Pt-based alloy surfaces are used to catalyze the electrochemical oxygen reduction
reaction (ORR), where molecular oxygen is converted into water on fuel cell electrodes.
In this work, we address challenges due to the cost of high Pt loadings in the cathode
electrocatalyst, as well as those arising from catalyst durability. We aim to develop an
increased understanding of the factors that determine ORR activity together with
stability against surface segregation and dissolution of Pt-based alloys. We firstly focus
on the problem of determining surface atomic distribution resulting from surface
segregation phenomena. We use first-principles density functional theory (DFT)
calculations on PtCo and Pt3Co overall compositions, as well as adsorption of water and
atomic oxygen on PtCo(111) and Pt-skin structures. The bonding between water and
surfaces of PtCo and Pt-skin monolayers are investigated in terms of orbital population.
Also, on both surfaces, the surface reconstruction effect due to high oxygen coverage
and water co-adsorption is investigated.
Although the PtCo structures show good activity, a large dissolution of Co atoms tends
to occur in acid medium. To tackle this problem, we examine core-shell structures which
showed improved stability and activity compared to Pt(111), in particular, one consisting
of a surface Pt-skin monolayer over an IrCo or Ir3Co core, with or without a Pd
interlayer between the Pt surface and the Ir-Co core. DFT analysis of surface
segregation, surface stability against dissolution, surface Pourbaix diagrams, and reaction mechanisms provide useful predictions on catalyst durability, onset potential for
water oxidation, surface atomic distribution, coverage of oxygenated species, and
activity. The roles of the Pd interlayer in the core-shell structures that influence higher
ORR activity are clarified. Furthermore, the stability and activity enhancement of new
shell-anchor-core structures of Pt/Fe-C/core, Pt/Co-C/core and Pt/Ni-C/core are
demonstrated with core materials of Ir, Pd3Co, Ir3Co, IrCo and IrNi. Based on the
analysis, Pt/Fe-C/Ir, Pt/Co-C/Ir, Pt/Ni-C/Ir, Pt/Co-C/Pd3Co, Pt/Fe-C/Pd3Co, Pt/Co-
C/Ir3Co, Pt/Fe-C/Ir3Co, Pt/Co-C/IrCo, Pt/Co-C/IrNi, and Pt/Fe-C/IrNi structures show
promise in terms of both improved durability and relatively high ORR activity.


Tipping is ubiquitous in countries such as the United States. Given the importance of examining the experiential side of marketing, we examine tipping—a participative pricing context and introduce it to the literature in behavioral pricing. We propose that consumers use tips as an impression management strategy, tipping more when their goal is to impress others. We examine the robustness of these impression management goals when overall bills are small (vs. large, study 1), customers pay using credit card (vs. cash, study 2), and hold different denominations of cash (study 3), as bill size, and payment modes could attenuate the effect of impression management goals on tipping intentions. These findings allow us to better understand the underlying antecedents of tipping behavior, and the consequences of impression management motivations. As such, the article cross-fertilizes the hospitality, economic psychology, and behavioral pricing literatures with applications to consumer research.


The district heating system (DHS) of Stockholm is one of the largest systems in the world with a total yearly production of 10TWh of heat and 2TWh of electricity (through combined heat and power plants). Large amounts of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are emitted to produce this heat and electricity. Given the goal of the City of Stockholm to reduce the amount of GHG emissions to 3 ton per capita in 2015 and to keep reducing emissions at a similar rate after 2015, it is important to identify the potentials for further reductions.Numerous studies have been done on how the DHS can become more sustainable by installing new generation units. However, also the consumers have an influence on the DHS. After all, it are the consumers who decide when and how much heat or electricity they use. Most former studies and environmental guidelines for the DHS in Stockholm focussed on the producer side.This thesis looks at the consumer perspective of the (heat of the) district heating system. A real-time signal giving the greenhouse gas emissions of individual households is developed and its potential and challenges are discussed. With this signal, households that want to minimise their environmental impact have a tool to decrease their environmental impact by changing their consumption. This can be a first step to transform the DHS to a smart district heating system.First, generic models to calculate the dynamic greenhouse gas intensity of the heat production of district heating and to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions related to the heat consumption of households are suggested. Then the feedback signal with those real-time household emissions is calculated for representative households in Stockholm based on data of Stockholm's DHS and data about hot tap water consumption in Sweden. Results indicate that variations in household level greenhouse gas emissions mostly reflect changes in consumption but can also result from changes by the producer. Intraday variations are mostly caused by changes in hot tap water consumption, while variations on a timescale of a few days are caused by changes in heating consumption (changing weather) and changes made by the producer (to use different fuels).Then several scenarios are calculated, each scenario looking at the actions a consumer can take to shift or reduce his/her consumption (decrease hot tap water usage, lower indoor temperature etc.). The real-time household emissions are calculated again to see if the signal gives the needed incentives (is the household rewarded for its effort? Does it get further incentives?). It was found that a strong time-incentive (to decrease consumption when it saves most emissions) is missing if the average perspective is used to calculate the emission intensity of the heat production. Also, the results confirmed the finding that the feedback signal might not reflect changes in consumption.Finally, challenges for the signal are discussed. One of the major hurdles is the fact that household consumption of heat (heating and hot tap water) can often not be measured on a household level. Thus, it has to be estimated but it seems very difficult to get this estimation accurate enough to give correct feedback to households, especially about the emissions saved by their efforts to reduce/shift their consumption. Secondly, the time resolution should be chosen well to still get accurate results but not make the signal to data-intensive. Finally, the result is heavily dependent on the chosen methodology (average or marginal perspective? Do you account for the electrical side of the DHS? How about the distribution losses? Etc.).


In spite of being an extremely successful method to tackle mathematical programs involving a very large number of variables, Column Generation (CG) is known to suffer from stabilization issues which can slow down its convergence significantly. In this article, we propose a new parameter-free stabilization technique for CG based on solving a lexicographic pricing problem. Using the bin packing problem as case study, we show that, computationally, the new stabilization technique allows for a substantial reduction in the number of columns that are generated to solve the problem. While we present the approach for the bin packing problem, our methodology is general and can be applied to other classes of problems solved via CG.


The complication of retraction and lateralization of the graft after a tympanoplasty operation is described, and the underlying mechanism discussed. This complication occurs mainly when using the overlay procedure and causes a severe conductive hearing loss. A surgical technique for correcting this problem is described. It consists of removing all of the former graft, positioning the new graft medial to the eardrum remnants and covering the denuded ear canal bone with split-thickness skin graft. The results of 7 cases successfully treated by the technique described are presented.


We perform the first-principles calculations within the framework of density functional theory to determine the electronic structure and optical properties of MgxZn1−xS bulk crystal. The results indicate that the electronic structure and optical properties of MgxZn1−xS bulk crystal are sensitive to the Mg impurity composition. In particular, the MgxZn1−xS bulk crystal displays a direct band structure and the band gap increases from 2.05 eV to 2.91 eV with Mg dopant composition value x increasing from 0 to 0.024. The S 3p electrons dominate the top of valence band, while the Zn 4s electrons and Zn 3p electrons occupy the bottom of conduction band in MgxZn1−xS bulk crystal. Moreover, the dielectric constant decreases and the optical absorption peak obviously has a blue shift. The calculated results provide important theoretical guidance for the applications of MgxZn1−xS bulk crystal in optical detectors.


A new MRI-guided therapy is being developed as a minimally invasive treatment for localized prostate cancer utilizing high-intensity ultrasound energy to generate a precise region of thermal coagulation within the prostate gland. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo the capability to produce a spatial heating pattern in the prostate that accurately matched the shape of a target region using transurethral ultrasound heating and active MR temperature feedback. Experiments were performed in a canine model (n = 9) in a 1.5 T MR imager using a prototype device comprising a single planar transducer operated under rotational control. The spatial temperature distribution, measured every 5 s with MR thermometry, was used to adjust the acoustic power and rotation rate in order to achieve a temperature of 55 °C along the outer boundary of the target region. The results demonstrated the capability to produce accurate spatial heating patterns within the prostate gland. An average temperature of 56.2 ± 0.6 °C was measured along the outer boundary of the target region across all experiments in this study. The average spatial error between the target boundary and the 55 °C isotherm was 0.8 ± 0.7 mm (−0.2 to 3.2 mm), and the overall treatment time was ⩽20 min for all experiments. Excellent spatial agreement was observed between the temperature information acquired with MRI and the pattern of thermal damage measured on H&E-stained tissue sections. This study demonstrates the benefit of adaptive energy delivery using active MR temperature feedback, and an excellent capability to treat precise regions within the prostate gland with this technology.


Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) physicians stratify patients with the same disease into different subtypes in order to guide the appropriate treatment, which is called Zheng (TCM syndrome) classification. Excess and deficiency ZHENG is a couple of basic ZHENGs of maladjusted body nature, reflecting the struggling state of human body and pathogenic factor and is important and prevalently exists in the ZHENG classification of many diseases. The present work using chronic hepatitis B (CHB) as an entry point explored the substance connotation of excess and deficiency ZHENG with the metabonomic technology based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The different substantial basis of two ZHENGs suggested that CHB patients could be categorized into two groups with diverse pathogenesis. The differential metabolites and disturbed pathways compared to not-obvious ZHENG characters patients (without ZHENG group/WZ) were selected in both of the two ZHENGs. The ROC analysis demonstrated that five metabolites had a greater potential to be the clinic biomarkers of EZ or DZ. And excess ZHENG revealed a higher level of immune function than deficiency ZHENG. We are eager to transform the concept of traditional excess and deficiency ZHENGs to modern therapeutic approaches, with the prospect to help to promote personalized medicine.


