Microbial Ecology.- The Ecology of an Anaerobic Dechlorinating Consortium.- Performance of Biodegradative Microorganisms in Soil: Xenobiotic Chemicals as Unexploited Metabolic Niches.- Tracking Microorganisms and Genes in the Environment.- Relevant Advances in Molecular Biology.- Prospects for Laboratory Engineering of Bacteria to Degrade Pollutants.- Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- Stable Inheritance of Bacterial Plasmids: Practical Considerations in the Release of Organisms into the Environment.- Biotransformations of Mercury Compounds.- Minimizing Risks of Release of Microorganisms into the Environment.- Using Knowledge of Virulence Factors to Select or Design Organisms with Low Risk of Pathogenicity.- Applications to Chemical and Environmental Targets, Combining Microbial and Engineering Approaches.- Bioengineering Issues Related to in Situ Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Groundwater.- Bioremediation of Chemical Spills.- Microbiological Cleanup of Groundwater Contaminated by Pentachlorophenol.- Remediation of Multimedia Contamination from the Wood-Preserving Industry.- Preliminary Development of a Bench-Scale Treatment System for Aerobic Degradation of Trichloroethylene.- Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons in the Environment.- Discussion.- Complex Industrial Waste Sites.- Biological Approaches for Polychlorinated Biphenyl Degradation.- Exploitation of the High Affinity and Specificity of Proteins in Waste Stream Treatment.- Bioprocessing of Coal.- Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Treatment of Hazardous Wastes.- Environmental Concerns Associated with the Design of Genetic Engineering Facilities.- The Role of Biotechnology in Pollution Control and the Role of Genetic Engineering in such Biotechnology Applications.- Assessment, Communication, and Management of Environmental Risks.- Balancing Regulatory Control, Scientific Knowledge, and Public Understanding.- Environmental Pollution Policies in Light of Biotechnological Assessment: Organisation for Economic Cooperation, United Kingdom, and European Economic Council Perspectives.- Environmental Protection Agency Actions to Stimulate Use of Biotechnology for Pollution Control and Cleanup.- Commentary: Some Issues in Biodegradation.- Corporate Panel.- Users and Providers of the New Technologies.- Public Participation.- Public Participation.- Superfund Strategies and Technologies: A Role for Biotechnology.- Concluding Remarks.- Concluding Remarks.- Poster Abstracts (Alphabetical).- 4-Chlorobenzoate Metabolism by Acinetobacter SP. 4-CB 1 and Its Relevance to Biodegradation of 4,4?-Dichlorobiphenyl.- Analysis of the Promoter for the Pseudomonas Putida catBC Operon.- Two Joint Office of Research and Development/Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Projects.- Modeling the Growth Kinetics and Substrate Utilization of a TCE-Degrading Microorganism.- A Shuttle System for the Rapid Introduction of Tracking and other Genes into the Chromosomes of Soil Bacteria.- The Molecular Microbial Ecology of a Catabolic Genotype in a Biological Treatment Process.- Pilot-Scale Biological Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater at an Abandoned Wood Treatment Plant.- Cloning and Sequencing of pseudomonas Genes Involved in the Demethylation of the Lignin Degradation Derivative, Vanillate.- A Novel Method to Detect Genetically Altered Microorganisms in the Environment.- Successful Microbial Remediations of Large-Scale Hazardous Waste Problems, Soils, and Waste Site Leachate.- Biodegradation of the Herbicide Alachlor in Liquid Culture and a Soil Slurry.- Microbial Volatilization of Selenium from Soils.- Transformation and Mineralization of Aroclor 1254.- Microbial Degradation of Chlorinated Unsaturated Fatty Acids.- Anaerobic Biodegradation Capabilities of Freshwater Lake Sediments: Influence of Temperature and Sulfate Concentration on the Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol.- A New Method for Bacterial Strain Construction in Biodegradation of Xenobiotic Compounds.- The Organofluorophosphate Hydrolases of Tetrahymena thermophila and Rangia cuneata.- Fluidity of Plasmid DNA Fragments Involved in Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by pseudomonas putida Strain R5-3.- Biological Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waste Lagoons.- Enhanced Biological Removal of Toluene from Aqueous Systems.- On-Site Biological Treatment of Creosote-Contaminated Soils.- Risk Assessment of Application of Biodegradative Microorganisms for Hazardous Waste Destruction.- Anaerobic Treatment of Waste Streams from the Organic Chemicals Industry.- Biological Treatment for Soils Contaminated with Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- Degradation of Substituted Phenols by Immobilized Bacteria.- Metabolic Conversion of Lindane to Chlorophenols, Hydrophobic Acids, and More Hydrophilic Products by Streptomyces PSI.- Respirometric Study of Microbial Degradation of Phenol.- Field Demonstration of the Effectiveness of Land Application for the Treatment of Creosote-Contaminated Wastes.- The Land Treatability of Petroleum Refinery Waste Constituents.- Use of Catabolic Mutants of Pseudomonas Cepacia AC1100 to Isolate Genetic Elements Responsible for 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Degradation.- Biological Treatment of Organic Contaminants Using Submerged Fixed-Film Reactors.- Monoclonal Antibodies for Detection of Environmental Contamination: An Immunoassay for Dioxin.- Modeling the Methane and Toxic-Degradation Kinetics of Methane-Oxidizing Biofilm Reactors.- Two-Stage Degradation of Parathion by Flavobacterium Sp. and Pseudomonas Sp..- Bacterial Degradation of Chlorinated Biphenyls.- The Yeast CUP1 Gene: A Model for Biological Detoxification of Heavy Metal Effluents.- Degradation of Nitroguanidine Wastewater Components.


Advances in embedded systems have given rise to integrating several small-size health monitoring devices within daily human life. This trend led to an ongoing extension of wearable sensors in a broad range of applications. Wearable technologies, which are firmly connected with the human body, utilize sensors and machine learning to describe individuals' physical or psychological routines through activity recognition and human movement. Since wearables are used all day long, the power consumption of these systems needs to be reasonably low. Current research considers that such machine learning methods are trained with fixed properties, including sensor sampling rate and statistical features computed from the time series data. However, in reality, wearables require continuous reconfiguration of their computational algorithms due to the personalized nature of human gait and movement. Furthermore, computational algorithms must become energy- and memory-efficient due to these embedded sensors' limited power and memory. In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient framework for real-time, continuous, and on-node human activity recognition. Typically activity recognition problem is a multi-class classification problem. However, we suggest transforming this problem based on MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) into a hierarchical classification model, providing personalized structure for each individual. We discuss the design and construction of this new configurable classification paradigm. Our results demonstrate that the proposed probabilistic cascading system accuracy for different personalized scenarios varies between 94.5% and 96.9% in detecting activities using a limited memory, while power usage of the system is reduced by as high as 17.2% compared to the traditional methods.


Stormwater runoff from construction sites can transport eroded sediment to nearby water bodies, degrading water quality and impairing biotic communities. Turbidity is a relatively easy characteristic to measure and can be used to estimate sediment loads from construction sites if reliable relationships between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) are established. These relationships are investigated in this study for construction sites in Minnesota. Laboratory protocols have been developed herein for studying the factors that impact turbidity from construction site soils. Experimental procedures include the use of a rainfall simulator to generate runoff and turbidity values from soils carefully packed in appropriate test boxes. Turbidity characteristics of 14 different soils from construction sites were investigated using the laboratory protocols. Trends in turbidity with sediment concentrations were well represented by power functions. The exponent of these power functions was relatively constant between soils. The log-intercept, or scaling parameter, varied substantially among the different soils. Multiple soil properties were evaluated for each soil. An extensive regression analysis resulted in a model using percentage silt, interrill erodibility, and maximum abstraction that best represented the intercept term. A power value of 7/5 was chosen to represent all soils.


The Australian telecommunications sector is being improved and extended through substantial recent investment in intelligent technology such as digital switching, fibre optics, satellite and cellular transmission, and the Internet. These technologies are being progressively integrated with technology from the broadcasting, computer and electronics industries, providing a unified information infrastructure for information transmission and processing. Technological progress embodied in new equipment has the effect of increasing the efficiency of the factors of production. Such efficiency increases can be biased towards a particular factor. For instance, the impact of labour-augmenting technical change is a decline in the cost of labour per unit of production. When such biases are apparent the relativity between the costs of labour and capital per unit of production is changed. In the longer term, technical change can impact on the rate of employment growth and also on the rate of capital accumulation. In this study the Australian telecommunications cost structure is examined for the period 1919 to 1988. To measure labour saving and capital saving technical change a translog cost model is estimated. Multiproduct telecommunications cost studies typically employ the translog cost model (Evans and Heckman, 1984; Roöller, 1990a; 1990b; Shin and Ying, 1992; McKenzie and Small, 1997). The translog model places no a priori restrictions on substitution possibilities among the factors of production, and allows scale economies to vary with the level of output.


Do creative ad executions like large ad sizes and intrusive ad formats that enhance communication outcomes and clickthroughs immediately after ad exposure persist over time? In examining this question, we focus on the role of advertisement size (large vs. small) and ad exposure format (intrusive vs. voluntary) on immediate and delayed brand recall, ad recognition and brand attitude in web-based media. Voluntary exposure ad formats like banners and text ads are more likely to be cognitively avoided since it is an automatic, subconscious process that occurs in parallel with the browsing activity and does not require any behavioral action by the consumer. Intrusive ad formats like pop-ups that interrupt browsing activity and demand immediate response are more likely to be physically avoided by closing them. Prior research on preattentive processing and endurance of implicit/ explicit memory and memory for subgoals supports our findings that gains from using intrusive ads accrue when ad sizes are small and negative impact of intrusiveness decay over time.


