The Diploma in Chemical Engineering (DCHE) in Singapore Polytechnic adopted CDIO as the organizing education framework for a major curriculum redesign initiative in 2007. Subsequently, various CDIO skills have been incorporated in specific core modules in the diploma's three-year curriculum. This paper explains one such integration effort, specifically for hypothesis testing, a key CDIO skill in Section 2.2: Experimentation, Investigation and Knowledge Discovery. From our gap analysis, we find that this skill is most suitably embedded into the bio-processing related modules. To provide a good understanding of the context of this work, this paper firstly outlines the expanded role of chemical engineers in the area of bio-processing and how the course structure and curriculum has been revised to align with these needs. We emphasize the significance of student competence in being able to formulate, state and test hypothesis in bio-processing work. We explain the need to provide authentic learning experiences to students to facilitate the learning of both the technical subject and soft skills in a fully integrated manner. Specifically the paper documents the work done to integrate hypothesis testing into a Year 2 core module entitled Bioanalytics . Other CDIO skills (e.g. teamwork, communication) are also integrated where appropriate. We explained important learning points from previous practices in the module, which clearly communicated to us that we need to do more if we want our students to master this important skill. This paper also describe the re-designing of learning tasks based on real-world scenarios that provide for an authentic learning experience and aligns with the intended learning outcomes. We then present the survey of our students' learning experience in this new approach. The results are highly encouraging as they show that the students feel they are well prepared with regards to hypothesis writing and testing. In conclusion, several challenges faced when executing the change initiative and key learning points from the first author's self-reflection, who is relatively new to the teaching profession, are shared together with ideas for further improvement of the coverage of "Experimentation, Investigation and Knowledge Discovery" in the DCHE curriculum.


Research shows that by observing properties of figures and making conjectures in nonEuclidean geometries, students can better develop their understanding of concepts in Euclidean geometry. It is also known that definitions in mathematics are an integral part of understanding concepts and are often not used correctly in proof or logic courses by students. To further investigate student understanding of mathematical definitions, this dissertation studied students' uses of dynamic geometry software and group work to generalize their understanding of definitions as they completed activities in Taxicab geometry. As a result of the analysis from the group work and use of Geometer's Sketchpad by 18 students in a College Geometry class, suggestions are provided to implement cooperative learning and technology in the classroom. In addition, results are provided from the data analysis of responses to questions pertaining to the definition of circle (and its relevant concepts) of 15 students enrolled in the course who volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews. This dissertation specifically utilizes APOS Theory (Arnon et al., 2014) and the interaction of schema framework provided by Baker et al. (2000) to determine what components of the circle schema were evoked by these participating students during these interviews. By adapting and transferring their knowledge of concepts back and forth between Euclidean and Taxicab geometry, these students provided evidence for the relationships they had formed between the components of their circle schema. Further, they demonstrated a variety of levels of schema interaction of their evoked Euclidean geometry schema and Taxicab geometry schema. As a result, a model of schema interaction and suggested pedagogical activities were developed to help facilitate student understanding of the definition of a circle and other relevant concepts. INDEX WORDS: Definitions, Geometry, Taxicab, APOS Theory, Circle, Cooperative learning, Geometer's Sketchpad GENERALIZING AND TRANSFERRING MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS FROM EUCLIDEAN TO TAXICAB GEOMETRY


Patterned microtiming deviations from metronomic regularity are ubiquitous in the performance of metered music. The relevance of microtiming to the perception of music has been studied since the 1980s. Most recently, microtiming has been investigated as a cause of groove (i.e., the pleasant urge to move in response to music). The study of microtiming relies on the availability of microtiming data. This report presents three large corpora of onset timings derived from drum kit performances in popular Anglo-American popular music styles. These data are made freely available (CC 4.0 license) to provide a resource for use by analysts and experimenters alike. They offer a common point of reference for future studies into the temporal facets of music performance. The datasets adhere to FAIR principles; they thus facilitate replication of analyses and experimental stimuli.


Background: In patients with non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease, heartburn can occur when acid reaches sensory nerve endings through oesophageal-mucosa-dilated intercellular spaces. Stressful life events may increase heartburn perception. In the rat, acute stress increases gastric and intestinal mucosa permeability. We investigated whether acute stress can also increase oesophageal mucosa permeability and contribute to the dilation of mucosa intercellular spaces. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were submitted to partial restraint stress. Oesophageal mucosa from stressed and control rats was mounted in diffusion chambers. The permeability to 51Cr-EDTA (400 Da), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran 4000 Da (FD4) and FITC-dextran 20 000 Da (FD20) was assessed after tissue incubation either with Krebs (control) or HCl pH 2.0+ pepsin 1 mg/ml. The diameter of intercellular spaces was assessed using transmission electron microscopy. Results: Acute stress increased faecal output, small-intestinal permeability and glycaemia. Exposure of oesophageal mucosa from control rats to acid-pepsin did not increase permeability to any of the tested molecules. Stress increased the number of submucosal mast cells and, by itself, increased the permeability to the smallest molecule (22.8±7.1 pmol/cm2 vs 5.8±2.1 pmol/cm2) (p<0.001). Exposure of mucosa from stressed rats to acid-pepsin significantly increased permeability to all molecules tested. Electron microscopy showed dilated intercellular spaces only in mucosa from stressed rats (with and without exposure to acid-pepsin). Conclusions: Acute stress can increase, by itself, oesophageal mucosa permeability. There is a potentiation between stress and exposure of the oesophageal mucosa to acid-pepsin, leading to increased permeability and dilated intercellular spaces.


1. Introduction Technology has been at the heart of human progress since earliest times. There are different perceptions of technology, some people view technology as a reward of development and some people consider technology as a tool for human development. In medicine it serves both; with information technology impinging every aspect of medicine. The increased reliance of medical research on genomics and its interdependence on information technology has given rise to bio-informatics which helps us to understand the complex structures at molecular level, and also holds structures and information about genomes in databases. The implications of genetics research is fundamentally the same and all human beings share same intrinsic value but the world is divided into developing and developed countries based on socio-economic patterns, literacy, legal procedures and also technological developments which are interlinked with these factors. Using genetic databases has its own implications for developing countries and raises many ethical concerns. At the level of each human being, whether in developing or developed countries, the ethical principles may not change but the availability of resources and the governing structures of countries challenge application of universal ethical principles and balancing ideals. Genomics is still considered a fruit of developed countries, although there are some notable exceptions of bigger developing countries like Brazil, India, China, Cuba that have made significant progress in genomics. Genetic databases are "adds-on" in genomics research and have their own implications and importance to developing countries. They provide opportunities and threats to developing countries and raise dimensions that diversify the ethics of genomics at global level. They have called for redressing the gap between developed and developing countries and challenge us with new horizons in genomics debate. Whether there is a need for creating large-scale genetic databases, their implications on health care, issues of economics and public understanding of genes and genetic technologies are important concerns especially in the context of developing countries given the access to healthcare and awareness about possible alternatives in medicine is limited because of illiteracy and poverty. In this paper I want to consider an overview of broader ethical issues involved in establishing genetic databases, issues of governance and some cultural factors that play an important role in decision-making. Let us first consider some accepted definitions for genetic databases and different kinds of existing genetic databases at international and country level. 2. Genetic databases Genetic databases are of various kinds and today most of them rely on computational tools. WHO describes genetic databases as "any methodical or systematic collection of data, structured in a fashion that allows accessibility to individually or collective elements of that database by electronic, manual or other means" (WHO 2001). Databases of genomes of many diseases causing micro-organisms other organisms including plants for biological and environmental studies and human beings have been created for research and therapeutic purposes. The HUGO ethics committee in its Statement on Human Genetic Databases adopted the definition "a genomic database is a collection of data arranged in a systematic way so as to be searchable. Genome data can include inter alia sequences, mutations, alleles, polymorphic haplotypes, SNPs and polymorphisms. The work associated with a database includes collecting, curating, storing, validating and preparing specific sets for transmission" (HUGO 2002). There are also bibliographic databases carrying information on the relevant studies done on human genome and large-scale population biobanks for long- term studies. This information is utilised for research in medicine and biology for healthcare and environmental purposes. …


Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) is a common native tree up to 80 ft tall that is found throughout much of the South, ranging from southeastern Virginia to South Florida and west to central Texas. High rates of sugarberry mortality were first reported in Columbia, South Carolina in 2009. The issue has since expanded westward beyond the Savannah River and eastward to the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia (Fig. 1). Although mortality is most conspicuous in urban and residential areas, large numbers of sugarberry are dying in forested areas as well. This is by far the most severe and widespread episode of Celtis mortality known from the United States and the cause remains unknown.


Active learning is a label-efficient machine learning method that actively selects the most valuable unlabeled samples to annotate. Active learning focuses on achieving the best possible performance while using as few, high-quality sample annotations as possible. Recently, active learning achieved promotion combined with deep learning-based methods, which are named deep active learning methods in this paper. Deep active learning plays a crucial role in computer vision tasks, especially in label-insensitive scenarios, such as hard-to-label tasks (medical images analysis) and time-consuming tasks (autonomous driving). However, deep active learning still has some challenges, such as unstable performance and dirty data, which are future research trends. Compared with other reviews on deep active learning, our work introduced the deep active learning from computer vision-related methodologies and corresponding applications. The expected audience of this vision-friendly survey are researchers who are working in computer vision but willing to utilize deep active learning methods to solve vision problems. Specifically, this review systematically focuses on the details of methods, applications, and challenges in vision tasks, and we also introduce the classic theories, strategies, and scenarios of active learning in brief.


