There are only few non-commercial models that models the cardio-respiratory system that take into account the main interconnected units involved in respiration ("PNEUMA" and "Respilab"). The proposal for respiratory control presented in this paper follows the Tahrani's model with options in GUI (Graphical User Interface) more suitable biomedical engineering students that have knowledge about modelling and simulation and numerical methods for differential equations. The obstructive diseases as hypercapnia and hypoxia are simulated by modeling the forces (stimulus) as consequences of the modification of values of inspiratory gas partial pressures. The parameters of models can be changed in an interactive mode. The user has the possibility to select which variable to be displayed and also parameters for integration of system of differential equations. The model has a PI integrator, and as sequel, a short tutorial about PID (Proportional-Integrative-Derivative) controllers are available in help section.
The calculation of respiratory frequency has three predefined models: Otis' equation, Mead's equation and Widdicombe's equation. A user defined option is possible give a by constructor module that afford the select a linear combination of the predefined models or to create a completely new model with the save option for future use.The implementation uses the Matlab/Simulink tool with transparent view of the model schemas and subschemas avoiding the usage of .jar files from Java environment. The working version can provide a standalone working model directly from Matlab implementation using a suitable compiler. This educational software is constructed in a modular form, other modules including visualization of waveforms can be improved with no substantial effort in the future.


Science education has a long history of engaging undergraduate students in inquiry-based learning. Every undergraduate student studying a scientific discipline has first hand experience with the application of scientific method and the technology and practice of their discipline (in the first instance, through their laboratory classes). Such classes are primarily educator-led and subject content-focused. Recent years have seen greater inclusion of student-led and research-focused activities across programs, as seen in Zoology in Edwards et al (2007) and in Chemistry and Physics in McDonagh et al (2011), for example. Mathematics is perhaps the only scientific discipline where this inclusion has yet to broadly manifest itself. This paper will describe how undergraduate research is being incorporated into experiences of third-year mathematics students. As suggested by Beckman and Hansel (2009), we will provide our own definition of undergraduate research as 'an inquiry or investigation that is original in scope, of an experimental, a theoretical or a creative nature, undertaken in a rigorous manner by undergraduate students, that is open to public scrutiny, and that makes a contribution to a discipline(s)'. Here then, we seek to engage students with the full range of research activities, from the formulation of the research questions, to the dissemination of results. Further, students are empowered to lead the research in collaboration with each other and with the academic staff, with the product a publication in a peer-reviewed, international journal.


This paper gives a linearised adjustment model for the affine, similarity and congruence transformations in 3D that is easily extendable with other parameters to describe deformations. The model considers all coordinates stochastic. Full positive semi-definite covariance matrices and correlation between epochs can be handled. The determination of transformation parameters between two or more coordinate sets, determined by geodetic monitoring measurements, can be handled as a least squares adjustment problem. It can be solved without linearisation of the functional model, if it concerns an affine, similarity or congruence transformation in one-, two- or three-dimensional space. If the functional model describes more than such a transformation, it is hardly ever possible to find a direct solution for the transformation parameters. Linearisation of the functional model and applying least squares formulas is then an appropriate mode of working. The adjustment model is given as a model of observation equations with constraints on the parameters. The starting point is the affine transformation, whose parameters are constrained to get the parameters of the similarity or congruence transformation. In this way the use of Euler angles is avoided. Because the model is linearised, iteration is necessary to get the final solution. In each iteration step approximate coordinates are necessary that fulfil the constraints. For the affine transformation it is easy to get approximate coordinates. For the similarity and congruence transformation the approximate coordinates have to comply to constraints. To achieve this, use is made of the singular value decomposition of the rotation matrix. To show the effectiveness of the proposed adjustment model total station measurements in two epochs of monitored buildings are analysed. Coordinate sets with full, rank deficient covariance matrices are determined from the measurements and adjusted with the proposed model. Testing the adjustment for deformations results in detection of the simulated deformations.


Oocytes in primordial and primary follicles of young adult guinea pig ovaries fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon 812, have been observed by electron microscopy. The gradual differentiation of a series of cytoplasmic organelles has been correlated with the growth in size of the oocyte and the development of the follicular wall. The most immature primordial oocyte is morphologically a simple cell consisting of a large slightly eccentric nucleus, a few large spherical mitochondria, a profusion of granular cytoplasmic vesicles, and free RNP particles. At the primary follicle stage, abundant endoplasmic reticulum, clusters of mitochondria proliferating around a rosette formation, multiple Golgi complexes, vesicular aggregates forming cortical granules, and a profusion of microvilli have been differentiated. Concentrations of cytoplasmic organelles at the periphery of the oocyte in the primary follicle suggest that it is equipped for the absorption, utilization, and intracellular transport of material delivered to its surface membrane. The juxtaposition of components of the ultrastructure during the development and growth of this large cell appears to follow a precise pattern and provides an unusual opportunity to study the interrelationships of differentiating organelles.


by a one the n = 21). In conclu- sion, because the major di V erence in the three versions of the Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test kit is the primer set, we emphasise that for accurate quantitative measurement using this kit various additional primer sets that can amplify similar regions are needed.


This thesis describes the maternity system in Wellington between 1950 and 1970 particularly from the perspectives of consumers and midwives. Four women consumers who experienced maternity in Wellington and two midwives who worked in Wellington's maternity hospitals during this period provided their oral testimonies as the main primary sources for this study. The author's recollections of being a student nurse and a consumer in Wellington and other primary and secondary sources are used to substantiate, explore and explain the topic. The study traces the sociopolitical changes in New Zealand maternity from 1900 to 1970 creating a backdrop against which Wellington's maternity system, including the women, the hospitals, the workforce, maternity practices and the childbearing process are illuminated using the insights of women and midwives who experienced them. "That's what this lady who had had her baby, said to me, she said, You lose your dignity when you have your baby", was a comment from one of the interviewed women. This took me back to student days when a common saying was 'You leave your dignity at the door when you go in to have a baby'. These comments suggested the title for this thesis. The oral testimonies of the six participants described positive and negative aspects of their maternity experiences, but the three strong themes that arose from their accounts included 'being alone', 'lack of autonomy' and 'uncaring attitudes'.


The Prince of Egypt is the story of Moses. As a baby he is found in a basket, floating on the river Nile. As a man he is chosen by God to lead his people from slavery in Egypt to freedom in the Promised Land. The first conventionally-animated film from Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks studio, The Prince of Egypt is a spellbinding and inspirational work featuring the voices of Val Kilmer, Ralph Fiennes and Michelle Pfeiffer.


The National Objective of growth with social justice followed by Government of India involves assured supply of food grains at affordable prices to different sections of society. In this connection, the Government of India has introduced a scheme called Targeted Public Distribution Systems (TPDS) effective from June 1997. A number of schemes to deal with people above poverty line (APL) and below poverty line (BPL) are put into practice. Food Corporation of India (FCI) is entrusted with the responsibility of procuring, storing and distribution of food grains throughout the country. The total subsidy associated with the entire operation to provide food grains to the needy sections of the society amounts to about Rs.25,000 crores per annum. Data indicates that transportation cost account for one-third of the subsidy. This paper aims at minimizing this component of subsidy without affecting the delivery of the scheme to different sections of society. Currently, the procurement operations of rice are limited to only 5 states even though 14 states of India produce substantial quantities of rice. Similarly, wheat is produced in large quantities in 10 different states whereas the procurement is limited to only 3 states. This process results in creation of large amount of storage capacity in procurement states and additional cost of transportation of this food grains to different states. A perusal of procurement and operational policy of the Food Corporation of India suggests that the entire country could be divided into 5 different zones for the purpose of analysis. Analysis of data provided by Food Corporation of India reveals that the south zone comprising of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala as a group is producing enough rice for its consumption as well as export to other needy states. However, because procurement is limited to Andhra Pradesh lot of rice movement is taking place within the zone as well as from the North zone to the South zone. A similar observation is made in the procurement and distribution of wheat in North East and Northern zone. Under the assumption that it is feasible to procure about 30% of the production in any state, a substantial reduction in the movement of food grains across different zone could be achieved. In financial terms this amounts to a saving of Rs.1000 crores per annum for the South Zone alone. Procurement process in different states especially Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh show that substantial amounts are appropriated to the state exchequer through the levy of Mandi tax. Punjab is generating about Rs.1000 crores per annum through this tax. If states increase their procurement levels they could benefit similarly. However, procuring 30% of production involves creation of infrastructure at Mandi level which could be created through soft loans provided by NABARD. In addition this will also go a long way in the enhancing value addition to the farming community. Thus a zonal procurement policy could bring about several benefits without impacting the delivery of the scheme.


We introduce 'atomic flows': they are graphs obtained from derivations by tracing atom occurrences and forgetting the logical structure. We study simple manipu- lations of atomic flows that correspond to complex reductions on derivations. This allows us to prove, for propositional logic, a new and very general normalisation theorem, which contains cut elimination as a special case. We operate in deep inference, which is more general than other syntactic paradigms, and where normalisation is more difficult to con- trol. We argue that atomic flows are a significant technical advance for normalisation theory, because 1) the technique they support is largely independent of syntax; 2) indeed, it is largely independent of logical inference rules; 3) they constitute a powerful geometric formalism, which is more intuitive than syntax.


