Archinus of Koile has been repeatedly praised in our sources for his prudent contribution in consolidating democratic restoration in Athens after the expulsion of the Thirty. He provides an excellent case study for examining the concept of political «moderation» and «mοderates», from an inductive perspective, when applied to the juxtaposition between democrats and oligarchs. Both ancient writers and modern scholars often fail, or rather avoid, to acknowledge that all Archinus' political initiatives, undertaken in the name of the reconciliation agreement, aimed at protecting and strengthening the oligarchs remaining in the city, regardless of their active involvement or tacit tolerance under the tyrants' regime. At any rate, «moderation» and «mοderates» prove to be too elusive and volatile terms to illustrate in a clear and precise manner an Athenian politician's stance in the midst of the crisis of 403/2 and its aftermath; all the more so as they obscure both the likelihood of mere political manοeuvring and the odd affinity of «moderation» to opportunism.


Purpose. Experimental data suggest that tumour cells can reversibly transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states (EMT and MET), a phenomenon known as cellular plasticity. The aim of this review was to appraise the clinical evidence for the role of cellular plasticity in prostate cancer (PC) bone metastasis. Methods. An electronic search was performed using PubMed for studies that have examined the differential expression of epithelial, mesenchymal, and stem cell markers in human PC bone metastasis tissues. Results. The review included nineteen studies. More than 60% of the studies used ≤20 bone metastasis samples, and there were several sources of heterogeneity between studies. Overall, most stem cell markers analysed, except for CXCR4, were positively expressed in bone metastasis tissues, while the expression of EMT and MET markers was heterogeneous between and within samples. Several EMT and stemness markers that are involved in osteomimicry, such as Notch, Met receptor, and Wnt/β pathway, were highly expressed in bone metastases. Conclusions. Clinical findings support the role of cellular plasticity in PC bone metastasis and suggest that epithelial and mesenchymal states cannot be taken in isolation when targeting PC bone metastasis. The paper also highlights several challenges in the clinical detection of cellular plasticity.


A retrospective study was performed in 26 patients who underwent an operation for femoro-patellar pain due to a patellar chondromalacia with or without minor patellar dislocation/lateral pressure syndrome. The average age of the patients was 28.5 (15-39) years. 22 of the 26 patients revealed minor chondral damages of the stages 1 and 2 according to Outerbridge. In 12 patients ("lavage" group), an arthroscopic joint debridement only was carried out, while an additional open, lateral retinaculum release was made in 14 patients ("lateral release" group). The patella's distance of dislocation according to Hepp was reduced on an average of 3.0 (0-7) mm (p = 0.0019). The results of Bentley's score obtained during the follow-up interval on an average of 30.1 (9 to 60) months were almost identical for both groups. "Good" and "very good" results were achieved in the "lavage" group (83.3 %) and "lateral release" group (78.6 % of the patients). Lateral release should be used in cases of patellar decentration between 5 and 10 mm and adequate pain symptoms. The post-operative distance of dislocation should be less than 5 mm. Under such conditions and with minor chondral damage, a combined approach by using an arthroscopic joint debridement and open lateral release is promising to treat a patellar dislocation/lateral pressure syndrome.


Game based learning is receiving increased attention, including from the New Media Corporation's 2012 Horizon Report, who detail it as one of their important trends in Higher Education, with a time to adoption of two to three years. Games are ideally suited to the development of skills, often requiring players to problem solve, plan, and critically consider strategies to win the game, and as such are suited to the development of information literacy skills we try to help our library users develop.

This workshop will explore how librarians at Middlesex and Huddersfield Universities have changed their pedagogical practice to incorporate games and activities, and the key success factors in their design and use. The majority of the workshop will be hands on exploration of the games and activities we have developed. We will then have a discussion of their use as tools for information literacy teaching and how participants might be able to use them in their own teaching.

References

Johnson, L., Adams, S., and Cummins, M. (2012) The NMC Horizon Report: 2012 Higher Education Edition. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium.


Semisolid forging process requires special movement of the ram, until now only achievable with hydraulic presses. The upper die, placed on the press ram, must move fast during forming of the component in order to reduce segregation phenomena, and, once the part is shaped, the die must squeeze the material so that the contraction of the material is overcome and no shrinkage defects are formed. Traditional mechanical presses are not able to reproduce this kind of cycles, only possible with hydraulic presses. The introduction of servo motors in mechanical presses makes possible the achievement of those requirements, and, therefore, the use of these presses for the semisolid forging processes. The main characteristic of this type of machines is the elimination of the flywheel and the clutch; in the solution proposed by the press builder Fagor, the AC servo motor drives the ram of the press by using a transmission based on gears and a crank. This paper presents some of the results achieved during the semisolid forging of A356 aluminium alloy using a 400 tons Fagor servo motor driven mechanical press installed at the University of Mondragon.


Literary beauty was once understood as intertwining sensations and ideas, and thus as providing subjective and objective reasons for literary appreciation. However, as theory and philosophy developed, the inevitable claims and counterclaims led to the view that subjective experience was not a reliable guide to literary merit. Literary theory then replaced aesthetics as did philosophy's focus on literary truth. Along with the demise of the relevance of sensations, literary form also took a back seat. This suggested to some that either literature communicated truth like any other literal form of communication or it was a mere diversion: a springboard to harmless reverie or daydreaming. Neither response satisfactorily captured what was distinctive about literature: the love readers can have for literary texts and the edification or insight claimed of works within each culture's respective catalogue of classics. However, a concept of literary beauty has again become viable due to developments in theories of pleasure and imagination. If the defining aspect of literature is the imaginative engagement it occasions, and if this imagining is constrained by plausibility and endorsed as effective relative to our goals, ideals, and interests, then literature is not reduced to either mere fact or wish fulfillment. An account of literary beauty is available which defines literature accordingly and explains how subjective and objective reasons for appreciation intertwine to evoke pleasure and insight.


A previously healthy 9 year old girl developed nephrotic syndrome with hypertension, microhematuria and normal renal function. The patient evolved as steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome whose initial renal biopsy was consistent with diffuse proliferative mesangial glomerulonephritis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. At the time of cyclophosphamide and prednisone treatment, she developed a prolonged febrile syndrome. She also had severe anemia following an aplastic crisis induced by human parvovirus B19 infection and acute renal failure secondary to a severe tubulointersticial disease. Bone marrow and renal tissue, tested by polimerase chain reaction were positive for parvovirus, while the patient's blood was negative. The renal involvement did not improve requiring chronic dialysis support. We believe that the initial glomerular disease could have been due to a parvovirus infection followed by un unexpected acute tubular interstitial nephritis, rapidly progressing to chronic renal disease. This case represents, to our knowledge, the first time that a direct relationship between parvovirus infection and acute tubulointerstitial disease has been demonstrated.


BACKGROUND
The use of the randomized consent design (commonly known as the Zelen design) is a controversial issue in randomized controlled trials. In the Zelen design, participants are randomly allocated prior to seeking consent. Those participants allocated to the intervention group are then approached and offered the intervention, which they can decline or accept. Zelen first proposed the design in 1979. It has been used infrequently since this time, although there are some notable exceptions in nursing, midwifery and some medical specialities.

AIM
This paper describes the Zelen design, including the two forms used (the single and double consent versions) and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using such a design.

METHODS
An explanation of the differences between the Zelen design and a conventional randomized controlled trial is presented. In a conventional design, detailed knowledge of the alternative interventions is given to the prospective participant. The participant gives consent and is allocated to one of the groups. In a Zelen design, participants are randomly allocated and then approached and offered the group to which they were allocated. The Zelen design is used firstly, to reduce disappointment bias in the conventional consent-randomization process, and secondly, to remove subjective bias in the recruitment process. There are concerns relating to the use of the Zelen design, including ethical concerns relating to the timing of random allocation and consent and the collection of clinical data.

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that by presenting issues pertaining to the Zelen design, other nursing and midwifery researchers may be prompted to consider its use when designing clinical research. The Zelen design is controversial, and debate about its merits and shortcomings is useful. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate.


Biotic Filtering in Endophytic Fungal Communities Kevin Daniel Ricks Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Plants can be colonized by complex communities of endophytic fungi. This thesis presents two studies, both of which investigate biotic filtering in endophytic fungal communities. Chapter 1. Endophytic fungi can be acquired horizontally via propagules produced in the environment such as in plant litters of various species. Given that litters from different plant species harbor distinct endophytic fungal communities and that endophytic fungi may be dispersal-limited, the structure of the endophytic fungal community of a given plant may be determined by proximity to particular inoculum sources. Community assembly may also be affected by biotic filtering by the plant. Therefore, a plant may be able to select particular fungal taxa from among the available pool. In that case, the structure of the endophytic fungal community in the plant could be somewhat independent of the structure of the inoculum community. We tested the hypothesis that biotic filtering of endophytic fungal communities occurs in Bromus tectorum by exposing it to a variety of inoculum sources including litters from several co-occurring plant species. The inoculum sources differed significantly from each other in the structures of the communities of endophytic fungi they harbored. We characterized the structures of the resulting leaf and root endophytic fungal communities in Bromus tectorum using high-throughput sequencing. All tested inoculum sources successfully produced complex communities of endophytic fungi in Bromus tectorum. There was significantly more variation in the structures of the communities of endophytic fungi among the inoculum sources than in the resultant endophytic fungal communities in the leaves and roots of Bromus tectorum. These results suggest that biotic filtering by Bromus tectorum played a significant role in the assembly of the endophytic fungal communities in tissues of Bromus tectorum. Because endophytic fungi influence plant fitness, it is reasonable to expect there to be selective pressure to develop a uniform, desirable endophytic fungal community even from disparate inoculum sources via a process known as biotic filtering. Chapter 2. Frequently one finds that different plant species harbor communities that are distinct. However, the nature of this interspecific variation is not clear. We characterized the endophytic fungal communities in six plant species from the eastern Great Basin in central Utah. Four of the species are arbuscular mycorrhizal (two in the Poaceae and two in the Asteraceae), while the other two species are nonmycorrhizal (one in the Brassicaceae and one in the Amaranthaceae). Our evidence suggests that both host mycorrhizal status and phylogenic relatedness independently influence endophytic fungal community structure.


