The expertise on building stock typology used openly available data from the Albanian statistical office. As the CENSUS was not especially designed for gathering data for the energetic evaluation of the building stock, some data were not available on the required level of detail. Estimations were necessary to extrapolate data to the existing stock. Technically, the study selected and described twenty representative categories of residential buildings typology for Albania. Were identified the level and the structure of final energy consumption at present and in the future by building age category, building type, climate zone, and energy end-use. Using an original template excel data sheet, were conducted the calculations of their thermal energy performance in three climate zones, designed standardized retrofit packages, calculated possible energy savings, and investment required by building type. The engineering principle of the Regulation in force, regarding to the legislative act of Energy Building Code in Albania, is beyond any doubt correct and carefully studied. The act is a rule book or the Regulation (energy building code - here The Code) which contains information that is sufficient to perform calculations of the different insulating layers for new construction after the year 2003. Also, the Regulation's algorithms are still relevant in terms of calculation to provide Energy for heating demands in Albania. After 12 years, the Code remains the same and could provide either an optimal potential energy savings to the existing buildings, or an optimal cost-effective of building's insulation without imposing a burden of high financial housing builders to multifamily prospective buyers. Based today Europe's developments on Energy Performance of Buildings, the study is found relevant to provide a methodology for calculation of the energy performance in buildings (kWh/ m2a) based on volumetric coefficient heat losses (Gvt) for heating only, the existing indicator of the existing Code. The following study deals with the possibility of transposing the methodology used to the Code into an energy Performance based on minimum requirement for a new Regulation and/or EP Calculation Methodology based on efficient use of energy for heating and cooling purposes.


From March 1983 to December 1989, day care operations were done for 12099 children (inguinal hernia 10913, hydrocele 1186) aging from 6 months to 13 years (75.9% of the children were under three). The postoperative complication rate was 0.84% and 15 children (0.12%) required hospitalization. The procedures and indications of the two operations and measures to prevent postoperative complications are discussed. We consider that day care surgery is safe and effective in minimizing the psychological burden of hospitalization, reducing hospital costs and decreasing the risk of cross-infection.


Restructuring in power systems requires expanding capacity of transmission systems to avoid some problems such as cost, right-of-way, and expansion needs. Nowadays flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are known as important equipments for reducing the flows in loaded lines by increasing loadability, decreasing system loss, improving stability of the network and reducing the cost of production. In this article, by using congestion management in normal and contingency conditions, best location of a phase shifter will be determined to reduce production cost and increase loadability in power markets. The proposed method is used to demonstrate its effect on IEEE 30-bus standard system and to fulfill optimization by quadratic programming.


An ultra-broadband wavelength-swept laser (WSL) was generated using glass-clad Ti:sapphire crystal fiber as the gain media. Due to the low signal propagation loss of the crystal fiber, the swept laser has a tuning bandwidth of 250 nm (i.e., 683 nm to 933 nm) at a repetition rate of 1200 Hz. The steady-state and pulsed dynamics of the WSL were analyzed. The 0.018-nm instantaneous linewidth corresponds to a 3-dB coherence roll-off of 7 mm. When using the laser for swept-source optical coherence tomography, an estimated axial resolution of 1.8 µm can be achieved.


Measuring the similarity between documents is an important operation in the text processing field. The feature with a larger spread offers more contribution to the similarity between documents. The feature value can be term frequency and relative term frequency that is a tf-idf combination. The Similarity Measure with tf-idf is extended to gauge the similarity between two sets of documents. Instead of counting difference between features our proposed system give weightage for feature. In this system absence and presence of a property has more important than similarity between documents features. The measure is applied in several text applications, including label classification and clustered with k-means like clustering. The results show that the performance obtained by the proposed measure is better than that achieved by other measures.


The authors examine the role of international law in a changing global order. Can we, under the current significantly changing conditions, still observe an increasing juridification of international relations based on a universal understanding of values, or are we, to the contrary, rather facing a tendency towards an informalization or a reformalization of international law, or even an erosion of international legal norms? Would it be appropriate to revisit classical elements of international law in order to react to structural changes, which may give rise to a more polycentric or non-polar world order? Or are we simply observing a slump in the development towards an international rule of law based on a universal understanding of values? In eleven chapters and eleven comments, distinguished scholars reflect on how to approach these questions from historical, system-oriented and actor-centered perspectives. The contributions engage with the rise of European international law since the 17th century, the decay of the international rule of law, compliance as an indicator for the state of international law, international law and informal law-making in times of populism, the rule of environmental law and complex problems, human rights in Europe in a hostile environment, the influence of the BRICS states on international law, the impact of non-state actors on international law, international law's contribution to global justice, the contestation of value-based norms and the international rule of law in light of legitimacy claims.


This study examined the effect of insecurity of security officers on economic prospects in Nigeria. This work seeks to explain the meaning of security, insecurity, types of security, causes of insecurity of security officers, and its effect on Nigeria's economic prospect. The security officials whose statutory assignment is to secure the citizens' and aliens' lives and properties must be first safe to discharge their duties diligently. Therefore, a random sampling was done through the distribution of 130 questionnaires to respondents. Also, secondary data, such as, relevant books, newspapers, research articles, and government publications in Nigeria, were adopted. After the data analysis was conducted, the findings testified that insecurity of security officials is evident in Nigeria due to many identified factors responsible for their insecurity. This hinders Nigeria's economic prospect from discouragement caused to both existing and prospective investors locally and internationally. It also led to the displacement of investors from the crisis zone to a peaceful area, sometimes leading to the relocation of industry to assured security countries. After rigorous findings, this research concluded and recommended that the government, civil society, and every arm of society must take a proactive approach to ensure that the safety of every security official in Nigeria is given needed attention to address the issue.


Organic matter from spent bleaching effluents (from chlorination (C) or extraction (E) stages, or a mixture of both) was effectively precipitated as a water insoluble complex with polyethylene imine (polyimine). Precipitation was performed in a pilot unit operating automatically. The colour, chemical oxygen demand (COO), and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) were reduced in the C effluent by up to 92%, 65%, and 84%, respectively. Regarding the E-stage effluent, reduction was up to 76% for colour, 70% for COD, and 73% for AOX. No significant reduction of BODs was observed in the supernatant of the treated effluent. Fish toxicity was greatly reduced. Laccase increased the molecular weight of the effluent constituents, thus facilitating subsequent precipita tion. After treatment with laccase, the bulk of monoand dichlorophenol is coprecipitated with the liquors from the C and E bleaching stages. Fungi (representatives of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium) achieved an appre ciable level of degradation of chlorophenols and other chloroorganic compounds from the bleaching effluent.


Only 20% of the barley seed lots sampled in a two-year, 17-county survey—as reported in this study—met standards required of California certified barley seed. Fifty-four per cent of the samples contained excessive weed seed and 12% contained secondary noxious weeds. Forty per cent of the samples also contained an average of 72 seeds of other crops per pound of barley seed. Twenty-six per cent of the samples germinated less than 90%. Forty-nine per cent of the samples averaged 7.1% trashy, inert material and 43% were found to contain varietal mixtures.


Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has replaced conventional smears in the UK. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended the use of LBC in 2003. ThinPrepTM (TP) and SurePathTM (SP) LBC systems were adopted for use in the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) in the UK. NICE recommended further review of any other technologies or other liquid-based cytology systems in the future. For any second-generation LBC systems to be considered for cervical screening in the NHSCSP, there must be an evaluation of technical requirements and clinical data relating to their sensitivity, specificity and the percentage of inadequate samples.The objective of the work undertaken for this thesis was to provide evidence to enable an informed decision on the use of second-generation liquid-based cytology systems for cervical screening in the UK. The decision to accept the second-generation LBC system in the NHSCSP is based on its reliability, clinical effectiveness and cost implications. This work will determine the reliability, microscopic quality and reproducibility of slides of the second-generation LBC system, and the results of this work will form the platform for progression to the clinical evaluation of the system.Initially, four second-generation LBC systems were considered suitable for evaluation. They were Seroa CYTO-screen, Shandon Papspin, LGM Liqui-PREP and CellSolution 120. However, the specifications of only one system (CellSolution 120TM) met NHSCSP technical requirements to start the evaluation. One hundred random, electronically generated colposcopy patient samples were used to assess the technical reliability of the CellSolution 120TM system. The technical evaluation consisted of pre-phase I and phase I. The results of these phases will decide whether the CS 120TM liquid-based cytology system could be carried further for clinical evaluation (phase II) or not.This study was sponsored by the NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency (PASA), the Centre for Evidence based Purchasing (CEP) on behalf of the NHSCSP. The Manchester Cytology Centre (MCC) was selected as the site for evaluation of CellSolution 120? and the project was managed by Guildford Medical Device Evaluation Centre (GMEC) on behalf of CEP.


