THE island of the Northern New Hebrides which the French explorer Bougainville named Isle of Lepers is uow usually known as Oba (Omba), and to this the locative preposition a is prefixed, Aoba. One is inclined, however, to question the accuracy of the name Oba as applied to Lepers' Island, since on Raga, the nearest island eastward, the name given to the island is Bai, A Bai. Also on Atchin and its neighbouring islets to the westward, off the coast of Malekula, places that had a considerable connection with Lepers' Island for ceremonial as well as for trading purposes, Ba and Bai are the names by which it is known. Bishop Patteson, of the MM., who frequently visited the island, always wrote of it as Lepers' Island. The later name of Opa given to it by members of the MM. would seem to be due to mission scholars from the island of Mota further north, where p replaces b, and the article o precedes the names of islands. This would point to Ba (Mba) being the name of the island. Dr. R. H. Codrington published a grammar of the Oba language, using the dialect of that portion of the north coast of the island which is known as Walurigi. This grammar was founded principally on information derived from scholars from that part of the island in the MM. school at Norfolk Island.


Non-oilseed sunflower plants can be exposed to lodging in some production regions due to higher plant height and larger heads, which is further exacerbated by heavily rainfall and strong winds. In this context, plant growth regulators such as mepiquat chloride (MC) can be considered as an alternative approach in reducing plant height and lodging. This study was conducted to determine the effect of MC application on the growth, yield, and yield components of non-oilseed sunflowers at different growth stages (V4, R1, R2, and R3) and rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 g a.i. ha-1) in Erzurum Province, eastern Anatolia, Turkey, in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. In general, the MC applications had significant effects on the plant parameters investigated. In comparison with the control treatment, the MC application of 60 g a.i. ha-1 decreased plant height by 5.38% and increased stem diameter, head diameter, seed filling percentage, ratio of dehulled/hulled seed weight, 1000-achene weight, and seed yield by 14.01%, 3.78%, 1.61%, 4.20%, 5.94%, and 5.26%, respectively. Similarly, the applications of MC at different growth stages also significantly affected seed yield and other characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, and head diameter. The application of MC at the early growth stage (V4) was more effective compared to the later growth stages (R1, R2, and R3). The results of this study suggest that the mepiquat application rate of 60 g a.i. ha-1 in the early growth stage (V4) was more effective on the plant characteristics and that MC application could be effectively used as a means of reducing plant height and the risk of lodging in non-oilseed sunflower production.


The presence of outliers can potentially significantly skew the parameters of machine learning models trained via stochastic gradient descent (SGD). In this paper we propose a simple variant of the simple SGD method: in each step, first choose a set of k samples, then from these choose the one with the smallest current loss, and do an SGD-like update with this chosen sample. Vanilla SGD corresponds to k = 1, i.e. no choice; k >= 2 represents a new algorithm that is however effectively minimizing a non-convex surrogate loss. Our main contribution is a theoretical analysis of the robustness properties of this idea for ML problems which are sums of convex losses; these are backed up with linear regression and small-scale neural network experiments


This paper presents an in-depth examination of three exemplary virtual environments for science learning (Land Science, River City, and EcoMUVE) to identify and conceptualize game features that support student identity exploration. The work showcases findings obtained from Years 1-2 of an NSF CAREER project (DRL#1350707) undertaken to support the study, design, and implementation of games and curricula that enhance science learning and teaching to promote intentional student learning as identity change (Foster, 2014). The examination was guided by Projective Reflection (PR), a theoretical framework that explains and facilitates learning as identity exploration in immersive play-based environments such as games (Foster, 2014). PR characterizes identity exploration as intentional changes in a) knowledge, b) interest and valuing, c) self-organization and self-control, and d) self-perceptions and self-definitions in a given domain. The Playing Research Method (Aarseth, 2003; Foster, 2012) informed the game data collection and analysis processes. A hybrid process of inductive thematic analysis and deductive coding of game features in the three environments illustrated their capacity to support student growth along PR constructs. Findings reveal both unique and overlapping game features that support identity exploration related to STEM careers, while implications detail the future development and utility of a game feature repository to support researchers, educators, and designers


The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is endemic to Brazil's Atlantic Forest, and it ranks among the most critically endangered primates in the world. Roughly 25% of the species is found in the 957 ha forest at the Estacao Biologica de Caratinga/RPPN-Feliciano Miguel Abdala, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The long-term research and conservation efforts at this site have received considerable attention, and public awareness and educational campaigns about northern muriquis have been highly effective. Nonetheless, very little about the human dimensions of these efforts have been explicitly described. In this paper, we focus on three distinct, but interconnected dimensions: i) the role of training Brazilian students on the research to build local capacity; ii) the multiple levels of interactions among researchers and different spheres of the local farming community, which have extended over time from the family that owns the farm on which the forest is situated, to the families that work on this farm, to the farmers who live and work in the surrounding community; and iii) the development of partnerships involving national and international nongovernmental organizations and the Brazilian government. We conclude by describing the synergist interactions between each of these human dimensions, which have contributed to both the research and conservation of northern muriquis at this site. We also consider the ways in which some of the specifics of this particular "case study" might be applicable to other species of primates elsewhere.


The derailment of occupational therapy, exemplified by the profession's symbiosis with the medical model, its alignment with the rehabilitation movement, and its devaluation of the arts and crafts is the central theme of this article. The occupational behavior paradigm, which represents a recommitment to the values and beliefs of the profession's founders, has emerged to arrest the derailment process and thereby reinstate the substantive goals of occupational therapy.


"Re-collecting" Caravan re-interprets caravaning as the basis of a 21st century New Zealand vernacular architecture. Two themes run through this thesis: the caravan as an article of nostalgia, and the caravan in architecture as marginal. The final design outcome is a new typology of holidaying vessels within New Zealand's camping grounds. This thesis begins with the specific history of the caravan within New Zealand and the facts that surround the reality of caravaning in today's society: the caravan has become a celebrated cultural relic of our recent past of which is now continually used as a symbol or icon of New Zealand. A fear for the loss of the caravan as a living holiday reality sparked a cultural nostalgia and the foundations for this research. To prevent the loss of the adored functional domestic vessel, the caravan was next analysed for its compositional and phenomenal attributes of which could later help inform an architectural response. It was the 'retro' aesthetic combined with the fact that ephemeral cultural artefacts (such as the caravan) do not typically 'belong' in the architectural realm that bought about the second theme. Kitsch as a by-product of a re-interpreted retro artefact is addressed before moving on to the design process and final design.
Although orientated specifically toward the caravan, this thesis addresses the wider issues of celebrating and liberating the architectural influences of the margins. It deals with kitsch, lifestyles, nostalgia, miniature, popular culture, media, tourism, mobility, and iconism.


Recent changes in the landscape of scientific publishing prompted the Publications Overview Committee of the American Fisheries Society (AFS) to review the Society's portfolio of scientific journals. We evaluated journals based on metrics in two categories: (1) citation-based measures of the influence of a journal on the scientific literature, and (2) measures of the cost-effectiveness of a journal (citation rate adjusted for subscription cost). Over the long-term, we found that ecology journals had far stronger citation-based influence than fisheries and aquatic sciences journals, and that journals publishing primarily basic research had stronger influence than journals publishing applied research (including four AFS journals and Fisheries magazine). In evaluating the current status of fisheries and aquatic sciences journals, we found that metrics of influence and cost-effectiveness provided considerably different portrayals of journals relative to their peers. In terms of citation-based influence, we found that the AFS journal Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (TAFS) and Fisheries magazine were competitive with highly regarded peer fisheries journals, but that North American Journal of Aquaculture (NAJA) and Journal of Aquatic Animal Health (JAAH) were less influential than their peers. The citation-based influence of North American Journal of Fisheries Management (NAJFM) was intermediate between TAFS/Fisheries and NAJA/JAAH. For journals like NAJFM and NAJA, we expect that much of the scientific influence on policy and management is not captured by citations in the primary literature, and alternative methods of evaluation may be needed. All of the AFS journals ranked highly with regard to cost-effectiveness because their subscription costs are low, and these rankings are in accordance with membership needs and the strategic mission of AFS to provide broad and timely dissemination of scientific information. We conclude by suggesting ways to increase the influence of AFS journals without compromising their accessibility and affordability, and offer advice about methods and frequency for future journal evaluations.