The compatability of fungal (Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma virens and Pochonia chlamydosporia) and bacterial biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens) was assessed to 6 pesticides viz., carbendazim, mancozeb, metalaxyl, captan, thiram, and nemacur commonly used by farmers in India for the control of soil borne plant pathogens. The compatability was assessed at different concentrations and the concentration of 60, 1050, 160, 225, 25, and 980 µg/ml of carbendazim, metalaxyl, captan, mancozeb, thiram and nemacur was the safe tolerance limit for T. harzianum whereas the corresponding values for T. virens were 40, 1000, 125, 177, 9, and 700 µg/ml, respectively. The safe tolerance limit for P. chlamydosporia were 37.5 µg carbendazim/ml, 75 µg captan/ml, 100 µg metalaxyl/ml, 5 µg thiram/ml, 110 µg mancozeb/ml and 250 µg nemacur/ml. Among the bacteria, P. fluorescens was found to be more compatible with fungicides than B. subtilis and the maximum tolerance concentration for the former being 2500 µg Thiram/ml, 1600 µg mancozeb/ml, and 50,000 µg/ml for captan and carbendazim. Hence, pesticidal contamination at above concentration in soil will not affect their effectiveness. Moreover, the pesticide tolerance ability broadened the use as these biopesticides in conjugation with pesticides can be applied under integrated disease management for the management of soil borne plant pathogens.


New geometric properties possessed by the sequence of parameter estimates are exhibited, which yield valuable insight into the behavior of the stochastic approximation based algorithm as it is used in minimum variance adaptive control. In particular, these geometric properties, together with certain probabilistic arguments, prove that if the system does not have a reduced-order minimum variance controller, then the parameter estimates converge to a random multiple of the true parameter. An explicit expression for the limiting parameter estimate is also available. With strictly positive probability, the limiting parameter estimate is not the true parameter, and in some cases differs from the true parameter with probability one. If the system possesses reduced-order minimum variance controllers, then convergence to a minimum variance controller in a Cesaro sense is shown. The geometry of the limit set is described. Sufficient conditions are also given for some of these results to hold for parameter estimation schemes other than stochastic approximation.


Major depression is a common psychiatric presentation during the course of many chronic illnesses. Although estimates of its prevalence in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunedeficiency syndrome have varied widely in the literature, it has become increasingly clear that people with HIV infection experience depression or depressive symptoms frequently, and that major depression may be the most common psychiatric disorder. This report reviewed the currently reported data and clinical trials for treatment of depression or depressive symptoms in the course of HIV infection. We have reviewed both psychopharmacologic and psychotherapy trials and although blinded efficacy studies are the gold standard, because there is often a lack of data, we have included noncontrolled (open) trials for comparison. Pharmacologic medication trials show that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), although not more efficacious, may be more tolerable and have greater overall effectiveness. Furthermore, when medications are used to treat depression, it may be essential to evaluate for tolerability and potential drug interactions to increase efficacy. Psychotherapy trials have investigated a variety of treatment modalities including group, individual, and stress reduction techniques. In treatment trials, all of these modalities have been associated with a reduction in distress and depressive symptoms. With the advances in therapy for HIV infection, treatment of a major depressive episode or depressive symptoms has become increasing important because untreated depression could both compromise medication adherence and potentiate the disabling effects of the illness.


Objective: To determine the frequency of cervical ribs on chest radiographs of asymptomatic candidates undergoing medical fitness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Radiology Department Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan from Feb 2020 to Mar 2021. Methodology: The study was conducted on 4247 chest radiographs of candidates who reported to CMH Lahore for medical examination. The latest chest radiographs of candidates reporting for medical examinations in the CMH Lahore were included. Technically poor radiographs were excluded. Results: The frequency of cervical ribs was 136 (3.2%) with 14 (5.6%) females and 122 (3.1%) male cases. Among cervical ribs cases, 85 (62.5%) were bilateral, and 51 (38%) were unilateral. Among unilateral cervical ribs, 28 (55%) were right-sided, and 23 (45%) were on the left side. Conclusion: The frequency of cervical ribs is comparatively higher than in most international studies. The frequency of bilateral cervical ribs and type 4 cervical ribs are higher in females than males.


Colonial Williamsburg is known internationally for the history it teaches to visitors to the restored capital of eighteenth-century Virginia. Research undertaken by Williamsburg historians, archaeologists, art and architecture historians, curators, and other staff members stands behind the educational programs. This book is the first of a series grounded in that research and devoted to major themes in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Chesapeake culture. "This is an unusual and particularly valuable approach to early black history. Walsh effectively uses diverse records and artifacts, along with the ever-growing secondary literature on plantation slavery, to construct a dynamic view of change over time and across generations. She argues convincingly that one can analyze the experience of discrete groups of slaves using interconnected local records and resources". -- Peter H. Wood, Duke University In From Calabar to Carter's Grove, Lorena S. Walsh has done what conventional wisdom has deemed nearly impossible: she has assembled a substantial history of a seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Virginia slave community. Detailed, multigenerational histories of small slave groups can seldom be reconstructed for the antebellum era, except for a few unusual plantations where extraordinarily good records survive. The laborers originally belonging to tidewater's aristocratic Burwell family were, as Walsh discovered, a diverse group of Virginia-born slaves, newly enslaved Africans, and, for a time, white indentured servants. Over the years this slave community shifted and grew, frequently altered by the marriages, deaths, and estate settlements of their owners and augmented by their owngrowing families. Yet during these two centuries the majority of the Burwell slaves remained in or near tidewater Virginia. Walsh's analysis of existing plantation records, artifacts, and ruins has generated a clear and frequently detailed picture of these slaves, including lists of popular forenames and accounts of illnesses, childbirths, and escape attempts. However, as the author is first to admit, this book does not -- and based on the available evidence, cannot -- offer portraits of individual slaves; it is instead a collective portrait of the group, offering details of their African origins, slave histories, and daily hardships. Enhanced with maps, drawings, and photographs, From Calabar to Carter's Grove is an innovative study that paves the way for similar research on other slave communities. This volume will be invaluable not only to historians but to anyone with an interest in antebellum or African-American history.


Introduction The European Society of Cardiology recommends that all patients with coronary artery disease should have their glycaemic state evaluated to enable risk stratification and optimal management. The World Health Organisation and American Diabetes Association agree on diagnostic criteria, and allow the use of Fasting Plasma Glucose, Two-hour plasma glucose challenge or HbA1 c to establish a diagnosis of Diabetes [1]. The purpose of this study was to assess how random and fasting plasma glucose tests compare to HbA1 c as a diagnostic tool during the acute phase of an ST elevation MI. Methods We reviewed all patients admitted to a tertiary referral centre with HIPE coded diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction from 1st January to December 31st 2016. Their blood glucose and HbA1 c results during their inpatient stay were analysed and the Pearson correlation coefficient of fasting glucose and HbA1 c was calculated to assess their relationship. Results Of 164 patients included for analysis, 135 had their glycaemic state evaluated (82%), a further 20 patients (12%) were repatriated to a local hospital prior to glycaemic testing. The most common test was fasting plasma glucose (49%), followed by Hba1 C (39%) and random glucose (38%). 37 of the 64 HbA1 c tests (58%) returned a normal result (≤38 mmol/mol). Within the cohort of patients with a normal HbA1 c, 41% had an abnormal fasting or random plasma levels. 4/15 (27%) of the pre-diabetic HbA1 c results were preceded by normal fasting or random glucose levels. The Pearson correlation coefficient between Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1 c was 0.66, indicating a moderate correlation. 19/164 patients (12%) had a pre-existing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A new diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus was confirmed by HBa1 c testing (≥48 mmol/mol) in 4 patients (2.8%), and a pre-diabetic state (39 to 47 mmol/mol) was diagnosed in 14 patients (9.7%) without a previous diagnosis. Conclusions There is a significant under diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in patients presenting with STEMI. Routine glycaemic testing can identify previously undiagnosed patients. Our study shows a moderate correlation between fasting plasma glucose and HbA1 c. Plasma glucose levels are severely affected during the acute inflammatory response associated with STEMI,1 and therefore HbA1 c represents an alternative for accurate assessment of glycaemic state. Routine use of HbA1 c testing on patients with STEMI will help diagnose new diabetics, assess glycaemic control in patients with a pre-existing diagnosis, and identify those patients who are in a pre-diabetic state.2


A new analysis of free riding on the Gnutella network updates data from 2000 and points to an increasing downgrade in the network's overall performance and the emergence of a "metatragedy" of the commons. Individuals who use peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing networks such as Gnutella face a social dilemma. They must decide whether to contribute to the common good by sharing files or maximize their personal experience by free riding, downloading files while not contributing any to the network. Individuals gain no personal benefits from uploading files (in fact, it's inconvenient), so it's "rational" for users to free ride. However, significant numbers of free riders degrade the entire system's utility, creating a "tragedy of the digital commons."