Abstract Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of combined use of Arabin pessary, cervical cerclage and progesterone with progesterone-only management of pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth. Materials and methods: The study included 203 pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth who were randomised to receive Arabin pessary (Group 1, n = 82) and progesterone, circular cervical cerclage and progesterone (Group 2, n = 121) or progesterone treatment only (Group3, controls, n = 50). Patients in the pessary and cerclage group also received progesterone. Results: The use of Arabin pessary combined with progesterone resulted in a 2.5-fold decrease in the rate of vaginal dysbiosis in pregnancy (p = 0.015) and almost three-fold reduction in in the postpartum period (p = 0.037), combined with circular cervical cerclage and progesterone. Suture eruption was observed in 4.3% of women. In patients with abnormal placental location, placental migration was observed in 62.1% of patients in Group I, 52.1% in Group II and a significantly lower proportion of patients (14.0%) in Group III (p = 0.001). Bleeding during pregnancy was observed significantly more often in both comparison groups (p = 0.005). Incidence of intrapartum bleeding was 17.4% (p = 0.011) in Group II and 24.5% in Group III (p = 0.002). Intrapartum chorioamnionitis was observed in 4.3% of patients in Group II and 2.04% of patients in Group III. Conclusions: The use of Arabin pessary compbined with progesterone reduces the rate of infectious complications and bleeding during pregnancy and the postpartum period.


Many recent books in clinical psychology with children and adolescents have highlighted the use of neuropsychological assessment, neuroscience, and clinical interventions for complex developmental and neurological disorders - but not for the most common behavioural disorders that present in this young population. Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Youth serves to fill this significant void in the professional literature. This comprehensive text translates basic brain science into empirically-supported clinical assessments and interventions for children. Co-editors Reddy, Weissman, and Hale - all first-rate clinical researchers - selected the emotional and behavioural disorders examined in each chapter based on their high prevalence in children and adolescents (e.g., OCD, ADHD, anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, etc.). As such, it serves as the first published text bridging the gap between neuropsychological evaluation and clinical interventions for youth with emotional and behavioural disorders. This is a timely and important issue as emerging researchers - and the field at large - gain greater awareness of the intersection between neuropsychology and clinical practice. Written for clinicians and other practitioners who are involved with treating children and adolescents with prevalent emotional and behavioural disorders in this young population, Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Youth will also appeal to clinical researchers and to students in graduate psychology courses.


When incidents happen and the consequences are not mitigated effectively,
one of the indicated failures consists of ineffective emergency response planning
(EPR). EPR is an important aspect of the Process Safety Management (PSM)
Standards and the guidelines are stated in CFR 1910.119 (n) which explains the
minimum elements of emergency response and procedures in handling emergency or
small releases. Despite its implementation in 1992, CSB finds ineffective EPR system
in certain accidents such as the Missouri DPS Enterprise Chlorine Gas Release
accident in 2002. DPS EPR failed in planning on location of emergency equipment
and accessibility. Many other accidents has occurred throughout the decade and even
though organizations have their own EPR system, there are issues in meeting
minimum PSM requirements. There also exists the problem of self-regulatory policies
practiced by organizations which might not meet these requirements as well. To help
organizations meet these minimum requirements, the purpose of this paper is to
present a structured and easy technique to plan and implement EPR as per PSM
requirements. A model has been developed based on this technique and its application
has been tested as a case study in a refinery in Malaysia and discussed in this report.
The results reflected the feasibility of this model as it helped users track and manage
documents better. This technique has the potential to help users manage EPR better to
reduce adverse impacts to people, environment and assets


Pediatric Forensic Neuropsychology is the authoritative, definitive reference on the practice and process of civil forensic neuropsychological assessment of children and adolescents. With chapters authored by top experts in the field of pediatric neuropsychology and forensic neuropsychology, this book provides critical, knowledgeable, and expert information for clinicians, attorneys, physicians and other professionals involved in forensic pediatric neuropsychological assessment.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This study's purpose was to examine attitudes of family physicians and gastroenterologists toward family physician performance of lower endoscopy in general practice.

METHODS
A mailed survey was sent to 1,563 board-certified physicians in Georgia (1,303 family physicians, 260 gastroenterologists). Respondents were asked to describe their practice of lower endoscopy procedures and colorectal (CRC) screening preferences.

RESULTS
Fifty-one percent (801) of the surveys were returned. For CRC screening, family physicians recommend fecal occult blood testing most frequently (51.7%), while gastroenterologists recommended colonoscopy most frequently (89.5%). Most family physicians believe that family physicians should perform flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) (81.4%) and colonoscopy (CS) (71.3%). A total of 71.2% of surveyed gastroenterologists believe that family physicians should perform FS, but only a minority (4.5%) believe that family physicians should perform screening CSs. Approximately 28% (186) of family physicians report performing FS (mean=.8 FS per month). Only 3.7 % (25) of family physicians reported performing CS (mean=8.2 CSs per month).

CONCLUSIONS
Although most family physicians believe that they should perform lower endoscopy, only a minority of gastroenterologists believe family physicians should perform CS. Our results show that family physician performance of lower endoscopic CRC screening is limited in general practice. Future research might consider exploring these issues from both the gastroenterologist and family physician perspective.


This research is premised on Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model and on Berger's concept that religiosity is socially constructed. However, unlike the early Birmingham studies' emphasis on socioeconomic status as a "cultural code" through which audience members would decode media texts, this study examines the readings of television texts from the perspective of audience members who are, because of their religious practices, ideologically situated to the right of much that is offered on television. The findings in this case are consistent with Hall's notion that individuals bring contradictory and conflicting discourse into their readings of media texts.


Background: Standard methods of identification have not been able to solve all issues concerning E. coli. With the development of genomic studies, PCR appears promising to deal with the shortcomings. This study aimed to utilize PCR with specific primers for lacZ, uidA, cyd, and lacY gene segments to identify environmental E. coli isolates. Materials and methods: PCR and the aforementioned four primers were used for molecular identification of E. coli on purified genome DNA from 120 environmental E. coli isolates, standard strains of Shigella, and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli strain as controls. All environmental E. coli isolates were isolated from Bushehr coastal areas and identified in a previous study by standard bacteriological methods and then preserved in -70 ̊C for further studies. Results: The primers successfully showed their ability to identify the targets in environmental isolates and standard strains. It is shown that the four PCR fragments related to lacZ, uidA, cyd, and lacY genes were observed only for E. coli isolates and strains. Conclusion: PCR method proved capable to distinguish E. coli from Shigella as the most phylogenetically related genus and contrary to the classical methods, it could detect enterohaemorrhagic strains as Escherichia coli.


Cybersecurity is a national security issue. Passive cyber defense measures are no longer sufficient. This thesis uses options analysis to consider different courses of action for the employment of active cyber defense measures. The Active Cyber Defense Certainty Act, with minor changes, will strengthen the collective cybersecurity posture of entities worldwide by increasing the identification of those perpetrating cyberspace acts. Alone, it does not address the legitimate concerns of proponents and opponents alike. It needs to be coupled with the Cyber Diplomacy Act of 2017, which creates an office within the Department of State to negotiate cyber matters globally on behalf of the United States. While these two acts are stronger together, no single entity within the United States fully addresses America's cybersecurity policy. As the attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 necessitated the creation of a Director of National Intelligence to coordinate the intelligence community, the current state of cybersecurity necessitates the creation of a national director of cybersecurity. The three concepts create a holistic approach to U.S. cybersecurity, but an entity must mitigate disputes between nations. NATO's Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) facilitated the writing of the Tallinn Manual 2.0. Coupled with the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime as a framework, the CCDCOE has the ability to serve as the entity to mitigate those disputes.


With the vast expansion of the Roman Empire came a need for more and more fortifications to defend it. The borders of the Empire stretched through wildly different terrains which demanded a huge variety of different fortifications, depending on the local conditions and the threats faced by the different areas. The adoption of local troops (auxiliaries) and local building techniques at key strategic points on the outskirts of the empire led to an intriguing mix of strong Roman structure with unique culturally diverse elements. Describing the development of these hugely varied defensive systems, Duncan Campbell delves into the operation and social history behind the fortifications.With detailed colour artwork and maps, he traces their history through the Batavian Revolt of the 1st century AD, which saw auxiliary units scattered far from their native regions, until the decline of the late 3rd and 4th centuries placed their fortifications in an increasingly pressurized and eventually untenable position.


Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an important cause of visual morbidity globally. Modern treatment strategies for neovascular AMD achieve regression of CNV by suppressing the activity of key growth factors that mediate angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been the major target of neovascular AMD therapy for almost two decades, and there have been several intravitreally-administered agents that have enabled anatomical restitution and improvement in visual function with continual dosing. Aflibercept (EYLEA®), initially named VEGF Trap-eye, is the most recent anti-VEGF agent to be granted US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of neovascular AMD. Biologic advantages of aflibercept include its greater binding affinity for VEGF, a longer intravitreal half-life relative to other anti-VEGF agents, and the capacity to antagonize growth factors other than VEGF. This paper provides an up-to-date summary of the molecular mechanisms mediating CNV. The structural, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic advantages of aflibercept are also reviewed to rationalize the utility of this agent for treating CNV. Results of landmark clinical investigations, including VIEW 1 and 2 trials, and other important studies are then summarized and used to illustrate the efficacy of aflibercept for managing treatment-naïve CNV, recalcitrant CNV, and CNV due to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Safety profile, patient tolerability, and quality of life measures related to aflibercept are also provided. The evidence provided in this paper suggests aflibercept to be a promising agent that can be used to reduce the treatment burden of neovascular AMD.


