This discussion paper led to a publication in the Journal of Economic Geography . It has been argued that the growth of cities is increasingly determined by the presence of amenities. We study the economic effects of large scale subsidised investments in historic amenities, by looking at their impact on house prices. We aim to distinguish between the direct and indirect effect of investments. The latter implies a change in the behaviour of neighbours via changes in the level of maintenance of the house. We use a large nationwide dataset with housing transactions from 1985-2011 and data on investments in cultural heritage. To control for the fact that these investments are non-randomly distributed over space we use repeat sales. Furthermore, we construct an instrument based on yearly fluctuations in the size of national subsidy programmes to maintain cultural heritage. We show that a one million euro per square kilometre increase in investments in cultural heritage leads to a price increase of 1.5-3.0 percent of non-targeted buildings. We do not find evidence that the maintenance state of properties that are not eligible for subsidies are improved, suggesting that any price effect due to investments in cultural heritage is a direct effect of investments.


This study uses data from male and female adult offenders sentenced in a large urban county in the United States (n = 15,727) to examine the relative impact of jail and probation on recidivism. The study also explores how various risk and need factors moderate the effects of a jail sentence on an individual's likelihood of rearrest. Gender-specific, multivariate logistic regression and survival analyses were conducted including risk and needs assessment data to control for individual risk for recidivism and examine risk as a moderator of sanction effectiveness. Results indicate that individuals sentenced to jail experienced an increased risk for recidivism relative to similarly situated offenders sentenced to probation. In addition, the criminogenic effect of jail was exacerbated for offenders assessed as high risk for recidivism and those with existing treatment needs. Gender-specific analyses revealed a gender-neutral criminogenic effect of jail, and gender differences in terms of moderators of sanction effects.


This volume, the sequel to Jews in Rome 1, recreates through a register and apt citation the second thousand acts of an archive known informally as the 'Notai ebrei', a collection of as many as 10,000 such acts drawn by Roman rabbis between 1536 and 1640. The acts in this volume cover the years 1551-1557. They form a mirror of Jewish social and cultural life, including such matters as litigations, broken engagements, adoption, synagogal disputes, as well as rentals contracts, and apprenticeships. Most noteworthy is the ownership of property by women. This encouraged and reflected the treatment of both men and women as individuals. Indeed, individualism, which also promoted the amalgamation and ethnic levelling of a society that after about 1500 was notably one of immigrants, was this society's most salient characteristic.


Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotope data for Mesozoic greywackes of New Caledonia terranes, indicate a forearc tectonic environment at the Eastern Gondwanaland margin, but they support only minor continental influences. Detrital-zircon U–Pb age patterns for the greywackes in these terranes similarly reflect an active-margin tectonic environment of Late Triassic, Late Jurassic, and in particular mid-Cretaceous, depocentres which comprise much contemporaneous volcanic detritus, but also include minor sediment inputs from Precambrian–Early Paleozoic continental clastic rocks. The contemporary volcanic sources are probably now hidden within a former hinterland to New Caledonia, such as Lord Howe Rise or Marion Plateau. The older, continental sediment sources were probably in northeasternmost Queensland, and beyond the northern extremity of the New England Orogen. Such sediments could have been supplied on long rivers, and submarine longshore current systems outboard of the orogen. Alternatively, the depocentres could have been consolidated close to the contemporary Gondwanaland margin and then tectonically transported, as suspect terranes, southwards in Early Cretaceous times to their present New Caledonia position.


The effect of local tissue cooling on microvascular smooth muscle contractile behavior and sensitivity to adrenergic constriction was examined in rat cremaster skeletal muscle. Intravital microscopy was used to measure the diameter of first- and second-order arterioles (control diam = 101 +/- 7 microns) and venules (diam = 142 +/- 9 microns), and third-order terminal arterioles (diam = 19 +/- 4 microns). Norepinephrine (NE) was added to the cremaster bath to produce a 20-35% reduction in control diameter obtained at 34 degrees C bath temperature (in situ cremaster temperature). In the presence of NE, cooling the bath to 26 degrees C caused additional constriction of large arterioles and venules. Terminal arterioles exhibited a more pronounced cooling-induced constriction. Spontaneous vasomotion, evident only in this vessel type, was abolished by cooling. Cooling-induced constriction and inhibition of vasomotion were readily reversible with rewarming to 34 degrees C. Blockade of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors with yohimbine (1-5 X 10(-7) M) completely abolished cooling-induced constriction, as did the alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (10(-6) M); blockade of alpha 1-adrenoceptors with prazosin (10(-8) M) had no effect on the response. After inhibition of the noradrenergic constriction with yohimbine or phentolamine, local cooling dilated terminal arterioles; however, the dilation was transient. These data suggest that modest tissue cooling has a direct, although transient, depressant effect on microvascular smooth muscle tone. However, in the presence of adrenergic constriction, the inhibitory effect of local tissue cooling is overcome by a selective increase in alpha 2- but not alpha 1-mediated vasoconstriction.


Abstract
:Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional anemia worldwide. Anemia imposes a significant hypoxic environment in different organs and tissues including the testes. This study evaluated the effect of treatment of IDA on the pituitary gonadal axis (Serum FSH, LH, Testosterone) and sperm parameters in adult eugonadal males.

Methodology
A hospital based interventional, analytic study was conducted at a tertiary care center among 25 eugonadal males (fully sexually developed, fertile) with newly diagnosed and untreated IDA, admitted in medicine wards and not suffering from any inflammatory disorders (excluded by C-reactive protein) after exclusion of patients having other forms of anemia/ hemoglobinopathies/ any malignancy/having MCV >80 fL, aplastic anemia and primary hypogonadism. Sexual maturation was assessed according to maturity stages 5. Investigations were performed before and 6 weeks after treatment of IDA with intravenous iron sucrose included CBC, peripheral blood smear, serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC, serum FSH, serum LH, serum Testosterone and semen analysis (Semen volume, Sperm count, Sperm motility and Sperm morphology).

Results
The change in mean Hb level before (5.66 ± 1.97gm/dl) and after treatment (11.96 ± 0.87 gm/dl) was statistically significant. (P<0.001) Patients who had subnormal and normal serum level of FSH, LH, Testosterone and sperm parameters before treatment were divided into group A and group B respectively. Serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone along with sperm parameters significantly improved after correction of anemia (p<0.01). The mean change in these parameters was significantly higher in patients having subnormal value of these parameters before treatment (Group A) than in patients having normal pre-treatment level (Group B) (p<0.01). The level of anemia (hemoglobin) had significant positive correlation with serum FSH, serum LH, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters (semen volume, sperm count, sperm morphology, RPM and sperm motility) (p<0.001).