The front rail, as one main energy absorption component of vehicle front structures, should present steady progressive collapse along its axis and avoid bending collapse during the front oblique impact, but when the angle of loading direction is larger than some critical angle, it will appear bending collapse causing reduced capability of crash energy absorption. This paper is concerned with crashworthiness design of the front rail on a vehicle chassis frame structure considering uncertain crash directions. The objective is to improve the crash direction adaptability of the front rail, without deteriorating the vehicle's crashworthiness performance. Magic Cube (MQ) approach, a systematic design approach, is conducted to analyze the design problem. By applying Space Decomposition of MQ, an equivalent model of the vehicle chassis frame is generated, which simplifies the design problem. Based on this model, a two-layered front rail is proposed using a multi-step multi-domain topology optimization method and a response surface method. Numerical simulations are carried out with Altair/Hypermesh and LS-DYNA to compare the crashworthiness performances of the original front rail and the proposed two-layered design. The result shows that the two-layered front rail, with a reduced weight by 17%, can absorb 46% more energy in the 30 degree front impact than the original design, meanwhile, the proposed design eliminates the bending collapse on its rear end when the angle of loading direction reaches the critical angle. The energy absorption capability and the direction uncertainty adaptability of the front rail are significantly improved. Language: en


The performance of the widely used fingerprint recognition system is heavily influenced by fingerprint quality which in turn is impacted by different factors. Many different algorithms were developed to measure fingerprint quality. This thesis analyzes the impact of different sensors, fingerprint quality algorithms and demographic factors on fingerprint image quality. Three different fingerprint quality algorithms are tested: vendor specific ones from each sensor manufacturer, NFIQ1 and NFIQ2. Our results showed that fingerprint quality decreases with age and males have better fingerprint quality than females on most sensors. The multispectral sensor has the best and stable fingerprint image quality. NFIQ2 worked well with all the tested sensors while NFIQ1 produced anomalous results on sensor 2, 3 and 9. Vendor quality scores from some sensors are either constant or not usable. These findings can help in selecting sensors for biometric systems with targeted subjects and in improving fingerprint sensor design


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Outcomes of kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 as outpatients have not been described.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
We obtained clinical data for 41 consecutive outpatient kidney transplant recipients with known or suspected coronavirus disease 2019. Chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare characteristics of patients who required hospitalization versus those who did not.

RESULTS
Of 41 patients, 22 (54%) had confirmed coronavirus disease 2019, and 19 (46%) were suspected cases. Patients most commonly reported fever (80%), cough (56%), and dyspnea (39%). At the end of follow-up, 13 patients (32%) required hospitalization a median of 8 days (range, 1-16) after symptom onset, and 23 (56%) had outpatient symptom resolution a median of 12 days (4-23) after onset. Patients who required hospitalization were more likely to have reported dyspnea (77% versus 21%, P=0.003) and had higher baseline creatinine (median, 2.0 versus 1.3 mg/dl, P=0.02), but there were no other differences between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
In an early cohort of outpatient kidney transplant recipients with known or suspected coronavirus disease 2019, many had symptomatic resolution without requiring hospitalization.


With empirical reference to asylum law, this dissertation poses the question, "why do some legal interpretive questions remain in dispute in the judiciary, while others become settled or pass uncontested through the courts?" Chapter 1 motivates the question with reference to literature in the sociology of knowledge and law and society. Chapter 2 outlines my search procedures for identifying cases, my interview procedures and my methodological reliance on network models to describe and analyze interpretive disputes as ties linking cases. ,Chapters 3–6 contain my empirical analysis. Chapter 3 examines organization-level variation in the judicial tendency to dispute across the several Courts of Appeals. Differences in organizational rules and norms help to explain why the Ninth Circuit is highly disputatious while the Second Circuit, which hears a large and roughly equal number of asylum cases, is involved in few interpretive disputes either internally or in relation to other courts. Chapter 4 examines the Supreme Court's asylum jurisprudence. My argument focuses on an unintended consequence of Supreme Court decision making: ambiguously worded Supreme Court decisions in asylum law have exerted a repelling force on lower courts deciding similar questions, rerouting conceptual ambiguities and interpretive disputes to other areas. I refer to this phenomenon as the creation of "ersatz clarity" in the law. Chapter 5 is a close textual analysis of one set of interpretive disputes: disputes over the meaning of the statutory phrase "membership in a particular social group," which is one of the five grounds for legal protection under the asylum statute. I argue that the judicial tendency to make generalizing claims without clear empirical referents in written opinions perpetuates interpretive dispute over this core statutory question. I also find strong evidence that the disputes over this core statutory question reflect real conceptual differences among judges: they cannot be explained away as expressions of political interest or as epiphenomenal to some other conflict of interests. Chapter 6 poses the question, "how do judges frame legal questions from cases in the first place?" Whereas my first three empirical chapters address questions of how judges settle or fail to settle interpretive questions in practice, my final empirical chapter addresses the conceptually prior question of how judges establish the grounds of interpretive contestation in cases. I rely on the pragmatist theory of action to describe the contingent framing work that judges do in one empirically complex case, using the oral argument recording and interview vignettes as data. I identify several contextual factors that influence the judicial framing of questions out of cases, including strategic action by judges to frame cases in ways that support the conclusions they want to reach from the beginning.,This dissertation identifies several social determinants of settled versus unsettled law, some of which have hitherto been little discussed by judges, legal scholars or the existing social scientific literature on judicial behavior. The main factors I discuss are: the rules and norms of courts that structure engagement with some questions and not others; the small group dynamics of judges working together within panels and in repeated interactions over time; the textual and temporal dynamics of how unsettled legal principles are contested in precedent-setting courts; and the creative framing work of judges to define the questions presented in cases. The overarching theme of my empirical findings is that law tends to become and remain unsettled around questions where judges focus their time and attention, whether their attention is being focused by their own conscious action or by broader social forces. In the conclusion (chapter 7) I review my empirical findings and then discuss how they can be tested and generalized in future research in other domains of law.


Standard techniques from the study of well-posedness show that if a fixed convex objective function is minimized in turn over a sequence of convex feasible regions converging Mosco to a limiting feasible region, then the optimal solutions converge in norm to the optimal solution of the limiting problem. Certain conditions on the objective function are needed as is a constraint qualification. If, as may easily occur in practice, the constraint qualification fails, stronger set convergence is required, together with stronger analytic/geometric properties of the objective function: strict convexity (to ensure uniqueness), weakly compact level sets (to ensure existence and weak convergence), and the Kadec property (to deduce norm convergence). By analogy with the Lp norms, such properties aretermed "strong rotundity." A very simple characterization ofstrongly rotund integral functionals on L1 is presented that shows, for example, that the Boltzmann-Shannon entropy x logx is strongly rotund. Examples are discussed, and the existence of everywhere- and densely-defined strongly rotund functions is investigated.


This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of propranolol, IFN-beta, and the protein kinase modulators on IFN-gamma induction of MHC class II antigen expression and cytokine production in THP-1 human monocytic cells. IFN-gamma induced expression of HLA-DR and DQ molecules and secretion of the monokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in THP-1 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. The effect of INF-gamma on class II HLA antigens was dose-dependently inhibited by IFN-beta. H-7, phloretin, staurosporine as well as GF 109203X are selective enzyme inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), down-regulating IFN-gamma induced MHC class II expression and cytokine production. Stimulators of PKC, like PMA, replaced IFN-gamma in the induction of monokines in THP-1 cells, whereas the addition of HA 1004 or arachidonic acid to the culture had no effect on IFN-gamma mediated changes. Blocking of phospholipase D (PLD)-derived diacylglycerol (DAG) formation by propranolol abrogated IFN-gamma increased HLA class II expression and IL-1 beta secretion, but had little effect on IFN-gamma induced TNF-alpha production. These findings appear to suggest that PLD-derived phosphatidate is not the primary source of DAG production in IFN-gamma-induced TNF-alpha secretion, but may be necessary for IFN-gamma-mediated MHC class II induction and IL-1 beta production in human monocytes, whereas phospholipase A2 may not be required for IFN-gamma activation of PKC in the process.


The aim of this paper is to point to the potential value of an approach to management based on the idea of the common good, as opposed to classical capitalism based on private ownership. Such an approach makes it possible to resist a pursuit of short term oriented gains and a maximization of narrowly defined profits, and, instead, to focus on humanistic values, as to adopt a long term perspective. The much cited notion of the "tragedy of the commons" was based on deficient material and argumentation, but, most of all, it completely disregards of the issue of management. Using a case study developed through a longitudinal action research project in a big service enterprise we call "Soplicex", we present the strategic process grounded in learning, as well as the building of a strong structure centred on teams. The engagement of the employees was, originally, strongly oriented towards the idea of the common good. The consultants and researchers adopted this principle as the guiding rule in their work with the organization. Even though the process was interrupted by the takeover by a foreign investor, we show how the findings of the study remain relevant for alternative organizing and managing today and in the future. The conclusions of this paper reach further than just being reflections on a historical case study: a model of management is presented, concerned with the care and protection of the common good.


Experiments were carried out on dogs kept in a sealed chamber. Changes in the O2 and CO2 concentrations as well as variations of physiological functions, the so-called survival curves, were studied under the conditions of terminated O2 supply and CO2 utilization. The criteria of investigation, mathematical and physiological analysis were chosen from the point of view of predicting hazardous states during failures of the environmental control system. Tolerance limits during slow and rapid changes of the environment, phases of changes of the body state and mechanisms of a combined effect of increasing hypercapnia and hypoxia were considered.