Ocean Ecology
Ocean temperatures in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans have increased in recent decades, particularly in coastal areas. This has been associated with increased algal blooms and, where these blooms include algal species that produce biotoxins, the potential for increases in cases of paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Gobler et al. used high-resolution records of sea surface temperature from 1982 to 2016 and temperature-dependent growth rates of two toxic algal species to create models of harmful algal blooms. These models were validated in areas of the North Atlantic by observations in other studies of increased bloom frequency and range that matched predicted locations. This information could potentially be used to predict the future spread of harmful algal blooms and the consequent impact on human health.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 , 4975 (2017).


In regression we can delete outliers based upon a preliminary estimator and re-estimate the parameters by least squares based upon the retained observations. We study the properties of an iteratively defined sequence of estimators based on this idea. We relate the sequence to the Huber-skip estimator. We provide a stochastic recursion equation for the estimation error in terms of a kernel, the previous estimation error and a uniformly small error term. The main contribution is the analysis of the solution of the stochastic recursion equation as a fixed point, and the results that the normalized estimation errors are tight and are close to a linear function of the kernel, thus providing a stochastic expansion of the estimators, which is the same as for the Huber-skip. This implies that the iterated estimator is a close approximation of the Huber-skip.


The present study investigated the effects of Primarily Math, an inservice elementary mathematics specialist program. Primarily Math sought to augment the mathematical knowledge for teaching of kindergarten through third-grade teachers using a longitudinal multiple cohort design. Two sets of analyses were conducted. The first examined impact on teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching, attitudes toward learning mathematics, and beliefs about teaching and learning relative to a matched comparison group. Primarily Math teachers demonstrated greater knowledge for teaching Numbers and Operations and more positive attitudes toward learning mathematics, and more often endorsed student-centered beliefs about teaching and learning. The second set of analyses examined the extent to which students of three cohorts of Primarily Math teachers demonstrated more fall–spring growth in a measure of mathematics achievement relative to students of comparison-group teachers. There was a small but positive effect of participation in Primarily Math on student mathematics achievement.


Due to their ease of isolation, gene modification and tumor-homing properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cellular vehicle for the delivery of toxic suicide genes to a variety of cancers in pre-clinical models. In addition, the incorporation of suicide genes in stem cell-derived cell replacement therapies improves their safety profile by permitting graft destruction in the event of unexpected tumorigeneses or unwanted differentiation. Due to the functional requirement of ATP for the Firefly luciferase gene Luc2 to produce light, luciferase-based reporting of cytotoxicity can be engineered into potential cell therapies. Consequently, we nucleofected mammalian expression plasmids containing both the Luc2 and the yeast fusion cytosine deaminase uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (CDUPRT) genes for expression in murine MSCs to assess luciferase as a reporter of suicide gene cytotoxicity, and MSC as vehicles of suicide gene therapy. In vitro bioluminescence imaging (BLI) showed that following the addition of the non-toxic prodrug fluorocytosine (5-FC), CDUPRT-expressing MSCs displayed enhanced cytotoxicity in comparison to Luc2 reporter MSC controls. This study demonstrates the utility of luciferase as a reporter of CDUPRT-mediated cytotoxicity in murine MSC using BLI.


This article explores belief in political rumors surrounding the health care reforms enacted by Congress in 2010. Refuting rumors with statements from unlikely sources can, under certain circumstances, increase the willingness of citizens to reject rumors regardless of their own political predilections. Such source credibility effects, while well known in the political persuasion literature, have not been applied to the study of rumor. Though source credibility appears to be an effective tool for debunking political rumors, risks remain. Drawing upon research from psychology on 'fluency' – the ease of information recall – this article argues that rumors acquire power through familiarity. Attempting to quash rumors through direct refutation may facilitate their diffusion by increasing fluency. The empirical results find that merely repeating a rumor increases its power.


This paper examines the relationships between occupational structure, dissent, and educational commitment in a sample of seventeen commercial and manufacturing localities in Lancashire in 1841. In this sample the structure of educational systems as measured by the mix of Sunday and day schooling varies systematically with differences in occupational structure, independently of differences in rates of population increase (which do not have a statistically significant effect on such structures) and measures of religious dissent (which do). This statistical evidence in conjunction with documentary evidence (also discussed) leads to the rejection of a class of hypotheses based on the proposition that Sunday schools were primarily an imperfect substitute for day schools, relied on in certain areas because of (1) high foregone earnings associated with day schooling, or (2) inelastic supply curves for day schools in the face of rapidly growing populations, or (3) relatively low income levels. Rather, it is argued that Sunday schools specialized in religious instruction and moral regeneration, day schools in writing and arithmetic as well as reading, and that different occupational clusters had different relative demands for these two types of outputs. The paper includes a discussion of how these results modify the conclusions of previous research in this area, as well as a brief comparative discussion of educational development in Lancashire and Massachusetts, in the light of a comparison of the occupational structure of the two regions.


We report the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with symptoms of Idiopathic hemochromatosis, an inherited disorder Involving regulation of iron absorption. These symptoms usually do not appear until total body iron content reaches 15 g, about threefold normal. Therapy involves mobilization and removal of excess stored iron through weekly or twice-weekly phlebotomies of 500 ml, until the hemoglobin concentration becomes <110 gIL and remains thereforseveralweeks, or until serum ferritin concentrations Indicate that almost all the stored iron has been removed (ferritin <12 g/L). Here, concentrations of ferritin in serum were used as an index to iron overload and removal of stored iron. We report changes In hemoglobin, serum ferritin, iron, and total iron-binding capacity during the course of removing by phlebotomy more than 20 g of iron from a patient with idiopathic hemochromatosis.


The contribution of Jehovah's Witnesses in expanding the meaning of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, both in substance and in federal application, has not been fully explored. Not only did the Witnesses prick the conscience of the nation, they also prodded the judiciary to reinforce and define the Amendment's guarantees. Constitutional historians have recognized that the zealous minority conducted a national campaign seeking legal recognition of the right to practice its particular religion but generally have confined their attention to surveys. This book seeks to acknowledge the Witness contribution in an in-depth study of two key U.S. Supreme Court decisions born of the Witness struggle in Alabama between 1939 and 1946, Jones v. Opelika and Marsh v. Alabama. Using contemporary periodicals and legal journals; Witnesses' memoirs, letters, and interviews; works published by the Witness parent organization; and scholarly studies of the Witnesses, Newton places the cases in legal context by examining extensive court records and relevant papers as well as the biographical backgrounds of the judges involved in the decisions. But the book is more than a legal study; it is also a dramatic history of two powerful personalities, Rosco Jones and Grace Marsh, whose total commitment to their faith enabled them to carry the Jehovah's Witnesses' battle from rural Alabama to the halls of the U.S. Supreme Court. It portrays the courage and strength of two "ordinary" people, one black and one white, whose dedicated struggle not only challenged the white male power structure in Alabama but also helped to influence the U.S. Supreme Court in protecting individual liberty and ultimately inenhancing the First Amendment rights of all Americans.


IT IS WELL known that the clinical course of otitis media is changed by the use of the various antibiotics. However, the correlation of the altered clinical course with the histopathologic changes has not received wide attention. Very often clinically the phenomenon of "masking" characterizes otitis media under antibiotic treatment—and in clinical terms, "masking" describes that phase of latency in regard to signs and symptoms which is observed prior to either resolution or complication. But what is the histopathologic picture during this period of latency? In seeking an answer to this question, we examined two sources of information. Those cases which in spite of antibiotic therapy came to surgery constituted a direct approach. For comparison, sections of infected mastoids not operated on and sections of bone material not influenced by antibiotics have been studied. However, masking and latency were well-known clinical entities prior to the use of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic


Heat waves and cold spells pose ongoing seasonal risks to the health and well-being of vulnerable individuals. Current attempts to address these risks in the UK are implemented through fuel-poverty strategies and heat-wave planning. This paper examines evidence from the UK on whether heat waves and cold spells are addressed differently by public policy in the UK given that risks are mediated by similar perceptions that shape behavioural responses by vulnerable individuals. It is based on a review of UK policies and on a qualitative interview study of risk perceptions of elderly people as a primary identified vulnerable group to these weather extremes. The study involved in-depth repeat interviews with fifteen elderly respondents in summer 2007 and winter 2008 in Norwich (UK). Results suggest that neither heat risks nor cold risks are perceived as personal risks and therefore planned preventive measures by individuals are largely elusive. Cold risk policy reduces vulnerability; policy related to heat relies on early warning and public information programmes and does not reduce underlying vulnerability. Both types of policies largely ignore public perceptions of risks and could benefit from a more cohesive approach, supporting similar measures to reduce seasonal vulnerability.


