orangutan crop raiding on 35 treatment farms (25 trialling noise deterrents and 10 trialling tree nets) in comparison with 15 control farms over a pre-trial (12 month) and a trial (18 month) phase. Five months after the trials had ended, the ongoing use or uptake of the techniques were assessed.

3. Across the wider landscape, background levels of mean daily orangutan crop-raiding incidents per month (±SE) farms did not significantly differ between the pre-trial (9·1 ± 3·7) and trial (7·1 ± 4·3) phases, whilst on the 35 treatment farms it reduced significantly. Furthermore, crop yield increased (+60·8%) on the netted trial trees, but reduced (−27·4%) on the control farm trees. Despite this, there was no subsequent use of this technique, unlike those farmers (40%) who continued using the less-effective noise deterrents.

4. Farmer participation in the project yielded unexpected and positive attitude changes, from preferring orangutan removal (pre-trial) to in situ management with crop protection measures (post-trial). However, project participation may have increased farmer expectations of receiving compensation because the treatment farmers consistently overestimated their crop losses, unlike the control farmers who did not.

5. Synthesis and applications. Whilst human–orangutan conflicts caused substantial losses to local livelihoods, the identification of an effective mitigation method (nets) neither guaranteed its continued use nor uptake. Developing easy to install nets for valuable tree crops is therefore recommended. Nevertheless, the project intervention efforts did create benign farmer attitudes towards orangutan management, an essential prerequisite for managing large-bodied mammals in conflict with people.


Abstract In electroencephalography (EEG) a valid conductor model of the head (forward model) is necessary for predicting measurable scalp voltages from intra-cranial current distributions. All inverse models, capable of inferring the spatial distribution of the neural sources generating measurable electrical and magnetic signals outside the brain are normally formulated in terms of a pre-estimated forward model, which implies considering one (or more) current dipole(s) inside the head and computing the electrical potentials generated at the electrode sites on the scalp surface. Therefore, the accuracy of the forward model strongly affects the reliability of the source reconstruction process independently of the specific inverse model. So far, it is as yet unclear which brain regions are more sensitive to the choice of different model geometry, from both quantitative and qualitative points of view. In this paper, we compare the finite difference method-based realistic model with the four-layers sensor-fitted spherical model using simulated cortical sources in the MNI152 standard space. We focused on the investigation of the spatial variation of the lead fields produced by simulated cortical sources which were placed on the reconstructed mesh of the neocortex along the surface electrodes of a 62-channel configuration. This comparison is carried out by evaluating a point spread function all over the brain cortex, with the aim of finding the lead fields mismatch between realistic and spherical geometry. Realistic geometry turns out to be a relevant factor of improvement which is particularly important when considering sources placed in the temporal or in the occipital cortex. In these situations, using a realistic head model will allow a better spatial discrimination of neural sources when compared to the spherical model.


Abstract Gender discourse and scholarship continues to be dominated by Western paradigms, generally leading to an abstract mapping of gender stratification instead of a critical reflection on the very institutions that shape such lines of inquiry. Not unlike Kipling's illustration of the white man's burden, which treats other cultures as 'childlike' and 'demonic', mainstream theories and studies on gender continue to reflect the white woman's burden, which seems to disparage the identity, voice and contexts of women of colour. This article reviews the historical and current roles of white women in white colonial and postcolonial projects. The review is intended to explore and understand reasons which may be currently contributing to doubts about the white woman's burden in the Third World.


Although a relatively minor project in terms of its impact on the broader international language movement, Basic English is interesting for the elaborate semiotic theory that underlies it. The creator of Basic English, Charles Kay Ogden (1889–1957), is today remembered chiefly as co-author of The Meaning of Meaning, a book widely regarded as a classic of early twentieth-century semiotics. In this article, I will engage in a critical examination of the design of Basic English and demonstrate how it essentially represents an implementation of the key doctrines set out in that book, tempered by the practical exigencies of language construction. I will focus on Ogden's method of 'panoptic conjugation', which he used to select the Basic English core vocabulary of 850 words, as well as his conception of the grammar of Basic English as an outgrowth of its vocabulary. We observe additionally how Ogden's approach does not result in a self-contained, independent international language, but rather a language that is subservient to Standard English idiom.