Conclusion
IDA had significant negative association with the pituitary gonadal axis (Serum FSH, LH, Testosterone) and sperm parameters in adult eugonadal males. The serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone along with sperm parameters significantly improved after correction of anemia, especially in patients having subnormal value of these parameters.


The intention of the study is to examine the impact that individual national culture value orientations have on the preference for the design of HR policies and practices. The value orientation structure and preferences for thirty-four HR design choices are studied in a sample of 274 Kenyan employees from eight multinational, state and private domestic firms operating in the manufacturing and processing sector. The study shows that the HR design choices of Kenyan employees reflect the following picture across four factors: high HR involvement/participation: high predictability of rewards; performance rather than loyalty-based policies; and moderate levels of HR empowerment. Kenyan employee value orientations reflect: activity thinking over activity doing; individual over collective relationships; relationship to nature mastery over relationship to nature harmony; low subjugation to nature; and human nature evil (manipulative). More importantly, three out of the four HR preference factors are valuesrelated, i.e. the individual's value orientation is highly predictive of their preference for the design of HR policies and practices. From 9 per cent to 19 per cent of the variance in preferences for involvement, empowerment and predictability of rewards is accounted for by national culture value orientations. HR involvement preferences are related to activity thinking values. Predictability of rewards is related to high activity doing. Empowerment HR is related to low relationships hierarchical values. Preferences for performance versus loyalty-based HRM are intriguingly values-free judgements, although ethnic factors play a role here.


The authors present a practical guide for studying nonstationary data on human motor behavior in a time-frequency representation. They explain the limits of classical methods founded exclusively on the time or frequency basis and then answer those limits with the windowed Fourier transform and the wavelet transform (WT) methods, both of which are founded on timefrequency bases. The authors stress an interest in the WT method because it permits access to the whole complexity of a signal (in terms of time, frequency, amplitude, and phase). They then show that the WT method is well suited for the analysis of the interaction between two signals, particularly in human movement studies. Finally, to demonstrate its practical applications, the authors apply the method to real data.


Effectively organizing Web search results into clusters is important to facilitate quick user navigation to relevant documents. Previous methods may rely on a training process and do not provide a measure for whether page clustering is actually required. In this paper, we reformalize the clustering problem as a word sense discovery problem. Given a query and a list of result pages, our unsupervised method detects word sense communities in the extracted keyword network. The documents are assigned to several refined word sense communities to form clusters. We use the modularity score of the discovered keyword community structure to measure page clustering necessity. Experimental results verify our method's feasibility and effectiveness.


The 4IR or the digital revolution refers to a collective term for a value chain organizational concepts and technologies that together build the Internet of Things, Internet of people, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Services and the Internet of Energy. While this digital revolution has helped the construction industry to prevent cost and time overruns and enable efficiency and good work's quality, it also has disadvantages and risks such as cyberattacks and loss of jobs. This study set out to determine the risks associated with data management (cyberattacks) on construction projects in the fourth industrial revolution era. The research study will address the questions of "what are the cyberattacks risk attributed to construction data management in the fourth revolution era?" and "What are the differences in the opinion of respondents concerning the identified cyberattacks?". This research work used a quantitative method and gathered information from different construction professionals in the South African construction industry precisely in Gauteng province via a well-structured questionnaire through online platforms. These professionals involve quantity surveyors, architects, civil, mechanical, and electrical engineers practising under a firm, company, organisation, or institution within the Gauteng province, South Africa. Findings revealed that viruses, hacking, and password cracking are the most frequent risk to data management encountered in the construction industry. It was also indicated that construction project stakeholders need a strong knowledge of how attackers operate to address, avoid, and stop the different risks rising when executing a project. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by highlighting the various risks encountered in managing data in the construction industry which will assist professionals in the industry to pay attention to means of mitigating the identified risks. This will keep stakeholders abreast of how simple negligence from their side can deeply affect the project data thereby affecting project delivery. It was concluded based on findings that construction professionals need to avoid the occurrence of these risks to enhance satisfactory project delivery and protect their project information. The study recommended that all construction project parties require full training sessions on risks to data to prevent any types of intrusion into the company's information system.


Cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis is widely distributed in Central and South America. Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus are the most frequent species infecting humans. L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis are also responsible for metastatic mucosal leishmaniasis. Conventional or real time PCR is a more sensitive diagnostic test than microscopy, but the cost and requirement for infrastructure and trained personnel makes it impractical in most endemic regions. Primary health systems need a sensitive and specific point of care (POC) diagnostic tool. We developed a novel POC molecular diagnostic test for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) spp. Parasite DNA was amplified using isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) with primers and probes that targeted the kinetoplast DNA. The amplification product was detected by naked eye with a lateral flow (LF) immunochromatographic strip. The RPA-LF had an analytical sensitivity equivalent to 0.1 parasites per reaction. The test amplified the principal L. Viannia species from multiple countries: L. (V.) braziliensis (n = 33), L. (V.) guyanensis (n = 17), L. (V.) panamensis (n = 9). The less common L. (V.) lainsoni, L. (V.) shawi, and L. (V.) naiffi were also amplified. No amplification was observed in parasites of the L. (Leishmania) subgenus. In a small number of clinical samples (n = 13) we found 100% agreement between PCR and RPA-LF. The high analytical sensitivity and clinical validation indicate the test could improve the efficiency of diagnosis, especially in chronic lesions with submicroscopic parasite burdens. Field implementation of the RPA-LF test could contribute to management and control of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis.


Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a kind of water-soluble and biodegradable polymer, as a potential targeted biopolymer that can be refined from biomass directly. In this work, the effect of environmental parameters on γ-PGA formation by Bacillus licheniformis is investigated . The influence of culture temperature, pH and culture time on cell growth, γ-PGA production and molecular weight, polymer stereochemistry are determined. The γ-PGA yield is higher(30.13g/L) at culture temperature 37 , pH 7.0. Alteration of the medium pH, temperature, culture time and aeration had little to no significant effects on the product quality as measured by stereochemical composition. But alteration of the medium pH, temperature, culture time and aeration have obvious effects on the γ-PGA yield and molecular weight, increasing the biomass and γ-PGA yields. Under the optimal environmental conditions yields of γ-PGA in excess of 36g/L is obtained in submerged culture. Finally, the large-scale fermentation of γ-PGA production was successfully scaled up to a 100-l fermentor, with the highest γ-PGA productivity for over 57.5 g/l.