Objectives: To determine if volumetric ultrasonography (3D, static and dynamic) contributes with better information than conventional ultrasonography (2D) in the assessment of pregnancy before 7 weeks of amenorrhea. Material and Methods: We conducted a prospective study in 30 pregnant women between the 4th and 7th week of amenorrhea. Endovaginal ultrasonography assessment was perfomed with a GE Volusson Expert 730 using multifrequency endocavitary transductor (3.7–9.3-MHz) 75% maximum potency in function 'Early Pregnancy' without armonicas, 5–15 minutes study duration. Once the chorionic sac had been localized, its content was assessed looking for the yolk sac and the embryo, first using 2D and afterwards using static 3D and dynamic 3D (4D). Result: In women less than 5 weeks and 3 days of gestation, yolk sac could be identified using 3D ultrasound, preceding 3 to 4 days average its obsevation with 2D ultrasound. Assessment of the embryo before 6 weeks of gestation could be done in 12 pregnancies by means of 3D ultrasound. Multiplanar study enhanced sensitivity to detect the embryo earlier. Assessment of yolk sac, omphalomesenteric duct and embryo in gestations between 6 and 7 weeks were better perfomed with 3D. Conclusion: Volumetric ultrasonography (3D/4D) evaluation of early pregnancy could identify the yolk sac and embryo 3 to 4 days before 2D ultrasonography, allowing a better interpretation of the visible structures by obstetricians and parents.


The analysis of results after treatment of 60 patients with penetrating eye wounds in whom primary surgical treatment included IOL implantation, has shown that early intraocular correction, by indications elaborated by the author, is justified and allows to achieve high visual acuity. The choice of the surgical method should be determined by the character of the eye ball injury. In those cases when the corneal wound is 7-8 mm in size, it is advisable to implant the IOL through the inlet opening, this being less traumatic, than implantation through the additional corneoscleral incision. In case of embedment of a foreign body and its localization within 5-6 mm from the limbus, it can be removed through the corneoscleral incision together with conducting all necessary procedures. In case of a deeper embedment of foreign body, but not beyond the eye equator, it should be removed diasclerally and the IOL implanted through the additional incision. The proposed methods for treatment of penetrating eye wounds using IOL implantation allowed to achieve good vision in the patients operated on, and in remote terms it achieved the levels from 0.28 +/- 0.09 to 0.70 +/- 0.06.


To evaluate the effects of methotrexate (MTX) on the biology of a vascularized bone graft (VBG), a study of adult dogs was performed. Different protocols of treatment using MTX, with or without the administration of citrovorum rescue factor (CRF), were studied. A controlled experiment involving 18 dogs was performed to evaluate the biology of a free vascularized rib graft used to reconstruct a 7-cm segmental defect in the femoral shaft. The grafts were examined at five, eight, and 14 weeks after surgery. Bone union, remodeling, and vasculature were found to be normal, despite a high rate of cortical necrosis in the early follow-up periods (3040%). In a similar group of VBG, MTX was administered at a dose of 1500 mg/m2 body surface (intravenous) from the 14th postoperative day, every three weeks, until the animals were killed. Citrovorum rescue factor was administered to avoid the toxic side effects of the MTX. The results of this group did not differ from those of the control group as far as bone union, remodeling, vasculature, and viability of the graft were concerned. Methotrexate did not, for the most part, affect the biology of a free vascularized bone graft.


The type III capsular polysaccharide of group B streptococci (GBS) consists of a linear backbone with short side chains ending in residues of N-acetylneuraminic acid, or sialic acid. The presence of sialic acid on the surface of the organism inhibits activation of the alternative pathway of complement and is thought to be an important element in the virulence function of the capsule. We showed previously that a mutant strain of GBS that expressed a sialic acid-deficient, or asialo, form of the type III polysaccharide was avirulent, supporting a virulence function for capsular sialic acid. We now report the derivation of an asialo capsule mutant from a highly encapsulated wild-type strain of type III GBS, strain COH1, by insertional mutagenesis with transposon Tn916 delta E. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the asialo mutant strain COH1-11 was sensitive to phagocytic killing by human leukocytes in vitro and was relatively avirulent in a neonatal rat model of GBS infection. The asialo mutant accumulated free intracellular sialic acid, suggesting a defect subsequent to sialic acid synthesis in the biosynthetic pathway leading to capsule sialylation. The specific biosynthetic defect in mutant strain COH1-11 was found to be in the activation of free sialic acid to CMP-sialic acid: CMP-sialic acid synthetase activity was present in the wild-type strain COH1 but was not detected in the asialo mutant strain COH1-11. One of the two transposon insertions in the asialo mutant COH1-11 mapped to the same chromosomal location as one of the two Tn916 insertions in the previously reported asialo mutant COH31-21, identifying this site as a genetic locus necessary for expression of CMP-sialic acid synthetase activity. These studies demonstrate that the enzymatic synthesis of CMP-sialic acid by GBS is an essential step in sialylation of the type III capsular polysaccharide.


The native form of plasminogen is Glu-plasminogen, which by plasmin cleavage gives Lys-plasminogen. Lys-plasminogen is a considerably better substrate compared with Glu-plasminogen for plasminogenolytic enzymes. The contact activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation consisting of factor XII, prekallikrein and high Mr kininogen has been implicated to play a role in the intrinsic fibrinolysis. Here activation of Glu- and Lys-plasminogen by factor XIIa in the absence of prekallikrein/kallikrein and high Mr kininogen was studied in a purified system by the generation of amidolytic activity towards pyroGlu-Phe-Lys-pNA (S-2403), a chromogenic substrate of plasmin. A slow activation rate of both Glu- and Lys-plasminogen by factor XIIa was enhanced approximately 60-fold in the presence of Zn2+ and a negatively charged surface. 6-Aminohexanoic acid further enhanced the activation of Glu-plasminogen but inhibited the activation of Lys-plasminogen. The presence of a specific factor XIIa inhibitor completely prevented the generation of plasmin amidolytic activity indicating that activation was mediated by proteolytical cleavage, although this could not be proven by Western-blotting. Physiological concentration of factor XIIa was as more efficient than soluble u-PA to lyse fibrin as a result of activation of Glu-plasminogen. This did not require the presence of Zn2+ or sulfatide.


A novel preclinical model combining experimental methods and theoretical analysis is proposed to investigate the mechanism of action and identify pharmacodynamic characteristic of a drug. Instead of fixed time point analysis of the drug exposure to drug effect, the time course of drug effect for different doses are quantitatively studied on cell line-based platforms using Kalman filter, where tumor cells' responses to drugs through the use of fluorescent reporters are sampled frequently over a time-course. It is expected that such preclinical study will provide valuable suggestions about dosing regimens for in vivo experimental stage to increase productivity.


This study aims to identify and analyze the acknowledgment of signatures on an electronic document in the evidence of civil procedural law in Indonesia, and to find out and analyze the implementation of civil dispute resolution submitted by the parties by means of electronic documents signed with digital signatures. The method used in this research is to use an empirical juridical approach. Electronic documents, in this case digital signatures, can be used as evidence in court, which is an extension of the evidentiary law in Indonesia after the ITE Law, but only has the power of proof as an underhand deed not as an authentic deed. In the process of settling a lawsuit for civil proceedings through litigation media, it is carried out amicably first by means of a peace made by the party concerned without the assistance of an authorized official. Efforts to settle through non-litigation media can be carried out in three ways, including arbitration, negotiation, and mediation.


This article examines two union-led public protests against changes to industrial relations legislation—the 1996 Cavalcade to Canberra, organised by the Austra lian Council of Trade Unions, and the 1997 Third Wave campaign, organised by the Trades and Labor Council of Western Australia. The labour movement in both cases used space (in and around the environs of Canberra's and Perth's Parliament houses) for the purposes of mobilising a 'counterpublic' to challenge the respective pieces of legislation. We analyse how organisers of the campaigns used public space to create an alternative public sphere. The 1996 Canberra rally was much less successful than the 1997 Western Australian protest in using public space for the formation and represen tation of a union counterpublic. The article concludes that an understanding of the relationship between public space, the public sphere and the complexities of forming collective identities across individual differences is necessary for the effective mobilisa tion of protest by the labour movement.


PURPOSE
Successful ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT) with low-dose alteplase and argatroban in a patient with bilateral pulmonary embolism (PE) secondary to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is reported.

SUMMARY
HIT is a life-threatening complication associated with a high risk of thromboembolism. Systemic anticoagulation for the treatment of thrombosis may not be sufficient in the presence of PE. Catheter-directed treatment may be indicated in patients with PE and associated right ventricular dysfunction. Literature describing the use of nonheparin anticoagulation with catheter-directed thrombolysis in the setting of HIT, particularly in the context of PE, is limited. A 76-year-old Caucasian woman with recent cardiac surgery was hospitalized with bilateral PE. Unfractionated heparin was initiated, but the patient was switched to argatroban upon suspicion of HIT due to recent heparin exposure. The patient clinically improved and was switched to rivaroxaban on hospital day 7 for long-term anticoagulation. She developed worsening dyspnea on hospital day 9, and a computed tomography angiogram revealed an increased clot burden. On hospital day 12, the patient underwent USAT with alteplase and argatroban using the EkoSonic Endovascular System (EKOS Corporation, Bothell, WA). The catheters and sheaths were removed after approximately 20 hours, and the patient had marked hemodynamic improvement with reduced bilateral pulmonary arterial pressure. She was transitioned to warfarin therapy and discharged on hospital day 19.