The sequel to Eminent Economists, this book presents the ideas of some of the most outstanding economists of the past half century. The contributors, representing divergent points of the ideological compass, present their life philosophies and reflect on their conceptions of human nature, society, justice, and the source of creative impulse. These self-portraits reveal details of the economists' personal and professional lives that capture the significance of the total person. The essays represent streams of thought that lead to the vast ocean of economics, where gems of the discipline lie, and the volume will appeal to a wide array of readers, including professional economists, students and laypersons who seek a window into the heart of this complex field. The contributors include Alan S. Blinder, Clair Brown, John Y. Campbell, Vincent P. Crawford, Paul Davidson, Angus Deaton, Harold Demsetz, Peter Diamond, Avinash Dixit, Barry Eichengreen, Jeffrey Frankel, Richard B. Freeman, Benjamin M. Friedman and John Hull.


Ignition studies of flowing gases were made to obtain information applicable to ignition problems in gas-turbine and ram-jet aircraft propulsion systems operating at altitude conditions.Spark energies required for ignition of a flowing propane-air mixture were determined for pressure of 2 to 4 inches mercury absolute, gas velocities of 5.0 to 54.2 feet per second, fuel-air ratios of 0.0607 to 0.1245, and spark durations of 1.5 to 24,400 microseconds. The results showed that at a pressure of 3 inches mercury absolute the minimum energy required for ignition occurred at fuel-air ratios of 0.08 to 0.095. The energy required for ignition increased almost linearly with increasing gas velocity. Shortening the spark duration from approximately 25,000 to 125 microseconds decreased the amount of energy required for ignition. A spark produced by the discharge of a condenser directly into the spark gap and having a duration of 1.5 microseconds required ignition energies larger than most of the long-duration sparks.


The restoration of coastal wetlands in the UK and worldwide often involves the excavation of artificial creek networks to encourage hydrological and ecological processes; however the evolution of these artificial creeks post-implementation is insufficiently monitored, and their design still lacks scientific guidance. This thesis analyses the morphological evolution of creeks in restored coastal wetlands in the UK to help inform future design strategies. A new semi-automated creek parametrisation method was developed for lidar datasets, which is faster and less subjective than manual mapping. Morphological equilibrium was defined for natural saltmarshes; power-law relationships for creek dimensions and distribution at equilibrium were derived from the analysis of 13 mature natural saltmarshes to provide a range of potential end targets for MR creek design. A relationship was found between the overmarsh path length (mean distance to a creek anywhere in the marsh) and the mean site elevation within the tidal frame. This analysis also found that creek morphological equilibrium should be described as a range of potential states rather than as one quantifiable target. The evolution of 10 MR creeks in their first 2-20 years post-breach was then studied. MR creeks evolved near-linearly towards a larger, more sinuous and better distributed system. These evolution rates towards the proposed equilibrium targets were then related to the initial conditions of the sites: low-lying sites with high accretion rates and large openings had faster-evolving creeks, while high, constrained sites displayed limited creek growth and required more extensive initial creek excavation. The 10 MR schemes and two accidentally realigned sites considered behave as though they should stabilise within 100 years into an alternative equilibrium state to that of natural systems, with a lower density distribution of creeks, mainly concentrated around the breach areas, while the further reaches of the site have fewer channels. Furthermore, the channels have a lower sinuosity due to inherited drainage ditches that remain visible even after 100 years, and a flatter substrate. MR creek expansion may be hindered by the overcompacted soil and lack of small-scale topography inherited from the previous agricultural land use, which prevents creek incision and preferential deposition around topographic flow paths. Based on these findings, future studies should link the soil geotechnical properties, creek development and biodiversity of MR schemes to better understand creek-forming processes and improve the monitoring, management and design of MR sites.


The dynamic-static method is used for study on the formation of the biofilm on pipe surface and the relationship between the biofilm and the induction time of the biofouling. The biofilm of slime forming bacteria on the surface of the copper electrodes is characterized by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) on the static experimental apparatus. Meanwhile, the induction period of biofouling is detected by Biofouling Dynamic Simulation System (BDSS). The experimental results, which associate with the biofouling resistance by the time, are shown that the maximum value of the biofilm thickness calculated is about 3.5μm by the electrochemical parameters fitted by the compute. These can indicate that the static biofilms measured has a strict correspondence with the dynamic biofouling resistance, which is a new method for studying on the mechanism of biofouling.