The recent rapid development of digital wireless systems has led to the need for multistandard, multichannel radiofrequency (RF) transceivers. The paper presents the relationship between the performance of a bandpass-sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and the requirements of a digital intermediate-frequency receiver for a wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) base-station. As such, the ADC signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the derivation of the receiver sensitivity using the SNR/spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the ADC, the effect of the ADC clock jitter and receiver linearity, plus the relationship between the receiver IF and the ADC sampling frequency are all analyzed. As a result, when a WCDMA base-station receiver has a data rate of 12.2 kbps, bit error rate (BER) of 0.001, and channel index, k, of 5 (sampling frequency of 122.88 MHz and IF of 92.16 MHz), the performance of a bandpass-sampling ADC was analytically determined to require a resolution of 14 bits or more, SNR of 66.6 dB or more, SFDR of 86.5 dBc or more, and total jitter of 0.2 ps or less, including internal ADC jitters and clock jitters.


The ultraviolet radiation (UVR) component of sunlight is the major environmental risk factor for melanoma, producing DNA lesions that can be mutagenic if not repaired. The high level of mutations in melanomas that have the signature of UVR‐induced damage indicates that the normal mechanisms that detect and repair this damage must be defective in this system. With the exception of melanoma‐prone heritable syndromes which have mutations of repair genes, there is little evidence for somatic mutation of known repair genes. Cell cycle checkpoint controls are tightly associated with repair mechanisms, arresting cells to allow for repair before continuing through the cell cycle. Checkpoint signaling components also regulate the repair mechanisms. Defects in checkpoint mechanisms have been identified in melanomas and are likely to be responsible for increased mutation load in melanoma. Loss of the checkpoint responses may also provide an opportunity to target melanomas using a synthetic lethal approach to identify and inhibit mechanisms that compensate for the defective checkpoints.


We derive a representation formula for harmonic polynomials and Laurent polynomials in terms of densities of the double-layer potential on bounded piecewise smooth and simply connected domains. From this result, we obtain a method for the numerical computation of conformal maps that applies to both exterior and interior regions. We present analysis and numerical experiments supporting the accuracy and broad applicability of the method.


Since its introduction in the early 1990s, SPR has now become a powerful research tool for studying specificity, affinity and real time kinetics of a broad range of biomolecular interactions, including protein-DNA, protein-protein, protein-carbohydrate, protein-RNA and protein-lipid interactions. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has provided crucial information on the mechanisms of molecular interactions accompanying varied aspects of plant development. The structure-function relationship of various lectins depends on the quaternary arrangement of its monomers. Novel findings have been made in plant hormone research using SPR as a technique. Thus, new salicylic acid binding proteins (SABPs) have been identified in Arabidopsis. These include α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E2 subunit, glutathione S-transferases, the oligopeptidases TOP2 and TOP1, and members of GAPDH protein family. By immobilizing biotin-labelled DELLA peptides on the sensor chip and AtGID1a [Arabidopsis gibberellic acid (GA) receptor] as analyte, GA4 has been observed to maximally enhance binding between DELLA and GID1. Molecularly imprinted monolayer (MIM)-decorated SPR detection method precisely differentiates between similar plant hormones, such as, IAA, 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and kinetin (KT), with detection limits around sub-picomolar range. Coronatine Insensitive-1 (COI1) has been shown to act as a jasmonic acid receptor using SPR. Ricin, a plant toxin, was detected at a concentration 2,500 times less than the minimum lethal dose (200 ng.ml-1) using a SPR biosensor. Real time binding kinetic studies of viral proteins (VirE1 and VirE2) and ssDNA using SPR have shown that their binding is strongly influenced by substrate and it occurs at poly T sequences and not at polyA and dsDNA. An interaction between the replicase protein (p93) of cucumber necrosis tombusvirus (CNV) with the host protein, Hsp 70 (molecular chaperone), has revealed the potential role of Hsp90 in the assembly of viral replicase. SPR analysis from a small library of phytochemicals has shown ellagitannin geraniin as one of the most potent inhibitor of Hsp90 (a stabilizer of many oncoproteins). Future applications of SPR technique are likely to provide tremendous inputs into the molecular understanding of plant development and related processes. Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Recent Advances in Understanding Plant Development and Related Processes Prachi Jain, Dhara Arora and Satish C Bhatla* Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India


The selective and sensitive detection of mercuric ions (Hg2+) is of great significance in environmental protection and disease prevention. By integrating target induced strand displacement amplification (SDA) and metal ion-dependent DNAzyme cyclic amplification to grow guanine nanowires (G-nanowires) as the signal output component, we demonstrate here a label-free and sensitive strategy for Hg2+ detection. The target induced SDA can amplify a large amount of Mg2+-dependent enzymatic sequences, which can be further hybridized with a hairpin-structured substrate that contains a G-quadruplex sequence to form Mg2+-dependent DNAzymes. In the presence of Mg2+, the Mg2+-dependent DNAzymes exhibit high catalytic activity and excellent cleavage specificity toward the substrate sequences, releasing the enzymatic sequences to trigger another cleavage cycle and leaving the G-quadruplex fragment on the electrode surface for the formation of G-quadruplex/hemin repetitive units. With the enzyme/DNAzyme for signal amplification and the G-quadruplex/hemin for signal generation, the electrochemical assay for Hg2+ detection shows excellent sensitivity for a concentration variation from 0.2 pM to 100 nM with a detection limit of 0.097 pM and is successfully used in the direct detection of real water samples with high sensitivity and selectivity.


As its name suggests, the Crimean War is usually regarded, at least in the West, as a limited conflict: a series of pointless battles fought on the Crimean Peninsula between British and French and Russian troops. Many popular accounts view the Crimean War through the prism of the English experience, with almost no sense of the Russian side of the war. By contrast, Winfried Baumgart argues that this was a major struggle over Russian dominance of Eastern Europe, a struggle that might well have expanded into a Europe-wide war. As a professor at the University of Mainz and editor of a massive documentary project on the Crimean War, Baumgart is uniquely qualified to provide the broader European perspective on the war. He effortlessly guides the reader through the conflicting interests and diplomatic efforts of both the principal combatants and the neutral powers of the time. For example, Baumgart traces how the Habsburg Empire pressured Russia to evacuate the lower Danube region in 1854, ending the campaign in that region and indirectly leading to the British-French-Sardinian invasion of the Crimea. Eighteen months later, another Habsburg ultimatum brought Russia to the peace table, forestalling the expansion of the limited war into a broader struggle involving the various subject nationalities of Eastern Europe. Baumgart contends that had the Crimean War continued into 1856, such uprisings might have precipitated the type of nationalistic instability that caused the disaster of 1914. Baumgart is equally at home in discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the combatant armies, as well as the actual battles of the war. In less than five pages, he encapsulates the Battle of Balaklava in October 1854. Yet readers of Cecil Woodham-Smith's classic The Reason Why will instantly recognize Baumgart's skillful summary of the arrogance, incompetence, and personality conflicts that produced the infamous Charge of the Light Brigade during that battle. Baumgart is also effective in his description of the forgotten theaters of war, ranging from the Baltic to the Pacific and the transcaucasus region. The Crimean War is, in short, a model of lucidity and brevity. Although some of its diplomatic references may be unfamiliar to general readers, the style is so clear that anyone can follow Baumgart's arguments. This excellent summary will be useful for students and historians alike; it belongs in every general library.


Two Al-alloys with compositions Al-1Fe-1V-1Si and Al-2Fe-1V-1Si were cast in the form of plates to study machinability. The paper deals with the effect of Fe on machinability of Al-Fe-V-Si alloys subjected to milling operation using high speed steel end milling cutting tool. The results show that cutting force increases with increasing depth of cut and feed rate, and decreases with increasing cutting speed. From the experimental results, it is observed that cutting force is most significantly affected by the depth of cut, followed by feed rate and cutting speed. The studies also underline the fact that surface finish improves with decrease in feed rate and an increase in cutting speed. The optimum cutting speed zone lies in the range 125 to 175 m/min for machining of above Al alloys, where cutting forces are almost independent of cutting speed. High speed, low feed rate, and low depth of cut are recommended for better surface finish. The chips formed were also observed. It is observed that as Fe content increases from 1% to 2%, cutting forces increase appreciably with increase in the depth of cut, while for other parameters cutting forces are relatively stable.