This thesis aims to create and develop an integrated operating system platform by using programming languages, which has comprehends virtual reality technology, database technology as well image animation, all these three newly-found technologies together, and is utilized into the constructive field of mass concrete temperature control management. Furthermore, this research implies a further study of the application of virtual reality in concrete dam construction endowed with all the following priorities, such as: man-made interactive function, effective operability and compatible interface, which can simulate and rehearse all types of constructive schemes visually as well as measures with a practicable intention to provide a certain scientifically theoretical method for the construction of mass concrete projects. Thus, this platform can furnish a dynamic model based on virtual reality and engineering animation for concrete dam designs, pouring and temperature controlling, even can lead the construction scheme into its fullest optimization for any concrete construction as harboring true aims to improve the production efficiency and reduce any risk on costs of the popularization in addition with its application of this new technology.


The overall aim of this article is to explain why researchers working in Systemic Functional Linguistics and Cognitive Linguistics would benefit from dialogue with people working in psycholinguistics, and with each other. After a brief introduction, the positions on cognition taken in the Sydney and Cardiff models of Systemic Functional Linguistics are reviewed and critiqued. I then assess the extent to which Cognitive Linguistics has honoured the 'cognitive commitment' which it claims to make. The following section examines compatibilities between Systemic Functional and Cognitive Linguistic approaches, first outlining existing work which combines Hallidayan and cognitive perspectives, then discussing other potential areas of contact between the two, and finally examining the Cardiff model in relation to Cognitive Linguistics. The final section presents a collaborative view, suggesting that the ultimate aim of functionally-oriented (including cognitive) linguistics should be to attempt to answer the question 'How does the natural language user work?', and pointing out that collaboration between proponents of different linguistic models, and between linguists and researchers in other disciplines which study language, is crucial to this enterprise. Suggestions are made for ways in which dialogue across the areas of Systemic Functional Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics and psycholinguistics could contribute to such a project.


Cesium Lithium Borate (CsLiB6O10 or CLBO) is the most effective non-linear crystal which generates ultraviolet harmonics of the Nd:YAG fundamental laser wavelength. In order to enhance the damage threshold, low CLBO surface roughness, by ultra-precision machining, is needed. Because the CLBO crystal has easy hydroscopic reaction and micro scratches in machining, ultra-precise machining of the CLBO crystal is a difficult technical problem. In this paper, the new lapping slurry and polishing slurry are introduced. And the deliquescence degree of CLBO is fallen to lowest. A new working technology is also adopted. After rough polishing, the concentration of ultra-precision polishing slurry is increased properly. So does the ultra-precision polishing speed, and the wiping speed is faster than the deliquescence speed. The CLBO crystal surface roughness can achieve 1nm and keep the surface quality well.


Free-living amoebas (FLA) are protozoan parasites that occasionally cause disease in humans after contact with contaminated water or soil. We describe a series of three cases of encephalitis in a family group with a fatal outcome that occurred in the Tumbes region between December 2019 and February 2020. Acanthamoeba sp. was identified in the cerebrospinal fluid sample from case 1. All three cases had a history of entering a swimming pool months before the disease. In the Tumbes region there is no previous record of encephalitis due to FLA and its occurrence in a family cluster has never been reported before.


We present a combined numerical charge transport and morphology model to describe the current density–voltage (j–V) characteristics of three different, benchmark polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction organic solar cells in which the device performance critically depends on the processing conditions or composition of the active layer. We find that an accurate description of the j–V characteristics over a broad bias range can be obtained when the actual complex, three‐dimensional (3D) phase separation is represented by a simplified 2D or even 1D description. The morphological device model allows predicting the potential for increasing device performance by further optimizing the morphology. The optimal simplified morphology consists of two, relatively thin alternating vertically oriented slabs, that allow for fast lateral separation of photocreated holes and electrons. This morphology can effectively be described as 1D.


Epilepsy is the commonest neurological disorder in pregnancy. With appropriate management there is no increase in complications. We performed a telephonic survey to find if maternity units had a policy for managing epilepsy in labour. Material and methods We contacted the delivery suites of all consultant-led maternity units in England, Scotland and Wales to obtain details of their guideline for epilepsy in labour. Results 190 consultant-led maternity units were contacted. Only 26 units had a policy for the management of seizures in labour. Of these, diazepam was used in 92% followed by lorazepam, midazolam and magnesium sulphate. Dose was specified in 77% with most units using intra-venous route. Women with epilepsy were booked under consultant care and birth-centres were not recommended. Discussion Our study shows that although guidelines were in place for the management of pregnancy, 86% units lacked a clear policy for the management of epileptic seizures in labour. Labour is a high risk time with seizures occurring in 3.5% of women with epilepsy. There is insufficient evidence to support increased risk of pre-eclampsia in these women. Therefore, without a history of pre-eclampsia seizures in women with epilepsy should be treated as epileptic seizure and all maternity units should have clear guidelines to treat them. There is also lack of uniformity in managing this rare complication and there is need for the development of a green top guideline for the management of pregnancy in a woman with epilepsy.


We consider large-dimensional Hermitian random matrices of the form W = M + θV where M is a Wigner matrix and V is a random or deterministic, real, diagonal matrix whose entries are independent of M . For a large class of diagonal matrices V , we prove that the fluctuations of linear spectral statistics of W for analytic test function can be decomposed into that of M and of V , and that each of those weakly converges to a Gaussian distribution. We also calculate the formulae for the means and variances of the limiting distribution.


BACKGROUND AIM:The treatment of esophageal (noncardiac) chest pain is unsatisfactory and there is no approved therapy. A previous uncontrolled study suggested that theophylline may be useful. Our aims were to investigate the effects of theophylline on esophageal sensorimotor function and chest pain.METHODS:In a double-blind study, sensory and biomechanical properties of the esophagus were assessed using impedance planimetry in 16 patients with esophageal hypersensitivity, after intravenous theophylline or placebo. In a second, randomized 4-wk crossover study, oral theophylline and placebo were administered to 24 patients with esophageal hypersensitivity. Frequency, intensity, and duration of chest pain episodes were evaluated.RESULTS:After IV theophylline, chest pain thresholds (P = 0.027) and esophageal cross-sectional area (P = 0.03) increased and the esophageal wall became more distensible (P = 0.04) compared with placebo. After oral theophylline, the number of painful days (P = 0.03) and chest pain episodes (P = 0.025), pain duration (P = 0.002), and its severity (P = 0.031) decreased. Overall symptoms improved in 58% on theophylline and 6% on placebo (P < 0.02). There was no order effect.CONCLUSIONS:Theophylline relaxed the esophageal wall, decreased hypersensitivity, and improved chest pain. Theophylline is effective in the treatment of functional chest pain.


As is well understood, the values inherent in the dominant neoclassical economic paradigm are self-interest and optimization. These are the values that guide individuals and policymakers in advanced capitalist economies in their economic decision making. As a consequence, the economics discipline, arguably, is insufficiently oriented to helping people and organizations make wise choices, choices about what is really and truly in people's best interests. In other words, there is strong reason to believe that economics has a wisdom deficit. This paper draws on great philosophers such as Aristotle to explain what wisdom is and why, although economics is concerned with the normative aspect of decision making, economics has too infrequently been used to help people or their societies make wise decisions. This paper is also concerned with how a society's economic decision-making processes can be improved in order that these processes incorporate a much greater dose of wisdom. One relevant question here is: can we learn with the help of philosophers, psychologists, and organization researchers how to make economic decisions that apply the practical wisdom that Aristotle advocated? This paper's overall purpose is first to point the way toward greater decision-making wisdom, and second to propose one method for improving the wisdom of important economic related decision making. Hopefully, this paper will serve to put the issue of decision-making wisdom higher on the agenda of economists and, as a consequence, lead to wiser decisions in the economic sphere, thereby reducing the wisdom deficit.


Deep neural networks for scene perception in automated vehicles achieve excellent results for the domains they were trained on. However, in real-world conditions, the domain of operation and its underlying data distribution are subject to change. Adverse weather conditions, in particular, can significantly decrease model performance when such data are not available during training. Additionally, when a model is incrementally adapted to a new domain, it suffers from catastrophic forgetting, causing a significant drop in performance on previously observed domains. Despite recent progress in reducing catastrophic forgetting, its causes and effects remain obscure. Therefore, we study how the representations of semantic segmentation models are affected during domain-incremental learning in adverse weather conditions. Our experiments and representational analyses indicate that catastrophic forgetting is primarily caused by changes to low-level features in domain-incremental learning and that learning more general features on the source domain using pre-training and image augmentations leads to efficient feature reuse in subsequent tasks, which drastically reduces catastrophic forgetting. These findings highlight the importance of methods that facilitate generalized features for effective continual learning algorithms.


