OBJECTIVE
To describe the rationale and design of the Prospective Reinfarction Outcomes in the Thrombolytic Era Cardizem CD Trial (PROTECT).

DESIGN
A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of once daily beta-therapy versus heart rate lowering calcium channel blocker therapy, in the reduction of one-year nonfatal reinfarction and cardiovascular death (combined primary end-point) initiated 24 to 96 h post non-Q wave myocardial infarction.

SETTING
One hundred and twenty hospitals across Canada.

PATIENTS
Over 7500 women and men aged 21 years or older with enzyme-confirmed non-Q wave infarction and without significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction will be recruited over two years.

INTERVENTIONS
Once daily beta-blocker therapy (oral atenolol, 50 to 200 mg) versus once daily calcium channel blocker therapy (oral diltiazem 120 to 360 mg) with follow-up for up to three years.

CONCLUSIONS
The PROTECT will be the largest all-Canadian cardiovascular trial to date and will compare two commonly prescribed agents for secondary prophylaxis following non-Q wave infarction. The scientific question addressed by the PROTECT is of major public health importance and the results of the study will directly affect current clinical practice.


AA size Li-ion batteries using LiCoO2, MCMB and lithium metal as cathode, anode and reference electrode respectively were assembled, in order to study the individual effect of anode and cathode on the cyclic and overcharge performances. The experimental results showed that the LiCoO2 cathode was the main electrode related to the capacity decay and discharge voltage drop. Increasing polarization of the LiCoO2 cathode, especially at overcharge situation, and the irreversible change of cathode structure led to reduction of discharge capacity and voltage plateau of batteries.


Delayed acknowledgments were introduced to conserve network and host resources. Further reduction of the acknowledgment frequency can be motivated in the same way. However, reducing the dependency on frequent acknowledgments in TCP is difficult because acknowledgments support reliable delivery, loss recovery, clock out new segments, and serve as input when determining an appropriate sending rate.
 Our results show that in scenarios where there are no obvious advantages of reducing the acknowledgment frequency, performance can be maintained although fewer acknowledgments are sent. Hence, there is a potential for reducing the acknowledgment frequency more than is done through delayed acknowledgments today. Advancements in TCP loss recovery is one of the key reasons that the dependence on frequent acknowledgments has decreased.
 We propose and evaluate an end-to-end solution, where four acknowledgments per send window are sent. The sender compensates for the reduced acknowledgment frequency using a form of Appropriate Byte Counting. The proposal also includes a modification of fast loss recovery to avoid frequent timeouts.


Though English colonization of the Caribbean brought with it a new and strictly British education system and set of ideals, its backlash also caused "a debil of a bump-anbore,/Rig-jig an palam-pam," a chaotic whirlwind of sociopolitical and cultural leanings (Bennett 1966:215:25) which battled with each other and formed polarized camps. As the colonial rule brought with it a new language as well, the variety of reactions to its residual effects on the area were expressed in distinct and deliberate ways. Anglophone poets of this changing time and place used language and dialect to depict their sociopolitical and cultural climates as a result of colonization in a powerful and telling way. Poets of the postcolonial context deal with issues of identity, homeland and heritage in ways that narrative cannot, though a student would be hard-pressed to find any poetry represented in a postcolonial literature class. By placing particular attention to poetic form, diction and dialect, Caribbean Anglophone poets express their struggles with identity as a result of colonial rule. Comments 2006-2007 Penn Humanities Forum on Travel, Undergraduate Mellon Research Fellows. URL: http://humanities.sas.upenn.edu/06-07/uhf_fellows.shtml This presentation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2007/11


Injuries are an inevitable consequence of athletic performance with most athletes sustaining one or more during their athletic careers. As many as one in 12 athletes incur an injury during international competitions, many of which result in time lost from training and competition. Injuries to skeletal muscle account for over 40% of all injuries, with the lower leg being the predominant site of injury. Other common injuries include fractures, especially stress fractures in athletes with low energy availability, and injuries to tendons and ligaments, especially those involved in high-impact sports, such as jumping. Given the high prevalence of injury, it is not surprising that there has been a great deal of interest in factors that may reduce the risk of injury, or decrease the recovery time if an injury should occur: One of the main variables explored is nutrition. This review investigates the evidence around various nutrition strategies, including macro- and micronutrients, as well as total energy intake, to reduce the risk of injury and improve recovery time, focusing upon injuries to skeletal muscle, bone, tendons, and ligaments.


In this paper I present issues and results pertaining to goal-directed inductive machine learning, in particular, inductive learning that takes into account the cost of the errors made when the learned concept description is used. Previous work introduced the notion that learning programs should be able to take as input different policies, so that they can learn under different pragmatic considerations. This paper shows that inductive learning can trade off classification accuracy for a reduction in cost, when the learning program uses a cost function to evaluate its learned knowledge. In particular, I discuss costs related to risks, in the classic mushroom and breast-cancer domains, and monetary costs in a domain of diagnosing errors in the local loop of the telephone network.


Training is the main goal of any organization that has to apply itself to achieve objectives, and it can be helpful to change the whole work environment by developing the human resources of the organization. Training presents the harmony between the progress of the organization and the development of the employees, which means that whenever there is a training programmes implemented within the organization, there is a progress and increased high performance for both organization and employees. This study examines the training process of the Ministry of Social Affairs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and demonstrates the training procedures used in this Ministry. Its purpose is to present recommendations and suggestions of the way to improve the efficiency of training programmes within the Ministry based on the results of the evaluation process of this study. It shows that the sample of this study is the employees of the Ministry only, non managers or supervisors. The questionnaire method used in this study, and the questionnaires were distributed on the employees by using self-administrated technique which will enable the researcher to get much responses. This indicates that the descriptive statistical analysis was employed in this study in the form of frequencies and percentages. The statistical analysis SPSS was used in this study to analyze the results of the questionnaires, which demonstrates that the training process of the Ministry is not affective and not performing sufficiently, and presents that there are some obstacles that stand against the development of the training in the Ministry.


Abstract Contaminant exposure is among the many threats to Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) populations throughout North America, particularly lead poisoning and anticoagulant rodenticides (AR). These threats may act in concert with others (e.g., lead poisoning and trauma associated with striking objects) to exacerbate risk. Golden Eagles are skilled hunters but also exploit scavenging opportunities, making them particularly susceptible to contaminant exposure from ingesting tissues of poisoned or shot animals. Lead poisoning has long been recognized as an important source of mortality for Golden Eagles throughout North America. More recently, ARs have been associated with both sublethal and lethal effects in raptor species worldwide. In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge for lead and AR exposure in Golden Eagles, drawing from the broader raptor contaminant ecology literature. We examine lead and AR sources within Golden Eagle habitats, exposure routes and toxicity, effects on individuals and populations, synergistic effects, and data and information needs. Continued research addressing data needs and information gaps will help with Golden Eagle conservation planning.


The role of benthic microalgae as the source of primary organic matter for the macro- zoobenthos community was examined in 3 bay systems of the south coast of the Korean peninsula using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) as a dual tracer. The δ 13 C and δ 15 N of riverine particulate inputs, primary producers and macrozoobenthos collected from the intertidal and subtidal habitats of the bays were measured and compared with those from adjacent offshore waters. Extensive intertidal flats occurred with wide marsh plains (primarily Phragmites australis) at the uppermost part of the intertidal zone in all 3 bay systems, but different hydrologic features were exhibited among bay systems. There were no systematic variations in δ 13 C for the same plant taxa, but different producer groups were clearly separated by their δ 13 C values. Benthic microalgae and macroalgae, which had similar δ 13 C values, were separated by their δ 15 N values. The δ 13 C values of macrozoobenthos collected from the offshore areas were similar to those of phytoplankton. Macro- zoobenthos collected from all 3 bay habitats had similar δ 13 C ranges, and their δ 13 C values (means of all consumers, feeding types and species) were less negative than those of the offshore macro- zoobenthos. Isotopic linkage between sources and benthic consumers, based on the documented trophic fractionation for C and N, indicated that benthic microalgae and phytoplankton are the major sources of organic matter supporting macrobenthic consumers in the bay systems. A 2-source mixing model revealed that pelagic feeders in both the intertidal and subtidal habitats subsisted in equal shares on marine phytoplankton and benthic microalgae, whereas the food source of benthic feeders was derived predominantly from benthic microalgae. Phragmites or riverine particulate inputs appeared to have made little contribution to the diets of consumers in the bay systems. Our collective isotopic data set suggested that benthic microalgae, along with phytoplankton, constituted the organic matter that forms the trophic base of pelagic as well as benthic food webs in the coastal bays, despite differing vegetational composition and hydrology.


The question of whether more competition among banks increases relationship banking, which is predicted to improve credit availability for informationally opaque firms in theory, is a controversial issue in the banking literature. By using firm-level survey data in Japan, this paper provides evidence for the negative correlation between lending competition and the provision of relationship banking . This paper raises the question whether fierce interbank competition is always beneficial for small firms.