We previously reported that pertussis toxin–sensitive GTP‐binding protein is involved in prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)‐induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in osteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells [Miwa et al. (1990): Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171:1229–1235]. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of PGF2α‐induced Ca2+ influx in MC3T3‐E1 cells. PGF2α‐induced formation of total inositol phosphates (IPs) was markedly reduced by the depletion of extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA. On the other hand, the depletion of extracellular Ca2+ had little effect on PGF2α‐induced inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate formation. PGF2α stimulated 45Ca2+ influx dose dependently, attaining a maximum effect at 10 nM. Dose of PGF2α above 10 nM caused less than maximal stimulation. Genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, which by itself had little effect on 45Ca2+ influx, significantly suppressed the PGF2α‐induced 45Ca2+ influx in a dose‐dependent manner in the range between 1 μg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml. Sodium orthovanadate, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, enhanced the PGF2α‐induced 45Ca2+ influx. Genistein also suppressed the PGF2α‐induced total IPs formation dose dependently in the range between 1 μg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml. However, it had little effect on the PGF2α‐induced inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate formation. The pretreatment with pertussis toxin had little effect on the PGF2α‐induced 45Ca2+ influx. These results strongly suggest that PGF2α stimulates Ca2+ mobilization from extracellular space and PI hydrolysis via independent pathways in osteoblast‐like cells, and the PGF2α‐induced Ca2+ influx is regulated by protein tyrosine kinase, resulting in the promotion of PI hydrolysis.


Public transportation is an effective tool to tackle many urban transportation problems. Due to its higher capacity and reliability, rail transit often serves as the main means to connect major trip origins and destinations in a metropolitan area. We have witnessed that rail transit systems continue to be built or extended in cities around the world, including the cities in the U.S. As transit supply increases, planning concepts such as Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) seek to integrate urban environment with transit systems in order to promote transit use. Traditionally it is thought that people's travel behavior is shaped by travel time or monetary costs only, but the emergence of many recent studies suggests that the built environment also plays a role in people's travel decisions. This research examines the relationship between rail transit station ridership and the factors categorized into three groups: transportation system, built environment, and socio-demographics. The stations of Boston's rail transit system are analyzed. The method used is the direct demand approach with OLS regression. Bootstrapping and spatial regression are also used as enhanced models. Variables concerning each station as well as the station catchment area were considered and tested. This research finds that factors related to transportation system, land use, pedestrian environment, and socio-demographics are important. Different combinations of predictors are found during different time periods, reflecting the temporal difference in travel patterns. The findings of this research are in line with the TOD concept that certain elements of the built environment, such as higher levels of employment and population in the station area, and a more walkable environment, are associated with increased transit ridership. The results could lend support to future transit line planning, the design of neighborhood road networks, and land use policy-making. Thesis Supervisor: P. Christopher Zegras Title: Associate Professor of Transportation and Urban Planning


In this paper we propose new algorithm to reduce autocorrelation in Markov chain Monte-Carlo algorithms for euclidean field theories on the lattice. Our proposing algorithm is the Hybrid Monte-Carlo algorithm (HMC) with restricted Boltzmann machine. We examine the validity of the algorithm by employing the phi-fourth theory in three dimension. We observe reduction of the autocorrelation both in symmetric and broken phase as well. Our proposing algorithm provides consistent central values of expectation values of the action density and one-point Green's function with ones from the original HMC in both the symmetric phase and broken phase within the statistical error. On the other hand, two-point Green's functions have slight difference between one calculated by the HMC and one by our proposing algorithm in the symmetric phase. Furthermore, near the criticality, the distribution of the one-point Green's function differs from the one from HMC. We discuss the origin of discrepancies and its improvement.


This paper presents work done using Schaum's fusion method, implemented in the CFAR (constant false alarm ratio) approach on a set of data in order to evaluate the success rate of this method with regard to common popular methods such as the GLRT, RX and a competing Projection Method created by the authors. The testing scheme involved the introduction of a free parameter in the form of a shading factor which affects similarly both the background and the target. Finally, the simulation results will be presented and discussed together with an analysis of the error regions from the fusion method implementation to outline the expected operation performance envelope for the fusion algorithm.


ABSTRACT Agricultural workers experience higher rates of injury and illness than other occupational groups. NIOSH-supported agricultural centers in the U.S. are funded to reduce injury and illness but require effective partnerships with other agricultural organizations to achieve this goal. Our purpose was to understand the structure of agricultural organization connections within six states in the western U.S., including how different types of organizations connect to one another, and specifically where the High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety (HICAHS) is positioned in the agricultural organization network. An electronic survey was distributed to contacts within organizations that had a previous history with HICAHS leadership and advisory board members. The survey asked respondents about their position in the organization, years with the organization and frequency of contact in the past year. A social network analysis was undertaken to assess the connections between agricultural organizations using measures of centrality (density, closeness, betweenness), cliques, clusters, and brokers. A two-tier structure was identified with a core group of 21 organizations and a peripheral group of 30 organizations. Influence was centered in the core group as evidenced by high centrality scores with minimal bridging between organizations. HICAHS was on the periphery, but on the cusp of being in the core. Agricultural producers, agricultural extension and insurance companies were central in the network. Centers are in a unique position to promote collaboration with stakeholders. The social network analysis identified missing connections that need further development in order to address agricultural safety and health.


Abstract The sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (F.), is the major defoliating pest of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Planting date was evaluated as a potential management tool in a variety of production regions throughout North Dakota from 1997 to 1999, for its impact on sunflower beetle population density of both adults and larvae, defoliation caused by both feeding stages, seed yield, oil content, and larval parasitism in cultivated sunflower. Results from this 3-yr study revealed that sunflower beetle adult and larval populations decreased as planting date was delayed. Delayed planting also reduced defoliation from adult and larval feeding, which is consistent with the lower numbers of the beetles present in the later seeded plots. Even a planting delay of only 1 wk was sufficient to significantly reduce feeding damage to the sunflower plant. Yield reduction caused by leaf destruction of the sunflower beetle adults and larvae was clearly evident in the first year of the study. The other component of sunflower yield, oil content, did not appear to be influenced by beetle feeding. The tachinid parasitoid, Myiopharus macellus (Rheinhard), appeared to be a significant mortality factor of sunflower beetle larvae at most locations regardless of the dates of planting, and was able to attack and parasitize the beetle at various larval densities. The results of this investigation showed the potential of delayed planting date as an effective integrated pest management tactic to reduce sunflower beetle adults, larvae, and their resulting defoliation. In addition, altering planting dates was compatible with biological control of the beetle, because delaying the planting date did not reduce the effectiveness of the parasitic fly, M. macellus, which attacks the sunflower beetle larvae.


We study the dynamic output and welfare effects of public infrastructure investment under a balanced budget fiscal rule, using an overlapping generations model of a small open economy. The government finances public investment by employing distortionary labor taxes. We find a negative short-run output multiplier, which (in absolute terms) exceeds the positive long-run output multiplier. In contrast to conventional results regarding public investment shocks, we obtain dampened cycles in output and the labor tax rate. The cyclical dynamics are induced by the interaction of households' finite life spans, the wealth effect on labor supply, and the balanced budget fiscal rule. Finally, we show that, for a plausible calibration of our model, households' lifetime welfare improves.


This article is devoted to the study of criminalistic classification of corruption crimes in local governments. It discusses issues related to determining the basis for constructing a criminalistic classification, types and their significance for the development of criminalistic techniques for investigating corruption crimes in local government.

Analysis of the scientific works of scientists led to the conclusion that the criminalistic classification is the basic systematizing element of crime investigation methodology, from which directly complex depends guidelines for the implementation of the investigation and ways to improve such recommendations.

Such a scientific position is connected with the very essence of a criminal event as an object of study of criminalistics. The author of the article supports the position of scientists, indicate that the role of the criminalistic classification is to single out criminalistic signs of criminal activity and activities to investigate such crimes. This allows you to build the most effective and optimal criminalistic techniques.

The method of investigation of corruption crimes in local governments is related to interspecific methods. Criminalistic construction qualifying offenses given the common criminalistic significant and criminal-legal signs allows science to create such interspecific methods that could satisfy the needs of the investigation.

There are various approaches to the solution of the question of determining the grounds for constructing a criminalistic classification. It is necessary to take into account criminal-law and purely criminalistic signs in the implementation of the construction of a criminalistic classification of corruption crimes committed in local government bodies. In addition, it should be emphasized separately that the specific characteristic of the investigated crimes committedcamping in local government, it is the corruption component. Accounting for this specific feature is due to its direct influence on all elements of the criminal event. Therefore, the assignment to corruption of a certain group of crimes committed in local government bodies is associated both with the implementation of the correct criminal law qualification of the act, and with ensuring the proper level of organization and the choice of the correct investigation technique.

Given the nature of the corruption component of individual crimes and results of studies of the development of criminalistic classifications, we can conclude that the classification of the study group of crimes should be subject to the following significant features : 1) the identity of the offender; 2) subject of encroachment; 3) method of crime (methods of preparing, committing and concealing crimes) ; 4) criminal technologies; 5) the results and consequences of the crime.

The criminalistic classification is a vital element of such an interspecific criminalistic methodology, such as the method of investigating corruption crimes in local governments. Its development is aimed at ensuring the construction of an effective method of investigation of this group of crimes. The allocation of criminalistic classification with regard to criminal law and significant criminalistics grounds will allow to form complex methodological recommendations taking into account various typical situations of the initial and subsequent stages of the investigation, identify typical versions, tactical tasks and provide for an optimal set of means to solve them.

Key words: forensic classification, corruption, bodies of local self-government, investigation, methods of investigation of crimes.