Education systems across the globe have enacted national testing regimes to monitor and report student achievement progress as an outcome of teaching performance. This paper reports on an investigation of strategies that Principals of high achieving schools use to achieve school results, based on NAPLAN reports (the National Assessment Program in Australia) and interpreted via the Alignment, Capability and Engagement (ACE) model of organisational readiness. Our findings identified specific Principal behaviours, actions and attitudes as necessary for effective school-wide improvement programs, as well as the existence of commonly shared strategies and approaches that help to explain why these particular Principals have been successful in their pursuit of school improvement. These include a shared vision for improvement, use of data-driven decision making, and building positive, "transparent" relationships to encourage teacher buy-in. Importantly, these findings identified "organisational readiness", a foundational principle of the ACE model, as a fundamental requisite to effective school improvement.


Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd., Essex, 1963. Pp. 2-18. Price 56s. term psychotherapy and drug treatment, rather than at the end or as a last resort when everything else is appearing to fail. He makes a strong case. There are always teachers who decry synopses but, as pointed out by Hey Groves in the 1st edition of ,t,his book which appeared in 1908, complete treatises, in surgery occupy many volumes and even the most concise require months for their perusal ". The revision student needs a book which will enable him to marshal) quickly the vast number of facts which have been thrust at him during his clinical years. Electrical and drug treatments have re,·olutionized the treatment anc1 prognosis of psychiatric illness during relatively recent years. But 1he knowledge of these treatments, th0ugh most of it is technically a~·aiJable, is in fact far from readily accessible to the clinician and \\"ould-be practitioner. Such is Dr. Paterson's theme and the need he se~s out to fill. Both aspects are I th1nk incontrovertible. He sticks faithfully to the subject matter indic~ted in the title, not dil'erting onto diagnostic and unessential theoreti~I considerations, though it is obv,_ous that he has these matters at his fingertips. There are not anyWhere unnecessary words, paragraphs or chapters. Yet, despite his austere economy, readability to anyone with aroused clinical interest docs not fail. His knowledge, high, wide and deep is never highbrow. His critical acu'.11en. penetrating and independent, is never destructive; his generosity to patient and colleague is obl'ious. He is out to help and he docs. A deal of hard slogging work was inVoln~d hut, if he fell ii to be such, there is no indication in the writing. The book is divided into two sections, the first, to which the author gives pride of place, is electrical. In !his therapeutic tool he finds virtues, renewed medical interest and further possibilities as our knowledge (to ,,·hich he himself has contrilrntcd) improves. He finds it not necessarily significantly harmful(cvillencc ghcn), non-toxic, quick to give results and with some evidence in favour of a long-term effect in reducing liability to the psychotic process. I le adn>Gllcs interfering with the psH"hotic components hy means of clcuricitv at the beginning of a tre·,1 · l · • n1cn1 1m·o nng perhaps long· The second section is pharmacological ; each drug is annotated chemically, neuro-physiologically, psychologically and clinically. The literature is reviewed, general opinions and personal opinions not being ruled out. Finally, charts as aides memoirs, nutshelling the foregoing information arc included in the back filing, to help keep a fairly broad therapeutic spectrum before the clinician's attention. The result is not a recondite ' Recent Advances', but an intimate psychiatric clinician's handbook, concise but not short, but well up-to-date indeed 'advancing'. There is a · good contents index and bibliography. Obviously this reviewer welcomes wholeheartedly a most valuable book. Endocrines are not mentioned presumably a policy decision. H. C. Sco-rr


The nature and characteristics of the mineralized-like tissue deposited by cementoblasts are not well-known due to the difficulties in obtaining and culturing cells representing the cementum phenotype. We hypothesized that a putative cementoblastic cell line derived from a human cementoblastoma could serve as a suitable model to study the physical, chemical, and morphological features of the cementum-like tissue deposited in vitro. The cementoblastoma cell line was studied by transmission electron, high resolution, scanning, and atomic force microscopy and compared with human cellular cementum, human osteoblasts, and human alveolar bone. The analyses of the crystals and mineral-like tissue in the cell line were performed by x-ray diffraction microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray micro-analysis. TEM examination of cementoblastoma cells revealed the presence of electron-dense intracellular vesicles surrounded by a membrane that contained filaments and needle-like structures. The diffraction patterns obtained from the intracellular material and human cellular cementum were similar, with D-spacings of 3.36 and 2.8, consistent with those of hydroxyapatite (3.440 and 2.814). The composition of the mineral-like tissue had a Ca/P ratio of 1.60 for cementoblastoma cells and 1.97 for human cellular cementum. Na (5.29%) and Cl (1.47%) were present in the composition of cementoblastoma cells. Human cellular cementum additionally contained Mg (4.95%). Osteoblastic cells showed a Ca/P ratio of 1.6280. Na represented 4.52% and Cl 1.22% of its composition. Human alveolar bone had a Ca/P ratio value of 2.01. Na (6.63%), Mg (2.10%), and Cl (0.84%) were also present. All samples examined represented biological-type hydroxyapatite. Based on the compositional and morphological features, these findings indicate that cementoblastoma-derived cells express the human cellular cementum phenotype.


Researchers are faced with time-driven competitive pressures to research and publish, to achieve tenure, and to deliver on grant funding proposals. That ethical considerations can be incongruent with these incentives is neither novel nor unique to information and communication technology (ICT) research. Those conducting ICT research (ICTR) do, however, face a different breed of tensions that can impact research ethics risks. Unfortunately, institutionalized guidance on the protection of research subjects has not kept pace with the rapid transformations in information technology and infrastructure that have catalyzed changes in research substance and mechanics.The Menlo Report summarizes a set of basic principles to guide the identification and resolution of ethical issues in research about or involving ICT. It illuminates a need to interpret and extend traditional ethical principles to enable ICT researchers and oversight entities to appropriately and consistently assess and render ethically defensible research. The framework it proposes can support current and potential institutional mechanisms that are well served to implement and enforce these principles, such as a research ethics board (REB). The Menlo Report is not an official policy statement of the Department of Homeland Security, but rather, offers guidance primarily for ICT researchers in academia and the private sector who may be funded by the government, as well as corporate and independent researchers, professional societies, publication review committees, and funding agencies.This Companion is a complement to the Menlo Report that details the principles and applications more granularly and illustrates their implementation in real and synthetic case studies. It is fundamentally intended for the benefit of society, by illuminating the potential for harm to humans (either directly or indirectly) and by helping researchers understand and preempt or minimize these risks in the lifecycle of their research. This document integrates comments received after the December 28, 2011 publication of the Menlo Report in the Federal Register.


Early versions of handheld (HH) electromagnetic riveters (EMR), while effective, were heavy. With the proven effectiveness of the EMR, the next step was to make the HH riveting system light and portable. To maintain the required output force in a small package, the upper limit of the voltage range was increased to 1000V, twice that of conventional 500V LVER systems. The 0-1000V range of the HH50s allows for the formation of rivets up to 3/16" diameter. Due to the lower mass in the HH50s, the riveting actuator was developed to strategically maximize output force and minimize recoil. Recent developments have been made to drastically reduce recoil by incorporating a spring-damper system integral to the HH50 handle.


