This paper contributes in two ways to the aims of this special issue on abstraction. The first is to show that there are compelling reasons motivating the use of abstraction in the purely computational realm of artificial intelligence. The second is to contribute to the overall discussion of the nature of abstraction by providing examples of the abstraction processes currently used in artificial intelligence. Although each type of abstraction is specific to a somewhat narrow context, it is hoped that collectively they illustrate the richness and variety of abstraction in its fullest sense.


This invention is comprised of an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer having a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer providing a series of images to a focal plane array camera. The focal plane array camera is clocked to a multiple of zero crossing occurrences as caused by a moving mirror of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and as detected by a laser detector such that the frame capture rate of the focal plane array camera corresponds to a multiple of the zero crossing rate of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The images are transmitted to a computer for processing such that representations of the images as viewed in the light of an arbitrary spectral ``fingerprint`` pattern can be displayed on a monitor or otherwise stored and manipulated by the computer.


Cluster tools are widely used as semiconductor manufacturing equipment. While throughput analysis and scheduling of single-cluster tools have been well-studied, research work on multicluster tools is still at an early stage. In this paper, we analyze steady-state throughput and scheduling of multicluster tools. We consider the case where all wafers follow the same visit flow within a multicluster tool. We propose a decomposition method that reduces a multicluster tool problem to multiple independent single-cluster tool problems. We then apply the existing and extended results of throughput and scheduling analysis for each single-cluster tool. Computation of lower-bound cycle time (fundamental period) is presented. Optimality conditions and robot schedules that realize such lower-bound values are then provided using ldquopullrdquo and ldquoswaprdquo strategies for single-blade and double-blade robots, respectively. For an -cluster tool, we present lower-bound cycle time computation and robot scheduling algorithms. The impact of buffer/process modules on throughput and robot schedules is also studied. A chemical vapor deposition tool is used as an example of multicluster tools to illustrate the decomposition method and algorithms. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed decomposition approach provides a powerful method to analyze the throughput and robot schedules of multicluster tools.


Giap Lai pyrite mine had been exploited in the period 1975 - 1999, and abandoned after the mine became closed. This work is conducted with the aim to evaluate the impacts of the abandoned mine to the environment. 23 surface water, 15 ground water and 20 soil samples from the mining area were collected for experiments. Acid production potential and metal leaching of waste materials from tailings were tested. Results show that acid rock drainage (ARD) in the old mining area still occurs, with sulfide-rich tailings and waste rocks being sources of ARD, causing elevated metal concentrations in downstream water bodies. Surface water shows significant pollution of Fe, Mn, Ni and partially As. In the rainy season, the percentage of surface water samples having low pH values as well as metal contents in samples is higher than in the dry season. Metal concentrations in ground water are generally low, but many samples have low pH values, indicating the influence of the ARD. The geo-accumulation index reveals that soil from mining area is moderately contaminated with Ni, Cu, Hg and partially As. Most of the polluted samples are located near old mining pits, waste dumps and tailing ponds. The study also shows that negative effect of Giap Lai pyrite mine on the surrounding water and soil has been ongoing. However, no post-closure remediation measures have been applied at the mine, so there must be appropriate solutions for the acid mine drainage treatment before its being discharged to the environment. Given the facts revealed by this study, it is recommended that the Environmental Protection Law should be fully implemented at mining sites not only during the exploitation but also after their closures. References AMIRA, 2002. ARD Test Handbook. Project P387A Prediction & Kinetic Control of Acid  Mine Drainage. AMIRA international May 2002, 42p. Cevik, F., Goksu, M. Z. L.,  Derici, O. B., Findik,  O., 2009. An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 152, 309-317. EPA, 2000. Abandoned mine site characterization and cleanup hand book, 129p, ( https://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/amscch.pdf ). Ghrefat, H.A., Abu-Rukah, Y., Rosen, M.A., 2011. Application of  geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 178, 95-109. IAEA, 2000. Reference Sheet, reference material. Trace elements in soil. (https://nucleus.iaea.org/rpst/Documents/rs_iaea-soil-7.pdf). INAP, 2009. Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide. International Network for Acid Prevention. (http://www.gardguide.com/index.php/Main_Page). Loska, K., Wiechula, D., Korus, I. 2004. Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environment International, 30(2), 159-165. MCMPR/MCA, 2010. Strategic Framework for Managing Abandoned Mines in the Minerals Industry, http://www.industry.gov.au/resource/Mining/Documents/StrategicFrameworkforManagingAbandonedMines.pdf. Mhlongo, S.E. and Amponsah-Dacosta, F., 2015. A review of problems and solutions of abandoned mines in South Africa, International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, DOI: 10.1080/17480930.2015.1044046. Muller, G., 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal 2, 108-118. Newton, G., et al, 2000. California's Abandoned Mines. A Report on the Magnitude and Scope of the Issue in the State, Vol.1, 60p. Http://www.conservation.ca.gov/omr/abandoned_mine_lands/AML_Report/Documents/volume1textonly.pdf Nordstrom, D.K., Alpers, C.N., 1999. Geochemistry of acid mine waste. In "Review in Economic Geology, the environmental geochemistry of ore deposits"/Eds. G.S.Plumlee, M.J. Logsdon. Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues Vol.6A, 133-160. Nowrouzi, M. and Pourkhabbaz, A., 2014. Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability,  26(2),99-105. Pham Tich Xuan, Nguyen Van Pho, Hoang Tuyet Nga, Doan Thi Thu Tra, Cai Van Truong, Nguyen Van Thu, Vu Manh Long, 2010. Heavy metal pollution in some metal mines in the Northern Vietnam. Procceding of Conference in commemoration of the 35th day of Establish of VAST. Environment and Energy, Hanoi, 236-244 (in Vietnamese with English abstract). Sobek, A.A., Schuller, W.A., Freeman, J.R. and Smith, R.M., 1978. Field and laboratory methods applicable to overburden and minesoils. Report EPA 600/2-78-054, US Environmental Protection Agency, 204p. Tarras-Wahlberg N.H, Lan T. Nguyen, 2008. Environmental regulatory failure and metal contamination at the Giap Lai pyrite mine, Northern Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(4), 712-720. Tran Xuan Toan, 1963. Some characteristics of pyrite mineralization in the Giap Lai deposit, Phu Thọ. Geology 10, 18-24, Hanoi (in Vietnamese). Wei, Z., Wang, D., Zhou, H., Qi, Z., 2011. Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution with Principal Component Analysis and Geoaccumulation Index. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 1946 -1952. Zawadzki, J and  P. Fabijan´czyk, P., 2013. Geostatistical evaluation of lead and zinc concentration in soils of an old mining area with complex land management. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 729-742. Ziemkiewicz, P., J. Renton and T. Rymer, 1991. Prediction and Control of Acid Mine Drainage: Effect of Rock Type and Amendment. Proceedings Twelfth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium, April 3-4, Morgantown, West Virginia, Vol.1, 51-54.


BACKGROUND
Progressive and/or unresectable pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) carry a poor prognosis compared to typical PA. Early radiotherapy (RT) may have severe long-term neurocognitive side effects in this patient population. Intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy is a viable alternative or addition to intravenous (IV) chemotherapy, which may be beneficial in avoidance of early RT.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of IA chemotherapy in this subset of patients.

METHODS
This is a retrospective review of medical records of PA patients who are treated with IA chemotherapy at Oregon Health & Science University from 1997 until 2019. Response to treatment was categorized as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease (PD). Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) are also reported.

RESULTS
Twelve patients were identified. All patients experienced progression prior to initiation of IA chemotherapy. The most common grade 3 or 4 toxicities related to chemotherapy were thrombocytopenia (66%), neutropenia (66%), leukopenia (50%), anemia (33%), and lymphopenia (16%). Responses achieved were CR in 1, PR in 3, SD in 7, and PD in 1. Median PFS and median OS were 16.5 and 83.5 mo, respectively. A total of 112 procedures (IA injections) were performed and 250 arteries were catheterized. There were 3 minor and no major complications attributable to procedures.

CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that IA chemotherapy can be safely used in patients with unresectable or progressive PA.


Industry Work Practice or commonly called the Job Training (PKL) is an activity that mustbe followed by every vocational students during school as a form of implementation of science or asan addition to an insight into the working world they will face in the future. Most vocational schoolhave more than one competence program and consists of several classes. Of course, there is thetask of separate schools in distributing each student to carry out industry work practice as a whole.Related division in charge is also required to present the data and information needs in order toreduce confusion as in the submission process. Information system of industry work practice neededto improve the performance of the school in distributing and processing data and information. Thissystem is developed using waterfall method. This method provides an approach of software workflowsequentially form analyzing, designing, coding, testing and supporting. Result of this system cancertainly help the activities of industrial work practice for each data and information are well integratedto facilitate each student to get information and the school process data from the process submission,industrial work practice until the report.


