Objectives: To determine preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia (E) maternal characteristics in Peruvian hospitals and influence on mother and neonate. Design: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional type study. Setting: Hospitals of the Ministry of Health of Peru. Participants: Pregnant women with or without preeclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) and their newborns. Methods: Perinatal Information System SIP 2000 data of 310 795 pregnant women and their 314 078 newborns attended at 28 MINSA hospitals during 2000-2006 were analyzed. Data analysis was done using SPSS 14.0 and Epi Info 6.0 statistical packages. Main outcome measures: Maternal and neonatal characteristics and influence of PE/E. Results: From all pregnant women 295 075 did not have PE/E (94.9%) and 15 720 had PE/E (5.1%) [preeclampsia 14 993 (4.8%) and eclampsia 727 (0.24%)]. Significant preeclampsia-associated factors were maternal age 35 or over, multiple pregnancy, abruptio placentae, and abdominal delivery; factors associated to eclampsia were age less than 20, single state, illiteracy/low level of education, multiple pregnancy abruptio placentae, and cesarean section. Significant findings in newborns of PE/E mothers were low birthweight for gestational age, low Apgar score needing resuscitation, and newborn weight less than 2 500 at discharge. More maternal and neonatal deaths occurred in eclampsia in relation to pregnant women without PE/E or with non-convulsive preeclampsia. Conclusions: In this study of MINSA Peruvian hospitals preeclampsia incidence and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality were similar to findings in the literature, and were related to social and age factors. It is necessary to continue determining evolution of this fearsome complication of pregnancy in Peru. Keywords: Preeclampsia, eclampsia, Peruvian pregnant women, maternal mortality, neonatal mortality.


Regional trends in recent temperature indices in China were analyzed from daily surface air temperature maxima and minima at about 498 stations during 1961 to 2000. Some indices based on percentile and those modified by previous studies were used, and linear trends were analyzed for different regions in this study. Results show significant changes in important temperature indices over the past 40 yr, especially in northern China, the Yangtze River valleys and Xinjiang. Trends of decreasing diurnal temperature range were found in mainland China as a whole during 1961 to 2000, with stronger decreases in Northeast China, central South China and the Xinjiang region. There is a trend of cool days significantly decreasing in the middle latitudes near 40° N along the Yellow River valley. There are trends of increasing warm days in the upper-middle Yellow River valley and other regions such as along the coast of South China, while there are decreasing trends scattered in the central part of East China. The number of frost days decreased significantly in most of mainland China. Consecutive warm days significantly increased in northern China, while consecutive cold days decreased largely in Xinjiang, the Yellow River valley, the southern part of northeast China, and along the southeast coast of the country. In examining the seasonal contribution, cool nights largely decreased in winter as a whole and the linear trend is about –2.5 to –5 d/10 yr. Another contribution of cool nights comes from summer except for the region of the mid-low Yangtze River valley. The contribution of warm days is attributed to the higher temperature in winter over northern China and in summer over western China and along the coast of South China but a decreasing trend is noted in the basins of the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers. These trends of temperature indices may be caused by climate factors, such as more rainfall in the Yangtze River basin and dry climate along the Yellow River valley, and non-climate factors, such as urbanization and industrial aerosols.


This paper presents an analytical review of judicial directions to guard against wrongful convictions based upon erroneous eyewitness identification evidence. Factors known as the Turnbull Rules, derived from the English case R v Turnbull,1 are of significance within many common law jurisdictions when considering the accuracy of eyewitness identifications and the practice of jury directions or mandatory warnings. The influence of these rules, together with variations in the approach taken by Commonwealth jurisdictions, illustrates that while the factors identified in Turnbull are to be found in the approaches adopted across the various jurisdictions studied, there is diversity in terms of whether or not such directions are mandatory and also as to their form and scope. The frailties of eyewitness evidence are of primary concern to any reliable prosecution and exist irrespective of jurisdiction. Such evidence has been the subject of psychological evaluation and the findings of such studies cross national, ethnic and jurisdictional boundaries. These findings, and the processes employed to test such evidence, can be used to develop the form which directions to a jury may take. The requirement for a jury direction and the scope of such a warning are two matters where there are differences between the approaches taken by individual Commonwealth legal systems. While approaches differ according to jurisdiction, generally either legislation and/or case law will provide guidance to judges in terms of formulating a sufficiently robust warning. It is suggested that this wide variation in practice is incompatible with the universal theory of honest, yet mistaken, eyewitnesses. However, any approach which is adopted must also seek to prevent the balance tipping so far in favour of the accused that a jury discounts the evidence of the honest and accurate eyewitness. This paper will examine the approach to eyewitness identification evidence adopted in several Commonwealth nations and evaluate the influence of the English Turnbull case within these jurisdictions. A universal paradigm will be suggested, which would require directions to be given to juries in all cases which involve eyewitness evidence. Such a direction would incorporate a common framework which the judge would then tailor as required to take account of the circumstances of each particular case.


Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Pati District increase, particularly among housewives. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk factors of HIV infection among housewives in Pati District using case-control study design. The respondents were 90 housewives divided into case and control group. The case group consisted of 30 housewives living with HIV, while the control group comprised 60 housewives living in the similar area of the counterparts. The data collection was focused on demographic, sexual behaviour, and sociocultural variables possessed by housewives and their husbands. The study resulted that the risk factors of HIV infection among housewives based on bivariate analysis were housewife's level of education, husband's level of education, husband's occupation, housewife's sexual transmission disease (STD) record, husband's STD record, husband's participation in religious activities, and husband's alcohol drinking habit. The risk factors that fitted to logistic regression model were education level and alcoholic behaviour of husbands that contributed to 29.1% HIV infection among housewives. In conclusion, the husband's variables are proved having stronger and very significant correlation with HIV infection among housewives than housewife's variables.


Background: The level of gender inequality in this study was established at 78.4% implying that out of 10(ten) nurses, at least 8(eight) have experienced unfair treatment because of their gender as a student or a staff. Both male and female nurses face gender disparity among patients/attendants, colleagues, other health professionals, their community, and even family members. Male nurses have remained the minority in the profession bringing a striking numerical gender inequality in the nursing profession. The objective of this study is to determine factors influencing Gender inequality in the Nursing Profession among nurses and student nurses from selected hospitals and nurses training institutions in the Northern Cities of Uganda. Methodology:  A cross-sectional study design was used. Quantitative data were obtained from nurses and nursing students in selected study sites in Gulu, Lira, and Arua cities. The raw data was single -entered and analyzed using statistical software version 26 for analysis. Bivariate and univariate analysis methods were used to identify factors associated with gender inequality. Variables with a P-value of <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval were used to declare statistical significance. Results: 383 participants were interviewed. The level of gender inequality was established at 78.4%. Among the socio-demographic factors, gender (x 2=10.294, p-0.001), level of education attained (x 2=6.293, p-0.043), marital status (x 2=8.296, p-0.004) were significantly associated to gender inequality in the nursing profession. Conclusion: The prevalence of gender inequality in this study was 78.4%. Men remain the minority in the profession at 26.4%. Recommendations:  The study recommends that quick comprehensive combined action is needed from government Ministries, nurses councils; NGOs, and international bodies fighting for gender equality to save the nursing profession from inequality. This action will contribute to the achievement of gender equality for all in all spheres of life.


It is not well understood whether coastal upwelling is a net CO 2 source to the atmosphere or a net CO 2 sink to the ocean due to high temporal variability of air–sea CO 2 exchange (CO 2 flux) in coastal upwelling zones. Upwelling transports heterotrophic, CO 2 enriched water to the surface and releases CO 2 to the atmosphere, whereas the presence of nutrient-rich water at the surface supports high primary production and atmospheric CO 2 uptake. To quantify the effects of upwelling on CO 2 flux, we measured CO 2 flux at a coastal upwelling site off of Bodega Bay, California, with the eddy covariance technique during the summer of 2007 and the fall of 2008, and the bulk method with partial pressure of CO 2 of surface water ( p CO 2 ) data from November 2010 to July 2011. Variations in sea surface temperatures (SST) and alongshore wind velocity suggest that the measurement period in 2007 coincided with a typical early summer upwelling period and the measurement period in 2008 was during a typical fall relaxation period. A strong source of CO 2 (~ 1.5 ± 7 SD (standard deviation) g C m −2 day −1 ) from the ocean to the atmosphere during the upwelling period was concurrent with high salinity, low SST, and low chlorophyll density. In contrast, a weak source of CO 2 flux (~ 0.2 ± 3 SD g C m −2 day −1 ) was observed with low salinity, high SST and high chlorophyll density during the relaxation period. Similarly, the sink and source balance of CO 2 flux was highly related to salinity and SST during the p CO 2 measurement periods; high salinity and low SST corresponded to high p CO 2 , and vice versa. We estimated that the coastal area off Bodega Bay was likely an overall source of CO 2 to the atmosphere based on the following conclusions: (1) the overall CO 2 flux estimated from both eddy covariance and p CO 2 measurements showed a source of CO 2 ; (2) although the relaxation period during the 2008 measurements were favorable to CO 2 uptake, CO 2 flux during this period was still a slight source; (3) salinity and SST were found to be good predictors of the CO 2 flux for both eddy covariance and p CO 2 measurements, and 99% of the historical SST and salinity data available between 1988 and 2011 fell within the range of our observations in May–June 2007, August–September 2008 and November 2010–July~2011, which indicates that our data set was representative of the annual variations in the sea state. Based on the developed relationship between p CO 2 , SST and salinity, the study area between 1988 and 2011 was estimated to be an annual source of CO 2 of ~ 35 mol C m −2 yr −1 . The peak monthly CO 2 flux of ~ 7 mol C m −2 month −1 accounted for almost 30% of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface mixed layer.


Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of surgery for Blount disease using a patient-derived outcome assessment. Our hypothesis was that an outcome score that quantitates the patient's level of satisfaction should correlate with specific ranges of correction for those radiologic variables traditionally used to evaluate Blount disease. The surgeon's aim should be to realign abnormal preoperative geometry to achieve those ranges that have a significant correlation with good outcome. Methods Medical records from 2 hospitals (Barbados and Trinidad) were reviewed and patients who had surgery for Blount's from 1997 to 2005 were identified and recalled. Responders completed a Blount's Outcome Questionnaire, were examined clinically, and standing radiographs were taken. The questionnaire was designed by modifying the AAOS Pediatrics-Parent/Child Outcome Instrument. Linear regression was used to assess the predictive effect of selected radiographic measures on a visual analog pain score and satisfaction score calculated from the questionnaire. The model was adjusted for confounders: country, age at the time of study, sex, body mass index, and years postsurgery. Variables in the adjusted model achieving significance at P<0.05 were included in a multiple regression analysis. Results Fifty knees in 41 patients were included. The median satisfaction score was 93%. The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (MDA) and anatomical femoral-tibial angle (aFTA), both had a quadratic effect on the pain score (P<0.001). The predicted pain score was minimized at the MDA range of 0 to −10 degrees and at the aFTA range of 0 to +5 degrees. A significant effect on the satisfaction score was noted for MDA (P=0.02) and aFTA (P<0.001) with scores maximized at the MDA range of +5 to −5 degrees and at positive aFTA (valgus angulation). For women the satisfaction scores were lower and the pain scores higher. Overweight patients had higher pain scores. Conclusions Results of this evaluation of the association between patient outcome scores (for pain and satisfaction) and postoperative clinical and radiologic variables support the recommendation that surgical correction should aim at producing an MDA score between −5 and +5 degrees and a valgus alignment with an aFTA score of 0 to 5 degrees. Level of Evidence Therapeutic study, investigating the results of treatment. Level III.


It is well known that a three dimensional (closed, connected and compact) manifold is obtained by identifying boundary faces from a stellar ball a*S. The study of S/~, two dimensional stellar sphere S with 2-simplexes identified in pairs leads us to the following conclusion: either a three dimensional manifold is homeomorphic to a sphere or to a stellar ball a*S with its boundary 2-simplexes identified in pairs so that S/~ is a finite number of internally flat complexes attached to a finite graph that contains at least one closed circuit. Each of those internally flat complexes is obtained from a polygon where each side may be identified with one or more different other sides. Moreover, Euler characteristic of S/~ is equal to one and the fundamental group of S/~ is not trivial.


In this article, I focus on carbon capture and storage (CCS), a controversial climate change mitigation technology that operates by collecting carbon dioxide from point sources and depositing it in underground locations, such as depleting oil reservoirs. Specifically, I investigate the ways in which certain CCS professionals imagine and demand a reconceptualization of carbon dioxide: not as waste or as dangerous material that should be taxed and exchanged in carbon markets, but as a neutral gas that can be bought and sold as a commodity, and perhaps used as a drilling additive for the oil and gas industry. CCS professionals suggest that carbon dioxide has multiple legal, political, and chemical meanings and existences across different points on a CCS network, and they acknowledge how this condition makes it difficult to produce the molecule as a commodity characterized by exchange and commensurability. In studying the commodification of carbon dioxide, I show how these professionals do not intend to create "sameness" across the market, but instead wish to commodify the molecule through "linking" various versions of carbon dioxide together. By tracking carbon dioxide as it moves within a CCS network, I explore the moral logics of CCS technologies, which obscure how energy-intensive models of life triggered climate change in the first place.


ABSTRACT Sustainability science is a use-inspired and place-based transdisciplinary enterprise that integrates natural and social sciences, engineering/design sciences, and humanities to produce actionable knowledge for improving human wellbeing while maintaining long-term environmental integrity. Regional landscapes represent a pivotal scale domain for studying and practicing sustainability because they integrate human-environment interactions, link local processes below and global patterns above, and provide a common platform for scientists, land designers/planners, policymakers, and stakeholders to collaborate on sustainability issues that resonate with all. An interdisciplinary confluence of ecological, geographical, and design/planning sciences is underway, but how this confluence can effectively contribute to the science and practice of sustainability is yet to be explored. Here I review landscape and land system-based approaches, including land change science, land system science, land system architecture, landscape ecology, landscape sustainability science, and geodesign, and discuss why and how they can be linked for achieving the common goal of sustainability.


A phenomenon of exceptional importance such as global change and its multiple effects has been discussed in several Mètode monographs. In recent years, public concern about what we already perceive to be the greatest threat to humanity has not stopped growing; at the same time, the United Nations have proclaimed the period 2021-2030 as the Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development, recognising the close relationship between the oceans, climate, and social welfare. The sea is a climate regulator and a reservoir of biodiversity, a source of food and other resources, a transport route, a cultural asset, and the driving force behind the tourism industry; it is also a natural hazard and, unfortunately, a dumping ground for waste and refuse.


With the popularity of wearable devices, along with the development of clouds and cloudlet technology, there has been increasing need to provide better medical care. The processing chain of medical data mainly includes data collection, data storage and data sharing, etc. Traditional healthcare system often requires the delivery of medical data to the cloud, which involves users' sensitive information and causes communication energy consumption. Practically, medical data sharing is a critical and challenging issue. Thus in this paper, we build up a novel healthcare system by utilizing the flexibility of cloudlet. The functions of cloudlet include privacy protection, data sharing and intrusion detection. In the stage of data collection, we first utilize Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU) method to encrypt user's body data collected by wearable devices. Those data will be transmitted to nearby cloudlet in an energy efficient fashion. Second, we present a new trust model to help users to select trustable partners who want to share stored data in the cloudlet. The trust model also helps similar patients to communicate with each other about their diseases. Third, we divide users' medical data stored in remote cloud of hospital into three parts, and give them proper protection. Finally, in order to protect the healthcare system from malicious attacks, we develop a novel collaborative intrusion detection system (IDS) method based on cloudlet mesh, which can effectively prevent the remote healthcare big data cloud from attacks. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


Combined lifting conceptual design is put forward in the paper. Complete lifting for large subsection of large-scale ship can't be achieved constantly according the capacity limit of lifting equipment, such the shipbuilding cost will increase greatly. So it is significant to study the conceptual design so as to make the best of the present equipments. Combined lifting conceptual is designed with two cranes and applied to the lifting about superstructure of 92500DWT bulk carrier, in which the software MSC Nastran is used to simulate the lifting process in allusion to the lifting condition and structure characteristic of superstructure. Results show that it is feasible to accomplish the complete lifting for large subsection through combined operation of different equipments. The research in the paper is significant for the lifting conceptual design of large subsection and with great value to popularize.


The multilayer construction of metal-matrix Cu-Nb microcomposite wire wound Zylon-epoxy composite reinforced inductor is analyzed. Inductor geometry was verified analytically to find the maximal available value of a magnetic field. For comparison, the soft copper wire wound inductor was made by the same geometry and technology and both inductors were investigated at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Experimental results were compared with calculated data. The acceptable agreement of calculated and measured data for soft copper wire wound inductor and the significant decrease of amplitude and distortions of sinus shape pulse due to weak heat dissipation of metal-matrix Cu-Nb wire wound inductor took place.


This study explores continual usage of the knowledge management systems (KMS) by employees in organizations. Based on IS continuance research that emphasizes usefulness and satisfaction, we propose that to understand KMS usage, scholars need to examine not only technical but also social and organizational aspects of KMS in determining the user's attitude. Through an intensive case study in an international IT company, we formulate a theoretical model to explain KMS usage in organizations. The model employs social capital theory to examine how social relationships (trust, tie strength, and shared norms) may affect the user's attitude toward KMS usage, and organizational behavior theory to identify the influence of organizational facilitating conditions such as rewards, job requirements, and other organizational assistances on attitude formation. A large-scale survey will further be undertaken in organizations that have implemented KMS for more than half a year. The survey results are expected to conform to the proposed model. Insights for research and practice as well as future directions are discussed.


The review summarises literature data on the interrelationship between glutamate and oxidative stress. Certain attention is paid to nitric oxide and its contribution to the oxidative stress. Free radical scavenges attenuate brain damage caused by glutamate neurotoxicity.