ACADEMIC PUBLISHINGA librarian-led rebellion against spiraling prices for commercial scientific journals has gained some new allies. Last week, Britain's Royal Society of Chemistry announced plans to launch a low-cost journal that will compete directly with a more expensive commercial publication, and a prominent ecologist has taken the unusual step of defecting from a successful title he founded a decade ago to start a lower cost competitor. Both ventures are backed by the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, a Washington, D.C.-based organization that is encouraging scientific societies and rebel publishers to create journals that compete head to head with commercial titles.


Abstract This article examines the legal information provided in Australian alcohol and other drug (AOD) classroom education documents. We focus first on the technical presentation of the information, analysed using Petraglia's notion of 'authenticity' and, second, on the constitution of particular 'problems', analysed using Bacchi's concept of 'problematisation'. We argue that in working towards deterrence, drug education provides legal information in two ways. First, much of the information focuses on the legal status of drugs, warning young people about the illegality of drugs. Second, information is communicated through structured group activities posed as creating opportunities for discussion. We argue that these strategies aim for a goal of deterrence and that this fits awkwardly with Australia's avowed commitment to harm reduction drug policies. We argue further that young people's relationship with the legal aspects of AOD use is too complex for these approaches and the goal of deterrence generally to be productive. In contrast, we propose an approach to drug education that includes a process of open problematisation in which students are invited to consider all aspects of use including the current regulation of drugs. We argue that approaching drug education in this way may more effectively inform about current legal arrangements and encourage the identification of potential problems and solutions more relevant to the lives of its audiences.


Thioglycolate-induces peritoneal macrophages from melanoma-bearing mice (immune macrophages) or from control mice (control macrophages) were cultured with syngeneic melanoma cells (P51) to determine the surface characteristics of the effector cells during interaction and destruction of the target cells. After a short culture period (3 hours), immune macrophages had extensive connections via filopodia and ruffled membranes to the surfaces of the melanoma cells; control macrophages did not exhibit the same behavior. A dense region in the cytoplasm immediately beneath the macrophage plasmalemma was observed at the point of contact with the target tumor cell. With longer periods of culture (24 hours), effector cells began phagocytosis of the target cells; immune macrophages, however, had more fine filopodial connections and were more cytostatic than were controls. These observations indicate that one of the initial mechanisms of tumor cell destruction was contact-induced lysis, with phagocytosis playing a minor part.


1. The effects of 4-6 weeks treatment with placebo, potassium chloride 32 mmol 12 hourly, and spironolactone 25 mg 12 hourly upon the plasma potassium concentration-time profile were examined in hypertensive patients taking bendrofluazide 5 mg daily. 2. When compared with placebo, potassium chloride increased peak plasma potassium concentration (P less than 0.05), 12 h AUC for plasma potassium (P less than 0.1), and 12 h urine potassium excretion (P = 0.002). Spironolactone increased peak plasma potassium concentration (P less than 0.05), and 12 h AUC for plasma potassium (P less than 0.05), compared with placebo values. 3. Potassium chloride and spironolactone did not differ significantly in any respect other than 12 h urine potassium excretion. The 12 h AUC for plasma potassium was 35% larger with spironolactone than potassium chloride (not significant). 4. With both active drugs peak plasma potassium was observed 2-3 h after dosing, and efficacy tended to wane towards 12 h. However, variability of plasma potassium within the dose interval was not increased markedly, and 12 hourly dosing is probably satisfactory for both potassium chloride and spironolactone at the doses studied.


The dielectronic recombination rate coefficients of Nv and Ne viii ions have been measured at a heavy-ion storage ring. The investigated energy ranges covered all dielectronic recombination resonances attached to 2s -> 2p (delta_n = 0) core excitations. The rate coefficients in a plasma are derived and parameterized by using a convenient fit formula. The experimentally derived rate coefficients are compared with theoretical data by Colgan et al. (2004, A&A, 417, 1183) and Nahar & Pradhan (1997, ApJ, 111, 339) as well as with the recommended rate coefficients by Mazzotta et al. (1998, A&A, 133, 403). The data of Colgan et al. and Nahar & Pradhan reproduce the experiment very well over the temperature ranges where Nv and Ne viii are expected to exist in photoionized as well as in collisionally ionized plasmas. In contrast the recommendation of Mazzotta et al. agrees with the experimental rate coefficient only in the collisionally ionized temperature range. At lower temperatures it deviates from the measured rate coefficient by orders of magnitude. In addition the influence of external electric fields with field strengths up to 1300 V/cm on the dielectronic recombination rate coefficient has been investigated.


As a long-standing CMAJ reader and sometime contributor I was appalled at the highly skewed report on Gaza by Francois Dumont.1 Publication of such a piece seems to be way beyond the mandate of the Journal.

Israel is portrayed as an aggressor against the Gazan population for no reason, as the author fails to highlight the factors that precipitated the military action. Dumont quotes comparative death figures as if the fact that fewer Israelis died diminishes the terror felt by the Israeli population and the traumatic impact of daily exposure to potentially lethal rocket attacks. Good shelters, advanced warning systems and a state of constant tense alertness are the reasons why so few deaths have occurred in Israel.

The terrible, inhuman acts of the Gazan government against its own population are not noted in the article. No mention is made of the fact that aid materials were stolen by Hamas militiamen, that Gazan hospitals were used to hide gunmen or that medical aid offered by Israel was virtually prohibited by the Hamas regime even to the detriment of its own civilian population. Hamas gunman murdered patients in Gaza's hospitals if they believed them to be collaborators, without anything resembling a trial. I am disappointed that CMAJ has chosen to use its pages to publish what in essence is a political piece that demonizes Israel's need to defend its citizens and suggests that Hamas had nothing to do with the state of the population for which it is responsible.


Background: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) refers to the wide range of air pollutants emitted by traffic that are dispersed into the ambient air. Emerging evidence shows that TRAP can increase asthma incidence in children. Living with asthma can carry a huge financial burden for individuals and families due to direct and indirect medical expenses, which can include costs of hospitalization, medical visits, medication, missed school days, and loss of wages from missed workdays for caregivers. Objective: The objective of this paper is to estimate the economic impact of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a common traffic-related air pollutant in urban areas, in the United States at the state level. Methods: We calculate the direct and indirect costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 using previously published burden of disease estimates and per person asthma cost estimates. By multiplying the per person indirect and direct costs for each state with the NO2-attributable asthma incident cases in each state, we were able to estimate the total cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the United States. Results: The cost calculation estimates the total direct and indirect annual cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the year 2010 to be $178,900,138.989 (95% CI: $101,019,728.20–$256,980,126.65). The state with the highest cost burden is California with $24,501,859.84 (95% CI: $10,020,182.62–$38,982,261.250), and the state with the lowest cost burden is Montana with $88,880.12 (95% CI: $33,491.06–$144,269.18). Conclusion: This study estimates the annual costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 and demonstrates the importance of conducting economic impacts studies of TRAP. It is important for policy-making institutions to focus on this problem by advocating and supporting more studies on TRAP's impact on the national economy and health, including these economic impact estimates in the decision-making process, and devising mitigation strategies to reduce TRAP and the population's exposure.


Pomelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) is known as the largest citrus fruit in the worlds. The fresh pulp often consumed directly meanwhile pomelo byproducts including peels; exocarp: flavedo and endocarp: albedo and lamella were discarded. A significant yield of waste was produced and may result in high cost of waste management. Therefore, the present study was carried out after freeze-drying (FD) to discover the physico-chemical properties (water activity (aw), total soluble solids (TSS), pH and vitamin C) of pomelo byproducts (flavedo, albedo and lamella). Results showed that the overall byproducts contain lower water activity (<0.7) value after dried, whereas for TSS albedo (2.43°Brix) and lamella (2.23°Brix) showed significantly (p <0.05) higher value compared to flavedo (1.77°Brix). Similar with pH analysis, significant lower value of flavedo (5.44) was observed in comparison with albedo (5.78) and lamella (5.70). Nevertheless, lower pH value indicates the presence of higher concentration of vitamin C in flavedo (30.52 mg AA/100g DW) more than albedo (25.83 mg AA/100g DW) and lamella (17.48 mg AA/100g DW). Noteworthy information of the byproducts could be further applied in nutraceutical approach and functional foods for commercial purposes.


To the Editor.— By suppressing sebum secretion, the "pill" has proved helpful in many cases of female acne vulgaris. Estrogens mediate this effect by lowering the circulating level of testosterone. The roster of adverse reactions accompanying the long-term administration of oral contraceptives is very well known indeed. Less appreciated are the changes which may occur after the medication is stopped. Dermatologists are fairly familiar with the increased shedding of club hairs which cause fears of baldness. This hair loss is usually temporary and though quite common is able to be overlooked because of its minor quality. We call attention now to another manifestation which we have named "postcontraceptive acne." It is perhaps just as common as hair loss but seems not to have been recorded hitherto. A typical case behaves as follows. A young woman in her mid 20s who has been taking the pill for one or more years


Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the pioneering technologies of the digital revolution in terms of the already existing and potential application areas in companies. On the technical side, this paper deals with the energy requirements for the use of artificial intelligence methods and the identification of efficiency approaches. Productivity increases often lead to increased energy demand, which contradicts sustainability in terms of reducing CO 2 emissions. Therefore, it is investigated to what extent rebound effects can reduce the potential for energy savings in relation to artificial intelligence methods and what are the main factors of the resulting CO 2 emissions.