Since the introduction of Bitcoin in 2008, cryptocurrency has been undergoing a quick and explosive development. At the same time, privacy protection, one of the key merits of cryptocurrency, has attracted much attention by the community. A deterministic wallet algorithm and a stealth address algorithm have been widely adopted in the community, due to their virtues on functionality and privacy protection, which come from a key derivation mechanism that an arbitrary number of derived keys can be generated from a master key. However, these algorithms suffer a vulnerability. In particular, when a minor fault happens (say, one derived key is compromised somehow), the damage is not limited to the leaked derived key only, instead, it spreads to the master key and all derived keys are compromised. In this paper, to provide a formal treatment for the problem, we introduce and formalize a new signature variant, called Key-Insulated and Privacy-Preserving Signature Scheme with Publicly Derived Public Key (PDPKS), which forms a convenient and robust cryptographic tool for offering the virtues of deterministic wallet and stealth address, while eliminating the security vulnerabilities. Specifically, PDPKS allows anyone to derive new signature verification keys for a user, say Alice, based on her long-term public key, while only Alice can derive the signing keys corresponding to those verification keys. In terms of privacy, given a derived verification key and valid signatures with respect to it, an adversary is not able to tell which long-term public key, out of a set of known long-term public keys, is the one from which the verification key was derived. A distinguishing security feature of PDPKS, with the above functionality and privacy features, is that the derived keys are independent/insulated from each other, namely, compromising the signing key associated with a verification key does not allow an adversary to forge a valid signature for another verification key, even if both verification keys are derived from the same long-term public key. We formalize the notion of PDPKS and propose a practical and proven secure construction, which could be a convenient and secure cryptographic tool for building privacy-preserving cryptocurrencies and supporting promising use cases in practice, as it can be used to implement secure stealth addresses, and can be used to implement deterministic wallets and the related appealing use cases, without security concerns.


There are three streams of theological thoughts on charismata. The first thought is the cessationists who believe that all sign gifts were designed for canonical conclusion, and therefore ceased when canon was completed. This theological stance was endorsed by Reformers such as Calvin and some Catholics. Later, around the 17th century to date, this stance had been challenged by evidence of these spiritual gifts in operation. There are four mainstream cessationists. Firstly, full cessationists are totally anti-miracles. Secondly, concentric cessationists believe in the total cessation of charismata and miracles in mainline Christianity and evangelised territories. However, miracles may manifest in unevangelised areas as an aid to the missional endeavors. Thirdly, classical cessationists of whom the charismatic manifestations served as the launching pads for evangelisation and the affirmation of God's revelation. Finally, consistent cessationists go further to declare that although the miraculous gifts were for church establishment in the 1st century, the apostles and prophets also ceased. The second thought is continuationism, which stands in juxtaposition with the cessationists. They are convinced that charismata never ceased. If they cease, it will be at the return of Christ. Pentecostalism, through its trinitarianism, stands in the middle of the two thoughts and enhances the continuationist stance. It is a movement that accepts the holistic or trinitarian view of God. The God of the Old Testament continues to be the God of the New Testament up to current times. Its trinitarian emphasis puts it above the cessationist-continuationist tensions.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article's intradisciplinary implication was realised through the appeal to numerous theological disciplines such as biblical studies, church history, ecclesiology and pneumatology. These various disciplines and doctrines argue that although cessationism and continuationism are common in theological thoughts today, Pentecostal trinitarianism is growing and gaining more ground at the grassroots levels.


MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) is a service offered by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) cellular networks for the distribution of multimedia content and competes with technologies like DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting - Handhelds) and DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting). For MBMS in LTE (Long Term Evolution), 3GPP discussed two different radio transmission schemes: one with cells transmitting in an uncoordinated way and one with cells synchronously transmitting such that signals from several cells are perceived as one signal at the user terminal. We will discuss related challenges such as the choice of a suitable transmission scheme, the coordination of base stations for the synchronized transmission of content, and mobility between areas of different transmission schemes.


Inelastic displacements of reinforced concrete systems are investigated by employing an energy-based approach. A hysteresis model is developed that accounts for stiffness degradation, strength deterioration and pinching. The model is calibrated by using experimental data from literature. Inelastic displacement ratios are calculated under a specific set of ground motion records with long effective durations. The results reveal the importance of deteriorating behavior under long duration excitations, especially for short and medium period structures. The last part of the study is devoted to the introduction of a simple empirical relationship for estimating the inelastic displacement demands of degrading RC structural systems.


The development of computer external storage has undergone the continuous change of perforated cassettes, tapes, floppy disks, hard disks, optical disks and flash disks. Internal memory has gone through the development of drum storage, Williams tube, mercury delay line, and magnetic core storage, until the emergence of semiconductor memory. Later RAM and ROM were born. RAM was divided into DRAM and SRAM. Due to its structure and cost advantages, DRAM has gradually developed into the widely used DDR series. At the same time, the low-power LPDDR series has also been advancing. At present, with the development of NVRAM technology, non-volatile random access memory with both internal and external storage functions is born. Dual-space storage based on NVRAM combines internal and external storage into one, and large capacity dual-space storage has become the development trend of storage.


A case of severe hypertension resistant to multiple drug therapy was controlled with minoxidil, captopril, and propranolol hydrochloride after treatment with these drugs alone or in other combinations had failed. Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism with hyperkalemia and acidosis developed after captopril administration was started.


In this paper we examine a case study of a pedagogical strategy that focuses on the teaching of modeling as a habit of mind and practice for novice designers engaged in engineering design challenges. In an engineering design course, pre-service teachers created modeling artifacts in the form of conceptual models, graphical models, mathematical models and finally working models. Data also came from the students' work in the form of student-generated mind maps, design journals, final design products and their accompanying documentation, as well as peer checking procedures. The results suggest that a focus on modeling in an engineering design challenge can be beneficial to both student and instructor. Modeling not only served as a vehicle for representation, but also as an aid in assessment and documentation of students' cognitive processes.


Background Increasing evidence suggests that many gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex (GLBTI) people are being denied their legal rights at the end-of-life. A 2009 study in Northern NSW (presented 2010 ACPEL Conference) found evidence of active discrimination and abuse of GLBTI people. Methods A State-wide hard copy and on-line survey and in-depth interviews were undertaken. Results 305 useable questionnaires were returned; questionnaire distribution was via Newsletter & websites so a response rate could not be determined. The majority of respondents were open to all significant others; just over half were in a relationship; 77% had been in their relationship for 4 years or more. Most respondents had high levels of education and income above that of the general population. Only 21% rated their health as Fair or Poor, while 53% said it was excellent or very good. Knowledge of/Experience with advance care planning (ACP) options was variable; most respondents did not understand the law relating to ACP. Few had discussed their end-of-life wishes with their doctor or significant others. Those who were not out to significant others, had lower education and income and poorer health, are at greatest risk of inadequate care and not having their end of life wishes respected. Conclusions As many GLBTI people are ageing, there is an urgent need for focussed education for GLBTI people about legally available ACP options and resources. Findings from this study and the pilot have resulted in a new GLBTI-specific ACP resource booklet. Funding Study funded by Law and Justice Foundation of NSW.


OBJECTIVES
To (1) describe patterns of posthospital care transitions; (2) characterize these patterns as uncomplicated or complicated; (3) identify those at greatest risk for complicated transitions.

DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING
The Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey was used to identify beneficiaries aged 65 and older who were discharged from an acute care hospital in 1997-1998.

STUDY DESIGN
Patterns of posthospital transfers were described over a 30-day time period following initial hospital discharge. Uncomplicated posthospital care patterns were defined as a sequence of transfers from higher-to lower-intensity care environments without recidivism, while complicated posthospital care patterns were defined as the opposite sequence of events. Indices were developed to identify patients at risk for complicated transitions.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Forty-six distinct types of care patterns were observed during the 30 days following hospital discharge. Among these patterns, 444 episodes (61.2 percent) were limited to a single transfer, 130 episodes (17.9 percent) included two transfers, 62 episodes (8.5 percent) involved three transfers, and 31 episodes (4.3 percent) involved four or more transfers. Fifty-nine episodes (8.1 percent) resulted in death. Between 13.4 percent and 25.0 percent of posthospital care patterns in the 1998 sample were classified as complicated. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.771 for a predictive index that utilized administrative data and 0.833 for an index that used a combination of administrative and self-reported data.

CONCLUSIONS
Posthospital care transitions are common among Medicare beneficiaries and patterns of care vary greatly. A significant number of beneficiaries experienced complicated care transitions-a finding that has important implications for both patient safety and cost-containment efforts. Patients at risk for complicated care patterns can be identified using data available at the time of hospital discharge.


Abstract Invasive species usurp habitat space at the expense of natives, reducing biodiversity and altering ecosystem function. The non-native invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is known to have substantial effects on forest structure and biodiversity in Midwestern North America; however, its influence on nutrient cycling is relatively unexplored. We investigated throughfall volume and chemistry, and soil nutrients, under and away from L. maackii shrubs in random locations along transects in three patchily invaded second-growth forests. Significantly lower volumes of throughfall were found under L. maackii canopies than in sites located away from L. maackii. Cation concentrations in throughfall were significantly higher, and in some instances 3 × higher, under L. maackii than in "away" locations. Despite lower throughfall volumes under L. maackii compared to "away" locations, total deposition of cations in throughfall under L. maackii was also consistently higher than in adjacent areas of native forest canopy. In contrast, NH4+-N concentrations in throughfall were significantly lower under L. maackii than away, suggesting N transformation and assimilation as rainwater passed through the canopy. No differences were found in soil properties between "under" and "away" locations. In summary, L. maackii significantly reduced the volume of rainwater arriving at the forest floor and altered the chemistry of that rainwater causing an increase in cation concentrations and a reduction in NH4+-N. These results suggest that L. maackii invasion has the potential to cause significant alterations to nutrient cycling in forests.


