This article enquires about the place of the social during the presidencies of Eugene R. Black (1949–1963) and Robert McNamara (1968–1981) at the World Bank. Black made technical assistance an integral part of the Bank's mission. McNamara announced social policy as part of the Bank's economic agenda in 1970. The article asks why it took so long for social policies to arrive and why the initial concern was not the well-being of the population but reducing its number. Using a political ontology approach, I argue that in the process of establishing a global authority over 'one-world', the Bank did not recognize differences. I pay attention to the mechanisms translating a pluriverse into one-world and the effects on the presence and absence of social programs. I conclude that the process within the Bank was far from consistent. The expectation is that knowing how one-world is re-enacted would open spaces for a pluriversal world.


Wavelet analysis has become a popular subject in scientific research during the past twenty years. In this paper, the notion of biorthogonal two-direction compactly supported wavelet packets with poly-scale is developed. A new method for designing two-direction biorthogonal wavelet packets is proposed and their properties is investigated by algebra theory, means of time-frequency analysis methodand, operator theory. The direct decomposition relationship is provided. Finally, new Riesz bases of space are constructed from these wavelet packets. Three biorthogonality formulas regarding these wavelet packets are derived.


A 56 to 66 GHz sub-harmonic resistive mixer using 0.13 μm CMOS technology is presented in this letter. This mixer exhibits a flat conversion loss of about -12 and -13 dB and good isolations between ports from 56 to 66 GHz for both down and up-conversion with a lowest LO power of 0 and -1 dBm. The 2LO-RF isolation is more than 27 dB even if IF input power exceeds 4 dBm, which results from the mechanism of connecting drain and body of the device. Besides, this mixer has a relatively high input P1dB and a 3 GHz IF bandwidth in each band defined in IEEE 802.15.3c standard.


OBJECTIVE To determine the circulating levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in systemic sclerosis (SSc), and to correlate these levels with clinical and laboratory features. METHODS Forty four patients with SSc were evaluated for circulating NGF (immunoenzymatic assay), NPY and VIP (radioimmunoassay), anticentromere and antitopoisomerase I autoantibodies, lung disease (pulmonary function tests with carbon monoxide transfer factor (Tlco), ventilation scintiscan with 99mTc DTPA radioaerosol, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary pressure (echo colour Doppler)), heart disease (standard and 24 ECG, echocardiography), cutaneous involvement (skin score), joint involvement (evidence of tender or swollen joints, or both), peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement (electromyography), rheumatoid factor, angiotensin converting enzyme (fluorimetric method), von Willebrand factor (ELISA), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (Westergren). RESULTS Circulating NGF levels in SSc were significantly increased compared with controls (p<0.00001) and significantly higher in the diffuse than in the limited subset of patients (p<0.01). Patients with articular disease had significantly higher levels of NGF. A significant indirect correlation between NGF levels and Tlco was detected (p<0.01), but no correlation was found between NGF and HRCT, DTPA, skin score, PNS involvement and angiotensin converting enzyme and von Willebrand factor levels, antitopoisomerase or anticentromere antibodies, and ESR. NGF levels increased progressively as the disease worsened. Similarly, VIP circulating levels were significantly increased in patients with SSc (p<0.001), whereas the increase of NPY levels did not reach statistical significance. However, both neuropeptides, following the same trend as NGF, increased as the disease worsened (skin score and lung disease). CONCLUSIONS The increase of NGF and VIP in patients with SSc, the former in the diffuse subset of the disease, and in patients with prominent articular disease, may suggest a link between neurotransmitters and the disease pathogenesis. Neuropeptide circulating levels seem to increase only in patients with the most severe disease.


Precision imaging is needed to realize precision medicine in cancer detection and treatment. Molecular imaging offers the ability to target and identify tumors, associated abnormalities, and specific cell populations with overexpressed receptors. Nuclear imaging and radionuclide probes provide high sensitivity but subject the patient to a high radiation dose and provide limited spatiotemporal information, requiring combined computed tomography (CT) for anatomic imaging. Therefore, nanoparticle contrast agents have been designed to enable molecular imaging and improve detection in CT alone. Core-shell nanoparticles provide a powerful platform for designing tailored imaging probes. The composition of the core is chosen for enabling strong X-ray contrast, multi-agent imaging with photon-counting spectral CT, and multimodal imaging. A silica shell is used for protective, biocompatible encapsulation of the core composition, volume-loading fluorophores or radionuclides for multimodal imaging, and facile surface functionalization with antibodies or small molecules for targeted delivery. Multi-agent (k-edge) imaging and quantitative molecular imaging with spectral CT was demonstrated using current clinical agents (iodine and BaSO4) and a proposed spectral library of contrast agents (Gd2O3, HfO2, and Au). Bisphosphonate-functionalized Au nanoparticles were demonstrated to enhance sensitivity and specificity for the detection of breast microcalcifications by conventional radiography and CT in both normal and dense mammary tissue using murine models. Moreover, photon-counting spectral CT enabled quantitative material decomposition of the Au and calcium signals. Immunoconjugated Au@SiO2 nanoparticles enabled highly-specific targeting of CD133+ ovarian cancer stem cells for contrast-enhanced detection in model tumors.


Muscles of the mesopelagic copepod Gaussia princeps (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Calanoida) are responsible for repetitive movements of feeding and swimming appendages that are too fast to be followed by eye. This article provides a comparative functional and ultrastructural description of five muscles that have different contraction speeds and are located within different anatomical sites. All are very fast, as indicated by a thick:thin filament ratio of 3:1 and sarcomere lengths that vary between 1 and 3 μm. Measured lengths of thin and thick filaments indicate classification of the muscles into three distinct groups (short, medium, and long) and predict a difference in speed of up to threefold between fibers with the shortest and longest sarcomeres. Indeed, the kicking movement of the posterior legs (with the shortest sarcomere length) is approximately threefold faster than the simultaneous back‐folding of the antennae (with the longest length). Thus, a specific relationship between speed of movement and sarcomere length is established, and we can use the latter to predict the former. Regulatory systems of contraction (sarcoplasmic reticulum [SR] and transverse [T] tubules) match the different contractile properties, varying in frequency of distribution and overall content in parallel to sarcomere variations. All muscles from appendages and body musculature show a unique disposition of contractile material, SR, and T tubules found only in copepod muscles; muscle filaments are grouped in large supermyofibrils that are riddled with frequent cylindrical shafts containing SR and T tubules. This arrangement insures a high spatial frequency of regulatory components. Anat Rec, 301:2164–2176, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


A novel technique for tuning periodic phase shifting surfaces at millimetre-waves is presented. The proposed structure consists of a periodic surface placed over a ground plane creating an air cavity. The periodic surface is formed by a two-dimensional array of metallic square loop elements printed on a 0.8 mm thick dielectric substrate. When excited by a plane wave, the structure is acting as an artificial impedance surface, reflecting the incident wave with a wide range of phase values within a specific frequency band. The tuning is achieved by means of a small number of piezoelectric actuators which support the periodic surface. The actuators are placed around the periodic surfaces thereby not interfering with the radiation performance and introducing no losses. They produce a displacement between the periodic surface and the ground plane when voltage is applied, which in turn changes the reflection phase response of the structure. Full wave periodic simulations have been carried out in three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software (CST Microwave StudioTM) to extract the reflection characteristics and evaluate the expected tuning range of the proposed structure. A prototype has been fabricated and measured validating the concept.


Summary: Earlier studies of the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) population at Belmont, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, showed that nest productivity was low compared with other populations in New Zealand and elsewhere. Therefore, we investigated possible trade-offs between offspring number and quality (as measured by body mass and composition). We also compared these measures of offspring condition with pre- and post-fledging survival. Nestling mass did not significantly differ with clutch size or brood size at any age. In starlings about to leave the nest, lean (i.e., fat-free) dry mass and water mass increased with body mass, but lipid mass increased approximately twice as much. When the effects of the other variables were controlled in a partial correlation analysis, lean dry mass, water mass, lipid mass, and mass of stomach contents were positively correlated with mass at nest-leaving; brood size was not correlated with mass at nest-leaving. Nest success was independent of clutch size and brood size, but lighter broods were more likely to fail totally than were heavier broods early in the nestling period. Nestling survival early, but not late, in the nestling period was positively correlated with nestling mass. The likelihood that a nestling raised in 1973-1979 would be recruited as a breeder was independent of its mass at brood-day 12. Thus, unlike some other passerines, larger, heavier starling nestlings did not seem to survive better than average ones. Low productivity was not accompanied by a decrease in body condition of those nestlings that survived the nestling period. Therefore, starlings at Belmont reduced offspring number rather than offspring quality when they encountered unfavourable conditions.


Industrial Research Ltd has developed a unique diaphragm-based pressure wave generator technology for employment in pulse tube and Stirling cryocoolers. The system uses a pair of metal diaphragms to separate the clean cryocooler gas circuit from a conventionally lubricated mechanical driver, thus producing a clean pressure wave with a long-life drive. The same diaphragm concept has been extended to support and seal the displacer in a free piston Stirling expander. Diaphragms allow displacer movement without rubbing or clearance gap seals, hence allowing the development of cost-effective, long-life and efficient Stirling cryocoolers. A proofof-concept prototype has achieved cryogenic temperatures. The diaphragm's large diameter and short stroke produces a significant radial component to the oscillating flow fields inside the cryocooler which are not modelled in one-dimensional analysis tools such as Sage. Compared with standard pistons, the gas-to-wall heat transfer is increased due to the higher velocities and smaller hydraulic diameters. This paper presents the results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis used to model the flow and gas-to-wall heat transfer inside the cryocooler, including experimental validation of the CFD to produce a robust analysis.


