We present a novel approach to automatic metaphor identification, that discovers both metaphorical associations and metaphorical expressions in unrestricted text. Our system first performs hierarchical graph factorization clustering (HGFC) of nouns and then searches the resulting graph for metaphorical connections between concepts. It then makes use of the salient features of the metaphorically connected clusters to identify the actual metaphorical expressions. In contrast to previous work, our method is fully unsupervised. Despite this fact, it operates with an encouraging precision (0.69) and recall (0.61). Our approach is also the first one in NLP to exploit the cognitive findings on the differences in organisation of abstract and concrete concepts in the human brain.


This article examines the ethical dilemmas that are specific to qualitative research methodology. These dilemmas concern the issues of withdrawal from the study, anonymity and confidentiality, which are discussed. Each aspect examines how it was dealt with using the researcher's reflections. The research was positioned within an interpretive paradigm and used the small scale qualitative research design in one rural and one urban contexts of Lesotho. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select the participants from the larger population. Using a semi-structured interview guide, participants were interviewed individually while others were engaged in focus group discussions. A lesson learnt is that ethics in methodology, when conducting research in an African context, do not always follow what is proposed in the Western literature. It is recommended that a context should be considered when applying ethics in qualitative research studies in Africa since some ethics in research are context-specific.


We used density functional theory to investigate the capacity for carbon monoxide (CO) release of five newly synthesized manganese-containing CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), namely CORM-368 (1), CORM-401 (2), CORM-371 (3), CORM-409 (4), and CORM-313 (5). The results correctly discriminated good CO releasers (1 and 2) from a compound unable to release CO (5). The predicted Mn-CO bond dissociation energies were well correlated (R(2) ≈0.9) with myoglobin (Mb) assay experiments, which quantified the formation of MbCO, and thus the amount of CO released by the CO-RMs. The nature of the Mn-CO bond was characterized by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. This allowed us to identify the key donor-acceptor interactions in the CO-RMs, and to evaluate the Mn-CO bond stabilization energies. According to the NBO calculations, the charge transfer is the major source of Mn-CO bond stabilization for this series. On the basis of the nature of the experimental buffers, we then analyzed the nucleophilic attack of putative ligands (L' = HPO(4)(2-), H(2)PO(4)(-), H(2)O, and Cl(-)) at the metal vacant site through the ligand-exchange reaction energies. The analysis revealed that different L'-exchange reactions were spontaneous in all the CO-RMs. Finally, the calculated second dissociation energies could explain the stoichiometry obtained with the Mb assay experiments.


The manufacturing industry is turning their attention from a solely product orientation view, to the creation of new value-adding services in order to increase their after-sales business. In this thesis, a case study was conducted in order to examine a manufacturing industry in their process of developing value-adding services. By exploring their processes in service delivery and studying their introduction of remote monitoring systems in their service distribution, the aim was to visualise the dimensions of a service system and how it changes with the introduction of an specific new technology. This study has shown that the introduction of remote monitoring systems, changes the relationship between the provider and the receiver, through the decrease of physical visits at the clients' site, with the consequence that the close relationships between the provider and its receivers can vanish. Furthermore this study shows that remote monitoring systems affects the service system, through intertwining the technology and shared information. As the characteristics of the new technology remote monitoring systems enables new ways of information sharing and thereby becoming how the information between the provider and receiver is shared. Additionally, this study shows that in order to co-create value in a service system, the provider has to bear full responsibility in coming up with an acceptable value proposition and for the clearness in presenting the value proposal to the receiver.


When interacting with others, we often use bodily signals to communicate. Among these signals, pointing, whether with the eyes or the hands, allows coordinating our attention with others, and the perception of pointing gestures implicates a range of social cognitive processes. Here, we review the brain mechanisms underpinning the perception and understanding of pointing, focusing on eye gaze perception and associated joint attention processes. We consider pointing gesture perception, but leave aside pointing gesture execution as it relates to a distinct area of cognitive neuroscience research. We describe the attention orienting effects of pointing and the neural substrates for the perception of biological cues. We consider the multiple high-level social cognitive processes elicited by pointing gesture perception and examine how pointing gestures are related to the general taxonomy of gestures. We conclude by emphasizing that pointing is a social phenomenon and that a full account of pointing will require an integrative approach taking into account the distinct perspectives from which this phenomenon can be investigated.


In general, most POSS® monomers are hydrophobic and show compatibility with traditional organic monomers and resins. With the recent commercialization of PEG-based organosilanes, it has become possible to synthetically prepare new water-soluble POSS cages that show interesting properties as water-soluble lubricants. The copolymerization of traditional hydrophobic POSS monomers with hydrophilic organic monomers has also resulted in profound advancements in degradation control and biological compatibility. The characteristics of these monomers and copolymers will be presented.


With the applications of GIS technology, 3D modeling, programming, database technology and network communication technology, combining with Visual C ++6.0 and OpenGL, a real-time three-dimensional digital platform of GIS-based safety monitoring was designed. In the platform, a GIS-based mine simulation model and database framework were built; an overall data integration structure of the three-dimensional digital platform was designed; the GIS-based safety monitoring platform model and platform architecture were designed too. The platform has been designed and implemented in some one mining area in Shandong province and the application works well. This platform's design and implementation, one of the most typical and successful cases in digital mine construction, provides viable ideas and methods for the construction of the real-time and three-dimensional digital safety monitoring building.


The paper studies the aspect of ensuring the equilibrium state of the environment. And one of the components of providing such a state is information about the state of the environment in question. The authors note that the aspects of such information's importance are fully disclosed. Its theoretical construct is defined, and an idea is formed about which sector the information of the ecological type is most relevant to a civil or a specialized ecological one. The subject of the study is information that relates to the ecological state of the natural environment, as well as to the human environment. Legal systems of the post-Soviet countries and the countries of North America are investigated.


The detection and characterisation of hepatic lesions is fundamental in clinical practice, from the diagnosis stages to the evolution of the therapeutic response. Hepatic magnetic resonance is a usual practice in the localization and quantification of lesions. Automatic segmentation of the liver is illustrated in T1 weighted images. This task is necessary for detecting the lesions. The proposed liver segmentation is based on 3D anisotropic diffusion processing without any control parameter. Combinations of edge detection techniques, histogram analysis, morphological post-processing and evolution of an active contour have been applied to the liver segmentation. The active contour evolution is based on the minimization of variances in luminance between the liver and its closest neighbourhood.


The small firm effect was first recognized by Banz (1981). He found that small firms had a higher risk-adjusted return than large firms. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between risk-adjusted return and firm size on the Swedish stock market. The study has a quantitative methodology where the risk-adjusted return is explained by size, dividend yield, market-to-book ratio and earnings yield. The main conclusion of the study is that there is not a constant small firm effect between the years of 2003 to 2012. The results show signs of an opposite effect where the large firms earn a higher risk-adjusted return than small firms. This could be a result of a volatile time period including a recession that the larger firms handle better because of their stability.


Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the main reasons for drug withdrawal from the market, and a cause of worldwide morbidity. Although several issues on DILI are still unsolved, there have been significant advances in new definitions and diagnosis tools. DILI is the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, and constitutes an expanding area of investigation. DILI can mimic virtually all known hepatopathies, including vascular disorders and liver tumours. As part of this broad spectrum of clinical presentations, DILI severity ranges from asymptomatic elevations of aminotransferases to acute liver failure. Although biomarkers are emerging as valuable diagnostic tools, they are not available in clinical practice. Accurate DILI diagnosis is a challenging issue, particularly the establishing of causal relationships with the culprit agent and the exclusion of competing causes of liver injury. Given that the understanding of the mechanisms inducing DILI is growing, and both DILI causality assessment scales and the performance of international DILI networks have been improved, hepatotoxicity may be recognised earlier in clinical practice. In this review, advances and results obtained by DILI registries around the world, case characterisations, particularly those relevant to newer definitions in DILI, and the behaviour of chronic liver disease induced by drugs will be updated. In addition, recently published data on herbal and dietary supplements and new predictive scores for acute liver failure assessment will also be discussed.


Eighty-eight athletes treated for an acute hemarthrosis of the knee without any demonstrable ligament tear were evaluated. Analysis of the clinical data from these cases, all treated between 1970 and 1975 with aspiration and casting, revealed that the injury was apparently worse than had been thought at the time of first treatment. Surgery was subsequently per formed in 32 (37%) because of meniscus tear, and 28 demonstrated anterior cruciate ligament insuffi ciency. In the 56 who did not have surgical treatment, 38 (43% of the entire group) had significant symptoms and disability causing them to decrease sports partic ipation, and only 18 (20% of the overall group) re turned to sports without symptoms or disability. Ob jective findings at followup suggested that in 70% of the patients injury of the anterior cruciate ligament occurred during the original trauma. A precise diag nosis is needed in every knee ligament sprain with hemarthrosis before one decides upon conservative treatment such as aspiration and casting.