One hundred thirteen patients (106 women, seven men), 18 to 64 years in age, with hypertension as a consequence of renal artery fibrodysplasia underwent operation during a 13-year period. Renal-systemic renin indexes confirming ischemic kidney hypersecretion with contralateral suppression, and demonstration of collateral vessels circumventing hemodynamically significant stenoses proved reliable predictive indicators of surgical curability. One hundred fifty-eight surgical procedures were performed, including bilateral operations in 18 patients. Most common of 129 primary operations were 98 autogenous saphenous vein aortorenal grafts. Initial nephrectomy was undertaken on three occasions. Ninety-five percent of patients benefited from operation. Sixty-two patients were cured of hypertension; 45 were noticeably improved; and six were surgical failures. No operative deaths occurred. Proper patient selection is the most important determinant of operative curability in patients with renovascular hypertension.


The availability of means of public transport provide more options for travelers to choose the most suitable type for them to use. Mini bus is the type of means of public transport which is most often used in Meulaboh for long distance intercity traveling. Recently, there has been also available a new travel mode which applies the relatively expensive tariff system compared with the tariff of minibus. The problem then occurs when such travel mode has been largely chosen by the travelers. The travel permit held by this travel mode is only a transport business license for operation of tourism transport only. The purposes of this study were to investigate the characteristics of the travelers and to obtain a model of the travel model that could explain the probability of the travelers in selecting the type of means of public transport on Meulaboh – Banda Aceh route. To formulate the behavior of travelers in choosing the transport mode, the stated preference techniques in the  form of questionnaire was used. The results of the data were analysed by using multiple linear regression to obtain the utility equation which was then substitutedinto the function of the binomial logit. From the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed the equations with variables utility: the tariff rate difference (X 1 ), the traveling time difference (X 2 ), the waiting time difference (X 3 ) which have significantly influenced the respondents in choosing transport mode. By using the average value of the existing condition of each variable X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , it was obtained that the value of choice probability of mini bus mode on Meulaboh – Banda Aceh route was 48%. In order to increase the choice probability of mini buse modes up to 80%, it canbe done by increasing the tariff difference to IDR.50,000,-. It means that the tariff of the mini bus mode should be cheaper IDR. 50,000,- or the rates of the new expensive tariff travel mode become more expensive of IDR. 50,000,-.


ABSTRACT Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an epidemic that costs the U.S. healthcare systems $504 billion annually and poses grave mortality risks. Existing studies investigated OUD treatment barriers via surveys as a means to mitigate this opioid crisis. However, the response rate of these surveys is low due to social stigma around opioids. We explore user-generated content in social media as a new data source to study OUD. We design a novel IT system, SImilarity Network-based DEep Learning (SINDEL), to discover OUD treatment barriers from patient narratives and address the challenge of morphs. SINDEL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art NLP models, reaching an F1 score of 76.79 percent. Thirteen types of treatment barriers were identified and verified by domain experts. This work contributes to information systems with a novel deep-learning-based approach for text analytics and generalized design principles for social media analytics methods. We also unveil the hurdles patients endure during the opioid epidemic.


Adolescents on the autism spectrum often have difficulties with the transition from high school to post-school activities. Despite this, little is known about the transition planning processes for this group. This study explored predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors related to the transition planning processes for adolescents on the autism spectrum in Australia. The PRECEDE model guided a needs assessment, in which descriptive data about transition planning processes were collected via an online questionnaire from adolescents on the autism spectrum, their parents and professionals (N = 162). Predisposing factors included: an individualised and strengths-focused approach, and adolescent motivation, anxiety and insight. Reinforcing factors included: support and guidance, skill development and real-life experiences. Enabling factors were: having a clear plan with a coordinated approach, scheduled meetings and clear formal documentation. Whilst some factors aligned with recommendations for transition planning for adolescents with disabilities in general, there were some autism-specific factors. For example: anxiety, motivation and insight were important predisposing factors, and providing choice and flexibility was an enabling factor.


: Sixty participants of liquidation of the sequels of the Chernobyl atomic station accident were examined. All of them were subjected to the effect of different doses of ionizing radiation. A complex of symptoms is described characterizing the cerebrosthenic syndrome with vegetative paroxysms and intellectual-mnestic disorders. In accordance with this, approaches to treatment and rehabilitation of these patients are discussed.


The study posited translatorial prefaces, the personal narrative of translators, as a device in reframing the narratives of the source text and trying to persuade the readers to buy into the mediated narratives. The concepts of "persuasion" and "reframing" have been derived from Aristotle and Baker, respectively. One hundred translatorial prefaces written by Iranian translators to the fictions, translated from different languages into Persian during sixty years (1330–1390, 1951–2011CE) in Iran, were hence selected randomly. They were then investigated to figure out how the source texts' narratives were reframed by translatorial prefaces and what persuasive modes were at work to convince the readers. The findings of the study indicate that translatorial prefaces can reframe the narratives of the source text through different reframing strategies in addressing the why, how, and who of reading. Translators also employ the three persuasive modes of ethos, pathos, and logos to inspire the readers' trust in their narratives. Translatorial prefaces in other words, are found to be among the rare effective opportunities for translators to constitute their own narratives.


By following the examples presented in this chapter, you will gain some familiarity with MATLAB, learn how to implement a function, compute the discrete Fourier transform, and compare the result with analytic theory. For instructional purposes, most of the examples are one-dimensional (1D) problems, but two dimensions are introduced at the end of the chapter. MATLAB is a mathematics and graphics software application with its own interpreted language that is widely used for simulation and modeling in science and engineering
disciplines. It is optimized for vector and matrix operations and, therefore, is a good tool for Fourier optics simulations, which generally involve at least two dimensions. The examples in this chapter and throughout the book use a basic set of MATLAB features, in part to keep the material at a tutorial level but also because the details of the programming steps are more obvious. As you become
familiar with the software, you may find more convenient and efficient ways to implement the programming. MATLAB Version 7.1 is used in this book. 3.1 Defining Functions Open MATLAB. The windows that are commonly displayed include the
"Current Directory," "Command Window," and "Command History." These
windows are often grouped together as part of the main window that comprises the MATLAB "Desktop" (Fig. 3.1). The Current Directory shows the folder in which your work will be stored and MATLAB-related files that are in that folder. Code can be entered in the Command Window where it is executed a line at a time as it is entered. Numerical output, such as the value of a variable, can also
be displayed in the Command Window. The Command History shows a compact listing of the commands that have been entered in the Command Window.


