Subthreshold circuit design, while energy efficient, has the drawback of performance degradation. To retain the excellent energy efficiency while reducing performance loss, we propose to investigate near subthreshold techniques on chip multiprocessors (CMP). We show that logic and memory cells have different optimal supply and threshold voltages, therefore we propose to allow the cores and memory to operate in different voltage regions. With the memory operating at a different voltage, we then explore the design space in which several slower cores clustered together share a faster LI cache. We show that an architecture such as this is optimal for energy efficiency. In particular, SPLASH2 benchmarks show a 53% energy reduction over the conventional CMP approach (70% energy reduction over a single core machine). In addition we explore the design trade-offs that occur if we have a separate instruction and data cache. We show that some applications prefer the data cache to be clustered while the instruction cache is kept private to the core allowing further energy savings of a 77% reduction over a single core machine.


Monocytes represent a large pool of circulating precursors of APCs, both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). It is thus important to identify the mechanisms by which microenvironment regulates monocyte differentiation. We have previously shown that, upon contact with resting stromal cells such as fibroblasts, monocytes differentiate into macrophages in an IL-6/M-CSF-dependent fashion. Yet, in the inflamed tissue, monocytes need to yield DCs for the adaptive immunity to be induced. Inasmuch as TNF and IL-1 are present at the site of inflammation, we tested their capacity to modulate monocyte differentiation into either macrophages or DCs. TNF, but not IL-1, induce monocytes to become DCs despite the presence of fibroblasts. TNF-induced DCs contain Langerin-positive cells and are able to induce allogenic T cell proliferation. Then, TNF was found to decrease the expression and internalization of the M-CSF receptor, thus overriding the IL-6/M-CSF pathway. Thus, TNF facilitates the induction of adaptive immunity by promoting DC differentiation not only from CD34+ progenitors but also from CD14+ blood precursors.


During the last few years, there have been debates over what is context and how computers should act upon it. Two disparate camps of thought can be recognized. First, Realism, having its roots in natural sciences, believes that contexts exist out there and that, if properly instrumented and programmed, computers can correctly recognize and adapt to them. Second, Constructivism, having its roots in human and social sciences, believes that contexts are human creations, mental and social, and that computers ought to provide resources for managing them. We reveal some fundamental differences between the two in three different application domains. We show that despite the deep-going controversies, both camps benefit from considering the alternative approach and a middle ground can be found.


With the decision to construct the smart grids around China, the power line communications (PLC) on the low-voltage (LV) distribution networks have become one of the potential technologies to commute the information between the end users and the power provider. In order to provide communications services with different priorities under the smart grids environment, it is a must to design a completely new PLC system with variable information rate, which means understanding of the LV PLC channel characteristics become vital. This paper presents the measurement results of channel properties of LV PLC systems after giving a general overview of the topologies for the typical LV distribution networks in China. The testing results show that the main reason influencing the reliable communication of high-speed data of power line is the attenuation of the high-frequency signal, which exhibits more obviously in the branch of power line. It is almost impossible to use the frequency range from 10 to 20 MHz for the reliable communications from distribution transformer to end user, so it must be solved with the aid of such means as the repeater and the modulation schemes. Considering the signal's attenuation, the lower frequency range from 2 to 10 MHz is more suitable for the high-speed data access system. Based on the general topologies of the LV distribution networks, a new method with the help of the reflection matrix based on the multiconductor transmission line theory is proposed to model the channel transfer functions, taking into account of the source inner impedance matrix. The simulation results fit the measured data quite well and verify the feasibility of the proposed modeling scheme.


We present a model for relativistic jets which generates a particular angular distribution of Lorentz factor and energy per solid angle. We consider a fireball with specific internal energy E/M launched with bulk Lorentz factor γB. In its center-of-momentum frame the fireball expands isotropically, converting its internal energy into radially expanding flow with asymptotic Lorentz factor η0 ∼ E/M. In the lab frame the flow is beamed, expanding with Lorentz factor Γ = 2η0γB in the direction of its initial bulk motion and with characteristic opening angle θ0 ∼ 1/γB. The flow is jet-like with Γθ0 ∼ 2η0 such that jets with Γ > 1/θ0 are naturally produced. The choice η0 ∼ γB ∼ 10 yields a jet with Γ ∼ 200 on-axis and angular structure characterized by opening angle θ0 ∼ 0.1 of relevance for cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), while γB ≳ 1 may be relevant for low-luminosity GRBs. The model produces a family of outflows, of relevance for different relativistic phenomena with structures completely determined by η0 and γB. We calculate the energy per unit solid angle for the model and use it to compute light curves for comparison with the widely used top-hat model. The jet break in the boosted fireball light curve is greatly subdued when compared to the top-hat model because the edge of the jet is smoother than for a top-hat. This may explain missing jet breaks in afterglow light curves.


OBJECTIVE
To study the association between admission hyperglycaemia and the presence and pattern of intracranial and extracranial vascular disease.

METHODS
This retrospective study was conducted at a major tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Patients who had presented with acute stroke and had undergone a carotid ultrasound Doppler of the carotids and/or Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of the brain were included in the study. A multiple logistic regression analysis of variables was done for an abnormal finding on each investigation.

RESULTS
Out of the total of 216 patients, the age of majority of the patients (83.3%) was > 50 years and 134 (62%) were male. One hundred and fourteen patients (52.8%) had admission hyperglyaemia. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that increasing age and admission hyperglycaemia (P = 0.045, Odds ratio = 1.9 [95% CI: 1.0-3.6]) were independent predictors of an abnormal finding on a carotid Doppler investigation. Admission hyperglycaemia did not predict the presence of general intracranial vasculopathy but it was significantly associated with focal stenosis as visualized on a MRA.

CONCLUSION
Admission hyperglycaemia is associated with large vessel disease manifesting itself in the carotids as plaques and in the intracranial circulation as focal stenosis. Acute stroke patients presenting with admission hyperglycemia would require a more careful investigation for large artery disease especially in the extracranial vessels.


Cell-cell communication within the follicle involves many signaling molecules, and this process may be mediated by secretion and uptake of exosomes that contain several bioactive molecules including extra-cellular miRNAs. Follicular fluid and cells from individual follicles of cattle were grouped based on Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) staining of the corresponding oocytes. Both Exoquick precipitation and differential ultracentrifugation were used to separate the exosome and non-exosomal fraction of follicular fluid. Following miRNA isolation from both fractions, the human miRCURY LNA™ Universal RT miRNA PCR array system was used to profile miRNA expression. This analysis found that miRNAs were present in both exosomal and non-exosomal fraction of bovine follicular fluid. We found 25 miRNAs differentially expressed (16 up and 9 down) in exosomes and 30 miRNAs differentially expressed (21 up and 9 down) in non-exosomal fraction of follicular fluid in comparison of BCB- versus BCB+ oocyte groups. Expression of selected miRNAs was detected in theca, granulosa and cumulus oocyte complex. To further explore the potential roles of these follicular fluid derived extra-cellular miRNAs, the potential target genes were predicted, and functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed most of these pathways are known regulators of follicular development and oocyte growth. In order to validate exosome mediated cell-cell communication within follicular microenvironment, we demonstrated uptake of exosomes and resulting increase of endogenous miRNA level and subsequent alteration of mRNA levels in follicular cells in vitro. This study demonstrates for the first time, the presence of exosome or non-exosome mediated transfer of miRNA in the bovine follicular fluid, and oocyte growth dependent variation in extra-cellular miRNA signatures in the follicular environment.


With life expectancies increasing around the world, populations are getting age and neurodegenerative diseases have become a global issue. For this reason we have focused our attention on the two most important neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder of multi-factorial origin. Environmental toxins as well as agricultural chemicals have been associated with PD. Has been observed that N/OFQ contributes to both neurotoxicity and symptoms associated with PD and that pronociceptin gene expression is up-regulated in rat SN of 6-OHDA and MPP induced experimental parkinsonism. First, we investigated the role of N/OFQ-NOP system in the pathogenesis of PD in an animal model developed using PQ and/or MB. Then we studied Alzheimer's disease. This disorder is defined as a progressive neurologic disease of the brain leading to the irreversible loss of neurons and the loss of intellectual abilities, including memory and reasoning, which become severe enough to impede social or occupational functioning. Effective biomarker tests could prevent such devastating damage occurring. We utilized the peripheral blood cells of AD discordant monozygotic twin in the search of peripheral markers which could reflect the pathology within the brain, and also support the hypothesis that PBMC might be a useful model of epigenetic gene regulation in the brain. We investigated the mRNA levels in several genes involve in AD pathogenesis, as well DNA methylation by MSP Real-Time PCR. Finally by Western Blotting we assess the immunoreactivity levels for histone modifications. Our results support the idea that epigenetic changes assessed in PBMCs can also be useful in neurodegenerative disorders, like AD and PD, enabling identification of new biomarkers in order to develop early diagnostic programs.