Intrinsically conducting polymer metal nanocomposites were synthesized by polymerising anthranilic acid (PANA) with metal salts like ferric chloride, Zinc oxide and Magnesium oxide by chemical oxidation method. Polyanthranilic acidiron nano composite (PANA-Fe), Polyanthranilic acid-Zinc nano composite(PANA-Zn) and Polyanthranilic acid-magnesium nano composite (PANA-Mg) synthesized were characterised by UV-Visible and FTIR studies. FTIR spectra of polymer-metal nano composites showed peaks in the region between 1690 cm-1 and 1490 cm-1 which corresponds to the deformation in different types of N-H bond. The participation of the -NH group in polymerization was confirmed by the appearance of a peak around 3431 cm-1. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed the presence of an adherent polymer film on the glassy carbon electrode and showed redox behavior of the polymer metal nanocomposites. The XRD (XRay Diffraction) studies showed a rather more crystalline behaviour of the nano composites and the grain size was calculated using Scherrer's formula and it was found to be in nano range. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis showed a rather mixed crystalline and amorphous behavior. EDAX (Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy) confirms the incorporation of the metals iron, Zinc and Magnesium in the polymermetal nano composites. The inhibition efficiency of the polymermetal nano composites were calculated for stainless steel in acidic environment using elec-trochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization (Tafel) studies and the prepared PANA-Fe and PANA-Zn nano composites showed effective anti-corrosive behavior on stainless steel in acid medium.


Background: Detailed preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder in patients destined for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is of little value in screening for difficult or unsuitable cases .Therefore other predictors are required to improve the preoperative assessment of the difficulties encountered during laparoscopic surgery and Hs-CRP has been used as one such investigation. Hs-CRP an acute phase reactant is known to increase up to 1000 folds following inflammation and or infection. Methods: A total of 100 patients of cholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis consecutively formed the basis of this study. Results: Gallbladder thickness on ultrasound proved to be a significant predictor of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The correlation of preoperative CRP with intraoperative finding/grading is highly significant as predictor of difficult cholecystectomy and at times for the reasons of conversion to open surgery. Area under the curve shows that preoperative Hs-CRP of >0.730mg/dl is associated with difficult LC. Diagnostic accuracy of USG combined with pre-op Hs-CRP in predicting difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy has a sensitivity of 84.1% and specificity of 68.7% . Conclusion: we recommend that preoperative estimation of Hs-CRP should be routinely used as an adjunct with ultrasound as an OPD investigation to evaluate degree of expected operative difficulty and selecting out the high risk patients preoperatively. This will help to plan the surgery by arranging the appropriate team of experienced surgeons and to reduce the morbidity/ mortality associated with it. The health care costs can also be estimated and conveyed to the patient and unnecessary litigations can also be avoided.


Optical microresonators can form the basis of all-optical switching and control devices. The presented study is an exploration of the Transmission Line Modelling (TLM) method as a suitable candidate for designing optical microresonators. Chalcogenide glasses were identified as promising materials, with which to fabricate optical microresonators.

The study presents the formulation of TLM in two dimensions to model nonmagnetic dielectric materials and a suitable computationally efficient yet flexible software design. Some methods for extracting spectral properties of resonators are compared and the modified difference Prony method was identified as a suitable tool to extract resonant frequencies and Q factors from a limited time signal.

When applying TLM to microresonators of sub-wavelength dimensions it was understood that the method of discretisation plays an important role in accurately modelling microresonators. Two novel methods of discretisations -the same area method and the anti-aliasing method- were used to improve the accuracy significantly compared to existing mesh refinement techniques. Perfect matched layers (PMLs) were implemented to improve reflections from domain truncation using several methods. A Convolutional PML(CPML) was identified as the best, but it does not reach the efficiency of PMLs in the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method.

Several frequency dependent refractive index models were proposed and implemented in TLM. A Tauc-Lorentz model was identified as the best fit to the experimental refractive index of three chalcogenide glasses, but a Sellmeier model with one term and a coefficient was efficient for TLM implementation. The main concern in the use of these models within TLM was shown to be the error arising due to mesh dispersion.

Kerr nonlinear models were formulated and implemented in TLM and the models applied to the study of a waveguide junction. Compared to an equivalent implementation in a time domain beam propagation method, TLM models better represent the waveguide junction reflections.


This type of research is the research that is descriptive case study research on the company's CV. Mentari Citra Malang with the title "The Raw Material Evaluation Method With Just In Time On CV. Mentari Citra Malang). " Research goal is to evaluate the supply of raw materials that the company has done. As for research purposes, especially for a company that is as a material consideration in decision making in the field of planning decision-making supplies of raw materials for the company. Data analysis technique that is used in a way to analyze data using methods of Just In Time, which is a management philosophy that uses an approach to find and eliminate all sources of waste that occur in production activities, and systems based on pulling demand (demand pull), which produces the product or component production in accordance with the request that the appropriate place and time. The results of the analysis with motode Just In Time can note that the supply of raw materials on the CV. Mentari Citra Malang in the year 2006 - 2007 occurred the cost savings in procurement of raw materials even though only Rp 5,265,120, - with the prior method is calculated using the Just In Time. Based on the conclusions and the discussion that has been done, the owners are expected to "CV. Citra Mentari "Malang in the procurement of raw materials use Just In Time (JIT), it is because by using the methods companies can do on the efficiency of materials used. On the other company can make the cost of ordering the customized needs of companies with the top level of the raw materials. For the management company is expected to remain up to evaluate penerapaan method will be applied in the hope that its implementation can be in accordance with the plan set by the company. On the other companies are expected to be able to obtain a method that precisely match the real conditions found in the company. On the other owner of the company are expected to conduct supervision over the implementation of the purchase of raw materials that will be done, in the hope that there is no swelling on the costs incurred so that it can hurt a company where one can use the Supplier of raw materials close to the company. Keyword : EVALUASI,METODE JUST IN TIME


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine if randomized variable practice, a central component of concurrent treatment, would be effective and efficient in treating childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Concurrent treatment is a treatment program that takes the speech task hierarchy and randomizes it so that all tasks are worked on in one session. Previous studies have shown the treatment program to be effective and efficient in treating phonological and articulation disorders. The program was adapted to be used with children with CAS.

METHOD
A research design of multiple baselines across participants was used. Probes of generalization to untaught words were administered every fifth session. Three children, ranging in age from 4 to 6 years old, were the participants. Data were collected as percent correct productions during baseline, treatment, and probes of generalization of target sounds to untaught words and three-word phrases.

RESULTS
All participants showed an increase in correct productions during treatment and during probes. Effect sizes (standard mean difference) for treatment were 3.61-5.00, and for generalization probes, they were 3.15-8.51.

CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained from this study suggest that randomized variable practice as used in concurrent treatment can be adapted for use in treating children with CAS. Replication of this study with other children presenting CAS will be needed to establish generality of the findings.


In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all ends of telomeric DNA contain telomeric repeats of (TG1–3), but the number and position of subtelomeric X and Y' repeat elements vary. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome-wide analyses, we here demonstrate that the subtelomeric X and Y' elements have distinct structural and functional properties. Y' elements are transcriptionally active and highly enriched in nucleosomes, whereas X elements are repressed and devoid of nucleosomes. In contrast to X elements, the Y' elements also lack the classical hallmarks of heterochromatin, such as high Sir3 and Rap1 occupancy as well as low levels of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation. Our analyses suggest that the presence of X and Y' elements govern chromatin structure and transcription activity at individual chromosome ends.


ABSTRACTGravity gradiometry and magnetometry methods are powerful noninvasive techniques for near-surface detection problems. Efficient integration of data from these techniques decreases the degree of nonuniqueness in geophysical interpretations. Deformation analysis is a powerful tool for comparison of two fields, which aids in this respect. We propose a fully quantitative approach, which uses the generalized theory of deformation for the geometric comparison of gravimetric and magnetic fields. The resulting deformation maps delineate regions where Poisson's relation is violated between the two data sets and thus discriminate between air-filled cavities and other similar low-density/susceptibility geophysical sources. We present a practical corresponding algorithm that is robust in the sense that no prior knowledge of the physical properties of the subsurface is needed.


The Farm Credit System Is a major participant in extending credit to and brokering losses from the agricultural sector during the current adjustment process. This article focuses on the problems faced by the system as a cooperative lender with relatively little diversity in its loan portfolio. Assistance to the system should be accompanied by organizational and structural changes that address the fundamental reasons for its vulnerability. Conditions suggest three basic choices: (1) preservation of the system in recognizable form, (2) decentralization to the district level, or (3) a shift toward a wholesaling function. One realistic alternative would involve a combination of these approaches.


This research looks at the motivation for using non-sanctioned technologies within a business context; that is, using Information Technology (IT) systems other than those provided (or approved) by the IT department. In this research, the non-sanctioned IT systems of primary interest are the internet based applications, but also includes personally owned hardware devices such as laptops, tablets and smartphones. This qualitative study used the key informant approach to gain an understanding of the subject using a semi-structured interview format. The results show that employees in knowledge based roles are choosing their own technology tools when they believe that they give them better functionality or flexibility over those offered and approved by the traditional IT department. Graduates and other millennial employees are found to be using non-sanctioned systems more frequently than older workers; millennials are also far more likely to use whatever application or device they want, regardless of the source or what corporate IT policies stated. The use of these non-sanctioned technologies should be a source concern to IT management because many of these can circumvent the organisations security and data management governance policies, giving the potential for data loss or unwanted exposure, regulatory compliance failure or have undesirable legal implications. The results also suggest that IT departments do not have the resources to keep up with the rate of change in technology. At the same time, the users of their services are able to obtain technology solutions from a range of other sources. This may mean a change in the role of the IT department as it loses its position as the technology gatekeeper.