This study focused on the influence of instructional 3D Model Biological Systems (MBS) in understanding cell diversity. It determined the academic performance of the students according to content knowledge, quality of the artwork, and communication skills; and determined what group of learners benefited most from using 3D instructional models. It involved 30 second-year high school students in a private school in Imus, Cavite. Data were treated statistically with arithmetic mean, dependent t-test, gain scores, Pearson r Product Moment of Correlation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), F-test, and Tukey multiple comparison test. Findings revealed that the use of 3D instructional cell models was effective in improving the academic performance of the students in terms of content knowledge, quality of the artwork, and communication skills. The computed mean difference of 3.60 and t-value of 10.998 for 29 degrees of freedom, which is 2.756 at a .01 level of confidence, showed a significant difference from their pre-test and post-test scores. This implies that participants obtained much learning on cellular diversity using 3D cell models. All groups of learners benefited most from using 3D instructional cell models thus students' academic performance in Biology has improved. Thus, the study recommends that 3D instructional models should be used in teaching professional Science subjects such as Biology. More so, similar studies should also be conducted not only in Biology subject but also in Chemistry and Physics courses. Other 3D Model Biological Systems can be used for instruction to Senior High School Science majors and college students. Keywords: Cellular Diversity, 3D Model Biological Systems, General Biology, Cell Models


The increasing complexity of business systems, the accelerating pace of technological change, and the highly competitive business environment are overwhelming software development methodologies that have stayed essentially the same for the last fifty years. Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is a current initiative by the Object Management Group that represents a major evolution in the way software is developed. There is growing consensus by the information systems community on the fundamental principals of MDA, but some critical elements are missing in the areas of transformation and system-behavior modeling. Agreement on standards and approaches in these areas will take some time, and substantial work remains before MDA can replace traditional, long-practiced methods and be considered a routine approach to software development. When this happens it has the potential to significantly improve the integration of customers into the software development lifecycle. Traditional development methodologies and the newer agile methods strive to overcome quality and delivery problems by emphasizing customer involvement and by attempting to move system validation activities (e.g. those concerned with confirming that the system will meet the customer's needs) earlier in the development lifecycle. The adoption of an MDA approach will not change the role of customers in the development process or the nature of their activities; it will not change what customers do. However, it can significantly change when customers validate a system's functionality. This paper will investigate these issues through a qualitative study using an interpretivist epistemology, and will form generalized conclusions about MDA.


Purpose: Hydration and urinary alkalinization are essential for reducing renal dysfunction with high dose methotrexate (HDMTX). This report presents an analysis of institutional methods used to achieve adequate urinary alkalinization and output for patients receiving single agent HDMTX. Renal and metabolic parameters of tolerance were examined. Methods: Medical records of adult patients receiving HDMTX during the calendar years of 2008–2009 were retrospectively reviewed to determine the time to achieve urine pH > 7. Number of hospital days, bicarbonate dose, ordered hydration rate, urine output, and urine pH were assessed. A survival analysis model was run for time to urine pH > 7 using preadmission oral bicarbonate as a predictor variable and including a frailty term. Observational statistics were performed for other parameters. Results: The analysis included 79 encounters for ten patients. Urine pH > 7 was achieved more rapidly in patients receiving preadmission oral bicarbonate (P = 0.012). The number of patients receiving HDMTX on the same day as admission was greater for those receiving preadmission oral bicarbonate (47%) in comparison to those who did not (2%), and they spent less time in the hospital. A standard regimen for hydration and urinary alkalinization based on this project is reported. The nature and frequency of adverse events were as expected for this treatment. Conclusion: At our institution, the time to achieve urinary alkalinization was reduced for patients receiving preadmission oral bicarbonate which facilitated chemotherapy infusion on the same day as admission and decreased the number of calendar days that patients stayed in the hospital.


The Information era is here and advances in technology have dramatically improved the way in which we can communicate electronically. Worldwide communication is now made possible with the explosion of the Internet. Given this scenario, the ability to communicate concisely and accurately has become even more crucial.
In the last 10-15 years, many language educationists have expressed concern over the declining mastery level of the English Language among undergraduates at our local universities. Time and again, we hear of graduates failing to secure jobs due to their weak communication skills and poor command of English. Many job advertisements usually have at least one of the following as part of their requirements:
• able to write and speak English fluently
• able to make effective presentations
• able to prepare/write reports
• able to communicate well

Indeed, we have great cause to worry as the advent of globalization requires our workforce to not only have the technical knowledge but also the much needed skill to communicate in the English Language—the lingua franca of business.


A Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent wireless communication system, which is able to improve the utilization of the spectral environment. Spectrum sensing (SS) is one of the most important phases in the cognitive radio cycle, this operation consists in detecting signals presence in a particular frequency band. In order to detect primary user (PU) existence, this paper proposes a low cost and low power consumption spectrum sensing implementation. Our proposed platform is tested based on real world signals. Those signals are generated by a Raspberry Pi card and a 433 MHz Wireless transmitter (ASK (Amplitude-Shift Keying) and FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation type).  RTL-SDR dongle is used as a reception interface. In this work, we compare the performance of three methods for SS operation: The energy detection technique, the Artificial neural network (ANN) and the support vector machine (SVM). So, the received data could be classified as a PU or not (noise) by the ED method, and by training and testing on a proposed ANN and SVM classification model. The proposed algorithms are implemented under MATLAB software. In order to determine the best architecture, in the case of ANN, two different training algorithms are compared. Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of several SVM functions. The main objective is to find out the best method for signal detection between the three methods. The performance evaluation of our proposed system are the probability of detection and the false alarm probability . This Comparative work has shown that the SS operation by SVM can be more accurate than ANN and ED.


Purpose: Few studies have reported the value of the diameter-axial-polar (DAP) score in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RaPN) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and sequentially compare DAP and RENAL nephrometry score to predict long-term surgical, oncological, and functional outcomes of RaPN for renal cancer. This study demonstrated that the DAP score is effective enough to predict long-term trifecta outcomes of RaPN. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected clinical data of 108 patients with pathologically confirmed RCC who received RaPN by a single surgeon during 2012–2017. The patients were stratified into low, intermediate, and high complexities according to the RENAL and DAP scoring systems. We analyzed warm ischemia time (WIT), cancer-specific survival, radiographic progression-free survival, positive rate of surgical margin, renal function from the preoperative period to postoperative 1st/6th month, and postoperative complications. Results: The median follow-up period was 36 months. The 3-year cancer-specific survival rate and 3-year radiographic progression-free survival were 98.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Four patients (3.6%) had positive surgical margins. The largest decrease of renal functions from pre- to postoperative 6th month was noted in the intermediate DAP score group. No difference was observed between the DAP and RENAL scores in terms of WIT in 25 min, positive margin, complication, 3-year radiographic local recurrence, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) change, but a significant difference was observed in WIT in 20 min (area under the curve of DAP vs. RENAL = 0.81 vs. 0.54, P = 0.03). Age is an independent factor for progression to CKD after RaPN (odds ratio = 1.054, 95% confidence interval = 1.008–1.102, P = 0.022). Complications occurred in 22 patients (20.4%), and the most common postoperative complications were bleeding (12.2%), postoperative fever (0.5%), and urinary leakage (0.3%). Conclusion: The DAP score is an easy and effective tool for predicting perioperative outcomes of RaPN, especially in WIT in 20 min.