This book is suitable for those between the ages of 15 and 30. Beatrix Potter kept a secret diary written in code. When the code was cracked by Leslie Linder more than 20 years after her death, the diary revealed a remarkable picture of upper middle-class life in late Victorian Britain. The original diaries run to over 200,000 words so for this edition Glen Cavaliero has made a careful selection of complete entries and excerpts which provide an illuminating insight into the personality and inspiration of one of the world's best loved children's authors.


Background: Vaccination is an essential component of the public health programs and among most cost effective medical intervention. Vaccines like other pharmaceutical product are not entirely risk free; while most known side effects are mild and non-serious. But some vaccines have been associated with very rare but serious side effect. So, there is a need of a surveillance program to monitor and record such events.

Aims & Objective: To detect adverse events following immunizations (AEFI) in children and find vaccine responsible for them.

Material and Methods: A one year, prospective, vaccine safety study was undertaken in 2011 covering a pediatric population who were administered vaccines. A two-phase telephone survey of all patients was conducted, comprising of an initial call at 1 week and a follow-up call at 30 days after the vaccine administration date. All AEFI were recorded in Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form.

Results: Of a total sample of 4320 children, ranging in age from 0 to 14 years, 10110 vaccine doses were given. Each child received 2.34 vaccines on an average. Out of 4320 children, 899 children (20.8%) suffered 1003 AEFI. The most frequent types of adverse reactions to vaccines were fever (34.33 per 1000 doses), excessive crying (30.95 per 1000 doses) and injection site swelling (18.57 per 1000 doses). AEFI rate per 1000 doses was 99.2%.

Conclusion: Most of the adverse events reported were mild and non-serious. Establishment of national AEFI database can be a worthy long term goal in Indian context.


NO and NOy (total reactive oxidized nitrogen) were measured at a site in the Azores (27.322°W, 38.732°N, 1 km altitude) over a 3 week period in August and September 1993, during the first summer intensive of the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE). These measurements were performed to determine background reactive nitrogen oxides levels and to assess the impact that long-range transport of reactive nitrogen oxides associated with human activities have on these levels. Median NOy mixing ratios during background marine boundary layer (MBL) periods ranged from 59 to 93 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), with an overall median of 73 pptv. Analysis of back trajectories, low and uncorrelated CO and O3 levels, and low levels of MBL NOy indicate that the central North Atlantic region was not influenced by direct transport of anthropogenic emissions during the period of this study. Changes in NOy levels during two MBL periods with adjacent in and out-of-cloud events indicated that up to 45–47% of MBL NOy was scavenged by clouds. However, mean NOy levels during all in-cloud periods (∼70 pptv) and all out-of-cloud periods (∼80 pptv) were not significantly different, apparently because of variability in MBL NOy levels. In addition to the MBL periods, there were two periods when the site was within the free troposphere (FT), as indicated by vertical soundings and weather conditions at the site. FT NOy mixing ratios were ≥280 pptv and ≥400 pptv during these two periods. The median clear-sky FT NO level during the hour centered on solar noon was 16 pptv. A mass balance model considering FT/MBL exchange and MBL removal processes is used to find the NOy MBL effective first-order loss lifetime (∼1.2 days) and the NOy, MBL e-folding response time due to both effective first-order loss processes and subsidence-induced ventilation of the MBL (∼0.9 days). The apparent rapid loss of MBL NOy, implies that it will respond rapidly to changes in the overlying FT, but that correlations of NOy with trace gases with slower MBL removal, such as O3 and CO, will be degraded within the subsidence-influenced MBL.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide of a review of the theory and models underlying project management (PM) research degrees that encourage reflective learning.
Design/methodology/approach – Review of the literature and reflection on the practice of being actively involved in conducting and supervising academic research and disseminating academic output. The paper argues the case for the potential usefulness of reflective academic research to PM practitioners. It also highlights theoretical drivers of and barriers to reflective academic research by PM practitioners.
Findings – A reflective learning approach to research can drive practical results though it requires a great deal of commitment and support by both academic and industry partners.
Practical implications – This paper suggests how PM practitioners can engage in academic research that has practical outcomes and how to be more effective at disseminating these research outcomes.
Originality/value – Advanced academic degrees, in particular those completed by PM practitioners, can validate a valuable source of innovative ideas and approaches that should be more quickly absorbed into the PM profession's sources of knowledge. The value of this paper is to critically review and facilitate a reduced adaptation time for implementation of useful reflective academic research to industry.


The goal of teaching English at the senior hIgh school is to enable students to use English for communication, both oral and written. The focus of the English classes is on the needs for being able to read in English. Reading activity is regarded as a complex process; and thus, requires the manipulation of more high-order thinking skills than low-order thinking skills. Teachers commonly give reading comprehension questions to their students both as reading exercises and tests. This study aims at finding out the levels of thinking skills in the reading questions given by the English teachers of the senior high schools. The source of the data was the questions given by 5 English teachers. The findings show that 28.39% of the total number of the questions require students to use high-order thinking skills to answer them and 71.61% of the total number of questions require students to use low-order thinking skills. As a complex process, reading should not be seen as a linear progression of thinking skills. Hence, students should be trained to jump between various levels of thinking; this means that they should be trained to create meaning as a result of the negotiation between their schemata, the nature of the texts, the writers' message, and other features of reading. In the reading class, teachers should provide students with various questions which require the manipulation of more high levels of thinking.


Finite-sized boron nanomaterials have received little attention in comparison to their graphene-like 2D boron analogues. It is with systems of precise atomic structures where the electrical conductance can be most fruitfully analyzed at the fundamental level. To understand how conductance varies with respect to the electronic structure, and particularly with vacancies, we study finite-sized boron nanoflakes (BNFs) and closely examine their remarkable changes in physical properties. Unlike carbon-based materials, we find from non-equilibrium Green's functions density functional theory (NEGF-DFT) calculations that the charge transport of BNFs with 35–37 atoms is modulated by site-specific atomic vacancies. The BNF with no vacancy (B37) shows significantly lower conductivity (9.23 μS), than B36 with one vacancy (46.1 μS), and lower still than with two vacancies (B35, 54.2 μS). From the thermopower function, these nanomaterials change from strong hole conductors to electron and back to hole conductors with the addition of each vacancy, from a doublet (B37) to singlet (B36) to doublet (B35) ground state, respectively. The projected density of states also reveals a trend from semiconducting to metallic-like character. A key finding is the observation of vacancy-dependent electronic transmission Stark effects (ETSEs) with respect to bias voltage (±1 V) in these molecular junctions. B37 exhibits quadratic behavior of resonance shifting, B36 shows competition between quadratic and cubic, and B35 exhibits a linear Stark effect, although this masks the nature of a cubic response at bias exceeding ±0.8 V. We prove that the vacancy position is a determining factor in the quadratic or linear ETSE behavior, from isomeric structures of these BNFs. The I–V responses also reveal that charge transport increases with vacancy for these nanoflakes. Thus, not only do vacancies affect nanoflake conductivity, but they also affect the nature of electrical transmission in the presence of a voltage bias, which is important for transistor switching. It follows then, that rather than seeking to fabricate electronic devices with pristine, defect-free boron nanoflakes, we should, however, be introducing site-specific atomic defects for high-performance devices.


Ultra-reliable communication (URC) is a key enabler for supporting immersive and mission-critical 5G applications. Meeting the strict reliability requirements of these applications is challenging due to the absence of accurate statistical models tailored to URC systems. In this letter, the wireless connectivity over dynamic channels is characterized via statistical learning methods. In particular, model-based and data-driven learning approaches are proposed to estimate the non-blocking connectivity statistics over a set of training samples with no knowledge on the dynamic channel statistics. Using principles of survival analysis, the reliability of wireless connectivity is measured in terms of the probability of channel blocking events. Moreover, the maximum transmission duration for a given reliable non-blocking connectivity is predicted in conjunction with the confidence of the inferred transmission duration. Results show that the accuracy of detecting channel blocking events is higher using the model-based method for low to moderate reliability targets requiring low sample complexity. In contrast, the data-driven method yields a higher detection accuracy for higher reliability targets at the cost of $100\times $ sample complexity.


Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of primary brain tumor type and is associated with a high mortality rate borne out of such affording a survival rate of only 15 months. GBM aggressiveness is associated with the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutants. Targeting GBM with therapeutics is challenging because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permits primarily select small-molecule entities across its semipermeable blockade. However, recent preclinical data suggest that large biomolecules, such as the anti-EGFR antibody therapeutic, cetuximab, could be capable of bypassing the BBB despite the relative enormity of its size. As such, we set forth to establish the feasibility of utilizing an EGFR-targeting near-infrared-I (NIR-I) fluorescent construct in the form of an immunoconjugate (cetuxmimab-IRDye800) to achieve visual differentiation between diseased brain tissue arising from a low-passage patient-derived GBM cell line (GBM39) and healthy brain tissue via utilizing orthotopic intracranial murine GBM39 tumor models for in vivo and ex vivo evaluation such that by doing so would establish proof of concept for ultimately facilitating its in vivo fluorescence-guided resection and ex vivo surgical back-table pathological confirmation in the clinic. As anticipated, we were not capable of distinguishing between malignant tumor tissue and healthy tissue in resected intact and slices of whole brain ex vivo under white-light illumination (WLI) due to both the diseased tissue and healthy tissue appearing virtually identical to the unaided eye. However, we readily observed over an average 6-fold enhancement in the fluorescence emission in the resected intact whole brain ex vivo when performing NIR-I fluorescence imaging (FLI) on the cohort of GBM39 tumor models that were administered the immunoconjugate compared to controls. In all, we laid the initial groundwork for establishing that NIR-I fluorescent immunoconjugates (theranostics) such as cetuximab–IRDye800 can bypass the BBB to visually afford GBM39 tumor tissue differentiation for its image-guided surgical removal.


East Asia has been widely known as the arena for geopolitical contestation between the great players and has been called as 'the grand chessboard' for geopolitical struggles, especially for the two regional powers, Japan and China. These two powers possess huge potentials to become the driving actors for the formation of regional mechanisms in East Asia, such as East Asian Community (EAC) dan China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. Economic cooperation between China and Japan in some regional forums brings hopes to end the long-term tensions and prospects for reconciliation among them. However, the interdependence between them does not simultaneously change the influence contestation and competition, especially for these past decades. This paper will try to answer a question about the form of competition between Japan and China in the context of regional institution in East Asia. By using theoretical approach of rivalry on interdependency, this paper try to analyze the roles of the two great powers in multilateral forums in East Asia, how those roles reflect their competition and what obstacles are heading their ways to be the "leader" in East Asia regional forums.


The close morphological and temporal links between phases of plant growth and reproduction call for integrated studies incorporating several reproductive phases from flowering to recruitment, and associated plant-animal interactions. Phenological strategies, as well as plastic phenological response to climate change, incorporate complex interactions between developmental constraints, pollination and seed dispersal. Relationships between reproductive phenology and components of fitness were studied for two years in the north-temperate, self-incompatible, insect-pollinated, and bird-dispersed shrub Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae). Fruit set, dispersal, germination and juvenile survival, as well as seed mass and juvenile size were measured in relation to flowering, fruiting and germination time. The results suggest that effects of flowering and fruiting time prevailed in subsequent phases, to some extent as far as to the juvenile phase, but effects of timing were complex and had partly opposing effects on different fitness components. Early flowers had higher fruit-set and experiments indicated that synchronous peak flowering increased fruit-set, but later flowers had higher seed mass. Peak fruiting was not associated with peak dispersal. Late fruits derived from late flowers promoted dispersal. Juvenile recruitment was enhanced by increasing seed size. We conclude that the phenology of flowering and fruiting in F. alnus comprises several features, each with different and sometimes counteracting effects on fitness components. From a general perspective, this result implies that we should not expect to find finely tuned matches in timing specifically between flowering and pollinators, and fruiting and seed dispersing birds.


The development of tourism sector was essential in the socio-economic development of nations. In a developing country like Ethiopia, the development of tourism industry is closely linked with the development of hotel sector because the majority of customers of this sector come from international tourists.  Bahir Dar located along the Historic Route, the town and its environ are endowed with both natural and cultural heritages. In this regard, the Blue Nile falls, the Lake Tana and its island monasteries have been potential attractions for the tourism industry. This potential was not yet fully exploited partly due to the low development of accommodation and hospitality services to the tourists in the hotel sector. Recently, even though the tourism industry began to win scholarly attention from various disciplines, nonetheless, the hotel sector still given little focus. Therefore, the major objective of this article is to examine the historical developments of hotel services in Bahir Dar town. The paper is done after consulting both written secondary and archival sources, and  interviews made with key informants. So, this paper provides a bird's eye view on the historical survey of hotel services in Bahir Dar town since 1930s.

 Key words: Bahir Dar, hotels, tourism, accommodation.


Research indicates that health and disorder are polar opposites of the same continuum of vulnerability. Research has focused almost exclusively upon one end of this continuum, namely disorder. As such, instruments that assess adaptive dispositions (e.g., "thriving", or post-trauma growth) have rarely been developed. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument that assesses dispositional thriving. Undergraduate students (N = 289) were asked to complete the dispositional thriving inventory (DTI), in addition to a number of other instruments designed to assess adaptive (e.g., optimism, acceptance, planning, etc.) and maladaptive (depression, dysfunctional attitudes, etc.) constructs. Factor analysis revealed four orthogonal factors comprising the DTI. Results indicated that the 26-item scale is reliable (α = .88) and valid. Scores on the DTI positively correlated with optimism, and adaptive coping, and negatively correlated with depression and dysfunctional attitudes. There is some evidence that the DTI is a reliable and valid instrument. The construct of thriving has wide implications upon the onset and treatment of psychopathology.


Expecting activation of myocardial energy liberation, coenzyme Q was applied as a treatment to 55 patients suffering from congestive heart failure. Daily doses of 50 to 100 mg of coenzyme Q7 were injected intravenously in 21 cases for 3 to 35 days. Daily doses of 60 mg of coenzyme Q7 were administered perorally in 17 cases for 14 to 196 days. Daily doses of 30 mg of coenzyme Q10 were administered perorally in 17 cases for 7 to 182 days. Clinical effects were evaluated within 4 weeks by the criteria using a scoring method of severity of congestive heart failure which was devised by the authors. In summary a certain effect was found in 20 cases and a mild effect was observed in 29 cases. No significant changes were observed in heart rate and blood pressure. Exanthema appeared in 2 patients of the group of coenzyme Q7 intravenous injection. In conclusion the therapeutic effect of coenzyme Q was thought to be mild but stable in supplement to digitalis therapy in cases of congestive heart failure.


The increased use of stock options as a compensation component and the subsequent failure of firms where their use was prevalent forced both Congress and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to enact new legislation and regulations in 2002. Among other things, the new legislation required corporations to disclose more information on their financial statements and initially to recognize voluntarily stock option grants as an expense on their financial statements. In 2004 option expensing became mandatory. This investigation uses Tobit regression models to examine whether there is a change in the payout policy (use a firm's cash to pay dividends to its stockholders or to repurchase outstanding shares from its shareholders) in a group of firms after announcing their voluntary decision to expense their stock options. The expected increases in the payment of dividends or share repurchases did not occur. Firms seem to have reacted to the required option expensing with other


Sustained attention and working memory were improved in young adults after they engaged in a recently developed, closed-loop, digital meditation practice. Whether this type of meditation also has a sustained effect on dominant resting-state networks is currently unknown. In this study, we examined the resting brain states before and after a period of breath-focused, digital meditation training versus placebo using an electroencephalography (EEG) microstate approach. We found topographical changes in postmeditation rest, compared with baseline rest, selectively for participants who were actively involved in the meditation training and not in participants who engaged with an active, expectancy-match, placebo control paradigm. Our results suggest a reorganization of brain network connectivity after 6 weeks of intensive meditation training in brain areas, mainly including the right insula, the superior temporal gyrus, the superior parietal lobule, and the superior frontal gyrus bilaterally. These findings provide an opening for the development of a novel noninvasive treatment of neuropathological states by low-cost, breath-focused, digital meditation practice, which can be monitored by the EEG microstate approach.


Abstract. The North Sea is one of the areas with the highest ship traffic densities worldwide. At any time, about 3000 ships are sailing its waterways. Previous scientific publications have shown that ships contribute significantly to atmospheric concentrations of NOx, particulate matter and ozone. Especially in the case of particulate matter and ozone, this influence can even be seen in regions far away from the main shipping routes. In order to quantify the effects of North Sea shipping on air quality in its bordering states, it is essential to determine the emissions from shipping as accurately as possible. Within Interreg IVb project Clean North Sea Shipping (CNSS), a bottom-up approach was developed and used to thoroughly compile such an emission inventory for 2011 that served as the base year for the current emission situation. The innovative aspect of this approach was to use load-dependent functions to calculate emissions from the ships' current activities instead of averaged emission factors for the entire range of the engine loads. These functions were applied to ship activities that were derived from hourly records of Automatic Identification System signals together with a database containing the engine characteristics of the vessels that traveled the North Sea in 2011. The emission model yielded ship emissions among others of NOx and SO2 at high temporal and spatial resolution that were subsequently used in a chemistry transport model in order to simulate the impact of the emissions on pollutant concentration levels. The total emissions of nitrogen reached 540 Gg and those of sulfur oxides 123 Gg within the North Sea – including the adjacent western part of the Baltic Sea until 5° W. This was about twice as much of those of a medium-sized industrialized European state like the Netherlands. The relative contribution of ships to, for example, NO2 concentration levels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in summer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away from the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and 4 % in winter. The relative contribution of the secondary pollutant NO3− was found to reach 20 % in summer and 6 % in winter even far from the shore.