This paper reports results from an independent observational study of an automotive software development research project. The study is carried out as a monitoring activity of the project, which is inexpensive but still representative of real automotive software development cases, thus providing the basis for more rigorous studies. The objective is to take initial steps to improve our understanding of architectural decision-making in the development of software in the automotive domain. The key findings summarize issues surfacing during the development process related to the problem articulation and formulation, the impact of participant experience, the definition of requirements, the decision process, and the effect of the decisions made on the system architecture evolution. The paper offers some insights that can be useful to gain understanding of how decisions are typically made in real settings, i.e., based on gut-feeling, which is important when designing decision support systems for architectural design decisions.


Public gardens can benefit from the introduction of new plants to the horticulture industry. There are many ways to develop and discover new plants in the public garden setting, whether it be through plant breeding, exploration or simply discovering a sport or mutation. The characteristics of plants suitable for the commercial display industry include short time to flower, no day-length requirement, easy and fast propagation, natural branching and inherent short height. Over the last 20 years, the process of plant development and introduction has changed enormously. Now, elements such as strong brands and marketing campaigns, plant patents or plant breeders' rights, trademarks and the ability of a new plant to thrive in mass production settings are important considerations when making a new plant release. In addition, public gardens must evaluate potential commercial partners to ensure that they get the maximum benefits from the process. This paper describes that process and gives recommendations for some of the key stages with reference to plants released by Longwood Gardens in Philadelphia.


Electronic Contracting - understood broadly to include both the Internet downloading of free or purchased software and the use of rolling contracts (shrink-wrap or terms in the box) in the sale of computers or the lease of software - has raised problems, based in part on the novelty of the transactional forms, and in part on the now-standard issue of unread terms in standardized contracts. This article, part of a conference relating to the legal regulation of new property and new technologies, offers an overview of the distinctly different approaches to Electronic Contracting of the U.S. and the European Union. The American legal system has tried, at times awkwardly, to fit the new transactions into existing doctrinal categories, leaving protection of consumers primarily to market mechanisms. The E.U. has responded through significant governmental intervention, at least for consumer contracts: expressing requiring some terms in consumer transactions, while prohibiting many others.


Infectious keratitis after corneal crosslinking is low. The use of topical steroids, bandage contact lenses, and/or a history of atopic or herpetic disease are associated with infection. Corneal crosslinking is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-–approved therapy to stiffen the cornea and prevent progression of corneal ectasia in patients with keratoconus. The standard procedure involves removal of the corneal epithelium (epithelial-off) prior to treatment. Variations to the standard procedure include accelerated crosslinking and transepithelial procedures. This study reviewed what is known regarding the risk for infection after epithelial-off crosslinking, the spectrum of pathogens, and clinical outcomes. 26 publications were identified. All eyes were fit with a bandage contact lens postoperatively. Available data indicate that the overall frequency of infectious keratitis after epithelium-off crosslinking is low. Bacterial infections are the most common, with a mean time of presentation of 4.8 days postoperatively. The use of steroids and bandage contact lenses in the immediate postoperative period and/or a history of atopic or herpetic disease were associated with infection. These patients require intense postoperative care with prophylactic antiviral therapy when appropriate.


Most of the data in large-scale storage clusters is erasure coded. At exascale, optimizing erasure codes for low storage overhead, efficient reconstruction, and easy deployment is of critical importance. Locally recoverable codes (LRCs) have deservedly gained central importance in this field, because they can balance many of these requirements. In our work we study wide LRCs; LRCs with large number of blocks per stripe and low storage overhead. These codes are a natural next step for practitioners to unlock higher storage savings, but they come with their own challenges. Of particular interest is their reliability, since wider stripes are prone to more simultaneous failures. We conduct a practically-minded analysis of several popular and novel LRCs. We find that wide LRC reliability is a subtle phenomenon that is sensitive to several design choices, some of which are overlooked by theoreticians, and others by practitioners. Based on these insights, we construct novel LRCs called Uniform Cauchy LRCs, which show excellent performance in simulations, and a 33% improvement in reliability on unavailability events observed by a wide LRC deployed in a Google storage cluster. We also show that these codes are easy to deploy in a manner that improves their robustness to common maintenance events. Along the way, we also give a remarkably simple and novel construction of distance optimal LRCs (other constructions are also known), which may be of interest to theory-minded readers.


The judicial role of Canadian judges is changing to allow judges to make trials fairer, more accessible, and more efficient. Along with the changing role of judges has come new tools, including pretrial settlement and case management conferences, and even active adjudication during the course of the trial. However, this new role and the use of its associated tools have the potential to raise an apprehension of bias. This article focuses on recent case law and commentary addressing case management and active adjudication by judges, with the aim of clarifying the boundary between permissible judicial intervention that fosters fairness and efficiency, and impermissible interventions that raise an apprehension of bias. Additionally, we discuss the role counsel can play in helping to avoid concerns of bias from arising.


Every field of history has a basic need for a detailed chronology of what happened: who did what when. In the absence of such a resource, fanciful accounts flourish. This book provides a rich narrative of the early development of online information retrieval systems and services, from 1963 to 1976 -- a period important to anyone who uses a search engine, online catalog, or large database. Drawing on personal experience, extensive research, and interviews with many of the key participants, the book describes the individuals, projects, and institutions of the period. It also corrects many common errors and misconceptions and provides milestones for many of the significant developments in online systems and technology.


BACKGROUND
Resin-based composite (RBC) is currently accepted as a viable material for the restoration of caries for posterior permanent teeth requiring surgical treatment. Despite the fact that the thermal conductivity of the RBC restorative material closely approximates that of natural tooth structure, postoperative hypersensitivity is sometimes still an issue. Dental cavity liners have historically been used to protect the pulp from the toxic effects of some dental restorative materials and to prevent the pain of thermal conductivity by placing an insulating layer between restorative material and the remaining tooth structure.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review was to assess the effects of using dental cavity liners in the placement of Class I and Class II resin-based composite posterior restorations in permanent teeth in children and adults.

SEARCH METHODS
Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 25 May 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 4) in the Cochrane Library (searched 25 May 2016), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 25 May 2016), Embase Ovid (1980 to 25 May 2016) and LILACS BIREME Virtual Health Library (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database; 1982 to 25 May 2016). We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of the use of liners under Class I and Class II posterior resin-based composite restorations in permanent teeth (in both adults and children). We included both parallel and split-mouth designs.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We utilized standard methodological procedures prescribed by Cochrane for data collection and analysis. Two review authors screened the search results and assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion against the review inclusion criteria. We conducted risk of bias assessments and data extraction independently and in duplicate. Where information was unclear we contacted study authors for clarification.

MAIN RESULTS
Eight studies, recruiting over 700 participants, compared the use of dental cavity liners to no liners for Class I and Class II resin-based composite restorations.Seven studies evaluated postoperative hypersensitivity measured by various methods. All studies were at unclear or high risk of bias. There was inconsistent evidence regarding postoperative hypersensitivity (either measured using cold response or patient-reported), with a benefit shown at some, but not all, time points (low-quality evidence).Four trials measured restoration longevity. Two of the studies were judged to be at high risk and two at unclear risk of bias. No difference in restoration failure rates were shown at one year follow-up, with no failures reported in either group for three of the four studies; the fourth study had a risk ratio (RR) 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 15.00) (low-quality evidence). Three studies evaluated restoration longevity at two years follow-up and, again, no failures were shown in either group.No adverse events were reported in any of the included studies.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is inconsistent, low-quality evidence regarding the difference in postoperative hypersensitivity subsequent to placing a dental cavity liner under Class I and Class II posterior resin-based composite restorations in permanent posterior teeth in adults or children 15 years or older. Furthermore, no evidence was found to demonstrate a difference in the longevity of restorations placed with or without dental cavity liners.


Introduction
This study investigates whether and how the concepts of 'particpatory policymaking' and 'stakeholder support' are related. Since the 1990s local election turnout has been decreasing and participation of stakeholders, such as groups of citizens, social organisations and companies, entered a new phase in Dutch urban policy. Greater use of participation has evolved into so-called participatory policymaking. The central idea is that involving and committing stakeholders and (groups of) citizens in the early phase of the policy process, rather than consulting them just before the implementation phase, creates a broader support for that policy. Although previous scholars have long hinted that a higher level of participation would yield a higher level of support, there is a notable absence of empirical evidence. In response, this important study investigates three interactive processes in a major Dutch city, Utrecht. The main question is: to what extent does participatory policymaking lead to greater stakeholder support in the city of Utrecht?

Conclusion
This study shows that there is a relationship between particpatory policymaking and support. We can even conclude that, in most cases, a higher level of participatory policymaking leads to a higher level of support among stakeholders. However, participatory policymaking is not the only variable which explains the level of support. Particularly in the first and third case study, there is an external factor with a predominant influence. The position of power of stakeholders showed a great impact on the level of participatory policymaking which directly affected the level of support. Utrecht local government seems to know what partners it needs, especially when these partners have realisation power. The position of power of stakeholders, and the dependency relationship of the local government with these stakeholders, plays a major role in determining their position on the ladder of participatory policymaking. It was not only the actual participatory policymaking process that created the support among stakeholders, but also their initial position of power in relation to Utrecht local government. What do the findings of this study mean for our understanding for future local government interest in participatory policymaking?
 This study showed no increase in democratic legitimacy. Participatory policymaking turned out to be a selection mechanism. It seems as if everyone is equal, but some are more equal than others. It was striking that even the city councillors played a minor role. Participatory policymaking is about a narrowing of the gap between government and the 'professional citizen'. That is, involved citizens are stakeholders who know how government thinks and acts and adjust their actions accordingly.
 In this study, participatory policymaking enhanced problem solving ability. No evidence was found to show that participatory policymaking speeds up the policy process.
 Participatory policymaking increases the support for the policy.
 With participatory policymaking stakeholders had the opportunity to deliver substantial input, thereby enriching the quality of the policy. However, participatory policymaking is dominantly instrumental rather than democratic.