We describe a low-cost and efficient alexandrite (Cr:BeAl2O4) laser that is pumped by a high-brightness tapered diode laser (TDL). The tapered diode (TD) provides up to 1.1 W of output power and its wavelength can be fine-tuned to either 680.4 nm (R1 line) or 678.5 nm (R2 line) for efficient in-line pumping. Continuous-wave (cw) output powers of 200 mW, slope efficiencies as high as 38%, and a cw tuning range extending from 724 to 816 nm have been achieved. To the best of our knowledge, the cw power levels and slope efficiencies are the highest demonstrated so far from such a minimal complexity and low-cost system based on the alexandrite gain medium. Consequently, TDs operating in the red spectral region have the potential to become the standard pump sources for cw alexandrite lasers in the near future.


Theory of Constraint (TOC) suggests the application of demand-pull approach combined with buffer management to effectively manage inventory. The initial target buffer size, the timing to adjust the buffer and the amount of size to be adjusted are major managerial decisions that determine whether the demand-pull approach can be successfully applied in practice. However, there exist few studies that discuss the determination of parameters of buffer management in depth. Therefore, we constructed a decision support system (DSS) to assist users in finding applicable parameters when using demand-pull replenishment combined with buffer management. This DSS provides two modules: the search-of-parameter and the specific-parameter modules. The search-of-parameter module allows users to set the desired range of each strategic parameter to be simulated. Based on the range assigned, the system automatically generates various combinations of the strategic parameters and provides one simulation run for each combination. The specific-parameter module only simulates one specific combination of parameters assigned and provides a more detail graphical display for the simulated results. The DSS also provides various charts for users to analyze the performance of a specific combination of parameters. To demonstrate the application of this DSS, we use a set of historical data for an integrated circuits (IC) product provided by a wafer foundry in Taiwan. From the results in the simulation, feasible actions to the inventory control will be suggested.


Informal carers are people who provide care without a specific professional role. They provide diverse caregiving supports including disease-related problems, side effects of treatment and psychosocial impacts. This paper reports on a comprehensive review of caregiving literature, focusing specifically on cancer caregivers. The paper presents five observations drawn from the literature in order to make recommendations about how caregivers of people with advanced cancer can best be supported. The observations are: 1) caregivers are a heterogeneous group; 2) they have unique needs that differ to the patient; 3) their role includes more than attending to physical caregiving tasks; 4) they may feel unable to take a break from the role and 5) they need their own support which may be beneficial to their capacity to continue in the caregiving role. Recommendations for how health professionals can assist in supporting caregivers in their role are discussed.


Phonons, as the building blocks of solid-state physics, have been studied for almost one hundred years. The harmonic model is helpful when introducing the concepts and offering a basic physics picture of atomic vibrations. However, there are many properties that cannot be explained by the harmonic model or its extension to the quasiharmonic approximation (QHA), which ignores the pure temperature dependence of phonon frequencies. The rapid development of materials science requests a deep understanding of the phonon behaviors at elevated temperatures, where phonon-phonon interactions, as a main source of phonon anharmonicity, account for a number of abnormal phonon behaviors and the thermodynamical properties of many materials. In this thesis, I present the phonon anharmonicity in metals of Pd and Pt, the metallic compound FeGe2, and the polar material NaBr to show the limitation of the harmonic or QH model and the importance of taking anharmonic effects into consideration. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) was used to measure the phonon density of states (DOS) in fcc Pd and Pt metal at temperatures from 7 K to 1576 K. Both phonon-phonon interactions and electron-phonon interactions were calculated by methods based on density functional theory (DFT) and were consistent with the measured shifts and broadenings of phonons with temperature. Contributions to the entropy from phonons and electrons were assessed and summed to obtain excellent agreement with prior calorimetric data. The QH entropy is positive for both phonons and electrons but larger for phonons. The anharmonic phonon entropy is negative in Pt, but in Pd it changes from positive to negative with increasing temperature. Phonon dispersions in a single crystal of FeGe2 with the C16 structure at 300, 500, and 635 K were measured by INS. Phonon DOS were also measured on polycrystalline FeGe2 from 325 to 1050 K, and the Fe partial DOS was obtained from polycrystalline 57FeGe2 at 300 K using nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS). The dominant feature in the temperature dependence of the phonon spectrum is thermal broadening of high-energy modes. The energy shifts of the low- and high-energy parts of the spectrum were almost the same. DFT calculations performed with the QHA gave results in moderate agreement with the experimental thermal energy shifts, although the isobaric Gruneisen parameter calculated from the quasiharmonic model was smaller than that from measurements. The thermal broadening of the phonon spectrum and dispersions, especially at high energies, indicates a cubic anharmonicity to second order that should also induce phonon shifts. There are cancellations of different anharmonic contributions to energy shifts, giving average phonon shifts in moderate agreement to calculations with the QHA. The different parts of the large phonon contribution to the entropy are separated for FeGe2, showing modest but interpretable anharmonic contributions. All phonons in a single crystal of NaBr were measured by INS at temperatures of 10, 300 and 700 K. Even at 300 K the phonons, especially the longitudinal optical (LO) phonons, showed large shifts in frequencies, and showed large broadenings in energy owing to anharmonicity. The QHA was an unqualified failure for predicting the temperature dependence of phonon frequencies, even at 300K, and it predicted a thermal expansion that was in error by a factor of four. Ab initio computations that included both anharmonicity and quasiharmonicity successfully predicted both the temperature dependence of phonons and the large thermal expansion of NaBr. The frequencies of LO phonon modes decrease significantly with temperature owing to the real part of the phonon self-energy from explicit anharmonicity. The origin of the large cubic anharmonicity was identified with nearest-neighbor Na-Br bonds. Anharmonicity is not a small correction to the QHA predictions of thermal expansion and thermal phonon shifts, but anharmonicity dominates the behavior. New spectral features were found in phonon dispersions of NaBr at 300 K. Ab initio calculations based on anharmonic perturbation theory also showed these spectral features as "many-body effects". Their physical origin is better elucidated with a Langevin model, similar that in recent work in optomechanics. The transverse optic (TO) part of the new features originates from phonon intermodulation between the transverse acoustic (TA) and TO phonons. The LO spectral features originate from three-phonon coupling between the TA modes and the TO lattice modes.