Abstract Both mathematical modelling and simulation methods in general have contributed greatly to understanding, insight and forecasting in many fields including macroeconomics. Nevertheless, we must remain careful to distinguish model-land and model-land quantities from the real world. Decisions taken in the real world are more robust when informed by estimation of real-world quantities with transparent uncertainty quantification, than when based on "optimal" model-land quantities obtained from simulations of imperfect models optimized, perhaps optimal, in model-land. The authors present a short guide to some of the temptations and pitfalls of model-land, some directions towards the exit, and two ways to escape. Their aim is to improve decision support by providing relevant, adequate information regarding the real-world target of interest, or making it clear why today's model models are not up to that task for the particular target of interest.


The ideology of quality and the frameworks used to measure it can profoundly affect academic identity. This article explores the role of quality frameworks in UK business schools, focusing on the way that individuals confront the logic of accreditation when they are subject to its discipline. By defining business schools as an institutional field, inhabited by social actors who negotiate with each other to establish the significance of the rules, it is possible to analyse the factors that influence adoption of quality frameworks. Analysis of interviews with academics and administrators in four case studies suggests that the ideology of quality relies on the concept of elitism to achieve differentiation, and uses gendered metaphors to emphasize the competitive aspects of this process. The authors conclude that, as long as business schools define themselves as a field driven by processes of emulation, the potential to resist this ideology remains limited.


As the number of services and the size of data involved in workflows increases, centralized orchestration techniques are reaching the limits of scalability. When relying on web services without third-party data transfer, a standard orchestration model needs to pass all data through a centralized engine, which results in unnecessary data transfer and the engine to become a bottleneck to the execution of a workflow. As a solution, this paper presents and evaluates Circulate, an alternative service-oriented architecture which facilitates an orchestration model of central control in combination with a choreography model of optimized distributed data transport. Extensive performance analysis through the PlanetLab framework is conducted on a web service-based implementation over a range of Internet-scale configurations which mirror scientific workflow environments. Performance analysis concludes that our architecture's optimized model of data transport speeds up the execution time of workflows, consistently outperforms standard orchestration and scales with data and node size. Furthermore, Circulate is a less-intrusive solution as individual services do not have to be reconfigured in order to take part in a workflow.


The purpose of this dissertation was to develop a general model for evaluating multinational supply chains. This model could provide guidelines for process-based manufacturing companies when comparing or choosing between different supply chains in order to make long-term investment decisions.Therefore, the authors looked through various measurement, comparison and evaluation theories. The data gained during interviews (case studies) and questionnaires (survey) helped to create a model, which proved to be generally applicable since it occured that tere is no real difference between the evaluation of national and multinational supply chains. Therefore, the model can be applied for domestic as well as for multinational supply chain evaluation purposes.


Introduction Hand hygiene is a key component of infection control in healthcare. WHO recommends that healthcare workers perform six specific poses during each hand hygiene action. SureWash (Glanta Ltd, Dublin, Ireland) is a novel device that uses video-measurement technology and immediate feedback to teach this technique. We assessed the impact of self-directed SureWash use on healthcare worker hand hygiene technique and evaluated the device's diagnostic capacity. Methods A controlled before-after study: subjects in Group A were exposed to the SureWash for four weeks followed by Group B for 12 weeks. Each subject's hand hygiene technique was assessed by blinded observers at baseline (T0) and following intervention periods (T1 and T2). Primary outcome was performance of a complete hand hygiene action, requiring all six poses during an action lasting ≥20 seconds. The number of poses per hand hygiene action (maximum 6) was assessed in a post-hoc analysis. SureWash's diagnostic capacity compared to human observers was assessed using ROC curve analysis. Results Thirty-four and 29 healthcare workers were recruited to groups A and B, respectively. No participants performed a complete action at baseline. At T1, one Group A participant and no Group B participants performed a complete action. At baseline, the median number of poses performed per action was 2.0 and 1.0 in Groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.12). At T1, the number of poses per action was greater in Group A (post-intervention) than Group B (control): median 3.8 and 2.0, respectively (p<0.001). In Group A, the number of poses performed twelve weeks post-intervention (median 3.0) remained higher than baseline (p<0.001). The area under the ROC curves for the 6 poses ranged from 0.59 to 0.88. Discussion While no impact on complete actions was demonstrated, SureWash significantly increased the number of poses per hand hygiene action and demonstrated good diagnostic capacity.


The oxygen nonstoichiometry in the misfit calcium cobaltite (Ca2CoO3)0.62(CoO2) has been studied experimentally and by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The standard oxidation enthalpy ΔH 0 Ox of oxygen deficient (Ca2CoO3)0.62(CoO2) was measured directly using simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. ΔH 0 Ox was found to be in agreement with the prediction from a previously published defect chemical model based on purely thermogravimetrical analysis. A series of samples with different oxygen vacancy concentration was prepared by annealing in air, followed by rapid quenching. Room-temperature Raman spectroscopy showed a sharp mode at 700 cm −1 decreasing in intensity with increasing vacancy concentration. We discuss this observation as evidence for oxygen vacancies being preferably formed within the central layer of the Ca2CoO3 subsystem. DFT calculations demonstrated that the calculated electronic structure is sensitive to the chosen model of the crystal structure. Still, for all investigated models, the standard formation enthalpy of oxygen vacancies within the Ca2CoO3 moiety was much lower than that for a site within the CoO2 layer, in agreement with the presented experimental data.


Noise and vibration are factors affecting the marketability of automobiles. It is required for the drivetain design not to transmit unpleasant noise and vibration to the passengers when driving. As for continuous variable transmission (CVT), noise that is considered to be generated from the metal pushing V-belt has been studied. A research project on this matter reported an estimated mechanism that attributes the noise to self-inducing vibration between the metal pushing V-belt and the pulleys. The self-induced vibration occurs when dynamic friction characteristics exhibit a negative gradient in relation to the sliding speed. However, the effect of the gradient on frequency spectrum of the noise has not been quantitatively elucidated in a consistent manner.In this research, noise at the vehicle start-up phase was studied based on the already reported prediction technology for metal pushing V-belt behavior. In other words, this study focuses on the effect of the friction characteristic gradient between the metal pushing V-belt and the pulleys on each element's behavior and frequency components of belt pushing force.The results revealed that self-induced vibration on the element V-surface at the exit of the drive pulley excites high-order string vibration at the belt string, generating noise via the transmission case. In addition, it was also found that acoustic energy that excites the high-order string noise is affected by the change in belt pitch diameter at the exit of the pulley, and this determines the magnitude of frequency spectrum of the noise.It was concluded from the above findings that the change in the pitch diameter can be suppressed by narrowing the radial clearance between the shaft and the movable pulley and this measure is effective in reducing noise.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Background Although liver function tests (LFTs) are routinely measured in primary care, raised levels in patients with no obvious liver disease may trigger a range of subsequent expensive and unnecessary management plans. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a prediction model to guide decision-making by general practitioners, which estimates risk of one year all-cause mortality in patients with no obvious liver disease. Methods In this population-based historical cohort study, biochemistry data from patients in Tayside, Scotland, with LFTs performed in primary care were record-linked to secondary care and prescription databases to ascertain baseline characteristics, and to mortality data. Using this derivation cohort a survival model was developed to predict mortality. The model was assessed for calibration, discrimination (using the C-statistic) and performance, and validated using a separate cohort of Scottish primary care practices. Results From the derivation cohort (n = 95 977), 2.7% died within one year. Predictors of mortality included: age; male gender; social deprivation; history of cancer, renal disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease or respiratory disease; statin use; and LFTs (albumin, transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyltransferase). The C-statistic for the final model was 0.82 (95% CI 0.80–0.84), and was similar in the validation cohort (n = 11 653) 0.86 (0.79–0.90). As an example of performance, for a 10% predicted probability cut-off, sensitivity = 52.8%, specificity = 94.0%, PPV = 21.0%, NPV = 98.5%. For the model without LFTs the respective values were 43.8%, 92.8%, 15.6%, 98.1%. Conclusions The Algorithm for Liver Function Investigations (ALFI) is the first model to successfully estimate the probability of all-cause mortality in patients with no apparent liver disease having LFTs in primary care. While LFTs added to the model's discrimination and sensitivity, the clinical utility of ALFI remains to be established since LFTs did not improve an already high NPV for short term mortality and only modestly improved a very low PPV.


Bone shaping is often a necessary procedure prior to implant insertion in mandibular full-arch rehabilitations. Adopting guided surgery procedures is necessary to use two distinct templates: one for bone shaping, a second for guided implant insertion. The present report describes the case of a 60-year-old patient requiring a full-arch, immediately loaded implant-supported mandibular rehabilitation. A CAD/CAM-bone supported surgical template for osteoplasty was used to develop a template for guided implant during an all-on-six immediate-loaded computer-aided implant surgery. The report describes the feasibility, accuracy and usefulness of this double, CAD/CAM developed, surgical template.