In the context of scene modelling, understanding, and landmark-based robot navigation, the knowledge of static scene parts and moving objects with their motion behaviours plays a vital role. We present a complete framework to detect and extract the moving objects to reconstruct a high quality static map. For a moving 3D camera setup, we propose a novel 3D Flow Field Analysis approach which accurately detects the moving objects using only 3D point cloud information. Further, we introduce a Sparse Flow Clustering approach to effectively and robustly group the motion flow vectors. Experiments show that the proposed Flow Field Analysis algorithm and Sparse Flow Clustering approach are highly effective for motion detection and segmentation, and yield high quality reconstructed static maps as well as rigidly moving objects of real-world scenarios.


Dasatinib is considered an effective treatment agent in imatinib-resistant and newly diagnosed chronic phase CML patients. Patients receiving dasatinib 100 mg once daily regime suffered significantly fewer thrombocytopenia and pleural effusion events than those receving 70 mg twice daily. Effective molecular monitoring and the proper management of pleural effusion during the first-line dasatinib administration in CML are essential. Pleural effusion may develop any time of the treatment and is easily managed by treatment interruption, dose reduction and supportive therapy. In this article, we intended to assess the rational of managing CML and pleural effusion that successfully managed with dose reduction and supportive care.


As a novel class of mobile devices with rich interaction capabilities we introduce tPads -- transparent display tablets. tPads are the result of a systematic design investigation into the ways and benefits of interacting with transparent mobiles which goes beyond traditional mobile interactions and augmented reality (AR) applications. Through a user-centered design process we explored interaction techniques for transparent-display mobiles and classified them into four categories: overlay, dual display & input, surface capture and model-based interactions. We investigated the technical feasibility of such interactions by designing and building two touch-enabled semi-transparent tablets called tPads and a range of tPad applications. Further, a user study shows that tPad interactions applied to everyday mobile tasks (application switching and image capture) outperform current mobile interactions and were preferred by users. Our hands-on design process and experimental evaluation demonstrate that transparent displays provide valuable interaction opportunities for mobile devices.


Diagonal reference models (DRM) are considered the only correct method of estimating an effect of social mobility that is distinct from origin and destination status. This method has become standard in analyses of other social phenomena as well. This study considers how diagonal reference models (DRM) may be applied to demographic processes (mortality and fertility) that are analyzed longitudinally and compares findings between a standard demographic approach and the DRM. Overall, the difference we see between the DRM and others is that DRM picks up weakly significant effects we otherwise do not see. This finding indicates that we gain social mobility effects rather than lose them when we use a DRM model, which means the standard demographic approach appears to run the risk of underestimating a mobility effect at worst.


This book concentrates on the methods of screening hearing of children between the ages of 6 months and 3.5 years of age. There is a very brief section on the concept of actual hearing screening but most of the book is directed to the practical aspects of the screening procedure. There are sections on the choice of stimuli used, the use of a sound level meter to measure stimuli, and on the actual technique for testing of babies with mental ages of 6-18 months, 18 months-2-5 years, and 2-5 years-3-5 years. For the older children there is also a discussion of suitable speech discrimination material and the author concentrates throughout on the test and procedures that have been developed in Nottingham. There is also a chapter covering acoustics, hearing, and causes of deafness, but medical readers would find this pitched at too basic a level. The final short chapter covers screening techniques that are being evaluated at the moment. These are really geared to the neonatal population and would be interesting for professionals not directly involved in the field who have gained some insight into present fields of investigation. Overall this book would be of interest mainly to doctors and other professionals who are concerned with preschool hearing screening. The importance of the book lies in the very strong emphasis on accurate and reliable screening techniques with very clear instructions as to how the tests should be carried out. This is very important if countrywise we are to improve our present inadequate hearing screening programmes.


ATAXIN Clock Although core components of circadian clocks in flies and mammals are transcriptional circuits, recent evidence indicates posttranscriptional regulation of the clock occurs. Studies from Lim and Allada (p. 875) and Zhang et al. (p. 879) converge to show that the protein ATAXIN-2, associated with neurodegenerative diseases in humans, is a regulator of translation required for normal clock function in pacemaker neurons and for daily rhythms of behavior. ATAXIN is an RNA-binding protein and cooperates in the accumulation of the Per (Period) protein, a core transcriptional regulatory component of the clock. Fruit fly circadian clock function requires protein translation regulated by an RNA-binding protein. Evidence for transcriptional feedback in circadian timekeeping is abundant, yet little is known about the mechanisms underlying translational control. We found that ATAXIN-2 (ATX2), an RNA-associated protein involved in neurodegenerative disease, is a translational activator of the rate-limiting clock component PERIOD (PER) in Drosophila. ATX2 specifically interacted with TWENTY-FOUR (TYF), an activator of PER translation. RNA interference–mediated depletion of Atx2 or the expression of a mutant ATX2 protein that does not associate with polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) suppressed behavioral rhythms and decreased abundance of PER. Although ATX2 can repress translation, depletion of Atx2 from Drosophila S2 cells inhibited translational activation by RNA-tethered TYF and disrupted the association between TYF and PABP. Thus, ATX2 coordinates an active translation complex important for PER expression and circadian rhythms.


BACKGROUND
Nailfold capillaroscopy is the only method for morphological assessment of nutritive capillaries. The literature data about capillaroscopic findings in healthy individuals are scarce.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate and compare the capillaroscopic findings of fingers and toes in healthy subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
22 healthy individuals were included in the study. Capillaroscopic examination was performed with videocapillaroscope Videocap 3.0 (DS Medica). Exclusion criteria were as follows: history of vasospasm, presence of accompanying diseases, taking any medications, arterial hypertension in first degree relatives, overweight or obesity (body mass index > 25kg/m2) and presence of chronic arterial or venous insufficiency.

RESULTS
Poor visibility of nailfold capillaries was found significantly more frequently in the toes (22.7%, 5/22) as compared with fingers (0/22). Slight irregularities in capillary distribution and orientation to their parallel axis were significantly more common in the toes (31.8%, 7/22) as compared with fingers (9%, 2/22), (p<0.05). The mean diameter of the arterial (0.012±0.002mm) and the venous limb (0.017±0.002mm) of the toes did not differ significantly as compared to the respective parameters in the fingers (0.013±0.002mm for the arterial limb, p=0.46 and 0.018±0.002mm for the venous limb, p=0.25). The mean capillary density also did not differ significantly in the fingers and toes. The mean capillary length of the toes (0.165±0.096mm) was shorter as compared with hands (0.220±0.079mm), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.37). Presence of tortuous capillaries (>10%) was found significantly more often in the toes (12/22) as compared with fingers (6/22, χ2=6.769, p<0.05). Short capillary loops (length<100µm) were observed significantly more often in the toes (11/22 - toes, 1/22 - fingers, χ2=14.666, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION
Capillaroscopic examination of the toes shows some differences as compared to those of the fingers such as greater number of cases with poor visibility and slight irregularities of distribution, greater number of shorter capillaries and increased tortuosity, which might be related to the thicker epidermis of the toes and increased capillary pressure due to gravity. The values of the major capillaroscopic parameters such as capillary diameters and capillary density in fingers and toes do not differ significantly.


Congenital dislocation of the hip usually results from capsular stretching caused by fetal malposition and crouching late in the third trimester. Early recognition of hip dislocation or instability soon after birth permits prompt treatment. Ortolani's and Barlow's maneuvers, respectively, reduce into and displace from the acetabulum a femoral head that is insecurely contained therein. The diagnosis of CDH in the first month of life usually depends on these clinical components of the physical examination of the newborn, because radiologic findings are undependable at this time. The Pavlik harness, or similar device, in this age group can usually maintain the displaced hip in sufficient flexion and abduction to permit reduction and normal development. By 3 months of age, the nuclei of the pelvis and upper femur have ossified enough to permit radiologic diagnosis of CDH. Problems related to treatment increase as the child grows older. In infants up to 6 months of age, closed methods with a harness usually succeed. Beyond 6 months, the soft tissues shorten and prevent easy reduction. These patients almost always require pre-reduction traction. An adductor tenotomy also facilitates reduction and apparently lessens compressive forces on the femoral head, an important consideration in preventing avascular necrosis of the head. Children over 1 year old develop bony changes, such as excessive femoral valgus and antever sion and deformity of the acetabulum. Treatment in these patients requires realignment of bony deformities with femoral or pelvic osteotomies in addi tion to the measures noted previously. The gentleness and high success rate of early treatment make early diagnosis of CDH an important consideration in infants and newborns.


Computational fluid dynamics is used to calculate flows in the time-pressure dispenser. The analysis of different factors such as the yield stress, the power-law constants, the needle length, etc. will be useful in understanding the dispensing mechanism and thus allow for performance improvement. The numerical solution can provide more information about the wall shear stress and the pressure drop caused by a sudden contraction. The approximation error associated with the analytical method can be understood through comparison with the numerical results. Thus, an approximation compensation model may be derived for the analytical method to improve modeling accuracy.


While preparing for News Savvy: Analyzing the Fake News Phenomenon (a presentation created by Brevard College J.A. Jones Library and Transylvania County Library), we assembled useful information-literacy resources.