We present low temperature magnetic data (thermal demagnetization, hysteresis) obtained on thirty three ordinary chondrite meteorites. A magnetic transition is observed in the 40–80 K range (average 66 K), and is interpreted as a ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition. We present quantitative analyses of changes in magnetization across the magnetic phase transition and chemical elemental analyses to argue that chromite, a common accessory mineral in meteorites, is the mineral undergoing the phase transition, and not troilite or tetrataenite as proposed in previous studies. Moreover, we observe a correlation between the measured Curie temperature and chemical composition of chromites in ordinary chondrites. Low temperature magnetic measurement are thus a sensitive indicator of chromite composition in these meteorites, and as such a possible proxy to the understanding of their thermal metamorphism.


In Part 1 of the paper, an improved induction-machine model was derived, making more accurate allowances for the magnetising field saturation. This model yields satisfactory results, as proved experimentally. In this Part, two interesting applications of this saturated model are discussed. The first application deals with the stability behaviour of the voltage-fed induction motor. The stability region in the parameter space is shown to be much larger when calculated by means of the saturated model. This result competely agrees with experience. The second application deals with the self-excited induction generator. The necessity to use the improved model for the prediction of the dynamic behaviour is pointed out, because the classical model leads to unrealistic predictions; moreover, only the improved model allows the minimum flux level for which self-excitation still may occur to be determined. Also, the theoretically predicted stability limit is shown to agree with experiment.


Poor performance of trench reinstatements affects the quality and safety of highways. As materials in shallow trenches are unsaturated and under low stresses, the factors affecting their behaviour are not understood clearly. This thesis reports on an experimental investigation into the one dimensional compression behaviour of typical coarse granular trenchfill materials.
Literature from the fields of rockfills and unsaturated soils are reviewed, and some experimental difficulties faced when working with such materials are noted. The limestone test material is classified using standard specification tests for aggregates.
Four series of tests were performed to investigate the behaviour of three gradings over a range of water contents. Monotonic, constant strain and repeated load conditions were used, and investigations made into the influence of inundation on strain development, the influence of water content on Ko and shear strength for a given density, and the influence of compactive effort.
A new consolidation cell was developed to perform two of the test series. This cell allowed the measurement and control of suctions within the test specimens, and allowed inundation under controlled conditions. Air diffusion effects were allowed for in the design.
The experimental work shows measurable suctions exist within coarse granular soils. Compressibility and repeated load behaviour are both shown to be a function of water content and dry density for a given compactive effort, and soil suction is shown to be an important influence. Collapse settlements on inundation were recorded and were shown to be directly influenced by soil suction. Shear behaviour was shown to be affected by the suctions also, but the Ko tests were inconclusive.
A qualitative model to explain the influence of suction in coarse materials is presented, and the current test results compared with those of previous workers. The practical implications of the research are discussed.
The research reported in this thesis was conducted within the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering of the University of Sheffield under the supervision of Dr W F Anderson and Dr I C Pyrah, and in conjunction with the British Gas Engineering Research Station. Liaison staff at the Research Station were Dr Rowen, Mr D Boyes and Mr G Leach. The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to them all for their time and efforts, but in particular wishes to thank Dr Anderson and Dr Pyrah for their guidance, suggestions and patience both during the experimental work and the prolonged period over which the thesis was written. Thanks also go to Professor T Hanna, the Head of the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, for the use of the departmental facilities throughout the work.
The design and development of the apparatus was helped greatly by the enthusiasm and competence shown by all technical staff at the University, but the greatest endeavours were provided by Mr P L Osborne and Mr M Foster. Their input does not go unrecognised, and neither does the cooperation received from Mrs S Rowe and her staff when the soils laboratory at the British Gas Engineering Research Station was extensively used for several months.


Background: Preventive dental care benefits people of all ages and genders' oral health. Among many conceptual implications, autonomy suggests the power to alter one's fate and environment, among other things. Little is known about women's autonomy and factors influencing dental health-care utilization in India. This study was designed to assess knowledge, attitude, and oral hygiene practices and its association with women's autonomy and dental care utilization. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 women aged 18 years or older in Bengaluru Urban District. Questionnaires were employed to assess women's autonomy, knowledge, attitude, oral hygiene practices, and dental care service utilization. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and regression analyses were carried out. The P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than half of the women (61.3%) had a high level of autonomy. Women with a high level of autonomy had more knowledge, a more positive attitude, and better dental hygiene habits. Autonomy, knowledge, and attitude were all significant independent predictors of women's use of dental care services. Conclusions: Women's autonomy was found to influence knowledge, attitude, and oral hygiene practices which in turn are associated with dental health-care service utilization.


The thesis focuses on consolidation analysis using the poroelasticity theory, or Biot's theory. It is written with a cumulative form including three research publications. The first two chapters of the thesis introduce briefly the topic, the poroelasticity theory, and finite element codes.

Chapter 3 presents a fully coupled plug-in for FEFLOW software that aims to analyse land subsidence problem due to groundwater extraction. The plug-in was developed using the C++ programming language with FEFLOW APIs and Qt IDE. It is distributed freely on GitHub. Two techniques were used to increase the speed of the plug-in. First, the boundary conditions are applied for local stiffness matrices before they are assembled to the global stiffness matrix. Second, the global stiffness matrix is assembled using multicores of the central processing unit (CPU).

Chapter 4 proposes a new approach to process data from the constant rate of strain test (CRST) for consolidation analysis. Instead of plotting test data on e-log(σ') graph (where e is the void ratio and σ' is the effective stress) to obtain the compression index Cc and the compression index Cr, the back-analysis method is used to obtain stress-dependent parameters for finite element models based on Biot's theory. An open-source software called CONAXIS was developed for this purpose. Codes and algorithms for CONAXIS were partly taken from previous FEFLOW plug-in. The proposed approach was compared with a commercial software named PLAXIS and was verified with data of two soft soil improvement projects in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Both projects used prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) combining with surcharge loading and vacuum pumping as the improvement method. Each PVD has an influence zone that is idealised as a cylinder called a unit cell. Consolidation analyses for both projects were performed with axisymmetric models of unit cells in CONAXIS. In the first project, nine CRSTs from the same borehole with various depth were used to set up the model in CONAXIS. The soft soil thickness was 17.5 m. For the second project, six CRSTs from three boreholes were used, and the thickness of soft soils was about 35.0 m. Model results from CONAXIS were compared to field monitoring data. Both models showed a good agreement with field data.

Finally, chapter 5 deals with radial flows in 3D models of PVD systems. To capture radial flows around PVDs, finite element meshes around PVDs must be discrete with small element sizes that lead to a heavy computational effort, especially for 3D models. A new approach based on Vimoke-Taylor concept was proposed to overcome this difficulty. Instead of modelling both the PVD boundary and the smear-zone around PVD, a drained-zone was used to represent both PVD and the smear-zone. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the drained-zone was modified with a correction factor that was determined by fitting numerical results with analytical solutions of the unit cell. Factors related to characteristics of PVDs and soils affecting the correction factor Cd were investigated with six patch tests. The results of the patch tests indicate that the Cd value depends mainly on three factors: the size of the drained-zone, the size of the PVD and the smear-zone, and the mesh characteristic of the drained-zone. When one of these factors changes, Cd must be recalculated. Conversely, Cd is not affected by changes in the soil properties and the discharge capacity of the PVD.


The agriculture sector in Oman, like in many other countries in the Gulf region, is based on irrigation. While blessed with rich groundwater resources in many parts of the country, Oman's agriculture is plagued with salinity, and most recently sea water intrusion due to excessive pumping in coastal regions, where the main agricultural land is located. In order to address this issue, monitoring and limiting groundwater use for agriculture has been proposed. While a significant amount of extension effort is under way with limited or no success, this paper is an attempt to study how groundwater irrigation could be made more efficient by applying modern technology, especially, sensor-based precision irrigation in Omani agricultural farms. Even though some farms in the Al Batinah region, the largest agricultural area in Oman, have modern irrigation systems installed, hardly any are automated. As such, the operation of various types of irrigation systems are done manually with little or no attention given to water saving. Since the traditional practice of farmers in the country is furrow (flooded) irrigation, the general tendency of them is to apply more water than required to create flooded irrigation conditions. Wherever irrigation controllers are used, the control mechanism has been based on the evapotranspiration (ET) method, which requires the whole water requirement per day to be applied at once and it is inevitable that the soil gets oversaturated causing higher levels of percolation and evaporation loss. In order to prevent this, a soil moisture-based approach is proposed. This paper presents two models developed based on standard relationships for estimating irrigation requirement using both these methods and a comparative analysis showing the application areas where the soil moisture-based method may provide more water saving. It could be seen that the soil moisture-based method saves water at certain soil moisture levels under different field capacities, especially when the ET-based method may incorrectly suggest unnecessarily high water application amounts due to other environmental conditions.