Detection of the genetic markers determining a predisposition to pulmonary tuberculosis is a necessary condition for the warranted formation of risk groups in the populations. On this basis, the authors used immunogenetic studies to examine 60 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 96 healthy individuals of Tuvinian nationality, who lived in the Barum-Khemchiksky District, Republic of Tyva. The microlymphocytotoxic test was used to determine class I HLA antigens and polymerase chain reaction was employed to reveal the specificity of class II HLA-DRB1 gene. The study revealed a positive association of HLA-B27 antigen and the specificities of HLA-DRB1 13(6) HLA-DRB1 14(6) with tuberculosis, which permits tuberculosis risk groups to be formed, by taking into account the immunogenetic data obtained in this district of the Republic of Tyva.


The theories of relativity in physics and the style known as Cubism in painting found a favorable reception by theoretical physicists, on the one hand, and avant-garde art dealers and patrons, on the other hand, across the seven years before the First World War. The climate in bourgeois Europe contributing to this rapid assimilation of revolutionary, intellectual work is examined from the point of view of material culture. Emphasis is placed on Neo-Idealist abstraction in urban decoration and design, with a focus on Oriental carpets, wallpaper, and electrical lighting. Elements from all three domains are found in Cubism, and relativity assimilated both vocabulary and images from newly electrified cities.


In modern times, the rapid growth of the Internet has made copyright protection of digital contents a significant issue. A Digital Rights Management (DRM) system is aimed at protecting the high-value digital assets and controlling the distribution and use of those digital assets. Watermarking technologies are being regarded as a vital mean to proffer copyright protection of digital images. Digital watermarking hides, in digital images, the information necessary for ownership identity t o offer copyright protection. This paper proposes an innovative invisible and blind watermarking scheme for copyright protection of digital images with the purpose of defending against digital piracy. In the proposed watermarking scheme, a binary watermark image is invisibly embedded into the host image for achieving copyright protection. In watermark embedding, every pixel of the watermark i m a g e i s embedded into t h e individual blocks of the host image sized 2x2. (ii) n-level RIVC scheme, the content of an image S is designated to multiple regions related with n secret levels, and encoded to n+1 shares with the following features: (a) each share cannot obtain any of the secrets in S, (b) any t(2 ≤t≤n+1)shares can be used to reveal t-1 levels of secrets, (c) the number and locations of not-yetrevealed secrets are unknown to users, (d) all secrets in S can be disclosed when all of the n+1 shares are available, and (e) the secrets are recognized by visually inspecting correctly stacked shares without computation. The efficiency of the proposed watermarking scheme has been demonstrated via the experimental results


One-step fabrication of efficient and self-supported electrocatalysts as bifunctional electrodes for water splitting is of prime importance but still challenging. Herein, we demonstrated a facile approach for the in situ growth of NiS–Ni2P2S6 nanosheets on nickel foam (NF) (NiS–Ni2P2S6/NF) via one-step calcination at low temperature. Benefitting from the fast electron and mass transfer and the unique 3D self-supported structure as well as the synergistic effect between NiS and Ni2P2S6, the optimized NiS–Ni2P2S6/NF exhibits superior OER and HER electrocatalytic activity in 1.0 M KOH with small overpotentials of 220 mV and 140 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, respectively. Moreover, the as-prepared NiS–Ni2P2S6/NF could be used as both the cathode and anode in a two-electrode water splitting cell, which can deliver the current density of 10 mA cm−2 under a cell voltage of 1.64 V with satisfactory stability, implying its promising prospects in practical scale-up applications.


This paper describes a Java modeling framework that is intended for pedagogical use in operating systems courses. With this framework, students in an introductory operating systems course can develop and/or experiment with numerous models of non-trivial OS components without the complexities of integrating their work into a real operating system. Students should be able to use this framework if they have completed a Java programming course. In addition, students can use models we have developed to carry out detailed examinations of the performance tradeoffs of various operating system and hardware configuration options.


Internet of Things (IOT) plays a vital role in connecting the surrounding environmental things to the network and made easy to access those un-internet things from any remote location. It's inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology. And generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slots in a city. In this study we design a Smart Parking System (SPS) which enables the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area. And it mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking lots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking lots in a parking area. Thus it reduces the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere.


One conditioned taste aversion experiment with rats assessed the impact of
extinguishing a target conditioned stimulus (CS), S, in compound with a
second CS, A, upon conditioned responding elicited by CS S when
presented alone at test. Following initial conditioning treatment with CSs A
and S, the experiment manipulated number of extinction trials with CS A
alone (i.e., 0, 5, or 10 trials) prior to AS compound treatment. In addition,
two control groups received either extinction trials with S alone or no
extinction treatment with S. Conditions receiving either 0 or 10 extinction
trials with CS A prior to nonreinforced exposures to AS showed results
indicating that aversion elicited by CS S was protected from extinction,
whereas a condition receiving 5 extinction trials with CS A prior to AS trials
showed unprotected extinction of aversion elicited by CS S. Current
associative models are challenged in accounting for this pattern of results.


Background Prescription errors, especially in oncology, may lead to clinical, financial and organisational damage. A second check by the pharmacist before preparation may prevent errors and related harm to the patient. Purpose To measure the effectiveness of pharmacist intervention in preventing errors and creating a safety-oriented vision in healthcare givers. Materials and methods Near miss reports, resulting from serious errors in the prescription of non-muscle infiltrating bladder cancer (NMIBC) instillation treatments, were collected by software (Vitruvio 2.0) during the second half of 2012 (Jun–Dec). Errors were analysed and presented to urologists during their departmental meetings. In the first half of 2013 (Jan–Jun) data collection was repeated, observing and analysing data using the same criteria as the previous six months. Results The incidence of serious errors in 2012 was 6.6% of total prescriptions (35/530). The main mistake was 'incorrect dose' (14), the second one was 'organisational error' including double prescription, wrong date and others (13) and the third more frequent error was 'wrong active' prescription (8). We identified the practice of using a duplication function in prescribing with subsequent data change in the prescription form as the main cause predisposing to error. Data were analysed and discussed during the urology department meeting, after the meeting we collected data for an additional 6 months. The results of the second period (2013) showed a strong reduction in the incidence of serious errors (7/441). Organisational errors were the most frequent, (5) typology, while there was a marked reduction of 'dose errors' (1) or 'wrong active' prescription (1). Conclusions The pharmacist intervention not only produced a prevention in terms of possible harm to the patient (incidence reduction = 24.04%), but even produced an improvement in clinical practice and safety orientation of the culture amongst clinical personnel. No conflict of interest.


OF DISSERTATION "IT'S A VERY TRICKY COMMUNICATION SITUATION": A COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF END-OF-LIFE FAMILY CAREGIVER COMMUNICATION BURDEN Family caregivers encounter immense negative consequences including decreased quality of life and increased rates of morbidity and mortality that stem from physical burdens, emotional distress, depression, social isolation, and loss of financial security. Although communication is an important aspect of caregiving, communication tasks are reportedly difficult for end-of-life family caregivers. The goal of this study was to explore the variety of communication stressors experienced by end-of-life family caregivers to gain insight into the communication tasks caregivers perceive as most difficult and the reasons why. Qualitative data was achieved through in-depth, face-to-face interviews with 40 caregivers currently providing care for a family member diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (n=20; ADRD) and Glioblastoma (n=20; brain tumor [GBM]). A grounded theory approach was employed to gain insight into end-of-life family caregiver communication experiences. The results revealed that communication is perceived as a burden for end-of-life family caregivers. Not only does communication burden exist, end-of-life family caregivers experience immense tension and stress regarding a variety of relational contexts when communicating with the care recipient, others (family, friends), and clinicians. The results further revealed that communication burden stems from the caregiver's attempt to negotiate between two opposing extremes: a desire to protect the patient and others versus a need to protect oneself. Thus, internal tension occurs when end-of-life family caregivers contemplate whether and how to engage in difficult conversations, and then again when following through. The presence of these contradictory tensions induced the emergence of barriers and therefore communication burden within various aspects of the end-of-life caregiver experience. Added insight into communication burden was achieved through a supplementary scale development study in a sample of ADRD and oncology end-of-life caregivers (N=263), which revealed communication burden as significantly associated with caregiver burden and quality of life. Implications for the advancement of interpersonal and health communication theory as well as practical tailored interventions targeting endof-life family caregivers are discussed.


User-based Collaborative Filtering (CF) is one of the most popular approaches to create recommender systems. CF, however, suffers from data sparsity and the cold-start problem since users often rate only a small fraction of available items. One solution is to incorporate additional information into the recommendation process such as explicit trust scores that are assigned by users to others or implicit trust relationships that result from social connections between users. Such relationships typically form a very sparse trust network, which can be utilized to generate recommendations for users based on people they trust. In our work, we explore the use of regular equivalence applied to a trust network to generate a similarity matrix that is used for selecting k-nearest neighbors used for item recommendation. Two vertices in a network are regularly equivalent if their neighbors are themselves equivalent and by using the iterative approach of calculating regular equivalence, we can study the impact of strong and weak ties on item recommendation. We evaluate our approach on cold-start users on a dataset crawled from Epinions and find that by using weak ties in addition to strong ties, we can improve the performance of a trust-based recommender in terms of recommendation accuracy.