Health promoting nursing practice is seen as the way forward for the nursing profession. This paper outlines the meaning of health promotion and distinguishes between a traditional and new paradigm approach. The research examining the extent to which a new paradigm approach is practised demonstrates that, to date, nurses predominantly adopt the traditional approach to health promotion. It is argued that the integration of interpersonal skills and health promotion within nursing curricula is crucial in enabling the transfer of theoretical concepts into practice. The ways in which this integration has been approached within one college of nursing are described. The difficulties encountered in attempting this integration and accomplishing a philosophical shift from a traditional to a new paradigm approach to health promotion are discussed and critiqued. Specifically conflicts that occur at an interpersonal, organizational and societal level are identified and proposed as explanations for the slow implementation of health promoting nursing.


BACKGROUND
Leonardo da Vinci, the artist and scientist, was an archetype figure of the Renaissance era. He was an autodidactic polymath in natural sciences, engineering, and physical sciences, imbued with universality, prodigious inventive imagination, and curiosity to know and understand the world around him. Among his myriad activities, anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system and the underlying systems fully engaged him. Leonardo dissected dozens of human and animal corpses to study. His anatomical illustrations were precise, combining art and science with an impeccable integration of both. Multiple drawings, diagrams, sketches, and designs are found in his notes. Leonardo's style was intensely personal, unveiling his thoughts, passions, and emotions. We analyzed significant biographic aspects of Leonardo's life, remarking on his scientific and life conceptions and their manifestation in his anatomical designs. The contribution of preceding anatomists is reported as a source of his inspiration as well as motivation to successors. Leonardo da Vinci left no publications, but rather an extensive collection of personal notebooks. Leonardo's contribution to modern anatomy was enormous and he is considered by the scientific and medical community as the father of the modern anatomy.


Alternaria alternate (A. alterna ) is a fungus associated with infection in immunocompromised patients. Palate and sinus infections by this organism are extremely rare but can result in significant morbidity and mortality. We present a case of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia with morbid nasal and palatal A. alternata infection. doi:10.4021/jmc395w


Let G be a nite group. In this paper we investigate the permutation module of G
acting by conjugation on its involutions, over a eld of characteristic 2. This develops
the main theme of [10] and [8]. In the former paper G. R. Robinson considered the
projective components of this module. In the latter paper the author showed that each
such component is irreducible and self-dual and belongs to a 2-blocks of defect zero. Here
we investigate which 2-blocks have a composition factor in the involution module. There
are two apparently dierent ways of characterising such blocks. One method is local
and uses the defect classes of the block. This gives rise to the de nition of a strongly
real 2-block. The other method is global and uses the Frobenius-Schur indicators of the
irreducible characters in the block. Our main result is Theorem 2. The proof of this
theorem requires Corollaries 4, 15, 18 and 20.


Heart Rate (HR) Variability (V) analysis provides information about cardiac regulation. Although HRV affects pump function on a beat-to-beat basis, no systematic study addresses the relative contribution of systole (S) and diastole (D). Thus, we analyzed the duration (T) by determining TS and TD in 2 conscious dogs instrumented with aortic flow probe. We selected 5 min epochs at rest (R) and 20 ug/kg.min dobutamine (Do) or 3 ug/kg.min medetomidine (M). V ofV of TS and TD are expressed as the T of beat n divided by the previous (n-1), and presented as mean, standard deviation (SD), with absolute values in brackets: TS/SD [ms] TD/SD [ms] HR/SD [bpm] R 1.000/0.024 1.083/0.444 1.048/0.326 [0.180/0.004] [0.536/0.174] [88.360/19.379] Do 1.000/0.027 1.002/0.082 1.002/0.056 [0.156/0.012] [0.335/0.074] [125.006/17.641] M 1.011/0.152 1.925/2.059 1.599/1.368 [0.203/0.020] [1.706/0.937] [44.816/29.319] Conclusions: V of TD is more pronounced than V in S (differences significant at p<0.05), suggesting that beat-to-beat variations in both preload (related to filling time) and afterload (due to exponential decrease of aortic pressure) are contributing factors and may have consequences in interpreting the regulation of ventricular function in terms of HRV.


This research focused on prestressed concrete bulb-T (PCBT) beams made composite with a cast-in-place concrete deck and continuous over several spans through the use of continuity diaphragms. The current design procedure in AASHTO states that a continuity diaphragm is considered to be fully effective if a compressive stress is present in the bottom of the diaphragm when the superimposed permanent load, settlement, creep, shrinkage, 50% live load, and temperature gradient are summed, or if the beams are stored at least 90 days when continuity is established. It is more economical to store beams for fewer days, so it is important to know the minimum number of days that beams must be stored to satisfy AASHTO requirements. In addition, if the beams are stored for 90 days before erection, the positive moment detail must have a factored nominal strength (φMn) greater than 1.2 times the cracking moment (Mcr). In 2005, Newhouse tested the positive moment diaphragm reinforcement detail that is currently being adopted by VDOT. The first objective of this research was to determine if the detail was adequate if beams are stored for 90 days. The second objective was to determine if, based on AASHTO requirements, beams could be stored for fewer than 90 days. After the analysis of all PCBT beam sizes and a wide variety of span lengths and beam spacings, it can be concluded that Newhouse's detail, four No. 6 bars bent 180° and extended into the diaphragm, is adequate for all beams except for the PCBT-77, PCBT-85, and the PCBT-93 when the beams are stored for a minimum of 90 days. For these three beam sizes, three possible solutions are presented: one with two additional bent strands extended into the continuity diaphragm, one with an additional hairpin bar extended into the diaphragm, and one with L-shaped mild reinforcing bars extended into the diaphragm. To determine the minimum number of storage days required to satisfy AASHTO's requirement for compression at the bottom of the diaphragm, a parametric study was performed. The PCA Method was used in this analysis with the updated AASHTO LRFD creep, shrinkage, and prestress loss models. The parametric study included all sizes of PCBT beams, with two beam spacings, three span lengths and two beam concrete strengths for each size. Both two-span and three-span cases were analyzed. It was concluded that about half of the cases result in a significant reduction in the minimum number of storage days if the designer is willing to perform a detailed analysis. The other half of the cases must be stored for 90 days because the total moment in the diaphragm will never become negative and satisfy the AASHTO requirement. In general, narrower beam spacing and higher concrete compressive strength results in shorter required storage duration. A recommended quick check is to sum the thermal, composite dead load, and half of the live load restraint moments. The beam must be stored 90 days if that sum is positive, and a more detailed time-dependent analysis will indicate a shorter than 90 day storage period if that sum is negative.


The last two fourth of the century has been separate by the achievements in computerization of the marine methodology and in charge of operations for which this procedure has been made. These achievements have certified their capability and sensibility. The further progress in this circle is clear. Onboard dispatch, the planned control and checking systems would grasp and manage all activities related with the association of the vessel, including stores and courses of action organization, work requests, logs, outfit mark outs and ringing and show diagnostics, drawings and work methods for outlining repair gatherings. By virtue of the creating measure of data and the propelling development, the chairmen need to oversee progressively and speedier information streams. The fundamental administration techniques will end up being more frustrated the ICMS systems more expansive. Additionally there is a creating enthusiasm for diminishment of the amount of crewmembers introduced. New development and new ICMS limits will manage these issues. The accompanying sections delineate the makers see as for the examples in ICMS structures.


The selection of the appropriate communication technology for different smart grid applications has drawn a great attention in the recent past. In this paper, we propose a Hybrid Spread Spectrum (HSS) based Advanced smart Metering Infrastructure (AMI) that reduces the overhead and latency in data transfer when compared to the use of 3G/4G technologies for smart meter data collection. We present a preliminary PHY and MAC layer design of a HSS based AMI network and evaluate their performance using matlab and NS2 simulations.


The demand for hydrogen has grown more than threefold since 1975 [1], and price is expected to significantly decrease by 2030 [2] concluding in an expected continual increase in demand. HyLaw, defined by Hydrogen Europe, lays out recommendations for hydrogen applications using identified Legal and Administrative Processes (LAPs) across 18 European countries. Regarding site location, HyLaw refers to the land use plan. This defines the production and storage of hydrogen as an industrial activity and therefore, regardless of the specific site methods of production or use, the hydrogen site must be within a permitted industrial zone or under specific condition commercial areas [3]. Local authorities, fire departments and other concerned parties may need to be consulted on site suitability for the project. Risktec explores a range of considerations for siting and layout of hydrogen developments, including co-location with other assets, for example with renewable energy sources, hazardous facilities or public structures. Good practice tools and assessment techniques are presented to mitigate the risks associated with the production, storage and use of hydrogen not just the surrounding site and environment, but the operatives of the facility.


In recent years governments, automobile manufacturers and academia are working together to develop vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) based communication technologies. In VANETs there are multiple channels i.e., control channel (CCH) and service channels (SCHS), to provide public road safety and other comforts while driving vehicle. The wireless medium for vehicular communication is prone to the problem of broadcast storm. This produces collisions (due to contention) and redundancy (due to rebroadcast) as manifests. A better insight into the working mechanism of the multi-channel operation is always of prior importance when devising routing algorithms for Vehicular Networks. This paper presents the relevant literature to discuss the multi-channel operation of 802.11p MAC. Based on standard draft IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.4, this paper explores the working of multi-channel MAC schemes proposed in literature to gain better knowledge of the subject. The recent trends are based on providing resilient, collision tolerable mechanisms to enhance Vehicular Communications.