This paper investigates a boosting approach to discriminative learning of label sequences based on a sequence rank loss function. The proposed method combines many of the advantages of boosting schemes with the efficiency of dynamic programming methods and is attractive both, conceptually and computationally. In addition, we also discuss alternative approaches based on the Hamming loss for label sequences. The sequence boosting algorithm offers an interesting alternative to methods based on HMMs and the more recently proposed Conditional Random Fields. Applications areas for the presented technique range from natural language processing and information extraction to computational biology. We include experiments on named entity recognition and part-of-speech tagging which demonstrate the validity and competitiveness of our approach.


In the research of identifying and diagnosing cotton disease using computer vision intellectively in the agriculture, feature selection is a key question in pattern recognition and affects the design and performance of the classifier. In this paper, the fuzzy feature selection approach - fuzzy curves (FC) and surfaces (FS) - is proposed to select features of cotton disease leaves image. In order to get best information for diagnosing and identifying, a subset of independent significant features is identified exploiting the fuzzy feature selection approach. Firstly, utilize FC to automatically and quickly isolate a small set of significant features from the set of original features according to their significance and eliminate spurious features; then, use FS to get rid of the features dependent on the significant features. This approach reduces the dimensionality of the feature space so that lead to a simplified classification scheme appropriate for practical classification applications. The results show that the effectiveness of features selected by the FC and FS method is much better than that selected by human randomly or other methods.


Microsomal fractions from porcine ocular tissues synthesized 12(S)-5,8,10,14-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE] from arachidonic acid by a membrane-bound lipoxygenase and 12(R)-HETE by the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system. Both activities were the highest in corneal microsomes. The 12(R)-HETE synthesizing activity of corneal microsomes was dependent on NADPH and inhibited by 0.1 mM SKF-525A, an inhibitor of P450 enzymes. The activity to form 12(R)-enantiomer was significantly enhanced by treatment of corneal epithelium with 3-methylcholanthrene or clofibrate. The induced activity was suppressed by cycloheximide, indicating that the induction of enzyme activities involved a translational process. The effect of these inducers on 12(R)-HETE synthesizing activity appeared to be additive. The activity to form 12(S)-enantiomer was markedly stimulated by 3 mM CaCl2. The 12-lipoxygenase of corneal microsomes was capable of oxygenating linoleic acid in addition to arachidonic acid, a characteristic of 12-lipoxygenases of the leukocyte type. 12(R)-HETE at 10(-6) M inhibited almost completely the Na,K-ATPase of corneal epithelium but had little or no effect on ciliary epithelial enzymic activity. 12(S)-HETE at 10(-6) M also inhibited corneal enzymic activity but to a lesser extent, and had no significant effect on ciliary epithelial Na,K-ATPase activity.


Abstract Manipulation of cropping systems to improve weed management requires a better understanding of how crop- and soil-related factors affect weed life cycles. Our objective was to assess the impacts of timing of primary tillage and use of legume green manure on giant foxtail demography and soil properties. We measured giant foxtail seed survival and dormancy, seedling emergence and survival, and fecundity, in addition to soil phytotoxicity, chemical properties affecting soil fertility and soil water, in the transition between the wheat and corn phases of a wheat–corn–soybean crop sequence. Postdispersal predation of giant foxtail seeds was measured in all three phases of the crop sequence. Wheat was grown either as a sole crop (W) or underseeded with red clover (R), and residues from this phase were rototilled either in the fall (FT) or in spring (ST). There were strong interactions between Red clover and Tillage timing in their effects on giant foxtail recruitment and fecundity in corn. Giant foxtail seedling emergence was 30% lower, and time to 50% emergence was more than 1 wk later, in the ST/R treatment than in the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments, which did not differ. However, fecundity of giant foxtail was 200% greater in the ST/R treatment than in the other three treatments because of suppressed early corn growth. The net effect of the ST/R treatment on giant foxtail demography in corn was to greatly increase inputs to the seedbank compared with the ST/W, FT/W, and FT/R treatments. Giant foxtail demography in the wheat phase was also affected by Red clover. There was a 200% increase in daily rates of postdispersal seed predation in the wheat phase of the R treatment compared with the W treatment. High-seed predation in the wheat phase and low fecundity in the corn phase of the FT/R treatment suggest that population growth rate of giant foxtail will be lower in this treatment than in the other treatments. The degree of soil phytotoxicity from red clover residues, the changes in the amount of interference from the corn crop early in the growing season, and the differential suitability of crop residues in the different rotations as habitat for seed predators all contributed to changes in giant foxtail demography. Understanding the effects of cropping system characteristics on entire weed life cycles will facilitate the design of integrated suites of complementary weed management tactics. Nomenclature: Giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA; corn, Zea mays L. 'Pioneer 3512'; red clover, Trifolium pratense L. 'Cherokee'; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'IA 2039'; spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. 'Sharp'.


Personalized size and fit recommendations bear crucial significance for any fashion e-commerce platform. Predicting the correct fit drives customer satisfaction and benefits the business by reducing costs incurred due to size-related returns. Traditional collaborative filtering algorithms seek to model customer preferences based on their previous orders. A typical challenge for such methods stems from extreme sparsity of customer-article orders. To alleviate this problem, we propose a deep learning based content-collaborative methodology for personalized size and fit recommendation. Our proposed method can ingest arbitrary customer and article data and can model multiple individuals or intents behind a single account. The method optimizes a global set of parameters to learn population-level abstractions of size and fit relevant information from observed customer-article interactions. It further employs customer and article specific embedding variables to learn their properties. Together with learned entity embeddings, the method maps additional customer and article attributes into a latent space to derive personalized recommendations. Application of our method to two publicly available datasets demonstrate an improvement over the state-of-the-art published results. On two proprietary datasets, one containing fit feedback from fashion experts and the other involving customer purchases, we further outperform comparable methodologies, including a recent Bayesian approach for size recommendation.


Israel's long-standing state of emergency has had considerable bearing on the state's governance. Less known, but equally important, is the fact that Israel's legal system features several overlapping and incoherent emergency legal mechanisms that exist side by side. This article demonstrates that Israel's ever-shifting body of emergency law has been used to suit its governing authorities' political ends. A chief goal has been to create flexibility in the application of law in order to systematically discriminate against Palestinians while maintaining a degree of legitimacy as a government by law. With these various emergency legal mechanisms available, Israel's governing officials can extend the authorities of discrete emergency regulations by mixing and matching laws or by moving freely from one legal mechanism to the next to serve desired ends. This article argues further that what may have started as a pragmatic solution quickly became programmatic and concerted. Thus, contrary to the conception that Israel's convoluted emergency jurisprudence is the accidental outcome of trying times, Israel's complex emergency jurisprudence is in fact a governing tool. This reality compels us to consider new analytical frameworks in which a state of emergency is an enduring condition. To this end, this article draws on the work of colonial law scholars. By analyzing jurisdictional complexity in contexts where emergency is dominant, these studies explain the political motivation for maintaining structured ambiguity.


Net aerobic H2 production and the induction of uptake hydrogenase activity in the nitrogenfixing Anabaena strains CA and 1F were strictly dependent upon the Ni2+ concentration in the growth medium. Ni2+ concentrations as low as 10 nM blocked H2 production and stimulated an uptake hydrogenase activity in whole cells. Two types of uptake hydrogenase activity were seen: a dark aerobic uptake approximately 30% as active as the H2 production rate, and a lightdependent activity in the presence of DCMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea] at low oxygen concentrations, amounting to about 50% of the H2 production rate. Together these activities may account for the strong control of net aerobic H2 production by nickel. A significant fraction of the Ni2+-stimulated uptake hydrogenase activity formed during the transition from nickel deficiency to nickel sufficiency was blocked by chloramphenicol. Nickel may be required for activation of an uptake hydrogenase, or for hydrogenase synthesis, or for synthesis of another protein which is involved in H2M uptake.


Background Radium-223 chloride (223Ra; Alpharadin) is an alpha-emitting radioisotope that targets areas of osteoblastic metastasis and is excreted by the small intestine. When compared with beta-emitters (eg, strontium-89, samarium-153), 223Ra delivers a high quantity of energy per track length with short tissue penetration. Objective This review describes the mechanism, radiobiology, and preclinical development of 223Ra and discusses the clinical data currently available regarding its safety and efficacy profile. Methods Data from clinical trials including abstracts were collected and reviewed using the PubMed Database, as well as the American Society of Clinical Oncology abstract database. Conclusion Current bone-targeted therapies fall into two main categories: antiresorptive agents (eg, zoledronic acid, denosumab), which have been shown to delay skeletal-related events, and radiopharmaceuticals (eg, samarium-153), which may have a role in pain palliation. Historically, neither antiresorptive agents nor radiopharmaceuticals have shown definitive evidence of improved overall survival or other antitumor effects in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Radiopharmaceuticals are limited by myelosuppresion, thrombocytopenia, and renal excretion. In a recently reported randomized Phase III trial in men with symptomatic bone-metastatic CRPC who had received or were ineligible for docetaxel chemotherapy, 223Ra treatment resulted in improved overall survival and delayed skeletal-related events. Toxicity consisted of minor gastrointestinal side effects and mild neutropenia and thrombocytopenia that were rarely severe. Pending regulatory approval, 223Ra may represent a unique and distinct option for an important subgroup of patients with mCRPC; future trials should address its use in combination or in sequence with existing and novel agents.