We tested the effect of temperature (15, 20, and 25°C), daylength (8:16, 12:12 and 16:8 h light:dark cycles), and culture medium (K/5 and K/50) conditions on cyst production in batch cultures of 4 dinoflagellate species that form calcareous resting stages (Scrippsiella trochoidea var. aciculifera, Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum, Calciodinellum operosum and S. rotunda). The 4 species showed different encystment patterns at the temperature conditions tested; cyst production was inversely related to daylength conditions, and higher cyst yields were obtained with the less concentrated growth medium. Experiments with semi-continuous cultures of S. rotunda, in which nutrient concentration was kept within values comparable to in situ concentrations, were carried out with the aim of decoupling the effect of nutrient depletion on cyst production from that of daylength. Cyst production in this species, kept at a constant growth rate in non-depleted nutrient conditions, was only obtained at the shortest daylengths, thus supporting the role of short daylength in inducing the production of calcareous cysts. Our data suggest that encystment in the 4 species is regulated by a complex interplay of at least 3 factors: daylength, temperature and nutrient concentration. These results contribute to explain the timing of resting-stage production at sea, and point to the possible role of daylength as an environmental signal for the regulation of life cycles in dinoflagellates.


The atmospheric lifetimes of a series of ethers and ketones was established, with respect to reaction with O H radicals and Cl atoms, using a relative rate smog chamber technique. Reactivity of these compounds was affected by , their C - H bond dissociation energies, the oxygen atom in their structure, steric effects, and polarity contributions. From the rate constant data calculated in this work it was concluded that the tropospheric lifetimes of these compounds is primarily determined by their reactivity with O H radicals. Only four of the compounds analysed (2- chloro,1,1 ,1-trifluoro ethyl ethyl ether, Isoflurane, enflurane and acetone) had sufficiently long tropospheric lifetimes which will allow transportation of these species to the stratosphere. Three of these compounds were chlorinated ethers. These species may release their chlorine atoms in the stratosphere , ultimately resulting In ozone depletion .

Release figures for the two halogenated an aesthetic ethers, isoflurane and enflurane , were calculated in our laboratory and combined with atmospheric lifetime data to establish the possible contribution of the anaesthetics to ozone depletion. It was estimated that only a fraction of the released species will be effective in causing ozone depletion.

To establish the ulitlmate atmospheric fate of the anaesthetics , stratospheric photooxidation reaction mechanisms were investigated for these species. Result data indicated that the anaesthetics will undergo reaction processes initiated by chlorine atoms produced from the photodecomposition of the parent species. These chlorine-sensitised photooxidation reaction mechanisms ultimately lead to the formation of CF 20 and C02 , both greenhouse gases.

Although the anaesthetics isoflurane and enflurane are released to the troposphere, their effect on stratospheric ozone and on world climate was estimated to be minimal compared with other CFCs. This work serves as a quick guide to the type of reaction processes which are important in environmental assessment of volatile anthropogenic species and also illustrates the significance of secondary factors such as emission figures, reaction products, etc., in atmospheric quality assessment.


Abstract  Mosapride citrate (mosapride), a substituted benzamide, is a selective 5‐HT4 receptor agonist, and is known to have prokinetic properties on the stomach. However, it is unclear whether mosapride also has a prokinetic effect on the colon. We previously found that mosapride significantly shortened colonic transit time in the guinea‐pig, an animal with a distribution of colonic 5‐HT4 receptors similar to that of a human. So, we aimed to separately evaluate the effect of mosapride on proximal and distal colonic motor function in the guinea‐pig. Proximal (approximately 8 cm from the ileocolic junction) and distal colon (approximately 8 cm from the anus) were removed. Both ends of the colon were connected to a chamber containing a Krebs‐Henseleit solution. To measure colonic transit time, artificial faeces were inserted into the oral side of the lumen and moved towards the anal side by intraluminal perfusion via a peristaltic pump. A total of 6 cm of transit was observed and time was measured in 2 cm increments. A tissue bath study, using electrical stimulation, was performed to estimate the contractile activity of the circular musculature of the colon. Immunohistochemical staining for 5‐HT4 receptors was performed in the myenteric plexus and circular muscle in both proximal and distal colon, and the stained area was measured using a microscope and computer software. Mosapride enhanced contraction at 10−9 to 10−7 mol L−1, coinciding with rapid transit both in proximal and distal colon. This pattern was more prominent in proximal colon. At the high dose (10−6 mol L−1) mosapride had little or no effect on colonic contraction. This stimulatory effect was attenuated by GR113808, atropine and tetrodotoxin. In the myenteric plexus, the density of 5‐HT4 receptors was significantly greater in the proximal colon than in the distal colon, but in circular muscle the density was greater in the distal colon. Thus, mosapride accelerates transit through increased contraction in the proximal colon more than distal colon. The different distribution of neuronal and muscular 5‐HT4 receptors may support these findings. Therefore, mosapride may be a useful alternative to tegaserod and cisapride for constipation.


This work contains both analytical and numerical studies of heat and moisture transport through a porous insulation in the presence of condensation, with impermeable, adiabatic vertical boundaries, and with one horizontal boundary facing a warm humid ambient and the other facing a cold impermeable surface. The analytical model is developed for heat and water vapor transfer in flat-slab and round-pipe thermal insulations. The model is validated by comparing its predictions with available experimental data. The effective thermal conductivity of the insulation in the presence of condensation depends on seven design and operating variables. The effect of these variables is determined by a parametric study. For practical operating conditions, the effective thermal conductivity varies from about 1.5 to 15 times the drystate value. The computed data are presented in the form of design curves which may be used to estimate the effective thermal conductivity for fiat-slab and round-pipe insulation systems. The analysis in this work quantifies the process of energy and mass transport in a porous insulation. A rigorous and fundamental formulation of heat and mass transfer in the insulation system is presented. The problem is modeled as one-dimensional, transient, multiphase flow with variable properties. Four stages in the energy and moisture transport process are identified, and they are formulated by a system of transient intercoupled equations and several thermodynamic relations using a local volume averaging technique. The numerical results are compared with experimental data for five different operating conditions and for times up to 600 hours. The model predicts the temperature distribution, heat transfer rate, the total moisture gain successfully. The predicted liquid distributions agree well with measured data for a period of up to 70 hours. The interesting effects of pertinent parameters on the energy and moisture transfer in the porous insulation are investigated. The present study, which for the first time presents a full simulation of the problem considering the mobile condensate, can be applied to other classes of problems on heat and mass transfer with phase change through a porous medium.


Data collection and annotation are generally required to design or assess spoken dialogue systems. Yet, this is a very time consuming and expensive process. For these reasons, user simulation has become an important trend of research in the field of spoken dialogue systems. The general problem of user simulation is thus to produce as many as necessary natural, various and consistent interactions from as few data as possible. In this paper, we propose a user simulation method based on Bayesian networks (BN) that is able to produce consistent interactions in terms of user goal and dialogue history. The model as been introduced in previous work but parameters were hand-tuned and it was assessed in the framework of automatic learning of optimal dialogue strategies. In this paper, the BN is trained on a database of 1234 human-machine dialogues in the TownInfo domain (a tourist information application). Experiments with a state-of-the-art dialogue system (REALL-DUDE/DIPPER/OAA) have been realized and results in terms of dialog statistics are presented.


AIMS
Harmful alcohol consumption is influenced by both genetic susceptibility and the price of alcohol. Many previous studies have observed that genetic susceptibility to consumption of alcohol is more predictive in less restrictive drinking conditions. We assess whether such a pattern applies when the prices of alcoholic beverages are decreased.

DESIGN
Data consist of genetically informed population-representative surveys (FINRISK 1992, 1997, 2002 and Health 2000) linked to administrative registers. We analysed the interaction between a polygenic score (PGS) for alcoholic drinks per week consumed and price reduction in predicting the incidence of alcohol-related hospitalizations and deaths in difference-in-difference and interrupted time-series frameworks.

SETTING
Individuals in Finland were followed quarter-yearly from 1 March 2000 to 31 May 2008.

PARTICIPANTS
N=22,152 individuals (607,132 person-quarter-years, 1399 outcome events) aged 30-79 years.

INTERVENTION
A natural experiment stemming from the alcohol tax reduction in March 2004 and import deregulation in May 2004.

MEASUREMENTS
Outcome was quarter-yearly measured alcohol-related death or hospitalization. The independent variables of main interest were PGS and a price reform indicator. We adjusted for gender, age, age squared, season, ten first principal components of the genome, data collection round and genotyping batch.

FINDINGS
Both alcohol price reduction and one standard deviation change in PGS were associated with alcohol-related health outcomes; odds ratios (ORs) were 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13; 1.53) and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.12; 1.42) in the 8-year follow-up, respectively. The association between PGS and alcohol-related morbidity was similar before and after the alcohol price reform (PGS*price reform interaction OR 0.96, 95% CI, 0.81; 1.14). These results were robust across different follow-up periods and measurement and analysis strategies.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the decrease of alcohol price in Finland in 2004 substantially increased overall alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, the genetic susceptibility to alcohol consumption did not become more manifest in predicting them.


TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) is the catalytic component of telomerase. TERT shows little expression in normal somatic cells but is commonly re-expressed in cancers, facilitating immortalization. Recently-discovered TERT promoter mutations create binding sites for ETS-family transcription factors to upregulate TERT. ETS1 is reported to be important for TERT upregulation in melanoma. However it is unclear when in melanoma progression TERT and ETS1 proteins are expressed. To elucidate this question, ETS1 and TERT immunohistochemistry were performed on a panel of benign (n=27) and dysplastic nevi (n=34), radial growth phase (n=29), vertical growth phase (n=25) and metastatic melanomas (n=27). Lesions were scored by percentage of positive cells. ETS1 was readily detectable in all lesions, but not in normal melanocytes. TERT was located in either the nucleolus, the nucleoplasm (non-nucleolar) or both. Non-nucleolar TERT increased in prevalence with progression, from 19% of benign nevi to 78% of metastases. It did not however correlate with cell proliferation (Ki-67 immunostaining), nor differ significantly in prevalence between primary melanomas with or without a TERT promoter mutation. These results demonstrate that ETS1 is expressed very early in melanoma progression, and interestingly only non-nucleolar TERT correlates clearly in prevalence with melanoma progression. It can be acquired at various stages and by mechanisms other than promoter mutations.


A combined axial-torsional low cycle fatigue test was carried out to predict the fatigue life under in-phase and out-out-phase loading conditions for CF8M cast stainless steels. The Fatemi-Socie (FS) parameter which is based on the critical plane approach is not only one of the many methods but also the best method that can predict the fatigue life under a biaxial loading condition. But the result showed that, a biaxial fatigue life prediction by using the FS parameter with several different parameters for the CF8M cast stainless steels is not conservative enough but at the same time it was the best result so far. So in this present research, we proposed a new fatigue life prediction parameter (Park-Kwon parameter) by considering effective the shear stress instead of the FS parameter which considers the maximum normal stress acting on the maximum shear strain and its effectiveness was verified.


Abstract Major advances in our understanding of the Universe have historically come from dramatic improvements in our ability to accurately measure astronomical quantities. The astrometric observations obtained by modern digital sky surveys are enabling unprecedentedly massive and robust studies of the kinematics of the Milky Way. For example, the astrometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), together with half a century old astrometry from the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), have enabled the construction of a catalog that includes absolute proper motions as accurate as 3 mas/year for about 20 million stars brighter than V=20, and for 80,000 spectroscopically confirmed quasars which provide exquisite error assessment. We discuss here several ongoing studies of Milky Way kinematics based on this catalog. The upcoming next-generation surveys will maintain this revolutionary progress. For example, we show using realistic simulations that the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will measure proper motions accurate to 1 mas/year to a limit 4 magnitude fainter than possible with SDSS and POSS catalogs, or with the Gaia survey. LSST will also obtain geometric parallaxes with accuracy similar to Gaia's at its faint end (0.3 mas at V=20), and extend them to V=24 with an accuracy of 3 mas. We discuss the impact that these LSST measurements will have on studies of the Milky Way kinematics, and potential synergies with the Gaia survey.


Critical Surgical Careshould not be considered to be an attempt to provide a textbook for the student or practitioner who wishes to learn de novo about this topic. Rather, it is an attractive concept in which lectures given in a continuing education course are edited to provide an up-to-date coverage of controversial areas and recent advances. The style is therefore much more pleasant than a standard textbook type since the authors' opinions and approaches are very much in evidence. This results in a book that is both pleasant to read and easy to learn from. There were significant differences of opinions expressed in various chapters and one would have liked to hear some debate such as the usual panel discussion at meetings. This could have provided the reader with some insight as to which of the opinions he wished to make his own. One significant drawback, in my opinion,


Polarimetric SAR data provide information about the scattering of the area observed. The availability of data stacks allows the identification of stable targets and subsequent scattering analysis with a high degree of confidence at full resolution. A novel approach to find and evaluate polarimetric persistent target is presented, that is an extension of well-established analysis methods for single scenes. The use of the Cloude-Pottier distributed target decomposition analysis applied on the temporal averages (as opposed to spatial averaging), combined with a Cameron point target analysis applied on each layer separately to select pixels only, provides an efficient scattering classification of polarimetric persistent point targets in the stack. This method can also be used to analyze targets identified through other means, albeit at a lower degree of confidence. The approach retains the full resolution of the data set, though temporal changes between acquisitions add additional complexity. Result interpretation is therefore performed under consideration of a set of boundary conditions. Results from the analysis of two polarimetric data stacks acquired by RADARSAT-2 are shown.


A statistical report on the third forest survey of Pennsylvania conducted in 1977 and 1978. Statistical findings are based on data from remeasured 115-acre plots and both remeasured and new 10-point variable-radius plots. The current status of forestland area, timber volume, and annual growth and removals is presented. Timber products output by timber industries, based on a 1976 updated canvass of manufacturers, is presented.


Changing demographics of the obstetric population with older mothers, raised BMI, increased CS rates, along with the challenge of keeping training within the EWTD constraints makes it important to revisit bladder injuries at CS. We present 2 different presentations of bladder injuries-one at CS and the other later in the postoperative period. G1P0 with a history of coeliac disease and previous ectopic pregnancy had a twin pregnancy complicated by APH, gestational diabetes, spontaneous rupture of membranes and required emergency c/s for suspected fetal compromise. At c/s the bladder was noted to be high. Delivery was uneventful but following bleeding from the bladder peritoneum, a 5cm incision was seen in the dome of the bladder. This was repaired, SPC used and a normal cystogram 2 weeks post op. G2P1 with a previous CS presented at term in spontaneous labour. Following fetal bradycardia at full dilatation and OP with a high head, an emergency CS was carried out. At c/s bladder was noted to be adherent and was reflected down. Delivery was uneventful but a uterine angle extension and bloodstained urine was noted in catheter. Postop day 1 following clinical assessment of urine pooling in the vagina, an urgent CT urogram showed a 1.2 cm defect in the posterolateral bladder wall in direct communication with the CS incision. A laparotomy with re-suturing of the uterine incision, cystoscopy, retrograde ureterograms, insertion of ureteric stents, repair of bladder injury, insertion of urethral and supra pubic catheters was performed with urologist in attendance. Following a check cystoscopy, the catheters were removed and recovery was uneventful. Abstract PLD.46 Figure 1 Utero-vesical fistula Abstract PLD.46 Figure 2 Normal cystogram Early identification and repair of bladder injuries at c/s is essential to reduce morbidity. Risk factors, presentations and management are summarised in the poster.


Today, data plays an important role in people's daily activities. With the help of some database applications such as decision support systems and customer relationship management systems (CRM), useful information or knowledge could be derived from large quantities of data. However, investigations show that many such applications fail to work successfully. There are many reasons to cause the failure, such as poor system infrastructure design or query performance. But nothing is more certain to yield failure than lack of concern for the issue of data quality. High quality of data is a key to today's business success. The quality of any large real world data set depends on a number of factors among which the source of the data is often the crucial factor. It has now been recognized that an inordinate proportion of data in most data sources is dirty. Obviously, a database application with a high proportion of dirty data is not reliable for the purpose of data mining or deriving business intelligence and the quality of decisions made on the basis of such business intelligence is also unreliable. In order to ensure high quality of data, enterprises need to have a process, methodologies and resources to monitor and analyze the quality of data, methodologies for preventing and/or detecting and repairing dirty data. This thesis is focusing on the improvement of data quality in database applications with the help of current data cleaning methods. It provides a systematic and comparative description of the research issues related to the improvement of the quality of data, and has addressed a number of research issues related to data cleaning.

In the first part of the thesis, related literature of data cleaning and data quality are reviewed and discussed. Building on this research, a rule-based taxonomy of dirty data is proposed in the second part of the thesis. The proposed taxonomy not only summarizes the most dirty data types but is the basis on which the proposed method for solving the Dirty Data Selection (DDS) problem during the data cleaning process was developed. This helps us to design the DDS process in the proposed data cleaning framework described in the third part of the thesis. This framework retains the most appealing characteristics of existing data cleaning approaches, and improves the efficiency and effectiveness of data cleaning as well as the degree of automation during the data cleaning process.

Finally, a set of approximate string matching algorithms are studied and experimental work has been undertaken. Approximate string matching is an important part in many data cleaning approaches which has been well studied for many years. The experimental work in the thesis confirmed the statement that there is no clear best technique. It shows that the characteristics of data such as the size of a dataset, the error rate in a dataset, the type of strings in a dataset and even the type of typo in a string will have significant effect on the performance of the selected techniques. In addition, the characteristics of data also have effect on the selection of suitable threshold values for the selected matching algorithms. The achievements based on these experimental results provide the fundamental improvement in the design of 'algorithm selection mechanism' in the data cleaning framework, which enhances the performance of data cleaning system in database applications.


DNA methylation and gene expression are important regulatory processes in cell proliferation, differentiation and many disease traits. Aberrant changes in methylation can alter gene expression and even be fatal in fetus development.

 Gene expression regulation has been extensively used in deciphering numerous phenotype traits and uncovering potential targeted therapy for complex diseases. The association between observed molecular changes and phenotypes can be better detected if the analysis of gene expression can be combined with other genetic and epigenetic features.