CONCLUSION
A woman with HIT and bilateral PE was successfully treated with the combination of argatroban and USAT with alteplase.


Preface. List of Contributors. Part I: Crime, Justice, and Societies:. 1. The Social Nature of Crime and Deviance: Colin Sumner. 2. Theories of Social Control and the State between American and European Shores: Dario Melossi (University of Bologna). 3. Criminal Justice Process and the War on Crime: Markus Dirk Dubber (State University of New York). 4. Criminology, Genocide, and Modernity: Remarks on the Companion that Criminology Ignored: Wayne Morrison (University of London). Part II: Juvenile Delinquency and Justice for Youth:. 5. The Criminologists' Gang: Jack Katz and Curtis Jackson-Jacobs (both University of California, Los Angeles). 6. Youth Crime and Crime Control in Contemporary Japan:Mark Fenwick (Kyushu University, Japan). 7. Consumer Culture and Crime inLate Modernity: Keith J. Hayward (University of Kent). 8. The Politics of Youth Crime and Justice in South Africa: Elrena van der Spuy (University of Cape Town), Wilfried Scharf (University of Cape Town), and Jeffrey Lever (University of Stellensbosch, Cape Town). Part III: Punishment and Its Alternatives:. 9. Penal Policies and Contemporary Politics: Pat O'Malley (University of Sydney). 10. Beyond Bricks, Bars, and Barbed Wire: The Genesis and Proliferation of Alternatives to Incarceration in the United States: Barry R. Holman and Robert A. Brown (Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis). 11. Rehabilitation: An Assessment of Theory and Research: Mark W. Lipsey (Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy), Nana A. Landenberger (Vanderbilt Institute for Public Policy), and Gabrielle L. Chapman (Tennessee Department of Corrections). 12. Female Punishment: From Patriarchy to Backlash? Laureen Snider (Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario). Part IV: Gender and the Masculinity of Crime:. 13. Beyond Bad Girls: Feminist Perspectives on Female Offending: Meda Chesney-Lind (University of Hawaii). 14. Managing "Men's Violence" in the Criminological Arena: Adrian Howe (University of Central Lanacshire). 15. Masculinities and Crime: Rethinking the "Man Question"? Richard Collier (University of Newcastle upon Tyne). 16. "Abominable and Detestable": Understanding Homophobia and the Criminalization of Sodomy: Mary Bernstein (University of Connecticut). 17. The Gendering and Racializing of Criminalized Others: Elizabeth Comack (University of Manitoba). Part IV: Capital, Power, and Crime:. 18. White-Collar Crime: Amedeo Cottino (University of Turin). 19. "Dance Your Anger and Your Joys": Multinational Corporations, Power, "Crime": Frank Pearce (Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario) and Steve Tombs (Liverpool John Moores University). 20. Globalization and the Illicit Drugs Trade in Hong Kong: K. Joe Laidler (University of Hong Kong). 21. Trafficking in Human Beings and Related Crimes in West and Central Africa: Alexis A. Aronowitz (University College of Utrecht) and Monika Peruffo (International Organization for Migrations Mission in Columbia). Part V: Globalization, Crime, and Information:. 22. Globality, Globalization, and Private Policing: A Caribbean Case Study: Maureen Cain (University of Birmingham). 23. The Rise of the Surveillant State in Times of Globalization: Thomas Mathiesen (University of Oslo). 24. The Politics of Crime Statistics: William J. Chambliss (George Washington University). 25. Two Realities of Police Communication: Aaron Doyle (Carleton University, Ottawa) and Richard Ericson (University of Toronto). 26. Hacktivism: Resistance is Fertile? Paul A. Taylor (University of Leeds). Index


Additive Manufacturing or Direct Manufacturing, popularly known as 3D Printing, has become the leading-edge manufacturing technology. Today Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) is a reality, not only for prototype fabrication, also for functional parts in all industrial sectors. Design freedom that the AM processes offer has led to design and engineering of new, complex, light-weight structures in all applications. However, in order to realize further and widespread use of metal AM for manufacturing critical components, it is necessary to explore the inherent material freedom in AM. While new metal AM materials are being developed, the role of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) is becoming more apparent than ever before. This presentation will highlight the increasing role of Materials Science and Engineering in metal AM technologies. This presentation will show the essence of metallurgical principles in realizing full scope of material freedom in metal additive manufacturing. This presentation will demonstrate how fundamental MSE principles can be utilized to develop new materials, optimize metal AM and post processing, and their controls that cannot be achieved by conventional manufacturing methods. The examples with new AM alloys based on Al, Ti, and Ni will be presented, leading to a path of developing advanced and higher performance products for critical applications.


In the last 80s, Shulman put forward the concept of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), which aroused great concern in educational field. Pedagogical content knowledge is the core content of a teacher's knowledge. The PCK Structure of art teacher consists of subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, student's knowledge and situational knowledge. Although, unified understanding on pedagogical content knowledge has not been achieved yet, the construction of art teacher's PCK still proactively promotes the development of art teacher's training education on mode.


This report presents the details of the WFPC2 programs planned to maintain and improve the instrument calibration during Cycle 10. The standard suite of calibrations will be continued , including those used to monitor the health of the instrument as well as the programs to collect data for calibration reference files. In addition, several new proposals will be implemented: a measurement of the effect of CTE on astrometry, a characterization of the PSF wings, a calibration check of the clocks ON mode, and a test of the methane quad filter throughput. The total spacecraft time required for the Cycle 10 plan is 61 exter-nals orbits and 2294 occultation periods. This estimate does not include any calibrations associated with the next servicing mission (SM 3b), currently scheduled for Nov 2001; those plans will be presented separately.


Technology has been shown to effectively enable economic growth at the firm and national level. Yet ICT's effects upon, and the process by which it is incorporated into, microenterprises, remain largely unknown. This paper explores, through two case studies, interventions that enabled micro-enterprises (businesses with low revenues and one to five employees) in underserved communities to connect to the Internet, obtain technical assistance, and take advantage of free and low cost software. The cases illustrate instances in which the introduction of ICTs increased microenterprise mobility, ability to organize customer information, and connected microenterprises to other microenterprises. The cases also depict a number of related (secondary) benefits arising out of the microentrepreneurs' improved technology usage and literacy. The contribution of the paper is in illuminating patterns of access and use, concepts, and relationships that enable micro-enterprises to use ICTs to achieve what is valuable to them. The implications for global development lie in highlighting ideas, research techniques, and practices that are working 'in the field' in relation to ICT adoption by microenterprises, so that these techniques may be deployed and improved upon by others.


The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has revolutionized high-energy (HE) astronomy, and is making enormous contributions particularly to γ-ray pulsar science. As a result of the many new pulsar discoveries, the γ-ray pulsar population is now approaching 100. Some very famous millisecond pulsars (MSPs) have also been detected: J1939+2134 (B1937+21), the first MSP ever discovered, as well as J1959+2048 (B1957+20), the first black widow pulsar system. These, along with other MSPs such as PSR J0034−0534 and J2214+3000, are rare among the pulsar population in that they exhibit nearly phasealigned radio and γ-ray light curves (LCs). Traditionally, pulsar LCs have been modelled using standard HE models in conjunction with low-altitude conal beam radio models. However, a different approach is needed to account for phase-aligned LCs. We explored two scenarios: one where both the radio and γ-ray emission originate in the outer magnetosphere, and one where the emission comes from near the polar caps (PCs) on the stellar surface. We find best-fit LCs using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique for the first class of models. The first scenario seems to be somewhat preferred, as is also hinted at by the radio polarization data. This implies that the phase-aligned LCs are possibly of caustic origin produced in the outer magnetosphere, in contrast to the usual lower-altitude conal beam radio models. Lastly, we constrain the emission altitudes with typical uncertainties of ∼ 10% of the light cylinder radius. The modelled pulsars are members of a third γ-ray MSP subclass, in addition to two others with non-aligned radio and γ-ray LCs.


During hospital renovation, medical processes are, oftentimes, in progress at the same time as construction processes. Maintaining hospital operations during hospital construction projects leads to hazards, following from interferences between construction and medical processes. Conflicts between those processes are undesirable because medical processes are very vulnerable. Hospitals and its inhabitants suffer from these interferences. Therefore, aligning medical & construction processes during the planning stage is very important for hospital renovation projects. Various specialists are involved in the planning of hospital renovations. It is important that they have insight in the project, to detect errors in the construction plan, and to devise safety measures effectively. Compared to traditional 2D scheduling methods, 4D modeling methods help planners and practitioners to associate time and space in the pre-construction phase. I developed a 4D visualization method to support project teams in the planning of safety measures, and hospital and construction processes. This paper reports the findings from a case study, it also introduces the method. In the study, the 4D models appeared to be useful for construction specialists and medical specialists, because they allowed for a better understanding of the construction plans and drawings. This provides first evidence that 4D models can support in hospital construction projects.