The in vivo study was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenous ability of injectable fast-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC). Eighteen four-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups randomly, three in each group. According to the principle of selfcontrast at the same time, cavities of 5mm in diameter and 6mm in depth were drilled in femoral condyle of rabbits. The materials were implanted into cavities of the left leg, the right leg as the blank control group. Rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 weeks after surgery. The microstructure of specimens was observed using ESEM. The results showed that injectable fast-setting CPC had good fluidity and plasticity; it could be injected into bone defects and fast-set in situ. The start setting time was 5-8 min and the compressive strength was 25-30 MPa. The CPC had good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, and benefited to the repair of bone defects.


High bandgap materials have recently attracted a lot of interest for their potential application in photovoltaics (PV). Aluminium nitride (AlNx) is a potential candidate for the passivation and antireflective coating on silicon solar cells. AlNx thin films have been deposited by a remote plasma deposition system HiTUS (High Target Utilisation Sputtering). The AlNx thin films were grown by reactive sputtering from an aluminium target in a N2 atmosphere, negating the use of silane gas commonly used in PECVD deposition. PC1D simulations have been performed to calculate the best thickness for an antireflective coating for silicon wafers. Several depositions have been performed at different substrate temperatures. Photo conductive measurements by a WCT-100 were performed on silicon wafer after each thermal process to measure the effective minority carrier lifetime of p-type crystalline silicon wafer boron doped 〈100〉. Reflectance measurements were performed for samples prepared at different bias and flow gas ratios. Results show that the coating provides reflection reduction to levels below 5% for samples with a thickness of 70 nm. An increase in carrier lifetime has been observed for AlN deposited at high temperature. Annealing at 400 °C has been shown to increase carrier lifetime to 12 µs compared to 7 µs, suggesting the potential of AlN for silicon passivation and an alternative antireflective coating (ARC) to silicon nitride. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Abstract. If-then planning (implementation intentions) describes a self-regulatory strategy that helps people to attain their goals across a variety of domains, such as achieving physical activity goals. Based on such beneficial effects, if-then plans are anecdotally discussed as a strategy to enhance sports-related performance as well. However, this discussion currently lacks an empirical basis. We therefore conducted a scoping review to identify experimental research on the effects of if-then planning on sports-related performance, potential moderators of these effects, the methodological approaches used, and the suitability of the available evidence for assessing the effectiveness of if-then planning in sports. Based on a search of four online databases, we identified a set of 11 studies that investigated if-then planning in experimental research with sports-related performance as an outcome measure. Six of these studies focused on if-then planning in endurance tasks, whereas the remaining studies investigated sports performance in domains that do not revolve primarily around endurance (e. g., tennis, golf, darts). The samples were often small and comprised university students; the conclusions drawn regarding the effectiveness of if-then planning for improving sports-related performance were rather heterogeneous. Still, most studies did shed light on tentative mechanisms (e. g., perceptions of effort and pain, arousal) and moderators (e. g., athletes' beliefs about their performance limits, the feasibility of the behavior) of if-then planning in sports, guiding future research regarding the question of when and for whom if-then planning might be a beneficial strategy. Based on these findings, we identify the potentials and pitfalls of using if-then plans to enhance sports-related performance, discuss promising routes for future research, and derive practical implications for athletes and coaches.


OBJECTIVE
To determine if there are monthly variations in the rate of deliveries in Benin City, Nigeria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective descriptive study carried out in the three major obstetric centers in Benin City, Nigeria. We extracted the total number of deliveries from the hospitals' records for over a five-year period and analyzed the figures for monthly variation in delivery rates. This was repeated for a standardized 30-day month and the findings noted.

RESULTS
There were 28,686 deliveries during the study period with an average monthly delivery of 2,390. The monthly distribution showed a sinusoidal pattern with peak delivery rates in April-May and October and lowest rates in July-August and December. The months of April, May, and October had delivery rates that were significantly higher than the monthly average delivery rate, while the converse was true for July, August, and December at the 99% confidence interval.

CONCLUSIONS
There exists a significant monthly variation in delivery rates in Benin City. This finding will prove valuable in health system planning and in the interpretation of seasonal variations in other reproductive parameters.


Housing, specifically for low-income households in Botswana, has been observed to be one of the housing challenges encountered in the housing sector in Botswana. A number of this population group in the Gaborone area still live in very poor housing conditions, while some are renting in townships where few housing units are of proper quality. The availability of government schemes such as SHHA, which provides housing finance to low and middle-income groups, does not make the significant impact required to alleviate this. As few make use of the scheme, questions have been raised as to whether there are any constraints that hinder low and middle-income households in the use of the scheme, as well as the extent of the impact made by the scheme in delivering affordable housing in Gaborone. The objective of this paper is therefore to examine the SHHA housing finance scheme and further, to assess its effectiveness in housing delivery to low-income urban households. In order to ensure that the findings are reliable, the study examined the plot applications patterns in the SHHA area in Gaborone, the number of funds applications, and the amount disbursed, as well as the status of the SHHA housing projects. All the information is relevant to the past 5 years for SHHA applications, and 10 years for plot application. Commercial financial institutions financially exclude the low-income households, hence their need to access their own housing finance specific to their financial ability. In examining the SHHA scheme, the findings indicate that the main challenge lies in the land allocation, without which one does not have access to SHHA housing finance. There is a huge backlog for land allocation and the lack of plot ownership (due to a shortage of serviced land) means that low-income individuals are not able to effectively use the scheme, and this in turn hinders urban expansion in Gaborone and surrounding areas. Furthermore, there is less availability of housing finance programmes specific to the low-income population in Botswana. The government alone cannot afford to supply funding without a partnership with other private housing developers. The limited number of SHHA loans is making a small change, but is not effective enough to end poor shelters in Gaborone city. To conclude the study, it is recommended that improvement in land and housing policies is the only way to improve conditions. The policies should focus on the target group, and be specific about the partnership between the government and private developers and companies in order to attract them into housing development which will result in a slum-free Gaborone. The legal framework, and the land and housing policies, as well as the Housing Act should directly address private sector participation in housing development for both land use planning and housing. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


Abstract Chronic venous disease of the legs occurs commonly in the general population in the Western world. Estimates of the prevalence of varicose veins vary widely from 2–56% in men and from 1–60% in women. These variations reflect differences in variability of study populations including age, race and gender, methods of measurement and disease definition. Definitions of chronic venous disease may rely on reports of varicose veins by study participants, based on self-diagnosis or recall of a diagnosis, or on a standardized physical examination. Venous ulceration is less common, affecting approximately 0.3% of the adult population. Age and pregnancy have been established as risk factors for developing varicose veins. Evidence on other risk factors for venous disease is inconclusive. Prolonged standing has been proposed, but results of studies should be interpreted with caution given the difficulty in measuring levels of posture. Obesity has been suggested as a risk factor in women, but appears to be an aggravating factor rather than a primary cause. Other postulated risk factors include dietary intake and smoking, but evidence is lacking. Longitudinal studies using standardized methods of evaluation are required before the true incidence of chronic venous disease and associated risk factors can be determined.


Hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH), also known as hemimandibular hypertrophy, is characterised by excessive unilateral three-dimensional growth of the mandible after birth. Vertical unilateral elongation of the mandible becomes clinically evident as a rare form of vertical facial asymmetry. Aberrant growth of the facial skeleton affects the developing dentition and the dental compensatory mechanism is usually unable to maintain optimal occlusal relationships. The resulting malocclusion is effectively managed by combined surgical-orthodontic care to address the facial, skeletal and dental problems that confront clinicians. Orthodontists are advised to assess patients with HH during the post-treatment retention stage for continuing mandibular growth and assess the stability of treatment outcomes with long-term follow-up and records as required.To present a case of hemimandibular hyperplasia treated successfully by combined surgical-orthodontic care and evaluated for stability over a seven-year follow-up period.Surgical-orthodontic management was accomplished in four stages: 1) pre-surgical orthodontic; 21 surgical; 3) post-surgical orthodontic; and 4) post-treatment orthodontic retention. Complete orthodontic records, including extra- and intra-oral photographs, study models, and cephalograms plus panoramic radiographs were taken at the pretreatment, post-treatment, and seven-year orthodontic retention time-points.Facial, skeletal and dental goals were achieved in the three planes of space and the long-term stability of the treatment results was shown during a post-treatment orthodontic retention period of seven years.Hemimandibular hyperplasia is a true growth anomaly which may be managed effectively. Clinicians may expect successful long-term correction and stability by utilising a comprehensive surgical-orthodontic treatment approach.


Technological advancements, such as smart appliances, have enabled residential buildings to become a true Cyber-Physical System (CPS), where the devices correspond to the physical system and the smart computation and control mechanisms define the cyber part. An important aspect of these residential cyber-physical systems is their large portion of the overall energy consumption in the electric grid. Researchers have proposed several methods to address the issue, targeting to reduce both the consumption and the cost associated with it, either individually or simultaneously. These methods include using renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, efficient control methods to maximize the benefits of these resources, and smart appliance rescheduling. However, a residential CPS, different than a common CPS, has a lot of direct human interaction within the system. Although the previous residential energy management methods are effective, they do not consider the inherent and dominant human factor. This paper develops a human-behavior-centric smart appliance rescheduling method for a residential neighborhood. We first show an accurate representation of the relationship between the activities of the household members and the power demand of the house. We use this model to efficiently generate several power profiles based on different household characteristics. Then, we formally model how flexible users are when rescheduling appliances. In contrast to previous studies, our work is able to capture the intrinsic human behavior related decisions and actions when automating the residential energy consumption. Our results show 16 percent energy savings and 22 percent reduction in peak power relative to the case without appliance rescheduling while accurately representing and meeting human-related constraints. We also demonstrate that ignoring human preferences can lead to up to more than 90 percent violation of user deadlines.