Satiety can be relatively specific to particular foods, and this is an important factor in influencing human food selection and the amount of food eaten. As a food is eaten, its taste and appearance decrease in pleasantness, but the taste and appearance of other foods remain relatively unchanged. The changes in pleasantness are highly correlated with the amounts of foods that will be eaten subsequently in a meal. Therefore more is eaten during a meal consisting of a variety of foods than during a meal with just one of the foods, even if that food is the favorite. This enhancement depends at least in part on the sensory properties of foods in that change in just the flavor or shape of foods affect intake. Although changes in the color of foods do not affect intake, the taste of colors that have been eaten becomes less pleasant and this probably affects food selection. The more dissimilar foods are, the greater the enhancement of intake by variety in a meal will be. As well as affecting food intake, the change in the pleasantness of foods which occurs while eating is an important determinant of food selection in that it promotes consumption of a varied diet.


A series of bibliographies of primary and secondary works concerning the Inklings. This article is available in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol4/iss4/12


The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations constitute an excellent mathematical modelization of turbulence. Unfortunately, attempts at performing direct simulations are limited to relatively low-Reynolds numbers because of the almost numberless small scales produced by the non-linear convective term. Alternatively, a dynamically less complex formulation is proposed here. Namely, regularizations of the Navier-Stokes equations that preserve the symmetry and conservation properties exactly. To do so, both convective and diffusive terms are altered in the same vein. In this way, the convective production of small scales is effectively restrained whereas the modified diffusive term introduces a hyperviscosity effect and consequently enhances the destruction of small scales. In practice, the only additional ingredient is a self-adjoint linear filter whose local filter length is determined from the requirement that vortex-stretching must stop at the smallest grid scale. In the present work, the performance of the above-mentioned recent improvements is assessed through application to turbulent natural convection flows by means of comparison with DNS reference data.


To meet the extreme compute demands for deep learning across commercial and scientific applications, dataflow accelerators are becoming increasingly popular. While these "domain-specific" accelerators are not fully programmable like CPUs and GPUs, they retain varying levels of flexibility with respect to data orchestration, i.e., dataflow and tiling optimizations to enhance efficiency. There are several challenges when designing new algorithms and mapping approaches to execute the algorithms for a target problem on new hardware. Previous works have addressed these challenges individually. To address this challenge as a whole, in this work, we present a HW-SW codesign ecosystem for spatial accelerators called Union11https://github.com/union-codesign/union within the popular MLIR compiler infrastructure. Our framework allows exploring different algorithms and their mappings on several accelerator cost models. Union also includes a plug-and-play library of accelerator cost models and mappers which can easily be extended. The algorithms and accelerator cost models are connected via a novel mapping abstraction that captures the map space of spatial accelerators which can be systematically pruned based on constraints from the hardware, workload, and mapper. We demonstrate the value of Union for the community with several case studies which examine offloading different tensor operations (CONV/GEMM/Tensor Contraction) on diverse accelerator architectures using different mapping schemes.


: The purification of RNase C2 from 76.5 1 of Asp. clavatus cultural fluid and RNase Pch1 from 160 1 of Pen. chrysogenum 152 A cultural fluid was described. 1150-fold purification of RNase C2 was attained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography and rechromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75, and crystallization from diluted acidic buffer. During the preparation of RNase Pch1 additional chromatography on CM-cellulose was used before crystallization, the purification being 2220-fold. It was obtained 600 mg RNase C2 and 900 mg RNase Pch1. Some physico-chemical properties of crystalline RNases were studied.


We present a structural analysis method for molecular and electronic structure of yttrium diethyldithiocarbamato-phenanthroline complex {[Y(S2CNR2)3PHEN] with R = C2H5 and PHEN = 1,10-phenanthroline} combining solid-state NMR spectroscopy, XRD, and first principles DFT calculations. Replacing the Nd3+ ion with Y3+ in the reported crystal structure of [Nd(S2CNR2)3PHEN] complex generated an approximate 3D structure of the title complex. The structure was then subjected to first principles quantum chemical geometry optimisation using periodic DFT method. The quality of the method is discussed by comparing predicted and experimental powder XRD patterns. Full assignment of 13C and 15N solid-state CP-MAS NMR spectra as well as analyses of the principal values of the chemical shift tensors were carried out using periodic scalar relativistic DFT modelling. Spin-orbit relativistic effects, estimated by SO-ZORA formalism for one molecular unit, were evaluated. Finally, the X-ray structure of the title complex was determined, which proved that the former procedure is appropriate. The most important orbital interactions were investigated by Natural Bond Orbital analysis. The isotropic shielding values for S2CN-carbons were analysed by Natural Localised Molecular Orbital analysis. The present approach can be further extended to study other rare earth metal complexes, particularly those having similar but not yet solved crystal structures.


Women empowerment is key to reducing weak dietary diversity and chronic child malnutrition. In Nigeria, child malnutrition is persistent, despite several interventions that failed to factor in the need to empower women to eradicate the menace. In this study, we examined the influence of women empowerment on child nutrition in rural Nigeria using the five basic domains of empowerment, namely: production, resources, income, leadership and time. Data from General Household Survey Panel 2015-2016 were analyzed using Poisson regression, Ordinary Least Square regression and Instrumental Variables techniques to POLICY BRIEF The Influence of Women Empowerment on Child Nutrition in Rural Nigeria Salawu, M.B., Rufai, A.M., Salman, K.K. and Ogunniyi, I.A. September 2021 / No.780 2 Policy Brief No.780 correct for potential endogeneity. The results show that most (over 90%) of households consumed cereals, vegetables, oils and fat, spices, condiments and beverages. It also shows that, on average, women had access to less than two empowerment indicators, implying low empowerment among women. Women empowerment significantly increased household dietary diversity and consequently reduces the probability of child stunting. These findings support the claim that woman empowerment is a pathway out of the cycle of weak dietary diversity and consistent child malnutrition in rural Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that complementary and supportive policies on women empowerment aimed at preventing and reducing severe child malnutrition in Nigeria should be strengthened.


This paper shows the importance of interest rate risk and prepayment risk in fixed-rate mortgages in influencing banks' securitization of mortgages. Banks with longer-maturity liabilities are more capable of taking the interest rate risk and therefore securitize fewer mortgages. In contrast, banks with shorter-maturity liabilities securitize more mortgages and originate fewer jumbo mortgages, which can not be securitized through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Moreover, household mortgage refinancing induces prepayment risk. The prepayment risk matters more for banks with longer-maturity liabilities, due to their high retention of mortgages on balance sheets. Ex ante, anticipating the prepayment risk, banks with longer-maturity liabilities securitize more mortgages. Ex post, banks with longer-maturity liabilities are less likely to help households refinance their existing mortgages.


Congenital chylous ascites is a rare polietiologic entity, requiring close study of the infant's organism by visualization methods in order to diagnose the bening or malignant underlying pathology. In the article is given a report on case of congenital chylous ascites in infant, caused by lymphangioma in the peritoneal cavity. Atypical clinic and the lack of diagnostic standards led to the later detection of the ascite's origin.


DIERDRA Br, ED.: Trauma and Dreams. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996, 272 pp., $36.50, ISBN 0-674-9055-20. A group of experts explores dreams in a particular context, namely, their association with trauma. The book is divided into three sections. Part 1 deals with dreams after childhood trauma; Part 2 is concerned with nightmares following adult trauma in wars and national disasters; and Part 3 concerns trauma of so-called normal living. The authors reach some interesting conclusions about the nature of traumatic dreams. For example, at first, children dream of the actual trauma and later as they gradually recover from its effects, their dreams become less realistic and more symbolic and metaphoric. Issues of damaged body image occur in the dreams of children who have suffered burns during infancy and childhood. Regarding adult trauma, some of the authors point to characteristics in the structure of the dream that tend to validate the authenticity of the traumatic experience. The dreams of sexually abused women often contain violent sexuality in the dream picture, whereas physically abused women report the most dreams about their own deaths. There seems to be a uniformity about traumatic nightmares, even when the traumatic events are quite different. Hartmann raises the question of why some combat veterans react to traumatic battle conditions by having nightmares and others do not. He concludes that the youngest soldiers, about 17, who had lost a best friend were most likely to have developed a war neurosis accompanied by nightmares. He reached this conclusion after having studied a large sample of Vietnam veterans, but in such research it is not possible to concentrate on the structure of the pretraumatic personality and its vulnerabilities. Many studies indicate that there is a pattern to posttraumatic nightmares in which early dreams following the trauma are almost a literal reenactment of the dangers that were faced. Later, these dreams gain additional horrors, an expansion of what actually happened. Some investigators assert that they represent memories of the event and differ from ordinary dreams that are best understood in terms of intrapsychic forces and characterological constellations. Ordinary and traumatic dreams are further distinguished from each other by their functions and structure. Freud believed that the mind usually functions according to the pleasure principle and dreams, as a rule, follow this principle. Traumatic dreams, however, are an exception as they operate "beyond the pleasure principle"; they are not examples of wish-fulfilment nor are they particularly constructed to preserve sleep. …


Dynamic partial reconfiguration ( DPR ) is an emerging technique in computer technology. The technique enables hardware devices like FPGAs to multitask. The resulting computer technology approach can be extended to physical dynamic systems, computations, and algorithms. This research article will consider this approach and define and develop this concept in an algorithmic perspective in order to optimize the process in terms of its operation, computation reuse, flexibility, and rapid software and hardware implementation. The analysis conducted in the study is based on the Kalman Filter algorithm. From this analysis we solve the reconfiguration speed problem in the specific case of the Kalman Filter method. This article generalises the speed problem, creates a theorem, analyses the theorem, and carries out its proof. In addition to this theorem, the study also proposes the reconfiguration speeds of some algorithms.