Thirty years have passed and five major reforms have followed since the establishment of the Greek National Health System (NHS) in 1983 on universal coverage as an elementary policy goal, and the Greek NHS is still insufficient with regard to organisation, coverage, funding and delivering health services. The primary objective of the thesis is to employ quantitative empirical methods to explore some key aspects of equity in the receipt of health care in Greece among the older population via two nationwide and one urban setting datasets. This thesis comprises three essays which shed light on the equity issue before and after NHS major reforms of 2001-4 and 2005-7.
The findings of this thesis suggest that inequalities in health care exist mainly for the probability of specialist and dentist private visits. Income- related inequalities are less apparent in probability of inpatient admissions and probability of outpatient visits, favoring the less advantaged. Income itself is not the only contributor. The findings indicate intra and interregional inequalities in most of health care services use except for probability of GP visits, favoring residents of thinly-populated areas. Compared to Athens region, regional disparities-inequalities are not apparent for inpatient care, as well. Furthermore, the findings suggest that even though we signify territorial disparities in the probability of specialist visit favoring the better off, once the positive contacts of specialist visits are included, the elderly have equal probability to make a specialist private visit, irrespective of their income and their region of residence.
In addition, this thesis finds that inequalities are apparent among the Social health insurance funds (SHIFs) in use of most health care types, except the probability of inpatient admissions. Non Noble Farmers OGA SHIF - who tends to be less advantaged - has a more pronounced pro poor contribution to overall inequity in the probability of specialist private visit than the Noble SHIFs, revealing an unfair relationship. This thesis also finds that OOP expenses constitute a significant financial burden to inpatient and outpatient care. There is a regressive trend in OOP amount for inpatient admission in terms of ability to pay and region of residence favoring residents of thinly-populated areas and Central Greece region- who tend to be less advantaged. For outpatient care, there is a progressive trend in OOP amount in terms of ability to pay, SHIF coverage and region of
residence.
The thesis provides useful tools for understanding and measuring inequalities in the use of health care among the older population, who are the most constant consumers of health services. It urges policy makers to review the governance of primary health care by setting conditions and implements measures for improving efficiency, unifying SHIFunds, eliminating geographical inequalities and control the role of OOP expenses as significant
barriers to access health care, especially during the current period of economic crisis.


Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second commonest acterial infection in Indonesian children after respiratory tract infection. In order to establish early diagnosis of UTI, it is important to recognize the risk factors of UTI in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between circumcision, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, nutritional status, parents' educational level, socioeconomic status, constipation, and class attendance with incident of UTI and to determine its prevalence in elementary school students in Depok and Ngaglik Sub Districts, Sleman District, Yogyakarta Special Region. It was a case-control study using stratified random sampling. Controls were matched with case groups based on school grade and gender. An early screening of UTI using dipstick was conducted, and continued with urine culture to confirm microorganims infection. The association between the risk factors and the incident of UTI was evaluated using a questionnaire for the students or their parents. Prevalence of UTI in elementary school students in Sleman District was 9.96% with pathogenic microorganisms namely Klebsiella (44.1%), Echerichia coli (31.2%), and Pseudomonas (24.7%). Circumcision (OR=8.00; 95%CI=2.115-193.91; p=0.039) was statistically significant as protective factor of UTI. Furthermore, poor personal hygiene (aOR = 4.314; 95% CI = 2.202-8.451; p = 0.000) and poor environmental sanitation (aOR = 2.481; 95% CI = 1.264-4.872; p = 0.008) were the high risk factors of UTI, whereas lower socioeconomic status and lower educational level of the parents were not significant risk factors of UTI. Other factors i.e. poor/fair nutritional status, constipation and class attendance were not risk factors of UTI. In conclusion, the prevalence of UTI in elementary school students in Sleman District is 9.96%. Circumcision is a protective factor of UTI, whereas poor personal hygiene and poor environmental sanitation are proven as risk factors of UTI. Keywords: urinary tract infection - risk factors - protective factor - elementary school students - pathogenic microorganism


As part of Performance World, we describe an automation server (PAVER: http://www.gamsworld.org/performance/paver ) to help facilitate reproducible performance analysis of benchmarking data for optimization software. Although PAVER does not solve optimization problems, it automates the task of performance data analysis and visualization, taking into account various performance metrics. These include not only robustness and efficiency, but also quality of solution. This paper discusses the tools and the performance metrics used, as well as the design of the server. We give examples of performance data analysis using an instance of the COPS test case for nonlinear programming to illustrate the features of the server.


PURPOSE
This article describes prelinguistic vocal development in 2 prelingually deaf children who received multichannel cochlear implants at 10 and 28 months of age, respectively.

METHODS
Vocalizations were recorded in half-hour mother- child interactions before and after implantation and then classified into three levels of development: precanonical, canonical, and postcanonical.

RESULTS
One child made rapid progress in vocal development after her implant was activated. The other child showed slower progress with continued dominance of precanonical vocalizations throughout the first year of implant experience. Increases in vowel, diphthong, and consonant diversity; the establishment of canonical vocalizations; and the emergence of postcanonical forms were found to be indicators of progress in vocal development.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Observed differences in the rate and completeness of vocal development between the 2 children suggest that some young implant recipients may need specialized intervention strategies to stimulate speech development. The rationale and procedures for implementing Short Periods of Prelinguistic Input (SPPI), a potentially useful approach for stimulating vocal development, are presented.


The measurements conducted in the discipline of psychology are related to the goals of pure and applied sciences. Measurements taken for pure science is in general carried out within scientific researches. Regarding those in the applied science, there are two methods, namely screening and diagnosis that are commonly used in the practice of clinical measurement. This paper aims to address the comprehensive measurements required in the field of clinical measurement. In particular, it will discuss if psychometric properties only are already sufficient or they are, in fact, not needed in this field. In addition, it will also briefly describe the methodology of measuring the quality of instruments of clinical measurement.


: The transmission penalty of a standard non-dispersion shifted fiber is experimentally demonstrated to be reduced by Self-Phase Modulation due to the optical Kerr effect. A 2 dB reduction of transmission penalty is achieved in a 5 Gbit/s FM/AM conversion system experiment over 205 km of fiber


We report a scalable delamination procedure for a SSZ-70-framework layered-zeolite precursor, which for the first time does not involve either sonication or long-chain surfactants. Our approach instead relies on the mild heating of layered zeolite precursor B-SSZ-70(P) in an aqueous solution containing Zn(NO3)2 and tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Powder X-ray diffraction data are consistent with a loss of long-range order along the z-direction, while 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy demonstrates preservation of the zeolite framework crystallinity during delamination. The resulting delaminated material, DZ-2, possesses 1.4-fold higher external surface area relative to the nondelaminated three-dimensional zeolite B-SSZ-70, based on N2 physisorption data at 77 K. DZ-2 was functionalized with cationic Ti heteroatoms to synthesize Ti-DZ-2 via exchange with framework B. Ti-DZ-2 contains isolated titanium centers in its crystalline framework, as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The generality of the synthetic delamination approach and catalyst synthesis is demonstrated with the synthesis of delaminated material DZ-3, which is derived from layered zeolite precursor ERB-1(P) with MWW framework topology. Upon catalytic testing for the epoxidation of 1-octene with ethylbenzene hydroperoxide as oxidant, under harsh tail-end conditions that deactivate amorphous Ti-silica-based catalysts, Ti-DZ-2 exhibits the highest per-Ti-site activity, selectivity, and stability for 1-octene epoxidation of all catalysts investigated. This testing includes the prior benchmark delaminated zeolite catalyst in this area, Ti-UCB-4, which possesses similar external surface area to Ti-DZ-2 but requires sonication and long-chain surfactants for its synthesis. The synthesis of DZ-2 is the first example of an economical delamination of layered zeolite precursor SSZ-70(P) and opens up new doors to the development of delaminated zeolites as commercial catalysts.


BACKGROUND
Until recently, cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators were considered an absolute contraindication for magnetic resonance imaging. Given the significant increase in implanting such devices, these contraindications will preclude MRI scanning in a large patient population. Several recent reports have addressed the safety and feasibility of MRI in the presence of cardiac implantable devices.

OBJECTIVES
To summarize our experience with MRI scanning in the presence of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

METHODS
Eighteen patients (15 males and 3 females, median age 59) were scanned using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A clinical discussion was held to verify the absolute medical necessity of the study before performing the scan. Scan supervision included device interrogation and programming beforehand, patient monitoring during, and device interrogation and reprogramming after the scan. Full resuscitation equipment was available outside the MRI suite.

RESULTS
Thirty-four scans were performed, and all but one were of diagnostic quality. Anatomic regions included the brain (N = 26), cervical spine (N = 2), lumbar spine (N = 1), cardiac (N = 2), abdomen (N = 1), abdomen and pelvis (N = 1) and pelvis (N = 1). None of the patients reported any side effects and no life-threatening events occurred during or following the scans. Five cases of device spontaneous reversion to backup mode were recorded (four in the same patient). Device replacement was not required in any patient.

CONCLUSIONS
In this small cohort of patients MRI scanning in the presence of cardiac implantable devices was safe. MRI in these patients is feasible although not recommended for routine scans. Scans should be considered on a case-to-case basis and performed in a dedicated specialized setup.


Depression, hopelessness, and pessimism are common behaviors seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Healthcare personnel have traditionally focused on therapies to treat the physiologic effects of this debilitating disease. The psychologic problems associated with COPD that can affect a patient's personal and social quality of life are not often addressed. This article reviews current research on these problems and suggests nursing interventions that can assist in meeting patient-centered outcomes.