Marginalized children are often excluded from mainstream social, economic, cultural, and political life because of ethnicity or poverty. These children are more likely to have behavior problems that place them at risk later in life. The impact is evident at an early age. The purpose of this article was to review the literature that examined the impact of child-centered play therapy (CCPT) conducted with marginalized children. The literature was reviewed with regard to the results of the studies, the outcome variables used, the identification of who completed the assessments about the children, and the ethnicity of the play therapists who conducted the interventions. The findings demonstrated that CCPT is effective for marginalized children, externalized behaviors are most frequently assessed, teachers most frequently completed the assessments about the children, and the ethnicity of the play therapists is not usually reported. The results are considered in terms of implications for play therapists and future research.


Many flammable products are stored in large tanks at atmospheric pressure. Ignition of a hydrocarbon–air mixture in such tanks can lead to an explosion and cause lethal casualties or damage to the surrounding facilities and buildings. To apprehend this, safety distances for humans, structures, and equipments need to be defined. Several simple methodologies have been set up to estimate safety distances in case of an atmospheric storage tank explosion.


It is essential for intrusion detection systems to share information in order to discover attacks involving multiple sites. Common Intrusion Detection Framework (CIDF) is an important step towards enabling di erent intrusion detection and response (IDR) components to interoperate with each other. Although CIDF provides an infrastructure and language support that allows an IDR component to understand the information sent by another component, it does not contain a facility for a component to request speci c information from other components. The lack of such a facility may result in a waste of processing time, storage capacity and network bandwidth. This paper proposes an extension to the Common Intrusion Speci cation Language (CISL), the language adopted by CIDF, to model requests among CIDF components. The extension is simple and consistent with the original CISL. Each request for information is described as a pattern for relevant information and an optional format speci cation for the responding message. The use of pattern in modeling requests not only provides a way to represent queries, but also leads to a potential reuse of signature-based intrusion detection software.


The intestinal peristaltic reflex can be elicited by mucosal stimulation or circular muscle stretch. Muscle stretch activates extrinsic, whereas mucosal stimulation activates intrinsic calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing sensory neurons. The present study examined the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in sensory transmission. A three-compartment preparation of rat colon was used that enables separate measurement of sensory transmitters and modulators. Mucosal stimuli (2-8 brush strokes) caused concurrent increase in 5-HT and CGRP release in proportion to the intensity of stimulation. Release of both 5-HT and CGRP occurred exclusively into the central compartment where the stimuli were applied. Exogenous 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent release of CGRP. Release of CGRP induced by exogenous 5-HT or mucosal stimulation was inhibited by selective 5-HT4 and 5-HT1p antagonists but was not affected by 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, and 5-HT3 antagonists. Ascending contraction and descending relaxation of circular muscle measured in the peripheral orad and caudad compartments, respectively, were also selectively inhibited by 5-HT4 and 5-HT1p antagonists added to the central but not peripheral compartments. In contrast, muscle stretch elicited CGRP but not 5-HT release; the ascending contraction and descending relaxation components of the peristaltic reflex induced by muscle stretch were not affected by 5-HT antagonists. We conclude that 5-HT released by mucosal stimulation initiates the peristaltic reflex by activating 5-HT4/5-HT1p receptors on sensory CGRP-containing neurons.


BACKGROUND
Development of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) may be favored by the activation of the innate immune response. Recently, decreased numbers of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been reported in diseases associated with an immune activation status, but no studies have focused so far, in investigating the distribution of Tregs in chronic alcoholism and its potential association with liver disease. Here, we analyzed for the first time the frequency of peripheral blood (PB) Tregs and Treg subsets in AH and its relationship with the production of inflammatory cytokines by PB monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs).

METHODS
PB samples from 25 male patients with AH were studied; in parallel, 15 male chronic alcoholic patients without liver disease (AWLD) and 17 male healthy donors were also studied, as controls. The distribution of CD4⁺CD25hiCD127-/lo Tregs and their maturation subsets (naïve, central memory, and peripheral memory Tregs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Spontaneous and in vitro-stimulated production of inflammatory cytokines by PB monocytes and DCs was analyzed by flow cytometry at the cytoplasmic level.

RESULTS
Patients with AH showed decreased (p < 0.05) numbers of PB CD4⁺CD25hiCD127-/lo Tregs at the expense of all maturation-associated subsets, while AWLD and healthy subjects showed a similar (p > 0.05) distribution of PB CD4⁺CD25hiCD127-/lo Tregs. Interestingly, significantly increased amounts of spontaneously produced inflammatory cytokines were found among circulating monocyte-derived DCs and monocytes from AH (and AWLD) patients in comparison with healthy donors. Conversely, the ability of these cell subsets to produce cytokines after in vitro stimulation was lower (p < 0.05) in AH versus the 2 control groups.

CONCLUSIONS
PB CD4⁺CD25hiCD127-/lo Tregs are significantly decreased in patients with AH when compared to both healthy and AWLD; this may contribute to explain the more pronounced activation of the innate immune response observed in AH, as reflected by an increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines by PB DCs and monocytes, and could facilitate the development of liver disease.


In this article, we present a case study of six Singaporean elementary school teachers working in a Lesson Study team that prepared them for problem solving instruction. The Lesson Study process included preparing, observing, and critiquing mathematics lessons in the context of solving fractions tasks. By conducting Lesson Study, we anticipated that these teachers would develop greater insight into students' mathematics, which would influence their classroom practices. Through the process of planning, observing and critiquing and by purposefully listening to students' explanations, the teachers began to better understand their students' learning, which in turn could help them develop their students' mathematical knowledge.


The emerging field of nano-biology is borne from advances in our ability to control the structure of materials on finer and finer length-scales, coupled with an increased appreciation of the sensitivity of living cells to nanoscale topographical, chemical and mechanical cues. As we envisage and prototype nanostructured bioelectronic devices there is a crucial need to understand how cells feel and respond to nanoscale materials, particularly as material properties (surface energy, conductivity etc.) can be very different at the nanoscale than at the bulk. However, the patterning of organic bioelectronic materials is often not achievable using conventional fabrication techniques, especially on soft, biocompatible substrates. Nonconventional nanofabrication strategies are required. Dip-pen nanolithography is a nanofabrication technique which uses the nanoscale tip of an atomic force microscope to direct-write functional inks. Over the past decade, the technique has evolved as uniquely capable in the realm of bio-nanofabrication, with the capability to deposit both biomolecules and electrode materials. This review highlights this new tool for fabricating nanoscale bioelectronic devices, and for enabling heretofore unrealised experiments in the response of living cells to tailored nano-environments. We firstly introduce bioelectronics, followed by a survey of different lithography methods and their use to achieve paradigmic bioelectronic architectures. We then focus on dip-pen nanolithography, highlighting the range of bioelectronic materials and biomolecules which can be deposited using the technique, as well as its demonstrated use as a lithography tool in nano-biology. We discuss the progress made towards upscaling the DPN technology towards larger areas, in particular via the polymer pen approach.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is epileptiform aphasia acquired during childhood and occurring in children with previously normal language development. The epileptiform activity in these children is thought to result in a functional ablation of eloquent speech areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of magnetoencephalography (MEG) for localizing the source of epileptiform activity in these patients. METHODS: Nineteen patients with acquired aphasia and a suspected diagnosis of LKS were referred for MEG evaluation. Patients ranged in age from 4 to 14 years. Fourteen MEG studies were performed on a 74-channel system, four on a 148-channel whole-head system, and one on a 37-channel system. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 19 patients had perisylvian MEG spikes. In 10 of the patients, the spikes were bilateral, and in three they were unilateral. Four other patients had non-sylvian spikes, and two patients had no spikes recorded. The results of MR imaging were normal or noncontributory for all 19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: MEG can play a useful role in evaluating children with LKS and acquired epileptiform aphasia, both in diagnosis and in aiding presurgical localization of epileptiform activity when surgery is being considered.


In this study, 12 dogs clinical cases of various ages, races and genders, with complaints of lower urinary tract diseases which brought to the Animal Hospital of Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were evaluated with radiography, ultrasonography and cystoscopy. After anamnesis, bi-directional direct radiograms were taken and contrast radiography was decided in some of the cases, when needed. Positive contrast or double contrast radiographies were decided according to the indications of the cases. Urinary tracts of the dogs were evaluated with abdominal ultrasonography and according to the findings, endoscopic examination was performed. All the dogs were evaluated with Transurethral Cystoscopy. There were 2 cases of urothiasis and petechial hemorrhage in urethra and vesica urinaria, 1 case of bladder neoplasia, 3 cases of petechial hemorrhage in urethra and vesica urinaria, 2 cases of chronic cystitis and 4 cases had no pathology. In two cases with urolithiasis, stones could be identified with all three imaging techniques. In the case of bladder neoplasia, the tumor formation which can not be determined by radiographic direct x-ray was detected by double contrast cystography. The neoplasia in this case could also be observed by ultrasonography and cystoscopy. Three cases with chronic cystitis could be diagnosed by all three imaging techniques. Bleeding areas in three cases with petechial hemorrhage in the urethral mucosa and vesica urinaria could only be determined by cystoscopy. In conclusion, diseases of the urinary bladder in dogs were evaluated by radiography, ultrasonography and cystoscopy, respectively. Cystoscopy was determined to be far superior to other diagnostic methods. The findings provided important information for researchers and clinicians and a major contribution for our endoscopy unit to come to international norms.