Objectives: The study was done to find out the relationship between constipation and urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. Methods: The study was a case control study between two groups in a tertiary care children hospital in Dhaka city. In group-1 (n=45) those children having history of constipation and in group-2 (n=78) as a control group having no history of constipation were included in this study. Growths of a single species of organism with colony count of >10 5 /ml in a clean-catch midstream single urine sample was considered as evidence of urinary tract infection. Results: Positive urine culture was found in 8.9% (4/45) cases in children who had history of constipation and 1.3% (1/78) in children who had no history of constipation. Though the number of positive urine culture was seven times more in children with constipation than those who were not constipated but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.059) . Conclusion: Culture documented UTI in children with constipation is seven times more than without constipation showing impact of constipation on urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. Key words: Urinary tract infection (UTI); constipation. DOI: 10.3329/bjch.v34i1.5697 Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 2010; Vol.34(1): 17-20


Approximately 4% of the private buildings in Hong Kong are older than their design lives of 50 years. In addition to the engineer- ing factor, the lack of timely maintenance and proper management has led to a serious problem of building dilapidation in the old urban areas. On account of the high-rise high-density urban setting in Hong Kong, the problem has engendered severe safety and health hazards for the local community. Although different ways of urban renewal or regeneration exist to revitalize the urban environment, it appears that redevel- opment is most frequently used. However, the speed of dilapidation would probably exceed the economy's capability of absorbing redevelopments. In addition, redevelopments have detrimental effects on the social fabric and create a large volume of demolition and con- struction waste that greatly surpasses the current landfill capacity in Hong Kong. A sustainable strategy for urban renewal is, therefore, urgently needed. This research aims to establish an existing profile of the building conditions in Hong Kong and evaluate the suitability of various urban renewal strategies for different buildings through the establishment of a structured building assessment scheme called the Dilapidation Index (DI). In total, 393 private residential buildings randomly selected from 4 districts in Hong Kong were assessed by using the DI. The results indicated that the assessed buildings in Sham Shui Po were more problematic than those in other districts. The results also suggested that physical conditions and management factors play nearly equal parts in differentiating the well-performing buildings from the dilapidated ones. The DI developed in this research is beneficial to different parties with an interest in the quality of the urban built environment because it can help people identify problematic buildings for further actions. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444 .0000104. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Urban development; High-rise buildings; Rehabilitation; Hong Kong; Sustainable development. Author keywords: Urban renewal; Building conditions; Redevelopment; Building rehabilitation; Decision tool.


Contagion processes arise broadly in the social and biological sciences, manifested as, for example the spread of infectious and the diffusion of innovations. Depending on the network structure, the transmission dynamics can have different. However, when the structure is too complex (e.g. multipartite networks), understanding the properties of the network might not be sufficient to predict and compare the transmission dynamics between similar networks. We developed an algorithm that systematically compares the transmission dynamic trajectories of different networks. Our method not only compare the final results of the transmission, but the transmission trend over time by using entire temporal simulation results. Our method can indicate that the transmission dynamics of a network is similar or dissimilar to the reference network. The algorithm addresses the problem of only comparing the end results; when the behavior of transmission might be completely different between networks, but final number of infection is the same. For highly stochastic processes, the algorithm may deduce higher dissimilarities due to the variable possibilities in dynamics. This can be overcome by determining whether the reference network show high dissimilarity to itself. By investigating the entire parameter space of transmission model that is being used, the similarity trend can be determined for both the reference network and comparing network. The method needs sufficient amount of reproduced data (in our experiment N = 1000). Comparing empirical transmission dynamics between two networks would be a challenge because empirical data are not as readily reproducible as computational simulations.


This work pertains to the use of superimposed training (ST) in closed loop multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A novel method consisting of a technique to refine the channel estimate at the transmitter in a ST based closed loop MIMO-OFDM system is proposed. The estimate is refined at the transmitter by making use of the previous data that was transmitted. This significantly reduces the data interference in the channel estimate and hence improves performance. Two factors in general affect all transmitter side techniques that make use of the fed back channel coefficients. One is the quantization error affecting the channel estimate. The other is the channel variations that may render the fed back channel coefficients outdated for further use. The effect of these factors on the proposed refined channel estimation scheme is discussed in detail. Simulation results are presented in terms of the mean squared estimation error (MSEE) demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed scheme.


: – Most of the researchers they focus and done the researches in the area of infrastructure less network wireless networks (ad hoc), because not able to communicate properly and efficiently due to ongoing days in the updating world to affect many natural and environmental issues. When use temporary networks improve efficient and also free to use communication in rural area and also short duration meeting conference, class, meeting etc. But this temporary network affect due to some challenge issues such as routing, energy, security, packet drop, packet loss, time delay, mobility and bandwidth etc. To impress of and value of this emerging society issues we focus and doing our work in this area so in this research manuscript we will implement and discussed in one type of cluster based temporary network called Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). MANET is communicated through collections of active temporary nodes that self configured dynamic distributed network. In this report suggested cluster head based energy efficient model using shortest path (CHRN-SHSP) on-demand routing protocol they work secure and shortest path selection between the nodes via intermediate nodes with both obstacles and non obstacles environments specially designed to aware cluster head node energy issue compare to existing relay node protocol, tested various parameters using one of leading simulator called Network Simulation 2 (NS2).


Prevention of high frequency spontaneous T cell lymphoma development in AKR mice by mAb 18-5 treatment was shown to involve inhibition of the recombinant Class I MCF virus formation and elimination of the early occurring potential lymphoma cells (PLCs). A low B cell lymphoma incidence (16% at a mean latency of 540 days) and a low level of PLCs (yielding 12% B cell lymphoma development following lymphoid cell transfer) was observed in mAb 18-5 treated mice (in contrast to a high PLC level in thymectomized AKR mice that could be experimentally triggered to progress to overt CD5+ B cell lymphomas). Administration of anti CD8 mAb or IL-4 to 12-month-old mAb 18-5 pre-treated mice only slightly increased B cell lymphoma incidence (up to 30-40%). Exposure to split-dose irradiation resulted in 26% B cell lymphomas at a 250 day mean latency. The phenotypes of the B lymphomas developing in mAb 18-5 treated mice were: B220+ (14.8+, 6B2+), 6C3+, Mac2+, CD5-. Most lymphomas expressed l-a and surface IgM, pointing to their mature B cell characteristics. Moreover, in some of the lymphomas, high levels of IgM production and secretion were determined. A comparison of the morphological characteristics (based on light and ultrastructure microscopy) of CD5+ and CD5- B cell lymphomas developing in AKR mice indicated marked differences. Analysis of the IgH locus of representative CD5- B lymphomas showed an identical pattern of IgH rearrangement in some tumors (similar to previous findings among CD5+ lymphomas). The virological analysis of the CD5- B cell lymphomas (similar to those observed in the CD5+ B cell lymphomas of AKR origin) showed that their development did not require formation of the pathogenic MCF recombinant viruses. The differences observed between the CD5+ and CD5- B cell lymphomas developing in AKR mice (following prevention of spontaneous T cell lymphomagenesis) may be due to their origin of different B cell precursors or from B cells at different levels of differentiation.


Sepsis is a severe disease characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SARS) associated with infection. Sepsis is registered in 1–2% of all hospitalized patients. IBD patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy have a high risk of developing sepsis. Diagnosis of sepsis is based on internationally agreed criteria. Predicting the course and outcomes of sepsis is evaluated on the MEDS (Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis) scale. Clinical studies of a new biomarker called presepsin have shown that it is a promising early and predictive marker of sepsis

 to establish the role of presepsin as a marker of sepsis development in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) receiving therapy with genetically of TNF-α blockers.

 The clinical status of 128 IBD patients receiving of TNF-α blockers therapy (without immunosuppressive drugs) was evaluated in the Department of IBD. 68 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 60 patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Presepsin level (PSP) was determined in all IBD patients (100.0%). To stratify patients, the following criteria were used for baseline PSP levels (pg/ml): < 200 – very low risk of sepsis; - 200 - 300– low risk of sepsis; - 300 - 500– moderate risk of sepsis; - 500 - 1000 – sepsis; - ≥ 1000-severe sepsis, septic shock

 The distribution among 128 IBD patients receiving of TNF-α blockers by presepsin level was as follows: < 200 -75 (58,6%); - 200 – 300 – 34 (26,6%); - 300 – 500 – 19 (14,8%); - 500 - 1000 – 0 (0%); ≥ 1000 – 0 (0%).
 Of the 75 IBD patients receiving gibp and having a very low risk, none of the patients developed sepsis; of the 34 IBD patients with a low risk, one patient developed septicemia (2.9%). Among 19 patients with IBD with a moderate risk, the development of a septic condition occurred in 4 (21.0%) patients (HR-0.140, 95% CI 0.017 - 1.162; x2-2,800; p= 0.04997).

 IBD patients receiving of TNF-α therapy, it is advisable to determine the level of presepsin in order to identify risk groups for the development of sepsis. Patients with IBD who receive of TNF-α therapy and have presepsin values in the range of 300–500 pg/ml have a significantly higher risk of developing sepsis.


The degree of acceptance of various forms of aggression in different situations was analyzed by administering self-report questionnaires. Previous studies on justification of interpersonal aggression, in 'normal' adult populations, in quite different cultures, have shown overall similar, but not identical, features. A similar trend of justification, but at a higher level, was expected in special 'deviant' populations, such as prisoners and psychiatric patients. The present study focuses on the way in which young re-offenders serving in reformatories justify different types of interpersonal aggression in a variety of settings. As a control population, a sample of students of similar age living in the same area was used. Results: the young delinquent population justified aggression at a higher level than 'normal' teenagers of similar age in all situations, except 'when communication breaks down'. Specifically their justification of physical aggression as well as of threatening was also higher, whereas no significant differences were found related to passive aggression (hindering) or verbal emotional acts (shouting, being furious, or showing rage). In certain situations a rather striking prevalence among girls was observed. In conclusion, young delinquents showed a higher justification of aggression, notably of its most drastic physical forms, in virtually all situations.