Buildings and the built environment play a key role in supporting human activities and delivering economic prosperity. At this basic level, buildings are designed to provide comfort and act as barriers to environmental hazards. Water disasters are major environmental hazards world-wide and they vary from place to place. In Nigeria, the growing occurrence of extreme weather conditions due to global warming has increased the risk of water disasters both in terms of their frequency and severity. This paper therefore analyzed the causes of the disasters, consequences it has on the real estate sector and disaster management plans to be undertaken by property managers and building engineers to mitigate its effects and uncertainties in the foreseeable future. Using the regression analysis, result of findings indicated that excessive rainfall during the raining seasons, sea level rise, blocked drainages and collapsing of dams were the most significant factors (p < 0.05 and 0.01) causing flooding and leading to water disasters occurrences in the country. In conclusion, this paper therefore recommended that only flood resistant buildings with raised pile foundations should be erected on floodplains. Building structures sitting on canals and drainages should be demolished and debris cleared to allow easy passage of water. Also there should be building of strong and high water defenses around dams and water bodies to prevent overflows.


Writing centers are a very recent phenomenon within the United Kingdom (UK) and only one of a variety of institutional responses to what is widely held to be a decline in the standard of writing at university[1]. Prior to the 1980s, UK Higher Education (HE) was an elite system serving only 5 per cent of the population and induction into academic discourse was implicit; writing was not taught, but assumed to be "pick[ed] up" through doing (Lillis 32). With successive government agendas set on widening access to HE, student numbers have since grown exponentially and, with a student body less versed in what is loosely termed "academic writing," universities have responded by employing academic or academic-related staff to offer direct, and in most instances, generic learning or study skills support. The majority of British universities now have centrally funded learning centers and or language centers in which such staff are based, and Orr, Blythman and Bishop argue that it is to the mainstream status of their staff that such units owe their centrality (209) [2]. Privileging the "life experience," pedagogic range and knowledge of salaried staff over that of the peer tutor, and, more importantly, their power to affect institutional change, Orr, Blythman and Bishop view the arrival of peer tutoring to the UK as a threat to the "very centrality" of study support (209). Whilst rejecting Orr, Blythman and Bishop's fundamental concern that peer tutoring will undermine the work of salaried staff, we do recognize that perceptions of status are critical in UK HE; this we see, however, less as a reason for silencing the peer tutor than as an encouragement to find ways to enable peer tutors to voice the insights that they too derive from their work.


A wind-tunnel study was made of the reduction of the aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer trucks due to turning vanes used to control flow separation. A variety of vane settings and positions were investigated on the tractor and on the trailer. It was found that substantial drag reductions were obtained by employing turning vanes on the lower part of the front vertical edges of the tractor. Vanes mounted elsewhere had a smaller effect on the aerodynamic drag. Vane setting, turning angle and edge radius were found to be highly important.


This study sought to explore the self reported health problems of street children in Kumasi, Ghana. Focus is given to how these health problems were addressed through the children's own efforts and contribution of relevant social structures. The study is premised on different theories and concepts including structuration theory, concepts of place, risk, social capital, resilience and access. The study employed qualitative methodology using mainly in-depth interviews complemented by one focus group discussion, observation and photography. A total of 15 primary participants aged 13 to 17 years and 11 key informants from various health and welfare institutions participated in the study.The health risks of the children emanated from their jobs, sleeping places, their diet and some behaviour and choices they made. Their commonest health problems therefore consisted mainly of infectious diseases including malaria/fever, common cold, cough, skin diseases, and injuries and sprains but excluding any sexually transmitted disease. Many of the children depended on the support, knowledge, materials and methods from their peers and adult friends on the streets to treat their illness by themselves. Based on factors such as religious beliefs, rationality in resource management, length of stay on the street and pro-social attitude, some of them showed resilience in the face of their adversities. Local pharmacies were often their first point of call for treatment of their illness. Despite their availability and physical accessibility, hospitals and clinics were rarely used except in acute situations. This was largely due to financial constrains, unaccommodating services and inadequate knowledge on the part of the children on operations of these health services and opportunities to aid their access to health care. Children that used higher order services however often preferred public institutions largely due to perceived affordability of services rendered. Modern medical practice and drugs were the most used by the children although traditional medicine were readily available to the them. Although some public and private institutions and individuals provided assistance in the form of financial aid, health care and health educational programmes, many of the children exhibited less knowledge about these services and even on the existence of some of the institutions themselves. Moreover, some socio-cultural norms, beliefs, and practices also influenced both positively and negatively on the health and health care of the children.The study therefore posits that, more in terms of expansion of available programmes, improving dissemination of relevant health and heath care information, building the capacity of relevant institutions, and incorporating the health and health care concerns of street children into mainstream health services need to be done in order to improve their health.


In professional rowing competitions, sensor data is transmitted from an on-board sensor unit on the boat to an external computer system. This system calculates the current position of each boat in real-time. However, incomplete localizations occur as a result of radio transmission outages. This paper introduces an algorithm to overcome transmission outages by predicting the rowing movement. The prediction algorithm is based on accelerometer and GPS data that is provided by the on-board unit before an outage occurs. It uses Subsequence Dynamic Time Warping (subDTW) to detect the rowing strokes in the acceleration signal. Knowing the previous strokes, the system predicts the upcoming strokes, as the rowing motion follows a periodic pattern. Thereby, the GPS measured velocity can be extrapolated and the position is predicted. A further outcome of the subDTW stroke detection is an accurate determination of the rowing stroke rate. In our experiment, we evaluate the rowing stroke detection and stroke rate determination based on subDTW as well as the prediction algorithm for simulated outages of professional race data. It shows a subDTW stroke signal detection of 100% after the start phase of the race. The prediction in case of a sensor outage of 5 seconds leads to a correlation between the predicted velocity and the actual velocity of 0.96 and a resulting position error (RMSE) of 0.3 m.


In the 17th and 18th centuries, relations between the European states had a relatively predictable evolution. They were the result of the fight between the great European powers for supremacy. Spain, then France and finally England imposed their policy and had continental domination for a long time. If at the beginning of the period, the role of diplomacy was almost insignificant, throughout the 17th century, first in France then in other states, the European monarchs built an ever more specialised diplomatic system. The tools for the new external policy of the European states became more diverse. If at the beginning of the period, diplomatic attempts were still shy and based on other practices rather than modern diplomacy, we can notice a specialisation and diversification of negotiation practices and preservation of good relations with the partners. We could say that modern diplomacy was tightly related to the economic development and the bourgeois revolution. When economic interests came to the foreground, politicians began to be more cautious with the "others". The state was often "compelled" from within to revise its attitude towards its European partners. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, national spirit of affirmation was stronger and stronger. Once the affirmation of nations, the European wars acquired new connotations. Diplomacy, including the secret one, earned its role in the given geopolitical context. The state increased its diplomatic activity as it first aimed at setting its power on much firmer bases. It was the main goal of external policy and of the whole activity making it possible to reach the objectives of the state. The promulgation of efficient laws, the homogenisation of jurisprudence, the establishment of an efficient administrative framework, the enforcement of new viable financial methods together with military force and political stability were measures of compulsory national security to face the pressure of neighbouring powers. At times of peace or war, the great powers used their diplomacy to get "great advantages" needed by modern economic societies. They were defined by the following elements: market and monopoles, strategic harbours and vital borders, furs, fish, raw materials for naval constructions, wheat, tropical products, or other sources of wealth. To briefly characterise the relation system between the great European powers, we can point out that great monarchies connected through an interesting matrimonial, economic and geostrategic system feared "each other". Consequently, most European states tried to build a system of alliances meant to guarantee the implementation of the pursued policy. In general, the international relations system on the continent was characterised by the rivalry between the Habsburgs and the Bourbons. England played an important role in the system. After gaining maritime supremacy, England sought to impose its own policy on the continent. The image conferred by rivalries between the great European states changed in both form and content.


Problems as a result of inadequate sanitation are the root to spreading of many diseases and the loss of several millions of lives every year. Therefore a Norwegian organization, Sustainable Sanitation Design, is trying out methods for having human feces sanitized in a sustainable way. In this trial, the safety and efficiency of composting human feces with a special composting method, called the Howard-Higgins method were investigated. The method claims to sanitize source separated feces in 90 days and to test that statement six compost containers were set up.To control that the composting process reached the heat necessary for sanitization the temperature was controlled frequently. Volatile solids, pH and the dry substance fraction were also controlled to measure Howard-Higgins method's efficiency. By measuring fecal indicators Enterococcus feacalis initially and in the very end of the process, the statement of sanitization was controlled. The results from the measuring of fecal indicators showed a very varied result. Some of the compost nearly reached the limits for pathogens set up by the WHO. The most successful compost ended up with 3.9 LOG10 reduction, which only 0.1 LOG10 below WHO's definition of sanitization for excreta that is to be used as fertilizer. The least successful compost had only a 1.6 LOG10 reduction. None of the compost became warm enough to sanitize pathogens. The method is because of its complicity and uncertainty not recommended to be used by Sustainable Sanitation Design to sanitize human feces.


We present resonant Raman scattering measurements on strained and relaxed InxGa1-xN/GaN multiple quantum wells. The pseudomorphic sample does not show significant deviation of the A1(LO) phonon frequency with respect to GaN value due to a strong compensation of composition and strain effects which makes the frequency of this mode almost independent on In concentration. In contrast, the relaxed sample shows a marked decrease of the Raman frequency. Raman spectra excited in the energy range of sample emission have been recorded at room temperature. The resonant conditions have been attained using tuneable lasers in the blue-green spectral region. Resonant profiles are significantly blue-shifted with respect to the photoluminescence emission as a result of an inhomogeneous In distribution. In relaxed multiple quantum well, the Raman shift of the A1(LO) mode and the maximum of the resonant Raman profile give a direct estimate of the In concentration and its variation range.