This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third IFIP WG 5.5/SOCOLNET Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems, DoCEIS 2012, held in Costa de Caparica, Portugal, in February 2012. The 65 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. They cover a wide spectrum of topics ranging from collaborative enterprise networks to microelectronics. The papers are organized in topical sections on collaborative systems, service orientation, knowledge and content management, human interaction, Petri nets, smart systems, robotic systems, perceptional systems, signal processing, energy, renewable energy, energy smart grid, power electronics, electronics, optimization in electronics, telecommunications and electronics, and electronic materials. The book also includes papers from the Workshop on Data Anaylsis and Modeling Retina in Health and Disease.


General purpose academic word lists, such as Coxhead's (2000) academic word list, are widely used in the teaching English for Academic purposes. However, word frequencies in some micro-level aspects of academic discourse are yet to be determined, such as subject-specific word lists in some areas. This study has generated knowledge of noun frequencies in sentence transitions containing anaphoric lexical references to the preceding sentence. Investigating a corpus of approximately 5.6 million words of academic texts from the Social Sciences and Humanities has led to a list of 71 nouns most frequently used in cohesive nominal groups in these areas. This list was compiled with Antconc (Anthony, 2014) by examining eight syntactic structures containing an anaphoric determiner and noun. The list can be used alongside more general purpose lists to support L2 academic writing development. As well as the main list, two significant sub-lists have been identified: a list of items particularly useful for anaphoric references to a citation and a group of nouns that nominalise processes. Four frequently occurring nouns in the data have been identified as forming partitive constructions with a cohesive aspect enabling the writer to narrow or broaden the range of analysis in the writing. In addition, there is a proposed order in which the eight cohesive structures investigated could be introduced within an EAP syllabus.


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Networks are often portrayed as more equal governance arrangements. Their horizontal character easily leads to the assumption that they go beyond traditional divides. Power relations within networks are neglected because the collaborative activities receive the bulk of attention. However, from a critical reading of the network and flows literature we know that networks are not free of power relations, and that they create new inequalities and sometimes even intensify existing ones. Increasingly, city governments pursue innovative policies by exchanging knowledge and best practices in city networks. The revolution in communication technologies has facilitated the development and maintenance of such networks and some operate at a global scale, including cities from both the Global North and the Global South. It is believed that these governance arrangements empower cities because they (1) provide them with resources (access to information, financial and technical assistance etc.), (2) strengthen cities' capacities to deal with complex (environmental) problems, (3) make that cities establish relationships with actors that would otherwise be inaccessible and (4) voice cities' concerns at the international level. Despite the potential for empowerment, I argue that the inclusion of cities from the Global South in global city networks does not assure equal voices and positions for cities from the Global North and the Global South. In response to the critique that literature on the network society has silenced power, Manuel Castells (2009) has distinguished four types of power in networks. Using Castells's conceptual framework, this paper addresses power relations in two city networks for global environmental governance: the World Association of the Major Metropolises and the C40 Climate Leadership Group. A large number of interviews and direct observations of network meetings have provided the author with significant empirical evidence on the day-to-day reality of network interactions. Power relations that result from informational, ideational and financial flows are at the core of attention. The paper reveals contributor/receiver linkages and their consequences for the networks' functioning. The conclusions are framed by theoretical considerations on the significance of cities from the Global South in processes of political globalization.


A novel integration technique has been developed using band-gap energy control of InGaAsP/InGaAsP multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures during simultaneous ultra-low-pressure (22 mbar) selective-area-growth (SAG) process in metal-organic chemical vapour deposition. A fundamental study of the controllability of band gap energy by the SAG method is performed. A large band-gap photoluminescence wavelength shift of 83 nm is obtained with a small mask width variation (0–30 μm). The method is then applied to fabricate an MQW distributed-feedback laser monolithically integrated with an electroabsorption modulator. The experimental results exhibit superior device characteristics with low threshold of 19 mA, over 24 dB extinction ratio when coupled into a single mode fibre. More than 10 GHz modulation bandwidth is also achieved, which demonstrates that the ultra-low-pressure SAG technique is a promising approach for high-speed transmission photonic integrated circuits.


Orbital morphometry is an important consideration during surgical procedures such as reconstruction of the face and cranium. These are done to restore lost functional capacity or to improve cosmetic appearance. Periorbital and intraorbital neurovascular structures risk relative damage during these maneuvers. A thorough understanding of orbital anatomy is therefore essential in avoiding surgical complications. The aim of this study was to describe the average orbital distances and depths from known identifiable anatomical landmarks. One hundred and thirteen adult crania obtained from National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi were examined. Measurements of superior and inferior orbital depths and the biorbital and marginofissural distances were taken using a sliding vernier caliper and their mean measurements documented. The superior orbital depth was 53.38mm in males and 52.03mm in females. The inferior orbital depth was 55.17mm in males and 53.76mm in females. The marginofissural distance was 23.79mm and 22.30mm in males and females respectively. The biorbital breadth was 99.49mm in males and 96.43mm in females while the interorbital distance was 18.91mm in males and 18.26mm in females. This study proposes that orbital measures be given special consideration during orbital reconstruction. A depth of 53mm is recommended as a safe superior orbital depth during operations involving the deep orbit. Similarly, on the orbital floor 55mm into the orbital cavity should be considered safe from the optic nerve. Key words: orbital measurements, facial cosmetic surgery, facial plastic surgery, orbital reconstruction, orbital anesthesia


Heart diseases in children cause different combinations of myocardial hypertrophy, increased intra-ventricular pressures, volume overload and decreased oxygen saturation. This may affect basal coronary flow and the ability of the heart to maximally increase coronary flow. Transthoracic and intracoronary Doppler techniques were used to register coronary flow and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in normal subjects and in children with heart disease. The same methods were employed in experimental studies (lamb model) where CFR in the newborn was defined, and the effects of fetal asphyxia on coronary flow as compared with cerebral flow were described. Flow velocity parameters and flow volume in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in healthy neonates and infants increase with age and left ventricular mass, and are affected by both systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. In neonates with severe aortic stenosis, systolic flow reversal and increased diastolic flow velocity were observed preoperatively, but the flow normalised immediately after operation. In infants with idiopathic idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, all LAD flow velocity parameters and flow volume were increased compared to age matched controls, while LAD flow corrected for left ventricular mass was reduced. Children treated with arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries who had normal postoperative hemodynamics had normal CFR in both the LAD and the right coronary artery (RCA). However, if residual lesions causing myocardial hypertrophy were present, the basal RCA flow velocity was increased and CFR reduced. CFR in the LAD in the newborn lamb, as measured by administration of adenosine, was found to be slightly lower (3.0) than what has been reported for older subject, while the reactive CFR, the flow response to rapid severe hypoxemia, was found to be significantly higher or 4.2. The circulatory response to fetal asphyxia was characterised by a rapid short-lived 4-fold increase in RCA flow, while cerebral blood flow decreased immediately. Doppler techniques can be used to describe the effects of heart disease and abnormal hemodynamic conditions on coronary flow and CFR in children. Abnormal coronary flow dynamics and reduced CFR may be associated with increased risk of myocardial ischemia, and these concepts may aid in decision-making regarding surgical and medical treatment of children with heart disease.


AIM
The aim of this study was to determine if patients with lung cancer and metastatic bone pain due to disseminated secondary bone disease, can benefit from the treatment with (186)Re-HEDP and to discuss the criteria useful for selecting those patients.

METHODS
Twenty-four patients were included in this study and they received 1295 MBq (186)Re-HEDP. All patients underwent (99m)Tc-MDP bone scan before treatment from which the bone scan index (BSI) was determined (mean=18.7+/-17.1%). Most patients underwent CT scan of the painful areas from which the osteolytic element of their bone lesions as well as possible infiltration of the soft tissues was determined. Patients with predominantly osteolytic metastases at the sites considered to be the origin of pain in the CT scan, were excluded. All patients were under analgesic therapy, 22/24 were taking opiates. Pain was estimated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) before the application of (186)Re-HEDP and over the following 8 weeks. The possible myelotoxicity of (186)Re was assessed.

RESULTS
The mean VAS score was 6.9+/-2.5 before the application and 3.2+/-2.6 after therapy. Pain relief was obtained in 23/24 patients. Sixty-two percent of the patients exhibited clinically significant pain relief of at least 3 VAS score. The dosage of opiates was decreased in 77% of the patients and could be discontinued in 4 of them. Myelotoxicity was observed in 1 patient. Ninety-one percent of our patients showed improvement in the parameters that assess the quality of life.

CONCLUSION
The application of a standard dose of (186)Re-HEDP in patients with lung cancer and painful disseminated bone metastases has a satisfactory pain alleviating effect. The easy application and very low myelotoxicity are important factors in this group of patients. A better analgesic effect of the (186)Re-HEDP application can be expected if combined estimation of the (99m)Tc-MDP bone scan and the CT scan is used.