This thesis analyzes tenor of a short story. It is a descriptive qualitative
research. The source of data is a short story which was written in 1925 by Ernest
Hemingway entitled Cat in The Rain. This research is aimed to describe the tenor
of the text which covers status, contact and affect. To reach this purpose, this
research was conducted through Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). In taking
the data, the researcher applied purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling
technique is conducted by way of selecting samples based on certain criteria. The
sample was taken by selecting the short story in the Ernest Hemingway's short
story collection book entitled In Our Time which deals with the marriage and the
relationship between man and woman. There are three short stories that are related
to the criteria. The researcher chose one of them which is entitled Cat in The Rain.
In conducting the research, the research analyzed the datum based on its
clause system, complexity of groups, type of logico-semantic relation and
interdependency system, transitivity, Mood system, modality and polarity, lexical
density, abstraction and technicality and metaphor. The interpretation leads the
researcher to describe the tenor of the short story.
The result of the analysis shows that there are two types of tenor of the
text. They are inside the text and outside the text. Inside the text, the status
between participants in the story is unequal. The participants in the story have
involved contact and use a readable language. Meanwhile, the affect of the
husband (George) toward the American wife is negative and the affect of the hotel
keeper toward the American wife is positive. This analysis of tenor inside the text
will perform a theme which will be a part of the second participant analysis. The
theme of the story is woman discrimination where the women in American society
at that time did not and could not have affection, love, and attention from their
husband. As a result, the tenor outside the text shows that there are equal status
between the writer and the theme. The affect of writer toward the theme is
positive. Based on the point of view of contact, the writer does not involve the
theme.


This survey of past and present controversies about Shakespearian drama asks about the question: Do the plays hold a mirror up to nature? If so, what is the nature of the "nature" reflected in plays as different as Hamlet and As You Like It?K Is the poet on the side of the angels or, in fact, "of the devil's party" in a play like Richard III? Are Hamlet and Cleopatra more to be morally censured than pitied or admired? How seriously should we take the comedies? Rather than attempting to answer these questions, the author here explains why it is that the plays remain open to critical debate. She concludes that Shakespearian drama provides us with the most artistic challenges to any one-sided account of the ways of the wold it reflects and for this reason, for students and teachers, and for actors and audiences alike, its impact is ultimately liberating.


Experimental results generated from human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) specimens have produced a broad knowledge of pancreatic tumors. However, successful personalized treatment of pancreatic disease will require an exceptionally deep knowledge of the molecular and cellular diversity of tumors, as well as their evolution through the course of disease progression, therapeutics, relapse, and terminal disease burden. To address this need, we have conducted diverse but complementary experimental analyses on adjacent regions of fresh tumor specimens collected from over 70 primary pancreas specimens obtained during Whipple and RAMPS procedures. Coordination between surgical and research teams has ensured that only a minimum time elapses between surgical resection and specimen processing, thus limiting potential degradation by pancreatic enzymes. Researchers with diverse cancer biology expertise obtain adjacent dissections from three regions (i.e., tumor, dysplastic, and normal) within each pancreas specimen. An annotated image of the whole pancreas specimen records the location of each dissected portion relative to one another. Fresh tissues are immediately used to 1) characterize the phenotypic diversity of tumor and non-tumor cells in the microenvironment, 2) isolate and culture cancer stem cells, 3) perform high resolution imaging including 3D-SEM, 4) "bioprint" and culture three-dimensional, multi-cell-type structures, and 5) propagate tumors in mouse avatars. Genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics analyses are also performed on laser-captured specimens. In addition to primary PDAC tumors, other fresh pancreatic cancer specimens are being added to the collection including core needle biopsies obtained from treatment-naive patients, metastases removed during primary tumor resection or recurrence, and tumor specimens from a rapid autopsy program. Importantly, all specimens are fully clinically annotated as patients are followed through the course of their disease. By comprehensively characterizing individual pancreatic tumors from many patients we hope to produce a unique body of information – an "Atlas" of pancreatic disease – that will inform the research community of new molecular and cellular features that contribute to the progression and therapeutic resistance of this devastating disease. Research data and clinical information in the Atlas will be accessible through a user-friendly customizable database. We hope that this resource will support the development of molecularly targeted early detection, therapeutics, and prevention in order to improve patient care. Funding for this initiative comes from philanthropic support to the Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care at Oregon Health and Science University. Citation Format: Jason M. Link, Brittany Allen-Petersen, Andrew Gunderson, Danielle Jorgens, Craig Dorrell, Jody Hooper, Philip Streeter, Markus Grompe, Lisa Coussens, Joe Gray, Hope Hardaker, Charles D. Lopez, Rosalie C. Sears, Brett C. Sheppard. Developing a molecular and cellular atlas of pancreatic disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B118.


Much is demanded from peer tutors if they are to be perceived as professionals; they must be a listening ear, a helping hand, and an expert writer in order to effectively help students. However, tutors' behavior must adapt to each individual student, paper, and session. Truly professional tutors ignore traditional definitions of professionalism in favor of providing students the help and advice they most need. Tutors need to pay attention to students' initial behavior, students' body language throughout the session, and their own feelings of comfort or discomfort in order to appropriately react to the private and personal content of student papers. Openness to discussing typically-taboo topics is an integral part of professional peer tutoring; tutors who adapt to each student and session are fulfilling their professional obligations far better than tutors who refuse to discuss the intimate and distressing content of students' writing.


Background: Abuse of analgesic and sedative drugs often leads to severe respiratory depression and sometimes death. Approximately 69,000 people worldwide die annually from opioid overdoses. Purpose: This work aimed to investigate whether CX1739 can be used for emergency treatment of acute respiratory depression due to drug abuse. Results: First, the results clarify that CX1739 is a low-impact ampakine that can safely activate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors without causing excito-neurotoxicity. Second, CX1739 rapidly crossed the blood-brain barrier (Tmax = 2 min), which meets the requirement of rapid onset of action in vivo. Our work provides preliminarily confirmation that high-dose intravenous administration of CX1739 can immediately reverse respiratory depression in animal models of respiratory depression caused by opioid agonist 030418, pentobarbital sodium and ethanol.


Network lifetime plays an integral role in setting up an efficient wireless sensor network. The objective of this paper is twofold. The first one is to deploy sensor nodes at optimal locations such that the theoretically computed network lifetime is maximum. The second is to schedule these sensor nodes such that the network attains the maximum lifetime. Thus, the overall objective of this paper is to identify optimal deployment locations of the given sensor nodes with a pre-specified sensing range, and to schedule them such that the network lifetime is maximum with the required coverage level. Since the upper bound of the network lifetime for a given network can be computed mathematically, we use this knowledge to compute locations of deployment such that the network lifetime is maximum. Further, the nodes are scheduled to achieve this upper bound. In this paper, we use artificial bee colony algorithm and particle swarm optimization for sensor deployment problem followed by a heuristic for scheduling. A comparative study shows that artificial bee colony algorithm performs better for sensor deployment problem. The proposed heuristic was able to achieve the theoretical upper bound in all the experimented cases.


Methods based on the linearized theory for supersonic flow were used to find the characteristics of two types of control surfaces on thin triangular wings. The first type, the constant-chord partial-span flap, was considered to extend either outboard from the center of the wing or inboard from the wing tip. The second type, the full-triangular-tip flap, was treated only for the case in which the Mach number component normal to the leading edge is supersonic. For each type, expressions were found for the lift, rolling-moment, pitching-moment, and hinge-moment characteristics.


Many deafblind people use tactile sign language and interpreters in their daily lives. Because of their hearing and sight status, the role of interpreters does not only involve translating the content expressed by other deaf or hearing people, but it also involves conveying environmental information (i.e., multimodal communication regarding what is happening at a given moment to be able to understand the context). This paper aims to contribute to the field of tactile sign language interpreting by describing how two Tactile Swedish Sign Language interpreters convey environmental information to two deafblind women in a particular situation, that is, a guided visit to a cathedral by a hearing Norwegian speaker. We expect to find various strategies including the use of haptic signs (i.e., a system of signs articulated on the body of the deafblind person aimed to provide environmental and interactional information). After summarizing the small amount of existing research on the issue to date, we present our data and how they were annotated. Our analysis shows that a variety of strategies are used, including Tactile Swedish Sign Language, using locative points to show locations with some type of contact with the body of deafblind individuals, depicting shapes on the palm of the hand of deafblind individuals, using objects to depict shapes, touching elements of the cathedral with the hands or with the feet such as surfaces, and walking around. Some of these strategies are more frequent than others and some strategies are also used in combination, whereas others are used in isolation. We did not observe any use of haptic signs to convey environmental information in our data, which calls for further research on which criteria apply to use this strategy in a particular situation.