Humans often make decisions which maximize an internal utility function. For example, humans often maximize their expected reward when gambling and this is considered as a "rational" decision. However, humans tend to change their betting strategies depending on how they "feel". If someone has experienced a losing streak, they may "feel" that they are more likely to win on the next hand even though the odds of the game have not changed. That is, their decisions are driven by their emotional state. In this paper, we investigate how the human brain responds to wins and losses during gambling. Using a combination of local field potential recordings in human subjects performing a financial decision-making task, spectral analyses, and non-parametric cluster statistics, we investigated whether neural responses in different cognitive and limbic brain areas differ between wins and losses after decisions are made. In eleven subjects, the neural activity modulated significantly between win and loss trials in one brain region: the anterior insula (p = 0.01). In particular, gamma activity (30-70 Hz) increased in the anterior insula when subjects just realized that they won. Modulation of metabolic activity in the anterior insula has been observed previously in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies during decision making and when emotions are elicited. However, our study is able to characterize temporal dynamics of electrical activity in this brain region at the millisecond resolution while decisions are made and after outcomes are revealed.


Loss of the XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease causes a dramatic phenotype that results in progeroid features associated with liver, kidney and bone marrow dysfunction. As this nuclease is involved in multiple DNA repair transactions, it is plausible that this severe phenotype results from the simultaneous inactivation of both branches of nucleotide excision repair (GG- and TC-NER) and Fanconi anaemia (FA) inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Here we use genetics in human cells and mice to investigate the interaction between the canonical NER and ICL repair pathways and, subsequently, how their joint inactivation phenotypically overlaps with XPF-ERCC1 deficiency. We find that cells lacking TC-NER are sensitive to crosslinking agents and that there is a genetic interaction between NER and FA in the repair of certain endogenous crosslinking agents. However, joint inactivation of GG-NER, TC-NER and FA crosslink repair cannot account for the hypersensitivity of XPF-deficient cells to classical crosslinking agents nor is it sufficient to explain the extreme phenotype of Ercc1-/- mice. These analyses indicate that XPF-ERCC1 has important functions outside of its central role in NER and FA crosslink repair which are required to prevent endogenous DNA damage. Failure to resolve such damage leads to loss of tissue homeostasis in mice and humans.


The feasibility and the performance of controlling low frequency sound of loudspeaker systems under varying atmospheric conditions is examined experimentally. In the experiment, a control subwoofer array is canceling the sound of a primary subwoofer array over long distances (∼100 m) and in large areas (∼320 m2) using the pressure-matching method. To avoid the measurement of the sound field over the entire control area, a sound propagation model is introduced that is fitted in situ to model the radiation properties of the loudspeakers and the variation of the speed of sound. The results show that the control system reduces the sound pressure levels by up to 15-20 dB over the subwoofers' frequency range. However, the reduction can vary considerably depending on the specific atmospheric condition. The model-based approach reduces the number of required measurements and achieves similar reduction performance to the control based on direct measurements with considerably fewer microphone locations while also being more robust. Additionally, the sound propagation model enables the reduction of acoustic energy in virtual control zones that are far away from the microphone location. The investigated methodology has a direct application in the mitigation of sound from outdoor concerts.


A challenge for modern portfolio managers and security analysts is understanding the variables or factors that drive security returns. Statistical methods such as principal components analysis are useful but lack meaningful interpretations. Real economic factors comport with intuitive understanding but lack explanatory power. This study seeks to bridge the gap between these two approaches by interpreting "statistical factors" using economic factors. The authors examine the factor structure of equity portfolio returns widely used in a sample period from 1963 through 1999. They find there are three major factors for equity returns, which can be associated with 1) the market return; 2) market capitalization; and 3) the investment opportunity set. Higher–order factors can be uniquely identified with macroeconomic variables.


There are generally eight (8) main categories of learning styles, namely sensing, intuitive, visual, verbal, active, reflective, sequential and global. However it remains uncertain which combination is most effective in the teaching and learning of an engineering technology course. Considering that the preference of learning style and technique could be dependent on individual temperament as well as the course contents and nature, it is not an easily resolved matter. The paper examines the activities and assessment conducted for the engineering technology undergraduate course of Soil Mechanics and Foundations with relation to the learning styles. Students were asked to complete an online evaluation exercise ("Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire" by Solomon and Felder, based on the Felder-Silverman model [1]) to determine their preferred ways of learning. Analysis was then performed to determine the match or mismatch between the most favoured learning approach and the activities / assessment embedded in the course. The results indicate certain levels of hit on the mark, though much room for improvement was also identified to make the course more deliverable in terms of effective learning. As the course was essentially a technical subject with emphasis on technology adoption and applicability for practical solutions, conventional lectures were found to be the least desirable by students. Problem-based learning with exposure to actual field conditions and challenges appeared to draw greater enthusiasm and interest among the students, leading to better delivery of the course contents where students were able to relate theoretical knowledge with field applications.


Menthol mouth-swilling has been shown to improve performance across differing exercise modalities, yet no work has been conducted to ascertain the preferred concentration of menthol within a swill. Colour has also been shown to influence psychophysiological outcomes, and may influence the efficacy of ergogenic aids. We conducted two experiments: one to ascertain preferred menthol concentration (0.005–0.105% menthol), the second to assess colour preference (Light Blue, Dark Blue, Light Green, Dark Green, Red). Participants rated swills for Smell, Taste, Freshness, Mouth Feel and Irritation (plus Appearance in the second trial) via 15 cm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), having swilled and expectorated 25 mL of fluid. Both trials employed a crossover design, with tasting order assigned by Latin squares. Differences were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Standardised mean differences ±90% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the magnitude of any observed differences. No significant differences were found between concentrations for total VAS score, but higher concentrations demonstrated a greater number of small effects. Similarly, no significant differences between colours were found. Small effects were found when Light Green was compared to Dark Green and Red. Effects were trivial when Light Green was compared to Light Blue (0.05 ± 0.20) and Dark Blue (0.19 ± 0.32). We recommend athletes employ a Light Green or Light Blue 0.1% menthol mouth-swill.


The mouse mAb, mAb 327, that recognizes specifically both pp60v-src and pp60c-src in a wide variety of cells, has been used to determine precisely the various locations of pp60c-src in NIH c-src overexpresser cells, using the technique of immunofluorescence microscopy. In interphase cells, the protein exhibits two main distributions: one that appears uniform and in association with the cell surface and the other that is patchy and juxtanuclear and coincides with the centrosomes. The juxtanuclear aggregation of pp60c-src-containing patches depends on microtubules and does not seem to occur within the Golgi apparatus and the rough ER. At the G2-to-M-phase transition, a drastic change in the localization patterns of pp60c-src takes place. We also report experiments in which the NIH c-src overexpresser cells were exposed to Con A for various times to induce a redistribution of the cell surface Con A receptors. We show that, at each stage of the Con A-mediated endocytotic process, the Con A-receptor complexes redistribute into structures to which pp60c-src appears also to be associated: at first, into patches that form at the cell surface level and then, into a cap that stands at the cell center in a juxtanuclear position and that coincides with the Golgi apparatus. During this capping process, pp60c- src-containing vesicles continue to accumulate in a centriolar spot, as in interphase, Con A-untreated cells, from which Con A is excluded. The significance of the intracellular locations of pp60c-src to the possible functions of the protein is discussed. Also, the distribution patterns of the cellular protein in the NIH c-src overexpresser cells are compared with those of pp60v-src in RSV-transformed cells. The differences observed are discussed in relation with the differences in transforming capacities of the two proteins. Finally, the possible physiological significance of the association between pp60c-src and the structures generated after the binding of Con A to its surface receptors is addressed.


Most research that demonstrates enhancement and stabilization of ecosystem functioning due to biodiversity is based on biodiversity manipulations within one trophic level and measuring changes in ecosystem functions provided by that same trophic level. However, it is less understood whether and how modifications of biodiversity at one trophic level propagate vertically to affect those functions supplied by connected trophic levels or by the whole ecosystem. Moreover, most experimental designs in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research assume random species loss, which may be of little relevance to non-randomly assembled communities. Here, we used data from a published ecotoxicological experiment in which an insecticide gradient was applied as an environmental filter to shape consumer biodiversity. We tested how non-random consumer diversity loss affected gross primary production (an ecosystem function provided by producers) and respiration (an ecosystem function provided by the ecosystem as whole) in species-rich multitrophic freshwater communities (total of 128 macroinvertebrate and 59 zooplankton species across treatments). The insecticide decreased and destabilized macroinvertebrate and, to a lesser extent, zooplankton diversity. However, these effects on biodiversity neither affected nor destabilized any of the two studied ecosystem functions. The main reason for this result was that species susceptible to environmental filtering were different from those most strongly contributing to ecosystem functioning. The insecticide negatively affected the most abundant species, whereas much less abundant species had the strongest effects on ecosystem functioning. The latter finding may be explained by differences in body size and feeding guild membership. Our results indicate that biodiversity modifications within one trophic level induced by non-random species loss do not necessarily translate into changes in ecosystem functioning supported by other trophic levels or by the whole community in the case of limited overlap between sensitivity and functionality.