Based on analysis of the drying and wetting potentials of a particular local climate, designers choose wall systems with or without an air gap between a sheathing membrane and a cladding layer. In addition to the capillary break that the air gap provides, thereby reducing the moisture transfer from wet cladding to the interior of the wall, the airspace will add the thermal resistance of the wall system and reduce the heat flow across the wall system. These moisture and thermal performances are straightforward to understand if the air in the air cavity is assumed to be a "still air." In this paper, an experimental study is undertaken to understand the impact of airflow through an air cavity on the moisture and thermal performance of wall systems.To achieve this objective three test panels are instrumented and monitored in the field-experimental setting: one with no air gap, another one with an air gap but restricted airflow, and the third one with an air gap and open for airflow. The second and third wall systems have the same air gap width but different top flashing designs creating vented and ventilated wall systems. For the wall systems' orientation and boundary conditions considered in this study, the wall with no air gap accumulates relatively high moisture content on the sheathing board, stud, and bottom plate and also has high moisture content changes in a year cycle when compared to the vented and ventilated wall systems. In general, the hygrothermal performances of vented and ventilated wall systems are comparable. During the winter period when relatively high moisture accumulation occurs, the upper section of the ventilated wall system shows slightly lower moisture content compared to that of the vented wall system. The temperature readings of the sheathing boards in the vented and ventilated wall systems are slightly warmer than that of the wall with no air gap for 85.5% and 73% of the time (based on hourly data of a year), respectively. For the balance of a period of time, the sheathing boards in the walls with an air cavity are slightly cooler than that of the wall with an air gap. Although the low temperature on the sheathing board, which is caused by solar radiation-induced airflow, is beneficial during a cooling season, the air gap and the associated airflow may reduce the heat gain that may be obtained from solar radiation during the heating season. The implications of air cavity and flashing design (airflow rate) on the heating and cooling load calculations of different orientations, wall configurations, and climate require further investigation.


Surface roughness and wettability of the heat-treated and then surface densified spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) wood were measured to determine the effect of densification and heat-treatment on wood surface properties. The process of heat-treatment with an initial vacuum was performed in a vacuum chamber on oven dried lamellas with dimensions of 630 mm (longitudinal direction) x 45 mm (tangential direction) x 25 mm (radial direction). The lamellas were heat-treated at four different temperatures which were 170 °C, 190 °C, 210 °C and 230 °C. Control specimens were not exposed to heat-treatment. The lamellas were first heated to 100 °C, the creation of a vacuum taking 30 min at this temperature, and then heated to the desired temperature, and treated at this constant temperature for 3 h. The lamellas were then cooled down by using coils with cold water inside the chamber. Surface densification of lamellas with compression from 22 mm to 15 mm thickness was made by press platens heated at 150 °C and held in that position for 60 s. After the 1 min, the heated platen was cooled to 90 °C, whilst the specimen remained under compression to minimize immediate spring back. The total time of compression was 2 min (30 s closing, 60 s pressing and approx. 30 s cooling). In the treatment groups, the optimum treatment temperature on the one-side densified wood specimens was found to be 170 °C based on the surface roughness and wettability values. Surface densification significantly decreased the surface roughness of the wood specimens. The surface quality of wood can be improved when the wood is exposed to the heat-treatment and then surface densification.


Infections by bordetella pertussis, has resurged in many countries around the world including developed regions. Where as new vaccination strategies for adolescents, pregnant women and adults have been recommended, mortality afecting young infants is still significant. Patients with severe cases present with extreme leukocytosis and develop refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension that is unresponsive to maximal intensive care. Objective To report a case of malignant pertussis in a 4 weeks old infant. Design a descriptive case report. Patient a 4 weeks old boy was admitted to the intensive Care Unit with respiratory distress and a diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Both parents and a 19 months old sibbling had upper respiratory infection symptoms. Four days before admission he started with coryza and cough. The cough was not paroxismal and cianosis and whooping were never present. He presented a marked leucocytosis wih lymphocytosis. Respiratory failure occurred rapidly from the fourth day with subsequent deterioration due to the development of severe pulmonary hypertension and multiorganic failure which caused the infant's death after 4 days of intensive care therapy. Although Bordetella Pertussis was not confirmed by PCR, culture o serology the findings on the autopsy were suggestive of malignant pertussis. Comments mortality due to malignant pertussis remains superior to 75% regardless life suport measures. Adults are the main source of contamination of non-immunized infants, thus immunization of older adolescents and adults who will have close contact with infants aged < 12 months is the most effective preventive measure.


Background : Angiotensin II (Ang II) is found to perpetuate inflammation and visceral damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It mediates most of its actions through Ang II receptor type I (AT1) whose gene polymorphism A1166C (CC genotype) seems to have pathogenic effects. Objective : To measure serum Ang II and the frequency of AT1 receptor CC genotype among a group of Egyptian patients with pediatric onset lupus nephritis (pLN). Methods : This is a case-control cross sectional study which included 24 patients with pLN and 24 age and sex-matched healthy subjects as controls. Clinical evaluation and routine laboratory markers for SLE patients were done. SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG)-2004 renal score were measured. Serum Ang II was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and detection of ATI receptor CC genotype by polymerase chain reaction were done for both patients and controls. Results : Patients had significantly higher serum Ang II than the controls (p=0.0001). The frequency of AT1 receptor CC genotype was significantly higher among patients as compared to the control group (p=0.008). Both serum Ang II and AT1 receptor CC genotype were comparable between patients with proliferative LN class III and IV and those with LN class II (p>0.05). Serum Ang II did not correlate significantly with SLEDAI or BILAG-renal score (p>0.05). Conclusion : Serum Ang II and AT1 receptor CC genotype seem to have pathogenic role in pLN but with no deleterious effects on the phenotype of LN for further assessment. Keywords : Lupus nephritis; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin II type 1 receptor; Polymorphism; Pediatrics.


The activated slip system of Ti-6Al-4V alloy during the superplastic forming (SPF) was investigated by the in-grain misorientation axes analysis (IGMA), and the mechanisms of slip model activation have been discussed. Depending on the distribution of IGMA, one significant discovery from this study is that all the basal, prismatic, and pyramidal slip systems would be activated. Considering the effective slip models, Schmid factors, and the Euler angles together, it is suggested that the dominant slip systems not only desired the largest Schmid factors but strongly demand continuous Schmid factors among the adjacent grains. Meanwhile, the estimated critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) on basal<a> and prismatic<a> at the temperature of 920°C with the strain rate of 10−3/s is given. An original method of roughly estimating dominant slip models with Euler angles has been introduced, which predicts that grain rotation may change the slip model. Furthermore, Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM) is employed to simulate the evolution of Euler angles, and the grain orientation presents the largest set of significant clusters around the (1 100) after deformation. Besides, the continuity of the Schmid factor assumption for the activated slip model has also been verified by CPFEM. In addition, the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue λ1=1 of Euler angle rotation matrix is calculated to be aligned with the grain rotation axis, which can be applied to describe the grain rotation.


Emerging evidence indicates memory donor‐reactive T cells are detrimental to transplant outcome and that quantifying the frequency of IFNγ‐producing, donor‐reactive PBMCs by ELISPOT has potential utility as an immune monitoring tool. Nonetheless, differences in assay performance among laboratories limit the ability to compare results. In an effort to standardize assays, we prepared a panel of common cellular reagent standards, developed and cross validated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for alloreactive IFNγ ELISPOT assays in several research laboratories supported by the NIH‐funded Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation (CTOT) Consortium. We demonstrate that strict adherence to the SOP and centralized data analysis results in high reproducibility with a coefficient of variance (CV) of ∼30%. This standardization of IFNγ ELISPOTassay will facilitate interpretation of data from multicenter transplantation research studies and provide the foundation for developing clinical laboratory testing strategies to guide therapeutic decision‐making in transplant patients.


Research on academic cultures and specifically on the activity of attending conferences is sparse. The aim of this article is to describe the academic cultural activity of actively attending professional conferences and to provide novice researchers with structured guidance. The data is based on my own experiences of attending several conferences. The main goals of Active Participation in Professional Conferences (APPC) are to spread research results, gain insight from other researchers and their research, networking and, attaining merits. APPC is presented here as comprising three main phases: pre-conference preparation, on-site participation and post-conference review. In this study, APPC is viewed as an activity through which the identity of a researcher is socially constructed, involving disciplinary processes of being enculturated into the scientific culture, its norms and values.


This paper proposes network recasting as a general method for network architecture transformation. The primary goal of this method is to accelerate the inference process through the transformation, but there can be many other practical applications. The method is based on block-wise recasting; it recasts each source block in a pre-trained teacher network to a target block in a student network. For the recasting, a target block is trained such that its output activation approximates that of the source block. Such a block-by-block recasting in a sequential manner transforms the network architecture while preserving the accuracy. This method can be used to transform an arbitrary teacher network type to an arbitrary student network type. It can even generate a mixed-architecture network that consists of two or more types of block. The network recasting can generate a network with fewer parameters and/or activations, which reduce the inference time significantly. Naturally, it can be used for network compression by recasting a trained network into a smaller network of the same type. Our experiments show that it outperforms previous compression approaches in terms of actual speedup on a GPU.