This study aims to analyze the perceptions of undergraduates in Mathematics Teaching on the evaluation practices of their teachers of specific content subjects and the possible implications of this practice in their training as teachers. It is a qualitative research, expositive and explicative, developed in a Mathematics Teaching degree in a Brazilian Federal University. We used random non-probabilistic sample to select the course and the students. To produce the data, we used: documental analysis, class observation, interviews, group talks, and social networks – Facebook and WhatsApp groups, followed by content analysis. The main intervening which emerged from the data were indications of possible dispositions composing the habitus of mathematics teachers. From these dispositions, undergraduates indicated, directly and indirectly, the legitimizing role of the evaluation practices in the subjects of mathematics content as a way of symbolic violence, when mentioning the tension between the bachelor's and the teaching degrees, and criticizing or defending the expositive classes with demonstrations, the rigor of classificatory tests, and the relationship teacher-student with little dialogue. The analysis shows that the students do not clearly see the implications of these evaluation practices on their training as teachers. In this context, they have shown a propensity to incorporate the habitus of the mathematics teacher, becoming possible reproducers of a pedagogical practice focused on transmission and traditional evaluation in their future.


Principles of clinical trial design dictate that the placebo control is the most rigorous comparator by which to assess the efficacy of an intervention. In the case of procedural treatments, however, exposure to an inactive (or sham) procedure may be associated with substantial discomfort or risk, a phenomenon not typically encountered with placebo controls employed to assess noninvasive (e.g., orally administered) treatments and one that can influence the decision-making process with regard to choice of control arms. In considering whether or not a sham control is either appropriate or feasible in clinical trials of devices or procedures, the investigator must consider optimal standards of research design and ethical conduct, carefully balancing the risk of the sham control with the benefit that might be obtained from careful evaluation of the procedure itself. This calculation can be challenging when considered in the larger therapeutic context, for while the risk borne by research subjects exposed to sham control may not be insignificant, the aggregate risk to control subjects in a clinical trial may be less that the aggregate risk borne by patients who receive an untested therapy that is ultimately shown not to be beneficial after rigorous assessment in a placebo-controlled trial. This review addresses issues pertaining to the use of sham controls in clinical trials of devices and procedures and provides examples from the literature which demonstrate the importance of and controversy surrounding sham controls.


The goal of the Deconstructing Engineering Education Programmes project is to revise the mechanical engineering undergraduate curriculum to make the discipline more able to attract and retain a diverse community of students. The project seeks to reduce and reorder the prerequisite structure linking courses to offer greater flexibility for students. This paper describes the methods used to study the prerequisites and the resulting proposed curriculum revision. The process involved dissecting each course into topics at roughly the level of a line in a syllabus, editing the list of topics, associating prerequisites and successors to each topic and then using a genetic algorithm to produce clusters of topics. The new curriculum, which consists of 12 clusters, each of which could be a full year course, is quite different from the traditional curriculum.


Far-right and far-left parties by definition occupy the fringes of politics, with policy proposals outside the mainstream. This paper asks how public attitudes about such policies respond once an extreme party increases their political representation at the local level. We study attitudes towards the signature policies of two parties in Sweden, one from the far right and one from the far left, using panel data from 290 municipal election districts. To identify causal effects, we compare otherwise similar elections where a party either barely wins or loses an additional seat. We estimate that a one seat increase for the far-right, anti-immigration party decreases negative attitudes towards immigration by 1.8 or 4.1 percentage points (depending on which national survey we use). Likewise, when a far-left, anti-capitalist party politician gets elected, opposition to a six hour workday rises by 2.5 percentage points. These changes are contrary to the two parties' policy positions. Exploring possible mechanisms, we find evidence for higher politician turnover and a rise in negative newspaper coverage for the anti-immigration party. These findings demonstrate that political representation can cause an attitudinal backlash as fringe parties and their ideas are placed under closer scrutiny.


In vivo imaging methodologies allow for serial measurement of tumor size, circumventing the need for sacrificing mice at given time points. In orthotopically transplanted murine models of brain tumors, cross-section micro-MRI allows for visualization and measurement of the physically inaccessible tumors. To allow for long resident times of a contrast agent in the tumor, intraperitoneal administration was used as a route of injection for contrast-enhanced micro-MRI, and a simple method for relative tumor volume measurements was examined. A strategy for visualizing the variability of the delayed tumor enhancement was developed. These strategies were applied to monitor the growth of brain tumors xenotransplanted into nude mice and either treated with the antiangiogenic peptide EMD 121974 or an inactive control peptide. Each mouse was used as its own control. Serial imaging was done weekly, beginning at Day 7 after tumor cell implantation and continued for 7 weeks. Images obtained were reconstructed on the MRI instrument. The image files were transferred off line to be postprocessed to assess tumor growth (volume) and variability in enhancement (three-dimensional [3-D] intensity models). In a small study, tumor growth and response to treatment were followed using this methodology and the high-resolution images displayed in 3-D allowed for straightforward qualitative assessment of variable enhancement related to vascular factors and tumor age.


Ribosomal proteins from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were separated, on a preparative scale, by ion-exchange h.p.l.c. Proteins from the small and large ribosomal subunits were resolved, respectively, into 33 and 23 peaks, and most of the proteins present in these peaks were identified by using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Several of the peaks appeared to contain a single protein uncontaminated by other species. Ribosomal proteins were also separated by using reverse-phase h.p.l.c. Analysis of the peaks resolved indicated that the order of elution for the proteins of both ribosomal subunits is, in certain cases, different for each of the two h.p.l.c. techniques used. Thus a combination of the two chromatographic methods employed here has the potential to facilitate the rapid and preparative separation of each of the proteins present in yeast ribosomes.


Aim  Despite the importance of the niche concept in ecological and evolutionary theory, there are still many discussions about its definition and operational evaluation, especially when dealing with niche divergence and conservatism in an explicit phylogenetic context. Here we evaluate patterns of niche evolution in 67 New World Carnivora species, measured using Hellinger distances based on MAXENT models of species distribution. We show how inferences on niche conservatism or divergence depend on the way phylogenetic patterns are analysed using matrix comparison techniques.

Innovation  Initially we used the simplest approach of Mantel tests to compare Hellinger distances (N) derived from MAXENT and phylogenetic distances (P) among species. Then we extended the Mantel test to generate a multivariate correlogram, in which phylogenetic patterns are analysed at multiple levels in the phylogeny and can reveal nonlinearity in the relationship between divergence and time. Finally, we proposed a new approach to generate 'local' (or 'specific') leverages of components for Mantel correlation, evaluating the non-stationarity in the relationship between N and P for each species. This new approach was used to show if some lineages are more prone to niche shift or conservatism than others.

Main conclusions  Standard Mantel tests indicated a poor correspondence between N and P matrices, discarding the idea of niche conservatism for Carnivora, but the correlogram supports that closely related species tend to be more similar than expected by chance. Moreover, the variance among Hellinger distances between pairs of closely phylogenetically related species is much larger than for the entire clade. Phylogenetic non-stationarity analysis shows that in some Carnivora families the niche tends to divergence (Mustelidae and Canidae), whereas in others it tends to conservatism (Procyonidae and Mustelidae) at short phylogenetic distances. Our analyses clearly show that misleading results may appear if niche divergence is analysed only by simple matrix correlations not taking into account complex patterns of phylogenetic nonlinearity and non-stationarity.


"'Photography,' Henry Holmes Smith said in 1963, 'has joined the adult languages,' and for more than three decades he has been one of its pioneer linguists, developing various modes for the discussion and appreciation of photographs. His uncompromising integrity toward the art of photography has been one of the primary nourishments of this medium during its maturation." (From the Center for Creative Photography series, no. 5.) This issue brings together essays on photography by professor and practitioner Henry Holmes Smith.


More than a billion students around the world have been affected by school closures in the past year and a half (March 2020 to August 2021) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The persistence of the pandemic and the severity of the risks posed by the disruption of education necessitate a strong understanding of the present state of girls' education in East Africa. This study aimed to understand the current problems posed by COVID-19 for girls' education in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; identify the gaps in understanding with regard to these problems; and illuminate solutions. The study is based on a rapid desk review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, coupled with nearly 30 key informant interviews with a range of East African organizations working on education and/or gender issues. These methods were complemented by an interactive, participatory workshop in which interviewees and other education stakeholders validated and supplemented the initial study results. Key findings from the study are summarized in this report.


ABSTRACT
 The process of collecting and/or infesting plants with a designated number of small arthropods in biological experiments is tedious and laborious. We developed a modified mini-aspirator, powered with a vacuum pump and fitted with a specially adapted (removable) collection vial to reduce the handling effort. The efficiency of the mini-aspirator was tested with the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a predatory mite, Amblyseius (= Neoseiulus) cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), and the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Using the mini-aspirator, operators collected 10 A. cucumeris mites and 10 S. dorsalis thrips and transferred them onto pepper plants in 43 s and 37 s, respectively, compared with 639 and 229 s, respectively, using a camel's hair brush as a conventional method. The use of the mini-aspirator for collecting A. cucumeris predatory mites and S. dorsalis thrips and infesting pepper plants with them represents a 15-fold and 6-fold time saving, respectively. Collection of 10 O. insidiosus flower bugs took 20 s with the mini-aspirator compared with 30 s when an unmodified aspirator was used. Proportionally, the amount of time saved with the mini-aspirator for the handling of O. insidiosus flower bugs was minimal compared with the timesavings when handling S. dorsalis thrips and the A. cucumeris predatory mites with the mini-aspirator. Additionally, the mini-aspirator can be fitted with a battery-powered Mini-Vac, which makes it portable for field applications, such as in sampling field populations when screening for pesticide resistant individuals.