This study examined National Board Certified Physical Education Teachers' (NBCPET) instructional practices. Socialization theory guided this study. Data were collected on six NBCPETs using systematic observations and open-ended interviews. Each teacher was observed two full days, with data gathered from eight to 11 lessons for each teacher. Teachers participated in two interviews lasting approximately 45 min. Constant comparative methods were used to identify emergent themes. Systematic observations revealed that participants achieved an average score of 76.4 on the Qualitative Measures of Teacher Performance Scale. Academic Learning Time-Physical Education data showed that students of the NBCPETs, on average, experienced 38% motor appropriate practice time, 4.4% motor inappropriate practice time, and 3.8% off-task time during observed classes. Perceived change as a result of the National Board Certification process emerged as a theme through the data analysis. The results imply that this advanced certification process served as a positive agent of socialization.


The origin of adaptive immunity in the vertebrates can be traced to the appearance of the ancestral RAG genes in the ancestral jawed vertebrate; however, the innate immune system is more ancient. A central subsystem within innate immunity is the complement system, which has been identified throughout and seems to be restricted to the deuterostomes. The evolutionary history of complement can be traced from the sea urchins (members of the echinoderm phylum), which have a simplified system homologous to the alternative pathway, through the agnathans (hagfish and lamprey) and the elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) to the teleosts (bony fish) and tetrapods, with increases in the numbers of complement components and duplications in complement pathways. Increasing complexity in the complement system parallels increasing complexity in the deuterostome animals. This review focuses on the simplest of the complement systems that is present in the sea urchin. Two components have been identified that show significant homology to vertebrate C3 and factor B (Bf), called SpC3 and SpBf, respectively. Sequence analysis from both molecules reveals their ancestral characteristics. Immune challenge of sea urchins indicates that SpC3 is inducible and is present in coelomic fluid (the body fluids) in relatively high concentrations, while SpBf expression is constitutive and is present in much lower concentrations. Opsonization of foreign cells and particles followed by augmented uptake by phagocytic coelomocytes appears to be a central function for this simpler complement system and important for host defense in the sea urchin. These activities are similar to some of the functions of the homologous proteins in the vertebrate complement system. The selective advantage for the ancestral deuterostome may have been the amplification feedback loop that is still of central importance in the alternative pathway of complement in higher vertebrates. Feedback loop functions would quickly coat pathogens with complement leading to phagocytosis and removal of foreign cells, a system that would be significantly more effective than an opsonin that binds upon contact as a result of simple diffusion. An understanding of the immune response of the sea urchin, an animal that is a good estimator of what the ancestral deuterostome immune system was like, will aid us in understanding how adaptive immunity might have been selected for during the early evolution of the vertebrates and how it might have been integrated into the pre‐existing innate immune system that was already in place in those animals.


Papaverine relaxes many smooth muscles of the body, especially those of the blood vessels. Its therapeutic value has been demonstrated in arterial embolism, in which the drug increases collateral circulation by acting on reflexly constricted vascular channels. Similar therapeutic effect has recently been claimed from its use in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Indeed, the experimental and clinical observations of Katz 1 would indicate that papaverine enhances coronary blood flow in these disease states. The action of papaverine on disturbances of the cerebral circulation has not thus far been reported. Embolism of the cerebral vessels would appear to be an indication for its use. The possible benefit from this drug in the therapy of angiospastic cerebral phenomena commonly observed in the course of hypertensive disease, acute glomerulonephritis, eclampsia gravidarum and lead poisoning has attracted the interest of the writers. The cerebral manifestations encountered in these conditions vary widely. In the


There are many sources trough which the soil get enriched and contaminated with REEs. The determination of REEs in environmental samples has been limited because of the lack of sensitive analytical techniques. Soil samples were collected from four sites including open cast coal mine, natural coal burning, coal washery and control in the coal field located in Dhanbad, India. Total concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) were determined using the inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry in order to assess enrichment status in the coal field. Results showed that the mean concentrations of La, Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm in open cast mine and natural coal burning sites were elevated compared to the reference concentrations, while Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd were elevated in coal washery site. When compared to reference soil, heavy REEs (HREEs) were enriched in open cast mines and natural coal burning affected soils, however, the HREEs were depleted in the coal washery sites. But, the Chondrite-normalization diagram showed significant enrichment for light REEs (LREEs) in all the soils. High concentration of Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Lu in coal mining and coal burning sites may pose human health risks. Factor analysis showed that distribution and relative abundance of REEs of the coal washery site is comparable with the control. Eventually washing or cleaning of coal could significantly decrease the emission of REEs from coal into the environment.


In this paper,a novel eigenvector method (EM) for calculation of optical resonator modes and beam propagation is introduced,in which the new transit matrix of an optical resonator is obtained by dividing the mirror into finite grids based on Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffracted integral equation. Then,the eigenvectors of the transit matrix,representing the multi-mode characteristics of the resonator,can be calculated by solving the matrix eigen-equation. The field distributions inside or outside the resonator,resulting from the known eigenvectors on the resonator mirror,can be derived by EM. The merits of EM include that the consider ably simpler procedure for solution of eigenvectors of the matrix eigen-equation replaces the complicated iteration in traditional methods,and there is no depen dence on the initial field distribution,and a number of modes can be derived on ce and the discrimination capability of the resonator can be evaluated easily. T he example of using EM to simulate the confocal resonator is given,and the calculated results,well matched with the Fox-Li method and Laguerre-Gaussian approx imatie analytical solution,prove that EM is highly effective and reasonable.


Realistic equations of population growth, separately representing scarcity of renewed material resources and scarcity of fixed resources related to space, show the differential imnpact of these two factors on comnpetitive coexistence. The equations suggest a general theory of competition coverinlg any number or kinid of resolurces, consumers. and intraspecific and interspecific interactions.


Diurnal abundance patterns of birds were examined in two northern California wine grape vineyards in 1981 and in three other vineyards in 1982. Birds entering the vineyards were counted during day-long censuses conducted one day per week throughout the period of damage susceptibility; grape maturity, ambient air temperature, wind speed, and precipitation also were estimated. Overall, the number of birds of all species entering the vineyards did not vary significantly among six time periods of the day. However, American robins (Turdus migratorius) were clearly most abundant daily before 0930 h, and their numbers generally declined afterwards. House finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) also peaked daily in abundance before 0930 h, but they also reappeared in a second peak during 1730-1830 h. Birds initially were attracted to the vineyards when berry maturity, as determined by sugar content, reached about 11-130 Brix; but overall bird abundance did not appear to be related to grape maturity, air temperature, or wind speed. However, abundance did increase in response to rainfall. A general model predicting diurnal abundance patterns for all species of grape-depredating birds at all vineyards is not possible, but the abundance patterns of some species probably can be predicted at specific vineyards. Growers should monitor bird abundance in their vineyards to determine if and when damage measures are most needed.


Ability tests are core elements in performance research as well as in applied contexts and are increasingly carried out using computer-based versions. In the last few decades a whole training and coaching industry has developed to prepare individuals for computer-based assessments. Evidence suggests that such commercial training programs can result in score gains in ability tests, thereby creating an advantage for those who can afford it and challenging the fairness of ability assessment. As a consequence, several authors recommended freely offering training software to all participants to increase measurement fairness. However, it is still an open question whether the unsupervised use of training software could have an impact on the measurement properties of ability tests. The goal of the present study is to fill this gap by examining the subjects' ability scores for measurement and structural invariance across different amounts of computer-based training. Structural equation modeling was employed in a sample of 15,752 applicants who participated in high-stakes assessments with computer-based ability tests. Across different training amounts, our analyses supported measurement and structural invariance of ability scores. In conclusion, free training software is a means that provides fair preparation opportunities without changing the measurement properties of the tests.


We introduce a new interferometric imaging methodology that we term interferometry with coded mutual intensity, which allows selectively imaging photon paths based on attributes such as their length and endpoints. At the core of our methodology is a new technical result that shows that manipulating the spatial coherence properties of the light source used in an interferometric system is equivalent, through a Fourier transform, to implementing light path probing patterns. These patterns can be applied to either the coherent transmission matrix, or the incoherent light transport matrix describing the propagation of light in a scene. We test our theory by building a prototype inspired by the Michelson interferometer, extended to allow for programmable phase and amplitude modulation of the illumination injected in the interferometer. We use our prototype to perform experiments such as visualizing complex fields, capturing direct and global transport components, acquiring light transport matrices, and performing anisotropic descattering, both in steady-state imaging and, by combining our technique with optical coherence tomography, in transient imaging.


Two fluorescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) [Zn(dcbpy)(DMF)]·DMF and [Dy(dcbpy)(DMF)2(NO3)] (dcbpy = 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate) were synthesised solvothermally and structurally characterised. Uniform shape and sized microcrystals of [Zn(dcbpy)(DMF)]·DMF were also produced using microwave synthesis. The frameworks give organic linker-based fluorescence emission and demonstrate very different detection capabilities towards the explosive taggant 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB) and trinitrotoluene (TNT) derivatives; 2,4-dinitrotoulene (2,4-DNT), nitrobenzene (NB) and para-nitrotoluene (p-NT). These differences are attributed to the variation in the overall framework architecture between the two MOFs. This paper reiterates the key importance of MOF porosity in sensing applications, and highlights the value of uniform microcrystals to sensitivity.


Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of frailty and evaluate the relationship with the social determinants of health in elderly residents in urban and rural areas of Colombia. Methods: The SABE (Health, Wellbeing, and Aging) Colombia project is a cross-sectional study, carried out in 2014-2015, involving 24,553 men and women aged 60 years and older who live in the community in Colombia. For this analysis, we used data from 4,474 participants included as a subsample with grip strength measurements. The frailty syndrome was diagnosed according to the Fried criteria (weakness, low speed, low physical activity, exhaustion, and weight loss). The independent variables were grouped as (a) biological and genetic flow, (b) lifestyle (adverse conditions in childhood) (c) social networks and community, and (d) socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of frailty for the outcomes of interest. Results: The prevalence of frailty was 17.9%. The factors significantly associated with frailty were older age, being women, living in rural areas, having low education, a greater number of medical conditions, insufficient current income, childhood health problems and a poor economic situation in childhood. Conclusion: Our results support the need to include frailty prevention programs, to improve the socioeconomic health conditions of infants to avoid future development of frailty.


: Comparative analysis of the results of studying M. tuberculosis drug resistance in the material from 223 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis by the bacteriologic method and of antibody production studied in 3 serologic tests (passive hemolysis, complement consumption, and indirect hemagglutination--PH, CC, and IHA, respectively) has shown the highest number of positive results in CC in the patients excreting streptomycin-resistant strains, whereas patients excreting isoniazid-resistant strains had the highest titers in IHA. The levels of complement-fixing and hemagglutinating antibodies accumulation depended on the type and degree of drug resistance and were not related to the form or phase of tuberculous process.


This paper reviews the 'long twentieth-century' development of 'modern' manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa from colonization to the present. We argue that classifying Africa generically as a 'late industrializer' is inaccurate. To understand the distinctively African pattern of manufacturing growth, we focus our discussion on the dynamic interplay between the region's specific endowment structures, global economic relationships and government policies. We conclude that the case of Sub-Saharan Africa is best characterized as interrupted industrial growth instead of sustained convergence on world industrial leaders. This is partly because, until very recently, the factor endowments made it very costly for states to pursue industrialization; and partly because successive rulers, colonial and post-colonial, have rarely had both the capacity to adopt and the dedication to sustain policies that modified the region's existing comparative advantage in primary production, by using their fiscal and regulatory powers effectively to promote industrialization.


Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm to logically centralize the network control plane and automate the configuration of individual network elements. At the same time, in cloud data centers (DCs), although network and server resources are collocated and managed by a single administrative entity, disjoint control mechanisms are used for their respective management. In this paper, we propose a unified server-network resource management for such converged information and communication technology (ICT) environments. We present a SDN-based orchestration framework for live virtual machine (VM) management that exploits temporal network information to migrate VMs and minimize the network-wide communication cost of the resulting traffic dynamics. A prototype implementation is presented, and a cloud DC testbed is used to evaluate the impact of diverse orchestration algorithms. Our live VM management has been shown to reduce the network-wide communication cost, especially for the high-cost and congestion-prone core and aggregation layers of the DC. Our results show an increase in network-wide throughput by over six times, as well as over 70% communication cost reduction by migrating less than 50% of the VMs.


We report a novel anode potential controlled charging strategy for lithium-ion cells which eliminates lithium plating under most aggressive conditions, such as at low temperatures. This is applicable for lithium-ion cells with a graphite anode irrespective of the form factor, capacity or cathode chemistry. This new charging strategy leads to a seven-fold increase in cycle life and a concomitant improvement in the electrochemical performance. Conventional charging shows copious lithium plating swiftly followed by cell failure due to accelerated increase in the anode resistance. The anode potential controlled charging strategy, based on a three-electrode cell construction, exhibits minimal increase in the anode resistance and shows no signs of lithium plating in operational extremes. Optical micrographs and high-resolution scanning electron images confirm that the graphite anode in the conventionally charged Li-ion cell undergoes significant loss in porosity resulting in massive underlithiation and dramatic capacity fading. The degradation rate in the anode is decelerated in anode potential controlled charging by ensuring that plating potential is not reached and improving ion transport in the anode even at low temperatures due to the absence of decomposition products that would have formed during plating.


Optical microscopy is widely used to analyze the properties of materials and structures, to identify and classify these structures, and to understand and control their responses to external stimuli. The extent of available applications is determined largely by the resolution offered by a particular microscopy technique. Here we present an analytic description and an experimental realization of interscale mixing microscopy, a diffraction-based imaging technique that is capable of detecting and characterizing wavelength/10 objects in far-field measurements with both coherent and incoherent broadband light. This technique is aimed at analyzing subwavelength objects based on far-field measurements of the interference created by the objects and a finite diffraction grating. A single measurement, analyzing the multiple diffraction orders, is often sufficient to determine the parameters of the object. The presented formalism opens opportunities for spectroscopy of nanoscale objects in the far field.


When power utility asset managers are facing the task of resource planning for future deployment, often times, only partial information is available: installation dates and amounts, as well as failure and replacement rates. By combining records on yearly populations of the components, estimation of failure model parameters may be possible. Parametric models may then be used for forecasting of the system's short term future failure rates and for formulation of replacement strategies. We employ the Weibull distribution and show how we estimate its parameters from past failure data. With the obtained estimates, we forecast future failures and keep on improving the estimates as new data become available


This paper proposes a novel IP routing schemes over coherent optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) network. As spreading code, flexible in length double-padded modified prime code (DPMPC) has been deployed. The performance has been analyzed in terms of the users' channel utilization factor in the network. The results are comparable with previous schemes and indicate that the architecture is power efficient and capable of accommodating greater number of active users with advantage of shorter code length (i.e., higher bit rate). It is shown that for a maximum bit rate the network performance can be improved by reducing the channel utilization. However, when each user in the network has a fixed bit rate, optimal channel utilization can be set for the overall network performance. Additionally, each IP packet is buffered only at the edge of this network, thus the buffer delay is significantly reduced compared with traditional routing schemes. Since the optical encoder is adjusted for number of packets rather than individually, the encoder adjusting time is also significantly reduced. Analytical results clearly indicate that coherent OCDMA technique can be a fine candidate for the future ultra fast optical IP networks.


Europeans with disabilities continue to face lack of opportunity in areas including education and employment. The extent of such disparities, and policies to address them, vary across the member states of the European Union. In 2000, an EU directive on employment equality set antidiscrimination rules, including requirements for employers to offer reasonable accommodations to disabled workers, that were subsequently adopted by member states. But a comparison of disability policy in France and Sweden shows that divergent approaches to labor rights remain in place, with France relying on quotas while Sweden offers job training programs.


The article covers new trends in the Japan-India relations. The rapprochement of the two states which began after the end of the Cold war was given impetus in the 2000s, especially evident during the tenure of Prime Minister Abe (2006–2007, 2012 — now). The aim of this article is to study the dynamism of the bilateral relations during the period of premiership of Shinzo Abe, and to analyze the factors which influence the process of the two countries getting closer to each other. The shift in Japan's focus towards the Indian Ocean and the announcement of the Free and Open Indo Pacific Strategy is driven by the desire to contain growing China's influence, and India is seen as one of Japan's main partners. Under Abe the level of relations was upgraded to special strategic and global partnership, intensive dialogue is being carried out both on bilateral and trilateral levels (with the US and Australia), and the Quad cooperation is being discussed. Defense cooperation is gaining momentum, including military exchanges, drills, defense technology cooperation. Of special interest is the perspective of joint US, Japan, India defense cooperation in the Indian ocean. As an answer to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative Japan is pushing its Quality Infrastructure Initiative which includes investing heavily in India's infrastructure and cooperating with India in the third countries. New prospects for economic cooperation emerge which include new spheres such as atomic energy cooperation, space exploration, IT and startups. Complementarity of the economies of the two countries which is based on combining Japan's technologies and Indian human resources is at the core of further cooperation. It can be said that the closer relations between Japan and India are part of their strategies aimed at the containment of China, and their bilateral relations reach the level of quasi-alliance. At the same time considering close trade, economic and political relations of both India and Japan with China and India's policy of non-alignment it should be noted that there are factors limiting possible forms of cooperation and slowing down further rapprochement.


Polyamide 6 (PA6)/clay nanocomposites were prepared using a single screw extruder with an ultrasonic die attachment. The die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption were measured at various clay concentrations. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the clay (Cloisite® 30B) was exfoliated within PA6 matrix at all clay concentrations, while clays (Cloisite® 15A and 93A) only intercalated. The complex viscosities of the nanocomposites were increased with clay loading and after ultrasonic treatment at lower amplitudes. The Young's modulus, stress and elongation at break, toughness and yield stress and strain of ultrasonically treated nanocomposites were significantly affected by the level of intensity of ultrasound. In addition to XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 15N NMR techniques were used to investigate the structural changes in PA6/clay nanocomposites. The results indicated that the intercalated organoclay nanocomposites can induce generation of the γ-form crystal of PA6 and substantially affect the arrangement of molecules in the α-form crystal. It was found that the addition of clay in the PA6 matrix leads to a decrease of crystallinity. However, ultrasonic treatment of nanocomposites increased crystallinity. A substantial reduction in oxygen permeability was observed by increasing concentration of clay. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009


AIM
To investigate the cumulative development incidence and predictive factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive patients.