We present a model that reproduces two salient facts characterizing the international monetary system: i) Faster growing countries are associated with lower net capital inflows and ii) Countries that grow faster accumulate more international reserves and receive more net private inflows. We study a two-sector, tradable and non-tradable, small open economy. There is a growth externality in the tradable sector and agents have imperfect access to international financial markets. By accumulating foreign reserves, the government induces a real exchange rate depreciation and a reallocation of production towards the tradable sector that boosts growth. Financial frictions generate imperfect substitutability between private and public debt flows so that private agents do not perfectly offset the government policy. The possibility of using reserves to provide liquidity during crises amplifies the positive impact of reserve accumulation on growth. We use the model to compare the laissez-faire equilibrium and the optimal reserve policy in an economy that is opening to international capital flows. We find that the optimal reserve management entails a fast rate of reserve accumulation, as well as higher growth and larger current account surpluses compared to the economy with no policy intervention. We also find that the welfare gains of reserve policy are large, in the order of 1 percent of permanent consumption equivalent. JEL Codes: F31, F32, F41, F43


Hundreds of defenses have been proposed to make deep neural networks robust against minimal (adversarial) input perturbations. However, only a handful of these defenses held up their claims because correctly evaluating robustness is extremely challenging: Weak attacks often fail to find adversarial examples even if they unknowingly exist, thereby making a vulnerable network look robust. In this paper, we propose a test to identify weak attacks, and thus weak defense evaluations. Our test slightly modifies a neural network to guarantee the existence of an adversarial example for every sample. Consequentially, any correct attack must succeed in breaking this modified network. For eleven out of thirteen previously-published defenses, the original evaluation of the defense fails our test, while stronger attacks that break these defenses pass it. We hope that attack unit tests - such as ours - will be a major component in future robustness evaluations and increase confidence in an empirical field that is currently riddled with skepticism.


The establishment of a stable endothelial layer on a biomaterial suture is a well known strategy to achieve hemocompatibility. The endothelialisation is supported by factors as e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which can be secreted by monocytes/macrophages (mo/mΦ) in an angiogenic milieu. In order to avoid detrimental inflammation triggered by these mo/mΦ, we established a protocol for the generation of alternatively activated macrophages and studied their response towards VEGF-A165. We could generate sufficient amounts of these CD14+ CD163+ IL-10+ mo/mΦ from buffy coats(8.6 ± 4.7 × 105 cells/mlbuffy coat). Furthermore, we achieved a VEGF-A165 secretion in the nanogram range. The VEGF-A165 secretion increased 2.1-fold within 14 days from 7.6 ± 2.2 to 16.1 ± 2.5ng/ml when the cells were grown with a VEGF-A165 supplemented (10ng/ml) cell culture medium. Within this time period the secretion levels of other pro-angiogenic growth factors (bFGF, PDGF-BB) and immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, IL-1ra, TNFα, IFNγ) reached only the picogram range. These results suggest that angiogenically stimulated CD14+ CD163+ IL-10+ mo/mΦ might be useful as a cellular cytokine delivery system supporting endothelialisation of biomaterials without inducing pro-inflammatory effects.


The topic of Work-Life balance has become huge topic and issue throughout the sphere of the Human Resource Management world. There have been multiple studies which have examined the benefits of work-life policies in various companies across the world. Companies such as Google and Facebook are known for their high levels of work-life balance policies in place throughout their companies and the benefits that come along with such policies for their employees. Nevertheless, there has been a gap in the research conducted in regards to other industries. There has been very little research conducted into work-life balance in the retail industry. This industry has a bad reputation in terms of pay, long hours and stress.

A research method was used in the form of questionnaires. The sample were taken from a worker within the retail industry. The sample also contained respondents with many different demographics such as age, gender, marital status, work status, family status and educational status. The questionnaire was built upon pre-existing literature and the research objectives outlined. Then the data was analysed and discussed further.

The results indicated that in this particular sample that part-time workers experienced lower levels of work-life balance compared to full-time workers in the same industry. Furthermore, other conclusions where made such as how work-life motivators changed with, gender, marital status, family status and educational status.


Mobile based technologies have become ubiquitous, and various applications from games to readers are mobile ori-ented. In this paper, we propose development of speech based language learning app. Conventionally language learning tools start with words, followed by sentences. The fundamental assumption is that the person is lit-erate. In the Indian context, the literacy levels are as low as 65%. In addition, each Indian language has its own scripts. The objective of this work is to develop a mobile app that starts from the script to teach the language to a person who can speak the language but is unlettered. Since the focus is on the unlettered, writing should be easy. A script centric approach is used to learn a language. The application starts with teaching a simple letter of the alphabet, followed by another letter that can be obtained by simple modification to the pre-viously learned letter, followed by words using the letters that are learned, followed by sentences using the learned words. At every step, a text-to-speech system is used which articulates the letters, and words. The learning app is based on a book called Tamil Karpom (P Nan-nan). The ideas from the book are adapted for learning Hindi.


Matching estimators are widely used in empirical economics for the evaluation of programs or treatments. Researchers using matching methods often apply the bootstrap to calculate the standard errors. However, no formal justification has been provided for the use of the bootstrap in this setting. In this article, we show that the standard bootstrap is, in general, not valid for matching estimators, even in the simple case with a single continuous covariate where the estimator is root-N consistent and asymptotically normally distributed with zero asymptotic bias. Valid inferential methods in this setting are the analytic asymptotic variance estimator of Abadie and Imbens (2006a) as well as certain modifications of the standard bootstrap, like the subsampling methods in Politis and Romano (1994).


The development of the ability to adapt one's motor performance to the constraints of a movement task was examined in a longitudinal study involving 7 to-9-year-old children who were asked to perform a preparatory handwriting task. The capacity for sensorimotor synchronization was captured by the standard deviation of the relative phase between pacing signals and writing movements and the capacity to adjust wrist-finger coordination while performing repetitive movements was analyzed by autocorrelations of the vertical pen-tip displacements. While the capacity for synchronization improved with age, the autocorrelations were positive at short time lags only and hardly changed with age. A measure of "the long-term memory" of time series (Hurst exponent) confirmed that the findings were systematic rather than noise. Collectively, the results indicate that flexible movement strategies emerge early on in the first 3 years of formal handwriting education. Implications for educational and clinical practice are considered.


In this work, a simple and novel approach for breast cancer diagnosis is proposed. We present a highly discriminative and simple descriptor to differentiate between malignant and benign mammogram abnormalities. The proposed method introduces the application
of digital curvelet transform and explores feature reduction properties of locality sensitive discriminant analysis (LSDA). The mammogram image is mapped to the curvelet space. Nevertheless, The direct use of curvelet coefficients increases the curse of dimensionality problem and therefore a reduction method is required to handle the huge number of features before performing the classification. LSDA can overcome this problem taking in consideration both the discriminant and geometrical structure of the data. Finally, to accomplish the classification task of the reduced feature vectors we use the nearest neighbor classifier. This work can be considered as a stepping stone for additional research in this direction. Extensive experiments on digital database for screening mammography and INbreast database, illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, empirical comparisons of the proposed method against curvelet transform in combination with traditional dimensionality reduction tools demonstrate that the suggested method does not only engender a more reduced feature set, but it also outperforms all the compared methods in terms of accuracy.


Over the past decade, work in the cultural sector has grown evermore precarious amid heightened competition, rampant insecurity, and the individualization of risk. Despite this, social media personalities—including bloggers, vloggers, and Instagrammers—seem to have attained a much-vaunted career dream: They get paid to do what they love. Accounting for this disparity, we highlight the role of popular media discourses that hype the possibilities of a career fashioned online. Our study draws on a qualitative analysis of more than 200 articles to reveal how these influencers circulate a patterned set of mythologies about creative work in the social media age. Such narratives about the fun, free, and authentic nature of their self-starter careers conceal less auspicious realities, including the demands for emotional labor, self-branding labor, and an always-on mode of entrepreneurial labor. Together, these myths help perpetuate an image of glamour in these industries as part of a "creativity dispositif " that both disciplines and incites cultural workers and aspirants.


This article describes research carried out in the area of mobile spatial interaction (MSI) and the development of a 3D mobile version of a 2D web‐based directional query processor. The TellMe application integrates location (from GPS, GSM, WiFi) and orientation (from magnetometer/accelerometer) sensor technologies into an enhanced spatial query processing module capable of exploiting a mobile device's position and orientation for querying real‐world spatial datasets. This article outlines our technique for combining these technologies and the architecture needed to deploy them on a sensor enabled smartphone (i.e. Nokia Navigator 6210). With all these sensor technologies now available on off‐the‐shelf devices, it is possible to employ a mobile query system that can work effectively in any environment using location and orientation as primary parameters for directional queries. Novel approaches for determining a user's visible query space in three dimensions based on their line‐of‐sight (ego‐visibility) are investigated to provide for "hidden query removal" functionality. This article presents demonstrable results of a mobile application that is location, direction, and orientation aware, and that retrieves database objects and attributes (e.g. buildings, points‐of‐interest, etc.) by simply pointing, or "looking", at them with a mobile phone.