MJI)LA-NP} -XNEDIQAL-SCIETY. WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7TH, 1885. H. R., KER, F.R.. .S.Ed., in the Chair. Pseudo4I8pertrophic Paralysis. -Pr. SUCKLING showed a woman; aged ,5, siWfering from this dise'ase. No family-history of nervous affection could be obtained; but the patient had a little boy who was weak' in the legs, had large calves, and a waddling gait. Eleven years ago, she noticed weakness and' ait-in the back, the weakness being the chief trouble. This gradually be6aWe worse, and extended to the arms and' legs. Thp musles df the calves, buttocks, and forearms were mitch enlarged, the deltoid; and". infraspinati muscles especially so. There was markedatroyh' of the biceps and costo-sternal portions of the pectoralis major on the right side ; marked lordosis in the erect position; waddling gait; and the characteristic mode of rising from the sitting and recumbent osition. The knee-jerk was lost on the right (the most hffecte'd) side. The diagnosiswas confirmed by examination of C portion of muscle removed with Leech's trocar.'Dr. SrMON showed two cases of pseulo-hypertrophic paralysis, occurring in, the same family. The elder of the two children, a girl, aged 15, was uinable to walk or stand. The calf-muscles were hypertrophied; but those 'of the upper extremity atrophied. B3y testing her elbows on a table, she was able to use her fingers and forearms, as in knitting, etc.; but she could not raise the arms, owing to the extengive atrophy of the shoulder-muscles. Her younger brother, aged 9, was showing the same symptoms which characterised the. dnset of his sister's illness. He could rise from the ground' only by resting his hands on his knees. There was no history of nervous disease in the family. Miulberry calcuhlss.-Mr. COAVASSE showed'adlarge mulberry calculus, of dumb-bell shape, and weighing 'one ounce, which he had successfully removed by lateral lithotomy. Nephrolithotomy.-Mr. LLOYD showed a calculus which he had removed eight days before from the kidney of a man, aged 20, thiough a lumbar incision. Symptoms had been present for four vears, and had quite incapacitated the rian from work. The patient had so far recovered as to be out of ll danger The urine was acid, normal in quantity, and contained only A few pusand blood-corpuscles. The Treatment of Fistula in Ano, Rcemorrhoids, and Urethral Strict are. -Mr. GAMGEd read a paper on this subject. He illustrated the causal and contributory relations of the conditions named ; the preventive and curative influence of constitutional and local treatment without operative interference; and the preference to be given to certain operative procedures.


Changes in sexual tolerance move slowly and the publicly expressed acceptance of homosexuality is so recent that it is unclear what private attitudes underpin it. It is also unclear what confusion there is in the minds of the public that may be at odds with reality and legality. This paper draws on the history of the pathologisation of homosexuality to show how the public vilification of the "queer" has moved to expression of disgust about the "nonce"*, but that the private attitude is one where the two terms are interchangeable.

*Nonce – English (UK) prison slang, also used in the general population, to denote a child sex offender, and refers to the segregation of paedophilic offenders from other prison inmates (Not On Normal Communal Exercise).


A method of GA: Genetic Algorithm based ISODATA clustering is proposed. GA clustering is now widely available. One of the problems for GA clustering is a poor clustering performance due to the assumption that clusters are represented as convex functions. Well known ISODATA clustering has parameters of threshold for merge and split. The parameters have to be determined without any assumption (convex functions). In order to determine the parameters, GA is utilized. Through comparatives studies between with and without parameter estimation with GA utilizing well known UCI Repository data clustering performance evaluation, it is found that the proposed method is superior to the original ISODATA. It is found that the experimental results show that clustering error of the proposed method is 2 to 10 times much smaller than that of the existing method. It is also found that the elite selection strategy is superior to the average selection through experiments.


Abstract Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is the most common contiguous gene deletion syndrome in humans, caused by a microdeletion from chromosome 22 at the q11.2 locus. Moreover, it is one of the most common multiple anomaly syndromes associated with congenital heart disease and is certainly the most common syndrome causing conotruncal heart anomalies. The population prevalence of this syndrome is probably increasing because of the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart malformations. Presenting symptoms are highly variable because VCFS is often the trigger for a number of developmental malformation sequences, including DiGeorge sequence, Robin sequence, and Potter sequence. Because of the variability of the phenotypic expression of VCFS, the disorder has been delineated in several sets of literature from different areas of specialization, and from publications in the U.S., Eastern Europe, and Japan. The result has been nosologic differences with various names for the same disorder caused by a 22q11.2 deletion, including VCFS, Shprintzen syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, Sedlackova syndrome, Cayler syndrome, and conotruncal anomalies face syndrome. All of these labels represent exactly the same syndrome. Understanding the cause of the various phenotypes associated with VCFS is dependent on careful studies of genotype to phenoype matching. The deleted region in most cases of VCFS encompasses 3 million base pairs of DNA and 30 genes. The challenge is therefore to determine if the broad spectrum of anomalies are caused by one major gene, most or all of the deleted genes, or the interaction between the genes in the deleted region and other genes elsewhere in the genome. There is some evidence for each of these hypotheses. The ability to complete phenotype to genotype matching is enhanced by the recognition of more cases and the careful study of phenotypic expression. Towards this end, screening of cases with congenital heart disease is imperative and guidelines for screening are discussed.


In literature about missionary activities in western Siberia in the 19th – early 20th century, the natives are seen as passive recipients of the missionaries' initiative, as victims of their endeavours. This article intends to present another view of the encounter, showing firstly why this erroneous vision developed and secondly how the Khanty and the Nenets are actually active in the interaction. It shows how in both cases, either by accepting or by refusing, the natives follow their own interests and their own decisions without submitting to stronger constraint against their will. While those who refused to accept the missionaries' endeavours clearly expressed their independence, those who chose to convert did it sincerely, although their understanding of Christianity did not match the missionaries' expectations. They did it for conscious reasons, not just yielding to the missionaries' wishes but often being themselves the initiators. For them, Christianity is integrated in a worldview that is not based on dual oppositions. Therefore, while representatives of official Christianity do not see these natives as real Christians, they consider themselves to be so.


Severe coccidioidomycosis is rare, and specific genetic susceptibility to the disease remains unidentified. We describe a patient with disseminated recalcitrant coccidioidomycosis with autosomal dominant interferon-gamma receptor 1 deficiency caused by a heterozygous IFNGR1 818del4 mutation. Therefore, the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma axis appears to be critical for control of coccidioidomycosis.


The Instrumentation & Control Facility provides an environment for Murdoch University engineering students to learn scientific knowledge and technological skills so they can monitor and improve computer based engineering systems. The students will have the opportunity to explore technologies for controlling a range of industrial processes such as programmable logic controllers (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA).

The purpose of this thesis project is to improve the operation of the Instrumentation & Control Facility through the following goals. The first goal was to include 2 new workstations. The second goal was to implement a more structured Master I/O Server. The third goal was to improve the online webpages which are used by the students in the facility. The fourth goal was to improve the error messages that pop-up within the Experimental Template program. The fifth goal was to implement a fieldbus where Profibus sensors were introduced through the implementation of a Profibus network. When completed, students that are using the Instrumentation & Control Facility will have the opportunity to learn more about Profibus networks and will be able to conduct experiments that utilize the Profibus sensors. All of these goals will enable students to more easily set up experiments when problem solve when these experiments do not work.

One of the upgrades to the Instrumentation & Control Facility Project is to introduce two new water tanks that use a Profibus network, which will replace the conventional 4-20mA transmitters. The major difference between these tanks and the previous tanks is the method of measuring the level of water. The new tanks use a differential pressure measurement device. These devices must first be calibrated before they are installed. The purpose of introducing the Profibus Network is to allow students to learn about the functionality of these Fieldbus networks. The knowledge gained by the students using the facility will help them become fully qualified Instrumentation & Control engineers in industry.

The thesis project is divided into 3 phases: the Design phase, the Implementation phase, the Testing and Commissioning phase. The Design phase focuses on generation of up-to-date wiring diagrams, creating questionnaires and listing items of hardware nature. Manuals for Profibus PA, Profibus DP, DP/PA coupler and other components that were used were reviewed as part of the Literature Review to gain understanding and familiarise with the components and the tasks at hand. In the Implementation phase, assembly of the components plus setting up the 2 new workstations and assembly of the components plus setting up the Profibus network were carried out. In addition, the Master I/O Server was modified to allow connection via the the INAT OPC server of the Profibus PLC to the Master I/O Server.

Extension of the work is also discussed in this thesis. This includes the development of a Profibus PLC program for the software. Also discussed is the fact that the structure of the Master I/O Server and Experimental Template require modification to more easily read and change the program.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and health service use among older adults with osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS
Subjects were 9,043 Medicare-enrolled survey respondents with a prior International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for OA. Analyses examined the relationship of 5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HRQOL items (general health, mental health, pain, activity limitation, and sleep) to physician visits, prescription analgesic or antiinflammatory use, and arthroplasty during 1 year of followup.

RESULTS
In analyses controlling for demographic and health-related variables, greater pain frequency was associated with increased odds of visiting a physician, using analgesic or antiinflammatory drugs, and having arthroplasty (P < 0.001). Poorer general health was associated with increased odds of analgesic or antiinflammatory use but decreased odds of arthroplasty (P < 0.01). More days of activity limitation and poor mental health were associated with decreased odds of analgesic or antiinflammatory use (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
These HRQOL variables, especially pain frequency, can be valuable tools for estimating future health care use among older adults with OA.