Putri Khumaeroh. 141110053. Exploring Attitudinal Function of Nelson Mandela's
Presidential Inauguration Speech: Discourse-Phonology Perfective.
This research aims to find out how the attitudinal intonation is constructed by the
speaker. Study of document becomes the technique of this research. This research also
takes a qualitative method in analyzing data where the data is taken from you-tube and
Nelson Mandela as a main data source to be analyzed in this research. There are some
steps to analyze the data. The researcher analyzed the clause construction that consists of
dependent and independent clause. Then, analyzed the tonality system that consists of
tone group, markedness of tonality (unmarked and marked), finiteness, and types of
clause. Then, the researcher analyzed the tonicity system that consists of new and given
information and also markedness of tonicity. Further, the researcher analyzed the tone
system based on PRAAT system that will be connected to the attitudinal intonation based
on primary stress and interpersonal context.
This research was conducted within the spirit of discourse –phonology which
concern with the study of the relationship between the language and the context in which
is used that are attitudinal function and three primary of intonation (T3) used by speaker
where 3T are knowing the common patterns of tonality in speaker's speech and knowing
what tonality tells about unit of information (tonality), focus of information (tonicity) and
status of information (tone).
Design of the research is discourse analyses in phonological persfective which is
taken from one of public speeches that is Nelson Mandela as a president in south Africa
under the title "Inauguration Speech". The data of the research is taken from selecting a
single EFL learner of spoken discourse. The data collected by video recording and
converted into audio in the form of WAV then segmented using PRAAT software
analysis. The data is analyzes by contextual method.The analyses process is constructed
based on : (1). The division theory of information unit in the systematic functional
grammar level (SFG)and intonation level by Tench, (2). The common pattern of tonality,
tonicity and tone by Dorothy M chun and MAK Halliday, (3). The attitudinal intonation
as found in the speech based on phonology perspective and interpersonal metafunction.
The result of this analysis shows that there are different speaker's division of
message between systematic functional grammar level and intonation level. There are
four elements as found in the system of tonality. Those are, there are 96 units of
information independent 46 (48%)and independent clauses 50 clauses (52%). The tone
unit which constructed by the speaker also 96 clauses, the markedness of tonality,
umarked tonality (64%) and marked (36%)that is constructed by the speaker, in the types
of tones the speaker put (22%) for noun clause. (31%) for adjective clause, and (47%).
Then, in the fininiteness of verb the speaker put finite verb 77 clauses (79%)and nonfinite
20 clauses (21%). Thre are four common patterns of tonicity and two kinds of
markedness of tonicity where speaker focus of new (N), given-new (GV), given-newgiven
(GNG), and new-given (NG)as found in the speech. The speaker put (12%) for new
of information, GN in (3%), GNG in (62%), and NG in (23%).The common patterns of
markedness of tonicity which is produced by the speaker are unmarked tonicity 20
clauses (17%) and marked tonicity 96 clauses (83%).The common pattern of status of
information (tone) in 101 units of information. The common patterns are: (59%) units as
Major Information , 10(10%) units as Minor Information ,14 (14%) units as Incomplete
Information, 11 (11%) units as Highlighting of Theme and 6 (6%) units as Implication .
iii
Then, the common types of tones that constructed by speaker categorized into 5 types are
Fall (F) that got (41%), Rise (R) that got (23%), Rise-Fall (RF) THAT GOT (9%), Fall-
Rise (FR) that got (10%), and Level that got (17%0. Attitudinal intonation tells how
emotion expresses speaker's attitude. The common ways to analyze the attitudinal
intonation is seen from the primary stress and the context of interpersonal metafunction
where the speaker put 101 stresses in the clause of the speech. Then, the common patterns
of interpersonal metafunction has two kinds elements are mood structure that speaker
focused on declarative clause (95%), and imperative clause (5%) as found in the speech.
Then, the degree of modality in interpersonal metafunction also get a big attention from
the speaker where the speaker put Low modality 18% as found in the speech and 82% for
middle modality. All of the result shows how speaker perceives the message into more
than one unit of information in each clause and perceives to put the focus information in
the place that the word or syllable is importantand interrelated to attitudinal intonation.
Key words: Tonality, Tonicity, Tone, Attitudinal Intonation.