Novel hierarchical magnetic composite microspheres of copper-doped Fe3O4@poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene)@ZIF-8 (Cu-FPZ, Cu stands for copper doped) were successfully fabricated. The core–shell Fe3O4(PAA)@P4VP magnetic microspheres were first synthesized by a polymerization approach, in which the 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) monomer interacted with a –COOH group of poly(acrylic acid) modified Fe3O4 by means of a hydrogen-bond interaction. Then Zn2+ was adsorbed on the surface of the P4VP shell, followed by the formation of a ZIF-8 porous shell with 2-methylimidazolate. Finally, nearly 5.45 wt% of copper content was incorporated with the ZIF-8 framework to form a magnetic core–shell copper-doped Fe3O4@P4VP@ZIF-8. The obtained copper-doped Fe3O4@P4VP@ZIF-8 catalyst was applied in the selective oxidation of alcohols and epoxidation of olefins using molecular oxygen as the oxidant. The results demonstrated that the magnetic core–shell copper-doped Fe3O4@P4VP@ZIF-8 catalyst showed better catalytic activity with significantly improved turnover number and turnover frequency (up to 8.25 h−1) than other copper MOFs. Furthermore, this heterogeneous catalyst could be cycled at least 15 times without significant loss of activity.


Abstract:This article uses largely untapped source collections to show how African Americans built movements for economic and environmental justice in Lowcountry South Carolina by the early 1970s. Looking at the area around Hilton Head Island, the essay starts by explaining how Black Gullah communities faced devastating land loss due to economic, legal, and demographic pressures. Into this context, the BASF company announced plans in late 1969 to build a petrochemical plant just west of Hilton Head. Although many Black leaders saw the plant increasing the purchasing power of their communities, others dissented out of concerns for industrial pollution's threat to maritime industries. By June 1970, a temporary alliance between a Black fishing cooperative, white developers, and white retirees defeated the project. By studying these unusual alliances, this article helps explain how Black southerners shaped national debates about environmentalism even as Hilton Head became a well-preserved but exclusive landscape.


We read with great interest the article by Calvo-Sanz et al. comparing specular microscopy (SM) with OCT and ultrasound pachymetry (USP). We would like to congratulate with the authors for their excellent paper, because even if corneal thickness (CT) is not the only parameter involved in the reliability of intraocular pressure measurement, a precise CT measurement is very important both in establishing the corneal health and in evaluating the intraocular pressure. Their paper confirms our belief that SM measurements are in absolute thinner compared to other devices. In fact in a previous paper De Bernardo et al. found that CT obtained with this device was thinner than the measurements obtained with Pentacam, and they proposed a regression formula to make the measurements comparable. We agree with the authors that USP measurements depend on the exact axial placement of the probe making the reproducibility of measurements dependent on examiner expertise. Concerning the difference between USP and SM, the authors performed the USP after the instillation of topical anesthesia utilizing a combination of 0.1% tetracaine and 0.4% oxybuprocaine. Theoretically this could have given some differences, because it is true that in a previous published paper it has been demonstrated no influence on CT and volume measurements with the instillation of oxybuprocaine eye drops, but tetracaine eye drops have been described to cause corneal thickening. So in conclusion we would like to suggest that for future works concerning the comparison of different devices the use of oxybuprocaine, better if preservative free, instead of tetracaine should be advisable.


Abstract Previous research suggests that the yellow-faced pocket gopher (Cratogeomys castanops) occupies a restricted range in western Kansas that is surrounded by the range of the plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius), which is regarded as a superior competitor. To determine whether the plains pocket gopher has encroached on the range of the yellow-faced pocket gopher in the past 35 years and to better understand the geographic relationships of these species, we trapped pocket gophers in western Kansas and collected soil texture and land cover data. We used ArcView 3.2 to map the distributions of these species in the study area, as well as the kinds of soil and land cover found in their potential home ranges. Although the distributions of the 2 species overlap, they are strictly parapatric. The apparent cause of this parapatric relationship is differential tolerance of soil textures. The distribution of the yellow-faced pocket gopher in Kansas is limited to just 7 counties divided into 2 populations, both surrounded by the distribution of the plains pocket gopher. We found no evidence that the range of the plains pocket gopher has expanded at the expense of the yellow-faced pocket gopher in the past 35 years. Thus, although the yellow-faced pocket gopher remains a "species of greatest conservation need" in Kansas because of agricultural threats, it evidently is not imperiled at this time.


Absorption and steady-state emission spectra of two fluorescent dyes are measured in a series of aprotic solvents with similar refractive index and different polarity. The spectra are interpreted in terms of a two-state electronic model accounting for the coupling to internal vibrations and to an effective solvation coordinate. The proposed approach naturally accounts not only for solvatochromic shifts of absorption and emission bands but also for the evolution of band shapes with solvent polarity and for the observation of nonspecular absorption and fluorescence bands. The good agreement between experimental and calculated spectra confirms the validity of a two-state picture for the low-energy spectral properties of these donor−acceptor molecules, provided that the molecular polarizability is fully accounted for. The role of conformational degrees of freedom in flexible chromophores is also addressed.


This article investigates agglomeration processes in ageing societies by introducing an overlapping generation structure into a New Economic Geography model. Whether higher economic integration leads to spatial concentration of economic activity crucially hinges on the economies' demographic properties. While population aging as represented by declining birth rates strengthens agglomeration processes, declining mortality rates weaken them. This is due to the fact that we allow for nonconstant population size. In particular, we show that population growth acts as an important dispersion force that augments the distributional effects on agglomeration processes resulting from the turnover of generations. JEL classification: R12, J10, F15, C61


[NiFeSe] hydrogenases are a sub-group of the large family of [NiFe] hydrogenases in which a selenocysteine ligand is coordinating the Ni at the active site. As observed for other selenoproteins, the [NiFeSe] hydrogenases display much higher catalytic activities than their Cys-containing homologues. Here we review the biochemical, catalytic, spectroscopic and structural properties of known [NiFeSe] hydrogenases, namely from the Hys, Fru and Vhu families. A survey of new [NiFeSe] hydrogenases present in the databases showed that all enzymes belong to either group 1 periplasmic uptake hydrogenases (Hys) or to group 3 cytoplasmic hydrogenases (Fru and Vhu), and are present in either sulfate-reducing or methanogenic microorganisms. In both kinds of organisms the [NiFeSe] hydrogenases are preferred over their Cyscontaining homologues if selenium is available. Since no structural information is available for the Vhu and Fru enzymes, we have modelled the large subunit of these enzymes and analyzed the area surrounding the active site. Three [NiFeSe] hydrogenases of the Hys and Vhu types were identified in which the selenocysteine residue is found in a different location in the sequence, which should result in a surprising coordination to the Ni as a bridging, rather than terminal, ligand. The high activity and fast reactivation, together with a degree of oxygen tolerance for the H2-production activity, make the Hys hydrogenases attractive catalysts for technological applications.


In this article, we aim to contribute to the debate on global imbalances by assessing whether China's current account surplus is persistent in the long run by examining the mean-reverting property of current account balance to GDP ratio. To this end, we employ advanced time series techniques which aim to capture nonlinear dynamics in a current account balance and structural breaks in the data generation process. Furthermore, in order to analyze how the global financial crisis has affected the current account dynamics of China, we consider two distinct sample periods as "before" and "after" the crisis eras. Our findings, which are robust to various testing procedures, reveal that current account balance of China follows a nonstationary process under all eras suggesting that current account balance of China is not on a sustainable path. This finding has implications for both the Chinese economy and the likely evolution of global imbalances. As China implements new policies to reduce underlying distortions in its economy, its current account surplus may decline even further and this may help global imbalances to narrow.


Phytosterols occur in relatively high concentration in the seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and in lower concentration in olive (Olea europaea L.) oil. The aim of this research was to investigate some new rapeseed varieties and olive genotypes that are grown in Northwest Turkey and to compare the phytosterol contents of both crops. For rapeseed, the data were collected in the growing seasons 2004-2005 from a field experiment with 19 new rapeseed varieties and three replications. For olives, 21 different varieties were used in the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 growing seasons. The separation and identification of free phytosterols and the analysis of their contents were successfully achieved using the capillary column-gas chromatographic method. According to the obtained results, for rapeseed, sitosterol (1.54-2.36 g/kg) was the major component of total phytosterols, followed by campesterol (0.02-1.58 g/kg) and brassicasterol (0.26-0.58 g/kg). Regarding the olive varieties, the sitosterol content changed between 1.03 and 2.01 g/kg, followed by avenasterol ranging from 0.07 to 0.44 g/kg. The brassicasterol, campesterol and stigmasterol contents did not affect the total amount of sterols. The total phytosterol content ranged between 4.25 and 11.37 g/kg for rapeseed and 1.29 and 2.38 g/kg for olives.


The traditional approach to class voting has largely ignored the question whether 'objective' class membership coincides with 'subjective' class identification. Following Sosnaud et al. (2013) and D'Hooge et al. (2015), this study evaluates party preferences in the Netherlands when people's objective and subjective social class do not coincide. Seminal studies on voting behavior have suggested that members of lower classes are more likely to vote for the economic left and cultural right and that higher classes demonstrate the opposite pattern. Yet, these studies have overlooked on the one hand the possibility that there is a mismatch between the objective class people can be classified in and the class they think they are part of, and on the other hand the consequences of this discordant class perception on voting behavior. I find that the majority of the Dutch people identify with the middle class, whereas only a minority of the lower and higher classes correctly perceive their objective social class. Further, subjective class identification seems to be a better predictor of general and economic voting behavior than objective class. When it comes to general and economic voting the Klasse fur sich prevails over the Klasse an sich.


Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a disease described in several European countries. The disease affects neonatal calves and is characterised by petechiae, cutaneous bleedings and melena, resulting in a case mortality of 90%. Haematology shows thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia and anaemia. Pathology findings include pale mucous membranes, petechiae, ecchymoses through the whole body, thereby histology of the bone marrow shows a panmyelopthisis. To confirm case diagnosis reference intervals for thrombocytes and leukocytes are needed, however there is not much known about these reference values for neonatal calves. The current study sampled 361 control calves aged between 10 and 28 days for haematological analysis. There were no age effects observed between different age categories with regard to amount of thrombocyte and leukocytes (P>0.05). To define reference intervals the formula 'mean ± 1.96*standard deviation' was used. The results of the present study were used to define reference intervals for thrombocytes and leukocytes for neonatal calves in a BNP affected population.


Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; McMaster University; John Douglas Taylor Fund; Department of English and Cultural Studies


Current models of spoken-word recognition assume automatic activation of multiple candidate words fully or partially compatible with the speech input. We propose that listeners make use of this concurrent activation in word play such as punning. Distortion in punning should ideally involve no more than a minimal contrastive deviation between two words, namely a phoneme. Moreover, we propose that this metric of similarity does not presuppose phonemic awareness on the part of the punster. We support these claims with an analysis of modern and traditional puns in Japanese (in which phonemic awareness in language users is not encouraged by alphabetic orthography). For both data sets, the results support the predictions. Punning draws on basic processes of spokenword recognition, common across languages.


In this article we showed clinic-neurological and neurovisualizative investigation of 20 patients with acute isolated cerebellar infarction and taking into account frequency of symptoms of the cerebellar ataxia peculiarities of ataxic disorders were determined according to involved anatomic structures and arterial territories of the cerebellum.


Although cervical carcinoma is among the most frequently encountered malignancies during pregnancy only a small number of cases during pregnancy have been reported. Usually, the patients have been treated by radical trachelectomy with or without chemotherapy during the pregnancy. Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection with frozen section, simple trachelectomy and cerclage were performed in the 22(nd) week of pregnancy. The histologic examination confirmed a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix of 35mm diameter, lymphangioinvasion (L1), low grade, clear surgical margin, negative pelvic lymph nodes according to stage Figo IB. Adjuvant chemotherapy with three cycles of cisplatin was performed after surgery. Delivery was performed by cesarean section followed by radical hysterectomy in the the 32(nd) week of pregnancy. Recurrent adjuvant chemotherapy with three cycles of cisplatin and local vaginal iridium radiation were performed after surgery. Patient had no surgery related complications. No relapse of cancer has been diagnosed during the following 16 months. Simple trachelectomy may be alternative treatment option to radical trachelectomy for pregnant women with early stage cervical cancer without lymph node metastasis.


Energy consumption in information and communication technology (ICT) is estimated to be 10 percent of the total energy consumed in industrial countries. Besides, the population of ICT customers is growing. In order to handle the increasing traffic demands, service providers need to expand their network infrastructure. The recent proposed network virtualization technology helps slow down the infrastructure expansion by allowing the coexistence of multiple virtual networks over a single physical network. Although virtualized network environment (VNE) slows down the infrastructure expansion and therefore controls power consumption, it is essential to develop new techniques to decrease VNE's energy consumption. In this paper, we discuss multiple novel energy saving reconfiguration methods that globally/locally optimize VNE's link power consumption, during off-peak time. The proposed fine-grained local reconfiguration enables the providers to adjust level of the reconfiguration, and accordingly control possible traffic disruptions. An Integer Linear Program (ILP) is formulated for each solution according to two power models, and considering the impact of traffic splitability. Because the formulated ILPs are not scalable to large network sizes, a novel heuristic algorithm is also suggested. The simulation results prove the proposed solutions are able to save notable amount of energy in physical links during off-peak time.


A complex quantitative study of changes of proliferative processes in lymphatic vessels on the one hand and changes of the level of corticosteroids in the peripheral blood in staphylococcal intoxication and infection in the same rats on the other hand has been carried out. In the work H3-thymidine has been used. The comparison of the obtained morphological data with the dynamics of the change in the corticosteroid level shows that the decay of lymphocytes, the devastating of light centers and the cortical substance of lymph nodes, an abrupt lowering of the amount of DNA-synthesizing and mitotically dividing cells take place in the period associated with a release of a great amount of corticosteroids into the blood. The drop of their level to control values goes in parallel with increasing the amount of DNA-synthesizing and mitotically dividing cells. The obtained data suggest that the leading role in those changes of the lympoid tissue which had been described by a number of authors in infectional processes is played by corticosteroids.


The survival of C57BL/6 mice (H‐2b) bearing B16 melanoma (H‐2b) was prolonged if the animals were treated solely by immunization with an interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)‐secreting allogeneic cell construct that expressed melanoma‐associated antigens (MAA) along with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class‐l determinants (H‐2k; RLBA‐IL‐2 cells). This was the case if the mice were immunized simultaneously with, or 6 days following, the injection of viable B16 cells. Under similar conditions, the survival of tumor‐bearing mice immunized with an allogeneic cell construct (H‐2k) that expressed MAA but did not secrete IL‐2 (RLBA‐ZipNeo cells), or with an allogeneic construct (H‐2k) that secreted IL‐2 but did not form MAA (LM‐IL‐2 cells), was also prolonged. However, in these instances, the period of survival was significantly shorter than that of mice immunized with the cell construct that combined IL‐2 secretion with the expression of MAA. Tumor‐bearing mice immunized with non‐transfected LM(TK‐) cells (H‐2k), or irradiated B16 cells (H‐2b) failed to survive longer than untreated mice. Although the survival of the treated animals was prolonged, in most instances tumor growth recurred. The recurrent tumors in mice treated with the allogeneic cell constructs formed melanin and were histologically indistinguishable from tumors in untreated mice. Cells from the recurrent tumors were resistant to further immunotherapy and to cytotoxic effector cells obtained from the spleens of mice immunized with the same cellular immunogen used initially. The injection of IL‐2‐secreting syngeneic B16 cells into C57BL/6 mice invariably resulted in the appearance of non‐IL‐2‐secreting melanomas. Under similar circumstances, tumors failed to develop in C57BL/6 mice injected with IL‐2‐secreting, or non‐secreting, allogeneic cell constructs. Thus, the expression of allogeneic antigens protected the mice from growth of the cellular immunogens.


Smart grids allow automated meter readings and facilitate two-way communications between the smart meters and utility control centers. As the smart grid becomes more intelligent, it becomes increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Smart grid security mainly focuses on mutual authentication and key management techniques. An impeding factor in grid security is the memory and processing constraints of the smart meters. The aim of this paper is to propose a lightweight mutual authentication protocol between a residential smart meter and a gateway. The authentication protocol provides source authentication, data integrity, message confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. The security analysis renders this protocol robust against several attacks. Its performance analysis provides meticulous results as to how the proposed protocol is efficient in terms of computation overhead, average delay and buffer occupancy at the gateway.


The development of the Wallingford Procedure WASSP (1981) and the MOSQITO (Moys 1987) models will provide the sewerage engineer with design tools to assess the quantitative and qualitative performance of sewer systems. As part of the development of such a quality model, the University of Manchester, financed by the Water Research centre and North West Water, have undertaken a fieldwork program of research to monitor the hydraulic performance and the temporal variation of pollutants in the inflow and the overflow at five combined sewage overflows in the North West of England. These projects are integrated into the program of research co-ordinated by the River Basin Management group at WRc Engineering.

This paper describes the instrumentation used at a typical field site and illustrates the monitored temporal variation of pollutants for a number of storm events. These results show the complexity of the monitored pollutographs and highlight the large number of variables which influence combined sewer quality. Using data monitored in 1986, it is hypothesised that the long term impact of combined sewer discharges on receiving waters may be estimated from the flow retention performance and some estimate of annual average pollutant concentration. To predict the short term impact on river quality it is necessary to consider the complex processes associated with combined sewer flow and to include the separation performance of the overflow structure.


Based on the sensing mechanism of microsensor, a simulation model of a practical silicon beam resonator attached to an E-type round diaphragm and used for measuring concentrated force is established. The relationship between the basic natural frequency of the beam resonator and the concentrated force is calculated, analyzed and investigated. As a microsensor FEM is used to study some important simulation results on the vibration features of the beam resonators. Based on the differential output signals, a set of optimum parameters of the proposed sensing unit is determined.


We present novel exploration algorithms and a control law that enable the construction of Voronoi diagrams over unknown areas using a single autonomous vehicle equipped with range sensors. Our control law and exploration algorithms are provably complete. The control law uses range measurements to enable tracking Voronoi edges between two obstacles. Exploration algorithms make decisions at vertices of the Voronoi diagram to expand the explored area until a complete Voronoi diagram is constructed in finite time. MATLAB simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of both the control law and the exploration algorithms.


In this paper, we present a technique for automatic color image inpainting, the art of modifying an image-region in a nondetectable form. The main algorithm is based on the theory of projections onto convex sets (POCS). The image and its wavelet transform are projected onto each other after applying suitable constraints in each domain. This technique exploits the frequency-spatial representation provided by wavelets and utilizes the correlation between the damaged area in the image and its neighborhood. The resulting restored area is homogeneous with its surrounding and preserves the aesthetics of the image. The same technique is used for simple video restoration problems. Video frames are stacked and treated as a 3D volume, making a natural use of interframe correlation.