This report summarizes an experimental investigation of fatigue strength of post-tensioned concrete girders. The test series included strand-in -air tests to characterize the prestressing strands utilized, reduced beam specimens with single strands in a tendon, reduced beam specimens with multiple strands in a tendon, and complete beams with multiple strands in a tendon. The variables explored included the effect of stress range, type of duct material, lateral contact force per unit length, and type of strand. Duct materials included both metallic and plastic sheaths. Both epoxy coated and uncoated strands were used. All specimens were tested in a cracked condition and fatigue failures occurred in the regions of high curvature (and hence high lateral force) in the vicinity of cracks. The results indicate that the expected fatigue life of prestressing strand as determined from strand-in-air tests can be substantially reduced in post-tensioned concrete applications due to fretting fatigue of the prestressing tendon. Such fretting fatigue can occur in cracked concrete sections at locations of tendon curvature. With metal ducts the rubbing between sheath and strand greatly aggravated fretting. With plastic ducts, the ducts showed marked evidence of rubbing and wearing, but with single strand tendons, fretting was not a serious problem. However, with plastic ducts and multiple strand tendons in more than one layer, fretting occurred between layers of strands and was a serious problem. The report gives design recommendations in a form compatible with the overall AASHTO fatigue approach for steel bridge members (A).


To reduce poverty and food insecurity in Africa requires raising productivity in agriculture. Systematic use of fertilizer and hybrid seed is a pathway to increased productivity, but adoption of these technologies remains low. We investigate whether the quality of agricultural inputs can help explain low take-up. Testing modern products purchased in local markets, we find that 30% of nutrient is missing in fertilizer, and hybrid maize seed contains less than 50% authentic seeds. We document that such low quality results in negative average returns. If authentic technologies replaced these low-quality products, average returns for smallholder farmers would be over 50%.


Pitch-class distributions are of central relevance in music information retrieval, computational musicology and various other fields, such as music perception and cognition. However, despite their structure being closely related to the cognitively and musically relevant properties of a piece, many existing approaches treat pitch-class distributions as fixed templates. In this paper, we introduce the Tonal Diffusion Model, which provides a more structured and interpretable statistical model of pitch-class distributions by incorporating geometric and algebraic structures known from music theory as well as insights from music cognition. Our model explains the pitch-class distributions of musical pieces by assuming tones to be generated through a latent cognitive process on the Tonnetz, a well-established representation for harmonic relations. Specifically, we assume that all tones in a piece are generated by taking a sequence of interval steps on the Tonnetz starting from a unique tonal origin. We provide a description in terms of a Bayesian generative model and show how the latent variables and parameters can be efficiently inferred. The model is quantitatively evaluated on a corpus of 248 pieces from the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic era and describes the empirical pitch-class distributions more accurately than conventional template-based models. On three concrete musical examples, we demonstrate that our model captures relevant harmonic characteristics of the pieces in a compact and interpretable way, also reflecting stylistic aspects of the respective epoch.


The impact of climate change has been considerably enough to threaten human health both directly and indirectly through increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, water and food supply impacts, extreme weather events like floods, droughts, earthquakes, etc., susceptible shelter and population migration. Direct effect of environmental circumstances may ease the diffusion of vector-borne diseases, water-borne diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory allergies and malnutrition, etc. Indirect effects of climate change such as mental health problems and involuntary migration are also important. Children, the elderly and communities are living in poverty among the most susceptible of the damaging effects due to climate change. Environmental consequences climate change, such as extreme heat wave, rising sea-levels, changes in precipitation resulting in cyclones, earthquake, flooding and droughts, intense hurricanes and degraded air quality, affect directly and indirectly the physical, social and psychological health of humans. For instance, changes in precipitations are creating changes in the availability and quality of water, as well as resulting in extreme weather events such as intense hurricanes and flooding. Seeing the cumulative trend of impact of climate change on human health, implementation of alleviation measures like consolidation health systems and service delivery mechanisms through early monitoring, disease investigation, vector and disease control, and health insurance to counter the same becomes authoritative. Investment in research and development, health risk calculation studies, susceptibility mapping studies, formation of baseline circumstances, scenario modeling and acceptance of clean expansion mechanisms, etc. are the need of the hour. Economics would play a major role in combating the potential threat. Countries with good GDP would be able to introduce the best available tools of intervention and can fill up the lacunae in health system.


The history of the Russian Revolution dominated Marxist and radical politics throughout the twentieth century. It also set the context for intense political and theoretical juxtapositions. In particular, the interpretation of the class character of the Soviet Union gave rise to much controversy and was inseparably linked with the issue of Stalinism. Yet, what was highly problematic in most of these approaches was that their positions reflected the political expediencies, sectarianism and dogmatism of the fragmented labour movement. Thus, they failed not only to function in a situation of mutual recognition, critical solidarity and open criticism, but also to provide a radically satisfactory answer to the Russian question. Unfortunately, even in present-day critical theory and within the radical movement, it appears that the questions concerning the nature of Stalinism do not attract much attention. As a result, liberals and conservatives have been able to appropriate the history of the Russian Revolution by presenting the tragedy of Stalinism as the absolute and irredeemable failure of socialism. More importantly, the inability of the anti-capitalist movement to draw the necessary and inescapable conclusions from its own past struggles and failures constrains the formation of a radical alternative to capitalism. This paper argues that the Soviet experience and the issue of Stalinism need an imperative and much more careful and critical rethinking. There is within the radical tradition a valuable theoretical legacy that has to be reconsidered and further developed. To this end, the aim of this article is to discuss the critique of Stalinism provided by Anton Pannekoek and Cornelius Castoriadis. It explores their short exchange of letters on this topic and proceeds analytically to outline their positions in regard to the Stalinist phenomenon. The paper concludes by critically examining the limits and the merits of their approaches.


The use of new feed resources, particularly local agroindustrial byproducts, such as banana, may be an option for replacing those traditionally used for sheep feed to reduce production costs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of replacing corn bran with banana leftovers on performance, carcass, non-carcass components, meat traits, and fatty acid profile of Santa Inês lambs. Twenty-four Santa Inês female lambs with an average weight of 23.73 kg were fed diets containing 60 % coast cross hay and 40 % concentrate (30 % corn bran and 10 % soybean meal). Treatments consisted of corn bran replaced by banana leftovers at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 75 % on a dry matter basis. The experiment lasted 120 days. Animals were slaughtered and carcasses and non-carcass components were evaluated. The half-carcasses were weighed and sectioned into commercial cuts. The 12th and 13th ribs were dissected to collect bones, muscle and fat proportions. Cooking loss, color, shear force and sarcomere length were measured. Fatty acid profiles were obtained by gas chromatography. Hot and cold carcass weight, leg, neck, lung, loin eye area, fat thickness, initial sample weight of the 12th and 13th ribs, fat and bone, presented a negative linear effect of banana leftovers replacing corn in the diet. Loin, fat thickness, cooking loss and carcass redness showed a negative quadratic effect, while full and empty abomasum, full omasum, sarcomere length and yellowness presented a positive quadratic effect. Replacement of up to 75 % of corn bran by banana leftovers did not interfere in the intake, performance, meat traits and the fatty acid profile of lambs. The use of banana leftovers may be an alternative for reducing animal production costs.


This research drew on the findings of the Finniston Inquiry on the shortage of engineering skills in the U.K.. It is a critical evaluation of much of the relevant research conducted before and since that inquiry and is a record of an original case study conducted in the British electronics industry. The plant chosen manufactured Televisions, video Cassette Recorders and Printed Circuit Boards, and was experiencing a technical skill shortage. The firm had recently undergone internal reorganisation in response to changes in the product market. The investigation took the form of a questionnaire survey, in depth interviews and non-participant observations. The results showed links between the perceived skill shortage and labour turnover, dissatisfaction among the engineers and poor skill utilisation, poor market performance and inappropriate organisational systems. This thesis therefore suggests that the perceived engineering skill shortage in the firm studied is symptomatic of a company adapting to a dynamic and volatile product market, and that the problems facing the U.K. engineering industry as a whole are unlikely to be solved by isolated strategies aimed at raising salaries or status, improving education or increasing investment. Companies must focus attention on developing Human Resource Management policies which reflect the conditions of the product market, the internal and external labour market and which, by reducing dissatisfaction and turnover, maximise the utilisation of the skills available. This, it is believed will work to the benefit of the company, the industry and the engineering profession in the U.K.