Long-term monitoring programs are a fundamental part of both understanding ecological systems and informing management decisions. However, there are many constraints which might prevent monitoring programs from being designed to consider statistical power, site selection, or the full costs and benefits of monitoring. Key considerations can be incorporated into the optimal design of a management program with simulations and experiments. Here, we advocate for the expanded use of a third approach: non-random resampling of previously-collected data. This approach conducts experiments with available data to understand the consequences of different monitoring approaches. We first illustrate non-random resampling in determining the optimal length and frequency of monitoring programs to assess species trends. We then apply the approach to a pair of additional case studies, from fisheries and agriculture. Non-random resampling of previously-collected data is underutilized, but has the potential to improve monitoring programs.


Assertive mental health outreach to homeless persons, which operates under the premise that mental illness must be understood and treated within the individual's social and economic environment, points towards the goals of community membership and 'citizenship'—a connection to the rights, responsibilities, roles, and resources that society offers through public and social institutions and informal 'associational life'—for homeless persons. We argue that the concept of citizenship is a useful framework for approaching these goals. We review the principles of assertive mental health outreach and relevant aspects of contemporary citizenship theory; present a case example of outreach leading to a 'citizenship project'; and discuss the potential benefits and pitfalls of a citizenship framework, including strategies and recommendations for program administrators, researchers and policy makers.


This senior thesis dives into the world of waste within the entertainment industry, looking at how it is managed on a large scale. Chapter 1 defines how the entertainment industry is largely contributing to landfill pollution and will discuss what types of pollution cause the greatest harm, where it comes from, and how short the lifespan of a product is. Chapter 2 contains historical studies focused on the environmental impacts of festivals, sporting events, and the Olympic games. I detail the history of the entertainment industry dating back to early Roman times and connect the environmental history within the entertainment world to the present day, analyzing how it has evolved. Chapter 3 discusses the benefits of sustainable practices incorporated in these events and touches upon the business of sustainable management. The chapter uncovers the hidden costs that accompany entertainment events and focusing on the Olympic games, the chapter reveals how citizens can become financially tied up in the process. Chapter 4 lays out the social and psychological benefits of entertainment events, expressing how sustainability will work to enhance such benefits. Results displayed that more people felt less stressed in a natural environment and that sustainability is easier to comply to when the venue supports it. Chapter 5 showcases how effective tactics such as minimalism, green design, and zero waste prove to be successful when applied to venues and businesses. This is possible through partnering with companies like Terracycle, Clean Vibes, Rush2Recyle and more. Different solutions of waste management styles are touched upon, highlighting how the surrounding environment in these areas can be protected as it provides ecological benefits to society and human well-being.


Government of Nepal has adopted different models like community forestry, leasehold forestry, collaborative forestry, buffer zone community forestry and public land agroforestry for management of forest resources. Poor focused leasehold forestry is only the approach adopted since early 1990 that has two major objectives: livelihood improvement and environmental conservation. Forest user groups of 5–15 households (HHs) are provided with part of national forests for a period of initial lease of 40 years. Leased forests are managed mainly with forestry crops, forage and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to meet the dual objectives. Past studies and researches have indicated that leasehold forests are better than the hand over time however they are inadequate in dealing with silvicultural aspects in leasehold forestry (LF). This research paper has highlighted the significance of silvicultural aspects of leasehold forestry for overall socio-economic benefits to the poor and vulnerable forest users. Review of the existing policy and legal documents, studies and progress reports of the leasehold forestry projects implemented during the last two decades, consultation with leasehold forest user groups from five districts (Tehrathum, Makawanpur, Tanahun, Pyuthan and Doti) formed the main source of data for this article. Further, author's own experiences in the sector were taken as supporting reliable information for the study. The study found that silvicultural practices, except plantations and weeding, were not adopted in leasehold forest but there was great potential for such practices to maximize the socio-economic benefits. Proper use of silvicultural practices might have increased contribution to currently realized benefits like (i) increased income of members i.e. poorest families (having less than 3 months secured foods) were reduced over years, (ii) group members had increased access to different networks and cooperatives, (iii) participation of women, poor and indigenous people increased in the decision-making process, and (iv) forest coverage was increased with respect to the hand over time. Some issues on silviculture aspects included proper guidelines for silvicultural methods, capacity of staff and leasehold forest user group members, smaller sizes of leasehold forests, and promotion of appropriate species. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page: 113-119


Nowadays, novel computing paradigms as for example Grid or Cloud Computing are gaining more and more on importance. In case of Cloud Computing users pay for the usage of the computing power provided as a service. Beforehand they can negotiate specific functional and non-functional requirements relevant for the application execution. However, providing computing power as a service bears different research challenges. On the one hand dynamic, versatile, and adaptable services are required, which can cope with system failures and environmental changes. On the other hand, human interaction with the system should be minimized. In this paper we present the first results in establishing adaptable, versatile, and dynamic services considering negotiation bootstrapping and service mediation achieved in context of the Foundations of Self-Governing ICT Infrastructures (FoSII) project. We discuss novel meta-negotiation and SLA mapping solutions for Grid/Cloud services bridging the gap between current QoS models and Grid/Cloud middleware and representing important prerequisites for the establishment of autonomic Grid/Cloud services. We present document models for the specification of meta-negotiations and SLA mappings. Thereafter, we discuss the sample architecture for the management of meta-negotiations and SLA mappings.


Our growing technical capacity to keep human beings alive has brought the sanctity of life ethic to the point of collapse. The shift to a concept of brain death was already an implicit abandonment of the traditional ethic, though this has only recently become apparent. The 1993 decision of the British House of Lords in the case of Anthony Bland is an even more decisive shift towards an ethic that does not ask or seek to preserve human life as such, but only a life that is worth living. Once this shift has been completed and assimilated, we will no longer need the concept of brain death. Instead we can face directly the real ethical issue: when may doctors intentionally end the life of a patient?


Variable Polarity Plasma Arc welding has proved to be extremely successful in welding aluminum alloys despite their adherent refractory oxide. This success has been attributed to removal of the oxide during the reverse polarity cycle. In situ optical spectroscopy is used to measure the amount of hydrogen and oxygen in the plasma arc with a minimum detectable limit of less than 100 ppm. It was found that the amount of contamination is independent of surface preparation and torch speed. Using this information, it is proposed that the predominant mechanism for reverse polarity cleaning in aluminum is dielectric breakdown of the surface oxide ahead of the torch rather than by ion sputtering.


As the Covid -19 continues to ravage human population since December 2019, medical professionals and people from other turfs of human knowledge have remained awake, with a view to nipping the spread of the virus in the bud. As early as 30th January 2020, WHO declared the virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and an epidemic, with relentless efforts to arrest its spread. Yet, the virus nibbled away a large fortune in the global economy. While the virus becomes hydra-headed with its variants, vaccines have been developed to curtail its morbidity and mortality. Vaccinations are acknowledged as one of the most important and successful public health interventions. Nonetheless, there are legal hurdles to be crossed as vaccines are deployed to fight Covid-19 across the globe. Consent and fundamental rights of the individuals to be vaccinated sometimes conflict with the public health emergency needs, resulting in mandatory vaccination of every member of a given population. The two sides of the divide have their respective legal backings as inherent in the two locus classicus of Jacobson v. Massachusetts and Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital. The former established the principle of mandatory vaccination on account of public health emergency, while the principles of informed consent and self-determination have their roots in the latter. Subsequent cases, including Nigerian decisions in recent years have upheld the principle of informed consent and self-determination in medical treatment. The main thrust of this paper is to examine the effect of corona virus vaccination and Covid-19 status certificate on self-determination and human rights in Nigeria. The paper concludes that with deep rooted trust and transparency, suspicion and mistrust, which are the bedrock of the anti- vaccination movement will fizzle out and the legal conundrum ease off.


This article analyses the balance which the GDPR strikes between two important social values: protecting personal health data and facilitating health research through the lens of the consent requirement and the research exemption. The article shows that the normative weight of the consent requirement differs depending on the context for the health research in question. This more substantive approach to consent is reflected in the research exemption which allows for a more nuanced balancing of interests. However, because the GDPR articulates the exemption at an abstract and principled level, in practice the balance is struck at Member State level. Thus, the GDPR increases difficulties for EU cross-border health projects and impedes the policy goal of creating a harmonised regulatory framework for health research. The article argues that in order to address this problem, the European Data Protection Board should provide specific guidance on the operation of consent in health research.


We compare, theoretically and numerically, a standard edge finite element scheme for computing resonant modes of a cavity with two p-version finite element methods. In the p-version of the finite element method, accuracy is obtained by using a high-order polynomial space. For the example problem considered here, we show that both p-version methods offer significant advantages over the h-version edge code.


The internal radial tire defects will affect the performance and the service life of the automobile. But the traditional detection method is to observe and detect in eyes using X-ray map which result that a lot of quality problems can not properly been judged out. This paper describes the X-ray image recognition using a fuzzy algorithm. The improved algorithm simplifies the traditional fuzzy algorithm complexity without the transform and inverse transform. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm makes the computational efficiency and extract more refined and clear edge for the radial tire which can correctly identify the failure and provide the necessary data processing.