This paper presents an in-process measurement system for shaft radius measurement during grinding process. This system does not require to stop the grinding process, which can enhance productivity and quality. In order to measure the radius, the system employs an eddy current sensor that can measure without any contact with the shaft. This type of sensor is very appropriate because it is insensitive to interference such as cutting fluid, coolant, contact pressure, and wear. For data analysis, the measurement system is modeled as a linearized discrete form where the states with noise are estimated by an extended Kalman filter. This system has been validated through simulations and experiments.


Exhibitionism should not be misunderstood as a throw back into phylogenetically highly primitive "sexual advertising". The issue is also missed if one shares the widespread belief that at least some of the cases could be explained by an abnormally increased sexual drive. This sexual deviation mostly appears for the first time at the turn of the second to the third decade of life. The relatively close association with age is not conspicuous when we take a look at first police reports or at the sum total of culpable criminal offences. Only about one-tenth of the cases concern late delinquency beyond 35 or 40 years of age. More than 75% of the adult delinquents had married. Marriage practically never implied a turning-point within the sexual maldevelopment, perhaps also largely due to the specific choice of the spouse. It is more likely that the original conflicts are even aggravated as a result of the confrontation with the marriage partner. There is a sharp contrast between the general tendency on the part of the exhibitionists to follow a set behavioural pattern which is stereotyped and rather mechanical, on the one hand, and the wide variety of "victims" selected by many of these delinquents on the other. There is also a noticeable affinity to theft and misappropriation of property--a criminologically interesting aspect. Among the factors contributing to a lack of self-concept and deficient feeling of male identity, the following have been determined to act in combination with other negative influences: The delinquents grow up in a large family comprising many brothers and sisters, a highly significant factor being a predominance of boys among the siblings; often, there is no positive male reference person as would be represented by the father; or the patient is himself an illegitimate offspring. There may often be a physical malformation or handicap acting as a kind of social stigma. This can result in amplifying the subjective feeling of rejection or non-acceptance. Conflicts of the type of a dysmorphophobia were in far more than one-third of the examined 40 patients contributory to the prerequisites of sexual anomaly. Lack of confidence in one's own capacities is one of the main factors in preventing the delinquents from being professionally as successful as their fathers--which would offer a chance of raising their self-esteem. Self-limitation because of strong aggressive inhibition seems to be the main reason for the albeit slight deterioration in status-determined behaviour and hence social status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Partial migration occurs across a variety of taxa and has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Among ungulates, studies of partially migratory populations have allowed researchers to compare and contrast performance metrics of migrants versus residents and examine how environmental factors influence the relative abundance of each. Such studies tend to characterize animals discretely as either migratory or resident, but we suggest that variable migration distances within migratory herds are an important and overlooked form of population structure, with potential consequences for animal fitness. We examined whether the variation in individual migration distances (20–264 km) within a single wintering population of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was associated with several critical behavioral attributes of migration, including timing of migration, time allocation to seasonal ranges, and exposure to anthropogenic mortality risks. Both the timing of migration and the amount of time animals allocated to seasonal ranges varied with migration distance. Animals migrating long distances (150–250 km) initiated spring migration more than three weeks before than those migrating moderate (50–150 km) or short distances (<50 km). Across an entire year, long-distance migrants spent approximately 100 more days migrating compared to moderate- and short-distance migrants. Relatedly, winter residency of long-distance migrants was 71 d fewer than for animals migrating shorter distances. Exposure to anthropogenic mortality factors, including highways and fences, was high for long-distance migrants, whereas vulnerability to harvest was high for short- and moderate-distance migrants. By reducing the amount of time that animals spend on winter range, long-distance migration may alleviate intraspecific competition for limited forage and effectively increase carrying capacity. Clear differences in winter residency, migration duration, and risk of anthropogenic mortality among short-, moderate-, and long-distance migrants suggest fitness trade-offs may exist among migratory segments of the population. Future studies of partial migration may benefit from expanding comparisons of residents and migrants, to consider how variable migration distances of migrants may influence the costs and benefits of migration.


Atherosclerois is a major health concern in India and imposes a significant burden on the population. The prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking and high cholesterol levels contribute to the rising incidence of atherosclerosis in the country. A 57-year-old male presented with primary complaints of chest pain and heaviness, left arm pain, upper back pain, jaw pain, dyspnea on exertion grade I, flatulence, gaseous distension, cervical pain, scapular region pain, shoulder pain, constipation, and insomnia. He also complained of postprandial angina New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III. The patient was a photographer by profession and had a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. On 29th February 2020, he underwent computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography at another clinic which revealed stenosis of the 3 main coronary arteries – more than 90% stenosis in mid left anterior descending artery (LAD), 80–90% stenosis in proximal left circumflex artery (LCx), and 80–90% stenosis in proximal right coronary artery (RCA). The patient was advised an Ayurveda-based low-carbohydrate high antioxidant diet of 1,000 calories daily for the first 12 weeks. This case report supports the relationship between an Ayurveda-based low-carbohydrate high antioxidant diet and atheroma regression in a high-risk coronary artery disease patient.


In accordance with the progressive knowledge-to-ability transformation laws, a hierarchical learning model composed of cognitive layer, application layer, and design layer was created and applied to college computer teaching. This model was used to facilitate the deep learning among students through the association establishment, step-by-step understanding, and comprehensive application of new and old knowledge. In the teaching design process, the "5-problem" teaching, which centered on "student–problem–activity–resource," was conducted and applied to the "Small Private Online Course (SPOC) + flipped classroom." The teaching result was assessed using the proposed hierarchical classification method. Results demonstrate that the improved teaching model remarkably enhances the ability of noncomputer major students to solve the practical problems encountered in their specialties by virtue of computational thinking through the data analysis of evaluation results and students' survey feedback. The students obviously speak more highly of the improved teaching model than the traditional blended teaching in the aspects of teaching content organization, learning effect, integration degree with the specialty and satisfaction. The degree of their participation in the flipped classroom reached as high as 90%.


I. THE CONTEXT AND GENERAL CHARACTER OF MILOSZ'S SELF-PRESENTATION Czeslaw Milosz received the highest recognition available to a contemporary writer, the Nobel Prize for literature, thirty years after his defection from communist Poland, and despite the sustained official ban on publication of his work in his native country. During those years, most of which he spent in the United States as a professor of Polish and Russian literatures at Berkeley, roughly half of Milosz's poetic works as well as several of his prose works had become available in English, with their critical reception gaining momentum in the mid-1970s, and culminating in the years following the awards of the Neustadt (1978) and the Nobel Prize (1980). There is no need to emphasize that the recognition Milosz received was principally the result of the quality and character of his writings, although it would be difficult to deny that the political climate of the postwar period had also played its role in helping to generate and to maintain a broad interest in the literatures and literary affairs of the Soviet Bloc countries. But there is a further factor which constitutes a significant component of the Western reception of Milosz, namely, his self-presentation as a writer and thinker, or, in other words, the strategies which he pursued to make his work available to the Englishspeaking audience, to stimulate the receptivity of readers and critics to his writings, to find the most effective means of conveying his outlook, and to avoid or, if necessary, to correct misperceptions. It may be objected right away that the word "strategies" has implications which are at variance with Milosz's own statement placed as a motto to this article in which he denies any conscious effort on his part "to launch himself," or to "orchestrate his fame." And it is true that in comparison with Gombrowicz's aggressive pursuit of fame, Milosz's efforts to reach the English-speaking readers and gain recognition outside the confines of the Polish language lacked the elements of sensation and provocation that characterized Gombrowicz's rather flamboyant self-presentation. Nevertheless, the word "strategies," as will become clear, describes quite precisely the sustained and fairly complex way in which Milosz tried to present himself to English-speaking readers. At least from the late 1960s onwards Milosz gave numerous readings of his poetry in major cities and universities in the United States and, though less frequently, in Canada.2 Despite some statements to the contrary he, in fact, took considerable care in making his works available to English-speaking readers and in providing them with appropriately chosen literary contexts and backgrounds. As early as 1967 he was in contact with the editors of Penguin concerning the publication of a volume of his poems, but abandoned the idea when they offered to publish them together with the poems of Attila Jozsef.3 Whether it was at this point or somewhat later that Milosz began to translate himself his poems into English is difficult to say, but it is clear that from the early 1970s onwards he did his utmost to exercise control over the quality of the translations of his work, giving special attention to the proper rendering of his "voice" and of the semantic aspects of his poems. In the mid-1970s he set himself the task of having some of his prose works translated into English and chose as translators his students at Berkeley. At the same time, he showed acute distrust of the mass media and of direct oral communication. He avoided giving his opinions directly, preferring to express them in a stylistically and rhetorically controlled way, and revealing his views and beliefs guardedly, in a process that may well be described as a gradual unveiling both of his complex (multivocal-as he would say) persona and of his convictions, attitudes and beliefs. For Milosz, the principal means of expressing his views and of selfpresentation, irrespective of his audience, were his literary writings. …


Abstract. Sediment, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation during one overbank flood (1.15 y return interval) were examined at one reach of the Middle Ebro River (NE Spain) for elucidating spatial patterns. To achieve this goal, four areas with different geomorphological features and located within the study reach were examined by using artificial grass mats. Within each area, 1 m2 study plots consisting of three pseudo-replicates were placed in a semi-regular grid oriented perpendicular to the main channel. TOC, TN and Particle-Size composition of deposited sediments were examined and accumulation rates estimated. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze sedimentation patterns in order to handle clustered sampling units, specific-site effects and spatial self-correlation between observations. Our results confirm the importance of channel-floodplain morphology and site micro-topography in explaining sediment, TOC and TN deposition patterns, although the importance of other factors as vegetation pattern should be included in further studies to explain small-scale variability. Generalized linear mixed-effect models provide a good framework to deal with the high spatial heterogeneity of this phenomenon at different spatial scales, and should be further investigated in order to explore its validity when examining the importance of factors such as flood magnitude or suspended sediment concentration.