Gradual soil fertility depletion is resulted in declining agricultural production and  productivity  generally in Ethiopia. It is obviously understood that commercial fertilizers have helped to improve yield of crops. Use of this inputs among smallholder farmers are very low in the study area due to higher costs, accessibility and crop nutritional quality reduction. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of cyanobacterial biofertilizer on yield and nutritional quality of kale (Brassica Oleracea L.) crop in Ziway. Five treatments: liquid cyanobacterial, dry cyanobacteria, urea, cattle manure and control were laid out in RCBD with three replications. All necessary data from each experimental treatment were collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA).The results showed that plant height, leaf number and leaf nitrogen have increased when liquid cyanobacterial biofertilizer was applied by 13.97cm, 2.68, and 3.07% over the control, respectively whereas the application of dry cyanobacterial biofertilizer has increased the plant shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaf area, Leaf phosphorus and plant beta carotene by  341.8 g, 26.8g, ,2089.1 cm, 2 2.43 g, , 0.187 mg kg-1 and 0.9 µg/g over the control, respectively. Therefore, the use of cyanobacterial as a biofertilizer should be recommended as an alternative source of inorganic N fertilizer to increase yield and nutritional quality of kale crop for medium and small-sized farms in the study area. Keywords: Anabaena spp, Biofertilizer, β-carotene content, Cyanobacteria, Kale crop and N-fixing


: Late termination of pregnancy means terminating a pregnancy after 24 weeks or more following the detection of severe foetal abnormalities, with the aim of bringing about the death of the fetus. According to a recent document on 'Late pregnancy termination: caution and assessment' severe foetal anomalies can be divided into two categories: (a) abnormalities which would inevitably result in perinatal death; (b) abnormalities which lead to severe and irreversible functional disorders, although with a (limited) chance of survival; postnatal life-prolonging treatment only leads to continuation of a hopeless situation for the infant. Category I contravenes the rationale of article 82a of the Dutch Criminal Code which is aimed at providing legal protection for the unborn infant from the moment it becomes viable. Late pregnancy termination in this category should not be considered an offence. Late pregnancy termination regarding category 2 infants could be an offence. However, an appeal based on circumstances beyond the defendant's control, arising from a conflict of duties could lead to nolle prosequi. A case of late termination of pregnancy should be notified as a case of non natural death.


Abstract A previous study reported preliminary results of enhanced processing of simple visual information in the form of faster reaction times, in female fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs). In this study, we assessed manual and oral motor reaction times in 30 female fXPCs and 20 neurotypical (NT) controls. Participants completed two versions of the reaction time task; one version required a manual motor response and the other version required an oral motor response. Results revealed that the female fXPCs displayed faster reaction times for both manual and oral motor responses relative to NT controls. Molecular measures including CGG repeat length, FMR1 mRNA levels, and age were not associated with performance in either group. Given previously reported age and CGG repeat modulated performance on a magnitude comparison task in this same group of premutation carriers, results from the current study seem to suggest that female fXPCs may have spared basic psychomotor functionality. (JINS, 2011, 17, 746–750)


This paper presents a coordinated primal-dual interior point (PDIP) method for solving structured convex linear and quadratic programs (LP-QP) in a distributed manner. The considered class of problems represents a multi-agent setting, where the aggregated cost is to be minimized while respecting coupling constraints as well as local constraints of the agents. Unlike fully distributed methods, a central agent is utilized, which coordinates the Newton steps taken within the interior-point algorithm. In practical PDIP implementations, predictor-corrector variants are widely used, due to their very fast convergence. We show that in the coordinated case, a naive implementation of a PDIP with predictor-corrector scheme introduces extra communication steps between local and central agents. We propose a decentralized predictor-corrector scheme that uses a non-uniform perturbation on the complementary slackness condition, which is able to reduce the number of communication steps while preserving fast convergence of the original methods. The proposed coordinated PDIP method with decentralized predictor-corrector scheme can be analysed in the general framework of PDIP methods with non-uniform complementarity perturbations, for which convergence and complexity results are provided.


Although very efficient in a number of application fields, deep learning based models are known to demand large amounts of labeled data for training. Particularly for remote sensing applications, responding to that demand is generally expensive and time consuming. Moreover, supervised training methods tend to perform poorly when they are tested with a set of samples that does not match the general characteristics of the training set. Domain adaptation methods can be used to mitigate those problems, especially in applications where labeled data is only available for a particular region or epoch, i.e., for a source domain, but not for a target domain on which the model should be tested. In this work we introduce a domain adaptation approach based on representation matching for the deforestation detection task. The approach follows the Adversarial Discriminative Domain Adaptation (ADDA) framework, and we introduce a margin-based regularization constraint in the learning process that promotes a better convergence of the model parameters during training. The approach is evaluated using three different domains, which represent sites in different forest biomes. The experimental results show that the approach is successful in the adaptation of most of the domain combination scenarios, usually with considerable gains in relation to the baselines.


Mary Jo Bona reconstructs the literary history and examines the narrative techniques of eight Italian American women's novels from 1940 to the present. Largely neglected until recently, these women's family narratives compel a reconsideration of what it means to be a woman and an ethnic in America.Bona discusses the novels in pairs according to their focus on Italian American life. She first examines the traditions of "italianita" (a flavor of things Italian) that inform and enhance works of fiction. The novelists in that tradition were Mari Tomasi ("Like Lesser Gods," 1949) and Marion Benasutti ("No Steady Job for Papa," 1966).Bona then turns to later novels that highlight the Italian American belief in the family's honor and reputation. Conflicts between generations, specifically between autocratic fathers and their children, are central to Octavia Waldo's 1961 "A Cup of the Sun" and Josephine Gattuso Hendin's 1988" The Right Thing to Do."Even when writers choose to steer away from the familial focus, Bona notes, their developmental narratives trace the reintegration of characters suffering from a crisis of cultural identity. Relating the characters' struggles to their relationship to the family, Bona examines Diana Cavallo's 1961 "A Bridge of Leaves" and Dorothy Bryant's 1978 "Miss Giardino."Bona then discusses two innovative novelsHelen Barolini's 1979 "Umbertina" and Tina De Rosa's 1980 "Paper Fish"both of which feature a granddaughter who invokes her grandmother, a godparent figure. Through Barolini's feminist and De Rosa's modernist perspectives, both novels present a young girl developing artistically.Closing with a discussion of the contemporary terrain Italian American women traverse, Bona examines such topics as sexual identity when it meets cultural identity and the inclusion of "italianita" when Italian American identity is not central to the story. Italian American women writers, she concludes, continue in the 1980s and 1990s to focus on the interplay between cultural identity and women's development."


Background & Objectives: Almost 9% to 12% of construction workers are exposed to dust in their workplace. However, few studies have assessed the risks and complications of this exposure. This study aims to evaluate the pulmonary effects of construction workers' occupational exposure to dust. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the southeast of Fars province. In this research a total of 50 construction workers and 50 referent workers from a food industry were studied. From each individual the data of spirometric parameters and related factors (age, weight, history of lung disease, and smoking) were collected. These data were analyzed via independent sample t test, Chi-square test, logistic regression, and Pearson correlation using SPSS16 software. Results: This study showed that the means of FVC and FEV1 in construction workers were significantly higher than those of food industry workers (p= 0/008 and p < 0/0001, respectively). However, the Odds Ratio of abnormal spirometry pattern showed no significant difference between two groups. Between the spirometric parameters, only the FEV1 / FVC ratio had a significant positive correlation with age. This correlation was equal in both groups (r ~ 0/3 and p < 0/05). Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence to support the proposition that construction workers are not at risk of developing respiratory disorders.