METHODS
We studied 6150 HCV infected patients who were between 40-70 years old (HCV-group). Another 2050 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) were selected as control (HBV-group). The mean observation period was 8.0 +/- 5.9 years in HCV-group and 6.3 +/- 5.5 years in HBV-group. The primary goal is the development ofidiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in both groups. The cumulative appearance rate of IPF and independent factors associated with the incidence rate of IPF were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazard model. All of the studies were performed retrospectively by collecting and analyzing data from the patient records in our hospital.

RESULTS
Fifteen patients in HCV-group developed IPF. On the other hand, none of the patients developed IPF in HBV-group. In HCV-group, the cumulative rates of IPF development were 0.3% at 10th year and 0.9% at 20th year. The IPF development rate in HCV-group was higher than that in HBV-group (P = 0.021). The IPF development rate in patients with HCV or HBV was high with statistical significance in the following cases: (1) patients > or = 55 years (P < 0.001); (2) patients who had smoking index (package per day multiply year) of > or = 20 (P = 0.002); (3) patients with liver cirrhosis (P = 0.042).

CONCLUSION
Our results indicate that age, smoking and liver cirrhosis enhance the development of IPF in HCV positive patients.


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Hierarchical micro/nanostructured C doped Co/Co3O4 hollow spheres were prepared by two-step treatment (annealing at 600 °C in an Ar atmosphere and then at 250 °C in air) of PS@Co(OH)2 core–shell structures templated from PS microspheres without any modification. In 1 M KOH, such hollow nanospheres showed an overpotential of 352 mV at a benchmark oxygen evolution reaction (OER) current density of 10 mA cm−2, which was lower than that of RuO2 (364 mV), Co3O4 hollow nanospheres (410 mV) and C-Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles (462 mV). Importantly, the C-Co/Co3O4 hollow spheres exhibited a small onset potential (1.49 V) due to their more active sites, higher electrical conductivity, larger specific surface area, and excellent electron and ion diffusion permeability. This work provides a strategy to design and fabricate earth-abundant, low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting in practical applications.


In societies with well developed internet infrastructure, social media is the leading medium of communication for various social issues especially for breaking news situations. In rural Uganda however, public community radio is still a dominant means for news dissemination. Community radio gives audience to the general public especially to individuals living in rural areas, and thus plays an important role in giving a voice to those living in the broadcast area. It is an avenue for participatory communication and a tool relevant in both economic and social development.This is supported by the rise to ubiquity of mobile phones providing access to phone-in or text-in talk shows. In this paper, we describe an approach to analysing the readily available community radio data with machine learning-based speech keyword spotting techniques. We identify the keywords of interest related to agriculture and build models to automatically identify these keywords from audio streams. Our contribution through these techniques is a cost-efficient and effective way to monitor food security concerns particularly in rural areas. Through keyword spotting and radio talk show analysis, issues such as crop diseases, pests, drought and famine can be captured and fed into an early warning system for stakeholders and policy makers.


This study deals with the effect of coating herbs on single jersey knitted fabric to evaluate the microbial resistance nature of healthcare textiles. In this work four types of herbs were identified such as Neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Konrai ( Cassia fistula L.), Henna ( Lawsonia inermis L.) and Papaya ( Carica papaya L.). The application methods were adopted in both direct/exhaust (aqueous and methanol with citric acid is a cross linking agent extract) and microencapsulation of herbal extracts on single jersey knitted fabric by pad-dry-cure method. Herbal treated fabrics underwent SEM analysis and antimicrobial activity (both quantitative and qualitative) was conducted. The treated samples were evaluated for wash durability by AATCC–100–2004. The microencapsulated treated fabrics showed better antibacterial activity up to 15 washes compared to directly applied, aqueous and menthol extract treated fabrics.


BackgroundRadiofrequency energy has been used safely and successfully to eliminate accessory pathways in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and the substrate for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. However, this form of ablation has had only limited success in eliminating ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. In contrast, direct-current catheter ablation has been used successfully to eliminate ventricular tachycardia in patients with and without structural heart disease. The purpose of this study was to test whether radiofrequency energy can safely and effectively ablate ventricular tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease. Methods and ResultsSixteen patients (nine women and seven men; mean age, 38 years; range, 18–55 years) without structural heart disease who had ventricular tachycardia underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation to eliminate the ventricular tachycardia. Two patients presented with syncope, nine with presyncope, and five with palpitations only. Mean duration of symptoms was 6.7 years (range, 0.5–20 years). Radiofrequency catheter ablation successfully eliminated ventricular tachycardia in 15 of 16 patients (94%). Sites of ventricular tachycardia origin included the high right ventricular outflow tract (12 patients), the right ventricular septum near the tricuspid valve (three patients), and the left ventricular septum (one patient). The only ablation failure was in a patient whose ventricular tachycardia arose from a region near the His bundle. An accurate pace map, early local endocardial activation, and firm catheter contact with endocardium were associated with successful ablation. Radiofrequency ablation did not cause arrhythmias, produced minimal cardiac enzyme rise, and resulted in no detectable change in cardiac function by Doppler echocardiography. ConclusionsRadiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients without structural heart disease is effective and safe and may be considered as early therapy in these patients.


The transformation of greenhouse gas, CO2 to fuels using heterogeneously catalytic processes has received significant attention due to the depleting petroleum resources, associated environmental problems and stringent environmental regulations. CO2 reforming of CH4 is considered as a suitable method for producing syngas to substitute petroleum-based energy. However, CH4 is an unrenewable resource and will probably be depleted next century. Thus, there is requirement of an alternatively sustainable and green approach for H2 synthesis. The production of H2 from ethanol dry reforming seems to be a promising method since it utilizes both bio-derived ethanol regarded as renewable resource and undesirable CO2 as feedstocks. However, the knowledge about CO2 reforming of ethanol is still limited. Hence, the aim of this research was to examine the physicochemical properties of 3%Ce-10%Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and study the influence of both reaction temperature and reactant partial pressure on activity and selectivity of CO2 reforming of ethanol. Co-impregnation method between Ce(NO3)3, Ni(NO3)2 precursor solutions and γ-Al2O3 support thermally pretreated at 973 K was used for synthesizing 3%Ce-10%Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. Ethanol dry reforming runs were carried out in a quartz fixed-bed reactor placed vertically in a split tubular furnace at reaction temperature range of 873 - 973 K under atmospheric pressure. Approximately 0.1 gcat of catalyst was sandwiched by quartz wool in the middle of the reactor. Gas hourly space velocity, GHSV= 42 L gcat-1 h-1 and mean particle size of 100-140 μm were used for all runs to ensure that the negligible internal and external transport resistances was present. The ratios of CO2 to C2H5OH were varied from 1:1 to 2.5:1 and vice versa. CO2 and C2H5OH mixture was diluted in N2 flow acting as a tie component for material balance purposes and ensuring the total flowrate of 70 ml min-1. 3%Ce-10%Ni/Al2O3 catalyst possesses high surface area of 138.56 m2 gcat-1 with pore volume and pore diameter of 0.23 cm3 gcat-1 and 59 nm, respectively. The BET area of catalyst was close to that of calcined γ-Al2O3 support suggesting the fine metal dispersion on support surface. In fact, the well dispersed metal on γ-Al2O3 surface was also captured by SEM analysis. The derivative weight profiles of temperature-programmed calcination revealed two characteristic peaks indicating the completely thermal decomposition of metal precursors and subsequent oxidation to metal oxides at below 600 K. The X-ray patterns of calcined Al2O3 support and 3%Ce-10%Ni/Al2O3 catalyst confirm that γ-Al2O3, NiO, CeO2 and NiAl2O4 phases were formed on catalyst surface during calcination. Both CO2 and C2H5OH conversions initially decreased with time-on-stream and appeared to be stable at ca. 4-5 h. A reduction in H2/CO ratio from 20 to 5 was observed with increasing reaction temperature from 873 K to 973 K probably due to the enhancement of reverse water-gas shift reaction. The consumption rate of C2H5OH and CO2 was improved with increasing partial pressure of CO2, PCO2. Interestingly, C2H5OH and CO2 conversions also enhanced with growing PC2H5OH and approached the maximum at around 30-35 kPa.


Many cities across the globe are adopting smart city initiatives, as smart city holds the promise of better quality of life and equity for city's residents, more efficient use of city's infrastructure, and more effective city planning. Big data analytics is the backbone of smart city and the drive engine to achieve smart city's promises. However, statistics indicate that more than 50% of big data projects fail; they either never finish or do not offer the expected value. Resulting in severe consequences as such projects tends to be expensive and require allocating the organization's best resources while doing the project. This is even more crucial in the case of smart city, as cities usually have limited budget and resources. This paper conducted literature review and perspectives analysis to identify challenges, which can cause big data projects to fail, with focus on smart city related big data projects. The goal is to offer a list of challenges, that a project manager can consider as an initial list of risks for the upcoming project, and evaluate the city's readiness against each of them.