Understanding solar movement (e.g., solar diurnal motion) is difficult for those are beginning to learn about astronomy. Previous research has revealed that observation-based learning can help make astronomical phenomena clearer to understand for such learners. In this research, Smartphone Augmented Reality (AR) technology and 3D content were used to develop a multi-viewpoint Smartphone AR-based learning system (M-VSARLS) for solar movement observations that can be used in the real-world environment. The goal of this research is to assess the usefulness of the system, usability of the AR function and 3D content, and the overall effect of the system on the learner's motivation through task-based experiments with follow-up questionnaires. The results show that the M-VSARL system is effective in improving the observational skills and learning ability of learners, and in enhancing their motivation to learn about solar movement.


"Ruptured plantaris tendon " (so-called) is a painful and crippling affliction from which the patient may take several weeks to recover when treated by the usual measures of strapping, rest, etc. A method of treatment, therefore, which can relieve the pain and give full use of the limb for ordinary puiposes in a matter of hours seems worth bringing to more general notice. It is based on the novocain injection technique elaborated by Leriche for the treatment of sprains and other minor injuries. Campbell' in this country has ulsed this method with success for several years in the treatment of various conditions, including the one under consideration.


The NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from baker's yeast was purified to homogeneity (as judged by gel filtration and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis) with an overall yield of 50% by using dilute solutions of the allosteric effector (AMP) to elute the enzyme specifically from CM-cellulose. This method preserves the allosteric properties of the crude enzyme. Although the pure enzyme shows only a single band on electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, two types of subunit are observed in 8m-urea. The isoelectric point of the enzyme rises during purification, and this may reflect the partial loss of an additional low-molecular-weight component. Values are included for the amino acid composition and extinction coefficients of the pure enzyme.


We report the observation of 16 cosmic ray events with a mean energy of 1.5 × 10¹⁹ eV via radio pulses originating from the interaction of the cosmic ray air shower with the Antarctic geomagnetic field, a process known as geosynchrotron emission. We present measurements in the 300-900 MHz range, which are the first self-triggered, first ultrawide band, first far-field, and the highest energy sample of cosmic ray events collected with the radio technique. Their properties are inconsistent with current ground-based geosynchrotron models. The emission is 100% polarized in the plane perpendicular to the projected geomagnetic field. Fourteen events are seen to have a phase inversion due to reflection of the radio beam off the ice surface, and two additional events are seen directly from above the horizon. Based on a likelihood analysis, we estimate angular pointing precision of order 2° for the event arrival directions.


This article analyzes the potential role of an expansive set of real asset classes in reducing inflation risk in the portfolios of long-horizon institutional investors. The author proposes a simple model of the evolution of asset returns that can be parameterized by key variables, such as 1) the sensitivity of asset returns to expected and unexpected changes in inflation, and 2) the degree of persistence in inflation. Each of the variables is a significant determinant of the long-horizon inflation properties of assets. Using his model and research, coupled with research available in the academic literature, Martin provides insight into the viability of various real asset classes as potential hedges for inflation.


This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of filial therapy training in: (a) increasing immigrant Korean parents' empathic behavior with their children; (b) increasing immigrant Korean parents' acceptance level toward their children; and (c) reducing immigrant Korean parents' stress related to parenting.The experimental group, consisting of 17 immigrant Korean parents in the United States, received 10 weekly 2-hour filial therapy training sessions and participated in weekly 30-minute play sessions with one of their children. The control group, consisting of 15 immigrant Korean parents in the United States, received no treatment during the ten weeks. All the parents were videotaped playing with their child before and after the training as a means of measuring change in empathic behavior. The two written self-report instruments completed for pretesting and posttesting purposes were the Porter Parental Acceptance Scale and the Parenting Stress Index. Analyses of covariance revealed that the immigrant Korean parents in the experimental group had significant changes in 10 of 12 hypotheses, including (a) a significant increase in their level of empathic interactions with their children; (b) a significant increase in their attitude of acceptance toward their children; and (c) a significant reduction in their level of stress related to parenting. This study supports the use of filial therapy for promoting the parent-child relationship in immigrant Korean families in the United States. Filial therapy helps immigrant Korean parents to be therapeutic agents for their children. It helps them regain their own power as parents and restore positive relationships with their children.


A novel integrated Buck-Flyback non-isolated PFC converter is proposed in this paper. This new converter is an inherent integration of a Buck converter and a Flyback converter, which operates in either Flyback mode or Buck mode according to whether the input voltage is lower or higher than the output voltage. In this way, the dead zones of AC input current in traditional Buck PFC converter are eliminated. Therefore, the proposed integrated Buck-Flyback non-isolated PFC converter can achieve high power factor under universal AC input range and its input current harmonics can easily meet the IEC61000-3-2 Class C limits. The efficiency of the proposed converter is not deteriorated obviously compared to the conventional Buck converter. Detailed theoretical analysis and optimal design considerations are presented. A 100W prototype was built up to verify the theoretical analysis of the proposed integrated Buck-Flyback non-isolated PFC converter.


Inflated responsibility (Salkovskis, 1985) is proposed as a central concept in
understanding the development and maintenance of OCD. Salkovskis et al. (1999)
proposed that inflated responsibility develops during childhood and parenting
behaviours assume a significant role in the development of this cognitive
vulnerability. The aim of this research was to investigate if parenting behaviours
mediate the relationship between maternal responsibility beliefs and the development
and maintenance of OCD like behaviours in their non-anxious children.
Method
This study used an experimental between-subjects design. 38 children aged
9–12 years were exposed to a high responsibility condition. Their mothers were
randomly allocated to either a condition of inflated responsibility or no
responsibility. During a sweet sorting task, maternal behaviours were coded for the
constructs of warmth and control and the amount of reassurance giving was
measured. In addition, the OCD like behaviours of the child were measured. State
anxiety was measured pre and post task in mothers and their children.
Results
The results demonstrated that the experimental manipulation was not
successful in increasing either maternal or child subjective responsibility beliefs.
However, mothers in a condition of inflated responsibility demonstrated significantly
less warmth when reading sorting instructions to their child and significantly more
control during the sorting task than mothers in a condition of no responsibility. No
significant differences were found in reassurance giving or maternal warmth during
the task phase. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in child
iii
behaviours during the sorting task. State anxiety in both children and mothers
reduced significantly from baseline to post task.
Conclusions
It is proposed that these findings suggest that the experimental manipulation
did have an impact on maternal levels of control and warmth; however these
differences were not strong enough in order to elicit an effect on children's
behaviours. Methodological considerations are considered. Clinical and theoretical
implications are discussed and recommendations made for future research.


the lactating rat. J Nutr 117:725-731 26. Corr~bs G, Combs SB 1984 The nutritional biochemistry of selenium. Ann Rev Nutr 4:257-280 27. Debski B, Picciano MF, Milner J 1989 Selenium content and GSH-Px of milk from vegetarian and non-vegetarian women? J Nutr 1 19:2 15-220 28. Mepham TB 1983 Biochemistry of Lactation. Elsevier Science Publishing Co, New York 29. Lockitch G, Jacobson B, Quigley G, Dison P, Pendray M 1989 Selenium deficiency in low birth weight neonates: an unrecognized problem. J Pediatr 114:865-870 30. Smith AM, Picciano MF, Milner JA, Hatch T F 1988 Influence of feeding regimens on selenium concentrations on glutathione peroxidase activities in plasma and erythrocytes of infants. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1:209-2 16 3 1. Amin S, Chen SY, Collip PJ, Castro-Magan M, Maddiah JVT, Klein SW 198 1 Selenium in premature infants. Nutr Metab 24:33 1-340 32. Frank L, Groseclose EE 1982 Oxygen toxicity in newborn rats: the adverse effects of undernutrition. J Appl Physiol 53:1248-1255 33. Frank L 1985 Effects of oxygen on the newborn. Fed Proc 44:2328-2334 34. Frank L, Groseclose EE 1984 Preparation for birth into an O2 rich environment: the antioxidant enzymes in the developing rabbit lung. Pediatr Res 18:240-244 35. Frank L, Sosenko I 1987 Development of lung antioxidant enzyme system in late gestation: possible implications for the prematurely born infant. J Pediatr 110:9-14 36. Lawrence RA, Burke RF 1978 Species, tissue, and subcellular distribution of non-Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. J Nutr 108:2 1 1-2 15


Measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) is used to derive cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and to guide targeted therapy of acute brain injury (ABI) during neurointensive care. Here we provide a narrative review of the evidence for ICP monitoring, CPP estimation, and ICP/CPP-guided therapy after ABI. Despite its widespread use, there is currently no class I evidence that ICP/CPP-guided therapy for any cerebral pathology improves outcomes; indeed some evidence suggests that it makes no difference, and some that it may worsen outcomes. Similarly, no class I evidence can currently advise the ideal CPP for any form of ABI. 'Optimal' CPP is likely patient-, time-, and pathology-specific. Further, CPP estimation requires correct referencing (at the level of the foramen of Monro as opposed to the level of the heart) for MAP measurement to avoid CPP over-estimation and adverse patient outcomes. Evidence is emerging for the role of other monitors of cerebral well-being that enable the clinician to employ an individualized multimodality monitoring approach in patients with ABI, and these are briefly reviewed. While acknowledging difficulties in conducting robust prospective randomized studies in this area, such high-quality evidence for the utility of ICP/CPP-directed therapy in ABI is urgently required. So, too, is the wider adoption of multimodality neuromonitoring to guide optimal management of ICP and CPP, and a greater understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the different forms of ABI and what exactly the different monitoring tools used actually represent.