The release of Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Server version 10 (SLES 10) marked a new era for the Open Source server. SLES 10 was developed with interoperability in mind. It can be integrated seamlessly into existing network environments, both Open Source and proprietary. It provides a manageable, stable, secure, and affordable network environment. Novell has become an affordable and attractive alternative server operating system for corporate environments. Companies such as Marriott, CNN, Circuit City, HP, Dell, and Publix have adopted SLES 10, and now Industry certification bodies are recognizing the benefits of SLES 10 as well. Security Certified Program, an industry-recognized network security certification body that does training with the Department of Defense, will be adopting SLES 10 in January 2007. With the increased demand for SLES 10 and the absolute necessity of securing networks, there is an increased demand for trained SLES 10 network professionals. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Security introduces network professionals to the many security features of the new server program, and it contains Course Technology's proven academic pedagogy, making this the ideal classroom solution for teaching Novell.


The main objective of this campbell systematic review was to provide a systematic review of the evidence on the effects of microcredit on women's control over household spending in developing countries. More specifically, we aimed to answer two related research questions: 1) what does the impact evaluative evidence say about the causal relationship between microcredit and specific dimensions of women's empowerment (women's control over household spending); and 2) what are the mechanisms which mediate this relationship. We prioritise depth of analysis over breadth, thus the scope of this review is narrower than previous systematic reviews on microfinance (stewart et al., 2010; duvendack et al. 2011; stewart et al., 2012). We focused on specific aspects of women's empowerment which allowed us to combine statistical meta-analysis and realist (context-mechanism-outcome) synthesis. From the different searches we identified an initial number of 310 papers that were selected for full text examination. Eventually, 29 papers were retained for further analysis, corresponding to 25 unique studies. In line with three recent other reviews on microfinance (stewart et al., 2010; duvendack et al., 2011; stewart et al. 2012) we found that the microcredit evidence base is extensive, yet most studies are weak methodologically. From those studies deemed comparable and of minimum acceptable quality, we concluded that overall there is no evidence for an effect of microcredit on women's control over household spending.


The proinflammatory activity of IL-17–producing Th17 cells has been associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. In this article, we provide direct evidence for a role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The induction of SLE by pristane in IL-17–sufficient wild-type mice did not occur in IL-17–deficient mice, which were protected from development of lupus autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. The protection from SLE in IL-17–deficient mice was associated with a reduced frequency of CD3+CD4−CD8− double-negative T cells and an expansion of CD4+ regulatory T cells, and did not depend on Stat-1 signaling. These data affirm the key role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of SLE and strengthen the support for IL-17 blockade in the therapy of SLE.


Local learning methods, such as local linear regression and nearest neighbor classifiers, base estimates on nearby training samples, neighbors. Usually, the number of neighbors used in estimation is fixed to be a global ldquooptimalrdquo value, chosen by cross validation. This paper proposes adapting the number of neighbors used for estimation to the local geometry of the data, without need for cross validation. The term enclosing neighborhood is introduced to describe a set of neighbors whose convex hull contains the test point when possible. It is proven that enclosing neighborhoods yield bounded estimation variance under some assumptions. Three such enclosing neighborhood definitions are presented: natural neighbors, natural neighbors inclusive, and enclosing k-NN. The effectiveness of these neighborhood definitions with local linear regression is tested for estimating lookup tables for color management. Significant improvements in error metrics are shown, indicating that enclosing neighborhoods may be a promising adaptive neighborhood definition for other local learning tasks as well, depending on the density of training samples.


Even when the amount of loss reduction is exactly the same, a protective action that leaves no loss may be valued more than others that leave some. It is called "zero-risk effect," which was examined in this study. One hundred and forty-four undergraduates rated their willingness to pay (WTP) for three protective actions that would leave 800, 400, or 0 deaths. Results showed that the WTP difference between actions resulting in 400 deaths and no death was larger than that between actions resulting in 800 deaths and 400 deaths. The effect was shown not only in a negative framing condition, but also in a positive one. The results thus established the robustness of zero-risk effect, which cannot be explained in terms of the negative framing effect. Finally, implications for risk management and risk communication were discussed.


Integrative studies of sedimentary and palaeontological topics for unconformity surfaces are useful in basin analysis. A middle Bathonian unconformity surface in the Ammonitico Rosso facies cropping out in the La Mola Unit (Subbetic Domain, Betic External Zone) was studied by integrating ichnological, palaeotectonic, and sedimentological analyses to decipher sea-level, tectonic, and palaeogeographic conditions during its development. The trace-fossil assemblage mainly consists of the Glossifungites ( Thalassinoides , Arenicolites , and Gastrochaenolites) and Trypanites ichnofacies elements. Probable Ophiomorpha represents previous softground stages, Thalassinoides and Arenicolites were formed in firmground, Gastrochaenolites reflects an evolved firmground or early hardground, and Trypanites can be attributed to an incipient hardground. The degree of firmness, relative sea-level position, and continuity of deposition were related. The softground stage corresponds to a fall in relative sea level and continued deposition. The firmground (semi-consolidated substrate) probably reflects an extremely low sea level characterized by non-deposition, whereas the incipient hardground stage indicates an initial phase of relative sea-level rise, with an increase in marine current energy. The presence of two neptunian dyke systems reflects significant tectonic activity related to the transtensional deformation that affected the South Iberian Palaeomargin. Lateral variations in sedimentological and ichnological features recorded at similar discontinuity surfaces in nearby areas were considered and related to differences in bottom topography, with associated changes in sedimentation, and to the variable duration of the hiatus.


Allergic contact dermatitis is both an important clinical problem and a model system for lymphocyte-mediated pathologic changes. Elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis requires interaction of antigen with epidermal Langerhans cells, followed by migration of the Langerhans cells to the lymph nodes to present antigen to T lymphocytes. These activated T lymphocytes must then home to the antigen-exposed skin. Adhesion molecules such as LFA-1 and ICAM-1 have a role in this homing. Only a small proportion of the T lymphocytes in the skin lesion are specific for the inducing antigen. Studies of poison ivy (urushiol dermatitis) have determined this fraction to be less than one per 100 infiltrating lymphocytes. By a variety of amplification mechanisms, it is possible for this small number of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to induce the pathologic changes of allergic contact dermatitis. Improved understanding of this condition should result in increased knowledge of the pathogenesis of a variety of T lymphocyte-mediated skin conditions.


The origin of cosmic-rays is one of the long-standing problems in astro physics. In recent years, strong evidence has been found that certain classes of object contain and are able to accelerate particles to high energies. In this thesis the origin problem is addressed in two different ways. Firstly, two different regions of the Galaxy are studied using γ-ray observations from the COSB satellite combined with atomic and molecular gas measurements. The Vela region contains a pulsar and a supernova remnant and is particularly valuable location for cosmic-ray studies because of its proximity, the association of the two objects, and the intensity of the γ -ray flux it produces. At greater longitudes, the region around the peculiar object η Carinae is also studied. It is rich in potential sources of cosmic rays including active stars and a spiral arm seen at a tangent at l ~ 282o .Analysis of the Vela region reveals strong evidence for cosmic ray production at all energies observed by COSB. The supernova remnant seems the most likely candidate, but the possibility of the pulsar itself producing some of the particles cannot be ruled out. The excess γ -ray emission from around η Carinae does not appear correlated with the active stars but seems to becoming predominantly from the spiral arm. This is the first time evidence has been presented for cosmic-ray acceleration by the spiral shock in a particular, known spiral arm which is observed as a feature in the gas. The γ -rays are produced in the gas clouds associated with this arm. The second approach to the cosmic-ray origin problem involves a model for cosmic-ray production in supernova remnants and is used in association with a Monte-Cailo simulation of their occurrence in the Galaxy. Unlike earlier models (Bhat et al 1987), the motion of the Sun is also taken into account and the supernova explosions occur mainly in spiral arms. The results are in the form of a time sequence of energy density values and tire compared in detail with (^10)Be results. It is found that the model accounts for the long-term rise in the concentration of this radioisotope and does not predict large excursions from the mean energy density that beset older models. Thus the cosmic ray production by supernova remnants seems to be consistent with the radioisotope data.


Two simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (M1 and M2) have been developed for the estimation of Donepezil hydrochloride (DH) in bulk and dosage forms. Method M1 involves Internal salt formation of aconitic anhydride, dehydration product of citric acid [CIA] with acetic anhydride [Ac2O] to form colored chromogen with an absorption maximum of 580 nm and the method M2 is based on the formation of green colored coordination complex by the drug with cobalt thiocyanate which is quantitatively extractable into nitro benzene with an absorption maximum of 620 nm. Beer's law obeyed in the concentration range of 8–24μg/ml for method M1and 16–48 μg/ml for method M2. Commercially available tablets were analyzed and the results are statistically compared with those obtained by the reference method and validated by recovery studies. The results are found satisfactory and reproducible. These methods are applied successfully for the estimation of the Donepezil hydrochloride in the presence of other ingredients that are usually present in dosage forms. These methods offer the advantages of rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity and normal cost and can be easily applied to resource-poor settings without the need for expensive instrumentation and reagents.