: The time course of respiratory activity, e.g., the the abrupt transitions between the inspiratory (1) and expiratory (E) phases, can be explained by several types of interaction between brainstem respiratory neurons. 1) Reciprocal inhibition: Inhibition of E neurons by I neurons, and of I neurons by E neurons, has been demonstrated, a mechanism that prevents occurrence of activity in one set of populations during the period of activity of another set of populations. 2) Recurrent inhibition: During each respiratory phase, activity in recurrent loops gradually rises to levels sufficient to inhibit ongoing activity and produce abrupt phase-switching. a) I leads to E phase-switching: By use of lung inflation tests, several categories of I neurons in the region of the ventrolateral nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS) have been specified; in particular, a population of late-I neurons has been found that may function to terminate the I phase. b) E leads to I phase-switching: Several populations of medullary neurons (early-E, late-E, and EI) have been found with responses to lung inflation that suggest that they may play a role in determining E phase duration and E leads to I switching; in particular, a population of early-E neurons in the NTS has been found whose discharge properties suggest that they may function to delay the onset of the succeeding I phase. 3) Recurrent excitation: There is evidence for the existence of recurrent excitatory actions among I neurons that may produce the augmenting pattern of I neurons' discharges.


Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) features autoimmunity, vasculopathy and tissue fibrosis. The renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems have been implicated in vasculopathy and fibrosis. A role for autoantibody-mediated receptor stimulation is hypothesised, linking three major pathophysiological features consistent with SSc. Methods Serum samples from 478 patients with SSc (298 in the study cohort and 180 from two further independent cohorts), 372 healthy subjects and 311 control-disease subjects were tested for antibodies against angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and endothelin-1 type A receptor (ETAR) by solid phase assay. Binding specificities were tested by immunoprecipitation. The biological effects of autoantibodies in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro were also determined, as well as the quantitative differences in autoantibody levels on specific organ involvements and their predictive value for SSc-related mortality. Results Anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR autoantibodies were detected in most patients with SSc. Autoantibodies specifically bound to respective receptors on endothelial cells. Higher levels of both autoantibodies were associated with more severe disease manifestations and predicted SSc-related mortality. Both autoantibodies exert biological effects as they induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and increased transforming growth factor β gene expression in endothelial cells which could be blocked with specific receptor antagonists. Conclusions Functional autoimmunity directed at AT1R and ETAR is common in patients with SSc. AT1R and ETAR autoantibodies could contribute to disease pathogenesis and may serve as biomarkers for risk assessment of disease progression.


This study examines L2 Chinese learners' knowledge of the perfective marker LE in Mandarin Chinese. More specifically, it investigates if learners at the intermediate level have acquired the necessary metalinguistic knowledge that governs LE use. The study addresses three research questions: First, when making errors, do L2 learners mostly oversupply or undersupply LE? Second, do L2 learners have the metalinguistic knowledge that certain verb types require the use of LE, while others do not allow it? Third, how do heritage speakers and Chinese Foreign Language (CFL) learners differ in their use of perfective LE? Thirty-two students studying Mandarin Chinese at a large American university participated in the study by completing a fill-in-the-blank task in which they were instructed to add LE to a text wherever they thought was necessary. The results indicate that in a fill-in-the-blank task using perfective LE, intermediate-level CFL learners have a greater problem with undersupplying LE than with oversupplying it. Verb type has a main effect on learners' LE use because they have not fully acquired the metalinguistic knowledge about the interaction between lexical aspect and grammatical aspect. Furthermore, heritage speakers perform better than non-heritage learners in the use of perfective LE. This study highlights the importance for CFL teachers to give explicit instruction on how certain verb types favor or disfavor the use of LE.


Unsupervised graph representation learning (UGRL) has drawn increasing research attention and achieved promising results in several graph analytic tasks. Relying on the homophily assumption, existing UGRL methods tend to smooth the learned node representations along all edges, ignoring the existence of heterophilic edges that connect nodes with distinct attributes. As a result, current methods are hard to generalize to heterophilic graphs where dissimilar nodes are widely connected, and also vulnerable to adversarial attacks. To address this issue, we propose a novel unsupervised Graph Representation learning method with Edge hEterophily discriminaTing (GREET) which learns representations by discriminating and leveraging homophilic edges and heterophilic edges. To distinguish two types of edges, we build an edge discriminator that infers edge homophily/heterophily from feature and structure information. We train the edge discriminator in an unsupervised way through minimizing the crafted pivot-anchored ranking loss, with randomly sampled node pairs acting as pivots. Node representations are learned through contrasting the dual-channel encodings obtained from the discriminated homophilic and heterophilic edges. With an effective interplaying scheme, edge discriminating and representation learning can mutually boost each other during the training phase. We conducted extensive experiments on 14 benchmark datasets and multiple learning scenarios to demonstrate the superiority of GREET.


In many emerging economies corruption, poor quality of information and poor governance lead to restricted entry. In this paper we analyze the determinants of the .height.of entry barrier in a developing economy where established .rms often use dubious means to deter entry of other .rms. We analyse this scenario in a three-stage game of entry deterrence. The incumbent has incomplete information about the entrant.s costs but can increase this cost by resorting to unfair means (for example, bribing a politician who harms the entrant). Higher is the bribe, higher will be the entry cost and hence lower will be the incentive to enter. In our set-up bribe serves as a proxy for .height.of entry barrier. The entrant observes its cost and decides whether or not to enter. We completely characterise the optimal bribe and show that this depends on the market size, the .di¤erentiation.parameter (whether goods are substitutes or complement) and the extent of uncertainty. Uncertainty seems to increase bribe and decrease market quality. We also show that zero bribe need not maximise total surplus and market quality. Our results seem to be compatible with anecdotal evidences from an emerging economy like India.


Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems are, in contrast to clientserver (C/S) systems, fault-tolerant, robust, and scalable. While C/S distributed file systems, such as NFS (Network File System) or SMB (Server Message Block), do not scale with respect to the number of clients and exhibit a single point of failure, P2P file systems have the potential to cope with an increasing number of participants. Thus, this paper presents DRFS (Distributed Reliable File System), a P2P file system for cooperative environments. DRFS uses random, content-independent identifiers for data storage, while maintaining high performance and low overhead with many concurrent reads and writes. A dynamic replication mechanism ensures data availability, even under high churn. The application scenario considers an office environment, where DRFS is installed on employees' machines, who store and request files. DRFS has been implemented using the Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) interface, in order to provide users with transparent read and write operations. Experiments show the benefits of such a peer-to-peer architecture, when a small number of peers reads or writes in parallel: DRFS performs better than NFS, as soon as 6 peers read or write in parallel a 32 MB file. For unpopular files, it is also more reliable than IgorFS.


This article deals with WTO law as a possible obstacle to pursue CSR policies. Drawing in particular from the reports in Tuna Dolphin II and EC – Seal Products, it discusses the three main issues within WTO law related to the hybrid character of CSR regulation between private and public and between national and international: First, the general admissibility for the importing state to address socially and/or environmentally responsible production standards abroad and thus – from its perspective – extraterritorial situations (so-called 'non-product-related production measures'); second, the attribution of (more or less) private CSR regulation to the importing state; and third, the question whether and under which conditions private (transnational) CSR standards can be regarded as 'international standards' under the law of the WTO.


The social web appears a promising environment to study the societal impact of research, and, although platforms such as Twitter appear to be popular to share scientific content, little is known about the outreach of scientific communication on social media. By surveying a sample of Twitter users who are also followers of communication and Library and Information Science (LIS) researchers, this article aims to understand who is interacting with researchers on Twitter and if the activity of following allows to get closer to science and research. A survey was sent to all followers of 9 active researchers, and 53 responses were collected and analyzed. According to the results, followers are mostly professionals (49%) although the higher education sector (36%) accounts for an important part of the audience. Twitter allows respondents to keep updated, feel as a part of the scientific community and gain more visibility, whereas interactions appear as an important though secondary facet of these users' activity on Twitter. Finally, participants consider that they do not have influence on the scientific process, maybe because the flow of information on Twitter occurs mostly as retweeting in an unidirectional fashion. More research is needed in order to understand better interactions and engagement on social media before they can be quantified and measured as indicators of societal impact of research.


A special feature of spaces with urban character is the phenomenon of exclusion, which refers both to the space and the community, causing deformation and the disappearance of the unity of the urban structure as a whole. Spatial segregation processes – resulting from social polarization – causes low–income or marginalized groups lack of access to a high–quality urban space. Excluded spaces have become a constant component of visual reality in which gated communities, guarded buildings, or corporation complexes have divided the urban fabric, and in opposition to the city, are capturing more and more spaces. The result of the appearance of the excluded spaces is the lack of the right to the city for all its inhabitants. Foresaid lack deprives the participant of the possibility of observation and penetration the urban structure, which further deepens the sense of alienation. In such spatial conditions the longing for re–evoking the idea of a sustainable city is born. The essence is therefore an insightful diagnosis of the impact of uncontrolled processes shaping the urban structure deepening segregation and exclusion from the urban space. Keywords: urban transformation, exclusion, inhabitants


Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease is the commonest inherited neuromuscular disorder affecting at least 1 in 2,500. Over the last two decades, there have been rapid advances in understanding the molecular basis for many forms of CMT with more than 30 causative genes now described. This has made obtaining an accurate genetic diagnosis possible but at times challenging for clinicians. This review aims to provide a simple, pragmatic approach to diagnosing CMT from a clinician's perspective.