Abstract Background Patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are increasing at around 5% annually. Some of these patients will require free tissue transfers to reconstruct their body after trauma or cancer resection. Comorbidities can increase the level of complexity during reconstruction. Aim Our goal is to describe the outcomes of ESRD patients under dialysis who underwent free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction. Methods Two cohorts were analyzed: ESRD group on dialysis and a non-ESRD control group after free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction. Postoperative complications and mortality were recorded. For coexisting comorbidities, we determine the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Results In this study, 85 cases with ESRD on dialysis and 841 controls were analyzed. Most patients were aged ≤ 65 years (82.5%) and nearly 92.9% of them were men. Types of head and neck cancer were neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of the mouth followed by neoplasm of tongue, the gingiva, hypopharynx, and floor of mouth. Patients with ESRD tended to have higher rates of DM and PVD (p < 0.001) and were significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke and increased risk of 30-day mortality. However, there was no significant difference regarding flap failure among groups. Conclusion Despite greater preoperative risk factors, patients with renal failure on hemodialysis do not appear to have a higher rate of free flap failure following head and neck reconstruction. However, other complications can be minimized by optimizing patient's medical condition to succeed with this reconstructive effort.


You have learned the methods to the madness of Excel. Formulas and functions are friends instead of foes. Yet you know there's something missing that could make your job even easier. That "something" is efficient and effective data management. Managing Data with Excel is the only book on the market that focuses on just that. Learn how to efficiently move data, automate data storage and import data into worksheets and pivot tables. Case studies are included in each chapter to illustrate real-world applications of these functions. Invest your time in learning this now so that you can stop wasting your time figuring out how to work around problems.


Experiencing emotions is a fundamental aspect of human life. It triggers an emotion regulation process which helps us to manage our emotion and move back into our emotional equilibrium. The process starts as an internal process in our own self (intrapersonal emotion regulation) which can lead us to share our emotion with others (interpersonal emotion regulation). We seek interpersonal interaction so that others can provide support, which in turn enables us to regulate our emotions. In contrast, research suggests that our behaviour in using technology that promised to improve our relationships is undermining empathy, and making us more socially isolated, which may be caused by the poor support that technology provides for emotion regulation. However, the solution is not to avoid technology. One suitable approach is to provide support for phatic interaction, which focuses on signalling awareness and readiness to communicate, and has the benefit of establishing the possibility of communication and improving social bonds. Lightweight signal exchanges using phatic interaction are important to create the opportunity for social sharing, which is essential for interpersonal emotion regulation. However, many studies exploring phatic technologies have not shown how supporting phatic interaction can provide benefit beyond connectedness: How can this facilitate the need of to regulate emotions and to move back into the emotional equilibrium? This is what this thesis trying to investigate. This research aims to establish, evaluate, and validate design implications using the phatic interaction approach as a guideline to develop interactive technology to support emotion regulation. To achieve this, three studies were conducted. These studies contributed in establishing design implications, proposing a mobile app and validating it to ultimately answer our research questions and understand what are the aspects that matter when supporting emotion regulation with technology, and how providing support for phatic interaction can help to achieve that.


Crabs form a substantial proportion of the diet of the Ghanaian populace. However, effective management of this food resource is lacking, due to paucity of data on the food value of these species. Studies were carried out to determine the nutritional quality of three commonly consumed crab species, the African ghost crab, the bigfisted swimcrab and the lagoonland crab. Parameters monitored were moisture, fat, protein, fibre, ash and mineral levels. The results showed that crab species have high ash (23.68 – 58.35%) and mineral content (Na, 324 – 1006.76mg/100g; K, 265.62 – 1006.25mg/100g and P, 33.47 – 803.35mg/100g). The bigfisted swimcrab and the lagoonland crab have appreciable levels of protein (4.59% and 4.46%, respectively). However, the African ghostcrab had low protein content. All the three species contain substantial levels of crude fibre. The results also showed that different portions of the crab contribute varying amounts of nutrients to the diet.
(Journal of the Ghana Science Association: 2001 3(3): 37-40)


Three cases of unexpected clinical course of ruptured aortic aneurysm have been presented in patients of their 7th decade life. All of them had arterial hypertension. Signs and symptoms on admission to hospital (dysphagia, chest and interscapular pain, hematemesis, abdominal pain, elevated body temperature and diminished exercise tolerance) were non-specific of aortic aneurysm, suggesting other disease. Dramatic clinical course with hypovolemic shock in two cases led to death. One of them refused surgery. In the third one, in spite of blood effusions to pleural cavity, pericardial sac and mediastinum, effective hypotensive therapy with a preservation of the slow heart rate and fluid evacuation from pericardial sac, gave the opportunity to perform elective surgery. Aortic dissection often presents an atypical course and when suspected, all available imaging technics including computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance must be used.


Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) alone was responsible for 30% of 58 million deaths world over. ACS includes Unstable angina (UA), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infection (STEMI). Chest pain often described as heaviness, squeezing sensation or discomfort is most commonly reported symptom in patients with ACS. An increasing trend is seen in burden of ACS in Pakistan population with increasing presentation as STEMI. The diagnosis of ACS is usually made on typical changes on electrocardiogram and on raised in cardiac biomarkers. However, studies are being conducted to determine the outcome predictors in patients with ACS. Indeed, relationship exists between PR and QT intervals, heart rate (HR), QRS duration and P, QRS and T waves axis and cardiovascular outcomes. It is of note that the frontal T axis and spatial QRS T angle also predict mortality. Objective: Our objective was to determine the frequency of mortality within 15 days among patients of acute coronary syndrome with frontal QRS-T angle > 100 presenting to tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Settings: Department of cardiology, Jinnah hospital, Lahore. Duration: Six months from 19-01-2016 to 19-06-2016. Methodology: One hundred eighty (180) patients presenting to ER department with ACS were offered to be enrolled in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and study protocol was explained. Patients were treated according to department protocols. Patients with QRS-T angle >100 was followed for 15 days through regular visits to outdoor departments and telephonic contact. Results: A total of 180 patients presenting to emergency department of cardiology, Jinnah hospital, Lahore with acute coronary syndrome were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 52.72 ± 16.15 years with minimum and maximum ages of 20 & 80 years respectively. In this study 135 (75%) subjects were male while 45 (25%) were females. Frequency of types of Acute Coronary Syndrome was evaluated and 104 (57.8%) cases were found of ST-segment Elevation MI, 39 (21.7%) were of Non-ST Elevation MI, while 37 (20.6%) were of unstable Angina. The study results showed that among the subjects, 33 (18.3%) were dead within 15 days, 147 (81.7%) survived among the subjects. So, Mortality rate was found 18.3% among the subjects. Conclusion: Our study shows that the frequency of mortality seen in patients with QRS - T angles was 18.3%


ABSTRACT Introduction: Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common disorder that has complex pathophysiology and unquantified clinical significance. Though there have been major advances in the field, there is much yet to be understood. Areas covered: PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase were searched for articles related to pediatric NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) between January 1998 and January 2018. The areas considered to be 'unmet needs' were the relationship between the intestinal microbiome and perinatal events, clinical event risk stratification, and mechanisms underlying portal inflammation. Expert commentary: In utero and ex utero factors have been associated with NAFLD and also with the intestinal microbiome, but it is not yet known how intestinal dysbiosis can be reversed and whether intervention in high-risk neonates could alter their propensity for the metabolic syndrome. Children with NAFLD are at increased risk of cardiovascular, diabetic, and hepatic diseases, but it is unclear how best to stratify children into appropriate risk groups for targeted interventions. Finally, the immune processes underlying pediatric NASH are thought to differ to those in adult NASH, yet the events surrounding activation of periportal lymphocytes are poorly understood. Deepening our understanding of these topics may lead to novel therapeutic targets.


Jointed precast concrete systems typically have low inherent damping and are thus particularly suitable for applying supplemental damping systems. Analytical modelling is utilised to characterise jointed beam-to-column rocking connections, using a rate-dependent tri-linear compound version of the well-known Menegotto-Pinto rule. The analytical model is verified against near full-scale experimental results. The beam-column connections are constructed utilising Damage Avoidance Design (DAD) principles with unbonded post-tensioned tendons. High force-to-volume extrusion-based energy dissipaters are externally fitted to provide supplemental energy dissipation and modify joint hysteretic performance. Multiple joint configurations are analysed, with supplemental damping systems modified to investigate the effect of damping forces on joint hysteresis. Particular attention is given to the re-centring limit. Good agreement between the analytical models and experimental results is demonstrated, with discussion of possible improvements. Overall, system damping behaviour is significantly improved by adding the extrusion based damping system.


In the medical domain, especially in clinical texts, non-standard abbreviations are prevalent, which impairs readability for patients. To ease the understanding of the physicians' notes, abbreviations need to be identified and expanded into their original forms. This thesis presents a distributional semantic approach to find candidates of the original form of the abbreviation, which is combined with Levenshtein distance to choose the correct candidate among the semantically related words. The method is applied to radiology reports and medical journal texts, and a comparison is made to general Swedish. The results show that the correct expansion of the abbreviation can be found in 40% of the cases, an improvement by 24 percentage points compared to the baseline (0.16), and an increase by 22 percentage points compared to using word space models alone (0.18).