Hydrocarbon contamination in the environment today is gaining more importance as they are carcinogenic and neurotoxic. Methods to degrade these hydrocarbons are rightfully demanding and researchers are on a lookout for new and indigenous species as they are sustained in that niche by utilizing the resources available. Because of the capabilities exhibited by bacteria in environmental remediation, this study, focuses on isolating an indigenous bacterium from oil-contaminated site and evaluate its potential in degrading oils. The isolate obtained was identified as Bacillus sp and was found to show the degradation of crude oil to an extent of 80% after 60 days of incubation. The analysis was confirmed by GC-MS analysis that showed a significant reduction in the number of hydrocarbons. This capability of this bacterium to produce biosurfactants promises this species to play a role in degradation as biosurfactants would enhance the degradation process. This study, therefore, reinforces the fact that indigenous species are potential hydrocarbon degraders due to their adaptability and endurance.


The yolk is an important calcium source for the developing chick embryo. The epithelial yolk sac endodermal cells lie in direct contact with the yolk and are the principal nutrient-transporting cell type. We previously reported that vitamin D treatment stimulated yolk calcium mobilization and that the vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein, calbindin-D28K, is present in the yolk sac. We report here the developmental expression and regulation of calbindin-D28K in the yolk sac. Calbindin-D28K is expressed as early as incubation d 3 and is found exclusively within the cytoplasm of endodermal cells. Comparative protein and mRNA analyses of yolk sac and dissociated yolk sac endodermal cells as a function of development and treatment with calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in vitro and in vivo showed a development-specific and vitamin D-inducible expression of calbindin-D28K. Northern analysis revealed the expression of vitamin D receptor mRNA in the yolk sac, beginning as early as d 3, strongly indicating that the extraembryonic yolk sac is an early vitamin D target tissue. Cultured yolk sac endodermal cells should serve as a useful in vitro cell model for analyzing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action.


The volume begins with an Introduction, followed by a set of three papers in Part Two examining European urban competitiveness from the standpoints of measurement and policy. This section also provides a case study of the cities of one country – Italy – from which the reader can gain an understanding of the current position of European cities as well as what might be possible going forward. Experience has shown that perhaps the most crucial element in competitiveness enhancement is good and effective governance. To that end, Part Three examines structural aspects of urban government, including polycentric regions, wide metropolitan cooperation, the role of social actors and territorial aggregation. Part Four treats issues of innovation from two perspectives and provides a case study from Eindhoven, while also covering social issues such as demographics, participation, social exclusion and mobility.


Small RNAs (sRNAs) are epigenetic regulators of essential biological processes associated with the development and progression of leukemias, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an oncogenic human retrovirus originally discovered in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Here, we describe the sRNA profile of a 30-year-old woman with ATLL at the time of diagnosis and after maintenance therapy with the aim of correlating expression levels with response to therapy.


ABSTRACT Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a fertile ground for research into learning in higher education. Until now, the dominant research methodology has concentrated on quantitative analyses of separate components within the Zimmerman model with the aim of isolating possible factors in learning trajectories and evaluating their relative importance in the process of learning. Recent approaches to SRL research have sought not only to measure students' progress, but also to investigate how interventions may generate a positive impact on learning from a qualitative perspective. This research adopted a qualitative approach, and so contributes to the creation of new avenues for SRL research. The research, conducted over two years in a business school at a post-1992 university, involved students enrolled on undergraduate degree in an evaluation of learning diary as a learning aid. The findings suggest that learning diaries may provide scaffolding support for students, especially those who lack confidence.


The time-resolved dynamic assembly and the structures of protein liquid dense clusters (LDCs) were analyzed under pulsed electric fields (EFs) applying complementary polarized and depolarized dynamic light scattering (DLS/DDLS), optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We discovered that pulsed EFs substantially affected overall morphologies and spatial distributions of protein LDCs and microcrystals, and affected the phase diagrams of LDC formation, including enabling protein solutions to overcome the diffusive flux energy barrier to phase separate. Data obtained from DLS/DDLS and TEM showed that LDCs appeared as precursors of protein crystal nuclei, followed by the formation of ordered structures within LDCs applying a pulsed EF. Experimental results of circular dichroism spectroscopy provided evidence that the protein secondary structure content is changing under EFs, which may consequently modulate protein-protein interactions, and the morphology, dimensions, and internal structure of LDCs. Data and results obtained unveil options to modulate the phase diagram of crystallization, and physical morphologies of protein LDCs and microcrystals by irradiating sample suspensions with pulsed EFs.


A novel assessment program was implemented in an upper level mathematical modelling subject for a small group of advanced undergraduate students of applied mathematics and engineering. The students were all enrolled in undergraduate degree programs at the selective private colleges, Harvey Mudd College and Pitzer College, in California. The subject was called Mathematics and Sport and introduced the students to various techniques and strategies of mathematical modelling and related research using a number of interesting applications of mathematics to sports. The assessment program was designed to provide the students with authentic activities preparing them for their future work as graduate students and researchers. The program included a mock ``conference day'' for which students prepared papers and presented a seminar. The written paper and the seminar were scaffolded by instruction in such writing and presentation as well as activities to encourage free thinking and creative interpretation of problems throughout the semester. The assessment scheme proved to be both popular with students and effective, in that continuous components prepared the students for the requirements of terminating assessment items. The students' papers proved to be well-written, thoughtful and, to some extent, illustrated the students' development as researchers over the course of the subject. Unfortunately, the oral presentations were not of the same high standard for a number of reasons including the level of instruction in this subject and also previous experience in presenting orally. This article offers a description of the novel assessment program and the results of its implementation in order to provide guideposts for others confronted with similar student groups.


It is commonly noted that Australian water rights, specifically those prevailing within the Murray-Darling Basin, represent a significant departure from hydrological reality (see for example Young and McColl 2009). Where water rights depart from the physical realities of water supply networks, water use and water trade decisions may result in external effects and associated allocative inefficiency. This paper examines how a more exclusive set of water property rights based around the concept of capacity sharing (Dudley and Musgrave 1988) might be defined and implemented in complex regulated river systems. In particular, the paper considers how the capacity sharing concept might be generalised to accommodate complex water supply systems (e.g. with multiple storages and or unregulated river flows) and large regulated river basins (e.g. with multiple connected water supply systems). Previous research on water storage rights and capacity sharing (Hughes 2009, Brennan 2008) focused extensively on intertemporal efficiency. In this paper the focus is primarily on spatial efficiency, in particular the potential to improve efficiency by incorporating a more accurate representation of water supply networks into water property rights. The paper also considers some of the challenges that may be associated with implementing such a system of water property rights, including distributional consequences, transaction costs and aspects of 'jointness' in the delivery and consumption of water.


Perianaesthetic anaphylaxis is rare, but often a severe condition. Common causative culprits are neuromuscular blocking agents, antibiotics and latex. The allergologic survey of the patient with perianaesthetic anaphylaxis includes skin prick and intradermal tests, in vitro tests (specific IgE measurements, basophil activation tests) and, in selected cases, drug provocation tests, and identifies the substances responsible for the perianaesthetic anaphylaxis. It also offers safe alternative substances for subsequent anaesthesia. The experienced allergist has a central role in the allergoanaesthesic team, taking into account that the skin tests are the primary tools for diagnosis and in vitro tests are not a substitute for skin tests.


OBJECTIVE
This study sought to ascertain demographic, clinical, and interpersonal factors prospectively associated with suicide attempts by older adults with major depressive disorder.

METHOD
Elderly inpatients diagnosed as having major depressive disorder according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria were administered a structured diagnostic interview and then followed up for 1 year. Factors bearing on the interpersonal context of depression, including the emotional adjustment of patients' spouses and adult children, interpersonal strains, and relatives' concerns related to the care of their depressed family members, were also ascertained at the time of the patients' hospital admission. The elderly patients who attempted suicide during the follow-up period were compared with the nonattempters across demographic, clinical, and interpersonal factors assessed during the initial interviews.

RESULTS
A suicide attempt was made by 8.7% (N = 11) of the 126 elderly depressed patients within 1 year after hospital admission. Compared with the nonattempters, the attempters were of a higher socioeconomic status, evidenced more past suicide attempts and current suicidal behavior, and constituted a disproportionately large percentage of those patients who had never had a remission of their index depressive episodes. Notably, the spouses and adult children of patients who later attempted suicide evidenced more psychiatric symptoms, more strain in the relative-patient relationship, and more difficulties in caring for the patient than the relatives of nonattempters.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings emphasize the need for careful attention to both clinical and interpersonal factors in the assessment of suicide risk in the elderly.