Neutrophil infiltration of the airways is a common finding in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Neutrophil-derived chemokines and neutrophil granule contents can cause further inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and damage of the airways. In this study, peripheral blood neutrophils incubated with RSV (multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 10) induced IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release. In contrast, LPS induced only chemokine but not MPO release. RSV-induced chemokine and MPO release was noncytotoxic as assessed by trypan blue exclusion. The mechanism of RSV-induced chemokine release was shown to be transcription dependent since cytokine mRNA synthesis was increased with RSV stimulation and the process was inhibited by actinomycin-D. In addition, the effect of dexamethasone (dex) on mediator release was also studied. Dex significantly inhibited chemokine release but did not inhibit MPO release. The mechanism of inhibition of the release of these chemokines is probably posttranscriptional since the mRNA synthesis was not inhibited by dex. We conclude that the release of chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta) and granule enzymes (MPO) by RSV-stimulated neutrophils may contribute to the pulmonary pathology in RSV bronchiolitis. These in vitro findings showing that dex failed to consistently inhibit all the RSV-induced release of neutrophil inflammatory mediators may explain the variable efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of RSV bronchiolitis.


SUMMARY The productivity of each component of a sorghum/groundnut intercrop and its constituent sole crops is determined in terms of a 'Crop Performance Ratio' (CPR) defined as the productivity of an intercrop per unit area of ground compared with that expected from sole crops sown in the same proportions. The CPR allows productivity, intercepted radiation and seasonal transpiration to be compared so that conversion coefficients for radiation (e; g MJ−1) and dry matter/water ratios (q; g kg−1) can be calculated for each intercrop component and its constituent sole crops. In this experiment, CPR for total dry weight in the intercrop was 1.08 and that for reproductive yield was 1.27. These advantages in overall productivity and yield were typical of those reported elsewhere for sorghum/groundnut intercrops. The proportional increase in total dry matter in the intercrop was largely a result of its greater interception of radiation. The further advantage in reproductive yield was a consequence of an improved harvest index in the sorghum component of the intercrop (0.64) compared with that of its sole crop counterpart (0.55).


New classes of mutants of influenza virus A/seal/Mass/1/80 are described in which the haemagglutinins (HA) have lost their protease cleavability by trypsin, but can be activated by elastase, chymotrypsin or thermolysin in different cell types. The same proteases that were required for activation of infectivity of the mutants also activated haemolysis and cell-fusing properties. The protease activation (pa)-mutants were non-pathogenic for chickens, but induced a protective immune response against a highly pathogenic challenge virus. The failure of the mutants to be activated by trypsin, but instead to be activated by the other proteases employed, was related to amino acid exchanges around the HA cleavage site. The cleavability of the chymotrypsin and elastase pa-mutants is most likely determined by replacement of Arg-1 by neutral amino acids such as Ile, Thr, Met or Leu, depending on the substrate specificity of the activating proteases. Cleavage activation of the thermolysin pa-mutants, on the other hand, became possible by insertion of a single Leu residue at position 4 of the HA2 polypeptide, which compensates for the loss of the Gly residue at the N terminus of the fusion peptide due to thermolysin cleavage. The correction of the mutations in revertants confirmed the conclusions drawn from sequence analyses of the pa-mutants.


Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) is an antioxidant enzyme that uses cysteine residues to decompose peroxides. Prx2 is the third most abundant protein in erythrocytes, and competes effectively with catalase and glutathione peroxidase to scavenge low levels of hydrogen peroxide, including that derived from hemoglobin autoxidation. Low thioredoxin reductase activity in the erythrocyte is able to keep up with this basal oxidation and maintain the Prx2 in its reduced form, but exposure to exogenous hydrogen peroxide causes accumulation of the disulfide-linked dimer. The high cellular concentration means that although turnover is slow, erythrocyte Prx2 can act as a noncatalytic scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and a sink for hydrogen peroxide before turnover becomes limiting. The consequences of Prx2 oxidation for the erythrocyte are not well characterized, but mice deficient in this protein develop severe hemolytic anemia associated with Heinz body formation. Prx2, also known as calpromotin, regulates ion transport by associating with the membrane and activating the Gárdos channel. How Prx2 redox transformations are linked to membrane association and channel activation is yet to be established. In this review, we discuss the functional properties of Prx2 and its role as a major component of the erythrocyte antioxidant system.


We report four patients with Sturge Weber syndrome in which the pial angioma was visualized better with Gd-DOTA enhanced MR imaging. MR alone demonstrated thickened cortex with diminished convolutions, abnormal white matter and prominent subependymal veins. However, Gd-DOTA enhanced MR imaging improved the visualization of the angioma, localizing and demonstrating the extent of the malformation in Sturge Weber syndrome. We believe that this is the procedure of choice to recognize the extent of the intracranial involvement and which would help to select those patients that would benefit from surgical treatment.


The rapid deployment of electric vehicles is widely viewed as a promising path towards decarbonizing the transportation sector. The pace at which electric vehicles will replace those with internal combustion engines will depend to a large extent on cost. We present and analyze a generic life-cycle cost model in which operating costs are presumed to be driven by hours of operation. Our model framework yields critical utilization rates for ranking multiple drivetrains in terms of cost. The critical utilization rate is also shown to be the relevant criterion for optimally configuring a mix of multiple drivetrains within a fleet. We calibrate our model framework in the context of an urban transit buses system and examine how the cost comparison between diesel and battery-electric buses depends on the specifics of the duty cycle (route). Our findings suggest that even under less favorable duty cycles, battery-electric buses will entail lower life-cycle costs once utilization rates exceed approximately 20%.


Background: Epidemiologic studies report inconsistent findings on the association of fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: The objective was to examine the relation between fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Design: We studied 9608 adults aged 25–74 y participating in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study and free of cardiovascular disease at the time of their baseline examination between 1971 and 1975. Fruit and vegetable intake at baseline was measured with a food-frequency questionnaire. The incidence of and mortality from cardiovascular disease were obtained from medical records and death certificates. Results: Over an average of 19 y, 888 strokes (218 fatal), 1786 ischemic heart disease events (639 fatal), 1145 cardiovascular disease deaths, and 2530 all-cause deaths were documented. Consuming fruit and vegetables ≥ 3 times/d compared with <1 time/d was associated with a 27% lower stroke incidence [relative risk (RR): 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95; P for trend = 0.01), a 42% lower stroke mortality (0.58; 0.33, 1.02; P for trend = 0.05), a 24% lower ischemic heart disease mortality (0.76; 0.56, 1.03; P for trend = 0.07), a 27% lower cardiovascular disease mortality (0.73; 0.58, 0.92; P for trend = 0.008), and a 15% lower all-cause mortality (0.85; 0.72, 1.00; P for trend = 0.02) after adjustment for established cardiovascular disease risk factors. Conclusion: We showed an inverse association of fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the general US population.


INTRODUCTION: Success in endodontic treatment depends on various factors. Among the most important factors, appropriate preparation of the root canal system and keeping periapical region intact as much as possible could be mentioned. These are achieved by determining the penetration depth of the instruments into the canal i.e. the working length. Several methods are introduced for working length determination. The most popular techniques in this regard are the use of conventional radiography and electronic apex locators. A new type of apex locator is the Root ZX. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy rate of Root ZX apex locator with the conventional radiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The working length of thirty extracted single rooted teeth were determined by the means of the Root ZX and conventional radiography then compared with the actual working lengths measured by the stereomicroscope. RESULTS: The results showed there was statistically significant difference between the length determined by the Root ZX and stereomicroscope. In addition, the radiographic and stereomicroscopic working lengths had statistically significant differences as well. There was also significant difference between the lengths measured by the Root ZX and radiography. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to use the Root ZX and radiography both together to reach the most accurate working length.


We assessed whether adding promethazine to the syringe containing morphine for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) decreases nausea after gynecologic surgery. Patients were assigned randomly to receive PCA (morphine 1.5 mg, 6-min lockout interval) with or without promethazine (0.625 mg/PCA dose, providing an average of 17.6 mg/24 h). Assessments included a visual analogue scale (VAS) for nausea (0 = none, 10 = worst possible) at scheduled times, rescue therapy requirements, and a maximum symptom-therapy score that provided an aggregate assessment of nausea intensity, duration, and response to rescue therapy (0 = no nausea; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate, requiring droperidol; 3 = severe or persistent, requiring droperidol; 4 = requiring droperidol + transdermal scopolamine; 5 = unrelieved). Nausea scores on the visual analogue scale at 2, 6, 8, and 24 h and use of rescue droperidol identified no significant differences between the groups. However, symptom-therapy scores differed significantly, with median values of 0 and 2, respectively, for the promethazinetreated and control groups. We conclude that simultaneous titration of morphine and promethazine de-creases nausea associated with PCA therapy; the difference may best be appreciated with use of the combined symptom-therapy score.