Background Maintenance of remission is a major issue in inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, the evidence for the effectiveness of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the maintenance of remission is still controversial. Objectives To assess the effectiveness and safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Search strategy The MEDLINE database was used to search literature from 1966 to 2006. A manual search was also performed using references from these articles as well as review articles, proceedings from major gastrointestinal meetings and data available from the Cochrane Collaboration database. Authors of maintenance trials were asked about unpublished studies. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials of at least 12 months duration that compared azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine with placebo or standard maintenance therapy (mesalamine) were included. Data collection and analysis Data were extracted by two raters using standard forms. Disagreements were solved by informal consent, including a third rater. Jadad scores were applied to assess study quality. Analyses were performed separately by type of control (placebo, or active comparator). Pooled odds ratios were calculated based on the fixed effects model unless heterogeneity was shown. Main results Six studies were identified including 286 patients with ulcerative colitis. The study quality was mostly poor. Azathioprine was shown to be superior for the maintenance of remission as compared to placebo based on four trials (failure to maintain remission: OR 0.41; 95% Cl 0.24 to 0.70). Two trials that compared 6-mercaptopurine to mesalazine, or azathioprine to sulfasalazine showed significant heterogeneity. Both studies using active comparators were open label. Adverse effects occurred in 11 of 127 patients receiving azathioprine, including acute pancreatitis (three cases) and significant bone marrow suppression (five cases). Authors' conclusions Azathioprine may be an effective maintenance therapy for patients who have failed or cannot tolerate mesalazine or sulfasalazine and for patients who require repeated courses of steroids. More research is needed to evaluate superiority over standard maintenance therapy, especially in the light of a potential for adverse events from azathioprine.


Tasks with large state space and sparse rewards present a longstanding challenge to reinforcement learning. In these tasks, an agent needs to explore the state space efficiently until it finds a reward. To deal with this problem, the community has proposed to augment the reward function with intrinsic reward, a bonus signal that encourages the agent to visit interesting states. In this work, we propose a new way of defining interesting states for environments with factored state spaces and complex chained dependencies, where an agent's actions may change the value of one entity that, in order, may affect the value of another entity. Our insight is that, in these environments, interesting states for exploration are states where the agent is uncertain whether (as opposed to how) entities such as the agent or objects have some influence on each other. We present ELDEN, Exploration via Local DepENdencies, a novel intrinsic reward that encourages the discovery of new interactions between entities. ELDEN utilizes a novel scheme -- the partial derivative of the learned dynamics to model the local dependencies between entities accurately and computationally efficiently. The uncertainty of the predicted dependencies is then used as an intrinsic reward to encourage exploration toward new interactions. We evaluate the performance of ELDEN on four different domains with complex dependencies, ranging from 2D grid worlds to 3D robotic tasks. In all domains, ELDEN correctly identifies local dependencies and learns successful policies, significantly outperforming previous state-of-the-art exploration methods.


This study reports the results of a national survey of psychology programs in Japan, conducted by the Committee on the Education and Research of the Japanese Psychological Association, based on 443 responses from program heads of 378 colleges, universities, and graduate schools. We analyzed the data by institution and type of degree program. The results indicated that: (a) undergraduate-level psychological education in Japan is mainly provided by private universities (which account for 71% of all psychology graduates at this level), while Master's (60%) and Ph.D. (83%) programs are mainly provided by national and public universities; (b) the largest groups of faculty members by specialization are in clinical psychology and in developmental and educational psychology; (c) the dominant forms of teaching are lectures and seminars; and (d) most psychology major programs in Japan aim to improve students' academic and generic skills. Finally, we suggest how psychology programs in Japan can reform curriculum and better improve students' academic skills on the basis of their generic skills.


This paper takes up the issue of the flexibility of inflation targeting regimes, with the specific goal of determining whether the monetary policy of the Bank of England, which has a formal inflation target, has been any less flexible than that of the Federal Reserve, which does not have such a target. The empirical analysis uses the speed of inflation forecast convergence, estimated from professional forecasters' predictions at successive forecast horizons, to gauge the perceived flexibility of the central bank's response to macroeconomic shocks. Based on this criterion, there is no evidence to suggest that the Bank of England's inflation target has compelled it to be more aggressive in pursuit of low inflation than the Federal Reserve.


In May 2002, 15 wells and four surface water sites were sampled, and in September 2002, those same wells and sites plus four additional surface sites were sampled in five parishes of northwestern Louisiana. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to select residential water wells for sampling. Well water samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, organic compounds, and nutrient and anion concentrations. All samples were further tested for presence of fungi (maintained for up to 28 days and colonies counted and identified microscopically), and metal and trace element concentration by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry. Surface water samples were tested for dissolved oxygen and evidence of leptospiral bacterial presence. A polymerase chain reaction protocol was optimized for detection of pathogenic leptospires, and the sensitivity of the assay was determined. The Spearman correlation method was used to assess the association between the endpoints for these field/laboratory analyses and the incidence of cancer of the renal pelvis obtained from the Louisiana Tumor Registry. Significant associations were revealed between the cancer rate and the overall number of organic compounds, the fungi Zygomycetes, the nutrients PO4 and NH3, and thirteen chemical elements (As, B, Br, Cl, Cr, F, Li, Na, P, Rb, Se, Sr, W) from the well water as compared to the controls. Among the species of fungi from the total of 136 isolates were 12 Penicillium spp., at least two Aspergillus spp., a number of other genera (Alternaria sp., Eupenicillium lapidosum, Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum sp., Trichoderma sp., Paecilomyces sp., Chrysosporium sp., Chloridium sp.), and Zygomycetes, and Coelmycetes -some of which are known mycotoxin producers. The two control wells yielded a mean of 6.5 (SD = 3.5355) individual isolates, while the mean number of isolates from all other sites was 7.6 (SD = 4.4866). Presence of human pathogenic leptospires was detected in 4/8 (50 percent) of the surface water sites sampled. These initial results suggest that additional investigation into these relationships is warranted.


The reaction process and kinetics of Al-TiO2-C-Ti-Fe system were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In order to obtain the information of reaction process for complicated system, the reaction characteristics of Al-TiO2, Al-TiO2-C and Al-TiO2-C-Ti systems are explored firstly. The results show that the reaction process varies with temperature in Al-TiO2-C-Ti-Fe system. At the lower temperature, the dominating reaction in Al-TiO2-C-Ti-Fe system is that between Al and Ti, Al and Fe, and so TiAlx, FeAlx, and Ti2Fe intermetallic compounds form. With the temperature increasing, the intermetallic compounds are decomposed. Then the decomposed Ti and Al react with C and TiO2 respectively and the stable TiC, Al2O3 and Fe three phases form in the final product.


Importance
Online programs may help with weight loss but have not been widely implemented in routine primary care.

Objective
To compare the effectiveness of a combined intervention, including an online weight management program plus population health management, with the online program only and with usual care.

Design, Setting, and Participants
Cluster randomized trial with enrollment from July 19, 2016, through August 10, 2017, at 15 primary care practices in the US. Eligible participants had a scheduled primary care visit and were aged 20 to 70 years, had a body mass index between 27 and less than 40, and had a diagnosis of hypertension or type 2 diabetes. Follow-up ended on May 8, 2019.

Interventions
Participants in the usual care group (n = 326) were mailed general information about weight management. Participants in the online program only group (n = 216) and the combined intervention group (n = 298) were registered for the online program. The participants in the combined intervention group also received weight-related population health management, which included additional support from nonclinical staff who monitored their progress in the online program and conducted periodic outreach.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary outcome was weight change at 12 months based on measured weights recorded in the electronic health record. Weight change at 18 months was a secondary outcome.