The United States is bearing the brunt of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The spatially uneven viral spread and community inequality will jointly bring about worse consequences. The combined effects on U.S. communities remain unclear, however. Given spatially heterogeneous compliance with the stay-at-home orders and the varying timing of local directives, the uneven spread should be further examined. In this research, we first exploited county-level data to study the spatiotemporal pattern of viral transmission by a Bayesian approach. We then examined the uneven effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables on viral transmission across U.S. counties using geographically weighted panel regressions. Our results show that, first, the early epicenters shifted from the West Coast to the East Coast with a transmission rate of over 2.5 and continued to expand into Midwestern states in May, although the spread in the majority of counties had been greatly mitigated since the middle of April. Second, increased stay-at-home behaviors reduced the transmission of COVID-19 across the United States. The effects of socioeconomic and demographic variables varied from place to place, except that high household income was more consistently associated with a reduction in viral transmission. Finally, when the order was lifted, high household income was found to increase the viral transmission in the Midwestern United States and the high unemployment rate contributed to the viral spread in the Western United States. The knowledge obtained from this study can offer new insights for the containment actions of COVID-19.


This paper analyzes the inherent contradictions that exist in most of the conventional approaches disposing of dishware problem in student refectory, and presents an effective approach, based on axiomatic design (AD) and systematic inventive thinking (SIT). In the process of searching for a cost effective solution, the hierarchy framework of AD provides a framework for the application of SIT and a logical structure for problem orientation of SIT. SIT is introduced into the AD framework for removing functional dependency and searching for an uncoupled design, when the system hierarchy has been created and the interdependent functional requirements (FRs) have been found out by AD framework. SIT provides a set of thinking tools and principles. Thinking tools can lead designers to break the conventional thinking pattern and also shorten the path for a satisfied solution. Through the proposed uncoupling procedure, we can obtain a solution avoiding measuring functional dependency, harmonizing parameters, or searching substitutable technological ideas. The operational solution to dishware problem avoids the disadvantages of very poor cost effectiveness and crowded student refectory. The developed concept is based upon enlisting the students to disposing of the dishware problem successfully by taking away the dishware by the way after dinning. The detailed technological and operational concept is described, including: operation modes, implementation method, 3D representation of student refectory etc.


The classic (hereafter cold) and the labeled (hereafter hot) minimal models are powerful tools to investigate glucose metabolism. The cold model provides, from intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) data, indexes of glucose effectiveness (SG) and insulin sensitivity (SI) that measure the effect of glucose and insulin, respectively, to enhance glucose disappearance and inhibit endogenous glucose production. The hot model provides, from hot IVGTT data, indexes of glucose effectiveness ([Formula: see text]) and insulin sensitivity ([Formula: see text]) that, respectively, measure the effects of glucose and insulin on glucose disappearance only. Recent reports call for a reexamination of some of the assumptions of the minimal models. We have previously pointed out the criticality of the single-compartment description of glucose kinetics on which both the minimal models are founded. In this paper we evaluate the impact of single-compartment undermodeling on SG, SI,[Formula: see text], and[Formula: see text] by using a two-compartment model to describe the glucose system. The relationships of the minimal model indexes to the analogous indexes measured with the glucose clamp technique are also examined. Theoretical analysis and simulation studies indicate that cold indexes are more affected than hot indexes by undermodeling. In particular, care must be exercised in the physiological interpretation of SG, because this index is a local descriptor of events taking place in the initial portion of the IVGTT. As a consequence, SG not only reflects glucose effect on glucose uptake and production but also the rapid exchange of glucose between the accessible and nonaccessible glucose pools that occurs in the early part of the test.


Until 10 years ago, R bodies were known only as diagnostic features by which endosymbionts of paramecia were identified as kappa particles. They were thought to be limited to the cytoplasm of two species in the Paramecium aurelia species complex. Now, R bodies have been found in free-living bacteria and other Paramecium species. The organisms now known to form R bodies include the cytoplasmic kappa endosymbionts of P. biaurelia and P. tetraurelia, the macronuclear kappa endosymbionts of P. caudatum, Pseudomonas avenae (a free-living plant pathogen), Pseudomonas taeniospiralis (a hydrogen-oxidizing soil microorganism), Rhodospirillum centenum (a photosynthetic bacterium), and a soil bacterium, EPS-5028, which is probably a pseudomonad. R bodies themselves fall into five distinct groups, distinguished by size, the morphology of the R-body ribbons, and the unrolling behavior of wound R bodies. In recent years, the inherent difficulties in studying the organization and assembly of R bodies by the obligate endosymbiont kappa, have been alleviated by cloning and expressing genetic determinants for these R bodies (type 51) in Escherichia coli. Type 51 R-body synthesis requires three low-molecular-mass polypeptides. One of these is modified posttranslationally, giving rise to 12 polypeptide species, which are the major structural subunits of the R body. R bodies are encoded in kappa species by extrachromosomal elements. Type 51 R bodies, produced in Caedibacter taeniospiralis, are encoded by a plasmid, whereas bacteriophage genomes probably control R-body synthesis in other kappa species. However, there is no evidence that either bacteriophages or plasmids are present in P. avenae or P. taeniospiralis. No sequence homology was detected between type 51 R-body-encoding DNA and DNA from any R-body-producing species, except C. varicaedens 1038. The evolutionary relatedness of different types of R bodies remains unknown.


Introduction: Infertility is an increasingly prevalent condition which causes considerable psychological problems among infertile couples.
Objective: To assess the psychological state of infertility in terms of depression, anxiety and stress among the infertile couples of Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the fertility centre of Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka from January to July 2018 among purposively selected 112 infertile couple. Data were collected by face to face interview through a pretested semi-structured Bangla questionnaire of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale and analyzed by computer software SPSS 19.0.
Results: Among the 112 infertile couples, depression was found among 54.5%, anxiety among 53.6% and stress in 30.4% of females. Whereas among males depression was found in 38.4%, anxiety 26.8% and stress 21.4%. This study also revealed that couples with primary infertility had more depression, anxiety and stress than others.
Conclusion: Females have been psychologically more affected than their husbands due to infertility. More than half of the females had depression and anxiety and about one third was affected by stress which was higher than their husbands.
Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14(1) 2018: 41-45


A new assemblage of diverse fish microremains from the Roadian Williams Ranch Member of the Cutoff Formation in the Guadalupe Mountains, West Texas is described. The chondrichthyan remains comprise symmoriiforms Stethacanthulus decorus, Kungurodus sp. and indeterminate taxa; ctenacanthiform Glikmanius myachkovensis; euselachian Sphenacanthus sp. and Hybodontiformes indet.; anachronistids Cooleyella amazonensis, Cooleyella sp. and Reifella lata Ivanov, n. gen., n. sp.; jalodontids Adamantina foliacea, Isacrodus marthae and Isacrodus sp.; indeterminate euchondrocephalian and chondrichthyans. Actinopterygian remains include the elonichthyid Alilepis texasensis Bakaev, n. sp., indeterminate platysomids and acrolepidids, indeterminate taxa and other osteichthyans. The assemblage includes the widely geographically distributed taxa Cooleyella amazonensis, Stethacanthulus decorus and Adamantina foliacea. The occurrence of last two species in the Cutoff Formation represents their youngest record in the world. Possible migration paths are proposed for Alilepis.


Constitutionalism is characterised by tensions and ambiguities. The Westminster constitutional framework is no different and, in the UK, these tensions are traditionally mitigated through informal institutions, underpinned by what Leslie Lipson called a 'mutually beneficial bargain'. While the existing literature has pointed to a 'transplant effect' in which only the formal but not the informal institutions are transplanted, little is understood about the legacy effects of such transplants, how they are mediated by the presence, absence or modification of such a bargain, and the impact on the conduct and effectiveness of government. Using the case of Jamaica, this paper explores these issues by examining the constitutional tension between principles of responsible and representative government as they operate on the relationship between politics and civil service in the colonial and immediate post-colonial period. We argue that the constitutional legacy is one of a 'mutually suspicious bargain' between politicians and civil servants, which emerged under the era of colonial rule, but persisted into the post-colonial era, becoming, in the 1970s, a central flashpoint of constitutional conflict. As a result of this colonial legacy, there has been an unresolved tension in the operation of the Jamaican constitution regarding the appropriate balance between constitutional principles of responsibility.


A kayak is a very ancient way of riding in the water ; human-powered, it is propelled by means of a double bladepaddle. It is used nowadays to fish, to travel, or to compete at the Olympics. It is the 1,000 meters flat-waterrace that led this project, and particularly its improvement for Steven Ferguson, the actual New-Zealand kayakchampion. This report presents the different parts that have been investigated to improve the paddle efficiencyin the water, and therefore the speed of a kayak athlete on the water.Kayaks are 4,000 years old, and kept since the basic shapes of their hull and paddle. It is only in 1987 that aNorwegian team developed an improved paddle, which is still used nowadays. Every paddle currently availableon the market follow this design. Based on fashions and on the success of athletes, they were unable to suggestany major improvement since. This project suggests a way of significantly improve the performance of an athletein a flat-water kayaking competition.


For the past decades humans have been placed at the centre of designing information and communication technologies (ICT), leading to the rise in prominence of human-centred design. The field of smart cities has equally adopted notions of citizen participation as a way to ensure that technological solutions improve people's livelihoods. However, these kinds of processes treat the urban environment as separate from nature, promoting human comfort and convenience over planetary health and wellbeing. Motivated by these growing concerns that highlight the urgency to reconsider how we define and practice participation in smart cities and in human-centred ICT solutions more broadly, this article assesses how the personas method can be adapted to include more-than-human perspectives in the design process. Based on a case study, which involved designing smart urban furniture for human and non-human use, we introduce a framework for developing and employing non-human personas. As a key element of the framework, we describe a middle-out approach for forming a coalition that can speak on behalf of the non-human species that are impacted by design decisions. We demonstrate how the framework can be used through its retrospective application on two research-led smart city projects. The article concludes with a discussion of key principles for creating and using non-human personas in design projects.