CFU-GEMM, multipotent progenitor cells, give rise to erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage and megakaryocytic cells. We have examined the utility of this assay for predicting hematologic recovery in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous marrow rescue with cryopreserved marrow. In marrow samples from 50 patients CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GEMM significantly decreased following cryopreservation. The median value for CFU-E declined from 132,659 to 10,648, BFU-E decreased from 36,112 to 3345 and CFU-GEMM decreased from 3242 to 260 colonies per ml of marrow frozen. Once cryopreserved, the number of CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GEMM remained stable with prolonged storage in liquid nitrogen. In 48 patients uniformly treated with high-dose melphalan (180 mg/m2) and rescued with cryopreserved autologous marrow, univariate analyses showed that the time to platelet recovery (greater than 50 x 10(9)/l) was correlated with the number of CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GEMM infused (p less than 0.05). The time to neutrophil recovery was only correlated with the number of BFU-E and CFU-GEMM infused (p less than 0.01). However, by multivariate analyses, only the number of CFU-GEMM, and not CFU-E and BFU-E, infused correlated both with the time to neutrophil and platelet recovery. These data indicate that the CFU-GEMM assay may be useful for determining the repopulating ability of cryopreserved bone marrow.


Pacific Islands offshore financial centers (OFCs) are battling against the danger that international organizations will cut them off from the global financial system. Since 1999 the image of the region's tax havens has been most shaped by the "horror story" of Nauru—the media's account of how Nauru has been involved with the Bank of New York and other banks in tens of billions of dollars of Russian money laundering, tax evasion, and illegal capital flight. In the late 1990s left-of-center governments led international organizations toward a much more aggressive attack on offshore financial centers. Soon international organizations began blacklisting offshore centers and threatening sanctions—with Pacific Islands being prominent targets. The advent of the conservative Bush administration in America defused a number of threats to offshore centers from international organizations, as the United States began to object to Europe's anti-tax haven agenda. While the attacks of 11 September 2001 led international organizations to rebuke offshore centers for helping to finance terrorism, OFC promoters contended that the anti-OFC campaign had been so weakened and qualified since the Bush presidency that it might soon collapse. The future of Pacific Islands offshore centers may rest on the outcome of political struggles in the United States, Europe, and international organizations. Two things are clear: that the dominant media image of a number of Pacific Islands states may continue to be shaped by perceptions of their offshore financial centers (making them targets of moral indignation), and that their international relations may at times be held hostage to the issue of their tax havens.


This paper describes a fast and accurate technique to predict the steady-state throughput and the corresponding power consumption of a homogeneous multicore processor for a given benchmark workload while accounting for speed reduction due to thermal constraints. The expressions contain several parameters of interest to a system designer, like the static and dynamic-power consumptions (for hottest block and for full chip), the vertical thermal resistance of the hottest block, the leakage sensitivity to temperature, the chip threshold temperature, the ambient temperature, etc. Their computational complexity is independent of the number of cores. These are incorporated in a system-level multicore power/thermal simulator that uses the PTScalar power model and the Hotspot thermal model. The analytical throughput and power predictions were within 1.7% of that predicted by the system-level simulator. However, the analytical technique takes less than 0.2 s for a given set of design parameters, making it well suited for early design-space exploration. In contrast, the numerical technique takes anywhere from a minute (for 4 cores) up to a few hours (for 25 cores).


High velocity compaction (HVC) is one of the latest technologies of powder metallurgy (PM), while the prices threshold of Hydropulsor's HVC presser limited massive application of this technique in vast minor PM enterprises in Mainland China. In the light of this, the paper delivers a new design of HVC apparatus which adopts mechanical springs groups instead of hydraulic cylinder as hammer driver. The virtual prototype and simulation of new HVC apparatus is brought about. The result of simulation shows that new design can basically meet the demand of HVC.


Introduction: Pneumosinus dilatans (PD) is a rare craniofacial malformation characterized by unusual hyperaeration of any one of the paranasal sinuses. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition remain unclear. Here we are presenting a case study on the incidence of Pneumosinus Dilatans Frontalis (PDF) using computed tomography and in south Indian skulls.
Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in 92 dried adult human skull of unknown sex obtained from Department of Anatomy and 120 patients underwent paranasal sinus Computed tomography (CT) for various reasons at Bhasaweshwara Medical college and hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka. The incidence of unilateral and bilateral PDF was observed and photographed.
Results: Out of 90 dried skulls, the incidence of unilateral PDF was found in only one case (1.09%). In the present study, the incidence of bilateral PDF was not found in dried skulls. A total of 120 (240 slices) CT scans of the nose and paranasal sinuses were reviewed. We observed 3 cases (2.5%) of bilateral PDF among them 2 cases were seen in males and one case in female.
Conclusions: PD is rare craniofacial deformity affects all paranasal sinus but most commonly affects the frontal sinus. Hence, a detailed anatomical and morphometric knowledge of the region is necessary to perform the successful surgeries and outcome in the region.

Keywords: Frontal sinus, paranasal sinus, Pneumosinus dilatans, Pneumosinus dilatans frontalis.


IPC 2014-33740 [1], Pump Station Design, summarized the work Enbridge had completed on the design and construction of 65 new pump stations and the modification of a further 16 existing stations. The $4.0 billion dollar scope was completed over a 12-year period, with the last stations being completed in 2019. This paper documents the application of this body of work on the Keystone XL Pipeline project for TC Energy. This work included the design of 32 new pump stations.
 The Keystone XL project experienced delays due to legal and regulatory challenges which gave TC Energy the opportunity to reevaluate their pump station design. The previous design was piping centric and had a significant footprint. The station design developed for Enbridge was more equipment centric, and owing to the compact layout, presented the potential for cost savings in excess of $140 million for their project. This paper provides a unique perspective with which to evaluate the design philosophies employed by comparing the two station designs developed independently.
 While the basic design was proven, new work was completed to validate the new application. This effort demonstrated that these pump stations are a unique piping subset. The operating temperature is relatively modest, but the piping is exposed to high pressure and high flow rates (HPF). Prolonged operation with high turbulence and pressure can result in fatigue related failures. These HPF piping systems require additional tools for their design. These analytical techniques include:
 • Erosion studies to validate limiting velocities and pipe sizing
 • Dynamic piping analysis to minimize potential vibration due to beat frequencies and pressure pulsations
 • Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of small-bore connections to minimize the potential for fatigue related damage.
 • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies to minimize the impact of pump suction turbulence on pump performance.


Determining the geographical area that needs to be excluded due to incumbent activity is critical to realize high spectral utilization in spectrum sharing networks. This can be achieved by estimating the incumbent location and transmit power. However, keeping the hardware complexity of sensing nodes to a minimum and scalability are critical for spectrum sharing applications with commercial intent. We present a discrete-space l1-norm minimization solution based on geolocation-aware energy detection measurements. In practice, the accuracy of geolocation tagging is limited. We capture the impact as a basis mismatch and derive the necessary condition that needs to be satisfied for successful detection of multiple incumbents' location and transmit power. We find the upper bound for the probability of eliminating the impact of limited geolocation tagging accuracy in a lognormal shadow fading environment, which is applicable to all generic I1-norm minimization techniques. We propose an algorithm based on orthogonal matching pursuit that decreases the residual in each iteration by allowing a selected set of basis vectors to rotate in a controlled manner. Numerical evaluation of the proposed algorithm in a Licensed Shared Access (LSA) network shows a significant improvement in the probability of missed detection and false alarm.


Weak $\omega$-categories are notoriously difficult to define because of the very intricate nature of their axioms. Various approaches have been explored, based on different shapes given to the cells. Interestingly, homotopy type theory encompasses a definition of weak $\omega$-groupoid in a globular setting, since every type carries such a structure. Starting from this remark, Brunerie could extract this definition of globular weak $\omega$\nobreakdash-groupoids, formulated as a type theory. By refining its rules, Finster and Mimram have then defined a type theory called CaTT, whose models are weak $\omega$-categories. Here, we generalize this approach to monoidal weak $\omega$-categories. Based on the principle that they should be equivalent to weak $\omega$-categories with only one $0$-cell, we are able to derive a type theory MCaTT whose models are monoidal categories. This requires changing the rules of the theory in order to encode the information carried by the unique $0$-cell. The correctness of the resulting type theory is shown by defining a pair of translations between our type theory MCaTT and the type theory CaTT. Our main contribution is to show that these translations relate the models of our type theory to the models of the type theory CaTT consisting of $\omega$-categories with only one $0$-cell, by analyzing in details how the notion of models interact with the structural rules of both type theories.


Abstract Relational Egalitarianism focuses on the construction of equal social relationships between persons. It strongly opposes luck egalitarianism, which understands equality as a distributive ideal. In Cohen's theory of justice, luck egalitarianism and relational egalitarianism simultaneously exist, and Cohen provides arguments corresponding to each. In this paper, we explore the manifestation of tension between these two forms of egalitarianism in his theory. In addition, we also reconstruct some possible solutions provided by Cohen to soften this tension, including the three approaches of market mechanism, egalitarian ethos and value pluralism, and find them to be unsuccessful. This tension is a serious challenge that needs to be addressed in Cohen's theory of justice.


The use case artifact is the de facto standard to represent functional requirements of a software and can be used to verify and analyze the requirements throughout the development process. Consistent and unambiguous requirements are documented using formal representation techniques. Non-technical stakeholders usually lack skills required to understand requirements documented using formal approaches. In this paper we propose an algorithm that transforms a use case description into a Kripke structure, which makes it suitable for formal representation of software requirements without requiring any special skills and facilitating non-technical stakeholders as well.