Twenty chiral pesticides were tested, of which seven samples were directly separated by HPLC using cellulose tris-3,5-dimethyl carbamate (CDMPC) chiral stationary phase under RP conditions. The influence of mobile phase composition and column temperatures from 0 degrees C to 40 degrees C on the separations were investigated. The mobile phases were methanol/water or ACN/water at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with UV detection at 230 or 210 nm. Epoxiconazole, terallethrin, benalaxyl, and diclofopmethyl were observed to obtain the baseline separation under suitable conditions and other pesticides pyriproxyfen, lactofen, and quizalofop-ethyl were separated partially. The retention factors (k) and selectivity factor (alpha) for the enantiomers of most investigated pesticides decreased upon increasing the temperature except for the selectivity factors (alpha) of pyriproxyfen in methanol/water. The ln alpha - 1/T plots for racemic chiral pesticides were linear at the range of 0-40 except for that of pyriproxyfen enantiomers in methanol/water and the chiral separations were controlled by enthalpy. Better separations were not always at low temperature. The elution orders of the eluting enantiomers were determined by a circular dichroism (CD) detector.


Anthropogenic modification of native woodlands and grasslands in the Great Plains has altered the abundance and distribution of many species of mammals. To study habitat effects on the eastern woodrat (Neotomafloridana), we surveyed nests of the eastern woodrat in woodlands, grasslands, and croplands along 77 km of secondary roads in three counties in north-central Kansas. All nests were located in woodlands (~2% of habitat), although grasslands and croplands consti- tuted 36% and 62% of habitat surveyed, respectively. In our survey, nests were associated positively with shelterbelts (3.6 nests per 100 m of road edge) but not with shrub patches (1.1 nests per 100 m of road edge) or riparian woodlands (0.3 nests per 100 m of road edge). Consequently, we specifically censused nests in an additional 12 riparian woodlands and 12 shelterbelts. Nests of eastern woodrats were less dense in riparian wood- lands (9.4 nestslha) than in shelterbelts (55.5 nestslha). Density of woodrat nests decreased as width of a wooded area increased. Further, nests per 100 m of length of woodland did not increase as the width of woodland increased. These patterns suggest that woodland edge, not woodland interior, is the primary factor in abundance of eastern woodrats in this region. Although the eastern woodrat has previously been consid- ered a woodland species, our results suggest that this assessment is incorrect. Our observations demonstrate that anthropogenic modifica- tion of the Great Plains, in the form of planted shelterbelts and expanded riparian woodland, likely has increased the distribution and abundance of eastern woodrats, compared to the mid-1800s. ' Present address: Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512


Duodenal diverticulum (DD) is a common incidental finding, which rarely causes complications. Perforation is one of the most feared and the least common complications. Surgery is the mainstay for complicated duodenal diverticulum, but with the advancement of medical treatment and intensive care, nonoperative management has been reported. We present a rare case of perforated DD that failed medical management and subsequently underwent surgical intervention. A 77-year-old, healthy female presented with right-sided abdominal pain with low-grade fever and leukocytosis. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed retroperitoneal fluid collection around the second part of the duodenum, which was not amenable to percutaneous drainage. Contrast studies showed no evidence of perforation or leak of the stomach or duodenum. The diagnosis was made via an upper endoscopy that showed a large periampullary duodenal diverticulum with purulent drainage and normal-looking ampulla. After failed conservative management with broad-spectrum antibiotics and worsening symptoms, she underwent excision and primary repair of the diverticulum with a jejunal serosal patch and exploration of the common bile duct (CBD). She had an uncomplicated postoperative course and was discharged home on postoperative day four. Although rare, the duodenal diverticular perforation can be a life-threatening complication. Combined subjective, clinical, and radiological assessment of the patient is crucial in deciding whether to operate or not.


A new project idea, irrespective of origin and organizations, will always need to react and adapt to the operating environment in order to survive. However, the most successful organizations will predict the future with intelligent insight, enabling them to change proactively to maintain competitive advantage.

Traditional planning techniques use predictions, forecasts and projections, but they may not be able to cope with 'disruptive' changes in the environment. A more powerful approach is scenario planning, which can be seen as a rediscovery of the original entrepreneurial power of creative foresight in the context of accelerated change, greater complexity and genuine uncertainty. In practical terms, this involves thinking, unconstrained by the present, to consider plausible future options. It is about making choices today with an understanding of how they might turn out tomorrow.

This chapter reviews the process tools available for scenario planning. The key steps are as follows: 1)Identify the focal issue or decision, 2)Identify the key forces in the environment, 3)What are the driving forces?
4)Identify and rank factors by importance and uncertainty, 5)Select and build the scenario stories, 6) Flesh out the scenario details and their implications, 7)What will be the leading indicators and signposts? 8)Communicate and represent the scenarios to the contributors.

In conclusion, it would without doubt be helpful to have insight into the future. Scenario planning is a robust method for taking the guesswork out of the equation as far as possible while retaining the ability to consider a variety of plausible eventualities. This approach is therefore particularly useful when considering the longer term and/or situations in which unexpected changes may disrupt previous trends.


There are positive-ageing prisoners, as well as pensioners. And mental health services for older prisoners are being actively developed within the prison service. Health care in prisons now has to be equivalent to that in the community. The transfer of health care in prisons to the NHS, due to be completed in April 2006, when all funding and direction will come from primary care trusts, will help older prisoners.


This study locates as its focus the site for the final item in a sentence-in-progress as a late but systematic
 opportunity space for co-completing sentences by another speaker, and as a systematic site for brief overlaps. A second speaker
 may supply a version of the final item as projected by the grammatical structure of the sentence-so-far in given contexts to offer
 assistance for the searched-for final item upon the current speaker's displayed delivery trouble, or to show an early recognition
 of what the current turn is doing and what it takes for its completion in the absence of any display of delivery trouble. The
 overlap in the first case may be 'accidental' when the first speaker is able to produce his/her own final item a moment later, or
 it may be an 'achieved' early start in the second case. The same opportunity space may also be 'exploited'. Final items proposed
 by the second speaker may generate a local sequence where its acceptability becomes relevant. Post-overlap responses by the first
 speaker often show acceptance, sometimes with qualification. We argue that overlapping final-item completion is a result of
 speakers' active participation and high involvement, and is motivated by the fundamental baseline of cooperation and collaboration
 in human social interaction.


This paper applied Grey-Taguchi method to optimize the micro-drilling of PMMA polymer with multiple performance characteristics. The four parameters being optimized are coating layer, feed rate, spindle speed, and depth of cut. The performance of the drilling process was evaluated by two performance characteristics, namely drill wear and surface roughness. The orthogonal array, grey relational analysis, and analysis of variance were used to study the two performance indices. The optimal combination of parameters was determined by using the grey relational grade, a performance index formed by combining the two performance characteristics. The experimental results show that TiAlN-coating drills generate least wear and thus possess the longest tool life and the best holes quality. Finally, confirmation experiments were conducted to confirm the validity of the results.


The COVID-19 pandemic situation that overwhelmed us still strongly questions university teaching today. The research reports a classroom's activity based on self-assessment (SA) and peer-feedback (PF)activities. The result is connected to the combination of three key points for effective teaching: 1) an active role of the students involved in the activity, 2) an effective use of technology based on a Student Response System (SRS), and 3) a sustained pedagogical training for teachers suddenly catapulted to new teaching methods. The design used, developed in the Italian university context, can be developed totally online, guaranteeing new skills and new learning, in view of a hypothetical, and not so unexpected, return to distance learning.


While many studies about the 4-H camping experience focus on youth who are campers, few studies examine the outcomes of the experience for counselors. This study examines the extent to which 4-H camp results in transformative learning for 4-H members who serve as camp counselors, examines the perceived changes that occur within counselors, and describes the factors and characteristics of camp that result in personal transformation. The population for this study was 2012 Minnesota 4-H camp counselors. Using the Transformative Learning and the Camp Experience Staff Member Survey, the results indicated that camp counselors experienced transformative learning. Major personal changes involved developing skills for working with children and exposure to new people, activities, and experiences. Factors leading to personal transformation included the opportunity to be role models and positively impact children, opportunities for leadership and challenge, and camp traditions. This study provides support for strong and intentional camp counseling experiences that can positively impact the individual, 4-H campers, and later, the communities in which these camp counselors reside.


Striking the right balance between the protection of competition law and intellectual property rights is of utmost importance, especially in the pharmaceutical sector; affordable generic drugs are as important as new innovative drugs. Pay-for-delay settlements take place at exactly this intersection. They end patent infringement litigation but, at the same time, delay entry of generic drugs by means of a substantial payment from the brand company to the generic. Whereas the US Supreme Court opted for a rule of reason approach that requires an analysis of the potential anticompetitive effects, the European Commission regarded such settlements as restriction by object, finding an infringement without the need for an effects-based analysis. This approach is criticised and a novel 'structured effects-based' approach is proposed allowing the authority to effectively scrutinise such settlements while striking the right balance in order to protect the innovative process and the exercise of intellectual property rights.