Splicing of certain pre-mRNA introns is dependent on an enhancer element, which is typically purine-rich. It is generally thought that enhancers increase the use of suboptimal splicing signals, and one specific proposal is that enhancers stabilize binding of U2AF65 to weak polypyrimidine (Py) tracts. Here, we test this model using an IgM pre-mRNA substrate, which contains a well-characterized enhancer. Although the enhancer was required for in vitro splicing, we found it had no effect on U2AF65 binding. Unexpectedly, replacement of the natural IgM Py tract, branchpoint, and 5' splice site with consensus splicing signals did not circumvent the enhancer requirement. These observations led us to identify a novel regulatory element within the IgM M2 exon that acts as a splicing inhibitor; removal of the inhibitor enabled splicing to occur in the absence of the enhancer. The IgM M2 splicing inhibitor is evolutionarily conserved, can inhibit the activity of an unrelated, constitutively spliced pre-mRNA, and acts by repressing splicing complex assembly. Interestingly, the inhibitor itself forms an ATP-dependent complex that contains U2 snRNP. We conclude that splicing of IgM exons M1 and M2 is directed by two juxtaposed regulatory elements-an enhancer and an inhibitor-and that a primary function of the enhancer is to counteract the inhibitor.


The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics is the key text and reference for engineers, researchers and senior students dealing with the analysis and modeling of structures, from large civil engineering projects such as dams to aircraft structures and small engineered components. This edition brings a thorough update and rearrangement of the book's content, including new chapters on: * Material constitution using representative volume elements * Differential geometry and calculus on manifolds * Background mathematics and linear shell theory Focusing on the core knowledge, mathematical and analytical tools needed for successful structural analysis and modeling, The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics is the authoritative resource of choice for graduate level students, researchers and professional engineers. * A proven keystone reference in the library of any engineer needing to apply the finite element method to solid mechanics and structural design. * Founded by an influential pioneer in the field and updated in this seventh edition by an author team incorporating academic authority and industrial simulation experience. * Features new chapters on topics including material constitution using representative volume elements, as well as consolidated and expanded sections on rod and shell models.


This paper summarizes the thermal properties of commercially available high-strength concretes. Five concretes with anticipated compressive strengths in the range of 10 000 to 20 000 psi (69 to 138 MPa) were tested. W/C ratios ranged from 0.26 to 0.43; water-to-total cementitious material ratios ranged from 0.22 to 0.32. The concretes, containing either no mineral admixtures, silica fume only, or both fly ash and silica fume, were delivered by a ready-mix supplier for laboratory testing. Tests covered by this paper include thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and drying rates. Thermal conductivity was measured using a guarded hot plate (ASTM C 177) at 85, 300, and 700°F (30, 150, and 370°C). Thermal conductivity was also measured using the hot-wire method (ASTM C 1113) at 70, 300, 570, 840, 1110, 1380, and 1830°F (25, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 1000°C). Thermal diffusivity was measured, using the guarded hot plate apparatus, at 95, 250, and 500°F (35, 120, and 250°C). Thermal diffusivity was also measured using a dynamic radial heat flow method continuously from 210 to 1830°F (100 to 1000°C). Thermal properties at high temperatures differed depending on the method used. Specific heat was measured on saturated concrete at ambient temperatures. Rates of drying for initially moist cured specimens were determined by oven-drying thermal conductivity specimens at 150, 185, and 220°F (65, 85, and 105°C) prior to thermal testing. Mass loss was measured at temperatures up to 1740°F (950°C) at heating rates of 4, 36, and 90°F (2, 20, and 50°C) per minute.


LANA2 is a nuclear latent protein detected exclusively in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected B cells. The protein inhibits p53-dependent transactivation and apoptosis, suggesting an important role in the transforming activity of the virus. To explore the molecular mechanisms of its nuclear localization, fusion proteins of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and deletion constructs of LANA2 were expressed in HeLa cells. Only the fragment comprising amino acid residues 355-440 of LANA2 localized in the cell nucleus. This fragment contains two closely located basic domains and forms a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS). The putative LANA2 NLS was able to target EGFP to the nucleus consistently. Site-directed mutation analyses demonstrated that LANA2 contains a functional bipartite NLS between amino acid positions 367 and 384. In addition, analysis of cells transfected with a cytoplasmic LANA2 mutant revealed that an appropriate subcellular localization may be crucial to regulate p53 activity.


This paper examines whether overtime regulations have a significant impact on the hours worked and hourly wages, by focusing on so-called name-only managers in Japan. The term name-only manager refers to an employee who has essentially the same job description as other employees, but who is designated by the company as a manager to exempt them from overtime regulations. As the name implies, the only difference between those managers and other employees is in the applicable regulations on working time. Using longitudinal data, our main results from matching estimation indicate no significant difference in hourly wage or hours worked between the two groups. This implies that name-only managers' base salaries are sufficiently higher to compensate for the loss of overtime pay, which supports the fixed-job model.


[1] Using extended satellite gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), here we show that ice losses in southeast Greenland appear to have slowed down dramatically since late 2007, while those in the west, especially northwest Greenland show continued accelerations in recent years. Over the period April 2002 to November 2009, averaged ice loss rates in eastern Greenland (120 ± 31 Gt/yr) are still significantly larger than those in the west (86.3 ± 22 Gt/yr). However, the estimated ice loss rate from glaciers in northwest Greenland has increased from 30.9 ± 8 Gt/yr over the first few years (2002–2005) to 128.2 ± 33 Gt/yr for the more recent period (2007–2009), while the loss rate in southeast Greenland for the more recent period has become almost negligible, down from 109 ± 28 Gt/yr of just a few years ago. The rapid change in the nature of the regional ice mass in southeast and northwest Greenland, in the course of only several years, further reinforces the idea that the Greenland ice sheet mass balance is very vulnerable to regional climate conditions. The dramatic slow down of ice loss in southeast Greenland observed by GRACE provides an independent verification of similar reports from other remote sensing data. The observed significant interannual variability of Greenland ice mass change suggests that it is very challenging to quantify Greenland's long-term ice mass change rates, and some observed apparent accelerations might simply be a reflection of the interannual variability.


An electrophoretically homogenous D-ribose-5-phosphate-ketol-isomerase (Ec 22.214.171.124) from spinach leaves was obtained. The effects of substrate, temperature, pH and some agents on the enzyme activity were studied and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The pK values for the monogenic groups of the enzyme were found equal to 7.40, 7.95 and 8.80. It was assumed that the active site of the enzyme contains several alpha-amino groups and a SH-group. pCMB titrates about 2 moles of SH-groups per mole of enzyme, while 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)--less than 1 mole of SH-groups per mole of enzyme.


A multistage analysis procedure that combines electromagnetic analysis with signal processing is used to solve a problem in radar and mobile communication. Initially, electromagnetic principles are applied to compensate for the effects of mutual coupling between antenna elements, including the effect of nonuniformity in spacing between the elements. Then a direct data domain least square methodology is implemented to yield the signal of interest. These two techniques are dealt with narrowband signal. In this paper, we show that the above methodology can be applied in wideband signals using semicircular array. The performance and accuracy of the proposed technique is observed through two simulated examples. First example, the antenna elements are to be point sources. And second example, the mutual coupling between actual elements is taken into account. The effect of mutual coupling reduces the signal bandwidth that the proposed technique can deal with.


This thesis addresses a two-part study of modified backgrounds in theories that generalize gravity. In the first part of this work we explore Horndeski's theory within Cartan's first order formalism, and study gravitational waves considering torsion to be non-vanishing. In part two we move on to string theory and study T-duality transformations for a particular non-linear sigma model containing open strings. This prompts the study of the backgrounds arising from such transformations.

In part one we analyze Horndeski's Lagrangian in Cartan's first-order formalism. This formalism allows torsion to be non-zero, whereas in standard general relativity it is a vanishing quantity. Horndeski's Lagrangian is the most general Lagrangian in four dimensions featuring all possible interactions between a scalar field $\phi$ and gravity whose equations of motion are partial differential equations up to second order. This feature of such equations of motion prevents the existence of ghosts. Since this Lagrangian contains well-known modified theories of gravity as particular cases, we focus on the role of torsion and its impact at the linear perturbation regime. In order to make our analysis manageable, we cast Horndeski's Lagrangian in differential form language and we take the spin connection $\omega^{ab}$ and the vierbein $e^a$ to be independent of each other, following Cartan's formalism. We take the full Horndeski Lagrangian and compute the equations of motion for the scalar field, the spin connection and the vierbein. We argue that in order to recover the torsionless case and make contact with standard General Relativity, we have to impose a constraint via Lagrange multipliers.

As a preparation for the analysis of the linear perturbation regime, we define several differential operators capable to discern spacetime torsion. These operators are capable to act covariantly on $p$-forms carrying Lorentz indices. In particular, we provide with a generalization of the Weitzenbock identity that includes torsion.

Later on, we consider linear perturbations around a generic background for the vielbein, spin connection and scalar field and study Horndeski's Lagrangian under such perturbations. What we find is that non-minimal couplings and second derivatives of the scalar field are generic sources of torsion. This makes a contrast to what was known from
the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble framework, where torsion can be sourced only from fermions. In fact, we find that background torsion couples with the propagating metric degrees of freedom. This provides with a potential way to falsify torsion via gravitational waves.