BACKGROUND
Inclusiveness, Support, Mutual Respect and Co-Build are the four pillars of patient engagement according to the Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR). The aim of this manuscript is to describe the operationalization of these principles through the creation of a Patient Advisory Council (PAC) for the research study titled 'Re-Purposing the Ordering of Routine laboratory Tests (RePORT)'.

METHODS
Researchers collaborated with the Alberta SPOR SUPPORT Unit (AbSPORU) Patient Engagement Team to create a diverse PAC. Recruitment was intentional and included multiple perspectives and experiences. PAC meetings were held monthly, and patient research partners received support to function as co-chairs of the PAC. Patient research partners were offered training, support and tailored modalities of compensation to actively engage with the PAC. Regular member check-ins occurred through reflexivity and a formal evaluation of PAC member engagement.

RESULTS
The PAC included between 9 and 11 patient research partners, principal investigator, research study coordinator, improvement scientist, resident physician and support members from the AbSPORU team. Twelve monthly PAC meetings were held during the first phase of the project. The PAC made course-changing contributions to study design including study objectives, recruitment poster, interview guide and development of codes for thematic analysis. Patient research partners largely felt that their opinions were valued. Diversity in the PAC membership enhanced access to diverse patient participants. Furthermore, support for co-chairs and patient research partner members enabled active engagement in research. In addition, a culture of mutual respect facilitated patient partner engagement, and co-design approaches yielded rich research outputs.

CONCLUSIONS
Collaboration between research teams and Patient Engagement Teams can promote effective patient engagement through a PAC. Deliberate and flexible strategies are needed to manage the PAC to create an ecology of Inclusiveness, Support, Mutual Respect, and Co-Build for meaningful patient engagement.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION
Patient research partners were involved in the decision to write this manuscript and collaborated equitably in the conception and development of this manuscript, including providing critical feedback. Patient research partners were active members of the PAC and informed the research project design, participant recruitment strategies, data collection and analysis, and will be involved in the implementation and dissemination of results. They are currently involved in the co-development of a patient engagement strategy using a Human-Centered Design process.


This article traces the development of US air intelligence on the tactics and weapons of Japan's fighter forces during the Pacific War. During the opening stages of the conflict, the US Army Air Forces (USAAF) struggled to set up an intelligence network in the Pacific theater because they were unprepared to wage a large scale conflict against the Japanese. Prior to December 1941, most American air commanders expected Japan to refrain from initiating hostilities with the western powers, and were thus caught unawares when faced with the onslaught of the Japanese air services. The setbacks which US forces suffered in the western Pacific regions during the opening stages of the conflict persuaded air commanders to create a more efficient apparatus that was designed to make good use of the information which aircrews gathered in their encounters with enemy forces. By the end of 1942, observations of the Japanese air forces' performance in combat enabled the Americans to acquire a rudimentary knowledge of the tactical procedures which pilots needed to follow in order to neutralize their opponent. After 1943, the tide of the air war turned decisively in favor of the Allies, owing to the fact that Japan's strengths were stretched to the limit, and its industries could not replace the planes and equipment which the armed forces had lost during the battle of Midway and the Solomons campaign. As the conflict progressed, US aviators noticed how the Japanese had suffered losses to the point where they could no longer defend the skies above their occupied territories, as evidenced by the fact that enemy interceptors were appearing in ever-decreasing numbers. The development motivated airmen to seek ways to destroy the remnants of Japan's air forces as quickly as possible and thereby hasten the tempo of the campaign in the Pacific theater. However, the USAAF remained mindful of the difficulties they faced in fighting the Japanese. This was mainly because the intelligence secured via encounters with enemy forces continued to suggest that they still possessed a good number of serviceable planes, along with trained pilots who were able to cause significant disruption for US air missions. The evidence was taken as a clear indication that the Americans needed to deploy sufficient aircraft strengths and simultaneously develop the tactical methods needed to protect friendly forces against unnecessary casualties.


How does sound encode sacred affect? And how is sacred sound, and thus sacred emotion, learned? While much has been written on spiritual belief from the point of view of narrative (Harding 2003; Woolard and Schieffelin 1994) and the body (Csordas 1994), less attention has been paid to the power of "sound" and, more importantly, listening, to shape sacred identities and create community. This article attends to the aural dimensions of sacred ritual performance focusing on the role of music, chanting as well as listening and utterance in the performance of a Sufi wadhifa, or liturgy, including the ceremony of remembrance, or dhikr. Moving respectively through the social context, the ritual form and analytical frames, I end by explicating what I refer to as a "literacy of listening" (Kapchan 2008)—that is, the acquired ability to learn other cultures (specifically religious cultures, though not exclusively these) through participating in its sound economy.


Herein we report the development of radical benzylation reactions of quinones using Selectfluor and catalytic Ag(I) initiators. The reaction is believed to proceed via a C-H abstraction mechanism after Ag(I)-mediated reduction of Selectfluor. This reaction occurs under mild conditions and is effective for a variety of quinones and radical precursors bearing primary benzylic carbons. The use of pre-formed Ag(4-OMePy)2NO3 as a catalyst proved effective in improving reaction efficiency by reducing unwanted degradation pathways available to Selectfluor.


BACKGROUND
To ascertain the success of lacrimal intubation and DCR in alleviating epiphora due to functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO).

METHODS
Consecutive adult patients with epiphora attending a tertiary lacrimal clinic from May 2010 to February 2021 were reviewed to identify cases with FNLDO. FNLDO was defined as epiphora with the exclusion of alternate causes of watering on clinical examination, patent lacrimal syringing, normal DCG, and post-sac delay on DSG. Epiphora resolution and improvement rates in FNLDO were compared between lacrimal intubation and endo-DCR.

RESULTS
23 endo-DCRs (20 patients, 65% females, mean age 68.9±12.2) and 41 intubations (29 patients, 61.2% females, mean age 65.0±14.1) performed in FNLDO were included. Resolution of epiphora was achieved in 15 of the DCR procedures (median follow-up 9 months) compared to 14 of intubations (median follow-up 10 months). Significant epiphora improvement (i.e., either improvement or resolution) was noted in 21 DCRs and 24 intubations. Seven patients undergoing intubation as the primary procedure had endo-DCR performed following the intubation. Among respondents to a phone questionnaire, 53.8% who had endo-DCR (median 69 months) and 50% that had intubation (median 28 months) reported significant improvement in epiphora.

CONCLUSIONS
Improvement in epiphora due to FNLDO was approximately 59% in intubations, while the success of endo-DCR was higher (91%). The long-term results of these interventions warrant further investigation.


The question considered in this article is how liability rules and insurance affect incentives to reduce accident risks and the allocation of such risks. This question is examined when liability is strict or based on the negligence rule; and, if first-party and liability insurance are available, when insurers have information about insured parties' behavior and when they do not have such information. The conclusions are in essence that although both of the forms of liability create incentives to take care, they differ in respect to the allocation of risk; that, of course, the presence of insurance markets mitigates this difference and alters incentives to take care; and that despite the latter effect, the sale of insurance is socially desirable.


Despite the recent success of state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms in object recognition, when these are deployed as-is on a mobile service robot, we observed that they failed to recognize many objects in real human environments. In this paper, we introduce a learning algorithm in which robots address this flaw by asking humans for help, also known as a symbiotic autonomy approach. In particular, we bootstrap YOLOv2, a state-of-the-art deep neural network and train a new neural network, that we call HHELP, using only data collected from human help. Using an RGB camera and an onboard tablet, the robot proactively seeks human input to assist it in labeling surrounding objects. Pepper, located at CMU, and Monarch Mbot, located at ISR-Lisbon, were the service robots that we used to validate the proposed approach. We conducted a study in a realistic domestic environment over the course of 20 days with 6 research participants. To improve object detection, we used the two neural networks, YOLOv2 + HHELP, in parallel. Following this methodology, the robot was able to detect twice the number of objects compared to the initial YOLOv2 neural network, and achieved a higher mAP (mean Average Precision) score. Using the learning algorithm the robot also collected data about where an object was located and to whom it belonged to by asking humans. This enabled us to explore a future use case where robots can search for a specific person's object. We view the contribution of this work to be relevant for service robots in general, in addition to Pepper, and Mbot.


Complex interactions occur among adipose tissue, the central nervous system, bone and pancreas to integrate bone remodelling, glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Data obtained largely from the judicious use of gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function genetic mouse models show that leptin, an adipocyte‐secreted product, indirectly inhibits bone accrual through a central pathway comprising the hypothalamus and central nervous system. Increased sympathetic output acting via β2‐adrenergic receptors present in osteoblasts decreases bone formation and causes increased bone resorption. Insulin is a key molecular link between bone remodelling and energy metabolism. Insulin signalling in the osteoblasts increases bone formation and resorption as well as the release of undercarboxylated osteocalcin. An increase in the release of bone‐derived undercarboxylated osteocalcin into the systemic circulation enables it to act as a circulating hormone to stimulate insulin production and secretion by pancreatic β‐cells and adiponectin by adipocytes. Insulin sensitivity increases, lipolysis and fat accumulation decreases while energy expenditure increases. Whether this model of integrative physiology involving the skeleton, pancreas and adipose tissue, so elegantly demonstrated in rodents, is applicable to humans is controversial. The mouse Esp gene, encoding an intracellular tyrosine phosphatase that negatively regulates insulin signalling in osteoblasts, is a pseudogene in humans, and a homolog for the Esp gene has so far not been identified in humans. A close homologue of Esp, PTP1B, is expressed in human osteoblasts and could take the role of Esp in humans. Data available from the limited number of clinical studies do not provide a sufficient body of evidence to determine whether osteocalcin or undercarboxylated osteocalcin affects glucose metabolism in humans.