Each day, more than 800 women die due to pregnancy, birth related causes. Most deaths are preventable through birth control, prevention of unwanted pregnancies and increased interval between pregnancies. Objectives: To get information related to possibilities of small families in communities with extreme poverty with mission of future research and advocacy for small families. Methodology: Information was collected by simple review of relevant literature, studies, reviews, commentaries. Personal observations were added. Evidence: It is not very well known whether people with extreme poverty really want to have large families while living with resource crunch, which makes their survival difficult. Rich-poor gap in contraceptive use is large, because of gap in use of modern spacing methods which is much higher in rich compared to poor. Women from poor families tend to have more children, as they give birth at young age, continue childbearing beyond 40 and are less likely to use contraceptive with more unmet need. High fertility has significant implications on welfare of family. Burden of large family perpetuates vicious cycle of poverty, less contraception, more children and more poverty. Reasons given by respondents for non-use of contraception suggest that accessibility of family planning services is not always a barrier even among poorest and there are other factors which result in relatively low use. Women who receive comprehensive factual family planning education are more likely to use contraceptives. Contraceptives with greater side effects or negative cultural perceptions are less likely to be used. Unmet need of contraception due to lack of resolve to practice contraception is not known. Possibilities: It is essential to know whether couples/women with extreme poverty ever think about planned small family. If no, why, if yes, why action is not taken. Providing culturally sensitive, family centered, accessible sustainable system is essential. There is need of women centered environment that respects their beliefs and helps them have small, planned families


Agriculture sector in India is facing few issues like low yield per hectare, traditional techniques of production, fertilizers and pesticides used at great scale. In this research, we implemented drones based precision farming system to effectively identify high disease area in farm using Convolution Neural Network. At later stage, we will spray precise pesticides on affected area based on infection level with the help of drones. The dataset contains 2100 images of tomato leaves from internet and 500 images from local farms. Transfer learning is used to retrain the inception model of Google to train CNN for tomato leaves. Leaves are classified in 3 broad category as good, average and bad for pesticide intensity. 99% accuracy is achieved when training percentage is increased to 85%. Execution speed of system is also fast as we are using transfer learning on inception model.


This study was conducted to investigate the halo-thermophilic bacteria and cyanobacteria adjacent to the halophytic plants, Suaeda virmiculata, Limonium axillare and Tetraena qatarense, and the microbial functionalities in Sabkhas of Qatar. These soils are alkaline and highly saline, and their moisture contents varied throughout the year. A significant presence of thermo-halophilic bacteria was found when selective media was used; however, bacterial populations were highest in soil samples taken adjacent to L. axillare as compared to those taken adjacent to other halophytes. They were lowest in samples taken close to S. virmiculata. Microscopic examinations revealed that the bacterial cells of isolated strains were Gram-positive rods with pointed ends that occurred singly, in pairs or in short chains. Most were bacilli, either Bacillus thuringenses or Bacillus cereus. These can form endospores to survive until more favorable environmental conditions allow them to resume growth and activity. Moreover, when Sabkhan soils were transferred to the laboratory under natural conditions, only cyanobacteria grew, and some produced biofilms. The most recognizable cyanobacteria were Anabaena and Nostoc. Some produced heterocysts and akinetes, which play important roles in soil biology and nitrogen fixation. The possible roles of these microorganisms in saline environment in Sabkhan soil appear to be support of halophyte growth by alleviating salt stress and other extreme environmental conditions.


Transplantation of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a strategy that has being extensively explored and clinical trials using fetal and stem cell-derived DA neurons are ongoing. An increased understanding of the mechanisms promoting the generation of distinct subtypes of midbrain DA during normal development will be essential for guiding future efforts to precisely generate molecularly defined and subtype specific DA neurons from pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we used droplet-based scRNA-seq to transcriptionally profile a large number of fetal cells from human embryos at different stages of ventral midbrain (VM) development (6, 8, and 11 weeks post conception). This revealed that the emergence of transcriptionally distinct cellular populations was evident already at these early timepoints. To study late events of human DA differentiation and functional maturation, we established a primary fetal 3D culture system that recapitulates key molecular aspects of late human DA neurogenesis and sustains differentiation and functional maturation of DA neurons in a physiologically relevant cellular context. This approach allowed us to define the molecular identities of distinct human DA progenitors and neurons at single cell resolution and construct developmental trajectories of cell types in the developing fetal VM. Overall these findings provide a unique transcriptional profile of developing fetal VM and functionally mature human DA neurons, which can be used to quality control stem cell-derived DA neurons and guide stem cell-based therapies and disease modeling approaches in PD.


Red blood cells were loaded with 1,2-bis(2-amino-5-fluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (FBAPTA) by incubation with 50 microM of the acetoxymethyl ester (FBAPTA-AM), and cytosolic free Ca2+ was monitored with 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Loading with 50 microM FBAPTA-AM, which results in a final FBAPTA level of approximately 0.5 mM, caused only a 25-30% fall in cell ATP as measured by 31P-NMR when 5 mM pyruvate was present. Leakage of the NMR active Ca2+ indicator, which results from cell lysis, was corrected for with the addition of extracellular Eu3+ ions, extracellular ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), or washing. With this method, we have found basal levels of cytosolic free Ca2+ averaging 61 +/- 6 nM (means +/- SE, n = 19). When the intracellular level of FBAPTA was varied from 0.1 to 1.0 mM, there was no correlation between the level of cytosolic free Ca2+ and the level of loading with FBAPTA. Addition of 10 microM of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 with extracellular Ca2+ set at different levels by Ca2+-EGTA buffers caused an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ as expected. Furthermore, ATP depletion caused a two- to three-fold increase in cytosolic free Ca2+, consistent with inhibition of Ca2+ efflux via that Ca2+-ATPase.


Aromatase activity was measured in 104 primary and 24 metastatic breast cancer patients. The assay employed quantitates the production of 3H water release from 1β‐[3H] androstenedione after aromatization. Of 104 human primary breast tumors studied, 64 contained measurable aromatase activity, ranging from 5–70.5 pmol estrone formed/g protein/hour. In primary breast cancers there was no difference in levels of aromatase activity when analyzed by menstrual status or age by decade. Aromatase activity was similar in small and large primary tumors. The median aromatase activity of primary breast tumors (8.6 pmol/g/h) was similar to that found in metastatic breast cancer deposits (12.0 pmol/g/h). Aromatase activity did not correlate with either estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PR) receptor concentration in the tissues assayed. In this regard there were 33 ER− PR− tumor biopsies. Twelve of these 33 tumors contained aromatase activity greater than 10 pmol/g/hour. Cancer 59:779‐782, 1987.


External manipulation of spin‐orbit torques (SOTs) promises not only energy‐efficient spin‐orbitronic devices but also versatile applications of spin‐based technologies in diverse fields. However, the external electric‐field control, widely used in semiconductor spintronics, is known to be ineffective in conventional metallic spin‐orbitronic devices due to the very short screening length. Here, an alternative approach to control the SOTs by using gases is shown. It is demonstrated that the spin‐torque generation efficiency of a Pd/Ni81Fe19 bilayer can be reversibly manipulated by the absorption and desorption of H2 gas, which appears concomitantly with the change of the electrical resistance. It is found that compared with the change of the Pd resistance induced by the H2 absorption, the change of the spin‐torque generation efficiency is almost an order of magnitude larger. This result provides a new method to externally manipulate the SOTs and paves a way for developing more sensitive hydrogen sensors based on the spin‐orbitronic technology.


In Fiji, the legacy of past sea-level changes, notably those of Holocene age, cannot be deciphered on modern coastlines without reference to the contemporary local tectonic regime. The structure and the dominant tectonic tendency for each constituent element of the Fiji islands during the late Quaternary include: (a) areas of predominant uplift and perhaps vertical creep, such as Cikobia and Taveuni; (b) areas where subsidence dominated between intermittent bursts of uplift, such as the Cakaudrove coast of Vanua Levu and parts of Viti Levu's south coast; areas where subsidence was dominant, such as the Yasawa and Mamanuca island groups and the Yasayasa Moala; and tdl areas which were (effectively) stable, such as the islands of the Lau Ridge and Lomaiviti. Evidence for low-level/Holocene shoreline displacement from Fiji's coasts can be interpreted in the context of local tectonics. Average shoreline displacement increases from areas where subsidence has been dominant through those which have been (effectively) stable to those where uplift has been dominant. The likeliest explanation for this pattern of shoreline displacement is one involving a uniform Holocene emergence, probably a sea-level fall and not a regional hydro-isostatic effect, being imposed on local tectonics. Dates from emerged Holocene shorelines in Fiji suggest that the Holocene transgressive maximum reached 1-2 m above present mean sea level some 3,000-2,000 years ago. Selected aspects of Holocene coastline development are described in the context of the sea level history established earlier. These include river-mouth and coastal progradation, which seems to have been most marked on stable or slowly subsiding coasts; coastal dune accumulation, which may have been more closely linked to Holocene eustatic and tectonic changes than hitherto suspected; beach rock and related deposits; lagoon infilling and coral-reef emergence; and the effects of catastrophic events, particularly storm surges, on Fiji's coasts. An account is also given of the explanations which the deduced Holocene sea-Ievel history provides for aspects of contemporary settlement history which have long puzzled prehistorians. Some discussion of shoreline movements in the last fifty years and in the future in Fiji concludes the paper.


A suitable project for the new Millenium is to radically reconfigure our image of human rationality. Such a project is already underway, within the Cognitive Sciences, under the umbrellas of work in Situated Cognition, Distributed and Decentralized Cognition, Real-world Robotics and Artificial Life. 1 Such approaches, however, are often criticized for giving certain aspects of rationality too wide a berth. They focus their attention on such superficially poor cousins as 'adaptive behaviour', 'ecologically sound perception-action routines', fast and frugal heuristics' and 'fast, fluent real-time real-world action control'. 2 Is this robbery or revelation? Has 'embodied, embedded' cognitive science simply lost sight of the very phenomena it was meant to explain? Or are we finally seeing rationality aright, as fully continuous with various forms of simpler, ecologically situated, adaptive response? I distinguish two ways of developing the embodied, embedded' approach. The first, which does indeed threaten to lose sight of the key targets, is fully committed to a doctrine of biological cognitive incrementalism according to which full-scale human rationality is reached, rather directly, by some series of tweaks to basic biological modes of adaptive response. The second depicts human capacities for advanced reason as at best the indirect products of such a process. Such capacities, it is argued, depend heavily upon the effects of a special kind of hybridization in which human brains enter into an increasingly potent cascade of genuinely symbiotic relationships with knowledge-rich artifacts and technologies. This latter approach, I finally suggest, does better justice to our peculiar profile, which combines deep biological continuity with an equally deep cognitive discontinuity.