China's prevailing hukou (household registration) system and land tenure system seem to be very different in their applications. In fact, they both function to deny the exit right of rural residents from a rural community. Under these systems, rural residents are not allowed to freely exit from collectives if they do not want to lose their entitlements, such as their rights to using collectively owned land and their land-based properties. Farmers are neither allowed to sell their houses to outsiders, nor allowed to sell to outsiders their rights to contracting a piece of land from the collective where their households are registered. For migrant workers from rural areas, it is extremely difficult for them to obtain an urban hukou with all its associated entitlements at an urban locality where they currently work and live. The combined effect of the two systems leads to serious distortions in labor and land markets, resulting in discrimination against migrant workers, sprawling yet exclusive urbanization, housing bubbles, and depressed domestic demand. These distortions further entrench the existing and much widened urban/rural divide. Unless these two systems are thoroughly reformed, the rural residents in Chinese mainland will be trapped in their comparatively much lower income and remain unable to share the gains from the agglomeration effects of urbanization.


The emergence and prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have posed a serious threat to public health. Of particular concern are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and blaNDM, mcr-1 and tet(X)-positive Gram-negative pathogens. The fact that few new antibiotics have been approved in recent years exacerbates this global crisis, thus, new alternatives are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) originated from host defense peptides with a wide range of sources and multiple functions, are less prone to achieve resistance. All these characteristics laid the foundation for AMPs to become potential antibiotic candidates. In this study, we revealed that peptide WW307 displayed potent antibacterial and bactericidal activity against MDR bacteria, including MRSA and Gram-negative bacteria carrying blaNDM-5, mcr-1 or tet(X4). In addition, WW307 exhibited great biofilm inhibition and eradication activity. Safety and stability experiments showed that WW307 had a strong resistance against various physiological conditions and displayed relatively low toxicity. Mechanistic experiments showed that WW307 resulted in membrane damage by selectively targeting bacterial membrane-specific components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin (CL). Moreover, WW307 dissipated membrane potential and triggered the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, these results demonstrated that WW307 represents a promising candidate for combating MDR pathogens.


Background: Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue which mainly affects the lymph nodes and is characterized by a particular cell called Reed Sternberg cell. It represents 5% to 10% of malignancies in children with two peaks one around 6 years and the other around 14 years.
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of HD to a chemotherapy regimen without radiotherapy.
Methods: We conducted a prospective study from 2007 to 2016. Were included, all records of patients admitted for Hodgkin's disease and having a histological evidence of HD. Children were treated with the protocol COPP/ABV at the Mother and Child Center of the Chantal Biya's Foundation in Yaounde using only chemotherapy.
Results: During that period, we collected 26 cases of HD. Which represented 1.96% of all cancers in children. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.6 years (7-16 years). The most represented age group was that of 10 to 14 with 57.7% of the cases. The sex ratio was 1.88. Forty-two per cent of patients had consulted more than 12 months after the beginning of symptoms. The circumstances of discovery were dominated by the appearance of peripheral adenopathies, particularly cervical (76.9%). Signs of clinical evolution were found at diagnosis in 61.5% of patients. The scleronodular, mixed cellular and the lymphocyte-rich forms were found in the following respective proportions: 38.4%, 34.6% and 27% and 82.60% of our patients were classified as unfavourable prognosis at the time of diagnosis. Overall survival at 5 years was estimated to be 82%.
Conclusion: Hodgkin's disease is a chemo sensitive and radiosensitive disease, for which most international protocols combine the two modalities of treatment. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of this modified treatment in our context where radiotherapy is unavailable.


This guide is a tutorial for the use of American FactFinder, a statistics-finding resource from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.


With the rapidly growing amounts of information, visualization is becoming increasingly important, as it allows users to easily explore and understand large amounts of information. However the field of information visualization currently lacks sufficient theoretical foundations. This article addresses foundational questions connecting information visualization with computing and philosophy studies. The idea of multiscale information granulation is described based on two fundamental concepts: information (structure) and computation (process). A new information processing paradigm of Granular Computing is discussed which enables stepwise increase of granulation/aggregation of information on different levels of resolution, which makes possible dynamical viewing of data. Information produced by Google Earth is an illustration of visualization based on clustering (granulation) of information on a succession of layers. Depending on level, specific emergent properties become visible as a result of different ways of aggregation of data/information. As information visualization ultimately aims at amplifying cognition, we discuss the process of simulation and emulation in relation to cognition, and in particular visual cognition.


This paper presents an inverter open switch fault detection method which is based on voltage measurement and then uses inverter output voltage estimation for the more reliable detection. To detect the open switch fault, general voltage measurement based methods compare a reference voltage with measured voltage. However, although the system is under healthy condition, there exists voltage deviation between the reference and measured voltage due to non-ideal switching behaviors of the inverter. In addition, because the difference between two AC quantities varies in one rotation cycle, it is difficult to determine threshold value. To overcome these problems in practical case, the presented method uses an estimated voltage instead of direct use of the reference voltage. And a sectoral average value of the difference is defined as a residual instead of instantaneous one. Several sets of experimental results validate the detection capability of the proposed method.


This document changes the recommended default Interface Identifier
(IID) generation scheme for cases where Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) is used to generate a stable IPv6 address.
It recommends using the mechanism specified in RFC 7217 in such cases,
and recommends against embedding stable link-layer addresses in IPv6
IIDs. It formally updates RFC 2464, RFC 2467, RFC 2470, RFC 2491, RFC
2492, RFC 2497, RFC 2590, RFC 3146, RFC 3572, RFC 4291, RFC 4338, RFC
4391, RFC 5072, and RFC 5121. This document does not change any
existing recommendations concerning the use of temporary addresses as
specified in RFC 4941.


OBJECTIVES
We estimated the prevalence and determinants of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among nonsmoking adolescents in 9 West African countries.

METHODS
We conducted a pooled analysis with nationally representative 2006 to 2009 Global Youth Tobacco Survey data. We used descriptive statistics to determine the prevalence of SHS exposure and inferential statistics using a multivariable logistic regression model to determine factors associated with SHS exposure. We investigated average marginal effect results that show the probability of SHS exposure, adjusting for all other attributes.

RESULTS
SHS exposure inside the home ranged from 13.0% to 45.0%; SHS exposure outside the home ranged from 24.7% to 80.1%. Parental or peer smoking behaviors were significantly associated with higher probability of SHS exposure in all 9 countries. Knowledge of smoking harm, support for smoking bans, exposure to antismoking media messages, and receptivity of school tobacco education were significantly associated with higher SHS exposure in most countries.

CONCLUSIONS
West African policymakers should adopt policies consistent with Article 8 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and its guidelines and public health education to promote smoke-free households.


Courts and arbitral tribunals have a dynamic and symbiotic relationship. In the field of commercial arbitration, we often perceive the court system to be the institution supporting the arbitral award and process. In the context of investment treaties enforced by investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), courts have an added dimension. The courts (consisting of a judgment and the judicial process) can form the subject of review by an arbitral tribunal. So, if the international arbitral tribunal judges the fairness of the domestic courts of a state, and a domestic court in turn judges the appropriateness of the findings and process of an international arbitral tribunal, where does that leave the predictability and accountability of the ISDS system?
The Chevron v Ecuador dispute provides an appropriate case study of this phenomenon, which has permeated from the local Ecuadorian courts to various international tribunals and courts of the United States, Canada, Brazil and Europe. Similarly, other ISDS claims have encroached (or come close to encroaching) on the task of judging courts of developed nations, such as the recent Eli Lilly v Canada case. Australia recently survived judgment of its legislature by an investment tribunal in the Philip Morris case, but are the judgments of Australia's High Court now grounds for attack? The ISDS system has been the subject of criticism, with a particular focus on the inconsistency of tribunal determinations. The question thus arises, as to whether this ostensibly circular system of judging the judges promotes the rule of law.
With case examples to offer context, this article evaluates whether a permanent international investment 'court', such as that proposed under the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (FTA), and by the EU under the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), contributes to consistency and the rule of law. In particular, this article identifies certain adequacies and inadequacies of that system in the context of an evolutionary institutional shift from the existing model based on private contract-based arbitration to that of a public 'court'. Will this model result in an elevated standard of jurisprudence of international investment law, or just similar circular outcomes? The standard of review of this 'court' could just as equally promote a divergence, rather than a convergence, of international investment norms. Ultimately, any convergence between domestic and international legal norms is regulated by the reciprocal standard of deference and the willingness of states to consent to a particular investment treaty standard.


The E-Core Transverse Flux Machine is a different design of transverse flux machines combined with reluctance principle. Determination of the rotor position is important for the movement of the ETFM by switching the phase currents in synchronism with the inductance regions of the stator windings. It is the first time that rotor position estimation based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is purposed to eliminate the position sensor for the ETFM. Simulation and experimental tests are demonstrated for the feasibility of the proposed estimation algorithm for the exercise bike application of the ETFM.


It is a fundamental problem in physics of what principle limits the correlations as predicted by our current description of nature, based on quantum mechanics. One possible explanation is the "global exclusivity" principle recently discussed in Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 060402 (2013). In this work we show that this principle actually has a much stronger restriction on the probability distribution. We provide a tight constraint inequality imposed by this principle and prove that this principle singles out quantum correlations in scenarios represented by any graph. Our result implies that the exclusivity principle might be one of the fundamental principles of nature.