【The purpose of this study is to learn from a lesson of the historical fact, the Team 10's break away from the CIAM, which is selected as the most important event in the whole 20th century architecture by author as a historian. The CIAM, organized in 1928 by leading European architects in order to propose new architecture in the industrial era, expanded to the world, met almost annually with an idea of economic efficiency, new functional order, and industrial production for thirty years. Young architects had conflicted with old established group from 6th congress, and after 10th congress they met independently in 1959; the CIAM was disappeared and the Team 10 was born. Main issue of the break-away was human aspect. The Team 10 started from real man, concept of 'human contact', 'sense of community', and 'belonging' instead of abstract functional order. Although CIAM did not suggest inhumane architecture, their biological criteria with sunlight, air, sufficient site became physical determinism. Critique against the Team 10, unsuccess for making humane architecture leads to underestimation like a generational hegemony struggle. However, architect is not specialist of life but form. Historical reevaluation for Team 10 should be that they are the first group to raise an human issue in architecture. Success or not to solve the problem belongs to another domain. After 1960, modern architecture was attacked from the common people, not clients but 'users'. Academic circle tried to solve the problem with behavioral approach through a clear process, 'design method' and with phenomenological approach on real human experience. However practice became reactionary tendency, to make form a little complex, they became post-modern and deconstruction form. Failure of the Team 10's form proved that a complex form does not necessarily make a good life of people. In the Korean historic situation of colony ruling, confusion of liberation, and the War, we did not know the existence of both CIAM and Team 10. After 1970s' economic development, we have just copied Western form from Modern via Post-Modern to Deconstruction. If we make architecture people mattered, we should start from the basic, learning from the Team's break-away, instead of copying.】


Altough defined as soon as 1832, and studied afterwards by numerous scholars, namely L. Seguenza and above all B. Accordi, the real status of the Sicilian quaternary hippopotamus is the subject of a rather surprising differences of opinion, even in the same scientific team: beeing a fuli ranking species for some (L. Caloi and M.R. Palombo), because it presents very peculiar anatomical characters, it is no more than a subspecies barely different from Hippopotamus amphibius for others (L. Capasso Barbato and C. Petronio). What is more, the same team (L. Caloi, M.R. Palombo and C. Petronio) throw the mammalogists into confusion by unearthing the old taxon H. antiquus for the large European Pleistocene hippo H. major, and by identifying the other european continental species with the recent african H. aiphibius.
To admit for the Sicilian species either a dose proximity or an immediate ancestry with a recent african species whose real existence in the European Pleistocene failed to be demonstrated seems inacceptable for us: in 1983 M. Faure showed the presence during the Pleistocene in continental Europe of two distinct hippo species, H. major and H. incognitus. both having nothing to do with H. amphibius. Moreover, if we agree with the existence in Sicily of a peculiar endemic species, we think on anatomical and biometrical basis that H. major is the ancestor of H. pentiandi, itself the ancestor of the maltese H. melitensis.


Objective. The influence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics on the outcome of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) after androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains poorly characterised. We evaluated the prognostic significance of PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir as well as their interactive effect on prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) after ADT. Methods. A total of 650 men with advanced or metastatic PCa treated with ADT were studied. The prognostic significance of PSA nadir and time to PSA nadir on PCSM and ACM were analysed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox regression model. Results. On multivariate analysis, clinical M1 stage, Gleason Score 8–10, PSA nadir ≥ 0.2 ng/ml and time to PSA nadir < 10 months were independent predictors of PCSM and ACM. The combined analysis showed that patient with higher PSA nadir and shorter time to PSA nadir had significantly higher risk of PCSM and ACM compared to those with lower PSA nadir and longer time to PSA nadir (hazard ratios = 6.30 and 4.79, respectively, all P < 0.001). Conclusions. Our results suggest that higher PSA nadir level and faster time to reach PSA nadir after ADT were associated with shorter survival for PCa.


The chapter considers an option for solving the problem of storing data in the Web environment and providing an access to the data, taking into account their semantics, i.e., in accordance with the nature of the tasks solved by users of different classes. The proposed solution is based on the use of presentation of the data in the form of semantic networks. As the main technical tool for describing access methods, the chapter proposes cognitive maps (CMs), which can also be considered as semantic networks of special type. When access is done, the presentation of information consistent with the semantic description of the user is provided. The suggested method of constructing CMs is based on the intensional logic. The solution is presented in the form of a computational model, which provides for the construction of CM ' s dependence on the parameter. The proposed method of parametrization makes it possible to take into account the semantic characteristics of users of various classes. Some CM constructions for problem domain description are presented. A method for semantically oriented naming of CMs is proposed. The method is based on building of a functor of special type.


The late 1950s and early '60s were the golden age of science fiction, an era when the farthest reaches of imagination were fed by the technological breakthroughs of the postwar years. While science fiction writers expressed the dreams and nightmares of the era in pulp print, real-life rocket engineers worked on making space travel reality. The imaginations of many Cold War scientists were fed by science fiction literature, and companies often promoted their future capabilities with fantastical, colorful visions aimed at luring young engineers into their booming workforce. In between the dry articles of trade journals, a new visual vernacular sprang up. Aerospace industry ads pitched the idea that we lived in a moment where anything was possible -- gravity was history, and soon so would be the confines of our solar system. Another Science Fiction presents nearly 200 entertaining, intriguing, inspiring, and mind-boggling pieces of space-age eye candy.


In Bangladesh, the usage and application of internet or online banking is booming in banking sector since the last decade. Still, several banking customers, who are still reluctant to adopt internet banking as a means of conducting their financial transactions. Perhaps, the banks have not been able to satisfy their clients with their provided internet banking services. Hence, the study explores the key determinants of customer satisfaction of internet banking services in Bangladesh. 121 banking customers took part in this study as a sample. Hypotheses were developed based on past studies. The study finds that service quality of the internet banking service, security and ease of use have positive impact on online banking customer satisfaction. The study has also applied some managerial implications for banking business managers.


Photovoice can be more than a research method for communities to identify and mitigate social oppressions. Photovoice has the potential for emancipatory outcomes and the transformation of power relations. This article serves as a primer for beginning researchers who are new to the emancipatory power of the photovoice method or for advanced researchers who would like to re-imagine their current use of the photovoice method to an emancipatory approach that elevates and empowers. Our purpose is to provide a framework for deciding structures, processes, and outcomes of emancipatory photovoice. We specifically prescribe steps with respect to power relations among partners, design prompts or heuristics, and the anticipated and unanticipated outcomes. We base our perspectives on over a decade of photovoice research experiences. Emancipatory photovoice research, if implemented thoughtfully, can facilitate power sharing, collective learning, healing, and growth.


Current reviews revealed that there is a lack of effective programs and valuable effectiveness studies related to prevention of aggressive behavior and fostering of social competence in early adolescents participating in organized team sports (e.g., ball sports, such as soccer). Using a randomized controlled design, the present pilot study presents first results regarding the effectiveness of the preventive intervention program "Fairplayer.Sport" that was implemented with preadolescent soccer players (N = 145 preadolescents; aged 9-14 years; mean = 12.2 years) in organized team sport (13 soccer teams). Results revealed a reduction of aggressive behavior in the intervention groups compared to waiting-control groups (small effect size). This effect remained stable 3 months after program implementation. Implications for planning and implementing preventive intervention programs are discussed.


Insulating ceramics were considered as machinable material with the electrical discharge machining method using the assisting electrode method, which was proposed and advanced by the authors. The mechanical properties changed with the experimental parameters, including the physical characteristics of the workpiece and the tool electrode. In this research, sintered ZrO2-Y2O3 insulating ceramics were subjected to EDM. To investigate the effects of the porous tool electrode material on the removal rate, the porous copper cylinder material was fabricated by PECS (pulse electric current sintering) method. The relative density changed from 60 to 95 wt%. The suitable machining characteristics could be obtained with a relative density of 85% at the positive electrode polarity. The shape of electrodes was transcribed on the workpiece surface more precisely than the solid copper electrode.


Papilla or nipple, which is a prominent part in the nipples. Categorized papilla shape protruding and not protruding, the shape of the papilla which does not protrude affect optimal breastfeeding fails to affect milk production further reluctant baby suckle and affect breastfeeding success. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of papilla form successful breastfeeding nursing mothers with babies aged 0-24 months. This type of research is analytic research. The population is all lactating mothers of infants aged 0-24 months as many as 90 people. The sampling technique random sampling obtained a sample of 48 respondents. This study was conducted in March 2017. The collection of data through observation. The independent variable is the form papilla breastfeeding mothers, while the dependent variable is the success of breastfeeding infants aged 0-24 months. Data were analyzed using Chi Square test with α = 0.05. The results showed that 26 respondents (54.2%) form prominent papillae nursing mothers. While successful breastfeeding of infants aged 0-24 months 25 respondents (52.1%) in the category of work. The result of Chi Square test with df 1 with α = 0.05 results obtained p-value = 36.778 compared with 1 df table table value = 3.841 Chi Square count the results of larger tables, There is a relationship between the shape of the papilla nursing mothers with breastfeeding success infants aged 0-24 months in the village of billowing, District Kertosono, Nganjuk Year 2017. Based on the above data it can be concluded that the success of breastfeeding is influenced by the shape of the papilla nursing mothers, nursing mothers are advised care in order to achieve successful breast feeding.