This paper examines a research and development (R&D) optimal stopping decision problem without rivalry in a fuzzy environment. In classical stochastic R&D decision models, the inter-arrival times between jumps are usually assumed as random variables which are exponentially distributed. In this paper, the inter-arrival times are treated as fuzzy variables with arbitrary distributions. Furthermore, the fuzzy expected value model is established to maximize the expected discounted net return from R&D project. To solve the model, the fuzzy simulation is designed to estimate the value of objective function and the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm is employed to find the optimal solution. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is given.


Entropion in newborn lambs apparently is hereditary and not due to blepharospasm, as it is believed to be in dogs in some cases. A simple method of treatment is described: a wound clip measuring 14 mm. is applied parallel to the margin of the affected eyelid.


Crown gall plant tumors contain neoplastic cells transformed by incorporation of a foreign DNA element, T-DNA, derived from a large tumor-inducing plasmid in the inciting Agrobacterium strain. T-DNA is covalently joined to the nuclear DNA of the tumor cell, and RNA transcripts from T-DNA are present in polyadenylated form on polysomes. This paper presents a detailed analysis of those parts of T-DNA transcribed in a nopaline-type tobacco teratoma, BT37, whose T-DNA has been mapped and cloned. Northern blots of polyA+ RNA were probed with 21 different nick-translated T-DNA fragments, and at least 13 well-defined transcripts were visualized.


: Although compression plate fixation of diaphyseal long bone fractures is accepted treatment, surgical exposure and plate position in relation to the periosteum are controversial. Histologic, roentgenographic, and biomechanical methods were applied to investigate quality and chronology of healing in radial and ulnar fractures in adult dogs. Plate position was extraperiosteal in one limb and subperiosteal in the contralateral limb. There were no statistical differences in roentgenographic or histologic studies of healing between the two techniques, nor were significant statistical differences noted when comparing linear load, maximum load at failure, slope of the linear portion, energy absorbed to failure, stress, modulus of elasticity, strain at maximum linear load, strain at maximum load, and strain at failure. Thus, there was no appreciable difference in fracture healing between subperiosteal and extraperiosteal exposure with compression plate fixation of diaphyseal fractures in dogs. However, subperiosteal exposure is preferable because it is less likely to injure surrounding soft tissues.


AQME, automated quantum mechanical environments, is a free and open‐source Python package for the rapid deployment of automated workflows using cheminformatics and quantum chemistry. AQME workflows integrate tasks performed across multiple computational chemistry packages and data formats, preserving all computational protocols, data, and metadata for machine and human users to access and reuse. AQME has a modular structure of independent modules that can be implemented in any sequence, allowing the users to use all or only the desired parts of the program. The code has been developed for researchers with basic familiarity with the Python programming language. The CSEARCH module interfaces to molecular mechanics and semi‐empirical QM (SQM) conformer generation tools (e.g., RDKit and Conformer–Rotamer Ensemble Sampling Tool, CREST) starting from various initial structure formats. The CMIN module enables geometry refinement with SQM and neural network potentials, such as ANI. The QPREP module interfaces with multiple QM programs, such as Gaussian, ORCA, and PySCF. The QCORR module processes QM results, storing structural, energetic, and property data while also enabling automated error handling (i.e., convergence errors, wrong number of imaginary frequencies, isomerization, etc.) and job resubmission. The QDESCP module provides easy access to QM ensemble‐averaged molecular descriptors and computed properties, such as NMR spectra. Overall, AQME provides automated, transparent, and reproducible workflows to produce, analyze and archive computational chemistry results. SMILES inputs can be used, and many aspects of tedious human manipulation can be avoided. Installation and execution on Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms have been tested, and the code has been developed to support access through Jupyter Notebooks, the command line, and job submission (e.g., Slurm) scripts. Examples of pre‐configured workflows are available in various formats, and hands‐on video tutorials illustrate their use.


Carbon emissions from road transport make up 20% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the UK. Therefore, reducing carbon emissions from road transport is significant in reaching carbon reduction targets. In urban areas where signal controlled intersections are common, carbon emissions from vehicular traffic can be aggravated by aggressive driving and interruptions induced by traffic control. Considerable variations in speed and acceleration profiles could be observed between high carbon and low carbon driving. In view of the immediate effects that changing driving behaviour could have on carbon emissions without extra cost, this study had investigated the variations in carbon emissions at signalised intersection, which includes the scale of impacts of changing driving behaviour and flow interruption on carbon emissions. Characteristics which lead to high CO2 emissions could then be modified by addressing the behavioural change and control strategies. High frequency real world driving data was collected using the TRG highly instrumented vehicle. The vehicle was equipped with a number of on-board systems, i.e., on-board emission measurement system, velocity box, on-board diagnostic unit, Dashdyno and video recorder. Aggressive and economical driving styles observed for two drivers during initial tests showed distinct differences in terms of speed profiles and fuel consumption. These initial tests were used to examine the nature and scale of potential impacts on fuel consumption and to design main field tests. Natural driving observed from twenty nine drivers from the main field tests also showed significantly different levels of carbon emissions at signalised intersections, which were caused by variations in both driving behaviour and traffic control. In terms of driving behaviour, changing the worst driving to the best driving during interrupted driving was found to reduce CO2 emissions significantly. The carbon reductions were collectively contributed by 1) applying soft acceleration and keeping acceleration below 0.6m/s2 during the acceleration mode and 2) reducing leaving speed at intersections, 3) practising smooth deceleration and stable speed during the deceleration mode and 4) applying the idle-stop system. Carbon emission rates of different vehicles may vary from one to another. However, it was found that the amount of carbon savings demonstrated in this study could be possibly achieved by other internal combustion vehicles of the same class, and by hybrid electric vehicles to a lesser extent. In this study, changing driving behaviour is recommended as a cost effective way to achieve carbon reduction.


In this monumental work, Laurence Senelick and Sergei Ostrovsky offer a panoramic history of Soviet theater from the Bolshevik Revolution to the eventual collapse of the USSR. Making use of more than eighty years' worth of archival documentation, the authors celebrate in words and pictures a vital, living art form that remained innovative and exciting, growing, adapting, and flourishing despite harsh, often illogical pressures inflicted upon its creators by a totalitarian government. It is the first comprehensive analysis of the subject ever to be published in the English language.


ABSTRACT A key regulatory gene in definitive erythropoiesis is the erythroid Kruppel-like factor (Eklf or Klf1). Klf1 knockout (KO) mice die in utero due to severe anemia, while residual circulating red blood cells retain their nuclei. Dnase2a is another critical gene in definitive erythropoiesis. Dnase2a KO mice are also affected by severe anemia and die in utero. DNase II-alpha is expressed in the central macrophage of erythroblastic islands (CMEIs) of murine fetal liver. Its main role is to digest the DNA of the extruded nuclei of red blood cells during maturation. Circulating erythrocytes retain their nuclei in Dnase2a KO mice. Here, we show that Klf1 is expressed in CMEIs and that it binds and activates the promoter of Dnase2a. We further show that Dnase2a is severely downregulated in the Klf1 KO fetal liver. We propose that this downregulation of Dnase2a in the CMEI contributes to the Klf1 KO phenotype by a non-cell-autonomous mechanism.


This paper focuses on the cross-layer issue of joint multiuser detection and resource allocation for energy efficiency in wireless code-division multiple-access (CDMA) networks. In particular, assuming that a linear multiuser detector is adopted in the uplink receiver, the situation considered is that in which each terminal is allowed to vary its transmit power, spreading code, and uplink receiver in order to maximize its own utility, which is defined as the ratio of data throughput to transmit power. Applying a game-theoretic formulation, a non-cooperative game for utility maximization is formulated, and it is proved that a unique Nash equilibrium exists, which, under certain conditions, is also Pareto-optimal. Theoretical results concerning the relationship between the problems of signal-to-interference-plus noise ratio (SINR) maximization and mean-square error (MSE) minimization are given, and, by applying the tools of large system analysis, a new distributed power control algorithm is implemented, based on very little prior information about the user of interest. The utility profile achieved by the active users in a large CDMA system is also computed, and, moreover, the centralized socially optimal solution is analyzed. Considerations concerning the extension of the proposed framework to a multi-cell scenario are also briefly detailed. Simulation results confirm that the proposed non-cooperative game largely outperforms competing alternatives, and that it exhibits negligible performance loss with respect to the socially optimal solution, and only in the case in which the number of users exceeds the processing gain. Finally, results also show an excellent agreement between the theoretical closed-form formulas based on large system analysis and the outcome of numerical experiments.