Real time edge detection is required in many embedded systems where execution speed is critical. This task is intensely computational but highly parallelizable and, in order to satisfy the real-time requirements, using multiprocessor-based embedded systems can be a viable solution. In this paper we propose a MPSoC hardware and software co-design method for real-time Sobel edge detection using FPGA and IP blocks. The experiments we performed show a speed-up of 1.71 in the case of a multiprocessor system with two processors and a speed-up of 3.48 in the case of a multiprocessor system with four processing cores, versus a single processor system.


This volume covers a wide spectrum of activities in the field of mineral resource evaluation ranging from exploration models to exploration drilling and sampling, to ore reserves, to mine design, to financial evaluation, to mine sampling and grade control, and finally to reconciliation between estimated and mill recovered grades. The resources considered show a similarly large range and include precious and base metals, industrial minerals, coal, clay and aggregates. Deposits include examples from Australia, Chile, western USA, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the UK. In addition many chapters consider the application of geostatistics as well as discussing the inherent problems with the technique and the need to take more account of the local mine geology. Though many geologists have had their fingers burnt in the past by applying geostatistics without adequate understanding of the method, there is clearly a greater appreciation of its values and greater willingness to experiment further with the technique. Some of the case histories presented in this volume will be of value to those mine geologists who seek more practical guidance. The book will be of interest to geologists in industry and academia especially those concerned with mining and mineral resources.


The performance of some emerging nanotechnologies benefits from wave pipelining. The design of such circuits requires new models and algorithms. Thus we show how Majority-Inverter Graphs (MIG) can be used for this purpose and we extend the related optimization algorithms. The resulting designs have increased throughput, something that has traditionally been a weak point for the majority of non-charge-based technologies. We benchmark the algorithm on MIG netlists with three different technologies, Spin Wave Devices (SWD), Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA), and NanoMagnetic Logic (NML). We find that the wave pipelined version of the netlists have an improvement in throughput over power of 23×, 13×, and 5× for SWD, QCA, and NML, respectively. In terms of throughput over area ratio, the improvement is 5×, 8×, and 3×, respectively.


Occupational skin disease is highly prevalent among agricultural workers. Tobacco cultivation and harvest are particularly hazardous for farmworkers. We report 5 migrant Latino farmworkers in North Carolina with contact dermatitis related to tobacco work. These cases show a characteristic distribution of contact dermatitis; the flexural and medial surfaces of the upper extremities were affected in each case, whereas most cases showed some involvement of the torso and axilla. This pattern most likely reflects a common occupational practice of holding the tobacco leaves under the arm and pressed against the body during harvesting.


The increasing number of accidents associated with off-road motor vehicles used for recreational purposes prompted this prospective study. During 1985 the records of victims of all motor vehicle accidents who were seen at the Hudson Bay Union Hospital, Hudson Bay, Sask., were studied; patients involved in on-road vehicle accidents were included for comparison. Emphasis was placed on age, vehicle type, mechanism of accident, injury severity and the use of safety features. Almost half of the victims of off-road vehicle accidents were under 16 years of age. The poor adherence to government legislation and manufacturer recommendations was evident in the number of people who did not wear helmets or use headlights.


The design of piles is typically undertaken using empirical or semi-empirical methods developed for 'regular' silica sands or clays. The application of such methods to geological materials whose physical characteristics are unlike those on which the conventional design methods were derived can result in unconservative estimates of pile capacity. The pumiceous deposits that occur extensively throughout the central North Island of New Zealand are one group of materials where such standard methods of design must be used with caution. Pile tests undertaken as part of the Stella Passage Bridge and Tauranga Harbour Bridge projects have provided a rare opportunity to examine the performance of different pile types within pumiceous soils. Although the highly frictional nature of pumiceous soils can lead counterintuitively to lower shaft capacities, the use of grouted or bored piles can give very good performance through the establishment of good soil-pile wall contact.


Background: Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory infections worldwide. Besides the common respiratory symptoms, namouras cases with gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported. Moreover, influenza virus has been detected in feces of up to 20.6 % of influenza-infected patients. Therefore, direct infection of intestinal cells with influenza virus is suspected; however, the mechanism of this infection has not been explored. AIM: To investigate influenza virus replication, cellular responses to infection, and virus evolution following serial infection in human Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells). Method: Two influenza A subtypes (A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm 09) and one influenza B virus (B/Yamagata) were serially passaged in Caco-2. Quantitative PCR was used to study hormones and cytokines expression following infection. Deep sequencing analysis of viral genome was used to assess the virus evolution. Results: The replication capacity of the three viruses was maintained throughout 12 passages, with H3N2 virus being the fastest in adaptation. The expression of hormone and cytokines in Caco-2 cells was considerably different between the viruses and among the passages, however, a pattern of induction was observed at the late phase of infection. Deep sequencing analysis revealed a few amino acid substitutions in the HA protein of H3N2 and H1N1 viruses, mostly in the antigenic site. Moreover, virus evolution at the quasispecies level based on HA protein revealed that H3N2 and H1N1 harbored more diverse virus populations when compared to IBV, indicating their higher evolution within Caco-2 cells. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the possibility of influenza virus replication in intestinal cells. To further explain the gastrointestinal complications of influenza infections in-vivo experiments with different influenza viruses are needed.


The thesis focuses on three different areas: development of constitutive models for unsaturated soils, improvement of the finite element code "Compass" for coupled flow-deformation analysis involving unsaturated soils and application of the improved code to the simulation of pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soils. On the constitutive side, a unique relationship is proposed between degree of saturation, suction and specific volume, by introducing dependency on specific volume in the simplified van Genuchten [48] equation. This is a significant improvement over the common assumption of a state surface expression for degree of saturation. If combined with an elasto-plastic stress-strain model predicting the variation of specific volume, the proposed relationship is capable of reproducing irreversible changes of degree of saturation and changes of degree of saturation experimentally observed during shearing. Predictions show very good agreement with experimental results from tests on compacted Speswhite Kaolin published in the literature. On the numerical side, a number of changes to the code "Compass" have been performed. The new relationship for degree of saturation is implemented in the code and the implementation is validated against three benchmark problems. Use of the new relationship for degree of saturation results in significantly different predictions to those obtained if a conventional state surface expression for degree of saturation is used (as present in the original code). Implementation of the water and air continuity equations in "Compass" has been corrected by expressing these equations in terms of flux velocities relative to the soil skeleton. This is the form in which the equations should be expressed if they are to be combined with Darcy's law for liquid and gas flows. The simulation of a notional laboratory test shows that the incorrect combination of Darcy's law with absolute flux velocities, as present in the original code, causes significant errors. The convergency algorithm at constitutive level employed in the code has been corrected by introducing residual flux terms in the two flow equations, analogous to residual forces in the equilibrium equation. These terms must be taken into account if a convergency algorithm for an elasto-plastic stress-strain model is used and the relationship assumed for variation of degree of saturation involves any dependency on net stresses. A numerical study of a notional laboratory test shows that omission of residual flux terms results in substantial errors and may cause failure to converge. The plane-strain formulation of code "Compass" has been corrected by imposing the condition of nullity only on the out-of-plane component of the total strain rate vector instead of the out-of-plane component of each single contribution to the total strain rate, as was done in the original code. Such inconsistency, due to the history of development of finite element programs, also appears in other examples published in the literature. Numerical simulations of two types of bi-axial tests show that significantly different results are generally predicted by the correct and incorrect formulations, and also provide an explanation why this type of error was difficult to detect in codes implementing traditional models for saturated soils. The potential of the enhanced version of code "Compass" for analysing boundary value problems is demonstrated by simulations of pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soil. This study also provides some initial insight into the interpretation of pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soil, by simulating tests at different loading rates in a normally consolidated soil. The mechanical behaviour of the soil is represented by the elasto-plastic model of Alonso, Gens and Josa [1] while the variation of degree of saturation is modelled by the new relationship proposed in the thesis. The entire range of loading rates, from undrained to fully drained (with respect to liquid), is simulated. Relatively small changes of suction are predicted even in the fastest test and the computed cavity pressure-cavity strain relationships are all very similar regardless of loading rate. It may therefore be possible to model even rapid pressuremeter tests in unsaturated soils as a drained (constant suction) process. Further work is required to investigate the generality of this conclusion.


Composition gradient and phase separation at the nanoscale have been investigated for arc-melted and solidified with equiatomic Fe-Cu. Diffraction studies revealed that Fe and Cu exhibited phase separation with no trace of any mixing. Microscopy studies revealed that immiscible Fe-Cu form dense bulk nanocomposite. The spatial distribution of Fe and Cu showed existence of two distinct regions, i.e., Fe-rich and Cu-rich regions. Fe-rich regions have Cu precipitates of various sizes and different shapes, with Fe forming meshes or channels greater than 100 nm in size. On the other hand, the matrix of Cu-rich regions formed strips with fine strands of nanosized Fe. Macromagnetic response of the system showed ferromagnetic behavior with a magnetic moment being equal to about 2.13 μB/Fe atom and a bulk like negligible value of coercivity over the temperature range of 5–300 K. Anisotropy constant has been calculated from various laws of approach to saturation, and its value is extracted to be equal to 1350 J/m3. ...


maximum permissible concentration, Inflammability, odour and warning properties. Of the eight chapters written by physicians, that on Industrial lead poisoning by Robert A. Kehoe will probably have the most appeal for the medical reader, who Is here presented with a satisfactory summary of modern American opinion on the subject. Francis Heyroth has given a good account of the other metals and of the halogens; the halogenated hydrocarbons have been' well described by Sterner, who has also dealt with the cyanides and other chemical hazards. The editor's chapters Include those on the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which are adequately discussed. The fmal chapter, on potential, industrial exposures, Is one of the most valuable in the book. It lists alphabetically about one hundred processes or operations which are associated with health risks, and outlines essential control measures. At first sight this volume will probably appear to be more suitable for a chemist than for a physician, the tabular and abbreviated methods which have been adopted to compress a large amount of detail into a comparatively small space being largely responsible for this impression. Nevertheless, as in Volume I, there is much information of great Interest and value to the industrial physician and teacher In occupational health, as well as to the chemist, physicist and engineer. A satisfactory bibliography Is given in each chapter and the .subject index (which is for Volumes I and II) is comprehensive. This volume maintains the high standard estabilshed in Volume I, to which it is an excellent and essential companion.