Results
Among the 840 participants who enrolled (mean age, 59.3 years [SD, 8.6 years]; 60% female; 76.8% White), 732 (87.1%) had a recorded weight at 12 months and the missing weights for the remaining participants were imputed. There was a significant difference in weight change at 12 months by group with a mean weight change of -1.2 kg (95% CI, -2.1 to -0.3 kg) in the usual care group, -1.9 kg (95% CI, -2.6 to -1.1 kg) in the online program only group, and -3.1 kg (95% CI, -3.7 to -2.5 kg) in the combined intervention group (P < .001). The difference in weight change between the combined intervention group and the usual care group was -1.9 kg (97.5% CI, -2.9 to -0.9 kg; P < .001) and the difference between the combined intervention group and the online program only group was -1.2 kg (95% CI, -2.2 to -0.3 kg; P = .01). At 18 months, the mean weight change was -1.9 kg (95% CI, -2.8 to -1.0 kg) in the usual care group, -1.1 kg (95% CI, -2.0 to -0.3 kg) in the online program only group, and -2.8 kg (95% CI, -3.5 to -2.0 kg) in the combined intervention group (P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance
Among primary care patients with overweight or obesity and hypertension or type 2 diabetes, combining population health management with an online program resulted in a small but statistically significant greater weight loss at 12 months compared with usual care or the online program only. Further research is needed to understand the generalizability, scalability, and durability of these findings.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02656693.


This contribution explores the relationship between (private) law and nationalism from a public choice perspective. Its main point is that the nationalist ideology in law is largely guided by the self-interest of citizens, legislatures, courts and academics. 'Nationalists' (those who favour the congruence of state and nation) maximise their chances in life by capitalising on homogeneity: by acting in accordance with the unified norms of the nation-state, they are able to put themselves in a better position. This framework is used to explain the importance of the nationalist view of law in the 19th century. In addition, it allows an analysis of both the question of how to organise private law today and the question of how to explain present resistance against Europeanization. At the normative level, the claim is made that citizens should be allowed to search for community elsewhere, e.g. by opting into European sets of norms (such as the proposed CESL). A possible explanation for resistance against Europeanization is found in the close relationship between engaging in things European and the economic or psychological advantages obtained from this. This is confirmed by a limited survey of the extent to which national academics are active in the debate on European private law, which can be explained by the different incentives universities provide academics with in obtaining tenure and prestige.


. 3D reconstruction of novel categories based on few-shot learning is appealing in real-world applications and attracts increasing research interests. Previous approaches mainly focus on how to design shape prior models for different categories. Their performance on unseen categories is not very competitive. In this paper, we present a Memory Prior Contrastive Network (MPCN) that can store shape prior knowledge in a few-shot learning based 3D reconstruction framework. With the shape memory, a multi-head attention module is proposed to capture different parts of a candidate shape prior and fuse these parts together to guide 3D reconstruction of novel categories. Besides, we introduce a 3D-aware contrastive learning method, which can not only complement the retrieval accuracy of memory network, but also better organize image features for downstream tasks. Compared with previous few-shot 3D reconstruction methods, MPCN can handle the inter-class variabil-ity without category annotations. Experimental results on a benchmark synthetic dataset and the Pascal3D+ real-world dataset show that our model outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods significantly.


The four Cluster satellites each carry two instruments designed for measuring the electric field: a double-probe instrument (EFW) and an electron drift instrument (EDI). We compare data from the two instruments in a representative sample of plasma regions. The complementary merits and weaknesses of the two techniques are illustrated. EDI operations are confined to regions of magnetic fields above 30 nT and where wave activity and keV electron fluxes are not too high, while EFW can provide data everywhere, and can go far higher in sampling frequency than EDI. On the other hand, the EDI technique is immune to variations in the low energy plasma, while EFW sometimes detects significant nongeophysical electric fields, particularly in regions with drifting plasma, with ion energy (in eV) below the spacecraft potential (in volts). We show that the polar cap is a particularly intricate region for the double-probe technique, where large nongeophysical fields regularly contaminate EFW measurments of the DC electric field. We present a model explaining this in terms of enhanced cold plasma wake effects appearing when the ion flow energy is higher than the thermal energy but below the spacecraft potential multiplied by the ion charge. We suggest that these conditions, which are typical of the polar wind and occur sporadically in other regions containing a significant low energy ion population, cause a large cold plasma wake behind the spacecraft, resulting in spurious electric fields in EFW data. This interpretation is supported by an analysis of the direction of the spurious electric field, and by showing that use of active potential control alleviates the situation.


Medicine in general can be described as science and praxis. A central aspect of every science is the formation of theories and the testing of these theories and hypotheses with methods accepted by the scientific community as the adequate way to do it. Modern medicine defined as science is based on knowledge from natural sciences as well as the humanities. Medicine, defined as practice or in some instances as art, is not science. Medical practice can be described as the application and integration of scientific knowledge in the process of medical decision making and thereby the care of patients and the prevention of illnesses. The main problem in modern medicine is the lack of a "theory of medicine", elucidating the relation between science and practice.


In this paper, a shadow detection method combining hyperspectral and LIDAR data analysis is presented. First, a rough shadow image is computed through line-of-sight analysis on a Digital Surface Model (DSM), using an estimate of the position of the sun at the time of image acquisition. Then, large shadow and non-shadow areas in that image are detected and used for training a supervised classifier (a Support Vector Machine, SVM) that classifies every pixel in the hyperspectral image as shadow or non-shadow. Finally, small holes are filled through image morphological analysis. The method was tested on data including a 24 band hyperspectral image in the VIS/NIR domain (50 cm spatial resolution) and a DSM of 25 cm resolution. The results were in good accordance with visual interpretation. As the line-of-sight analysis step is only used for training, geometric mismatches (about 2 m) between LIDAR and hyperspectral data did not affect the results significantly, nor did uncertainties regarding the position of the sun.


Obesity has been linked to low cognitive performance throughout the human life span. Alterations relate to attention, memory, language, and executive function. However, the obesity-executive function association remains unclear in adolescents. This study presents a systematic review of executive function alterations in adolescents with obesity. A search equation was proposed (Executive dysfunction AND Obesity AND Adolescents), with sixty studies meeting the inclusion criteria in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to identify the importance of the research topic and a citation network was built to establish the lines of research. Finally, the citation network was exported to Gephi to visualize the research groups studying the topic. Findings suggest 4 lines of research: (a) structural and functional brain abnormalities in adolescents with obesity, (b) inhibitory control alterations in adolescents with obesity, (c) effects of physical and cognitive activity on the executive function of adolescents with obesity, and (d) working memory alterations in adolescents with obesity. Obese adolescents were found to prefer immediate rewards to long-term ones. Nevertheless, effective interventions increase the intake of fruit and vegetables and reduce that of calorie-dense food. The authors recommend additional longitudinal studies to assess whether executive function alterations are either a cause or a consequence of adolescent obesity.


Two environmentally and thermally stable [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) derivatives, 2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (Ph-BTBT) and 2-(4-hexylphenyl)[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C6-Ph-BTBT), are prepared by Suzuki coupling. Organic thin-film transistors with a top-contact and bottom-gate based on BTBT, Ph-BTBT and C6-Ph-BTBT are fabricated by vacuum-deposition on octyltrichlorosilane treated Si/SiO2 substrates. Experimental results show that the thin-film based on BTBT sublimes instantly after the deposition of electrodes, and no semiconductor signal is detected. Ph-BTBT shows a mobility of 0.034 cm2 V−1 s−1. Furthermore, C6-Ph-BTBT exhibits three liquid crystal phases (Sm A, Sm E and Sm K or H) and achieves the highest hole mobility of 4.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off ratio of 2.2 × 107 for polycrystalline organic thin-film transistors in ambient air. The present study exemplifies that the introduction of mesoscopic order in molecular design provides a general approach for the high electronic performance of organic semiconductors.


Profound hypotension in patients with the malignant carcinoid syndrome has been noted during anesthesia,1,2palpation of the tumor at operation,3,4or spontaneous bouts of flushing.2,5-7The mechanism of the reduction in blood pressure is not clear, but an excessive amount of circulating serotonin is assumed to be a major causative factor. Recently, we encountered a patient with carcinoidosis who developed a striking constellation of signs and symptoms consisting of peripheral vascular collapse, flushing, chest pain, pruritus, paresthesias, and hyperesthesias. The use of levarterenol not only failed to produce a detectable pressor effect but also was attended by an increase in the severity of the symptoms. The subsequent injection of an antiserotonin compound resulted in prompt cessation of all symptoms and a return of the blood pressure to normal levels. The sequence of events suggested a "carcinoid crisis." Report of a Case A 41-year-old white woman with a


Abstract This study explored how primary school children perceive school surveillance by Closed Circuit TV systems (CCTVs) and how their perceptions relate to their privacy consciousness. It drew on interviews with 57 children, aged 9–12, who were enrolled in three Israeli public schools that had installed CCTVs, and on information gathered from members of the management team of each school. The findings indicated that in all three schools, educators did not discuss the CCTVs with the children. Consequently, most children had various erroneous assumptions regarding the CCTVs, leading some children to wrongly believe that they were seen and heard in almost every corner of the school, including toilets and classrooms. The findings also revealed a tension between normalisation of school surveillance on the one hand, and resistance to excessive surveillance on the other. In addition, the findings demonstrated that even young children, having been born and raised in a digital world with its ubiquitous surveillance, value their privacy and are willing to relinquish it only when they perceive it as justified. The moral balance voiced by the children regarding the circumstances that justify trading privacy for security resembles constitutional analysis.