It is likely in plants, as in animal and fungal cells, that development involves the coordinated regulation of sets of genes. It is further likely that when this regulation acts on transcription that the coordination is mediated via trans-acting factors that recognize regulatory elements close to the responsive genes. In wheat (and barley) aleurone cells, a set of genes including those for $\alpha$ -amylase and for other hydrolases show increased expression at the RNA and transcriptional level in response to gibberellic acid. Based on the pattern of expression in various experimental conditions it seems likely that they are a co-regulated set, in the sense described above. However, a comparative analysis of 5 flanking regions has been made and, after the influence of relatedness between different members of gene families is accounted for, no sequence motifs can be identified that could be regulatory elements. More direct methods of analysis for such elements are described involving analysis of expression from natural or artifically constructed sequence variants. There is a second aspect to the regulated expression of aleurone genes when they are expressed non-coordinately and not under the control of gibberellic acid in non-aleurone tissues. In some instances this is because the same gene, expressed from the same promoter, is expressed in the different tissues and suggests that there are multiple regulatory elements close to these genes that respond to different stimuli depending on the stage of development. The $\alpha$ -Amy2 and carboxypeptidase genes of wheat use this strategy. In other instances, however, it can be seen that the dual mode of expression is achieved when multigene families have evolved in which different subsets have a different capability of expression. This strategy is exemplified by the $\alpha$ -Amy1 and $\alpha$ -Amy3 subsets of the $\alpha$ -amylase gene families.


Nearly 40 million workers are employed in retail and service occupations. While the average age and educational attainment of workers in these occupations has increased significantly since the 1970s, many of these occupations offer low wages, along with limited fringe benefits and opportunities for advancement. These occupations also employ a disproportionate share of Black and Hispanic women. Using longitudinal data from the 2004 and 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation which provide occupational data over a four year timespan, we evaluate the prevalence of occupational mobility by sex, race, and ethnicity. This research shows there are racial disparities in occupational mobility, with Black and Hispanic women less likely to exit retail and service occupations than White, non-Hispanic women. Educational attainment increased the likelihood of occupational mobility. Hispanic women's lower levels of educational attainment depressed their occupational mobility, while longer job tenure increased the likelihood they would be occupationally mobile. Differences in human capital and job tenure did not explain mobility disparities between Black and White, non-Hispanic women. However, unionization reduced occupational mobility and partly accounts for Black women's lower rates of mobility. Black women were more likely to be unionized and unionization was associated with decreased occupational mobility among women. Workers in unionized retail and service occupations earned higher wages, reducing the incentive to leave and lowering their occupational mobility rate.


The online optimal transmission policy and outage performance are investigated for energy harvesting (EH) two-way relay (TWR) networks by exploiting a real-data-driven stochastic EH model. In this network, two solar-powered source nodes are both equipped with finite-sized batteries, and communicate with each other via a relay node. Two energy supply modes are studied for the relay node: fixed power (FP) or solar-powered as an EH node with a finite-sized battery. The long-term outage probability of the TWR network is optimized by adapting the transmission power of all EH nodes to the causal solar EH condition, the fading channel states and the energy storage of their batteries. Thus, the framework is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP), and the reward function is defined as the complement of the network's conditional outage probability, whose exact closed-form is derived theoretically. Based on the MDP model, the optimal transmission policy and expected outage probability of the network are computed. In the FP relay mode, a two-dimensional (2D) on–off threshold structure of the optimal policy is revealed, and it shows the 2-D zero-action, non-conservative and power-converged properties of the power actions of the two EH source nodes. This special property indicates the transmission interaction between the two EH source nodes. Further, the outage performance limit of the network is found out to be determined by the deficiency probability of network batteries, and it reflects the impact of the EH capabilities of the two source nodes on the network performance. Moreover, in the EH relay mode, a more complicated three-dimensional on–off threshold structure of the optimal policy and the outage performance limit of the network are also derived, reflecting the impact of the EH relay on the network's power allocation and outage performance, respectively. Finally, computer simulations are demonstrated to verify the theoretical analysis.


The problem of cache coherence in shared-memory multiprocessors is addressed using two basic approaches: directory schemes and snoopy cache systems. Directory schemes for cache coherence are potentially attractive in large multiprocessor systems that are beyond the scaling limits of the snoopy cache schemes. Slight modifications to directory schemes can make them competitive in performance with snoopy cache schemes for small multiprocessors. Trace-driven simulation, using data collected from several real multiprocessor applications, is used to compare the performance of standard directory schemes, modifications to these schemes, and snoopy cache protocols. In addition, the simulations show that most blocks that are written into are present in only a small number of other caches, which makes broadcast invalidates inefficient. This result suggests that a directory structure that stores with each block only a small number of pointers to caches containing the block is sufficient.<<ETX>>


The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to create an easily understood tariff model suitable for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations connected to solar panels and the power grid, i.e. the sun-based model. The tariff model should give incentives to maximise the self-consumption of the station, i.e. to increase the direct use of the photovoltaic (PV) produced energy. This is done through encouraging the customer to charge at daytime and with low power output.The presented results show how different types of EVs are affected with the suggested sun-based model, i.e. what their energy price and their price per 10 km becomes. The sensitivity analysis consists of a change in the installed PV capacity. The results show that the proposed model provides advantages for solar-charging, since the best price is offered to the customers who charge in the desired manner. The price is unaffected with the different solar panel sizes, but the profits of the station owners increase with the size. One particular challenge noticed in the model however is that the profit for the station owner increases with lower degrees of self-consumption, which needs to be rectified in future studies prior real-life implementation.


This paper evaluates different factors and parameters contributing to likelihood of bicycle crash injury severity levels. Multinomial Logit (MNL) model was used to analyze impact of different roadway features, traffic characteristics and environmental conditions associated with bicycle crash injury severities. The multinomial model was used due to its flexibility in quantifying the effect of the independent variables for each injury severity categories. Model results showed that, severity of bicycle crashes increases with increase in vehicles per lane, number of lanes, bicyclist alcohol or drug use, routes with 35-45 mph posted speed limits, riding along curved or sloped road sections, when bicyclists approach or cross a signalized intersection, and at driveways. In addition, routes with a high percentage of trucks, roadway sections with curb and gutter, cloudy or foggy weather and obstructed vision were found to have high probability of severe injury. Segments with wider lanes, wide median and wide shoulders were found to have low likelihood of severe bicycle injury severities. Limited lighting locations was found to be associated with incapacitating injury and fatal crashes, indicating that insufficient visibility can potentially lead to severe crashes. Other findings are also presented in the paper.


To study the effects of paraffin on viscosity of waxy crude oil and transport properties of small molecules, light and waxy crude oil models were investigated at atmospheric pressure and 293–323 K temperature range using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The optimized parameters for liquid simulations all-atom (OPLS-AA) and atomistic polarizable potential for liquids, electrolytes, and polymers (APPLE&P) force fields were employed. The self-diffusion coefficients, viscosity, and paraffin configurations were compared for two oil models and between the two employed force fields. However, the behavior of paraffin molecules predicted by two force fields was quite different. Simulations using the OPLS-AA force field showed crystallization of longer paraffin molecules below 323 K, while simulations with the APPLE&P force field demonstrated a homogeneous mixture down to 293 K. To provide additional validation of the employed force fields, the density, diffusion coefficient, and crystallization of pure alkanes were compared with experimental data. The density and diffusion coefficients of n-C6 and n-C14 simulated with the APPLE&P force field were found to be in much closer agreement with the experimental data. The OPLS-AA force field was found to overestimate the crystallization temperature of pure alkanes. Therefore, simulations with the APPLE&P provide more realistic description of the waxy oil structure and transport properties. In this temperature range, the paraffin molecules are homogeneously distributed in the mixture, and viscosity of the system increased by a factor of two compared to light oil. Crystallization of paraffins requires lower temperatures or/and the presence of other components such as nanoparticles or asphaltene molecules to facilitate nucleation.


The huge explosion of information over World Wide Web forces us to use information security methods to keep it away from intruders. One of these security methods is information hiding method. Advantage of this method over other security methods is hiding existence of data using carrier to hold this data embedding inside it. Image-based information hiding represents one of widely used hiding methods due to the image capability of holding large amount of data as well as its resistance to detectable distortion. In last decades, statistical methods (types of stego-analysis methods) are used to detect existing of hidden data. Therefore, areas that have color variation (edges area) are used to hide data instead of smooth areas. In this paper, Corners points are proposed to hide data instead of edges, this to avoid statistical attacks that are used to expose hidden message. Additionally, we propose clearing least significant bit (CLSB) method to retrieve data from stego-image without sending pixels' map; this will increase security of the proposed corner-based hiding method. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust against statistical attacks compared with edge- and sequential-based hiding methods. SVM classifier also confirms the outperformance of the proposed method over the previous methods by using Corel-1000 image dataset.


Social representations are values and ideas shared and transmitted by a group of individuals. This article aims to investigate how researchers' social representations can influence their analysis of an interview. Data were collected from 28 students participating in a course on interview analysis. Students were divided into three groups. Each group received the same excerpt of a transcript, but with different characterizations of the interviewee: for Group 1, it was a young man who had studied in a public school; for Group 2, the subject had attended a special education school for people with intellectual disabilities; for Group 3, he had studied at a private school. The three groups were asked to analyze the interview and submit a written document describing their analysis. The data revealed that the students carried out interpretive synthesis, descriptive synthesis, and thematic analysis. Interpretations of content data indicated that participants in Groups 1 and 3 attributed negative representations to the interviewee and/or to public or private school. In contrast, participants in Group 2, which was told that the interviewee had intellectual disabilities, attributed positive representations to the interviewee and to the special education school. The conclusion indicates the urgency for theoretical and practical training of young researchers regarding analysis of interviews so that the representations do not lead to biased results. The comparison of the results with an earlier similar study points to a probable change in representations of people with intellectual disabilities.