(-)5-[(1S)amino (2-chlorophenyl )methyl]-4-substituted phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (11a-j) & (+)5- [(1S)amino (2-chlorophenyl) methyl]-4-substituted phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (12a-j) have been synthesized by the reaction of (-)5-[(1S)amino(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (9) & (+)5-[(1S)amino(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]- 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (10) with con. H2SO4, L(+) Tartaric acid, L(-) Tartaric acid, Hydrazine Hydrate, carbon disulfide and Various aromatic amine respectively. These compounds have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against different microorganisms. The structures of novel synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and mass spectral data.


The social world is complex and emergent. Inquiry, directed towards establishing universal empirical regularities (i.e. nomothetic inquiry), cannot establish causality in such a world. We can never assign a causal effect to any intervention without assessing the whole context of that intervention. However, we can develop generalizable knowledge if we adopt research approaches that recognize both the implications of assigning causal powers to context (the essence of the realist take on evaluation) and the significance of human agency in relation to 'the social type of causal nexus'. There are literatures that can contribute to developing such knowledge. These include macro-political science's concern with the importance of temporal ordering in relation to outcomes; Ragin's set theoretic understanding of causal relations and his development of systematic comparison as a basis for explicating those relations through Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA); and the presentation of causal narratives as foundation for process tracing. Every complex social intervention has to be considered as a 'case'. Systematic comparison across cases allows us to generalize within limits – but this still means we can transfer knowledge beyond the unique ideographically described instance. We can never establish universal/nomothetic accounts of causality in complex systems by using variable-based methods such as Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). However, through careful comparison and exploration of complex contingent causation, we can begin to get a handle on what works where (in what context), when (in what temporal context), and in what order.


The PacBio HiFi sequencing technology combines less accurate, multi-read passes from the same molecule (subreads) to yield consensus sequencing reads that are both long (averaging 10-25 kb) and highly accurate. However, these reads can retain residual sequencing error, predominantly insertions or deletions at homopolymeric regions. Here, we train deep learning models to polish HiFi reads by recognizing and correcting sequencing errors. We show that our models are effective at reducing these errors by 25-40% in HiFi reads from human as well as E. coli genomes.


With the popularity of weak/relaxed memory models widely used in modern hardware architectures, the C11 standard introduced a language level weak memory model, A.K.A the C11 memory model, that allows C/C++ programs to exploit the optimisation provided by the hardware platform in memory ordering and gain benefits in efficiency. On the other hand, with the weakened memory ordering allowed, more program behaviours are introduced, among which some are counterintuitive and make it even more challenging for programmers to understand or to formally reason about C11 multithread programs. To support the formal verification of the C11 weak memory programs, several program logics, e.g. RSL, GPS, FSL, and GPS+, have been developed during the last few years. However, due to the complexity of the weakened memory model, some intricate C11 features still cannot be handled in these logics. A notable example is the lack of supporting to the reasoning about a highly flexible C11 synchronisation mechanism, the release-sequence. Recently, the FSL++ logic proposed by Doko and Vafeiadis moves one step forward to address this problem, but FSL++ only considers the scenarios with atomic update operations in a release-sequence. In this article, we propose a new program logic, GPS++, that supports the reasoning about C11 programs with fully featured release-sequences. We also introduce fractional read permissions to GPS++, which are essential to the reasoning about a large number of real-world concurrent programs. GPS++ is a successor of our previous program logic GPS+, but it comes with much finer control over the resource transmission with the newly introduced restricted-shareable assertions and an enhanced protocol system. A more sophisticated resource model is devised to support the soundness proof of our new program logic. We also demonstrate GPS++ in action by verifying C11 programs with release-sequences that could not be handled by existing program logics.


Abstract. Ice-shelf forced vibration modelling is performed using a full 3-D finite-difference elastic model, which also takes into account sub-ice seawater flow. The ocean flow in the cavity is described by the wave equation; therefore, ice-shelf flexures result from hydrostatic pressure perturbations in sub-ice seawater layer. Numerical experiments have been carried out for idealized rectangular and trapezoidal ice-shelf geometries. The ice-plate vibrations are modelled for harmonic ingoing pressure perturbations and for high-frequency spectra of the ocean swells. The spectra show distinct resonance peaks, which demonstrate the ability to model a resonant-like motion in the suitable conditions of forcing. The spectra and ice-shelf deformations obtained by the developed full 3-D model are compared with the spectra and the deformations modelled by the thin-plate Holdsworth and Glynn model (1978). The main resonance peaks and ice-shelf deformations in the corresponding modes, derived by the full 3-D model, are in agreement with the peaks and deformations obtained by the Holdsworth and Glynn model. The relative deviation between the eigenvalues (periodicities) in the two compared models is about 10 %. In addition, the full model allows observation of 3-D effects, for instance, the vertical distribution of the stress components in the plate. In particular, the full model reveals an increase in shear stress, which is neglected in the thin-plate approximation, from the terminus towards the grounding zone with a maximum at the grounding line in the case of the considered high-frequency forcing. Thus, the high-frequency forcing can reinforce the tidal impact on the ice-shelf grounding zone causing an ice fracture therein.


HYPOTHESIS
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequently used preoperatively in adult patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Cholelithiasis occurs much less often in children, and the indications for ERCP are not established. We hypothesized that the natural history of choledocholithiasis in children is spontaneous passage of stones through the papilla and that these children can be managed without routine preoperative ERCP.

DESIGN
Retrospective analysis of patients treated over a 10-year period.

SETTING
Tertiary care children's hospital.

PATIENTS
All patients with cholecystectomy for biliary disease.

INTERVENTIONS
Cholecystectomy; intraoperative cholangiography for suspected choledocholithiasis: hyperbilirubinemia, gallstone pancreatitis, and ultrasonographic evidence of common bile duct dilation or common bile duct stones; and postoperative ERCP for symptomatic choledocholithiasis: pain and jaundice.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Incidence and complications of choledocholithiasis and frequency of ERCP.

RESULTS
One hundred patients (63 females) were studied. Indications included acute cholecystitis (10%), chronic cholecystitis (59%), gallstone pancreatitis (26%), and choledocholithiasis (5%). An intraoperative cholangiography was performed in 45 patients, and common bile duct stones were identified in 13. Expectant management of asymptomatic common bile duct stones was associated with sonographic resolution within 1 week. One patient with intraoperative cholangiography-proven choledocholithiasis required ERCP for symptoms 24 hours after operation. One additional patient, who did not undergo intraoperative cholangiography, developed symptomatic choledocholithiasis and required ERCP. There were no choledocholithiasis- or ERCP-related complications.

CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that choledocholithiasis occurs frequently in children and that spontaneous passage of common bile duct stones is common. This could explain the relatively high incidence of gallstone pancreatitis. Conservative management of choledocholithiasis is successful in the majority of patients. Routine preoperative or postoperative ERCP is usually not indicated.


BACKGROUND
Associations between specific parent and offspring mental disorders are likely to have been overestimated in studies that have failed to control for parent comorbidity.

AIMS
To examine the associations of parent with respondent disorders.

METHOD
Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys (n = 51 507). Respondent disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent disorders with informant-based Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria interviews.

RESULTS
Although virtually all parent disorders examined (major depressive, generalised anxiety, panic, substance and antisocial behaviour disorders and suicidality) were significantly associated with offspring disorders in multivariate analyses, little specificity was found. Comorbid parent disorders had significant sub-additive associations with offspring disorders. Population-attributable risk proportions for parent disorders were 12.4% across all offspring disorders, generally higher in high- and upper-middle- than low-/lower-middle-income countries, and consistently higher for behaviour (11.0-19.9%) than other (7.1-14.0%) disorders.

CONCLUSIONS
Parent psychopathology is a robust non-specific predictor associated with a substantial proportion of offspring disorders.


We report on the development of a hierarchy of models of cryogenic two-phase flow motivated by NASA plans to develop and maturate technology of cryogenic propellant loading on the ground and in space. The solution of this problem requires models that are fast and accurate enough to identify flow conditions, detect faults, and to propose optimal recovery strategy. The hierarchy of models described in this presentation is ranging from homogeneous moving- front approximation to separated non-equilibrium two-phase cryogenic flow. We compare model predictions with experimental data and discuss possible application of these models to on-line integrated health management and control of cryogenic loading operation.