Paresis of the limbs of two 4-month-old ostriches fed a diet predominantly of crushed maize was investigated. Raised levels of serum aspartate transaminase and creatine kinase were demonstrated in both birds. The less severely affected ostrich recovered after a single intramuscular injection of a vitamin E-selenium preparation but the other died despite therapy. An autopsy of the latter revealed focal pale areas in the thigh muscle. Microscopically affected muscle fibres showed degeneration, necrosis and regenerative changes. Fibrinoid degeneration and necrosis of some arterioles was observed as well as varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis. The above findings suggest a diagnosis of vitamin E-selenium deficiency.


This document discusses procedural issues related to the extensibility of IETF protocols, including when it is reasonable to extend IETF protocols with little or no review, and when extensions or variations need to be reviewed by the IETF community. Experience has shown that extension of protocols without early IETF review can carry risk. The document also recommends that major extensions to or variations of IETF protocols only take place through normal IETF processes or in coordination with the IETF. This document is directed principally at other Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) and vendors considering requirements for extensions to IETF protocols. It does not modify formal IETF processes.


BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
Group A streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA) is a major virulence surface factor. Its highly conserved nature among all tested serotypes of group A streptococci (GAS) as well as animal protection studies make SCPA a prime vaccine candidate. The present study was undertaken to explore the human immunogenicity to SCPA using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

METHODS
Children (n=72) who had signs and symptoms of acute pharyngitis and had GAS isolated from the throat at initial visit were included. Acute and convalescent sera were collected 4 weeks apart. ELISA was performed using recombinant SCPA peptide as antigen.

RESULTS
The mean convalescent anti-SCPA level was twice the level of mean acute anti-SCPA and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). There was a rise in convalescent anti-SCPA in all children aged 2-12 yr.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
Our observations confirmed that SCPA was highly immunogenic in children infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Further studies need to be done to characterize the immune response including antibody subclass.


The Global Financial Crisis made its first appearance in Britain towards the end of 2007 with the failure of the Northern Rock Bank. It then reached an unparalleled intensity a year later when the government was forced to intervene to prevent the collapse of Lloyds/HBOS and RBS/Natwest. Before these events the British banking system possessed a long established reputation for resilience and competence that made it one of the most admired and trusted in the world. The financial crisis of 2007/8, and the subsequent revelations about the behaviour of bankers, destroyed that reputation and drove a desire for a complete reform of the British banking system. Forgotten in this headlong rush towards radical restructuring were the reasons why the British banking system had become so admired and trusted. The aim of this book is to explain why the British banking system gained its reputation for resilience and competence, maintained it for over 100 years, and then lost it in such a rapid and spectacular fashion. To achieve that aim requires a study of the entire banking system. Banks are key components of a complex financial system continually interacting with each other, and constantly changing over time, This makes the conventional distinctions drawn between different types of banks, including those specialising in international finance, savings and loans, corporate lending, and retail deposits and borrowing, inappropriate for any long-term analysis. The distinctions between different types of banks were neither absolute nor permanent but relative and temporary. Banks were also central to both the payments system and the money market without which no modern economy could function. What this book is about is the development of the British banking system as a whole over more than three centuries. Only with such an understanding is it possible to appreciate what the British banking system achieved and then maintained from the middle of the 19th century onwards, why it was lost in such a short space of time, and what needs to be done to return it to the position it once occupied. Without such an understanding the mistakes of the recent past are destined to be repeated time and gain.


OBJECTIVES
To describe the rate and distribution of injuries during basic training in male and female cadets and to assess the contribution of pretraining conditioning and height to the male-female differential in injuries.

DESIGN
Cohort study.

SETTING
The US Military Academy, West Point, NY.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 558 cadets from the class of 1995 at the US Military Academy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The rate of injuries resulting in 1 or more days excused from physical activities per 100 cadets and the rate of injuries resulting in hospitalization of 1 night or longer per 100 cadets.

RESULTS
Women had 2.5 times the rate of injuries as men and 3.9 times the rate of injuries resulting in hospitalization. Women had significantly more stress fractures and stress reactions than men. The median number of days excused from physical activities for women's injuries was significantly higher than that from men's injuries. Pretraining conditioning, measured by performance on a 2-mile (3.2-km) run, accounted for approximately half the difference in rates of injuries between men and women; differences in height among men and women did not account for differences in injury rates.

CONCLUSIONS
The women had a higher risk for injury during military training than men. Increased pretraining conditioning may substantially decrease the risk for injury.


Reexamination of the distribution of fossils found in the earliest preserved synorogenic conglomerates within the Sevier thrust belt suggests that initial thrust movement may be no older than Aptian age. This interpretation is corroborated by subsidence analyses of sedimentary sequences lying within and east of the Idaho-Wyoming and Utah thrust belts. A major episode of middle Cretaceous (Aptian–Cenomanian) subsidence is interpreted as recording the initiation of thrust loading deformation in the adjacent Sevier orogenic belt. An earlier subsidence event took place during Middle Jurassic time, more than 30 m.y. prior to the Cretaceous event, and may be the result of tectonic events to the west that are unrelated to thrust deformation in the Idaho-Wyoming and Utah thrust belts. We find no verifiable evidence to support previous interpretations that Sevier belt deformation and uplift began in Late Jurassic time.


The use of intellectual resources of key professionals to provide customized goods and services is seen to be a key characteristic of knowledge intensive organizations. While knowledge management efforts have become popular in organizations that depend on the knowledge and skills of their employees, it is unclear what the benefits of such efforts are and how these intellectual resources may actually create value for the organization. At the same time, vast information and communication technology infrastructures are being implemented to tap into the diverse intellectual resources to little effect. This paper uses the Intellectual Bandwidth Model originally developed by Nunamaker et al. to investigate the extent to which do collaborative technologies support the mobilization of intellectual resources to create value for an organization. Following an investigation of the intellectual bandwidth of a large multinational consulting company, this paper provides insight into the role of technology for mobilizing intellectual resources and offers implications for developing an infrastructure to support core business processes.


ABSTRACT Clinical laboratories across the nation are faced with a shortage of qualified medical laboratory technicians (MLTs) and medical laboratory scientists (MLSs). As the clinical laboratory workforce continues to shrink, it is essential that higher-education institutions acknowledge the employment needs of rural laboratories to ensure quality health care in underserved areas. An aging workforce, program closures, and a general increase in demand for laboratory testing have compounded the workforce shortage for rural clinical laboratories, which often face unique challenges. The purpose of this research study was to examine the perceptions of rural clinical laboratory managers toward higher education's response to the shortage of MLTs and MLSs and to determine the extent to which MLT and MLS programs are meeting the staffing and professional development needs of rural clinical laboratories. This descriptive mixed-method study was conducted utilizing a national survey of 429 MLT and MLS program directors, in addition to interviews with 10 clinical laboratory managers in rural West Virginia. The results of this study revealed higher education institutions are not adequately meeting the employment needs of rural clinical laboratories, with notable key areas for improvement, including communication, partnership, and promotion of the profession. Interviews with laboratory managers indicated a moderate to severe rural workforce shortage, with a glaring deficiency of MLS candidates. Research findings demonstrated that community and technical colleges, specifically MLT programs, were more likely than universities and 4-year colleges to establish formal relationships with rural laboratories and served as a primary source of job candidates for rural laboratories. The findings further suggested rural clinical rotations, targeted recruitment efforts, and the creation of online and hybrid programs would aid rural laboratories in securing a qualified workforce, whereas the delivery of online continuing-education modules would benefit incumbent workers.


Context. Recent studies have revealed massive star clusters in a region of the Milky Way close to the tip of the Long Bar. These clusters are heavily obscured and are characterised by a population of red supergiants. Aims. We analyse a previously unreported concentration of bright red stars ∼16 � away from the cluster RSGC1 Methods. We utilised near IR photometry to identify candidate red supergiants and then K-band spectroscopy of a sample to characterise their properties. Results. We find a compact clump of eight red supergiants and five other candidates at some distance, one of which is spectroscopically confirmed as a red supergiant. These objects must form an open cluster, which we name Alicante 8. Because of the high reddening and strong field contamination, the cluster sequence is not clearly seen in 2MASS or UKIDSS near-IR photometry. From the analysis of the red supergiants, we infer an extinction AKS = 1.9 and an age close to 20 Myr. Conclusions. Though this cluster is smaller than the three known previously, its properties still suggest a mass in excess of 10 000 M� . Its discovery corroborates the hypothesis that star formation in this region has happened on a wide scale between ∼10 and ∼20 Myr ago.


Abstract: About 1400 years ago, we heard of a great event from the Arab land, Isra 'Mi'raj. However, over time, and the times are getting better with increasing science theory. Then the events of Isra and Mi'raj can be revealed in modern physics so that they can be accepted by human reason. Through Einstein's theory of relativity, E = m.c2 (where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light), Isra 'Mi'raj becomes an event that is no longer irrational, but rational and scientific. Then, on what part of the theory of relativity play a role in explaining the events of Isra 'and Mi'raj of the Prophet Muhammad SAW scientifically? All will be explored comprehensively and systematically in this paper.