In part two we work inside the framework of string theory and we set to study T-duality transformations via Buscher's procedure for the open string. Such transformations lead to the study of interesting geometries which play an important role in string theory, as in moduli stabilization or in the construction of inflationary potentials. Such spaces are called non-geometric backgrounds. In this second part, we work out technical details which have been missing in the literature. These details regard the presence of D-branes and the effect of T-duality transformations on them.

We study a non-linear sigma model for the open string with fields defined on the worldsheet of such open string $\Sigma$ and on its boundary $\partial\Sigma$. We take into account non-trivial topologies for this worldsheet and we present the appropriate boundary conditions for the open string. According to Buscher's procedure, we assume certain conditions for the background configuration and define additional fields on $\Sigma$ and $\partial\Sigma$ taking into account the presence of D-branes. We follow Buscher's procedure and perform T-duality transformations by gauging a worldsheet symmetry and
intregrating-out worldsheet gauge fields. We reach in this way the dual configuration for the open and closed string sector. In particular, we find that the dual Kalb-Ramond field $B$ features a residual part which will play a major role when we discuss the dual configuration for the open string.

To illustrate our formalism, we consider the standard configuration of the three-torus with $H$-flux and perform one, two and three collective T-duality transformations for different D-brane configurations. We read off the dual backgrounds for the closed and open string sector. We find the standard non-geometric backgrounds found in the literature, noting that such backgrounds can receive contributions coming from the dual open string sector. Regarding the dual open string sector, we study the boundary conditions of the open strings in the dual configuration and we find that they comply with the usual results in CFT. We study the global well-definedness of these D-branes on such dual backgrounds and we illustrate the application of the Freed-Witten anomaly cancelation condition for some of the examples presented.


The objective of this study is identify the functional characteristics and mechanics in the jump of young basketball players of EBA League. The findings of the study will allow adaptation of methods and means of training to reach high performance levels. In 10 basketball players aged 19.3±0.7 years aerobic and anaerobic potential, corporal composition and characteristics of the mechanics of jumps were determined in both laboratory and field tests. The players had a weight of 86.8±2.6 and a height of 197.1±2.9 cm, with an average of 8.2±0.3% of body fat, and an average of 50.3±0.5% muscle mass. In the incremental treatmill test they reached a VO 2 max of 61.2±1.3 ml.kg-1.min-1; similar to the result obtained in the Course Navette (60.04±1.2 ml.kg-1.min-1) and different in the Cooper test (56.9±1.7 ml.kg-1.min-1). In the battery of jumps on the contact platform the results were: (Abalakov= 41.5±1.4 cm, SJ= 32.1±1.4 cm, CMJ= 35±1.2 cm, RJ30= 42.4±0.8 jumps with a average power of 36.9±2.2 kg/ w, and in the Wingate test they carried out a average power of 594.6±20.2 W (6.85 w/ kg), a peak power output of 693.4±24.6 W (7.98 w/ kg), and an index of fatigue of-28.7. The valuation of these characteristics is supposed to be an instrument to prescribe more individualized training sessions, in order to obtain a higher performance. KEY WORDS: Basketball, Physiology, Aerobic capacity, Anaerobic capacity; Muscular composition, VO 2 max, Wingate.


This study aims to determine the percentage of Banking in Indonesia Stock Exchange listed 2015-201 were classified as non manipulators and manipulators.
The object of this study is all Banking companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange to publish audited financial statements for the financial year 2015 to 2016. The sampling technique is by using purposive sampling where the sample is determined based on certain criteria specified by the author and have limitations in terms of generalization , Methods of data collection using the method of documentation.
Data analysze technique used is quantitative descriptive analysis using Beneish Ratio Index. The variable in this study is the Days' Sales In Receivables Index (dsri), Gross Margin Index (GMI), Asset Quality Index (AQI), Sales Growth Index (SGI), and Total Accruals To Total Assets Index (TATA).
The research result is an index analysis showed that the ratio of 2 (two) or  7,41% of the company samples classified as Manipulators. Companies that belong to the category of companies Manipulators have indications commit fraud (fraud) to the presentation of financial statements. Ratio index analysis showed that 16 (sixteen) companies, or 59,26% of the company samples classified as Non Manipulators. Companies belonging to the company Non Manipulators do not have any indication of fraud (fraud) against the not categorize of financial statement presentation as well as the company Manipulators Non company entered in the class of Grey / Grey Company, this group amounted to 9 companies or 33,33 % of companies sampled


Gout syndrome is one of the common mortality causes accounted for poultry farms. Gout is diagnosed by deposition of urates in kidney, on heart serous surfaces, liver, mesenteric, air sac, and peritoneum, etc. There are two types of diseases: Visceral gout and Joint gout. Incidence of gout syndrome in Broiler chicks increases mortality, and decreases performance. Gout causing factors could be classified in three sections: 1-Management and nutritional factors 2-Infectious factors 3-Toxic factors. The current study conducted to evaluate effect of dietary calcium percentage on incidence of gout syndrome and its effect on serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicks. Three hundred broiler chicks (Ross 308), divided in two groups: treatment and control. Each group has three replicates (50). All management factors including: light (intense and duration), temperature, vaccination program, ventilation rate, nutrition, stocking density, for both groups were same, but dietary calcium percentage was different. Dietary calcium for treatment group was 2% and 1% in control group. Blood samples of each group were collected on 5, 35, 42 days and their serum separated by centrifuging, followed by biochemical parameters were measured. Serum biochemical parameters are uric acid, urea, total Protein, Albumin, Creatinine, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Alkaline phosphatase. In addition, macroscopic examination of renal Necropsy, diet exchange ratio, mortality percentage and their relationship were evaluated in this study. Results showed that in treatment group the rate of uric acid, urea, Total protein, albumin, creatinine, calcium, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, have meaningful changes compared control with group (P<0.05). Evaluation of the serum level phosphorus in treatment group did reveal statistically significant decrease compared with control group (P<0.05). There was no statistical meaningful change in serum level magnesium between two groups (P>0.05). The FCR and mortality rate of treatment groups was higher than the control group. Deposition of urates in kidney, on heart serous surfaces, liver, mesenteric, air sac, and peritoneum were displayed in treatment group. The urinary system of the treatment birds, in general, displayed inflammatory lesions, showing abnormalities of color, size, shape, and texture of kidneys and ureters. The ureters also showed occlusion and distention.


Aim: To develop and evaluate nanocrystals of lornoxicam to improve solubility by converting pure drug of lornoxicam which is in micronized form to nanosized form. Materials and Methods: Saturation solubility of lornoxicam was evaluated by adding excess of the drug in 5 mL of different media (0.1 N HCl, phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and pH 7.4). Nanocrystals of lornoxicam were prepared successfully using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and β-cyclodextrin (BCD) as stabilizers by antisolvent precipitation method. The prepared nanocrystals were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics such as physical appearance, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, solubility studies, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release studies. Results and Discussion: This research work has been made to improve solubility by converting pure drug of lornoxicam which is in micronized form to nanosized form. The FTIR spectroscopy was used to confirm compatibility and to rule out any possible interactions between drug and polymers. Six nanocrystal formulations (PF1, PF2, PF3, BF1, BF2, and BF3) consisting pure drug of lornoxicam (micronized form) with PVP and BCD used as stabilizers in the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively, were prepared. In vitro drug release from nanocrystals was carried out in different buffers, and the data obtained were fit into different equations and kinetic models to explain release kinetics. Lornoxicam with PVP and BCD in 1:3 ratio formulations in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer showed better solubility and emerged to be an ideal formulation for lornoxicam nanocrystals. Conclusion: From the study results, it can be concluded that optimized nanocrystals formulation of has improved solubility as compared to pure drug. The developed nanocrystals of lornoxicam found useful to improve solubility of lornoxicam.


Simulations of biological tissue have been extensively used to replicate phenomena observed by in-vivo and in-vitro experiments as an alternative methodology for explaining how computations could take place in a brain region. Additional benefits of simulated neural networks over in-vivo experiments include greater observability, experimental control and reproducibility. General-purpose supercomputers provide the computational power and parallelism required to implement highly complex neural models, but this comes at the expense of high power requirements and communication overheads. Moreover, there are certain cases where real-time simulation performance is a desirable feature, for example in the field of cognitive robotics where embodied agents need to interact with their environment through biologically inspired asynchronous sensors. The SpiNNaker neuromimetic platform is a scalable architecture that has been designed to enable energy-efficient, large-scale simulations of spiking neurons in biological realtime. This work is based on a recent study which revealed that while they are generally energy efficient, SpiNNaker chips dissipate significant amount of power whilst in the idle state. In this paper we perform a systematic investigation into the overall energy consumption of a SpiNNaker system and propose a number of optimised suspend modes in order to reduce this. The proposed implementation is 60% more energy efficient in the idle state, 50% in the uploading and 52% in the downloading phases, while the power dissipation of the whole simulation is reduced by 52%. For demonstration purposes, we run a neural network simulation comprising thousands of neurons and millions of complex synapses on a 48-chip SpiNNaker board, generating millions of synaptic events per second.