Credit card fraud detection is an endless war between fraudsters and payment service providers. Indeed, annual global financial loss by credit card frauds has increased. Fraudsters have been organized and systematized, attempting to find weak points of existing fraud detection system (FDS). State-of-the-art FDS approaches utilize already existing fraud cases, which can result in different FDS by payment service providers. Therefore, a new payment service provider may not have room for installing a FDS due to the lack of fraudulent cases. Moreover, credit card transactions contain the legitimate owner's personal information, which can be exposed to an honest but curious fraud analyst. In this paper, we propose a purchase density based FDS (PD-FDS) that uses three features which are not related to personal information. PD-FDS does not require already existing fraudulent transactions and also shows low false positive rate (<0.01).


This paper discusses the design of a PDA-driven remote display control system which was designed for a pervasive computing scenario. Our solution enables a PDA to perform as an interaction device (such as keyboard or mouse) to operate applications which are using remote displays. Our system consists of two components: one devoted to pair users and remote display according to their relative position, and one to provide the PDA with appropriate graphical interfaces and ad-hoc communication protocols. Besides a case study on the use of remote displays during a course within our department, this paper discusses system highlights, components, and experiments as for standard multimedia and office applications.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship existing between the emotional intelligence of subject leaders and their leadership performance. The study was carried out in 23, K-12 private schools in Beirut, Lebanon where 10 subject leaders from each school participated. Thus the sample was comprised of 230 subject leaders. Participant completed two surveys: (1) Emotional Intelligence Appraisal (Bradberry and Greaves , 2003), which measures (a) self–awareness, (b) self–management, (c) social awareness, (d) relationship management, and (e) overall emotional intelligence; and (2) Educational Leadership Improvement Tool (DeFranco and Golden, 2003), which assesses leadership performance in the area of (a) leadership attributes, (b) visionary leadership, (c) community leadership, (d) instructional leadership, (e) data-driven improvement, (f) organization to improve student learning, (g) organization to improve staff efficacy, (h) cultural competence, and (i) educational management. SPSS 18.0 was employed to carry out a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in order to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and subject leaders' leadership performance.


BACKGROUND
Penile injuries are uncommon. The more severe injuries are often difficult to manage.

OBJECTIVES
We report our experience with penile injuries from different causes and treatment options available.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We analyzed retrospectively 23 cases of penile injuries presenting to the Urology Unit of a tertiary hospital in the Southeastern part of Nigeria from January 2007 to December 2012.

RESULTS
The management for each patient varied depending on the nature and extent of the injury. The mean age of the patients was 28.9 ± 14.4 years (range 3 weeks to 43 years). The mean duration before presentation was 22.7 ± 17.8 h (range 1-168 h). The causes of penile injuries were categorized as follows: Postcircumcision 3 (13.0%), genital mutilation (self-inflicted injury/attacks by assailants) 6 (26.1%), accident 4 (17.4%), penile fracture 8 (34.8%), and gunshot injury 2 (8.6%). Isolated blunt injuries to the corporal tissues as occurs in penile fractures was managed successfully with early exploration and closure of the tunical tear, while injuries to the penile skin was managed with dressing and secondary closure. Severe penile injuries resulting in partial or total phallic loss presented the most challenge to treatment.

CONCLUSION
Traumatic penile injuries are not common. Severe penile injuries could be challenging because of the nature of the injuries, delayed presentation and unavailability of modern technological tools and experience required for the treatment of such severe injuries. Expertise in the use of flaps for a neophallus are still been developed, and penile prosthetic devices are not readily available in our setting.


We explore the impact of learning paradigms on training deep neural networks for the Travelling Salesman Problem. We design controlled experiments to train supervised learning (SL) and reinforcement learning (RL) models on fixed graph sizes up to 100 nodes, and evaluate them on variable sized graphs up to 500 nodes. Beyond not needing labelled data, our results reveal favorable properties of RL over SL: RL training leads to better emergent generalization to variable graph sizes and is a key component for learning scale-invariant solvers for novel combinatorial problems.


Galeras, a volcano in the south of Colombia, has historically been very active. Nevertheless, the memory of the tragic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 caused great anxiety in the surrounding region as the first signs of reawakening were perceived in early 1989. Decision makers were unprepared as they tried to organize their communities. The media were obsessed with another potential tragedy, the community scared and disorientated. Banks, businesses and traders—seriously affected by the uncertainties of the situation—forced the regional and local authorities to ignore the volcano activity. The relationship between scientists, the authorities and the community suffered from inappropriate management of the situation. Seismic swarms that could be felt and eruptions that were observed in 1993 helped to focus the minds of all involved. Recently, the relative quietness of the volcano has allowed scientists, the authorities and the community to achieve remarkable results. Awareness of the hazards is now growing among the community. Policies need to be implemented while the volcano is dormant.


While focusing on other EU members facing challenges in the area of rule of law, foreign commentators may not realize that the situation in Bulgaria is critical. Bulgaria's executive is now headed into the homestretch of capturing the entire justice system. The current unprecedented proceedings against the President of the Supreme Court of Cassation would complete the capture if the plan that shows through – remove him from office – works.


Summary The file protection methods used within the Linux operating system are based on the traditional flags associated with old-style UNIX systems. The Access Control List (ACL) permissions utilized in more recent additions of Linux are constructed on top of these original permissions, and the result is a confusing blend of the old style and new style file protection mechanisms. When permission settings are confusing to the user, incorrect permission settings are more likely; this leads to vulnerabilities in systems which can then be taken advantage of by adversaries. The various Windows operating systems use a more simplistic ACL method for file permission checks, and the authors describe an implementation of these permissions into the Linux file system.


In the present investigation the antimutagenic effects of solanum lucopercicum fruit extract has been evaluated against lead nitrate induced genotoxicity. Single IP administration of solanum lycopercicum fruit extract at various doses i.e. 250, 500 and 1000 mg /kg . When treated individually did not induce chromosomal aberration in germ cells of mice. A single intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg of cyclophosphamide induced significant increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations in germ cells of mice. However after co administration of three doses of Solanum lycopercicum fruit extract there was a dose dependent decrease in the % of chromosomal aberrations was observed. Thus the results clearly indicate the preventive effects of solanum lycopercicum fruit extract against cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in germ  cells of mice. Therefore the data indicate that SL fruit extract is a safer dietary component in cancer chemo preventive strategy.