The power source of hybrid railway vehicles consists of both generation and energy storage devices. The hybrid vehicles have a high degree of freedom in the system design because they have different power sources. Therefore, it is difficult to establish generalized design methods of the power system. Various patterns of device capacities of generation and energy storage equipments are available for the hybrid vehicle. And various types of power control strategies are also selectable. With this background, this paper proposes a globally searched design estimation method for hybrid vehicles, which is based on multiobjective optimization by dynamic programming. The proposed method enables us to globally clarify the optimal candidates in accordance with various railway lines from a wide search domain. This results in various design concepts of the hybrid vehicles. Then, this paper confirms that the proposed method provides effective design guidelines for the conceptual design of the hybrid vehicles. Therefore the proposed method is useful for the design problem of hybrid vehicles that have a higher degree of freedom compared to electric railway vehicles. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Report deals with the impact forces in landing gears. Both the landing impact and the taxiing impact have been considered, but drag forces have so far been excluded. The differential equations are developed and their numerical integration is shown, considering the nonlinear properties of the oleo shock strut. A way is shown for determining the dimensions of the metering pin from a given load-time diagram. A review of German literature on landing-gear impact is also presented.


Interactions are the central emphasis in language learning. An increasing number of K-12 students take courses online, leading some critics to comment that reduced opportunities for interaction may affect learning outcomes. This study examined the relationship between online interactions and learning outcomes for 466 students who were taking high-school level online language courses in a Midwestern virtual school. Regression analysis was employed to examine how three broad types of interactions, learner-instructor, learner-learner and learner-content (Moore, ), affected students' perceived progress and satisfaction. After controlling for demographic information, motivation and learning strategies, the results of multiple regression showed that learner-instructor and learner-content interactions had significantly positive effects on satisfaction, whereas learner-learner interaction did not affect satisfaction. Learner-content interaction was the only factor that affected perceived progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


The aim of this work is to design monotonicity-preserving stabilized finite element techniques for transport problems as a blend of linear and nonlinear (shock-capturing) stabilization. As linear stabilization, we consider and analyze a novel symmetric projection stabilization technique based on a local Scott--Zhang projector. Next, we design a weighting of the aforementioned linear stabilization such that, when combined with a finite element discretization enjoying a discrete maximum principle (usually attained via nonlinear stabilization), it does not spoil these monotonicity properties. Then, we propose novel nonlinear stabilization schemes in the form of an artificial viscosity method where the amount of viscosity is proportional to gradient jumps at either finite element boundaries or nodes. For the nodal scheme, we prove a discrete maximum principle for time-dependent multidimensional transport problems. Numerical experiments support the numerical analysis and we show that the resulting methods prov...


Pilgrimage tour guide training course : 19-25 January 2554(2011) held at The World Buddhist University Center by WBU and DOT
(1.00 pm - 3.00 pm)


Abstract
The conception of markets as interfaces connecting semi-autonomous systems of producers and customers has led to an extensive use of social network analysis. So far, the network focus has been on connections among people, paying less attention to the crucial role played by connections between cultural elements (e.g., concepts, representations, ideas) in the way markets are formed and sustained. Such connections constitute "semantic networks" and are the focus of the present article. We attend to them by developing a network view of the cultural dimension of markets and apply it in an empirical setting where culture plays a crucial role – luxury watchmaking – to illustrate the impact of market semantic networks on a major outcome: price.


Food allergy is an emerging epidemic that affects all age groups, with the highest prevalence rates being reported amongst Western countries such as the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia. The development of animal models to test various food allergies has been beneficial in allowing more rapid and extensive investigations into the mechanisms involved in the allergic pathway, such as predicting possible triggers as well as the testing of novel treatments for food allergy. Traditionally, small animal models have been used to characterise immunological pathways, providing the foundation for the development of numerous allergy models. Larger animals also merit consideration as models for food allergy as they are thought to more closely reflect the human allergic state due to their physiology and outbred nature. This paper will discuss the use of animal models for the investigation of the major food allergens; cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut/other tree nuts, highlight the distinguishing features of each of these models, and provide an overview of how the results from these trials have improved our understanding of these specific allergens and food allergy in general.


This investigation encompasses the first presentation of the log‐board, which was the primary source used to compile logbooks on board Royal Navy vessels in the 18th century. All wind force and weather descriptions during the day were entered on the log‐board before they were transcribed to the logbook, which is why the logbook should be approached as a secondary source. This study shows that although Royal Navy logbooks represent valuable compilations of what was written on the log‐board, it cannot be ascertained exactly how the logbooks were compiled. Seven logbooks from the Cumberland for August 1782 were evaluated by comparing them to the log‐board from the same vessel, and the purpose was to determine the validity of logbook wind and weather entries. The results show that wind direction was most consistently transcribed according to the log‐board and, furthermore, that a majority of the wind force entries derived from the 1 p.m. entry on the log‐board. The kappa statistic shows that both wind force and weather conditions were most consistently copied from the 1 p.m. entry on the log‐board. The study concludes that the first wind force and weather entries in the logbooks were not made at noon when the vessel was positioned. While the positioning of the vessel was made at the end of the nautical day, the first wind force and weather entries most likely describe the conditions 23 h earlier.


Hinode/EIS observations of an active region are presented. Intensity and Doppler velocity maps for different emission lines are constructed. Consistent with previous results, the Doppler velocities near the footpoints of coronal loops appear to be blue shifted for emission lines with temperatures above 1 MK. The gradual transition from blue shifts at temperatures above 1 MK to red shifts at temperatures below 1 MK is addressed through numerical modeling of loop dynamics. The simulation results are converted into synthetic EIS observations and compared with the actual measurements. Persistent blue shifts, blue wing enhancements, and red shifts observed in EUV lines are interpreted as a signature of repetitive heating occurring near the loop footpoints on a time scale of several minutes.


Software development processes are distinct and not standardized because software users have distinct interests and software companies differ in culture, business and technical procedures, and quality parameters. This scenario exposes the need to define process models to be used as standard but that can be tailored according to project and software company characteristics. In the proposal of this paper, a set of process models defined based on object orientation is proposed as a solution to this problem. The set of these models is grouped in views and is named process architecture. Induction by analogy with software architecture was used as a method to conceive and to structure the process architecture.


The pile driving is realized as the hammer strikes the pile head with a certain impact velocity. The vibration produced by one blow is not regular and generally they die away before the next blow. For some type of hammers, the vibrations are not completely dissipated before the next blow. The response of different forms of the construction will vary and certain structural details may lead to magnification of the vibration effect. In order to investigate the characteristics of vibration wave transmission within the soil due to driving precast concrete pile, experimental tests of small scale model of precast concrete pile of (20x20) mm and 500mm lengths was conducted in steel container of (1200 × 1200× 900) mm dimensions fill with sand to conduct the tests. Pile driving hammer device was fixed on the container to impact pile by dropping weights of 1.68kg falling from a constant height of 279 mm. The experimental work consists of (5) small scale model tests, the dynamic response of each model are recorded. The peak particle velocity was measured by sensors at the soil surface at different distance from the pile center (2.5d, 5d, 10d, 17.5d, 20d, and 25d), where d is the pile width. The results shows that the maximum velocity of vibration wave for precast concert pile is to be (1.4 mm/s) at penetration depth of (20 to 24) cm for a horizontal distance of 2.5d from the center of the pile model, and decreased to zero at distance of 26d.


Detailed uptake kinetics by multicell spheroids of three tumor associated monoclonal antibodies was investigated. The spheroids were established from a human melanoma cell line and the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 as in vitro models of poorly vascularized micrometastases in vivo. The selected antibodies 96.5, 140.240, and OST15 showed a wide range of reactivity against the melanoma cell but they all had negligible binding with the colon cancer cell. Uptake of the antibodies by small spheroids (about 300 micron diameter) was generally sigmoidal in shape with respect to incubation time, and amount of uptake followed the same trend of immunoreactivity of the antibodies with single cells. The correlation was weaker for spheroids with diameter greater than 500 micron presumably due to the increasing size of the necrotic core. By varying the concentration of the antibodies in the incubation medium from tracer dose (0.2 microgram/ml) to a higher dose (3 micrograms/ml), negligible changes in the amount of antibodies bound with their target spheroids were observed. Nonspecific binding between antibodies and spheroids, however, resulted in proportional increase in uptake.


A computer program for the calculation of the transient performance of a current transformer during short-circuit conditions is discussed. A numerical analysis that includes the dynamic hysteresis loops is used to calculate the performance, and results are compared with those of direct laboratory tests. The test methods, proposed in IEC Document 38 (Central Office) 78, are discussed. Results show the calculation can successfully replace expensive laboratory tests. >


Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Aims To examine the: (a) 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV MDD; (b) proportion aware that they have a problem needing treatment and who want care; (c) proportion of the latter receiving treatment; and (d) proportion of such treatment meeting minimal standards. Method Representative community household surveys from 21 countries as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Results Of 51 547 respondents, 4.6% met 12-month criteria for DSM-IV MDD and of these 56.7% reported needing treatment. Among those who recognised their need for treatment, most (71.1%) made at least one visit to a service provider. Among those who received treatment, only 41.0% received treatment that met minimal standards. This resulted in only 16.5% of all individuals with 12-month MDD receiving minimally adequate treatment. Conclusions Only a minority of participants with MDD received minimally adequate treatment: 1 in 5 people in high-income and 1 in 27 in low-/lower-middle-income countries. Scaling up care for MDD requires fundamental transformations in community education and outreach, supply of treatment and quality of services.