In The Shock of Medievalism Kathleen Biddick explores the nineteenth-century foundations of medieval studies as an academic discipline as well as certain unexamined contemporary consequences of these origins. By pairing debates over current academic trends and issues with innovative readings of medieval texts, Biddick exposes the presuppositions of the field of medieval studies and significantly shifts the objects of its historical inquiry.

Biddick describes how the discipline of medieval studies was defined by a process of isolation and exclusion—a process that not only ignored significant political and cultural issues of the nineteenth century but also removed the period from the forces of history itself. Wanting to separate themselves from popular studies of medieval culture, and valuing their own studies as scientific, nineteenth-century academics created an exclusive discipline whose structure is consistently practiced today, despite the denials of most contemporary medieval scholars. Biddick supports her argument by discussing the unavowed melancholy that medieval Christians felt for Jews and by revealing the unintentional irony of nineteenth-century medievalists' fabrication of sentimental objects of longing (such as the "gothic peasant"). The subsequent historical distortions of this century-old sentimentality, the relevance of worker dislocation during the industrial revolution, and other topics lead to a conclusion in which Biddick considers the impact of an array of factors on current medieval studies.

Simultaneously displacing disciplinary stereotypes and altering an angle of historical inquiry, The Shock of Medievalism challenges accepted thinking even as it produces a new direction for medieval studies. This book will provoke scholars in this field and appeal to readers who are interested in how historicizing processes can affect the development of academic disciplines.


Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in a marine environment deteriorate with time due to chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing bars. Corrosion is initiated by chloride contamination if the structures have poor quality concrete and/or inadequate concrete cover. Reinforcement corrosion in concrete is the predominant factor for the premature deterioration of RC structures, leading to structural failure. Failure does not necessarily mean structural collapse, but also includes loss of serviceability characterized by concrete cracking, spalling, and excessive deflection. Whole life performance prediction of aging RC bridges is gradually becoming a requirement for the design of these structures and a necessity for decision making with respect to their inspection, repair, strengthening, demolition and replacement. In addition, extreme events such as earthquake have to be considered during the life-cycle of bridges located in seismic regions. This paper aims to present a brief review of recent results reported on long term performance of bridges under extreme events, with emphasis on RC bridges in a marine and seismic environment.


Objectives To describe the design, development and pilot of a multicomponent intervention aimed at supporting withdrawal of opioids for people with chronic non-malignant pain for future evaluation in the Improving the Wellbeing of people with Opioid Treated CHronic pain (I-WOTCH) randomised controlled trial. Design The I-WOTCH intervention draws on previous literature and collaboration with stakeholders (patient and public involvement). Intervention mapping and development activities of Behaviour Change Taxonomy are described. Setting The intervention development was conducted by a multidisciplinary team with clinical, academic and service user perspectives. The team had expertise in the development and testing of complex health behaviour interventions, opioid tapering and pain management in primary and secondary care, I.T programming, and software development—to develop an opioid tapering App. Participants The I-WOTCH trial participants are adults (18 years and over) with chronic non-malignant pain using strong opioids for at least 3 months and on most days in the preceding month. Outcomes A multicomponent self-management support package to help people using opioids for chronic non-malignant pain reduce opioid use. Interventions and results Receiving information on the impact of long-term opioid use, and potential adverse effects were highlighted as important facilitators in making the decision to reduce opioids. Case studies of those who have successfully stopped taking opioids were also favoured as a facilitator to reduce opioid use. Barriers included the need for a 'trade-off to fill the deficit of the effect of the drug'. The final I-WOTCH intervention consists of an 8–10 week programme incorporating: education; problem-solving; motivation; group and one to one tailored planning; reflection and monitoring. A detailed facilitator manual was developed to promote consistent delivery of the intervention across the UK. Conclusions We describe the development of an opioid reduction intervention package suitable for testing in the I-WOTCH randomised controlled trial. Trial registration number ISRCTN49470934.


The demand for more complex and multifunctional microsystems with enhanced performance characteristics for military applications is driving the electronics industry toward the use of best-of-breed materials and device technologies. Threedimensional (3-D) integration provides a way to build complex microsystems through bonding and interconnection of individually optimized device layers without compromising system performance and fabrication yield. Bonding of device layers can be achieved through polymer bonding or metal-metal interconnect bonding with a number of metalmetal systems. RTI has been investigating and characterizing Cu-Cu and Cu/Sn-Cu processes for high density area array imaging applications, demonstrating high yield bonding between sub-15 μm pads on large area array configurations. This paper will review recent advances in the development of high yield, large area array metal-metal interconnects which enable 3-D integration of heterogeneous materials (e.g. HgCdTe with silicon) and heterogeneous fabrication processes (e.g. infrared emitters or microbolometers with ICs) for imaging and scene projector applications.


Abstract Changes in ecological conditions can induce changes in behavior and demography of wild organisms, which in turn may influence population dynamics. Black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) nesting in colonies on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) in western Alaska have declined substantially (~50%) since the turn of the century. Black brant are herbivores that rely heavily on Carex subspathacea (Hoppner's sedge) during growth and development. The availability of C. subspathacea affects gosling growth rates, which subsequently affect pre‐ and postfledging survival, as well as size and breeding probability as an adult. We predicted that long‐term declines in C. subspathacea have affected gosling growth rates, despite the potential of behavior to buffer changes in food availability during brood rearing. We used Bayesian hierarchical mixed‐effects models to examine long‐term (1987–2015) shifts in brant behavior during brood rearing, forage availability, and gosling growth rates at the Tutakoke River colony. We showed that locomotion behaviors have increased (β = 0.05, 95% CRI: 0.032–0.068) while resting behaviors have decreased (β = −0.024, 95% CRI: −0.041 to −0.007), potentially in response to long‐term shifts in forage availability and brood density. Concurrently, gosling growth rates have decreased substantially (β = −0.100, 95% CRI: −0.191 to −0.016) despite shifts in behavior, mirroring long‐term declines in the abundance of C. subspathacea (β = −0.191, 95% CRI: −0.355 to −0.032). These results have important implications for individual fitness and population viability, where shifts in gosling behavior putatively fail to mitigate long‐term declines in forage availability.


Background & objectives: Undertaking tribe-specific assessment of health status provides the required data for planning appropriate interventions. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the health profile of the Koraga tribe. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a particularly vulnerable tribal group, the Koragas residing in the Udupi district. Data were collected using a pro forma and were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16.0. Results: A total of 273 participants aged ≥18 yr and 94 children aged ≤17 yr were recruited through screening and referral services organized in Koraga hamlets of the Udupi district. Among the adults, 59.7 per cent were females and their median age was 35 yr. About 13.9 per cent had elevated blood pressure and 18.4 per cent had impaired/elevated random blood sugar levels. About 47.6 per cent were underweight and 35.2 per cent were anaemic. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that individuals with morbidities were more likely to be aged ≥45 yr [45-60 yr: adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.3; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI)=1.3-13.8 and >60 yr: AOR=6.4; 95 per cent CI=1.7-23.7] and overweight or obese [23-24.9 kg/m2: AOR=8.1; 95% CI=1.3-48.2 and >25 kg/m2: AOR=7.9; 95% CI=1.6-38.4]. Of the 26 Koraga children aged ≤5 yr, 30.7 and 42.3 per cent had their height for age and weight for age below the third percentile, respectively. Further, 15.3 per cent of under-five children and 27.9 per cent of 6-17 yr old children were severely wasted. About 21.2 per cent of the children aged ≤17 yr were found to be anaemic and 56.3 per cent had symptoms of respiratory tract infection in the past 15 days. Interpretation & conclusions: Malnutrition was prevalent among Koraga adults and children, which warrants designing and implementing appropriate social and health interventions in this population.


Select Research on Organizations from the 2014 Cornell Hospitality Research Summit It goes without saying that change is inevitable in hospitality and service organizations, as the competitive marketplace changes and as the interaction between organizations and their customers and employees evolve. The Cornell Hospitality Research Summit (CHRS) held in October 2014 was organized to examine service innovation in a new light, focusing on a scientific and disciplined approach to the topic. This report is the second of four that feature expanded summaries of select research on service innovation. This second report highlights innovative strategies related to organizational change, including an unexpected outcome for implementing change in European organizations, how to identify and market to "persuadable" guests, and proposed new directions for hotel rating systems. This report highlights six research presentation addressing organizational issues: • "What Your Guests Seek in a Hotel Stay," by John Timmerman and Daniela Yu (page 3); • "Implementing Innovation in European Hotels" by Cathy Enz and Sean Way (page 8); • "Focusing Direct Marketing Promotions on the Persuadable Guest," by Richa Kapoor, Anil Kaul, and Guha Athreya (page 11); • "Using Eye Tracking to Understand Consumers' Consideration in the Online Lodging Purchase Decision, by Breffni Noone and Stephani Robson (page 13); • "Incorporating Guest Reviews into Hotel Classification Systems: A Modest Proposal," by Anita BloombergNygard, Chris Anderson, and Christopher Imbsen (page 16); • "Elements of a World Hotel Rating System," by Roger Kaiser (page 20)


The literature has long been searching for the keys to understanding great power coercion. Currently, that literature has focused too narrowly on the coercive demand, failing to recognise that it is actually the end result of a systemically influenced process. This article calls attention to how polarity structures the perceptions and calculations of states. Ultimately, this impacts a sender's ability to project a clear, consistent demand and potent ultimatum as well as the target's calculations for compliance. Thus, if the literature wants to understand fully great power coercion, it is necessary to infuse the systemic context into the discussion.