Phase 1 of North Carolina's Non-Motorized Volume Data Program (NMVDP) was conducted in the North Carolina Department of Transportation Divisions 7 and 9 in the Triad–Piedmont region of North Carolina. Continuous count stations (CCSs) were installed to monitor bicyclist and pedestrian traffic at 12 locations and began collecting data in late 2014. These stations covered a mix of sites across different land uses, travel patterns, and volume groups. Sites performed automated detection of pedestrians on sidewalks, bicycles and pedestrians on shared-use paths, bicycles in bicycle lanes, bicycles on sidewalks, and bicycles in mixed traffic. This paper summarizes the programmatic elements developed and implemented to select, install, and ensure high data quality for the 12 CCSs. These elements include agency coordination, site selection, equipment procurement and setup, equipment validation, equipment maintenance, data handling, quality assurance and quality control checks, and data reporting and analysis. After piloting this program in one region, the research team identified several changes to test when the NMVDP was expanded to a new region of the state to improve the quality of data collected: conduct weekly inspections of the data and perform validation to promptly identify maintenance issues, investigate the development of hourly data checks to implement, use a simpler interquartile range check, and consider developing automation to check data.


The ageing population has a major impact on the Dutch healthcare system. The increasing number of elderly people in the service area of Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST) is also noticed by the hospital. Objective of MST is to determine the possibility to put a diagnostic day centre (DDC) into use. The research focusses on the preferences of the primary care professionals since they have a controlling role (over the patients in the Dutch healthcare system). The objective of the research is to substantiate how a DDC, as an innovation, can be implemented in MST, given the preferences of primary care professionals. Data of 53 primary care professionals in the service are of MST is collected by means of a survey. Also, data of three Dutch hospitals regarding their organization of geriatric care is collected. For 42% of the care needs of vulnerable elderly, there is no preferred action identified. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a lack of direction in the current referral and consultation behaviour of primary care professionals. For 58% of the care needs the primary care professionals prefer a referral to the DDC in a future situation. For these care needs, it can be expected that they will be referred to the DDC when taken into use in MST. On top of that, for only 11% of the care needs the primary care professionals prefer the same action as in the current situation. These results confirm that there is a need for the implementation of a DDC in MST. In this research there are six factors of a DDC identified that could influence the rate of adoption, thus the decision of the primary care professional to adopt or reject a DDC (Rogers, 2003). The factors are waiting time, visits, perceived need, collaboration, referral and feedback. All factors are perceived as important by the primary care professional and should be taken into account when implementing a DDC in MST. Visits will least influence the decision of primary care professionals to adopt a DDC. Collaboration and waiting time will influence this decision the most, followed by referral and feedback. These four factors should be taken into consideration when the DDC is taken into use in MST. Collaboration between primary and secondary care, especially direct communication, is most highlighted as a precondition by both the primary care professional as by the Dutch hospitals. Short waiting times is also frequently indicated as a precondition for the implementation of a DDC in MST. On top of that, preconditions for the implementation of a DDC named are the ease of referral and clarity of feedback, which are interrelated according to the Dutch hospitals. This research concludes with a number of recommendations for MST based on the findings, which are described in a plan of action.


Now a day's in reinforced-concrete framed structure walls are not continued in the ground storey for the requirement of parking or for commercial space and also the height of the ground storey is increased for the head room requirement. Such buildings are called soft storey buildings. Due to lack of spaces, increasing parking demands and functional requirement, construction of soft storey building is increasing day by day. Such arrangement of parking and shopping space without infill walls and increased height causes stiffness irregularities in the building. The sudden reduction in lateral stiffness and mass in the ground storey results in higher stresses in the ground storey columns under seismic loading. Hence the building is totally collapsed due to soft storey effect during earthquake. Seismic performance of these buildings can be increased by strengthening techniques. A review regarding its collapse behaviour and strengthening techniques is summarized in this paper.


Long term evolution (LTE) is the next generation wireless system that uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology in the downlink. Packet scheduling becomes paramount as the wireless systems are moving towards all IP transmissions. Since LTE system is relatively new, very little work has been published to date that can precisely model and simulate the downlink LTE system environment. This paper provides detailed descriptions on modeling and simulation of packet scheduling in the downlink LTE system using a C++ simulation tool. The tool accurately modeled the wireless system parameters and can be used for study of optimization of the LTE system.


In this paper I set out from Brazilian social theories on race to analyse a contemporary corpus of news reports in a Brazilian broadsheet newspaper. The aim is investigating change in mediated discourses on race. Based on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and with the help of corpus linguistics methodological tools I focus on lexical items used to categorise race, the semantic relations created and their association with discourse representation in the newspaper. The combined analysis of semantic relations and interdiscursivity has allowed for the perception of tensions over the use of terms from different semantic fields to categorize race and of conflicting discourses of race classification in the paper. The analysis has also allowed for a cautious interpretation of dialogicality and of different orientations to racial difference, following the social research inventories in Fairclough (2003) in the reports.


RNA oligomers of length 40–60 nt can self-assemble into covalent versions of the Azoarcus group I intron ribozyme. This process requires a series of recombination reactions in which the internal guide sequence of a nascent catalytic complex makes specific interactions with a complement triplet, CAU, in the oligomers. However, if the CAU were mutated, promiscuous self-assembly may be possible, lessening the dependence on a particular set of oligomer sequences. Here, we assayed whether oligomers containing mutations in the CAU triplet could still self-construct Azoarcus ribozymes. The mutations CAC, CAG, CUU and GAU all inhibited self-assembly to some degree, but did not block it completely in 100 mM MgCl2. Oligomers containing the CAC mutation retained the most self-assembly activity, while those containing GAU retained the least, indicating that mutations more 5′ in this triplet are the most deleterious. Self-assembly systems containing additional mutant locations were progressively less functional. Analyses of properly self-assembled ribozymes revealed that, of two recombination mechanisms possible for self-assembly, termed 'tF2' and 'R2F2', the simpler one-step 'tF2' mechanism is utilized when mutations exist. These data suggest that self-assembling systems are more facile than previously believed, and have relevance to the origin of complex ribozymes during the RNA World.


In this article, an alternative estimation approach is proposed to fit linear mixed effects models where the random effects follow a finite mixture of normal distributions. This heterogeneity linear mixed model is an interesting tool since it relaxes the classical normality assumption and is also perfectly suitable for classification purposes, based on longitudinal profiles. Instead of fitting directly the heterogeneity linear mixed model, we propose to fit an equivalent mixture of linear mixed models under some restrictions which is computationally simpler. Unlike the former model, the latter can be maximized analytically using an EM-algorithm and the obtained parameter estimates can be easily used to compute the parameter estimates of interest.


Currently available commercial contrast agents do not cross an intact blood brain barrier (BBB) and are therefore only clinically useful when the BBB is disrupted due to disease. The aim of this project is to synthesise a gadolinium complex that may cross an intact BBB and enable imaging of the brain before a diseased state (eg tumour) has reached an advanced stage and consequently difficult to treat. Once the core ligand has been synthesised, it can be linked to a molecule, R, which promotes transport across the BBB. This ligand can then be reacted with gadolinium chloride to produce a charge-neutral, heptadentate complex. The ability of the complex to enhance the MRI signal can be determined by performing water relaxivity measurements. Its ability to cross the BBB can be estimated by performing octanol-water partitioning measurements. This poster describes the synthesis of the above contrast agents and measurements performed on them.


The aim of this research was to increase understanding of how women feel about the experience of IVF 2-3 years after ceasing treatment. A questionnaire covering issues relating to infertility and the value of the experience of IVF together with three self-report measures [Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)] were mailed to all women (n = 229) who had their last contact with the clinic in 1994. The response rate was 55%. Having a baby positively influenced the recall of the IVF experience. Women who did not have a baby were more critical about the clinic and more negative about the experience of treatment but did not regret having tried IVF. These women had statistically significantly lower scores on SWLS but did not differ from those with babies on GRIMS and GHQ-12 scales. The results give insight into how women look back on the IVF experience and what aspects of treatment they recall as particularly difficult. The findings can be used by providers of IVF to implement strategies that may reduce stress and improve the patients' well-being.


The shape change in microprofile extrusion was investigated using a capillary rheometer with two different die orifices:a trilobal and a elliptic orifice. The material used in extrusion was fiber-grade polypropylene. The result showed that during microprofile extrusion the shape of extrudate deviated greatly from that of the die orifice. The size of extrudate increased with the increase of the extrusion speed and temperature but decreased with the increase of the drawing speed. Furthermore, water cooling was found to be beneficial in reducing shape change. For the trilobal shape, the shape change of trilbolal leaf in the width direction was much larger than that in the length direction. For the elliptic shape, the shape change along the minor axis was larger than along the major axis.


This study developed new algorithms to simulate the grain pattern and orientation of radiata pine boards based on the geometrical and growth features of radiata pine trees. Scenario simulation is presented in the article. The established methodology offers insights for sawmills to establish feasible log breakdown strategies and maximize radiata pine timber value.


In the constant quest for software quality, consistent interfaces and modular code are very important. In light of this, there is a need to turn attention on get and set. If you examine the current implementations of get or set, the logic in almost every case statement is different. These differences are currently necessary because the interface for each public variable is unique. It is preferable to keep the group-of-eight functions as uniform as possible and that means trying to move interface differences out of get and set. A helper-function technique is developed that pushes most of the differences out of get and set and into the helper. This technique will improve code modularity and improvements in modularity directly relate to improvements in code quality. As always, the driving force is code quality. As the public interface grows in complexity, it would be bad if the complexity of get and set grew faster than the interface.