 We propose a new statistical framework to integrate gene expression and DNA methylation based on a variety of scoring schemes devised for evaluation of association strength. Our method utilizes a gene set enrichment approach to uncover relevant pathways.

 The method was applied to two datasets, the breast cancer invasive carcinoma disease and the lymphatic/blood endothelial cells. Our statistical framework detected several previously identified disregulated pathways including Wnt and hedghog signaling pathways and DNA damage response in breast cancer. In addition, potential novel pathways have been suggested by our model.


Ehlers-Danlos VIII (EDS-VIII) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe early-onset periodontal disease in conjunction with the features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). We performed a genomewide linkage search in a large Swedish pedigree with EDS-VIII and established linkage to a 7-cM interval on chromosome 12p13, generating a maximum multipoint LOD score of 5.17. Analysis of four further pedigrees with EDS-VIII revealed two consistent with linkage to 12p13 and two in which linkage could be excluded, indicating that EDS-VIII is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Chromosome 12p13 has not previously been implicated in either EDS or periodontal disease and contains no known collagen genes or collagen-processing enzymes. Mutational screening of the microfibril-associated glycoprotein-2 gene, a strong candidate within the minimal interval, did not reveal any likely pathogenic mutations.


Humans are very sensitive to symmetry in visual patterns. Reaction time experiments show that symmetry is detected and recognized very rapidly. This suggests that symmetry is a highly salient feature. Existing computational models of saliency, however, have mainly focused on contrast as a measure of saliency. In this paper, we discuss local symmetry as a measure of saliency. We propose a number of symmetry models and perform an eye-tracking study with human participants viewing photographic images to test the models. The performance of our symmetry models is compared with the contrast-saliency model of Itti, Koch and Niebur (1998). The results show that the symmetry models better match the human data than the contrast model, which indicates that symmetry can be regarded as a salient feature.


Textbooks are an integral part of school classroom teaching. Their use has been researched for the past few decades with a focus on a wide variety of aspects. This paper is focused on the published literature relative to textbooks with a special focus on the pedagogical use of textbooks within school classroom of informatics. Sixty two papers of various topics related to textbooks have been analyzed. The focus was placed on a) identifying the most influential papers related to textbooks where we identified nine key papers; b) prevailing topics in research papers related to informatics' textbooks where analysis showed that most papers related to textbooks and informatics are focused on textbook content; c) identifying which topics have been researched in other fields related to use of textbooks but have not been so far included in surveys related to informatics subject, where we identified five main categories of topics researched in other fields.


Background/Context Validity issues are often discussed in technical terms, but the context changes when measures enter broad public debate, and a wider range of interests come into play. Purpose This article, part of a special section of TCR, considers the political dimensions of validity questions as raised by a keynote address and panel discussion originally held at Teachers College in March 2012. Research Design This is an analytical and reflective piece, based on the author's participation in the panel and drawing on his experience and writing on the broad issue of politics and research. Conclusions Technical expertise in the construction and interpretation of measurements is important in the new world of high-stakes and "evidence-based" education policy, but the political realities, when measures go public, make the exclusive reliance on such expertise problematic.


The proliferation of online information resources increases the importance of effective and efficient distributed searching. Our research aims to provide an alternative hierarchical categorization and search capability based on a Bayesian network learning algorithm. Our proposed approach, which is grounded on automatic textual analysis of subject content of online web databases, attempts to address the database selection problem by first classifying web databases into a hierarchy of topic categories. The experimental results reported demonstrate that such a classification approach not only effectively reduces the class search space, but also helps to significantly improve the accuracy of classification performance.


In recent decades, universities have been concerned about the ethical dimension in professional education. This, however, has meant new challenges for institutions in terms of syllabus design, teacher's training and socialization of those values that underlie the professional activity. In this article, we discuss some of the problems that have been faced by universities when socializing professional values and ethics. Also, we present the partial results of a research focused on graduate students in the UJAT . This is an exploratory and descriptive research and the data we gathered during this process, show us that students are highly interested in learning ethical and affective-emotional competencies. On the other hand, cognitive and technical elements, while important, are placed sometimes in a second position. Finally, we found that there are significant differences between the values and attitudes held by students from different disciplines or fields of study.


Myeloperoxidase (MPO) level and MPO scoring were estimated in Indian bidi smokers and compared with those in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. The values were higher in the neutrophils of 20 bidi smokers compared to 20 age-matched non-smokers (p < 0.001). However, they were similar to those in 20 cigarette smokers. No correlation of MPO activity was observed with blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels and smoking indices except in bidi smokers. Total leucocyte count and total neutrophil counts were also higher in bidi and cigarette smokers. This increased MPO activity in the neutrophils of bidi and cigarette smokers may contribute to the greater risk of obstructive pulmonary disease.


We have considered possible ways of forming the simplest tetrahedral fullerenes, namely elementary tetrahedron C4, truncated tetrahedron C12, half-truncated cube C16, fullerenes C28 and C36. By analogy with ionic crystals, we introduced "mathematical" compounds, which form a topological cube of two tetrahedra inserted into each other, and construct graphs for them. Combined with the graph analysis, this approach allows obtain a clear knowledge of the tetrahedral fullerene structure. We extended our model to other tetrahedral fullerenes, in particular, tetrahedral fullerenes C64 and C76.


Nowadays, public demands easy access to non-confidential government data, such as public digital information on health, industry, and culture that can be accessed on the Internet. This will lead departments within government to be efficient and more transparent. As the results, rapid development of applications will solve citizens' problems in many sectors. One Data Initiatives is the prove that the Government of Indonesia supports data transparency. This research investigates the implementation of open data in Indonesia based on Tim Berners-Lee five-star rating and open stage model by Kalampokis. The result shows that mostly data in Indonesia is freely available in the Internet, but most of them are not machine-readable and do not support non-proprietary format. The drawback of Indonesia's open data is lack of ability to link the existing data with other data sources. Therefore, Indonesia is still making initial steps with data inventories and beginning to publish key datasets of public interest.


Cardiac Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA) regulates intracellular Na(+), which in turn affects intracellular Ca(2+) and contractility via the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)]) is a central regulator of NKA activity. Phospholemman (PLM) has recently been recognized as a critical regulator of NKA in the heart. PLM reduces the intracellular Na(+) affinity of NKA, an effect relieved by PLM phosphorylation. Here we tested whether the NKA alpha(1)- vs. alpha(2)- isoforms have different external K(+) sensitivity and whether PLM and PKA activation affects the NKA affinity for K(+) in mouse cardiac myocytes. We measured the external [K(+)] dependence of the pump current generated by the ouabain-resistant NKA isoform in myocytes from wild-type (WT) mice (i.e., current due to NKA-alpha(1)) and mice in which the NKA isoforms have swapped ouabain affinities (alpha(1) is ouabain sensitive and alpha(2) is ouabain resistant) to assess current due to NKA-alpha(2). We found that NKA-alpha(1) has a higher affinity for external K(+) than NKA-alpha(2) [half-maximal pump activation (K(0.5)) = 1.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.3 mM]. The apparent external K(+) affinity of NKA was significantly lower in myocytes from WT vs. PLM-knockout mice (K(0.5) = 2.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.08 mM). However, PKA activation by isoproterenol (1 microM) did not alter the K(0.5) of NKA for external K(+) in WT myocytes. We conclude that 1) NKA-alpha(1) has higher affinity for K(+) than NKA-alpha(2) in cardiac myocytes, 2) PLM decreases the apparent external K(+) affinity of NKA, and 3) phosphorylation of PLM at the cytosolic domain does not alter apparent extracellular K(+) affinity of NKA.


Based on a study of prevention politics in Sweden, this article probes the turn to resilience in its institutionalized form: cross-sectorial partnerships. It interrogates how resilience proponents strategically deploy the semantics of the shift in policymaking, arguing that they perform the 'shift' (in mind-set) to criticize a long-established welfare-state governmentality, associated with professional 'silos', to create new possibilities for partnership-organized intervention. Part I draws attention to how resilience policy mobilizes partnerships around the indeterminate problem of 'problem setting'. Based on the idea of limited knowledge and governance in an indeterminate world, failure is considered inevitable and potentially productive, if handled appropriately – which is an issue of problem design or framing. It is considered particularly important to handle problems of coordination and communication internal to partnerships, since failures here risk jeopardizing collaboration and hence the whole enterprise. Part II demonstrates how partnership-organized resilience initiatives bracket-off risky failure by strategically reframing problems and bringing new visions of the future into being – through the semantics of the shift. In characteristically epochal terms, the 'shift' casts partnership formation as an improvement of the future, although the strategists' belief in future visions is apparently shot through with cynicism.


The voyage of discovery is not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes ~ Marcel Proust. This paper is a reflection of a teacher's experience of becoming critically reflective of his/her teaching practices. The teaching practices were triangulated through four lenses as proposed by Brookfield (1995): 1) autobiography as a learner and teacher, 2) colleagues' experiences, 3) students' eye and 4) theoretical literature. The first lens is a written reflective task on the journey of being a learner and now a teacher. This lens proves that one's teaching practices are linked to how one was taught as a student. The second lens is the non-evaluative feedback provided by peers about the teacher's teaching practices. The third lens is the feedback provided by students on certain specific concern that the teacher had highlighted. The final lens is the process of linking the practical aspects with theoretical aspects. Each lens reinforces one another. Consequently, this process helps one not only to become critical but also reflective of the teaching practices. Through this process a clear link was identified amongst the four lenses. The new perspective gained from this experience is indeed very crucial for all the academicians as it is a process of renewal of teaching practices by identifying discrepancies or conformities amongst the four lenses.