New analytical techniques and recent algorithms which numerically compute the time evolution of mechanical systems enable today's scientists. engineers. and mathematicians to predict events more accurately and more rapidly than ever before. Beyond the problems of simulation and prediction, however, tie the problems of understanding a dynamical system and choosing a correct dynamical system to model a given physical situation. Many systems remain too intricate to fully understand, but modern methods of mathematical analysis can sometimes offer insight. Most of this insight is obtained by viewing dynamics geometrically, and in fact the recent advances in mechanics which we review in this article all share this geometric perspective. Much of the value of these techniques lies in their applications, and although applications exist in a broad range of dlsciplines, we will focus on examples from space mechanics and robotics because these are simple to visualize.

A key problem in space mechanics is the problem of efficiently and effectively controlling the attitude of satellites in their orbits. Several spacecraft. including the very first U.S. satellite, Explorer I. have been unable to complete their missions because they began to tumble in space and could not be stabilized. Much research has been devoted to prevent current orbiting telescopes from suffering a similar fate. These telescopes must be controlled with high precision. since small errors can seriously degrade observations made of objects thousands of light years away. Several problems have plagued the Hubble Space Telescope. including low-frequency vibrations in the structure's solar-power panels due to unanticipated thermal expansion effects as the telescope passes from night into day. These vibrations were further amplified by the telescope's computer controlled stabilization mechanisms (Wilford, [1990]). Two of the topics we shall discuss - stability and numerical integration - are pertinent to the analysis and control of such vibrations.

Stability and control are also important issues in the field of robotics. This is certainly the case for a team at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory which is trying to construct a somersaulting robot (Hodgins and Raibert [1989]) as shown in Figure I. Specifically. the project is to build a robot which will gather a running start, launch itself into the air, complete a forward revolution, and then land firmly on its feet. As might be imagined, the challenges involved in such a venture are formidable.

Recent ideas of Berry [1984, 1985], Hannay [1985], and Montgomery [1990], however, may help to solve this problem as well as provide the means for a way of efficiently controlling mechanical systems such as orbiting telescopes. It is amusing to note that many of these recent ideas are related to a natural curiosity that has fascinated and motivated investigations in physiology as well as dynamics: How does a falling cat often manage to land upright even if released while upside down from a complete rest? (See Figure 2.) The cat cannot violate the conservation of angular momentum, yet somehow it manages to tum itself 180 degrees in mid-air. This process has been investigated many times over the past century (see Nature 1 I 894), Crabtree [1909], Kane and Scher [1969] and references therein) and recently has been analyzed by Montgomery [1990] with an emphasis on how the cat (or, more generally, a deformable body) can efficiently readjust its orientation by changing its shape. By "efficiently," we mean that the reorientation minimizes some function - for example the total energy expended. Montgomery's results characterize the deformations which allow
a cat to most efficiently reorient itself without violating conservation of angular momentum.

We begin with a review of Hamiltonian systems and canonical formulations. We then introduce noncanonical formulations and the concept of reduction of dynamics. Recent results in determining stability arc presented in the next section, and these are followed by a discussion of geometric phases in mechanics. We conclude with a survey of some recent advances in numerical integration algorithms.


Component software design has been a trend in software engineering. In this paper, the theory of component based design is applied to a real world application, the Graduate Student Information and Reporting system at Trent University. This paper demonstrates how existing components can be used and modified to develop a highly functional and user friendly system in a short amount of time. Transformational design models, analysis by stream functions and state transition machines, white-box and black-box reuse on reporting are discussed in details.


The influence of initial stress/strain state on ordering of FePt is studied. The internal stress of FePt thin films deposited at room temperature can be successfully controlled in a wide range from compressive 0.95 GPa to 1.1 GPa tensile by adjusting sputter distance and inserting underlayer with different thickness. Ordering process is triggered by rapid thermal annealing at 350 for 15 min. Structural and magnetic results confirm that order transformation occurs within the stress range of . Highly stressed initial states (either compressive or tensile) suppress ordering in different ways. Large compressive stress increases the energy barrier of order reaction which results in volume expansion; strong tensile stress block the formation of phase by preventing the densification, a vital process prior to ordering, which creates intensive tensile stress. The results provide an insight into the ordering process in the aspect of evolution of internal stress/strain.


Obesity and overweight pose serious risk for many diseases and clinical conditions. However currently available weight loss strategies and pharmacotherapies of obesity are not satisfactory. This study shows that treatments with pH modifiers such as acids are not only well tolerated by obese mice but also very effective in reducing bodyweight and fat mass by depleting and suppressing the proliferation of proliferating epithelial cells of the intestinal villi. Therefore other cell proliferation inhibitors that suppress intestinal epithelial renewal can also be used for pharmacotherapy of obesity and overweight.


The practices and support for delivery of Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition (PN) in Northern Ireland were audited against standards derived from the ESPGHAN guidelines, NCEPOD Report on PN and the NICE Quality Standards for Specialist Neonatal Care. Method The records of the first 40 babies consecutively admitted to 5 neonatal units in Northern Ireland after 1st April 2012 were audited (~10% of all NI admissions). Results 100% have a policy for PN and access to MDT nutritional expertise; 80% had access to standard PN. Infant characteristics were gestation median (range) 34 (24–41) weeks; birthweight median (range) 2.24 (0.6–4.97) kg. PN commenced at a median (range) age 9 (1–96) hrs; Individual unit medians ranged from 2–24 hrs. Overall 48% initially commenced standard PN. This varied between units with a range of 15–95% Access used for PN delivery was; 75% peripheral, 19% UVC, 6% long line. 2% (4 babies) had complications with central access. 1 accidental removal, 1 extravasation and 2 sepsis of which 1 CoNS and 1 staph epidermis. 100% of chart entries regarding IV access had doctor's name, grade, date, time and catheter type, 95% documented tip position. PN duration median (range) was 3 (0–89) days. EN commencement median (range) was 1 (0–74) days. Full EN was reached median (range) 4 (0–21) days. Conclusions There is significant variation in practice for PN administration and probable overuse. A regional guideline may assist with ensuring each infant receives care determined by regional consensus 'best practice'.


Coarse-grained (CG) force fields optimized for a thermodynamic state typically lack transferability to different thermodynamic conditions. This work aims to improve the SPICA (formerly SDK) force field's transferability at higher temperatures and pressures via a relatively simple scaling of the CG parameters while remaining consistent with SPICA at ambient conditions. The temperature- and pressure-dependent model, termed tSPICA, agrees better with experimental data over a wider range of temperature and pressure than the standard SPICA model for molecular assembly thermodynamic properties. tSPICA shows an improvement in response to increasing temperature for the test case of a C12E6 aqueous solution showing behavior nearer to that experimentally determined.


One of the most important developments in the history of the EU's codecision procedure has been the steep rise in "early agreements" since 1999, and the shift of legislative decision-making from public inclusive to informal secluded arenas. As part of a wider research project on "The Informal Politics of Codecision", this working paper launches a new data set on all 797 legislative files concluded under codecision between 1999 and 2009. The paper discusses the process of data collection and coding; explains and justifies the operationalisation and measurement of key variables; and elaborates on the methodological challenges of capturing informal political processes. The paper offers rich descriptive statistics on the scale and scope of early agreements across time, and explores how key characteristics of the legislative file (legal nature, policy area, complexity, salience, policy type, duration) and of the main negotiators (priorities of the Council Presidency, ideological distance between Parliament's rapporteur and national minister, Presidency's workload) co-vary with decision-makers' choice to "go informal". Demonstrating that early agreements are not restricted to technical, urgent or uncontested files but occur across the breadth of EU legislation, and increasingly so with time in use, the data strongly underline the relevance of informal decision-making for scholars and policy-makers alike.


Introduction Chromoendoscopy is one of several advanced endoscopic imaging techniques that have emerged in recent years. Chromoenedoscopy can enhance and facilitate mucosal observation of pit patterns in colorectal lesions. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of this technique by exploring the correlation between Kudo score and final histology. Method This was a prospective study of all patients who had undergone endoscopic resection, by a single operator, between August 2007 and December 2012 in Bradford Royal Infirmary. Once a polyp was identified at colonoscopy, it was sprayed with Indigocarmine solution, assessed and then assigned a Kudo score (I–V). We recorded patients' age, sex, polyp size and site, the procedure date, and the final histology. We then analysed the data by observing whether the assigned kudo score matched the final histology. A positive association was made if Kudo scores of I and II correlated with normal or hyperplastic histology, kudo scores of III and IV correlated with adenomatous histology, and if a Kudo score of V correlated with adenocarcinoma. Results In total there were 185 polypectomy cases. Of these 14 cases were excluded either because a Kudo classification was missing (7 cases), or the histology was not available (7 cases). The final analysis was performed based on the remaining 171 cases. In 149 out of these 171 cases, the Kudo score matched the final histology (87%). There was no difference in correlation score, based on polyp size or location. However, the correlation score was higher in patients under 70 age group (93%), compared to those over 70 (82%). Also, the correlation score was higher in those undergoing the procedure in 2010 or later (90%) compared to those who had it pre-2010 (82%). Conclusion Our results demonstrate a high correlation score between Kudo scoring and the final histology, using chromoendoscopy. Correlation scores improve over time with increasing exposure and practise. Characteristic pit patterns observed using chromoendoscopy helps to differentiate adenomatous from non-adenomatous polyps. In experienced hands, this technique provides a useful adjunct in the assessment of colorectal lesions, and can help make crucial decisions at the time of endoscopy. Disclosure of interest None Declared.