BACKGROUND
In this work, we investigated the antioxidant and copper chelating abilities of theaflavin, a polyphenol responsible for astringency, color and sensation present in black tea. Using voltammetric techniques, the analyses were conducted at disposable electrochemical printed carbon chips in conjunction with a portable hand-held potentiostat.

RESULTS
Voltammograms of theaflavin showed five separate oxidation peaks, corresponding to the oxidation of five individual functional groups. Electroanalytical data of theaflavin after interaction with copper indicates that the flavonoid has higher antioxidant potential and is a better copper chelator than epigallocatechin gallate, a major polyphenol present in green tea and a well-known antioxidant. This could be attributed to the extra fused ring and larger number of OH groups in theaflavin.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings introduce another natural compound as a potential nutraceutical in oxidation- and copper-modulated illnesses. In addition, this simple and fast approach would be highly pertinent to inspect health benefits of natural food products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of electrochemical analysis of Cu (II) chelation by theaflavin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


A project to identify tunes to the play-party songs and document the movements that accompanied them when they were played as play-party games in the late 1920s.


The sliding mode control (SMC) design for roll reduction of a ship has been addressed. The SMC technique yields the appropriate control with significant roll reduction compared with other controllers such as proportional integrative derivative (PID). The system comprises of three different controllers, fin-roll, rudder-roll and autopilot. Consequently, for each situation along the ship trajectory, the triple controllers need to be designed. It is not necessary to have the same controller structure for all three subsystems. This paper compares SMC controllers individually with PID controllers for ach subsystem, and demonstrates the results of the implementation of controllers with different structures when applied to the entire roll reduction system.


The fall of the Berlin Wall appeared to herald a new era of rights. Yet, just three years later, the disintegration of Yugoslavia into war and brutal ethnic cleansing left Europe, the U.S., and the U.N. struggling to find ways to meaningfully and legally intervene to make good on their "never again" pledge to prevent genocide. Unfortunately, the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia became a crucible for the international community's efforts. This chapter offers a victim's perspective of the entire process.During the war, the U.N. and other international actors undertook measure after measure short of military intervention to halt the violence. These actions included: naming a special rapporteur, establishing a commission of inquiry, creating an international tribunal (the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, ICTY), enforcing an arms embargo, providing various forms of humanitarian relief, deploying a limited protection force, providing military air support, and designating safe areas.However, these measures proved too little, and their impacts too late, for the residents of Srebrenica. In July 1995, Serb forces attacked the town and massacred more than 7000 residents, Europe's worst massacre since World War II. Many believe the tragedy marked the nadir for U.S., European and U.N. policies to combat mass atrocity. The horrific failure did, however, spur action by the international community to bring the parties to the table, which ultimately led to the peace agreement ending the war. The tragedy also led to the genocide conviction of General Krstic, one of the Bosnian Serb army's leading generals. ICTY's conviction of Krstic for genocide provided a public, detailed and irrefutable account of the massacre.Yet the conviction and peace were in some sense hollow victories for the Srebrenica families. For years they were "refugees" in their own land, unable to return to their hometown. While Krstic sat in jail, the real Bosnian Serb masterminds, in the minds of the families and in the indictments of the ICTY - that is, of General Ratko Mladic and Radovan Karadzic, then president of the Bosnian Serb Republic - remain free (most likely in their backyard somewhere in Bosnia or the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). What is more, some analysts assert that the creation of the ICTY ironically postponed the military intervention that might have prevented the Srebrenica massacre in the first place.The tragedy of Srebrenica and the pursuit of justice for Europe's worst massacre in the past 60 years, has influenced every conflict since. On the surface it stands for the validity of humanitarian intervention in the face of "evil," since combinations of other diplomatic measures can fail with tragic results. It has been invoked by U.S. officials regarding Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. However, on a deeper level, it stands for the failings of the rule of law and judicial process - at least of an international nature - during conflict, and immediately post-conflict. It has brought little solace to the surviving victims: no prosecution of Karadzic and Mladic (even though Milosevic faced trial); the families of Srebrenica have received no reparations; and the preservation and identification of the thousands of unearthed bodies proved problematic. On a societal level, ten years later, there is only an absence of armed conflict, not the assurance of a viable, peaceful nation.


The paper generalized the results of s series of experiments aimed at studying liquid and electrolytes contents in various organs and tissues of rats following 3-week space flights (SF). The results ascertain high reliability of the water-salt homeostasis maintaining system which ensures stable water and electrolytes amounts in the majority of animal tissues in SF. The following alterations appear to be of greatest significance: deduced potassium levels in the heart ventricle tissues in male rats after short-duration (7-9 d) exposure in SF, zero-g-induced degradation of the body ability to bind potassium at injection of isotonic solution KCl into the stomach; redistribution of potassium ions between mother and developing fetuses in space experiments with pregnant animals. Simulated experiments showed that similar shifting of potassium ions in the mother-fetus system may be due not to weightlessness exclusively but other impacts, i.e. they are not specific.


Abstract This is a cross-sectional study with the objective to examine the relationships between infertility-related stress, family sense of coherence and quality of life of Chinese couples with infertility in Hong Kong. A convenience sample of 135 Chinese couples were recruited at the subfertility clinics of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. Data were collected using the Fertility Problem Inventory, Family Sense of Coherence Scale and Fertility Quality of Life. Path analysis was used for data analysis. The results showed that infertility-related stress had a negative association with the quality of life of infertile couples and family sense of coherence mediated the effect of infertility-related stress on quality of life for both partners. The infertility-related stress of women had a negative association with their husbands' quality of life. Infertile women had more infertility-related stress and a lower quality of life than their husbands. The findings provide new insights into the importance of family sense of coherence in facilitating couples' adjustment to infertility. Culturally competent heath care interventions should be developed to strengthen family sense of coherence among Chinese couples with infertility and help them reduce their infertility-related stress, thus improving their quality of life.


KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, accounts for 28.7% of the HIV infection total and one-third of infections among youth and children in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to examine the variables of HIV/AIDS symptoms, social support, influence of comorbid medical problems, length of time adhering to antiretroviral therapy medications, quality of life, adherence to antiretroviral medications, and physical functioning in HIV-infected individuals. Based on our model, the combination of these variables was found to determine physical functioning outcomes and adherence to HIV medications. Significant relationships were observed between physical functioning and the dependent variables of length of time on medications, comorbid health problems, and social support. A linear regression model was built to determine the degree to which these variables predicted physical functioning. In total, these predictor variables explained 29% of the variance in physical functioning. These results indicate that those individuals who reported a greater length of time on medications, fewer comorbid health problems, and greater social support had better physical functioning.


This article introduces an algorithm for solving the interval data based assignment problem (IDAP) under fuzzy environment. The proposed algorithm for obtaining optimum solution of IDAP is purely based on the fuzzification and defuzzification of various fuzzy quantities of symmetric shapes. Moreover, this article will give the solution to select the suitable shape of fuzzy quantity for obtaining the optimum solution of IDAP through the numerical illustration.


In representation learning, there has been re-cent interest in developing algorithms to disentangle the ground-truth generative factors behind a dataset, and metrics to quantify how fully this occurs. However, these algorithms and metrics often assume that both representations and ground-truth factors are flat, continuous, and factorized, whereas many real-world generative processes in-volve rich hierarchical structure, mixtures of discrete and continuous variables with dependence between them, and even varying intrinsic dimensionality. In this work, we develop benchmarks, algorithms, and metrics for learning such hierarchical representations.


A global recession has dampened consumption and business investments, green or otherwise. Yet economic stimulus programs have focused on green economic development based on alternative energy technologies and the infrastructure to support transmission of distributed sources of power, as well as low-tech innovations such as building weatherization. Proponents of green technology believe that public stimulus dollars and private investment have potential to create large numbers of green-collar jobs as well as to increase the overall efficiency of the economy. Action at the national level is mirrored at state and local levels, as governments revise building codes, leading the construction industry to source greener building materials. Large retailers, from Ikea to the supermarket chain Tesco, are eliminating unnecessary packaging and providing product information designed to encourage sustainable purchasing. And the concepts of green business are being applied in sectors beyond manufacturing and retail, including agriculture, where growth continues apace in demand for organic products and food sources from growers who are paid a fair wage and use sustainable farming techniques. Businesses increasingly recognize their capacity to help solve global environmental and social challenges, and the most innovate understand the business case for addressing such issues as climate change, water scarcity, pollution, poverty, hunger, and inequality. Via 150 signed entries, Green Business: An A-to-Z Guide provides an overview of key principles, approaches, strategies, and tools businesses have used to reduce environmental impacts and contribute to sustainability. Entries reflect the expertise of scholars and practitioners from varied fields and provide references to other entries as well as citations for further reading.


The following actual cases illustrate a disturbing trend in medicine, one that raises ethical issues that are especially important when considering how economic incentives and disincentives may affect the practice of medicine.