The authors motivate social capital arguments at the world-system level through the analysis of world-trade flows and nation status, 1965 to 1980, with specific attention to contextual changes in global trade and stratified effects on participation in trade within it. They generate measures of structural autonomy based on world-trade data from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Index and incorporate these measures into robust regression models of the determinants of nation status. The authors find support for the overall positive effects of structural autonomy on nation status in 1965 and 1970 but find that these effects dissipate by 1980. They then use quantile regressions to find that only high-status countries experience significant returns on structural autonomy in any of the 3 observation years. The authors combine network and institutional perspectives on trade to argue that changes in the context of world trade between 1965 and 1980 affect the benefits that social capital can reap and for whom.


Stemming from a holistic view of interrelated frailties, cognitive decline, physical frailty, depression and anxiety, social isolation and poor sleep quality, My-AHA proposes an ICT platform for early detection of pre-frailty and intervention to sustain active and healthy ageing and slowing or reversing further decline. The main aim of My-AHA is to reduce frailty risk by improving physical activity and cognitive function, psychological state, social resources, nutrition, sleep and overall well-being in older adults with pre-frailty symptoms. It will empower older citizens to better manage their own health, providing new ways of health monitoring and disease prevention through individualized profiling and personalized recommendations, feedback and support. An ICT-based platform will detect defined risks in the frailty domains early and accurately via non-stigmatising embedded sensors and data readily available in the daily living environment of older adults. When risk is detected (pre-frail), My-AHA will provide targeted ICT-based interventions. These interventions will follow an integrated approach to motivate users to participate in physical exercise, cognitively stimulating games and social networking to achieve long-term behavioural change, sustained by continued end user engagement with My-AHA. A randomized controlled study (RCT), involving 300 subjects receiving intervention, and 300 controls from many EU and non EU countries, to evaluate intercultural aspects, is ongoing in order to evaluate efficacy of the my-AHA platform. The ultimate aim is to deliver significant innovation in the area of active and healthy ageing through cooperation between European health care organizations, SMEs, and NGOs.1


Study of foundation bearing capacity and slope stability has always been a common and practical issue in geotechnical engineering. The combination of these two problems in the presence of pore water pressure adds to the complexity of the problem. In the present study, the effect of pore water pressure on the three-dimensional stability of slopes under concentrated load or the bearing capacity of rectangular foundations located in the vicinity of slopes has been investigated. Then, using a circular rupture mechanism and generalization of the program, the problem is analyzed by the upper boundary limit analysis method, taking into account the pore water pressure in three dimensions. In this regard, with the expansion of the Rosas program as an infrastructure program, it has been able to consider the parameters related to water pressure. Considering that the effective variables, foundation and slope geometry, foundation distance from the sloping edge and soil strength parameters include adhesion and internal friction angle of the soil, the mentioned variables have been analyzed to calculate the bearing capacity of the foundation located on the slope. In the discussion of the bearing capacity of the foundation located on the slope, as the foundation moves away from the edge of the gable, the effect of increasing the pore water pressure on the reduction of the bearing capacity of the foundation also increases.


Mowing turfgrasses, especially fast growing species like perennial ryegrass, is one of the most time and money consuming tasks of their management. Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a popular plant growth regulator used to reduce mowing requirements, improve stress tolerance, and enhance turf quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of TE rate and frequency of applications on growth response and traffic tolerance of perennial ryegrass. The experiment was a split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. TE was applied to main plots at 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50 ㎏ a.i. ㏊ -1 . Application pattern included an initial application, followed by two sequential applications at 6-wk intervals. Traffic treatment was applied to subplots with a cleated roller. Results demonstrated that TE consistently reduced vertical shoot growth, clippings dry weight, with maximum growth reduction of 59% and 65%, for 0.25 and 0.50 ㎏ a.i. ㏊ -1 , respectively, occurring at 2 weeks after initial TE treatment (WAT). Traffic also dramatically reduced vertical shoot growth and clippings dry weight. Overall, quality of perennial ryegrass was enhanced by sequential TE applications, however, turf quality and surface coverage reduced greatly under traffic, regardless of TE treatment. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and total carbohydrates (TC) contents were also positively influenced following sequential TE application. Our results indicated that TE reduces mowing frequency and enhances turf quality rather than influencing traffic resistance.


AbstractThe White House Office is so large and complex that a systematic process of policy evaluation is essential in order to provide the president with a range of options on all important policy decisions. Some of the most important decisions that President Bush has made have been taken without the benefit of broad deliberation within the White House or Cabinet. This paper will take up four cases of policy decisions to illustrate the lack of a regular policy process and consultation that characterized many important decisions of the Bush administration. Two focus on detainee policy: the military commissions order of Nov. 13, 2001, and the Feb. 7, 2002, decision to suspend the Geneva Conventions. And two are about the war in Iraq: the initial decision to go to war, and the decision to disband the Iraqi army. The pattern that emerges from an examination of these four decisions is one of secrecy, top-down control, tightly held information, disregard for the judgments of career professionals, and the exclusion from deliberation of qualified executive branch experts who might have disagreed with those who initially framed the decisions


INTRODUCTION
Primary teeth have shown wide variations in their eruption time among different population. Population specific eruption ages are provided as mean with standard deviations or median ages with its percentile range. This alone will be insufficient for prediction of tooth eruption sequence because they provide no information on the frequency of sequence variation within the pairs of teeth. Norms of polymorphic variation in the eruption sequence can be more useful.

AIM
This study aims at providing norms for the sequence polymorphism in primary teeth among the children of Mysore population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was designed with 1392 children, recruited from December 2015 to June 2016 by simple random sampling method. Tooth was recorded as present or absent. Across the entire possible intra quadrant tooth pair, cases of present-present, absent-absent, present-absent and absent-present and were counted and computed as percentages.

RESULTS
Sequence polymorphisms were more common in 82-84 pairs of teeth. Significant polymorphic reverse sequence was observed in 52-54 (9%), 82-84 (35%) in males and 82-84 (18%) in females. There was no polymorphism in maxillary arch in females.

CONCLUSION
The present study provides the baseline data values for sequence variation in primary teeth eruption. To the best of investigators knowledge, there are no previous studies describing the sequence polymorphism in primary teeth in Indian population. The results of this study helps in assessment of eruption sequence problems in paediatric dentistry and in evaluation and prediction of tooth eruption sequence in individual child.


Background: Experimental findings have suggested that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of tumor cells may exert oncomodulatory effects that enhance tumor malignancy. However, controversial findings have been published on the presence of HCMV in malignant tumors. Here, we present the first study that systematically investigates HCMV infection in human nervous system tumors by highly sensitive immunohistochemistry in correlation with the HCMV sero-status of the patients. Methods: Immunohistochemical and qPCR-based methods to detect different HCMV antigens and genomic HCMV DNA were optimized prior to the investigation of pathological samples. Moreover, the pathological results were matched with the HCMV sero-status of the patients. Results: HCMV immediate early, late, and pp65 antigens could be detected in single cells from HCMV strain Hi91-infected UKF-NB-4 neuroblastoma cells after 1:1024 dilution with non-infected UKF-NB-4 cells. Genomic HCMV DNA could be detected in copy numbers as low as 430 copies /ml. However, we did not detect HCMV in tumors from a cohort of 123 glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, or neuroblastoma patients. Notably, we detected non-specifically positive staining in tumor tissues of HCMV sero-positive and –negative glioblastoma patients. The HCMV sero-status of 67 glioblastoma patients matched to the general epidemiological prevalence data for western countries (72% of female and 57% of male glioblastoma patients were HCMV-sero-positive). Median survival was not significantly different in HCMV sero-positive versus sero-negative glioblastoma patients. Conclusions: The prevalence of HCMV-infected tumor cells may be much lower than previously reported based on 'highly sensitive' detection methods. systematic study on HCMV qPCR tissues from patients with nervous system tumors including a sub-group of glioblastoma patients for which we performed a combined analysis of HCMV sero-status data with immunohistochemical HCMV detection in tumor tissues.


Rationale: Accumulating evidence illustrated that the reprogramming of the super-enhancers (SEs) landscape could promote the acquisition of metastatic features in pancreatic cancer (PC). Given the anatomy-based TNM staging is limited by the heterogeneous clinical outcomes in treatment, it is of great clinical significance to tailor individual stratification and to develop alternative therapeutic strategies for metastatic PC patients based on SEs. Methods: In our study, ChIP-Seq analysis for H3K27ac was performed in primary pancreatic tumors (PTs) and hepatic metastases (HMs). Bootstrapping and univariate Cox analysis were implemented to screen prognostic HM-acquired, SE-associated genes (HM-SE genes). Then, based on 1705 PC patients from 14 multicenter cohorts, 188 machine-learning (ML) algorithm integrations were utilized to develop a comprehensive super-enhancer-related metastatic (SEMet) classifier. Results: We established a novel SEMet classifier based on 38 prognostic HM-SE genes. Compared to other clinical traits and 33 published signatures, the SEMet classifier possessed robust and powerful performance in predicting prognosis. In addition, patients in the SEMetlow subgroup owned dismal survival rates, more frequent genomic alterations, and more activated cancer immunity cycle as well as better benefits in immunotherapy. Remarkably, there existed a tight correlation between the SEMetlow subgroup and metastatic phenotypes of PC. Among 18 SEMet genes, we demonstrated that E2F7 may promote PC metastasis through the upregulation of TGM2 and DKK1. Finally, after in silico screening of potential compounds targeted SEMet classifier, results revealed that flumethasone could enhance the sensitivity of metastatic PC to routine gemcitabine chemotherapy. Conclusion: Overall, our study provided new insights into personalized treatment approaches in the clinical management of metastatic PC patients.