By ultrafiltration of a cytoplasm preparation from diploid human fibroblasts (Flow 2000) we obtained a fraction which inhibited the proliferation of the same cells. We succeeded in demonstrating fibroblast chalone, because the activity was endogenous, reversible and affected murine fibroblasts, but not human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa S3) or neuronal tumor cells of rats (B104). The chalone activity was found in the range of molecular weights between 10 000 and 100 000. The active part was of peptide nature, for proteolytic treatment destroyed the chalone activity.


Tuberculosis remains one of the top two causes of death caused by a single infectious disease worldwide, despite curative therapy. Children with tuberculosis are especially difficult to detect, since acid fast bacilli smears and cultures are usually negative and clinical signs are nonspecific or lacking. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, or tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, has emerged in most areas of the world over the past 20 years. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is more expensive and difficult. The second-line tuberculosis medications required for treatment are more toxic and less efficacious than standard treatment. These medications are not readily available in many areas of the world where drug resistance is most common. Fluoroquinolones are one of the most promising classes of second-line medications, but are not generally recommended for use in children. Ethambutol is recommended in the initial treatment of tuberculosis in children treated in areas where there is a risk of drug-resistant disease and the susceptibility of the source case is not known. Some experts have been hesitant to use ethambutol due to the risk of visual impairment associated with the drug and the difficulties in monitoring vision in young children. Pediatric drug formulations are not available for most antituberculosis medications, even the first-line tuberculosis drugs. Treatment of children exposed, infected or ill with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is reviewed with special emphasis on second-line drugs, including recommended dosage, available formulations and necessary monitoring. While new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have decreased in most developed countries over the past 10 years, cases continue to increase in many developing countries and among immigrants from high-risk areas. Tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are serious threats requiring worldwide strategies to control and treat. Better diagnostic tests, medications, public health strategies and vaccines will all be needed to eliminate tuberculosis.


Ginger (Rhizoma zingiberis, RZ) has been used as a food, spice, supplement, flavoring agent, and as an edible herbal medicine. It is characterized by its pungency and aroma, and is rich in nutrients with remarkable pharmacological effects. It is used in traditional medicine clinics to treat diseases and symptoms, such as colds, headache, and primary dysmenorrhea (PD). In China, a variety of processed products of RZ are used as herbal medicines, such as baked ginger (BG) or ginger charcoal (GC) to treat different diseases and symptoms. However, the molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effect of RZ and its processed products (RZPPs, including BG or GC) against PD has not been well characterized. Moreover, whether the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are involved in this process is not clear. In the present study, UHPLC-Q-TOF MS was adopted to analyse the differential quality markers (DQMs) between RZ and RZPPs. In addition, differential metabolomics (DMs) was acquired between RZ- and RZPPs-treated estradiol valerate coupled with an oxytocin-induced PD mouse uterus using untargeted metabolomics (UM). A correlation analysis between DQMs and DMs was also conducted. Benzenoids, lipids, and lipid-like molecules were the main DQMs between RZ and RZPPs. RZ and RZPPs were found to improve the pathological status of the uterus of a PD mouse, with significantly decreased serum levels of E2, PGF2α, TXB2 and remarkably increased levels of PROG and 6-keto-PGF1α. Moreover, RZ and RZPPs alleviated PD in mice via regulating the TRP ion channel-mediated ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results indicate that the therapeutic effect of RZ and RZPPs against PD may be mediated by regulating the TRP ion channel-mediated ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathway, and provide a reference for the development of new dietary supplements or medicines.


Chief of the Russia Armed Forces Medical Service makes an analyses of the sanitary-epidemiological situation in the country and in the Armed Forces. The author estimates resulting labor losses, discharge and mortality rates among the military personnel by the classes of disease. He points out that the highest ratio correlation represent traumas, intoxication, circulation disorders and tumors. Preventive medicine's aims and principles should be formulated on the basis of morbidity rates among the servicemen in the army and Navy.


Field, greenhouse, and laboratory experiments were conducted over a period of 4 years to relate P accumulations in ear leaves of different corn hybrids and other plant responses to addition of P to soils and root morphology, including the length of the radicle, diameter of the radicle, and the number of seminal roots produced after 4 days in an incubator of high relative humidity at 28 C. In addition, experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of P accumulation in ear leaves and grain yields to P concentrations in seedling plants, seedling growth rate and P uptake from a zone 25 an (10 inches) below the soil surface. It was concluded that the concentration of P in seedling plants can be used to predict the availability of P in the soil. The concentrations of P accumulated in ear leaves by the different hybrids could not be explained on the basis of the P-absorption characteristics of their roots, but inherent differences among hybrids with respect to depth of rooting was suggested.


This paper considers the problem of scheduling multiple users in the downlink of a time-slotted cellular data network. For such a network, opportunistic scheduling algorithms exploit the time-varying radio channel and improve the system performance. This paper introduces a new optimum scheduling algorithm that maximizes the sum of average user performance subject to certain minimum and maximum performance constraints. The proposed algorithm, which is named as throughput constrained opportunistic scheduling (TCOS), is an extension of the framework proposed by Liu et al. For memory less fading channels, TCOS performs identically to another optimum algorithm. For fading channels with memory, TCOS significantly improves system performance. The TCOS with the minimum and maximum performance constraints offers better service differentiation among different classes of users than opportunistic scheduling algorithm provides with only minimum performance constraints


SIR,-Drs J K Cruickshank and C Mackenzie in their leading article (21 November, p 1349) rightly draw attention to the promising prospects opened up by the introduction of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELI SA) technique and of monoclonal antibodies. We agree with this, yet think that a more critical approach is needed. The specificity required for diagnostic tests is high. In a series with 5%, true positives, an additional 1 I` of false positives would mean that one in six of all positives were false. Parasites are masters at antigenic disguise, either by mimicry or incorporation of host antigens. False-positives, therefore, are as likely to occur in diseases which cause the release of tissue antibodies as in patients with other parasitic diseases; yet in many evaluations of immunodiagnostic tests the controls are drawn only from the last group or from blood donors. Not surprisingly, in clinical practice the results may be less good than the claims. General hospital patients need to be included among the controls. The advantages of ELISA are its suitability for mass screening and the lack of subjectivity in interpretation. As regards parasitology, the former characteristic is of value for seroepidemiology but not as yet for serodiagnosis, which is almost always done on a small scale. The method has no inherent advantages as regards specificity; and unless purified antigen is available it may be less specific than, for instance, immunofluorescence, in which crossreactive structures in a parasite can be disregarded. In this department we find that even purified parasite antigens can give false-positives in conditions where, for example, there is liver damage. Nevertheless, purified antigens, if they were freely available, would be a great advance. Who is to provide them? Over and over again commercial firms have produced satisfactory parasite antigens; but many have not been made universally available, or else after a short time they have been withdrawn. To many people the obvious agency would appear to be the World Health Organisation, which could ensure international standardisation and offer the products at a price which the Third World could afford. However, except in isolated instances WHO has not so far seen this to be its role. These and other aspects of the subject are dealt with more fully in recent reviews.1 2 The hopes which your editorial raises are more likely to be realised if the problems are faced.


Land, using only two projecting primaries, demonstrated a wide range of hues in "natural image" projections. Nineteen observers, with normal color vision, viewed Land-type projections and identified the hues perceived with a colorimeter. Results indicate that the wide range of hues perceived was the result of a primary induction due to contrast phenomena ("colored shadow" effect) and a secondary distortion toward the memory color of familiar objects.


"The Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences" is a complete resource for researchers, students and practitioners involved in all aspects of dairy science and related food science and technology areas. Extensively cross-referenced, it covers the core theories, methods, and techniques employed by dairy scientists. It enables readers to access basic information on topics peripheral to their own areas, provides a repository of the core information in the area that can be used to refresh the researcher's own memory, and aids teachers in directing students to areas relevant to their course work. The Encyclopedia contains information that has been distilled, organized and presented as a complete reference tool to the user. This four-volume set includes over 400 articles covering all aspects of dairy science. Included are numerous figures and tables illustrating the text as well as a color plate section in each volume. The inclusion of 'Further Reading' lists at the end of each article provide easy access to further information and a guide into the primary literature. Key features of this title are as mentioned below. It includes: over 400 articles covering all aspects of dairy science; further reading lists at the end of each article that provide easy access to further information and a way into the primary literature; extensive cross-referencing; and, many figures and tables illustrating the text and a color plate section in each volume.


Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and other industrialized nations. Patients with coronary artery disease are at high risk for myocardial infarction following noncardiac surgery. The authors identify 28 such patients with a 43% mortality rate. Ninety-three percent of infarctions occurred within the first two postoperative days. Chest pain was the presenting symptom in only 39% of these patients. Other presenting signs and symptoms included hypotension, heart failure, alteration of mental status, various atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac tamponade from ventricular rupture. Advanced age and identified coronary atherosclerosis seemed to be dominant risk factors.