Background Despite the positive results of the NETT trial in favour of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) uptake of the technique has been limited largely due to an exaggerated fear of the associated mortality risk. We have analysed our 18 year experience of LVRS to provide a more sophisticated personalised risk profile based on individual patient data. Methods Since 1994 we have performed 250 lung volume reduction procedures on 220 patients: 153M:97F, age 61 (39–74) years. The initially approach was through median sternotomy (20 patients), with the subsequent 230 procedures performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), 3 of which required conversion to open thoracotomy. All patients underwent standard physiological and anatomical selection techniques with 51 (20%) falling outside recognised safety limits (FEV1 or DLCO <20% predicted). All patients were offered surgery after discussion in our LVRS MDT panel and counselled on risk on their basis of their physiological status. We analysed data collected prospectively using logistic regression to identify the factors predicting early postoperative mortality. Results Open surgery significantly increased the risk of 30 day mortality 22% vs VATS 3.6% (p=0.005). Bilateral vs unilateral VATS had no influence. At 30 days mortality was associated with low BMI, DLCO and KCO At 90 days, mortality was also associated with FEV1 and RV:TLC DLCO was the only significant independent predictor of 30 day (OR 0.88, CI 0.80–0.97) and 90 day (OR 0.92, CI 0.88–0.98) mortality after VATS (table 1). The causes of death after 30 days in the VATS group were mainly due to pneumonia (5 cases) with cardiac complications (2); tension pneumothorax (1) and fatal pulmonary haemorrhage (1) in the remainder. Conclusion LVRS is primarily a procedure to improve health status so accurately informed consent is imperative. Careful consideration of preoperative physiological characteristics and operative technique allows estimation of an individualised mortality risk for LVRS which may be lower than the commonly perceived overall figure. Abstract S26 Table 1 DLCO (%pred) 30 day mortality VATS 90 day mortality VATS <20%pred (n=19) 16% 32% 20–40%pred (n=102) 5% 11% 40–60%pred (n=76) 0% 0% >60%pred (n=16) 0% 6%


Author(s): Hinga, Briana Marie | Advisor(s): Santagata, Rossella; Zarate, Maria Estela | Abstract: Typical high school ELA instruction fails to break the deeply rooted cycle of inequality in the United States. Within democratic and social justice traditions, a variety of theoretical frameworks promote equitable learning opportunities for nondominant youth. This dissertation synthesizes such frameworks to paint a more vivid picture of how to create high school English Language Arts (ELA) instruction for social justice and democracy than when frameworks are presented independently. The synthesis also highlights a need for a better understanding of how to design and evaluate education for social justice and democracy. Subsequently, the dissertation draws upon the wealth of knowledge on how to create equitable and effective ELA instruction to design high school ELA instruction through the lens of democracy, social justice, and Cultural Historical Activity Theory. A partnership between the author of this dissertation, a high school ELA teacher, and two of her 10th grade ELA classes (n = 58 mostly low-income, Latina/o students) completed the study in partnership. A Social Design Experiment provided the model for the process. The study provides an example of how to design ELA instruction that fosters democracy, social justice, and expansive learning within a public school classroom accountable to standardized processes and assessments. Contradictions and synergies between theoretical understandings of democracy, social justice, Cultural Historical Learning Theory, and standards based practices are brought to light to inform both theory and practice. Findings pose questions for educators to consider. Bounds on the potential for expansive learning in practice, inform the need for Cultural Historical Activity Theory to account for power to understand diversity in development within a system. The study also compares student development across fairly standardized instruction versus a Social Design Experiment. Students earn higher academic literacy scores, engage more actively in class, and form a more supportive community during the Social Design Experiment.


Real-time monitoring of high-voltage equipment in substations is beneficial for early detection of faults. The use of wireless sensor networks to build monitoring system is an effective way, but the data collection is a difficult task. The author introduces a real-time monitoring system based on ZIGBEE and mobile communication technology. The system includes multiple monitoring points and terminal platforms. Each monitoring point consists of a number of sensor nodes to form a ZIGBEE network, detecting relevant parameters, coordinator node data collected one by one, known as linear transmission, and finally to the monitoring platform through the mobile communication network. This paper presents a fusion algorithm for monitoring cell data acquisition to reduce the amount of data uploaded to the base station. In addition, multi-hop routing algorithm based on opportunistic routing is proposed to balance network energy and improve network transmission rate and efficiency.


From the Publisher:
i-mode is the packet-based service for mobile phones offered by Japan's leader in wireless technology, NTT DoCoMo. Unlike most of the key players in the wireless arena, i-mode eschews the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and uses a simplified version of HTML, Compact Wireless Markup Language (CWML) instead of WAP's Wireless Markup Language (WML).
Ever since its introduction in February 1999 i-mode has been the most successful mobile internet technology of the World. i.e. the quickness by which the technology has spread over Japan. In Japan, the number of i-mode users is close to a sensational 13 million. This means that 100f Japan's total population are using i- mode after not even 2 years of its existence.
As a progression from his first book i-mode Strategy the author describes how i-mode has evolved. He focuses on the i-mode ecosystem (the metaphor he uses to describe such a self developing business) from concept to reality, the effect of i-mode, the evolution of Cell phones, partnerships with real businesses, such as the collaboration with Coca Cola in Japan, the struggle for dominance in the net business and the globalisation of the i-mode business arena from a Japanese only ecosystem to the global arena.
The author is the most highly respected expert in this field. The i-mode Wireless Ecosystem is a must for everyone wanting to know more about NTT DoCoMo and how it has sustained its business model.
Discusses the globalisation of i-mode featuring the key points such as origin, development, international expansion and the role of partners etc.Through using his own company's strategy and experience the author explains the value of creating abusiness 'ecosystem' and the benefits of co-operation between various mobile operatorsHighlights the reasons for i-mode's success in Japan and extrapolates these to future directions

A valuable addition to the bookshelf of all Mobile operators, especially those directly involved with Marketing, Product Development, and 3G; Content providers working within Product Development, Business Development, Marketing, and Mobile Services; and consultants, bankers and media professionals keen to gain an insight into this dynamic field.


The present study aimed to investigate the differing effects of competitive pricing strategies on the performance of hotels operating in bad regional political conditions. To this end, two complementary analyses were carried out based on a three-year dataset (2014-2016) collected through a questionnaire from 120 star-rated hotels in Jordan. The results of the one-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences in the key performance indicators between hotels adopting a discount pricing strategy and those implementing a premium pricing strategy. The results showed that hotels adopting a discount pricing strategy enjoy a relatively higher market penetration index, but lag behind their competitors in terms of revenue generation index. On the contrary, hotels implementing a premium pricing strategy have a relatively lower market penetration index, but outperform their competitors in terms of revenue generation index. The results of the detailed descriptive analysis further demonstrated that although lower-priced hotels compared to their competitors have relatively higher occupancy rates, they experience relatively lower RevPARs. By contrast, hotels with higher prices compared to their competitors lose some occupancy, but achieve relatively higher RevPARs. Overall, the results suggested that adopting a premium pricing strategy, as opposed to a discount pricing strategy, is the most convenient way for improving hotel long-term financial performance, especially when hotel demand is relatively inelastic due to poor regional political conditions.


OBJECTIVES
Training is regarded as an important component of occupational health and safety (OHS) programs. This paper primarily addresses whether OHS training has a beneficial effect on workers. The paper also examines whether higher engagement OHS training has a greater effect than lower engagement training.

METHODS
Ten bibliographic databases were searched for pre-post randomized trial studies published in journals between 1996 and November 2007. Training interventions were included if they were delivered to workers and were concerned with primary prevention of occupational illness or injury. The methodological quality of each relevant study was assessed and data was extracted. The impacts of OHS training in each study were summarized by calculating the standardized mean differences. The strength of the evidence on training's effectiveness was assessed for (i) knowledge, (ii) attitudes and beliefs, (iIi) behaviors, and (iv) health using the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guide to Community Preventive Services, a qualitative evidence synthesis method.

RESULTS
Twenty-two studies met the relevance criteria of the review. They involved a variety of study populations, occupational hazards, and types of training. Strong evidence was found for the effectiveness of training on worker OHS behaviors, but insufficient evidence was found of its effectiveness on health (ie, symptoms, injuries, illnesses).

CONCLUSIONS
The review team recommends that workplaces continue to deliver OHS training to employees because training positively affects worker practices. However, large impacts of training on health cannot be expected, based on research evidence.


The Russian tariff structure contains over 11,000 tariff lines. Of these, a specific tariff may apply for about 1,700. Due to a new data set, this is the first paper to accurately assess tariff rates. We find that the average tariff in Russia has increased between 2001 and 2003, from about 11.5 percent to between 13 percent and 14.5 percent, but held steady in 2004 and 2005. This places Russia's tariffs at a level slightly higher than other middleincome countries and considerably higher than Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Russia implemented tariff simplification in 2000-2001. Contrary to conventional wisdom on the effect of tariff simplification, the trade-weighted standard deviation of the Russian tariff increased, approximately doubling from 9.5 percent in 2001 to 18 percent in 2003, but it then fell to 15.2 percent by 2005. We show that ignoring the specific tariffs results in an underestimate of average tariff rates by about one to three percentage points and an even larger underestimate of the standard deviation.


We aimed to analyze the accessibility of hypertensive users to the health system with focus on treatment adherence. A cross-sectional study with quantitative approach was conducted in four Family Health Basic Units of Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. The sample consisted of 400 users. Data collection happened through a form applied from May to August 2011. About 97.5% of users were older than 40 years, and 67.2% were female. The accessibility to the referral service occurred in 47.2% of users to secondary care, of which 101 (25.2%) were referred to Emergency Units, and 88 (22.0%) were admitted to Inpatient Units. Most hypertensive patients adhered to healthy habits, except the use of dietetic sweeteners (36.0%) and physical exercise (35.0%). The hypertensive patients had good treatment adherence and difficulty in accessibility regarding counter-referral services to secondary and tertiary care services.