Criminal punishment is increasingly regarded as a necessary element of human rights protection. There is a growing conviction at the international level that those responsible for the most serious crimes should not go unpunished. Although there is a wealth of legal writing on international criminal law, an extensive analysis is still needed of the question why and to what extent criminal prosecution is a necessary means of human rights protection at the domestic level. This book is the first to examine comprehensively the duty to prosecute serious human rights violations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American and European Covention on Human Rights and customary international law. It does so by addressing the phenomena of impunity and amnesties. These isssues are particularly relevant for post-conflict situations in which it is often argued that criminal punishment threatens peace and reconciliation. The question of how to deal with post-conflict justice under international human rights law therefore is a continuing theme throughout the book. Apart from post-conflict justice the text also considers the relevance of criminal measures in times of peace by exposing flaws in criminal legislation and in the conduct of criminal procedure. With its survey of the relevant human rights instruments and jurisprudence, Prosecuting Serious Human Rights Violations is placed at the interface of international criminal law and international human rights. The book analyses the rapidly growing body of human rights case law, dealing with criminalization, prosecution, and punishment of serious human rights violations. It identifies and critically examines the standards for criminal procedure developed by the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee, providing a unique tool of reference for scholars and practitioners working in this area of law. It also describes the standards for criminal law under the Conventions against Genocide, Torture, and Enforced Disappearances. As the analysis of the pertinent case law reveals shortcomings in the current conceptualization of the prosecution of human rights violations, the author develops a solid theoretical framework for future jurisprudence. By evaluating the relationship between criminal law and the protection of human rights, the book elucidates not only the potential but also the limits of the role human rights law can play in the emerging concept of international criminal justice.


One of the most critical activities for the oil and gas industry is the discovery of new possibles reserves. Geoscientists must rely on indirect measures of the subsurface to scrutinize huge areas looking for leads of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Usually, to study the Earth's crust, geoscientists examine seismic images. Although deep learning has become popular in the last decade, only a few published results have demonstrated the application of such techniques to seismic images. In this paper, we present deep neural models specifically for the task of seismic facies analysis, using state-of-the-art concepts and tools to train and classify seismic facies efficiently. Our results show that we can train a neural network in 4 minutes using less than 5% of the dataset, and yet obtain 88% of accuracy. Moreover, we can reach up to 97% of accuracy in 30 minutes using 60% of the dataset.


Excellence-in-ReSTI stands for Excellence in Research, Social and Technological Innovation Project Management. The Excellence-in-ReSTI Programme was developed as an open source platform for project managers and administrators in public and private organisations, and can be used by all people interested in this topic. As such, the ReSTI Programme is offered, free of charge, under Creative Commons license.


Climate change has increased the risk to workers' health and safety. Workers, especially those who work outdoors or in hot indoor environments, are at increased risk of heat stress and other heat-related disorders, occupational injuries, and reduced productivity at work. A variety of approaches have been developed to measure and assess workers' occupational heat exposure and the risk of heat-related disorders. In addition, increased ambient temperature may increase workers' exposure to hazardous chemicals and the adverse effects of chemicals on their health. Global warming will influence the distribution of weeds, insect pests, and pathogens, and will introduce new pests, all of which could change the types and amounts of pesticides used, thereby affecting the health of agricultural workers and others. Increased ambient temperatures may contribute to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology among workers. Global warming is increasing ground-level ozone concentrations with adverse effects on outdoor workers and others. Extreme weather events related to climate change pose injury risks to rescue and recovery workers. Reducing the risks of work-related illnesses and injuries from climate change requires a three-pronged approach: (1) mitigating the production of greenhouse gases, the primary cause of climate change; (2) implementing adaptation measures to address the overall consequences of climate change; and (3) implementing improved measures for occupational health and safety.


Rural residential concentration was one of the important tasks of the "Three Concentrations" strategy implemented in the suburbs of Shanghai in the mid-1990s. The aims of this paper are to comprehensively evaluate the process, pattern and effects of residential concentration in the suburbs of Shanghai over the past 20 years, clarify the direction and focus of development, and propose suggestions for existing deficiencies. Based on remote sensing images and statistical data, the implementation and effects of the rural residential concentration strategy from 1990 to 2015 were analysed using landscape indexes and geospatial analysis. The results are as follows: (1) according to the changes in the landscape pattern and spatial structure, the trends in population concentration in the suburbs of Shanghai are obvious. (2) Before 1995, the trend of population diffusion was conspicuous. After 1995, the period of population diffusion gradually shifted to a period of population agglomeration. The rate of population concentration increased rapidly from 2000 to 2010 and then became moderate after 2010. (3) In 1990, most of the rural residential areas were distributed within 14–52 km of the city centre, the distribution of residential area in each ring was relatively uniform, and the overall distribution was scattered and uniform. By 2015, the rural population gradually converged in the inner suburbs, and the centralized distribution gradually changed to within 16–32 km of the city centre. (4) In 1990, most of the rural residential areas were located north-northwest, southeast, and southwest of the People's Square. By 2015, the areas southwest and southeast of the People's Square became the focus of rural residential distribution. These findings provide a useful reference for future rural planning and construction.


The aim of this paper is to examine the ways by which construction material resources can be optimised towards sustainable material resource preservation. Material waste in construction contributes approximately 30-35% of project cost; thus leading to material loss and project cost overruns.Lack of concern by Governments and developers globally and Nigeria in particular is continuously affecting the use of these resources materials. Questionnaire method has been used. To achieve the objectives of the research, the questionnaire was administered among Consultants (Architect, Quantity Surveyors and Builders) in Nigerian construction sector. A total of 70 questionnaires were administered to construction practitioners; 53 were returned giving a 75% response rate. This was analysed using Descriptive Statistics.The findings reveal that selection of low quality products and inexperience of method are the major sources of material wastage at the design stage. Construction stage major sources of material wastage are design changes during construction and re-working due to incorrect use of material and labour. While at procurement stage the major source of materials waste are lack of possibility to order small quantity and waste encountered during loading/transportation. Finally, at the handling stage the major sources of material wastage are theft and inappropriate storage. The study also revealed that lack of adequate security in the country and inadequate knowledge of recycling are the main challenges that occur more frequently in resource management.The study found that the following factors should be considered for sustainable material resources optimisation and include, use of standard space product design, adoption of supply chain management, and developing of material schedule software will assist in reducing materials wastage. It recommends that better utilization of resources through adopting lean production and prefabricated component processes, use of appropriate equipment and specification, recycling/re-using of old materials for new construction projects will assist greatly in reducing visiting of base materials, hence leading to resource optimization and protection of the environment. Lastly, there is the need for policy establishment and implementation for resource optimisation for the Nigeria construction industry.


Irrigation with untreated sewage water adds fresh organic matter to the soil. When it is applied by flooding, as in the Mezquital Valley of Mexico, many of the pores in the soil become temporarily waterlogged and depleted of oxygen, and reduction generates nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We monitored the redox potential, Eh, in the soil at two sites in the Mezquital Valley to discover whether the short‐term gaseous emissions matched the changes in Eh. One site is irrigated periodically by flooding with waste water and has alfalfa, rye grass and maize grown in succession; the other site grows maize with water from summer rain only. Each electrode buried in the soil for the purpose produced sequences of measurements that were correlated in time. We modelled the correlation and took it into account to analyse the effects of the irrigation by residual maximum likelihood (reml). After each flooding, the redox potential under alfalfa and rye grass decreased by 150–200 mV from a norm of about 450 mV for 2 days, after which it returned to its norm. The short‐term response to flooding under maize was similar, but the redox potential did not recover completely; instead there was a decrease from one irrigation event to another, in particular as a result of heavy rain in September that saturated the soil. The soil under rain‐fed maize was slower to respond, partly, we believe, because infiltration into the less aggregated clay soil and drainage from it were also slow. Irrigation with untreated sewage water caused a sharp decrease in Eh lasting 1–2 days. It seems to have depleted the soil of oxygen, causing reduction in microhabitats rich in carbon and nitrogen and generation of N2O, which was captured in the closed chambers that we had installed.


The Blagdon controversy is the name given to the dispute between Hannah More, the conduct-book writer and prominent Evangelical, and Thomas Bere, the curate of Blagdon, a village in the Mendip hills in Somerset, where she had set up a Sunday school in 1795. It began quietly as a purely local affair in 1799, blazed into national notoriety in 1801, and petered out in the summer of 1802. It was the most problematic episode in More's career, seriously jeopardising her reputation as a loyalist. According to M. G. Jones, her most substantial biographer, the controversy centred on two issues: ' whether the lower orders should be educated, and if so, by whom?', and 'Was Miss More a Methodist? Were her schools Methodist schools? Had she established them with or without the consent of the clergy in whose parishes the schools were set up?' To Ford K. Brown the controversy 'was at first simply a dispute between a country parson and Mrs Hannah More over the alleged "Methodism" of the teacher of one of her schools". However, 'taken up by the London journals, it roused national interest when the Orthodox party saw it correctly as a symbol of Evangelical aggression'. Brown's analysis is part of his controversial thesis in which the Evangelicals are portrayed as an almost Leninist vanguard movement, intent on a fundamental revolution in Church and Nation. More recently, however, attention has focused on the gender issues behind the controversy. Viewed from this perspective, More has been seen as the embodiment of a revisionist female ideology, replacing the accommodating female ideal with an activist model: hence the virulent chauvinism of her opponents' attacks. Though the gender aspect of the controversy will be briefly mentioned, and its importance acknowledged, this article focuses on the theological and ecclesiological factors which, with the partial exception of Brown's tendentious account, have been neglected in previous studies. These are the light thrown on the inadequacies of diocesan structures; the particular problems of the Mendip parishes; the issues dividing Evangelicals and High Churchmen; the tensions between the Church and Methodism; the rival, but overlapping, agendas of Evangelical Sunday school pioneers and itinerant Methodist preachers; and ultra-loyalist fears of a cultural attack waged by William Wilberforce and his associates, interpreted as a front for 'Jacobinism'. Three questions are posed about the controversy, all of which centre around Evangelical–High Church relationships. What aspects of More's work in the Mendips particularly disturbed some High Churchmen? Why, given these facts, did other High Church clergy rally to her defence? Why did her opponents retreat in the spring and early summer of 1802?