ABSTRACT The wildfires in south-eastern Australia in the 2019–20 fire season were some of the worst in recent memory. The effectiveness of fuel-reduction burning as a risk mitigation strategy is, once again, being scrutinised. Some argue that more fuel-reduction burning is needed, while others suggest that it is of limited use in such extreme fires. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of fuel-reduction burning at a landscape scale in terms of its ability to reduce the severity of subsequent wildfire. To achieve this, we selected all the recent (2015–2019) fuel-reduction burns undertaken in New South Wales and Victoria that intersected with the extent of the 2019–20 wildfires and evaluated whether the fire severity was significantly different in the recently treated areas to that of similar untreated areas in the vicinity. To determine fire severity, Sentinel 2 satellite imagery and the change in normalised burn ratio (a common metric used for rapid and broadscale fire severity mapping) was used. Our results showed that 48% of the 307 recent fuel-reduction burns resulted in statistically significant decreased fire severity. Our results also indicated that more recent fuel-reduction burns had a greater impact, with 66% of burns undertaken in 2019 significantly reducing severity, compared with 42% from 2015. We also analysed each fuel-reduction burn in the context of a range of metrics, including location, elevation, slope, aspect and forest heterogeneity, to assess whether these factors influenced the likelihood that a burn would be effective. Location and, to a lesser degree, forest heterogeneity were found to be significant factors. Our results support the view that recent fuel-reduction burns reduce fire severity. It is unclear, however, whether the differences would be operationally significant under extreme conditions, when wildfires are driven largely by weather, irrespective of fuel loads.


We study the full-counting statistics of charges transmitted through a single-level quantum dot weakly coupled to a local Einstein phonon which causes fluctuations in the dot energy. An analytic expression for the cumulant generating function, accurate up to second order in the electron-phonon coupling and valid for finite voltages and temperatures, is obtained in the extended wide-band limit. The result accounts for nonequilibrium phonon distributions induced by the source-drain bias voltage, and concomitantly satisfies the fluctuation theorem. Extending the counting field to the complex plane, we investigate the locations of possible singularities of the cumulant generating function, and exploit them to identify regimes in which the electron transfer is affected differently by the coupling to the phonons. Within a large-deviation analysis, we find a kink in the probability distribution, analogous to a first-order phase transition in thermodynamics, which would be a unique hallmark of the electron-phonon correlations. This kink reflects the fact that although inelastic scattering by the phonons once the voltage exceeds their frequency can scatter electrons opposite to the bias, this will never generate current flowing against the bias at zero temperature, in accordance with the fluctuation theorem. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.115407


In order to overcome the intrinsic drawback of pristine g-C3N4, we demonstrate a simple thermal oxidation exfoliation-photodeposition technique to fabricate a Ag/graphene-like g-C3N4 (Ag/G-g-C3N4) photocatalyst. It was revealed that the monodispersed Ag nanoparticles were well dispersed on the surface of graphene-like g-C3N4 (G-g-C3N4). The Ag/G-g-C3N4 displayed an enhanced photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation and the degradation rate was 10 times higher than that of pristine g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect of Ag and large surface area (189.9 m g ) of G-gC3N4, which improve the visible light absorption ability and provide abundant reactive sites as well as promoting photogenerated electron–hole pair separation.


The purpose of this research was to explore the mortgage market in the United States and determine an effective plan of action moving forward. The US experienced a major housing crisis in 2007-2008. As a result, the market has been under significant scrutiny. At the heart of this debate are the two major lending institutions, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The crisis has caused many politicians to call for an overhaul of the US mortgage market, a phasing out of the two agencies, and a shift in the market toward the private sector. A bipartisan proposal in March 2014 addressed those issues and will most likely be voted on in the Senate and the House this year. Several questions arose during exploration of this topic. How can we help the secondary mortgage market run as effectively and efficiently as possible? Why are Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac often blamed for the housing crisis? What problems does the new bipartisan proposal address, and what problems does it fail to touch upon? After extensive research, it was determined that while the debate over moving forward with a public or private mortgage market is important, the problems in the mortgage market lie much deeper than that. Home buyers, the government, lending institutions, loan originators, real estate agents, investors, credit agencies, and many others have a stake in the market. It is increased accountability, responsibility, and education on behalf of each of those parties that will lead to higher effectiveness and efficiency in the mortgage


A Hospice in Change: Applied Social Realist Theory reports upon a study into aspects of the ways in which structural and organisational developments, professional cultures and 'bedside' or patient focused clinical practice interact within a single UK institution. While the findings of this study are time and context specific, the events and social processes being described may nonetheless resonate closely with the experience of healthcare practitioners at other hospices both within and without the UK. The work examines themes and ideas that hospice and palliative care practitioners, as well as those involved or interested more broadly in 'end of life issues', may find relevant.

It is argued that differential morphogenesis can be identified between structures (social and cultural) and agents (individual and group) at an independent healthcare charity in southern England. A Hospice in Change connects theory and philosophy with concrete research practice to provide a worked example of Margaret Archer's realist social theory.


Paper has unique advantages over other materials, including low cost, flexibility, porosity, and self-driven liquid pumping, thus making it widely used in various fields in biology, chemistry, physics and materials science. Recently, many multifunctional and highly integrated membrane-based devices have been achieved with the rapid development of membrane-building materials such as paper and pseudo-paper. Therefore, the rigid boundary between paper and other membranes has become blurred; paper can be considered a flexible membrane, and membranes with appropriately flexible or porous structures can also be defined as paper. Paper can manipulate liquids and respond photoelectrically to external objects to be measured, making it suitable for (bio)chemical sensing (chromatographic analysis, electrochemical analysis and wearable sensing). This review focuses on the development of microfluidic devices built with both traditional paper and other flexible membranes, including fabrication, (bio)chemical sensing, microfluidics manipulation and multiple applications.


On the Hessian state domain Frankenhausen near Kassel the project "The Integration of Nature Conservation into Organic Farming" (supported by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation with funds of the Federal Environmental Ministry) aims to support biodiversity not only by restoring biotopes on the farmland. The focus lies on measures to enhance the diversity on the arable land and the pastures of the farm. A participatory approach is striven for, in which the scientists and planners take the role of a companion catalyst or moderator.


Empirical analyses on income and wealth inequality and those in other fields in economics and finance often face the difficulty that the data is heterogeneous, heavy-tailed or correlated in some unknown fashion. The paper focuses on applications of the recently developed \textit{t}-statistic based robust inference approaches in the analysis of inequality measures and their comparisons under the above problems. Following the approaches, in particular, a robust large sample test on equality of two parameters of interest (e.g., a test of equality of inequality measures in two regions or countries considered) is conducted as follows: The data in the two samples dealt with is partitioned into fixed numbers $q_1, q_2\ge 2$ (e.g., $q_1=q_2=2, 4, 8$) of groups, the parameters (inequality measures dealt with) are estimated for each group, and inference is based on a standard two-sample $t-$test with the resulting $q_1, q_2$ group estimators. Robust $t-$statistic approaches result in valid inference under general conditions that group estimators of parameters (e.g., inequality measures) considered are asymptotically independent, unbiased and Gaussian of possibly different variances, or weakly converge, at an arbitrary rate, to independent scale mixtures of normal random variables. These conditions are typically satisfied in empirical applications even under pronounced heavy-tailedness and heterogeneity and possible dependence in observations. The methods dealt with in the paper complement and compare favorably with other inference approaches available in the literature. The use of robust inference approaches is illustrated by an empirical analysis of income inequality measures and their comparisons across different regions in Russia.


The development and spread of afterdischarges in the ipsilateral limbic system during amygdala kindling, a model of complex partial seizures, was studied in male and female rats. Kindling stimulation was performed in the basolateral amygdala, and afterdischarges were recorded from the stimulation electrode and electrodes in the nucleus accumbens, the posterior piriform cortex and the ventral hippocampus, all implanted on the right side of the brain. All structures showed primary afterdischarges already after the first stimulation, indicating a close anatomical and physiological connection to the epileptogenic focus. The development of robust secondary afterdischarges, which occurred after the end of the primary afterdischarges in the amygdala and which always originated in the hippocampus but also spread to one or more of the other recording sites, is described. The secondary afterdischarges initially occurred after about nine kindling stimulations in both male and female rats, and were associated with an increase in primary afterdischarge duration and a progression from focal to motor seizures. In order to test the effect of common antiepileptic drugs on the secondary afterdischarges, a group of female rats were treated with valproate, carbamazepine or phenytoin. All drugs suppressed the secondary afterdischarges, although they had a different anticonvulsant efficacy on motor seizures and afterdischarge duration after amygdala stimulation. While valproate and carbamazepine dose‐dependently reduced all parameters of the kindled seizure, including the secondary afterdischarges in the hippocampus, phenytoin suppressed the secondary afterdischarges also in the absence of any anticonvulsant effect, suggesting that recurrent hippocampal activation is not crucial for the kindled state. Recording of secondary afterdischarges in the hippocampus may offer the possibility of studying the conditions for development and pharmacological suppression of recurrent hippocampal activation in amygdala‐kindled rats.