Purpose: It has been suggested that patients with small (F 5 cm), high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas (STS) have an excellent overall prognosis and, consequently, may not require adjuvant therapies. Patients and Methods: A comprehensive review of all patients with extremity STS treated at a tertiary care cancer hospital over a 9-year period (January 1984 to December 1992) was performed. Prognostic factors, treatment data, and long-term outcome were evaluated in the subset of 111 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIB (G3/4, T1a/b) disease. Results: The median tumor size was 3.0 cm (range, 0.6 to 4.9 cm), and 55 tumors (50%) were deep in location. All patients underwent surgical resection; 68 (61%) received pre- or postoperative radiotherapy, and 32 (29%) received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. The median follow-up was 76 months. Forty patients (36%) experienced 59 recurrences. First recurrences occurred at local, regional, and distant sites in 21, five, and 14 patients, respectively. The 5-year actuarial local recurrence-free, distant recurrence-free, disease-free, and overall survival rates were 82%, 83%, 68%, and 83%, respectively. The presence of a microscopically positive surgical margin was an independent adverse prognostic factor for both local recurrence (relative risk [RR] 5 3.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 11.25; P 5 .02) and disease-free survival (RR 5 2.57; 95% CI, 1.33 to 4.98; P 5 .005). Conclusion: Event-free outcome for this subset of patients with high-grade STS does not seem as favorable as previously reported by other investigators. Patients who undergo maximal surgical resection with microscopically positive margins represent a subset of T1 STS patients who warrant consideration for adjuvant therapies. J Clin Oncol 17:2772-2780. r 1999 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.


This study produces a skewed-imaginary planar rack cutter with discrete conical teeth that is used to create a helical gear with discrete ring-involute teeth. A mathematical equation for the skewed-imaginary rack cutter with discrete conical teeth is firstly solved. The coordinate system for the rack cutter and gear pair is then established and a family of the rack-cutter surfaces is obtained using homogeneous coordinate transformation. The relative velocity method is used to produce the equation for meshing between the rack cutter and the gear pair. Substituting the equation of meshing into the family of the rack-cutter surfaces gives the mathematical models for the gear pair with discrete ring-involute teeth. The transmission error for the gear pair is calculated using the assembly error and a tooth contact analysis. A computer-aided design software package is used to establish solid model for the gear pair. A software interference function is used to simulate the contact condition for the gear pair for various assembly errors. Finite element analysis software is then used to determine the contact stress for the gear pair. The transmission error and the contact stress for the gear pair are insensitive to any horizontal misalignment in the assembly errors.


The alcohol-induced inflammatory response increases the diffusion range of small molecules in the extracellular brain parenchyma. Already moderate alcohol consumption has detrimental long-term effects on brain function. However, how alcohol produces its potent addictive effects despite being a weak reinforcer is a poorly understood conundrum that likely hampers the development of successful interventions to limit heavy drinking. In this translational study, we demonstrate widespread increased mean diffusivity in the brain gray matter of chronically drinking humans and rats. These alterations appear soon after drinking initiation in rats, persist into early abstinence in both species, and are associated with a robust decrease in extracellular space tortuosity explained by a microglial reaction. Mathematical modeling of the diffusivity changes unveils an increased spatial reach of extrasynaptically released transmitters like dopamine that may contribute to alcohol's progressively enhanced addictive potency.


Within the ship design industry, and in particular in the development of large, complex and innovative vessels experienced ship designers play an important role in organizing and structuring the design process. How this actually happens within projects that develop such large, complex and innovative vessels for a single client is not clear. This observation lead to a broad, initial research question as the starting point for further research. How are innovative, large and complex vessels developed in practice? Because of the broad, explorative nature of this research question it was not possible to apply a research strategy aimed on justification and validation, an approach more common in ship design. After the evaluation of several alternatives a Deweyan inquiry was selected as most promising for this research, as it allowed for the parallel development of theory and practice in a pragmatic approach. One of the first steps was to provisionally pinpoint and frame the initial doubtful situation based on observations in both theory and practice. The current state-of-the-art ship design literature was analysed to determine the creative elements in each design strategy. To enable this analysis CK theory was applied. CK is an approach introduced as a unifying theory to describe creative design, it differentiates between two distinct 'spaces' with their own rules and logic: the Knowledge space, which is based on propositions that are either true or false and the Concept space, where propositions are still undetermined and can either be true or false. To describe creative design, a design process should describe steps from the knowledge space into the concept space and vice versa. The analysis showed that the majority of design processes do not describe the full scope of creative activities, but only concentrate on parts of the ship design process. Creative ship design, system based design and requirement elucidation explore a broader scope of the ship design process, concentrating full creative design of the overall ship design, or in the case of requirement elucidation of both the requirements and the ship design. To analyse the four case studies CK theory was complemented by the system thinking perspective observed in literature. Both were applied to analyse the development of four vessels: the SWind1000, the Greenstream, the Bourbon Orca and the Pioneering Spirit. In each of these case studies the project did not concentrate on a single level of decomposition (a focus on either the business case, the ship design, the system design or component design) but developed multiple levels of decomposition in parallel. For example, in the development of the Bourbon Orca, the project team worked on the hull design, the deck equipment and the propulsion system (system level) in parallel with the overall layout of the vessel (ship design level). This phenomena, called 'coevolution' between solutions on different levels of decomposition appears to be a key part in innovative ship design, allowing creative solutions to develop and influence each other. These creative developments often occur within different companies or different departments of the same company, resulting in considerable interaction between the involved actors. During the analysis of the development of the four vessels, complemented with a series of interviews and an additional reference case it became clear that one of the most important roles of the experienced ship designers was to handle and manage the interaction between different actors caused by coevolving solutions. There were two dimensions to this interaction: the technical dimension illustrates the content of the interaction, the social dimension concentrates on the way the information is transferred. Based on these observations and an initial choice to explore the technical dimension of the interaction the following constructive hypothesis was developed, as a starting point to evaluate the observations made in both practice and theory: To improve the development of coevolving innovative solutions a design process should focus on two levels of decomposition, allow for weak system boundaries and take into account the technical dimension (the content) of the interaction. In practice, experienced naval architects are more than capable of developing innovative solutions. However, to improve such processes more control would be preferable without constraining the initiation of creative solutions. Based on the initial review a more controlled process should include the following elements: the definition of potentially innovative solutions, the involvement of technology partners and other actors, support the integration and coevolution within weak boundaries and manage the timing of creativity. To develop a design strategy capable of taking the technical dimension of the interaction into account, a model was necessary that describes cohesion within a system of systems. This model could in a later stages be used as a template for a design strategy. The model to determine the cohesion in a system-of-systems is based on the individual system description using the aspects Form, Characteristics, Performance and Function, which is the same on each level of decomposition. Five relations were determined outside the system boundaries: decomposing and integrating a system (the form of system X – the form of system X-1 and vice versa), the contextual influence (form of system X – characteristics of system X-1) and the performance – function cohesion (function of system X – performance of system X-1 and vice versa). This results in the overall model of the cohesion shown in figure 1. The model of cohesion was used as a template to develop a design strategy taking the technical dimension of the interaction into account. The strategy developed in this research starts from a required ship functionality (the objective), which is developed into different sets of system performance parameters, which lead to the individual system developments. In a later stage, these individual system developments are integrated into the overall ship design and evaluated (figure 2). This is a departure from the conventional approach within the ship design industry, which often starts from an existing general arrangement. The design strategy was applied during the development of two Ulstein Design a Solutions B.V. (formerly known as Ulstein Sea of Solutions, USoS) vessels: the Ulstein xi Performance/ Characteristics (parameters) Form Form Characteristics Performance Objective (function) Ship Design System Design A-B-C... n (5) (2) (3) (4) (6) time Existing business-case Existing components Function Function System X System X+1 Form Form Performance Characteristics Performance Characteristics Function Design X+2 Form Performance Characteristics System X-1 AXDS, an arctic drillship developed for Statoil and the Bravenes, a subsea rock installation vessel developed for Van Oord. The first project was developed with active influence of the researcher, as I was involved as a naval architect and design process guardian. The second project was provided with the initial documentation, but was not actively influenced by my involvement. The application of an explicit design strategy had a considerable effect on both projects. Both designs were considered very innovative without major showstoppers. Even though there are only two projects available, the design strategy still appears to have a positive influence on defining innovative solutions, the structured involvement of technology Figure 1. The model of cohesion Figure 2. The design strategy, based on the interaction between system and ship design xii partners and the integration and coevolution of new solutions as well as the timing of creativity in the process. For this particular purpose, the design strategy was well suited, relevant and provided a workable and sufficient flexible solution. This confirmed the idea that design strategies that take coevolving solutions and the technical dimension of interaction into account provide a better description of the innovative ship design process. During the hypothesis and model development in this research the social dimension of the interaction was not taken into account. During the experiments the role of this social dimension became more evident, as the explicit design strategy required different actors to think and discuss their role within the project. For further research, a proposal is developed to explore the social dimension of the interaction between actors in the design process, as a new starting point or 'doubtful situation' in further research. Such a research could for example concentrate on boundary objects, process models or synchronizing activities. This research explored the way experienced ship designers develop innovative solutions, it revealed that the current ship design methods insufficiently describe the process of coevolving solutions, including the interaction between the different actors that result from this. This dissertation does not result in a complete prescriptive method to control innovative design, but it explores, identifies and evaluates the key parameters that should be taken into account in such approaches. xiii