The Third Edition of The American Dictionary of Criminal Justice is a reference every student of the criminal justice system should own. Like any good dictionary, this resource will assist students in a variety of courses-as well as in writing papers and understanding terminology in journal articles. Over 5,000 terms, concepts, and names are included in the new edition, as well as over 125 new U.S. Supreme Court cases. The Terms Section The dictionary's interdisciplinary approach greatly enhances its effectiveness as a "one-stop" resource. Students will no longer need to waste precious study time seeking out definitions in numerous specialized sources. Many definitions are accompanied by examples from the research literature, illustrating how the terms apply in particular contexts. This dictionary is useful for any criminology or criminal justice course-with applications in sociology, public administration, political science, and the administration of justice. Key terms cut across the following areas: criminal law, criminal justice, forensics, gangs, computers and computer crime, criminal investigations, criminology, criminological theory, corrections, probation and parole, courts and sentencing, rules of criminal procedure, constitutional law, policing and police-community relations, jails and prisons, white-collar crime, sodomy laws, civil rights, tort law, victimization, juvenile law, Section 1983 actions, capital punishment, electronic surveillance, fines and asset forfeiture, deadly force, search and seizure, wrongful convictions, the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The dictionary includes numerous illustrations, figures, and tables that provide readers with visual portrayals of important criminal justice facts. A comprehensive listing of over 30 doctoral programs in criminal justice is provided, together with useful contact information. An extensive listing of Internet sites is provided for locating useful information regarding important topics associated with law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. Also featured are listings of all probation/parole and state corrections departments and relevant contact information. Finally, this section provides listings of leading criminological theorists, a summary of their major theoretical contributions, and brief synopses of their written works. Many theorists are cross-referenced with other scholars studying similar phenomena. The Supreme Court Cases Section Nine hundred and eighty of the most recent and significant leading U.S. Supreme Court cases have been abridged in a short paragraph format to highlight the major facts, holdings, and rationales. The complete case citations are boldfaced in brackets for more complete information about the case principals (e.g., Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 121 S.Ct. 1910 (2001) [Johnny Paul PENRY, Petitioner, v. Gary L. JOHNSON, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division] (Habeas Corpus Petitions; Jury Instructions; Sentencing). All leading cases have major terms boldfaced to indicate case content. A sample of current cases includes: Bunkley v. Florida (2003) retroactive rules Chavez v. Martinez (2003) Section 1983 rules Ewing v. California (2003) habitual offender statutes Illinois v. Lidster (2004) sobriety checkpoints Kaupp v. Texas (2003) confessions Khanh Phuong Nguyen v. United States (2003) federal appellate judge qualifications Lawrence v. Texas (2003) sodomy laws Lockyer v. Andrade (2003) three-strike laws Maryland v. Pringle (2003) vehicle searches Massaro v. United States (2003) ineffective assistance of counsel Miller v. Cockrell (2003) peremptory challenges Mitchell v. Esparza (2004) death penalty and harmless error doctrine Overton v. Bazzetta (2003) civil rights, Section 1983 claims Price v. Vincent (2003) double jeopardy Sell v. United States (2003) forced medication of mentally ill patients Smith v. Doe (2003) ex post facto laws Stogner v. California (2003) sex offender laws United States v. Banks (2003) knock and announce and exigent circumstances All major criminal justice topics have been incorporated into the compilation of cases, including such topics as: Acceptance of Responsibility Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances Americans with Disabilities Act Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) Asset Forfeiture Border Searches Civil Rights, Section 1983 Claims Confessions Custodial Interrogations Deadly Force Death-Qualified Juries Discovery Detainer Warrants DNA Profiling Double Jeopardy Electronic Surveillance, Wiretapping Evidence Preservation Exclusionary Rule Excessive Force Ex Post Facto Laws Fines Forced Medication of Mentally Ill Defendants Frivolous Lawsuits Good-Faith Exception Gun Control Bill Habeas Corpus Petitions Habitual Offender Statutes Hearsay Immigration Checkpoints Ineffective Assistance of Counsel In Forma Pauperis Motions Innocent-Owner Defense Judicial Misconduct Jury Size, Trials, and Voting Juvenile Law Knock and Announce Lineups Mandatory Death Penalty Media Rights Mens Rea Motion Deadlines Native American Tribal Law Obscenity Laws Parolee Rights Peremptory Challenges Plea Bargaining Police Misconduct Preventive Detention Prison Litigation Reform Act Retroactive Rules Sex Offender Laws Sexual Predators Sobriety Checkpoints Sodomy Laws Sterilization Stop and Frisk Supervised Release Regulations Thermal Imaging Equipment Trash Searches Victim Impact Statements Wrongful Convictions Many of these cases are cross-cited to facilitate research. These cases are indexed according to over 140 topics and include page number references for easy usage. Champion provides explanations of citation protocol for referencing legal citations, including citing the U.S. Reports, Supreme Court Reporter, and regional state supreme court compilations and reporters such as the Pacific Reporter and Southwestern Reporter. Crucial U.S. Constitutional Amendments are cited whenever applicable in the compilation. A unique feature is the explanation of how to cite and interpret case materials.


Manchester II coding is now widely used in many aerospace and aeronautics bus protocols. In all these protocols, the maximum data transfer rate is less than 20Mbps. Due to lack of core physical interface (PHY), higher data transfer rate can not be achieved, and key system performance can not be raised as well. To break this bottleneck, a new type fiber-optic bus PHY was designed and implemented. In addition, related simulation and debugging work was performed. In this paper, a novel sampling technique called multiple-clock-phase-shift (MCPS) is introduced. MCPS is different from traditional asynchronous serial data sampling technique such as oversampling and general clock data recovery (CDR) technique. It uses multiple stable clocks in FPGA to sample input serial data, and combines sampling bits into one output result. In the combination process of sampling results, the state transition of the FPGA logic should depend on specific bus protocol. Using MCPS technique, high speed serial data can be correctly obtained by fiber-optic bus PHY.


: Thin films deposited by Physical Vapour Deposition techniques on substrates generally exhibit large residual stresses which may be responsible of thin film buckling in the case of compressive stresses. Since the 80's, a lot of theoretical work has been done to develop mechanical models but only a few experimental work has been done on this subject to support these theoretical approaches and nothing concerning local stress measurement mainly because of the small dimension of the buckling (few 10th mm). This paper deals with the application of micro beam X-ray diffraction available on synchrotron radiation sources for stress mapping analysis of gold thin film buckling. Abstract : Thin films deposited by Physical Vapour Deposition techniques on substrates generally exhibit large residual stresses which may be responsible of thin film buckling in the case of compressive stresses. Since the 80's, a lot of theoretical work has been done to develop mechanical models but only a few experimental work has been done on this subject to support these theoretical approaches and nothing concerning local stress measurement mainly because of the small dimension of the buckling (few 10 th µ m). This paper deals with the application of micro beam X-ray diffraction available on synchrotron radiation sources for stress mapping analysis of gold thin film buckling.


This paper presents the experimental and numerical studies on the flexural strengthened steel I-beams by using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips. Nowadays, strengthening existing steel structures by using CFRP has been widely interested. One of the common usages of CFRP to strengthen steel beams is the flexural upgrading. In this case, CFRP strips are pasted on the tensile flange to improve flexural behaviors. The problems that are frequently reported for CFRP strengthened steel beams are the debonding, delaminating (peeling), and splitting. Identification these failure modes are essential to provide an appropriate level of safety for strengthened steel beams. To investigate the CFRP failure modes, four strengthened steel I-beams were chosen. The CFRP plates with different thicknesses in single and double (splice) layers were used. Both experimental test (four-points bending test) and numerical simulation (full 3D simulation with ANSYS) were employed. The incremental loading was applied until failure while deformations in the critical regions were recorded. The results reveal that for the CFRP flexural strengthened steel beams the following failure modes occurred: (a) debonding at the CFRP plate tips, (b) debonding below point loads, (c) delaminating at the ends of CFRP plate, and (d) splitting below point loads. The sequence of failure modes depended on the specifications of CFRP plate. Some recommendations are provided to overcome/retard these failures.


ABSTRACT To become writers, students must see themselves as writers and be treated as writers by their teachers. Students need to find the motivation to go beyond formulas, to grapple with messy, often inchoate ideas, to find their own particular angle of vision. What rhetoricians call "invention" or "discovery" is difficult to pin down. Without a system for invention, student writers just grope about, trying this idea or that word until something interesting comes up. One problem is the assumption that at the same time writers are discovering or inventing, they are also "creating" something new. The only way to give rules for creating something new is after the fact. Writing teachers need to be aware that a middle ground exists between giving students formulas for invention and cutting them adrift in a sea of ideas. Invention comes in several forms, including rhetorical invention and perceptual invention (based in 20th century psychology). Students can be encouraged to use their senses, to explore their own processes of invention, and to compare what they do with what others report. To find motivation to move beyond formulas for invention, students probably need to play seriously--since through playing they can often bridge the gap between motivation and the making of a piece. (A 21-item bibliography for writing instructors, a list of six journals, and a list of seven important names to watch for are attached.) (RS)


Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa 2016 Conference: The increasing relevance of the mine ventilation profession in a highly regulated and cost constrained environment, 1-2 September 2016, Emperors Palace, Johannesburg


Auto-control adjustable speed asynchronous magnetic coupling was designed according to principles of electromagnetic induction. Its development can effectively solved the vibration leading to the damage of mechanical coupling and the surrounding parts caused by rigid mechanical coupling link, as well as realized motor soft starting by controlling output speed in different torques. Based on the above working requirement, a novel magnetic coupling structure suit for auto-control by PLC in this paper was created. The motive simulation analysis of body structure and the simulation of magnetic torque at different air-gap length were obtained separately by ADAMS and ANSOFT. The results showed that the structure of auto-control adjustable speed asynchronous disk magnetic coupling was reasonable in practical condition.