Proteome analysis in the central nervous system area represents a large and important challenge in drug discovery. One major problem is to obtain representative and well characterized tissues of high quality for analysis. We have used brain tissues from normal mice to study the effect of post mortem time (up to 32 h) and temperature (4°C and room temperature) on protein expression patterns. A number of proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and potential markers were localized. One of the proteins identified, dihydropyrimidinase related protein‐2 (DRP‐2), occurs as multiple spots in two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels. The ratio between the truncated form of DRP‐2 (fDRP‐2) and full length DRP‐2 is suggested as an internal control that can be used as a biomarker of post mortem time and post mortem temperature between unrelated brain protein samples. Results of this study may be useful in future efforts to detect disease specific alterations in proteomic studies of human post mortem brain tissues.


Functional languages do away with the current state paradigm and achieve referential transparency. They also exhibit inherent parallelism. These qualities fit very well on top of a data-driven architecture such as a data flow machine. In this paper, we propose a fully reconfigurable data flow machine for implementing functional programming languages. The design is based on smart memories and nodes interconnected via a hypercube. Important aspects of the proposed model are described and compared with other similar attempts. Advantages of our system include massive parallelism, reconfigurability, and amenability to higher-level, graphical programming. Current limitations are identified and extensions are suggested.


Anesthesia for patients with muscular dystrophy is a great challenge to the anesthesiologists. A 56-year-old female with muscular dystrophy was diagnosed as having colon cancer. Since surgical intervention was indicated, epidural anesthesia with double catheters was performed. The entire anesthetic course was uneventful. Based on the experience obtained, it is concluded that epidural anesthesia offers a good alternative to general anesthesia for major abdominal surgery complicated by muscular dystrophy.


Renal arteriovenous (AV) fistula is an unusual but well-known complication of nephrectomy.1,2Rarely, bacterial endarteritis may complicate an acquired AV fistula, giving rise to a clinical picture similar to that of bacterial endocarditis.3-19This report presents a case of successfully treated staphylococcal endarteritis in a renal AV fistula 19 years following nephrectomy. Patient Summary 42-year-old white man was admitted to a local hospital on June 5, 1970, because of the sudden onset of chills and fever. Examination at the time of admission revealed a temperature of 104 F (40 C) and a soft systolic ejection murmur along the left sternal border. A blood culture was positive for coagulase-positiveStaphylococcus aureus. The patient was treated with cephaloridine, sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin sodium, but his fever continued. There was no history of rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, or heart disease. In 1951, the patient underwent nephrectomy on the left for hydronephrosis caused


Mental fatigue reduces one's cognitive and physical abilities. In tasks requiring continuous attention, such as driving, fatigue is a well-known risk. However, when fatigued during daily tasks, such as programming, the nature of risk is more diffuse and accumulative, yet the consequences can be just as severe (e.g. defects in autopilot software). Identifying risks of fatigue in the context of programming can lead to interventions that prevent introduction of defects and introduce coping mechanisms. To character and predict these risks, we conducted two studies: a survey study in which we asked 311 software developers to rate the severity and frequency of their fatigue and to recall a recent experience of being fatigued while programming, and an observational study with 9 professional software developers to investigate the feasibility of predicting fatigue from interaction history. From the survey, we found that a majority of developers report severe (66%) and frequent (59%) issues with fatigue. Further, we categorized their experiences into seven effects on programming tasks, which include reduced motivation and reduced ability to handle tasks involving large mental workloads. From our observational study, our results found how several measures, such as focus duration, key press time, error rates, and increases in software quality warnings, may be applied for detecting fatigue levels. Together, these results aims to support developers and the industry for improving software quality and work conditions for software developers.


Introduction : Candida albicans, a diploid fungus also a casual agent of opportunistic oral infections in humans and is traditionally being treated using herbs. Due to increase in the antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms, traditional plants are being investigated for their antibacterial and medicinal values. Aim: The aim of the present work was to explore the antimicrobial activities of selected plant leaves extracts against the pathogen Candida albicans which is also be responsible for causing oral cancer disease in recent studies. The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of plant leaves extracts against Candida albicans and to study the inhibitory effect of chemical antifungal agents or drugs and elements of tooth pastes on Candida albicans pathogen isolated from oral cavity to compare with herbal plants extracts. Material n methods: In present study, leaves extract of ten selected plant prepared in DMSO solution have been chosen for the investigation of in vitro antifungal activity which acts as expectorant and not having toxic properties on humans while for comparison or control, antifungal drugs have been taken. Results: Results showed that Candida albicans shows most sensitivity towards the standard antibiotic cotrimoazol but very less towards other drugs like Fluconazole, minocycline, erythromycin respectively which indicated Candida albicans shows some resistance character towards drugs while the herbal extracts of Lawsonia inermis, Withania somnifer, Curcuma longa, Cymbopogon citrates and Zingiber officinale gives the best inhibitory effect and they have the potential to control growth of Candida albicans. Conclusion: The present investigation was carried out to investigate the chemical and therapeutically potential by evaluating phytochemical and antifungal activity of the fresh leaves extracts. These findings will further help to develop the new antifungal drugs from these herbs or they can also be use in tooth pastes, oral ointments etc. for treatment of oral diseases at cheapest rate by inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen.


To eliminate early failures of CNC lathes, it is necessary to study the early failure distribution to establish accurate early failure distribution model of CNC lathes. During the modeling process, the same group of failure data obeys Weibull distribution, exponential distribution, super-exponential distribution and gamma distribution at the same time. To optimize the failure distribution model, this paper used "relevant index" method by comparing the distribution function curve fitting and determined that this group of failure data fitted Weibull distribution using maximum likelihood estimation method with its shape parameter k 0.8706 and scale parameter b142.6991.


Occlusion presents a major challenge in visualizing 3D flow and tensor fields using streamlines. Displaying too many streamlines creates a dense visualization filled with occluded structures, but displaying too few streams risks losing important features. We propose a new streamline exploration approach by visually manipulating the cluttered streamlines by pulling visible layers apart and revealing the hidden structures underneath. This paper presents a customized view-dependent deformation algorithm and an interactive visualization tool to minimize visual clutter in 3D vector and tensor fields. The algorithm is able to maintain the overall integrity of the fields and expose previously hidden structures. Our system supports both mouse and direct-touch interactions to manipulate the viewing perspectives and visualize the streamlines in depth. By using a lens metaphor of different shapes to select the transition zone of the targeted area interactively, the users can move their focus and examine the vector or tensor field freely.


An experimental investigation of the instability and the acoustic radiation of the low Reynolds number axisymmetric supersonic jet has been performed. Hot-wire measurements in the flow field and microphone measurements in the acoustic field were obtained from different size jets at Mach numbers of about 2. The Reynolds number ranged from 8000 to 107000, which contrasts with a Reynolds number of 1·3 × 106 for similar jets exhausting into atmospheric pressure. Hot-wire measurements indicate that the instability process in the perfectly expanded jet consists of numerous discrete frequency modes around a Strouhal number of 0·18. The waves grow almost exponentially and propagate downstream at a supersonic velocity with respect to the surrounding air. Measurements of the wavelength and wave speed of the St = 0·18 oscillation agree closely with Tam's theoretical predictions. Microphone measurements have shown that the wavelength, wave orientation and frequency of the acoustic radiation generated by the dominant instability agree with the Mach wave concept. The sound pressure levels measured in the low Reynolds number jet extrapolate to values approaching the noise levels measured by other experimenters in high Reynolds number jets. These measurements provide more evidence that the dominant noise generation mechanism in high Reynolds number jets is the large-scale instability.


Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Research and government agencies in eastern Indonesia have identified 2 systems with potential to increase productivity and incomes of small-holder cattle producers: improved cattle feeding practices through forage tree legumes (FTL); and the development of more efficient and specialized cattle-fattening systems. Extensive research has been conducted on production and technical aspects of FTL-fattening systems, but there is a gap in research on economic incentives for households to adopt the systems. This paper provides an economic analysis of a leucaena-fattening system in a village in West Timor. It draws on trial data from associated technical research projects and detailed semi-structured interviews with farmers and other stakeholders to populate a bio-economic model built for the research. Under all measures of profitability, leucaena-fattening systems in representative households are profitable in the wet season. Importantly, 'returns to person days' are higher than off-farm incomes. The activity generates cash income, increasingly required to meet cash expenses in modern rural Indonesian society. However, returns vary considerably between households, are considerably lower in the dry season and, as would be expected, are sensitive to relative prices of feeder and finished cattle.