Reports from in vitro studies suggest that ivermectin acts by inhibiting host importin alpha/beta-1 nuclear transport proteins, which are part of a key intracellular transport process.3,4 Viruses hijack the process and enhance infection by suppressing the host's antiviral response. In addition, ivermectin docking may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein attachment to the human cell membrane.5 Some studies of ivermectin have also reported potential anti-inflammatory properties, which have been postulated to be beneficial in people with COVID-19.6-8


Social Networks, as the main axis of Web 2.0, are creating a number of interesting challenges to the research and standardisation communities. In this paper, we analyse the current and future use of access control policies in Social Networks. Subsequently, two main issues are addressed: the interoperability among systems using different policy languages and the lack of elements in the existing policy languages when trying to express Social Networks' access control. In particular, our approach is based on the use of the


This paper is based on the application of a Bayesian model to a clinical trial study to determine a more effective treatment to lower mortality rates and consequently to increase survival times among patients with lung cancer. In this study, Qian et al. [13] strived to determine if a Weibull survival model can be used to decide whether to stop a clinical trial. The traditional Gibbs sampler was used to estimate the model parameters. This paper proposes to use the independent steady-state Gibbs sampling (ISSGS) approach, introduced by Dunbar et al. [3], to improve the original Gibbs sampler in multidimensional problems. It is demonstrated that ISSGS provides accuracy with unbiased estimation and improves the performance and convergence of the Gibbs sampler in this application.


Solutions to most real-world challenges require collaborative efforts by multidisciplinary teams to provide the breadth of perspective and expertise needed to create effective solutions. Interprofessional education is a pedagogical practice used to provide students with opportunities to broaden their professional perspective by encouraging students to work as a part of a diverse team to solve complex problems. This process strengthens discipline-specific skill development, problem-solving skills, and appreciation for other disciplines while providing experiences that are attractive to potential employers. Many students are interested in food science, but no food science courses are offered at the university where this study took place. To prepare students for this career field, an interprofessional product development project was created. This collaboration, between nutrition and chemical engineering, simulated a product development process. Nutrition students started with product design and then interacted with chemical engineering students to design a system capable of producing of 10 million units per year. Students were provided opportunities for meaningful reflection to enhance development of teamwork and communication skills. This multidisciplinary project provided students with an authentic experience of product development, from concept to shelf. The study objective was to analyze educational effectiveness of a seemingly unrelated collaboration between two disciplines and provide feedback for future courses. A mixed methods approach was used including course surveys and analysis of student reflections. Results indicated that students had a self-reported increase in communication skills, growth in leadership roles, improved decision making, and better understanding of their own and other disciplines. Common themes among students and classes included effective communication, successful collaboration, conflict resolution, diverse perspectives, student expectations, and an understanding of group roles. The findings suggest that the implementation of interprofessional education in college curriculum can effectively expose students to new perspectives and provide a unique avenue to promote skill development.

Keywords: Project-based learning, Multidisciplinary, Product development


A wide breadth of research has devised data augmentation approaches that can improve both accuracy and generalization performance for neural networks. However, augmented data can end up being far from the clean training data and what is the appropriate label is less clear. Despite this, most existing work simply uses one-hot labels for augmented data. In this paper, we show re-using one-hot labels for highly distorted data might run the risk of adding noise and degrading accuracy and calibration. To mitigate this, we propose a generic method AutoLabel to automatically learn the confidence in the labels for augmented data, based on the transformation distance between the clean distribution and augmented distribution. AutoLabel is built on label smoothing and is guided by the calibration-performance over a hold-out validation set. We successfully apply AutoLabel to three different data augmentation techniques: the state-of-the-art RandAug, AugMix, and adversarial training. Experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet show that AutoLabel significantly improves existing data augmentation techniques over models' calibration and accuracy, especially under distributional shift. Additionally, AutoLabel improves adversarial training by bridging the gap between clean accuracy and adversarial robustness.


A stable line of baby hamster kidney cells for use in the production of, and subsequent purification of, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was grown in large quantities on the cylindrical surfaces of 2-liter Baxter bottles. The bottles, in round wire cages, were rotated on a three-tiered roller mill. The cells retained their rapid growth characteristics and susceptibility to FMDV in a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer-containing medium which was especially formulated for large-scale work. This medium, without being changed, sustained cell growth for 6 to 7 days to yield confluent layers containing 500 to 750 million cells per bottle. In small-scale virus-growth experiments, harvested fluids contained about 10(3.8) to 10(8.8) plaque-forming units (PFU) per ml. This corresponded to a yield of 30 to 50 PFU per cell. In production runs with 190 cultures, the infectious fluids usually contained 10(7.9) to 10(9.2) PFU per ml, and the mass of essentially pure virus obtained therefrom ranged from 7 to 17 mg concomitant with cumulative infectivity recoveries of about 20%.


Patterns of Intellectual Collaboration and Effectiveness of Small Groups Huei-yi Lai The present study examines the collaborative behaviors of 35 students of ages ranging from the mid-20s to early 40s (19 male and 16 female) enrolled in an intensive one-week graduate business course as they engaged in a competitive strategic decision-making simulation. Each group represented a firm. Their discourse in small groups of 3-4 was audio-recorded as they made a series of decisions over the course of the week. The central research question is whether the analysis of audio recordings of small group interactions would reveal any cognitive features of the small group collaboration that would be predictive of a group's performance (measured by the final stock price of the group's firm at the end of the simulation). Discourse transcripts were analyzed using a relational and functional coding scheme that classified each utterance expressed during group interaction with respect to its function in relation to the utterance preceding it. Chosen for analysis was both an early and a late session since early tasks, such as establishing shared understandings, may entail different processes and patterns of interaction than later ones, such as reaching joint conclusions. Particular attention is focused on meta-level utterances, defined as those statements that reflect on the activity, rather than constituting a part of the activity itself and addressing the task subject matter. These meta-level statements are further divided into Meta-Self and Meta-Group categories, i.e., those statements that refer only to the self's thinking and those that refer to the group. A hypothesis was that only Meta-Group statements would benefit coordinated action and hence, group performance. The analysis focused on a comparison of the discourse characteristics of the highest and lowest performing groups. Results showed that members of the highest-performing group made significantly more Meta-Group utterances. In contrast, members of the lowest-performing group made more Meta-Self utterances, in proportion to total utterances made by each group. This difference was consistent across time. Examining the full sample of ten small groups, the pattern was similar. Results showed associations with performance outcomes for both of the discourse categories of major interest – most prominently for the frequency of Meta-Group utterances and to a lesser (and inverse) extent for Meta-Self utterances. The possibility is considered that MetaGroup discourse is productive because it represents a form of perspective-taking with respect to the group rather than the individual. Discussion of what the present data suggest about group process is supported by excerpts from individual post-course interviews and selected small-group discussions.


Cardiff University The Mahābhārata has, for millennia, been pivotal to processes of the construction of ideas of the cosmic and social past in South Asia. The text has also been of critical importance in establishing connections between Vedic and post-Vedic cosmic and social self-understandings. The key theoretical issue that underlies both these roles is of the nature of the relationship between narrative and the construction of forms of significant social knowledge in human social groups. The investigation of this relationship presents challenges to received conceptions of culture, history and structure within the academic disciplines of both Anthropology and History. This study explores the complex orientation to the past evident in the Sanskrit Mahābhārata. It also addresses the relationship between ideas of the past and issues of self-presentation in the text. I argue that the text constitutes itself as a 'reflective' or 'theoretical' technology in early South Asian religious discourse and that this strategy is intimately related to antecedent Vedic forms of knowledge and practice. I argue that this understanding of the text can shed light on wider processes in the formation and consolidation of Sanskritic knowledge systems in early South Asia. I also suggest that the example of the Mahābhārata can help refine more general theoretical orientations to the relationship between narrative, history and culture.


Risk assessment and management of gene flow via pollen dispersal from genetically modified (GM) plants is critical. To minimize the likelihood of undesirable outcrossing, it is important to better understand the relationship between pollen dispersal distance and outcrossing rate in objective materials under physical containment. This study examined how a special screened greenhouse for Type-2 use, covered by a fine, 1-mm mesh reduced pollen dispersal and affected the outcrossing rate of non-GM yellow maize in the greenhouse and silver maize outside the greenhouse. Results suggest that the mesh-covered greenhouse was effective in reducing the outcrossing rate as a whole, although it may be less effective in reducing the longest distance of pollen dispersal. Further, the isolation distance threshold for the screened greenhouse is discussed in relation to risk assessment.