The production of biofuels and "green" chemicals from the lignocellulose of fast-growing hardwood species is hampered by extensive acetylation of xylan. Different strategies have been implemented to reduce xylan acetylation, resulting in transgenic plants that show good growth in the greenhouse, improved saccharification and fermentation, but the field performance of such plants has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of reduced acetylation on field productivity and identify the best strategies for decreasing acetylation. Growth and biological stress data were evaluated for 18 hybrid aspen lines with 10–20% reductions in the cell wall acetyl content from a five year field experiment in Southern Sweden. The reduction in acetyl content was achieved either by suppressing the process of acetylation in the Golgi by reducing expression of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION (RWA) genes, or by post-synthetic acetyl removal by fungal acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs) from two different families, CE1 and CE5, targeting them to cell walls. Transgene expression was regulated by either a constitutive promoter (35S) or a wood-specific promoter (WP). For the majority of transgenic lines, growth was either similar to that in WT and transgenic control (WP:GUS) plants, or slightly reduced. The slight reduction was observed in the AXE-expressing lines regulated by the 35S promoter, not those with the WP promoter which limits expression to cells developing secondary walls. Expressing AXEs regulated by the 35S promoter resulted in increased foliar arthropod chewing, and altered condensed tannins and salicinoid phenolic glucosides (SPGs) profiles. Greater growth inhibition was observed in the case of CE5 than with CE1 AXE, and it was associated with increased foliar necrosis and distinct SPG profiles, suggesting that CE5 AXE could be recognized by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern system. For each of three different constructs, there was a line with dwarfism and growth abnormalities, suggesting random genetic/epigenetic changes. This high frequency of dwarfism (17%) is suggestive of a link between acetyl metabolism and chromatin function. These data represent the first evaluation of acetyl-reduced plants from the field, indicating some possible pitfalls, and identifying the best strategies, when developing highly productive acetyl-reduced feedstocks.


Aims: To demonstrate the feasibility of the use of telehealth to better support patients and staff operating a hospital outreach heart failure (HF) service. Patients and Methods: Telehealth with interactive audio and video between the hospital and patients' homes was used to supplement the delivery of care. The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Tunstall Healthcare and researchers from the University of Southern Queensland developed this collaboration in 2012 to establish a telehealth pilot program to support risk assessment and services to patients in a hospital outreach heart failure service. A convenience sample consisting of 10 patients and 6 HF Service clinical staff utilised the telehealth system during 2012. Feedback from staff was gathered to assess perceptions of impacts and satisfaction. Results: Focus groups of the participating staff were held mid-project and end of project. There was consensus about a range of perceived benefits. Conclusion: Collaborations using telehealth to supplement an outreach specialty care model can be seen to have a positive impact on a patient's care and be well-received by clinical staff.


Changes were evaluated in cell wall components, hygroscopicity, and thermodynamic properties of Pinus sylvestris L. wood that had been in contact with salt (NaCl) for 300 years in a former saltworks storehouse in Gerri de la Sal (Lérida, Spain), comparing it with recently felled wood (new wood) of the same species. The wood in contact with salt (salt-covered wood) had higher equilibrium moisture content values except in the first interval of the adsorption isotherm, probably because of mechanical blocking of polar sites by salt crystals. The high fibre saturation point values of this wood are caused by the salt dissolved in water above water activity of about 0.75. More energy is invested in the desorption process, and the values are higher in the salt-covered wood.


Short-term lets of land are not a new phenomenon. In contrast, the processes by which many shortterm lets are advertised and arranged are decidedly modern, making use of internet platforms in a way that allows accommodation providers and customers to conclude deals quickly, remotely and with relative ease. This opportunity, and the related increase in short-term lets in some neighbourhoods, brings certain challenges. Alongside any public regulatory response to those challenges, traditional land law devices, namely title conditions, might play a role. The nature and effectiveness of that role will depend on the applicability and enforceability of real burdens which commonly occur in residential areas, which will dictate whether they can be used by residents who have been affected by a neighbour's proximate, problematic short-term letting activities


The human microbiome—trillions of symbiotic microbial cells harboured in the human body—challenges the tenet of a fixed and self-contained human nature by recognising the role of microbes, along with environmental and lifestyle factors, in the shaping of the immune function. Does this mean that the material-semiotic paradigm of the immune self, or immunity-as-defence (Cohen, 2009), is obsolete? Through the development of what I call 'feminist para-ethnographies'—an intersectional method that entangles embodied experiences and ethnography with 'fugitive' qualitative data in technoscientific claims and quantitative research—and through using analytical frameworks from body studies, science and technology studies, and anthropology of science, this thesis asks in what ways and to what extent human microbiome research is shaping and reconfiguring biomedical practice and experimentation and older scientific and popular ideas associated with the immune self.

Drawing on my research findings, I argue that human microbiome science is displacing older ideas of immunity as a guarantor of biological identity and individuality, rendering notions of the self as bounded, universal, and autonomous increasingly difficult to maintain. Yet, I hold that, simultaneously, it instantiates new forms of difference, particularly 'immunitary privileges' based on a higher microbial diversity, and reproduces old ones in terms of neo-colonial practices of bioprospecting biodiversity. The central argument I make in this thesis is that human microbiome science takes social groups as pre-existing, 'natural' phenomena, and biologises them by attributing microbes and microbial profiles to them. By correlating certain microbial species and diversity with hunter-gatherers (race), women (gender), or high-income families (class), social categories of difference become 'microbiomised'.

Importantly, this thesis also sheds light on how to (co-)produce scientific knowledge that becomes more sensitive and responsive to its social implications (Stengers, 2018) through another dimension of 'feminist para-ethnographies': as a material-semiotic device of registration, documentation, and analysis of embodied experiences of human–microbe relations.


A stochastic frontier model is applied to firm level panel data from the Finnish ICT manufacturing sector to explore the role of R&D and technological progress in the outstanding productivity growth Finland demonstrated in the latter half of the 1990's. The sample is representative of over 90 % of the R&D carried out in the sector, which in turn represents about half of corporate R&D in Finland. Constant returns to scale production functions are clearly inappropriate and labour productivity provides a biased view of TFP. Results show increasing returns to scale and output growth to have been, until recent years, more important than technical change in TFP growth. Like all inputs, physical and R&D capital appear to be substitutes to some extent, reducing concern over low overall investment. The technology policy mix appears to have been R&D investment and R&D employment enhancing, at the expense of non-R&D labour and physical capital. Meanwhile, technical change has been R&D saving and labour using, with large and surprisingly persistent firm-specific differences in R&D productivity.


FOREWORD Between 1922 and 1929 in all our fatal cases of diabetes the average duration of life after onset was eight years. It ranged from 2.8 years for patients under 10 years of age to 9.5 years for those with onset between 40 and 59 years. Arteriosclerosis was even then recognized as important, and, therefore, we welcomed a study by Dr. H. C. Shepardson of this feature, especially in a series of 50 patients with onset under 40 years of age, who already had had diabetes five or more years, hoping that the eventual course of these patients could be followed and would disclose useful information. Below, Dr. Ruth Reuting has summarized the present status of this group. Not only did the patients in the series who died live more than twice as long, but the surviving patients lived more than three times as long as the average duration in


Psychosocial interventions aim to mitigate the serious consequences of dementia for the daily life of people with dementia and their informal caregivers. To deliver a person-centred approach, it is crucial to take needs, characteristics and preferences of people with dementia and their informal caregivers into account. However, these factors are generally not systematically checked in order to determine which intervention will be most appropriate. Additionally, little is known about which intervention suits which needs, characteristics and preferences. Therefore, this study examined how three multiple-component, activating dyadic interventions fitted needs, characteristics, and preferences of both the people with dementia and their informal caregivers: the Pleasant Events Program, the Exercise and Support Intervention for People with Dementia and Their Caregivers, and Occupational Therapy. Semi-structured interviews were held with participants in either one of the interventions, 34 dyads and 19 professionals. The constant comparative method was used for the analysis. Five factors influenced the dyad's 'fit': timing, need for activity, lifestyle, apart-or-together and meaning of (lost) activity. The factors 'timing' and a 'need for activity' were conditional for these activating interventions. Dyads in an early stage of dementia, who were aware of the effects on daily life, were open to a change in routine, and had a need to maintain activities profited from these interventions. Three distinctive factors were important for the fit of one of the three interventions in particular: 'lifestyle', 'apart or together' and 'meaning of (lost) activity'. The Pleasant Events Programme and the Exercise and Support intervention properly addressed the need for activities that afforded daily pastimes or structure. The Exercise and Support Intervention addressed the need for physical activity and emphasized shared activity. Occupational Therapy properly addressed the need for self-sufficiency, maintaining activities and adjustment to physical limitations. These factors can contribute to a more person-centred application of the interventions.


Ankara : The Program of Materials Science and Nanotechnology and the Institute of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 2009.


In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to interference cancellation (IC) for code division multiple access (CDMA) uplink transmission. Several models combining principles of serial (SIC) and parallel (PIC) interference cancellation are discussed. The proposed scheme is derived from the analysis of these hybrid models and applies a user configuration algorithm (termed ldquotricklerdquo) in order to provide improved bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The algorithm utilizes an adaptive matrix to compute the required configuration to be used for the subsequent interference cancellation stage. We demonstrate that significant performance improvements can be achieved over various hybrid schemes. A reduced-complexity version of the trickle algorithm is also introduced where the processing delay is greatly reduced while maintaining similar performance. We present several numerical examples through which we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms relative to existing interference cancellation algorithms.