RESISTANT prions in the environment have been the sword of Damocles for scrapie control and eradication. Attempts to establish which physical and chemical agents could be applied to inactivate or moderate scrapie infectivity were initiated in the 1960s and 1970s,with the first study of this type focusing on the effect of heat treatment in reducing prion infectivity (Hunter and Millson 1964). Nowadays, most of the chemical procedures that aim to inactivate the prion protein are based on the method developed by Kimberlin and collaborators (1983). This procedure consists of treatment with 20,000 parts per million free chlorine solution, for a minimum of one hour, of all surfaces that need to be sterilised (in laboratories, lambing pens, slaughterhouses, and so on). Despite this, veterinarians and farmers may still ask a range of questions, such as 'Is there an official procedure published somewhere?' and 'Is there an international organisation which recommends and defines the exact method of scrapie decontamination that must be applied?'

From a European perspective, it is difficult to find a treatment that could be applied, especially in relation to the disinfection of surfaces in lambing pens of affected flocks. A 999/2001 EU regulation on controlling spongiform encephalopathies (European Parliament and Council 2001) did not specify a particular decontamination measure to be used when an outbreak of scrapie is diagnosed. There is only a brief recommendation in Annex VII concerning the control and eradication of transmissible …


The inducibility of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) by fractions of normal rat urine separated by gel filtration chromatography was tested using the bladder carcinoma cell line 804G. Two peaks of high ODC inducibility were regularly found in the urine of rats that are fed a normal commercial rat chow or a semisynthetic diet. The approximate molecular weight of the active component in Fraction I is 37,000, and that in Fraction II is 4,300. These substances are heat resistant in regard to ODC inducibility and inhibition of metabolic cooperation in the V79 cell assay. In an in vivo assay, using heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladders which had been pretreated with a single small dose (0.25 mg) of N -methyl- N -nitrosourea, weekly instillation of both Fractions I and II induced preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the urothelium. Of the two fractions, Fraction I induced a significantly increased thymidine incorporation into urothelial cell nuclei of heterotopic bladders and exhibited more advanced structural alterations in the urothelial surface when examined at an early stage of neoplasia (12 weeks of treatment). Weekly administration of urine Fraction I had induced a significantly higher tumor incidence in the heterotopic urinary bladder by 25 weeks than did urine, 2.1% NaCl solution, or Fraction II ( p < 0.005 for each comparison). Administration of Fraction II likewise induced a significantly higher tumor incidence than did the 2.1% NaCl solution ( p < 0.03). The incidence of nodulopapillary hyperplasia, a preneoplastic hyperplastic lesion, was also significantly increased following weekly instillation of Fractions I or II ( p < 0.005) when compared with that of the 2.1% NaCl group. The results indicate that the two ODC-inducible Fractions I and II isolated from normal rat urine act as a growth-stimulating factor in urinary bladder carcinogenesis and that Fraction I displays a more potent tumor-enhancing property. The results also suggest that thymidine incorporation into urothelial nuclei may be a useful test to screen tumor promoter substance(s) on urothelium.


Very little is known about the differences between novice and expert clinical reasoning in community health practice. This article presents the findings of a study of the clinical reasoning of five expert and five novice community health occupational therapists (CHOTs) during the conducting of home visits. A head-mounted video camera was used to record the visits, followed by the participants reporting their clinical reasoning verbally using a video-assisted debriefing method. The transcripts from these verbal reports were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative results demonstrated many differences between experts and novices in terms of the amounts and types of clinical reasoning used. For example, the novices used more procedural reasoning whereas the experts used more conditional reasoning and mixes of different reasoning types. The qualitative results demonstrated that the experts used a free-flowing conversational approach when reasoning during home visits whereas the novices depended on external structures such as assessment forms to guide the process. Given their experience and familiarity with the process, the experts were confident and clear in their reasoning whereas the novices were more awkward and self-conscious. The experts handled sensitive issues whereas the novices seemed to avoid them. The study findings may provide insights for student and novice therapists concerning expert CHOTs' practice and promote reflection in general on the attainment of expertise in clinical practice.


The memory subsystem (memory controller, bus, andDRAM) is becoming a bottleneck in computer system performance. Optimizing the design of the multicore memory subsystem requires good understanding of the representative workload. A common practice in designing the memory subsystem is to rely on trace simulation. However, the conventional method of relying on traditional traces faces two major challenges. First, many software users are apprehensive about sharing their code (source or binaries) due to the proprietary nature of the code or secrecy of data, so representative traces are sometimes not available. Second, there is a feedback loop where memory performance affects processor performance, which in turnalters the timing of memory requests that reach the bus. Such feedback loop is difficult to capture with traces. In this paper, we present MeToo, a framework for generating synthetic memory traffic for memory subsystem design exploration. MeToo uses a small set of statistics that summarizes the performance behavior of the original applications, and generates synthetic traces or executables stochastically, allowing applications to remain proprietary. MeToo uses novel methods for mimicking the memory feedback loop. We validate MeToo clones, and show very good fit with the original applications' behavior, with an average error of only 4.2%, which is a small fraction of the errors obtained using geometric inter-arrival(commonly used in queueing models) and uniform inter-arrival.


This master thesis covers the seasonal planning of a small scale hydropower system. The system in this study is owned and operated by Malarenergi Vattenkraft AB. The total system consists of 4 different main rivers with 24 hydropower stations and several dams. The total installed power in the system is 43.75 MW. Most of the hydropower stations are regarded as small scale hydropower stations and thus entitled to green certificates.In this report the issue of planning is formulated as an optimization problem. The objective is to maximize the revenue during a given period, while considering hydrological couplings, physical and legal limitations. To provide some orientation and background to the problem the first chapters in the report cover hydropower, system planning, the electrical market and optimization. An essential part of the work consists of modeling of hydropower systems and two different models are accomplished. Both models include delay time and maximum discharge changes among other things. The first model is a mixed integer linear model (MILP) where the power production is expressed in integers and continuous variables. Minimal discharge, prohibited intervals and non decreasing marginal production equivalent are also included. The second model is a nonlinear model (NLP) that in contrast to the first model includes simplified head dependence. On the other hand some other property must be left out.To solve the optimization problem mathematical programming in GAMS is used. In GAMS the described models and the basic numerical data for the system can be formulated and optimized. A number of test cases with different conditions are made to study how the system could be run optimally and what factors that can be identified as important. The results of the simulations are extensive and an interesting selection of these are analyzed and presented in the report.


"This collection fills a very long felt need, a fact which is reinforced by the generally very high quality of the contributions and the fast-growing reputation in international feminist circles of many of the authors."--Arjun Appadurai, University of Pennsylvania The political and social life of India in the last decade has given rise to a variety of questions concerning the nature and resilience of patriarchal systems in a transitional and post-colonial society. The contributors to this interdisciplinary volume recognize that every aspect of reality is gendered, and that such a recognition involves a dismantling of the ideological presuppositions of the so-called gender neutral ideologies, as well as the boundaries of individual disciplines. The first set of essays seeks to analyze the patriarchal discourses of a colonial society and includes an analysis of the shaping of Hindu-Aryan identity, the parameters of the discourse on widow-immolation, the "defeminization" of popular culture in nineteenth-century urban Calcutta, the nature of the reforms proposed by early women's journals in Hindi, and the implications of the nationalist movement and of Indo-Anglian leterature on middle-class patriarchal norms. The second set of articles relates to women of the productive classes--the reconstitution of patriarchies in the agrarian transition in Haryana, in the Oudh peasant movement, in the armed peasant struggle in Telangana, and among the working class in Bengal. The contributors explore the interrelation of patriarchies with political economy, law, religion, and culture, and suggest a different history of "reform" movements, and of class and gender relations. Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid are teachers of literature at Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi University. Together they have edited a collection of essays, Women and Culture. Kumkum Sangari is associate editor of the Journal of Arts and Ideas. Sudesh Vaid is the author of The Divided Mind: Studies in Select Novels of Defoe and Richardson.


The experiments on upward flow of supercritical water in a vertical annuli and 3-rod tight bundle simulator made of 485-mm heated-length tubes of 5.2-mm OD and 4.5-mm ID with four helical ribs of 0.6-mm height, 1-mm width, and axial 400-mm pitch are presented.
 Heat transfer and pressure drop under various operating conditions (inlet pressure and temperature, flow mass rate and heat flux) were investigated. Longitudinal wall temperature profiles made it possible to determine the place and flow thermal state of heat transfer deterioration (HTD) onset. Analysis of the obtained data (about 200 regimes) proved their good enough agreement with the correlations previously derived by the authors both for the heat flux rate (q/G)b of HTD beginning and for pressure drop in round tubes and annular channels. These correlations were updated to correct the results of their prediction.
 Computational fluid dynamics and its counterpart computational heat transfer were used for modeling the above-mentioned thermohydraulic processes studied in the first part of the work by finding the most adequate flow turbulence model and optimized domain meshing. The accepted model was benchmarked by some data on heat transfer and pressure drop in tubes and annular channels cooled by SCW.