The number, location, and other characteristics of the antigenic determinants for self-association of IgG-rheumatoid factors (IgG-RF) were examined using the IgG-RF isolated from the plasma of one patient as a model system. Affinity chromatography was employed for isolation of the IgG-RF. Sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation was used to study the various interactions. The antigenic valence of IgG-RF Fc, normal human Fc, and rabbit Fc fragments was two for the interaction with Fab fragments from IgG-RF, as might be expected from the molecular symmetry of IgG. The antigenic valence of intact normal IgG, however, was only one, indicating that when one of the available antigenic determinants interacted with the Fab fragment of IgG-RF, the other determinant becomes sterically inaccessible. Reduction and alkylation, known to increase the flexibility of the hinge region, did not alter the antigenic valence of IgG for Fab fragments of IgG-RF. The antigenic valence of IgG-RF in self-association could not be experimentally determined but must be two to permit the observed concentration-dependent further polymer formation of IgG-RF dimers. Unique antigenic determinants on the Fc fragments of IgG-RF were sought and not found, thus reaffirming the formation of two antigen-antibody bonds as the basis for dimerization of IgG-RF molecules. The pFc' and Fc' fragments, representing Cγ3 domains of IgG, failed to show significant interaction with Fab fragments of IgG-RF, indicating that the antigenic determinants were not expressed by the Cγ3 regions but are located either on Cγ2 region or require intact Cγ2 and Cγ3 regions for expression. These conclusions were corroborated by the antigenic valence of one for the Fc(i) fragment, a new papain-generated intermediate fragment of Fc, composed of two intact Cγ3 domains and one intact Cγ2 domain. Normal IgG, because of its valence of one for interaction with IgG-RF, would effectively terminate further polymerization of IgG-RF dimers. This may well in part explain the finding of smaller IgG-RF complexes in the serum than in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.


With the proliferation of Web services, quality of service (QoS) becomes a key factor to differentiate the Web services and their providers. In selecting a Web service for use, it is important to consider nonfunctional properties of the Web service so as to satisfy the constraints or requirements of users. In this paper, we present a Web services QoS model which takes non-functional properties into account in various aspects. In this model, Web services qualities are classified into three categories according to the point of view - system-level view, service-level view, and business-level view. We also provide a quality testing mechanism that tests the manageability qualities of our QoS Model


The modern semiclassical method developed over the past few decades and used for describing the properties of the electronic subsystems of matter is reviewed, and its application to quantum physics problems is illustrated. The method involves the Thomas–Fermi statistical model and allows an extension by including additive corrections that take the shell structure of the electronic spectrum and other physical effects into account. Applying the method to the study of matter and finite systems allowed the following, inter alia: (1) an analysis of the total electron energy oscillations as a function of the number of particles in a 1D quantum dot; (2) a description of spatial oscillations of the electron density in atoms and atomic clusters; (3) a description of the stepwise temperature dependence of the ionicity and ionization energy in a Boltzmann plasma; (4) an evaluation of free ion ionization potentials; (5) an interpretation and evaluation of the difference in the patterns of oscillations in the mass spectra of metal clusters.


Ethyl levulinate (EL) can be produced from bio-based levulinic acid (LA) and ethanol. Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate and compare the performances and exhaust emission levels of ethyl levulinate as an additive to conventional diesel fuel, with EL percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% (with 2% n-butanol), and 20% (with 5% n-butanol), in a horizontal single-cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Brake-specific fuel consumptions of the EL-diesel blends were about 10% higher than for pure diesel because of the lower heating value of EL. NOx and CO2 emissions increased with engine power with greater fuel injections, but varied with changing EL content of the blends. CO emissions were similar for all of the fuel formulations. Smoke emissions decreased with increasing EL content.


Four Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE1 to NHE4) have been detected in the kidney. Renal NHE2 expression sites have not been fully established. We have raised rabbit antisera against an oligopeptide related to the amino acids 652 to 661 of rat NHE2. Western blot analysis of plasma membrane fractions isolated from rat renal cortex showed that affinity-purified anti-NHE2 antibody detected an 85-kDa protein in apical but not in basolateral membranes. The labeling of this 85-kDa protein was specifically blocked by preincubation of the antibody with its monomeric peptide, indicating specific recognition. Indirect immunolabeling was performed on sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed rat kidney embedded in paraffin. Strong staining was seen in the apical membrane of cortical thick ascending limbs, distal convoluted tubules, and connecting tubules. Much weaker apical staining was found in medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle. In the inner medulla, some thin limbs were intensively labeled by the anti-NHE2 antibody. No staining could be detected in any segments of the proximal tubule and collecting duct.


The complete amino acid sequence of troponin I from rabbit cardiac muscle was determined by the isolation of four unique CNBr fragments, together with overlapping tryptic peptides containing radioactive methionine residues. Overlap data for residues 35-36, 93-94 and 140-145 are incomplete, the sequence at these positions being based on homology with the sequence of the fast-skeletal-muscle protein. Cardiac troponin I is a single polypeptide chain of 206 residues with mol.wt. 23550 and an extinction coefficient, E 1%,1cm/280, of 4.37. The protein has a net positive charge of 14 and is thus somewhat more basic than troponin I from fast-skeletal muscle. Comparison of the sequences of troponin I from cardiac and fast skeletal muscle show that the cardiac protein has 26 extra residues at the N-terminus which account for the larger size of the protein. In the remainder of sequence there is a considerable degree of homology, this being greater in the C-terminal two-thirds of the molecule. The region in the cardiac protein corresponding to the peptide with inhibitory activity from the fast-skeletal-muscle protein is very similar and it seems unlikely that this is the cause of the difference in inhibitory activity between the two proteins. The region responsible for binding troponin C, however, possesses a lower degree of homology. Detailed evidence on which the sequence is based has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50072 (20 pages), at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7QB, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1976) 153, 5.


The rotational structure in the vibrational transitions from ν=0 to ν=1,2,3,4 of H35Cl and H37Cl is studied in Xe, Kr and Ar matrices with high spectral resolution. A consistent set of rotational constants Bv for the vibrational levels ν=0 to 4 is derived. B0 decreases with the tightness of the cage from 9.78 cm-1 in Xe to 8.83 cm-1 in Ar for H35Cl (gas phase 10.44 cm-1). The values for B0 to B4 decrease linearly with v due to the vibration-rotation-coupling constant α which increases from 0.37 cm-1 in Xe to 0.479 cm-1 in Ar (gas 0.303) according to the cage tightness. The splitting of the R(1) transition which originates from the hindering of rotation is analyzed in Xe using the T2g-T1u and T2g-Eg transition energies. A comparison with force field calculations yields a dominant contribution of the 6th spherical harmonic YA1g6 of the octahedral matrix potential. The modulation of the potential takes a value of K6/B=17 which corresponds to a barrier for the rotation of 160 cm-1. The splitting increases with the vibrational level v which can be interpreted as a weak admixture of the YA1g4 spherical harmonic. A large isotope effect and a reduction of the T1u-A1g transition energy (R(0)-transition) beyond the crystal field value are attributed to an excentric rotation with a displacement of the center of mass of the order of 0.05 A. The vibrational energies ωe show an opposite trend with matrix atom size and decrease with polarizability from 2970 cm-1 in Ar to 2945.4 cm-1 in Xe (gas 2989.9 cm-1) while the anharmonicity ωeχe of the free molecule lies close to the Kr value and thus between that of Ar and Xe.


The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) design, first invented by Zelig Eshhar, paved the way for the use of genetically modified T-cells in targeted therapy against cancer cells. Since then, it has gone through many generations especially with the integration of co-stimulation in the second and third-generation CARs. However, it also mounts a hyperactive immune response named as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) with the release of several cytokines eventually resulting in multiple end-organ toxicities. The severity of CRS depends upon certain factors such as the tumor burden, choice of co-stimulation, and degree of lymphodepletion, and can manifest as pulmonary edema, vascular leak, renal dysfunction, cardiac problems, hepatic failure, and coagulopathy. Many grading criteria have been used to define these clinical manifestations but they lack harmonization. Neurotoxicity has also been significantly associated with CAR T-cell therapy but it has not been studied much in previous literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive account of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and treatment of CAR T-cell associated neurotoxicity.


Simplified soft tissue models used in surgical simulations cannot perfectly reproduce all material behaviors. In particular, many tissues exhibit the Poynting effect, which results in normal forces during shearing of tissue and is only observed in nonlinear elastic material models. In order to investigate and quantify the role of the Poynting effect on material discrimination, we performed a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) study. Participants were presented with several pairs of shear and normal forces generated by a haptic device during interaction with virtual soft objects. Participants were asked to rate the similarity between the forces felt. The selection of the material parameters — and thus the magnitude of the shear and normal forces — was based on a pre-study prior to the MDS experiment. It was observed that for nonlinear elastic tissue models exhibiting the Poynting effect, MDS analysis indicated that both shear and normal forces affect user perception.