BACKGROUND
The analysis of subgroups in clinical trials is essential to assess differences in treatment effects for distinct patient clusters, that is, to detect patients with greater treatment benefit or patients where the treatment seems to be ineffective.

METHODS
The software application subscreen (R package) has been developed to analyze the population of clinical trials in minute detail. The aim was to efficiently calculate point estimates (eg, hazard ratios) for multiple subgroups to identify groups that potentially differ from the overall trial result. The approach intentionally avoids inferential statistics such as P values or confidence intervals but intends to encourage discussions enriched with external evidence (eg, from other studies) about the exploratory results, which can be accompanied by further statistical methods in subsequent analyses. The subscreen application was applied to 2 clinical study data sets and used in a simulation study to demonstrate its usefulness.

RESULTS
The visualization of numerous combined subgroups illustrates the homogeneity or heterogeneity of potentially all subgroup estimates with the overall result. With this, the application leads to more targeted planning of future trials.

CONCLUSION
This described approach supports the current trend and requirements for the investigation of subgroup effects as discussed in the EMA draft guidance for subgroup analyses in confirmatory clinical trials (EMA 2014). The lack of a convenient tool to answer spontaneous questions from different perspectives can hinder an efficient discussion, especially in joint interdisciplinary study teams. With the new application, an easily executed but powerful tool is provided to fill this gap.


in English There is an ongoing debate in academia about if and how deterrence theory may be used in cyberspace. Deterrence was originally a theory developed for avoiding conventional and nuclear war. In the current discussion on cyber security, there has been pointed out a range of technical problems of transferring a theory about the physical world to cyberspace. We recognize these challenges of deterrence in cyberspace, but in this article we want to shed light on a different aspect of deterrence. That is the interplay between social and technical factors of deterrence in cyberspace. In this article we will discuss how deterrence as a strategy in cyberspace is influenced by the specific strategic culture of a country. We will use China as a case study to showcase our argument. Contrasts between Chinese and "Western" strategic culture results in concrete differences in how Chinese and Western countries act in cyberspace. By utilizing four components of deterrence theory (denial, punishment, entanglement and norms), we will show how an in-depth knowledge of a state's security policy and strategic culture may be used to tailor a more effective deterrence and enforce the capacity of hindering unwanted activity.


The propagation and reverberation of sound in shallow water under downward refracting conditions is governed by the geoacoustic and scattering properties of the bottom. The active bistatic sonar equation for this case is developed and it is shown that, when the transmission to the target and the bottom are approximately the same for reverberation‐limited conditions, a simpler parametric form of this equation results. That is, the signal excess depends on the effective bottom backscattering strength, the coherent signal gain, and a reverberation area for a given target strength and threshold. A parametric analysis is presented that focuses on the frequency‐dependent characteristics of the bottom backscattering strength and the effect of coherence on receiving array aperture. Recent reverberation and signal coherence measurements are reviewed and the needs for additional studies delineated. The coherence issue for the waveguide is stressed and the measurement problem of coherence is discussed and compared t...


The school finance landscape has changed dramatically in the past thirty years. Most states have undertaken major changes to their school finance programs, motivated principally by the notion that the unequal school resources associated with unequal incomes and community sorting lead to unequal educational and labor market outcomes. This paper describes the empirical evidence on the relationship between school finance reforms and student outcomes and presents new evidence on the effects of these policies on community and school composition.


Mining can cause environmental disturbances and thus mined lands must be managed properly to avoid detrimental impacts in the future. They should be rehabilitated in such a way that post mining landforms behave similarly as the surrounding stable undisturbed areas. A challenge for government regulators and mine operators is setting closure criteria for assessment of the stability of the elevated post-mining landforms. Stability of a landform is often measured by the number and incision depth of gullies. This can assess mass stability and bulk movement of coarse material. However, there is a need for a more sensitive approach to assess catchment disturbances using the concept of waves of fine suspended sediment and thus determine the dynamics of recovery of a post mining landform. A more environmentally meaningful approach would be to assess the fine suspended sediment (FSS, silt + clay (0.45 µm < diameter < 63 µm)) leaving the system and entering downstream waterways. We propose assessing stability through relationships between rainfall event loads of FSS and event discharge (Q) in receiving streams. This study used an innovative approach where, instead of using instantaneous FSS concentration, it used total FSS load in waves of sediment driven through the system by rainfall runoff events. High resolution stream monitoring data from 2004 to 2015 in Gulungul and Magela Creeks, Northern Territory, Australia, were used to develop a relationship between sediment wave and event discharge, ∑FSS α f(Q). These creeks are adjacent to and receive runoff from Ranger Mine. In 2008, a 10 ha elevated waste rock landform was constructed and instrumented in the Gulungul Creek catchment. The earthworks required to build the landform created a considerable disturbance in the catchment, making a large volume of disturbed soil and substrate material available for erosion. Between 2008 and 2010, in the first two wet seasons immediately after construction, the downstream monitoring site on Gulungul Creek showed elevated FSS wave loads relative to discharge, compared with the upstream site. From 2010 onwards, the FSS loads relative to Q were no longer elevated. This was due to the establishment of vegetation on the site and loose fine sediment being trapped by vegetation. Large scale disturbance associated with mining and rehabilitation of elevated landforms causes elevated FSS loads in receiving streams. The predicted FSS loads for the stream as per the relationships between FSS and event discharge may not show a 1:1 relation with the observed loads for respective gauging stations. When downstream monitoring shows that FSS wave loads relative to rainfall runoff event discharge reduce back to pre-construction catchment levels, it will indicate that the landform is approaching equilibrium. This approach to assess landform stability will increase the sensitivity of assessing post-mining landform recovery and assist rehabilitation engineers to heal the land and benefit owners of the land to whom it is bestowed after rehabilitation.


On the basis of the distribution of major elements, as represented by bulk chemical analyses of 180 samples and with the aid of a new spatial derivative technique, the Criffell pluton is shown to be composite, with a complex boundary zone of intermediate composition. Sr isotope data on 15 samples indicate that the boundary zone may be explained by interaction between chemically distinct melts. The granitic melt was derived from a source richer in radiogenic Sr than the granodiorite melt, and the granite in the interior of the pluton underwent crystal fractionation. The apparently simple zoned Criffell pluton is actually a composite of unzoned and zoned components, and the boundary between components is of a transitional character of variable chemical gradient.


Author(s): Turnipseed, Rakim Kareem | Advisor(s): Roderick, George K | Abstract: AbstractBehavioral and physiological ecology of mosquito disease vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) as a function of aquatic macrophyte invasionsbyRakim Kareem Turnipseed Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor George K. Roderick, Chair To investigate the impact of invasive aquatic weeds on mosquito populations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, field and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the impact of invasive aquatic plants (water hyacinth, water primrose, and Brazilian waterweed) on the behavioral ecology of Culex pipiens, a primary mosquito vector for West Nile Virus (WNV). In an outdoor caged experiment containing larval mosquitoes and predatory Mosquitofish, mosquito survival was significantly higher among high densities of the three plant species than vegetation-free water. In intermediate plant densities, mosquito survival was higher among water hyacinth than both Brazilian waterweed and water primrose. In low plant densities, mosquito survival was higher among water hyacinth than Brazilian waterweed and vegetation-free water. In another caged experiment containing mesocosms, mosquito larval development time was completed more rapidly in the presence of intermediate densities of water hyacinth than all other treatments. In an outdoor caged choice experiment, mosquitoes laid more eggs in mesocosms containing intermediate densities of water hyacinth than all other treatments. Laboratory choice tests and an olfactometer experiment revealed that mosquitoes were more attracted to water that contained plants or plant infusions than water alone. These results suggest that water hyacinth provides both physical and chemical cues to some species of mosquitoes. Effective management of invasive water hyacinth in waterways may thus reduce mosquito populations and reduce human health risk.


. Emotion recognition application programming interface (API) is a recent advancement in computing technology that synthesizes computer vision, machine-learning algorithms, deep-learning neural networks, and other information to detect and label human emotions. The strongest iterations of this technology are produced by technology giants with large, cloud infrastructure (i.e., Google, and Microsoft), bolstering high true positive rates. We review the current status of applications of emotion recognition API in psychological research and find that, despite evidence of spatial, age, and race bias effects, API is improving the accessibility of clinical and educational research. Specifically, emotion detection software can assist individuals with emotion-related deficits (e.g., Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, Alexithymia). API has been incorporated in various computer-assisted interventions for Autism, where it has been used to diagnose, train, and monitor emotional responses to one's environment. We identify AP's potential to enhance interventions in other emotional dysfunction populations and to address various professional needs. Future work should aim to address the bias limitations of API software and expand its utility in subfields of clinical, educational, neurocognitive, and industrial-organizational psychology.


This paper examines a small random liquidity shock to reveal the effect of liquidity constraints on late payment behavior. In Jerusalem, water bill due dates are randomly determined and therefore may occur just before or after social security paydays. We compared the likelihood of late payments by low‐income households when they receive their social benefits a day after the water bill due date to the likelihood of late payment by the same households when they receive their benefits a day or more before the water bill due date. Using a large administrative data set, we found that a small random liquidity shock leads to a substantial increase in late payments of more than 10 percentage points among income support recipients and around 6 percentage points for old‐age pension recipients with supplementary income. The mismatch between utility payment due dates and paydays may result in interest charges and high late fees, contributing to the poverty penalty.