The sulfakinin (SK) family of neuropeptides are characterized by a C-terminal octapeptide sequence that begins with two acidic residues (most commonly DD), and ends with YGHMRF-NH2, usually with the tyrosyl residue sulfated. So far, sulfakinins have only been identified in insects and the present study was initiated to investigate if the family is more widely distributed within the arthropods. Purification of an extract of the central nervous system of the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon has revealed three novel members of the sulfakinin peptide family. One of the peptides, Pem SKI, has the sequence <QFDEY(SO3H)GHMRF-NH2, where <Q denotes a pyroglutamic acid residue, and is for all criteria typical of insect sulfakinins, several of which also have an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid. Tyrosyl O-sulfation was verified by mass spectrometry. The two other peptides have a hitherto unknown L/M variation at position three from the C-terminus. One of these, Pem SKII, has a particularly glycine-rich N-terminus, AGGSGGVGGEYDDYGHLRF-NH2. The other, Pem SKIII, is a truncated form of Pem SKII, with the sequence VGGEYDDYGHLRF-NH2. Mass spectrometry of the latter two peptides indicated that only one of the two tyrosyl residues is sulfated. By analogy, it is suggested that the sulfation is located at the residue in position six from the C-terminus. A small amount of a nonsulfated variant of Pem SKII was also present in the extract. Immunocytochemical studies with sulfakinin antisera show a sparse neuronal distribution pattern, similar to that of insects. A prominent pair of large (approximately 25 micrometer) cells and 6-8 pairs of smaller (approximately 10 micrometer) cells are present in the protocerebrum. The larger cells have prominent neurites that give rise to varicosities in the centre of the brain. Their axons exit the brain via the circumoesophageal connectives and continue along the intersegmental connectives. Each of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia has sulfakinin-immunoreactive arborizations as a result of branching from the intersegmental nerves. This distribution pattern strongly suggests a role in neurotransmission or neuromodulation, although it remains to be elucidated what the exact role(s) is. However, on account of the conservation of peptide structure during the evolutionary period spanning the insect/crustacean lineage, especially between Pem SKI and insect sulfakinins, it may be assumed that the sulfakinins have a significant physiological role.


Augmented Reality (AR) offers new capabilities for blurring the boundaries between physical reality and digital media. However, the capabilities of integrating web contents and AR remain underexplored. This paper presents an AR web browser with an integrated context-aware AR-to-Web content recommendation service named as A2W browser, to provide continuously user-centric web browsing experiences driven by AR headsets. We implement the A2W browser on an AR headset as our demonstration application, demonstrating the features and performance of A2W framework. The A2W browser visualizes the AR-driven web contents to the user, which is suggested by the content-based filtering model in our recommendation system. In our experiments, 20 participants with the adaptive UIs and recommendation system in A2W browser achieve up to 30.69% time saving compared to smartphone conditions. Accordingly, A2W-supported web browsing on workstations facilitates the recommended information leading to 41.67% faster reaches to the target information than typical web browsing.


The context of this study is set principally in the DOCIT*
colleges, the most significant subset of the Australian Colleges
of Advanced Education in terms of engineering education, where the
incidence of failure in mathematics courses amongst engineering
undergraduates gives rise to fundamental questions about their
mathematical education.
Starting with the student himself and his prior preparation at
school, the mathematical education of engineers is surveyed in all
its aspects.
Having established the indispensable groundwork that mathematics
and mathematical modelling form in engineering education, attention
is directed to the aims, objectives and underlying philosophy of
mathematical education. The implications for content and methods
of teaching and examining are considered.
The shortcomings in service teaching are signposted and remedies
suggested. Examination techniques are critically reviewed. The
need for, and the manner of reducing the discrepancies between
intention and achievement in teaching mathematics to engineers
prescribe the substance of this study.
A chapter elucidates the distinctive aims and functions of
universities and CAEs, since these inevitably imply a distinctive
emphasis in the design and implementation of courses and lend
perspective to the issues raised.
Quite apart from its great influence on the applications of
mathematics, it is shown how the computer in particular and
educational technology in general are valuable resources in making
mathematics learning more meaningful, stimulating and illuminating,
and for providing individualised instruction.
The "state of the art" is summarised by a number of surveys.
Recommended teaching syllabuses in mathematical methods, numerical
analysis and statistics are preceded by the mapping of considerations
that should influence the curriculum and its teaching.
The study urges a fundamental review of objectives and the methods
of achieving them, and its conclusions and recommendations are
stated.
* DOCIT: Directors of Central Institutes of Technology


It appears that the physiological and biochemical adaptation of skeletal muscle to training in equine species shows a lot of similarities with human and rodent physiological adaptation. On the other hand it is becoming increasingly clear that intra-cellular mechanisms of adaptation (substrate transport, enzyme activity, etc) differ considerably between species. The major drawbacks in equine training physiological research are the lack of an appropriate training model and the lack of control of sensitivity and specificity of parameters used in human and rodent research. Furthermore, scientists become aware of the fact that the coupling of biochemical properties of skeletal muscle and other physiological systems play a role in the whole body adaptation during training adaptation. The present thesis focuses on development of a scientific based controlled equine training model, based on equine training practice, and the adaptation in equine skeletal muscle physiological, biochemical, and neuromuscular pathways. During rest and exercise, glucose and triglycerides provide the most energy needed. Both substrates are stored in skeletal muscle, glucose as glycogen and triglycerides as lipid droplets. Transport of these substrates into skeletal muscle is primarily regulated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36). In this thesis we show that the immunohistochemical distribution of these proteins is similar to human expression patterns. Accumulation of lactic acid during exercise is a major determinant of fatigue. Lactic acid is removed from the cell by specific membrane transport proteins, monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). These MCT proteins promote transport of lactate anions and protons from production sites (anaerobic metabolism, mainly in fast glycolytic muscle fibres) to oxidation sites (heart, brain and oxidative muscle fibres). This thesis identifies the expression of MCT1, 2 and 4 in Standardbred skeletal muscle. The training protocol used in this study resulted in changes in quantitative electromygraphic (EMG) values associated with training. Biochemical analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies resulted in less pronounced training adaptation than quantitative EMG. Quantitative EMG and biochemical analysis both showed no signs of mal-adaptation after intensified training compared to controls. There was however a stronger training associated adaptation observed upon intensified training. Finally, we applied these techniques to horses suffering from lower motor neuron disease (LMND), among others a model for denervation. This disease is characterized by increased whole body glucose metabolism and muscular atrophy and weight loss, due to degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Using these techniques we show that increased whole body glucose uptake is not accompanied by increased GLUT-4 expression. Furthermore we conclude that metabolic changes are secondary to denervation and reinnervation processes in this disease. The main conclusion from our results is that the intensified training protocol used in this study does not increases stress levels above the maximal threshold for skeletal muscle (mal)adaptation. Sarcolemmal substrate transport proteins for fatty acids (FAT/CD36), glucose (GLUT-4) and monocarboxylates (MCT), as identified in this thesis, may have an important function in (mal)adaptation of skeletal muscle metabolism to training and intensified training. Due to technical problems, we were unfortunately not able to perform these analysis.


Introduction In a widely reported decision of February 2019, Judge O'Neill of the County Court of Victoria awarded $180,000 damages to a journalist of The Age newspaper. The plaintiff, anonymously referred to as 'YZ' in the judgment, had been working at the paper as a crime reporter between 2003 and 2009, and subsequently as a court reporter from 2010 to 2013. She successfully established that she had suffered post-traumatic stress disorder ('PTSD') as a result of prolonged and repeated exposure to crime scenes and criminal trials in the absence of an adequate system which her employer should have had in place 'to enable her to deal with the trauma of the work'.1 According to reports, this was the first time a journalist has been able to recover for this type of loss, not only in Australian courts, but around the world.2 On 19 December 2019 the Court of Appeal of Victoria comprising Niall, Forrest and Emerton JJA, while partially allowing the appeal, substantially upheld the first instance decision.3 Indeed, their Honours found no errors of law in the reasoning of Judge O'Neill, which they simply clarified where needed, and only partially overturned the scope of his initial finding. The case thus warrants attention because of its novelty and the weight carried by a decision of a state's highest court – which finally provides a remedy for a type of professional hazard that journalists have been drawing attention to for quite some time.


Background: The study of lip prints (LP) is known as Cheiloscopy. Every individual has a unique lip print pattern. Thus it can act as an important tool for person identification in civil and criminal cases. Objective: The aim of this study is to ascertain whether the uniqueness of LP can help in identifying a person, to evaluate the varied lip patterns among males and females and its usefulness in gender discrimination. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 undergraduate students (40 males and 40 females) of Hazaribagh Dental College aged between 18 to 24years. The lipstick was applied evenly on both the lips and then the LP was collected. Later these lip patterns were analyzed and interpreted. Results: 35 out of 40 LP of females and 36 out of 40 LP of males were correctly matched. Type I and I' were predominantly seen in females while type IV and V patterns were more common among males. A total of 73 of 80 subjects were identified correctly by this method. Conclusion: The result suggests that the uniqueness of LP in forensic dentistry can be explored for law implementation by determining gender and person's identity.