The goal of this review was to examine the current literature in the topic of problematic alcohol use, with a special focus on the epidemiological, etiological, and psychological factors to predict problem drinking in college students. We present the terminology of binge drinking used in international studies, because the diversity of definitions, units and labels tend to make international comparisons more difficult. We review the epidemiology and also short- and long-term risk factors linked to binge drinking. The biological and genetic background of alcohol use and related neurophysiologic studies are also addressed. In the last section we summarize the psychological characteristics of binge drinking besides highlighting the most recent direction of studies in the field of alcohol research, which emphasizes the role of expectations and motivation.


Within the very large area of ethical concerns, the following issues are considered in this paper: (i) intellectual and career-oriented ambition, combined with the pressure that the competition for funds exerts, may push certain scientists to make dubious compromises with their conscience; (ii) exaggerated priority is sometimes given to the smooth running of a trial, even at the cost of ignoring some ethical requirements; (iii) it is questionable whether preventive intervention can adequately and systematically replace primary prevention based on the cessation of exposure to carcinogens; (iv) it is of the utmost importance to ensure that preventive treatment that is to be administered for long periods has no adverse effects or that the benefits by far outweigh the possible risks; (v) the informed consent of participants to the trials is essential and it should be obtained on the basis of correct, complete and clear information; (vi) a different type of informed consent is that of all citizens with regard to risks to which they may be exposed voluntarily or involuntarily; (vii) there is no justification for, and it is profoundly unethical to omit, delay, or hide information that may be relevant to the protection of health. Four examples were chosen to illustrate the preceding points.


With rapid advances in meat science in recent decades, changes in meat quality during the pre-slaughter phase of muscle growth and post-slaughter process from muscle to meat have been investigated. Commonly used techniques have evolved from early physicochemical indicators such as meat color, tenderness, water holding capacity, flavor, and pH to various omic tools such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to explore fundamental molecular mechanisms and screen biomarkers related to meat quality and taste characteristics. This review highlights application of omics and integrated multi-omics in meat quality and taste characteristics studies. It also discusses challenges and future perspectives of multi-omics technology to improve meat quality and taste. Consequently, multi-omics techniques can elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for changes of meat quality at transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. In addition, the application of multi-omics technology has great potential for exploring and identifying biomarkers for meat quality and quality control that can make it easier to optimize production processes in the meat industry.


Theoretical and experimental investigation determines ultrahigh-speed cross-correlation detection characteristics of a phase lock loop based on four-wave-mixing in a traveling-wave laser diode optical amplifier from 100 Gb/s to 1 Tb/s. A long cavity laser diode amplifier and a super-continuum clock pulse are used for the ultrahigh-speed cross-correlation detection. Successful prescaled 6.3-GHz clock recovery from a 400-Gb/s optical time division multiplexed signal is also presented using a cross-correlation between the 400 Gb/s optical signal and a 6.3 GHz, 1 ps, optical super-continuum clock pulse train.


: Color is used extensively in forensic science for the characterization and comparison of physical evidence, and should thus be well understood. Fundamental elements of color perception and color comparison systems are first reviewed. The second portion of this article discusses instances in which defects in color perception may occur, and the recognition of opportunities by means of which color perception and color discrimination may be expressed and enhanced. Application and limitations of color comparisons in forensic science, including soil, paint, and fibers comparisons and color tests, are reviewed.


The COVID-19 pandemic has closed non-essential businesses which may alter individuals' leisure behaviors. Consequently, physical activity and sedentary behavior may be negatively impacted as many fitness and recreational centers have been closed. This study aimed to examine the impact of the pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in a sample of university students and employees before and after the university cancelled face-to-face classes and closed campus. Participants (N = 398) completed the validated Godin physical activity questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire which assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior pre- and post-cancellation of face-to-face classes. Participants were also separated in the groups (low, moderate, high physical activity) based upon a tertile split of pre-pandemic total physical activity. Physical activity group by time ANOVAs were used to assess potential changes in total physical activity and sedentary behavior. Post-cancellation sedentary behavior was greater (F (1, 388) = 9.2, p = 0.003, partial η2 = 0.032) than pre-cancellation. Physical activity group moderated (F (2, 395) = 22.0, p < 0.001, partial η2 ≥ 0.10) changes in total physical activity from pre- to post cancellation. The high activity group decreased physical activity whereas the moderate and low activity groups increased physical activity (t ≥ 2.4, p ≤ 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.23). While the university closure increased sedentary behavior across the sample, it only decreased physical activity in participants who were the most active pre-cancellation. Pandemic-related closure of facilities designed for physical activity may disproportionately impact active individuals.


As the Russian archives become increasingly available to scholars, new perspectives on the imperial era are beginning to emerge. Anna Geifman, an associate professor of history at Boston University has provided a collection of thirteen articles analyzing the numerous factors that brought about the end of the Romanov monarchy. Geifman's first book was Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917. She is also about to publish a study of the Russian spy Evno Azef. Her present work, Russia under the Last Czar: Opposition and Subversion, 1894-1917, engages American, Western European, and Russian scholars whose contributions are a mix of historiography and original archival research. Several of the authors take contrary positions; others directly challenge interpretations of established Western historians. Robert C. Williams suggests that Leninism and Bolshevism are not the same ideology. He further argues that the major struggle between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks was for control of funds from fictional marriages with wealthy women and from bank robberies. The Bolsheviks are pictured as quite diverse and flexible, making them considerably more popular than previously believed. In fact the differences between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were sufficiently obscure that identification of their moment of separation is difficult. Moreover, Bolsheviks frequently interacted with social revolutionaries, anarchists, and even constitutional democrats. Particularly interesting is Geifman's discussion of the anarchists and "other obscure extremists." Those groups threatened all aspects of the established order, occasionally engaging in killing for its own sake. One anarchist is even said to have threatened Peter Kropotkin's life. Advocates of that philosophy eventually became hard to distinguish from common criminals, seriously damaging their credibility. Other potential disrupters of Russian stability were the minority nationalists, most of whom had legitimate grievances. However, the broad definition of what constituted "Russian," as well as modest reforms after 1905, mollified some malcontents. For most of those people, however, little satisfaction was possible because of their own internal and external divisions. One common theme of this volume is that internal divisions tended to characterize all government opposition, not just the radical Left, but moderate and rightwing groups as well. Kadets engaged in internecine disputes over labor policy, land compensation for peasants, nationality issues, and voting rights for women. When Stolypin tried to organize the Octobrists as part of a Duma majority, his efforts were frustrated by the undisciplined nature of that loose coalition, not just the court intrigue. Even the political Right, the Union of Russian People, who cause the government as much grief as the radical Left, failed to reimpose the old pre-1905 system, in part because they too were composed of strong-minded individuals lacking political discipline. Four of the authors direct their attention to institutions: the Council of the State, the security police, and the church. Although the tsar refused to allow the Duma and Council of State to be destroyed as the radical Right demanded, neither did he allow a base of support for the government to be established through those bodies. As a result they evolved into debating societies with limited influence. The government suffered a loss of strength because the security police failed to maintain leadership that might have modernized those instruments of support. After 1909, they degenerated, losing credibility and reputation by unnecessarily antagonizing the population, being scandalized by the Bogrov affair, and finally contracting due to budget cuts. To make matters worse for the tsar and his government, the Russian Orthodox Church was sufficiently estranged from the government that by 1917 it was willing to accept change. In the end, the tsar had only the support of the army, which was alienated during the course of the war. College instructors, upper-level undergrads, and graduate students will find Geifman's work stimulating, even should they not wholly accept all the contributors' conclusions.


Recognised as one of the hallmarks of cancer, cancer invasion is a complex process involving the secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes that have the ability to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Combined with cell proliferation and migration, and changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, the tumour is able to spread into the surrounding tissue. The ECM constituents are favourably explored by the cancer cells during invasion, and in this context, of particular importance is the special contribution of ECM fibrous proteins components, such as collagen and fibronectin, which play an important part in cell proliferation and migration. In this thesis we consider the two-scale dynamic cross-talk between the cancer cell population and a two-component ECM in the context of the proteolytic dynamics of matrix-degrading enzymes at the leading edge of a growing malignant tumour. We incorporate the two-scale dynamics of cells-ECM interactions by exploring key interlinked tissue-scale and cell-scale aspects contributing directly both to cell-adhesion and to the dynamic rearrangement and restructuring of the ECM fibres within the growing tumour. Finally, this bulk two-scale activity is embedded within a global multiscale moving boundary approach that also crucially accounts for an emerging multiscale dynamics of the matrix degrading enzyme proteolytic processes at the invasive edge of the tumour, which lead to peritumoural ECM degradation and results in changes of the tumour morphology and further cancer spread. xx Chapter


Fish live in a world that is not silent. In fact, fish hear low frequency sounds and may need them for navigation, predator-prey interactions and mate attraction. Due to their dependence on sounds, fish may be particularly sensitive to changes in their acoustic world. Since the 1900s, the acoustic world of fish has been altered by a new prominent sound source: human activities. These activities generate a cacophony of high-intensity sounds. At close range, they may cause tissue damage and temporary hearing loss. At further distances, more moderate sounds may cause auditory masking, behavioural changes and reduced efficacy in foraging and avoiding predators. Assessing the severity of behavioural impacts of sounds is not straightforward and are often problematic.This thesis used European seabass to study behavioural effects of man-made sounds of different temporal structures. It also compared the effects of tank-based experiments with open-water experiments. Finally, this thesis studied the habituation of fish to sound exposure and how sound effects are influenced by various environmental factors.


Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan has the distinction to initiate and start three journals under the umbrella of Rayazuddin Research & Development Society. These three journals are Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (JPPS) Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences (JBRASS), Journal of Social Sciences &Business Management. The information and communication through research delineation, JUW is changing the way at the forefront of efforts to explore pharmaceutical, applied sciences, social sciences and business management processes. As we prepare students who will understand and be able to study and carry out research in all these three fields as the communication revolution that in time to come to expand. JUW graduate programs combine teaching, research and practical applications. Our graduates go on to positions of leadership and responsibility in pharmaceutical industry, hospitals and serve in organizations related to biological sciences and its implication to serve in corporations, new business ventures, government and nonprofit organizations, as well as academia. Our faculty members are drawn from a wide range of academic disciplines, and include distinguished scholars and researchers, editors of journals, officers in prestigious national and international professional associations, and highly respected consultants to government and private industry. Faculty members work closely with students, often on exciting joint research projects that appear in all three journals published by the Rayazuddin Research & Development Society. At the leading edge, the goal is to develop a different idea and understanding of a new form of innovative research, but also of pharmaceutical –medical, applied sciences, social and business management journalism and how we as a society consume information."


Contaminant dispersion modeling has been performed on a watershed within the Beaverlodge Lake region, an area which has been affected by past mining activities. The post-decommissioning period was modeled using a proprietary computer code called LAKEVIEW (SENES Consultants Limited) in order to predict future water column and sediment concentrations. The objective of the current study was to ascertain model adequacy and parameter identifiability. Using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo computational procedure, parameter calibration was performed at several lake locations in the watershed. The calibration process was informed by applying the modified Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) to assess model adequacy. A normalized parameter sensitivity matrix was then used to establish parameter identifiability and to rank the significance of the parameter estimates. The calibrated model captured the time dependent trends for all key constituents throughout the calibration period. Results of this study indicate that flow through the system is the single most significant parameter for predicting uranium concentrations in the Fulton Creek Watershed while radium-226 concentrations are highly dependent on many parameters influencing transport from the sediments in addition to flow.


This paper describes practice-based research using an interactive gestural film game To be or not to be, to study the relationship between performed gestures and emotional response. The work is the result of a collaboration between an intermedia artist (first author), and a programmer / designer. The content of the interactive film game is based on lines from Act 3 scene i from Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Attention is given first to the original design method based on gestural expression in theatre using the key techniques of text, rehearsal and performance. A primary design goal was to construct an interface where coherent and continuous gestural and emotional interaction occurred. This is followed by observation and evaluation of audience / user interaction with the work (collaboration with second author) establishing research criteria to evaluate performed gestures and emotional responses of the audience.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate end-point acuity in goal-directed arm movements in subjects with chronic neck pain, while taking the trade-off between speed and accuracy into account, and to evaluate associations between reduced acuity and self-rated characteristics.

DESIGN
Single-blinded, controlled, comparative group study.

SUBJECTS
Forty-five subjects with chronic non-traumatic, non-specific neck pain (n = 24) and whiplash-associated disorders (n = 21). Healthy subjects served as controls (n = 22). The groups were age- and sex-matched.

METHODS
Subjects performed fast and accurate pointing movements to a visual target. Group differences in end-point variability, controlled for peak velocity, were evaluated. Associations between end-point variability and self-rated symptoms, functioning, self-efficacy and kinesiophobia were analysed.

RESULTS
End-point acuity, controlled for peak velocity, was reduced for both neck-pain groups. Similar spatial error patterns across all groups indicated no direction-specific reduction. For both neck-pain groups, associations were found between end-point acuity and neck movement deficits, physical functioning and, in whiplash, also balance and pain.

CONCLUSION
Acuity of goal-directed arm movements can be reduced in chronic neck pain. Associations between acuity and self-rated characteristics support the clinical validity of the results and indicate that impaired neck function contributes to reduced end-point acuity. The results can be of importance for characterization and rehabilitation of neck disorders.


Repeated injections of urethan into suckling BALB/c mice induced multiple papillary adenocarcinomas in the lungs and kidneys. When the pulmonary tumors were transplanted i.p. by cell graft into 6 suckling BALB/c mice, they induced disseminated carcinosarcomas within the peritoneal cavity in all inoculated animals. Tumors resulting from the transplantation of tumor cells were used for preparation of filtered extracts. The filtrates were inoculated into 6 suckling BALB/c mice and induced generalized malignant lymphomas in all animals. The primary urethan-induced pulmonary and renal tumors, the carcinosarcomas that resulted from i.p. cell transfer, and also the generalized malignant lymphomas induced by inoculation of filtered extracts contained C-type virus particles. Theoretically, it could be assumed that both the primary urethan-induced pulmonary and renal tumors, as well as the cell-graft-induced peritoneal carcinosarcomas, contained the C-type virus particles as passengers, not necessarily related etiologically to the tumors in which they were found. It is quite likely, however, that these virus particles were etiologically related to the filtrate-induced malignant lymphomas in which they were also found.


Incorporating resonant optical properties of metal nanostructures into nanoscale applications such as ultrahigh density storage devices, nanoelectronics, and nanophotonics has gained considerable interest within the last years. Recent advances in hybrid and molecular plasmonics are presented. The approach relies on near-field energy transfer between metal nanoparticles and other molecular material, and is not diffraction-limited. We will see that optical nanosources supported by metal nanoparticles can be used for controlling/triggering photochemical and photo physical processes involving photons, charges and motion transfers at the nanoscale. In particular, three examples will be presented and commented: free radical photopolymerization, photo isomerization and nanoscale strong coupling. These examples open new routes including optical near-field photography of ultra confined fields, mode hybridizing in single nanoparticles, molecular optical nanomotors, and new anisotropic nanoemitters.


This paper studies assisted teleoperation techniques for controlling a 6DOF robot arm using click-and-drag input from a computer mouse. Experiments were conducted to investigate how task performance and user preferences are affected by low-level motion control strategies, which must deal with collision avoidance, dynamics constraints, and erroneous input. Five strategies were implemented and compared. As baseline strategies we study direct joint control and Cartesian positioning via inverse kinematics. We also implemented three obstacle avoidance strategies, including a predictive safety filter, a reactive potential field, and a real-time sample-based motion planner. Blind experimental trials assigned 22 novice subjects to five subgroups corresponding to each strategy and asked them to control the arm in simulation on a variety of reaching tasks in cluttered environments. Unsurprisingly, the obstacle avoidance strategies achieve major safety improvements, although subjects felt noticeably less in control of the robot than those using the baseline methods. The motion planning strategy shows the most promise; it completed tasks twice as fast as any other method and received high ratings for perceived safety, cooperativeness, and overall satisfaction.


Introduction: Acne vulgaris, a disorder of the pilosebaceous structure, is a common disorder in adolescents and young adults that is associated with significant morbidity. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the drugs adapalene and azithromycin, given separately and in combination in acne vulgaris. Methodology: A total of 61 newly attending cases of inflammatory acne vulgaris were considered the study. They were randomly allocated into three groups. Group 1 received topical adapalene (0.01%) gel, group 2 received oral azithromycin, whereas group 3 was given a combination of these two. The patients were treated for a period of 12 weeks, being reviewed every fortnightly. The results obtained were analyzed in detail using statistical methods. Results: The combination of adapalene and azithromycin caused the highest reduction in the inflamed lesion count followed by azithromycin given singly. Further, monotherapy with adapalene was used. However, this difference in efficacy was small and not statistically significant ( P = 0.717). Azithromycin lead to a rapid reduction in the inflammatory lesion count, but it had negligible action on noninflamed lesions. Conclusion: At the end of 12 weeks of treatment, the three treatment groups showed no statistically significant difference in the efficacy in inflammatory acne.


Among other subjects discussed by the authors to this volume (_Crusader Landscapes in the Medieval Levant. The Archaeology and History of the Latin East_, ed. Micaela Sinibaldi, Kevin J. Lewis, Balazs Major and Jennifer A. Thompson), scholars of the European Middle Ages are indebted to Denys Pringle for his contribution to castle studies, both in Western Europe and the Middle East. His research has encompassed both field archaeology and documentary research and has included study of perceptions of castles and the functions of castles as well as their physical form. This present paper offers a consideration of the medieval castle owing more to literary than archaeological approaches, which nevertheless is informed by consideration of the built environment as well as by documentary sources.
In the words of Ruth Whitehouse, 'At one level, the medieval castle is an archetypical example of a male warrior ideology associated with a society rigidly divided according to gender'. Yet we also know that medieval European women had a role in the defence and functioning of castles; castles could form widows' dowries and women had their own rooms and private spaces within castles. It is difficult to establish the actual extent of this role, for different forms of evidence – fictional sources, contemporary commentators, and archaeology and the built environment – present different images. In this paper I argue that medieval sources that refer to women's involvement in the defence of castles and the role of castles in society are based on a combination of gender stereotype, social realities and military pragmatism which should not be taken at face value. This imagery is largely sexual fantasy, but it does remind us that women as well as men had their proper place in castles. Castles could be designed to incorporate the requirements of the lady of the castle and her entourage of women, to provide security and privacy. Women of the castle-owning class, especially on the frontiers, could expect to command the defence of castles and might have to take part in military activity themselves in order to defend their property: sometimes the lady of the castle might have to take decisive military action. Social expectations of proper female behaviour, however, could severely limit her options: she could defend the castle on behalf of her husband or son, but a single woman was expected to marry and get herself a man to do the fighting for her.


There is an increasing need to consistently combine observations from different sensors to monitor the state of the land surface. In order to achieve this, robust methods based on the inversion of radiative transfer (RT) models can be used to interpret the satellite observations. This typically results in an inverse problem, but a major drawback of these methods is the computational complexity. We introduce the concept of Gaussian Process (GP) emulators: surrogate functions that accurately approximate RT models using a small set of input (e.g., leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll, etc.) and output (e.g., top-of-canopy reflectances or at sensor radiances) pairs. The emulators quantify the uncertainty of their approximation, and provide a fast and easy route to estimating the Jacobian of the original model, enabling the use of e.g., efficient gradient descent methods. We demonstrate the emulation of widely used RT models (PROSAIL and SEMIDISCRETE) and the coupling of vegetation and atmospheric (6S) RT models targetting particular sensor bands. A comparison with the full original model outputs shows that the emulators are a viable option to replace the original model, with negligible bias and discrepancies which are much smaller than the typical uncertainty in the observations. We also extend the theory of GP to cope with models with multivariate outputs (e.g., over the full solar reflective domain), and apply this to the emulation of PROSAIL, coupled 6S and PROSAIL and to the emulation of individual spectral components of 6S. In all cases, emulators successfully predict the full model output as well as accurately predict the gradient of the model calculated by finite differences, and produce speed ups between 10,000 and 50,000 times that of the original model. Finally, we use emulators to invert leaf area index ( L A I ), leaf chlorophyll content ( C a b ) and equivalent leaf water thickness ( C w ) from a time series of observations from Sentinel-2/MSI, Sentinel-3/SLSTR and Proba-V observations. We use sophisticated Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods that exploit the speed of the emulators as well as the gradient estimation, a variational data assimilation (DA) method that extends the problem with temporal regularisation, and a particle filter using a regularisation model. The variational and particle filter approach appear more successful (meaning parameters closer to the truth, and smaller uncertainties) than the MCMC approach as a result of using the temporal regularisation mode. These work therefore suggests that GP emulators are a practical way to implement sophisticated parameter retrieval schemes in an era of increasing data volumes.


PURPOSE
We aimed to quantify and compare awareness regarding radiation dose reduction within the interventional radiology and diagnostic radiology communities.

METHODS
Abstracts accepted to the annual meetings of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR), the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE), the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), and the European Congress of Radiology (ECR) between 2005 and 2015 were analyzed using the search terms "interventional/computed tomography" and "radiation dose/radiation dose reduction." A PubMed query using the above-mentioned search terms for the years of 2005-2015 was performed.

RESULTS
Between 2005 and 2015, a total of 14 520 abstracts (mean, 660±297 abstracts) and 80 614 abstracts (mean, 3664±1025 abstracts) were presented at interventional and diagnostic radiology meetings, respectively. Significantly fewer abstracts related to radiation dose were presented at the interventional radiology meetings compared with the diagnostic radiology meetings (162 abstracts [1% of total] vs. 2706 [3% of total]; P < 0.001). On average 15±7 interventional radiology abstracts (range, 6-27) and 246±105 diagnostic radiology abstracts (range, 112-389) pertaining to radiation dose were presented at each meeting. The PubMed query revealed an average of 124±39 publications (range, 79-187) and 1205±307 publications (range, 829-1672) related to interventional and diagnostic radiology dose reduction per year, respectively (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
The observed increase in the number of abstracts regarding radiation dose reduction in the interventional radiology community over the past 10 years has not mirrored the increased volume seen within diagnostic radiology, suggesting that increased education and discussion about this topic may be warranted.


The objective of this study is to understand the pathways through which social influence at the family level moderates the impact of childhood obesity interventions. We conducted a systematic review of obesity interventions in which parents' behaviours are targeted to change children's obesity outcomes, because of the potential social and environmental influence of parents on the nutrition and physical activity behaviours of children. PubMed (1966–2013) and the Web of Science (1900–2013) were searched, and 32 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. Results for existing mechanisms that moderate parents' influence on children's behaviour are discussed, and a causal pathway diagram is developed to map out social influence mechanisms that affect childhood obesity. We provide health professionals and researchers with recommendations for leveraging family‐based social influence mechanisms to increase the efficacy of obesity intervention programmes. © 2016 World Obesity


This chapter looks into the technical features of state-of-the-art wireless sensors networks for environmental monitoring. Technology advances in low-power and wireless devices have made the deployment of those networks more and more affordable. In addition, wireless sensor networks have become more flexible and adaptable to a wide range of situations. Hence, a framework for their correct implementation will be provided. Then, one specific application about real-time environmental monitoring in support of a modelbased predictive control system installed in a metro station will be described. In these applications, filtering, resampling, and post-processing functions must be developed, in order to convert raw data into a dataset arranged in the right format, so that it can inform the algorithms of the control system about the current state of the domain under control. Finally, the whole architecture of the model-based predictive control and its final performances will be reported.


Computing systems that can tolerate effects of errors in their communicated data values can trade this tolerance for improved resource efficiency. Many important applications of computing, such as embedded sensor systems, can tolerate errors that are bounded in their distribution of deviation from correctness (distortion). We present a channel adaptation technique which modulates properties of I/O channels typical in embedded sensor systems, to provide a tradeoff between I/O power dissipation and distortion of communicated data. We provide an efficient-to-compute formulation for the distribution of integer distortion accounting for the distribution of transmitted values. Using this formulation we implement our value-deviation-bounded (VDB) channel adaptation. We experimentally quantify the achieved reduction in power dissipation on a hardware prototype integrated with the required programmable channel modulation circuitry. We augment these experimental measurements with an analysis of the distributions of distortions. We show that our probabilistic VDB channel adaptation can provide up to a 2× reduction in I/O power dissipation. When synthesized for a miniature low-power FPGA intended for use in sensor interfaces, a register transfer level implementation of the channel adaptation control logic requires only 106 flip-flops and 224 4-input LUTs for implementing per-bit channel adaptation on serialized streams of 8-bit sensor data.


A fact is like a sack which won't stand up when it is empty. In order that it may stand up, one has to put into it the reason and sentiment which have caused it to exist. Luigi Pirandello Six Characters in Search of an Author Socialization is a concept that is much discussed but frequently misunderstood. On the one hand, the research literature is replete with taken-for-granted definitions of socialization; on the other, institutional administrators often eschew discussions of socialization as a waste of time in comparison to their attempts to solve the myriad problems currently faced by colleges and universities. In this article I advance an alternative view of socialization and highlight the importance of utilizing this view for restructuring college and university life. More specifically, I take issue with many of the common assumptions we share about organizational socialization. In so doing, I suggest that socialization is of fundamental importance with regard to many of the most pressing issues that confront academic administrators and faculty. The national conversations that have begun, for example, about the nature of faculty roles in academic and public life inevitably relate to socialization and culture. In particular, I focus on socialization processes that involve tenure track faculty in four-year colleges and universities. This article is anchored in a two-year study of promotion and tenure based on interviews of over three hundred individuals - junior faculty, department chairs, tenure review committee chairs, and senior academic administrators. To be sure, the specific tenure processes vary dramatically from institution to institution; nevertheless, these processes are similar enough across institutional types to enable us to propose a schema for how we might think about organizational socialization and how we might develop policies that contribute to the successful socialization of faculty into the academy. As a beginning point, we need to consider the nature of the organizational culture in which individuals are socialized. Obviously, a culture whose values and goals are outdated or inconsistent with the world of the twenty-first century is not necessarily a culture for which we want to socialize new recruits. Accordingly, I first critique previous concepts of socialization as they relate to culture and then offer data that delineate an alternative way we might think about how faculty become socialized. I compare and contrast what I call "modern" and "postmodern" versions of culture and socialization and conclude with suggestions for improving the socialization practices of colleges and universities. Studying Socialization Background "Organizational researchers," writes John Van Maanen, "have over-studied relatively harsh and intensive socialization and understudied socialization of the more benign and supportive sort" (1984, p. 238). Dramatic, celebratory rituals, such as Founder's Day, or graduation, or initiation rites of fraternities, afford us one window of understanding how individuals change from one social status to another or how they become incorporated or invested in an institution or discipline. In this regard the organizational literature is full of examples, from army cadets who arise at dawn and conduct drills and marches that demonstrate loyalty to the academy and their unit to various social groups, such as university marching bands and college honor societies, where the members perform hazing rituals on recruits that bond individuals to the group. Admittedly, such highly visible events surely play some role in organizational socialization, and our concentration on such examples has been helpful in rethinking actual events. Hazing, for example, is no longer officially condoned on college campuses, because whatever bonding might have taken place was outweighed by the physical and emotional trauma that often occurred to recruits. However, when we concentrate on such dramatic actions, we overlook the more implicit and processual activities that circumscribe how individuals become socialized to an organization. …