Presented for the first time is an accurate modelling hierarchy for mixed CNT bundle interconnects. Single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs have been modelled as equivalent single conductor transmission lines and then combined to form a mixed CNT bundle interconnect, which is basically a multiple equivalent single conductor model. Two multiple equivalent single conductor interconnects have been taken to form the multiconductor transmission line model. The delays from transient analysis for both models for a unit bundle have been compared with the corresponding ones for SWCNT bundles and MWCNTs that exist in the literature. It is found that mixed CNT bundle interconnects are superior to both SWCNT bundle and MWCNT interconnects in terms of delay.


The purpose of this work is to propose a new method to suppress the harmonic radiation from a microstrip patch antenna with proximity coupled feeding line implemented in a multilayer substrate. The goal of the design is the suppression of the resonances at the 2nd and 3rd harmonic frequencies to reduce spurious radiation due to the corresponding patch modes to avoid the radiation of harmonic signals generated by non-linear devices at the amplifying stage. The study shows the possibility of controlling the second harmonic resonance matching by varying the length of the feeding line. On the other hand, the suppression of the third harmonic is achieved by using a compact resonator. This resonator consists of a printed metallization with a via connected to the ground plane (mushroom type) in a multilayer configuration. Comparing with conventional electromagnetically coupled patch antenna, the radiated power of the proposed antenna at the 2nd and 3rd harmonic frequencies is reduced by 14 dB and 8 dB, respectively.


We analyze the distribution of spider assemblages at three microhabitats (canopy, tree trunk and soil) in Citrus sinensis orchards (Rutaceae) in the Province of Corrientes, Argentina. Spiders were collected monthly using four sampling techniques: beating foliage, leaf litter sifting, pitfall traps and direct capture by hand. A total of 2160 samples were examined and 7194 spiders were collected (2462 on the canopy, 983 on trunk and 3749 on the floor) belonging to 34 families and 200 species/morphospecies of Araneomorphae. There were significant differences among microhabitats and months in the structure of the spider communities, according to analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). The diversity was highest on the canopy, followed by soil and tree trunk. Araneidae, Salticidae and Anyphaenidae were the most abundant taxa in the canopy; the dominant species were Jessica erythostoma and Cheiracanthium inclusum, a predator of the leaf herbivore Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera) a pest of Citrus spp. The most abundant families on the tree trunk were Tetragnathidae, Hersiliidae and Theridiidae, Iviraiva pachyura was a species specialist in such microhabitat; and Leucauge venusta was an opportunistic species, because their abundance increaseds markedly in anthropic environments that modified by man. The most abundant families on the floor were Lycosidae, Linyphiidae and Coriniidae. In this habitat, Lycosa erythrognatha and Pardosa plumipedata were dominant species. The Chao-Jaccard similarity index was highest between the canopy and trunk (J-C=0.95), likewise ordination by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed strong differentiation between assemblages of soil spiders and canopy and trunk spiders. Also, on the soil the temporary replacement of species was greater and the seriation method was significant (z=3.82, p=0.00) therefore there was a succession of species during the year. The different species in each microhabitat probably avoided competition by using different hunting strategies and different ecological resources, in addition to specific patterns of temporal distribution. Our results suggest that anthropic environments, such as in Citrus orchards, tend to harbor populations of spiders able to adapt to those environments and interact in a balanced way in space and time.


The rapid rate of the development of computer technology raises the issue of how to reform Computer Science education in elementary and middle schools. In Korea the government has taken this issue seriously, and the Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development has announced substantial revisions to its computing curricula, leading to a new curriculum in Informatics to be introduced for middle schools in 2010, and for high schools in 2011. There is a proposal that the elementary school curriculum will be linked to these, and with a stronger focus on not just learning how to operate computers and software, but understanding the methods and algorithms behind Computer Science.
 Research on identifying effective teaching methods for CS topics at the elementary level is critical at the moment, as the content of the developing curriculum will be influenced by information about which topics are able to be taught effectively at this level.
 We are particularly interested to establish how these topics can be covered effectively without having to reduce them to a comfortable re-working of the status quo driven by a lack of background on teaching these new topics. Hence it is important to have experience with teaching such topics so that they can be considered for widespread use in the curriculum. As in most countries, Korean elementary school teachers are generalists, and therefore the Informatics curriculum needs to be presented in a way that a generalist can engage with it, as well as engage their students.
 One approach that avoids the difficulties and distraction of computers in the elementary school classroom is the use of offline activities: activities that work with Computer Science concepts, but are not done at the computer. These aim to educate students about abstract and challenging concepts behind algorithms, but without using a computer. It is our belief that computer science fundamentals can be taught without the help of computers; many key concepts predate the modern computer, and many demonstrations are available for a wide range of concepts.
 Currently the existing work on offline activities is not directly aimed at teaching CS to elementary-age children. Much of the published work is aimed primarily at tertiary level students, and is generally intended for motivated students in a university classroom. Most of the kinesthetic material developed for elementary school material is aimed at enthusing students about CS; they explicitly do not presume to teach ideas, but simply inform students about the kind of thinking and problem solving that is required for CS, and therefore make students better informed about choosing a career in the field. In particular, assessment is an important component of teaching, and current resources are not strong in this area.
 With the opportunity for CS topics to be taught to students, we have experimented with using kinesthetic approaches in the classroom.
 In addition to needing to provide assessment, we have identified that a particular issue is that elementary level teachers are usually non-specialists, and we report on work to enable such teachers to adopt CS teaching material effectively. An important component of this is providing background information about how the topic is used in practice.
 The poster summarises our experiences and feedback from teachers in making this material accessible for elementary school students.


Not long ago, most blind and visually impaired people grew up without ever playing sports; they sat on the sidelines, and kept score during gym-protected rather than included. In the 1980s, few people had ever heard of the Paralympic Games or accessible recreation. Today, promising blind athletes can receive residency at the US Olympic Training Center; runners compete for prize money and national championships, and most ski resorts offer adaptive programs throughout the year where blind people can ski, cycle, and kayak-often for free. The Paralympic movement, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and ever-increasing expectation for inclusion among the disabled have inspired an explosion of accessible sports, fitness, and recreation programs that accommodate the blind. The Encyclopedia of Sports & Recreation for People with Visual Impairments is the first consumer- focused, action-oriented guide to this new world of accessible activity, profiling the people, programs, and products that are helping move blind and visually impaired people from the sidelines into the game. This groundbreaking guide profiles every accessible blind sport and recreation activity with entries that outline how athletes (both novice and elite) got involved in the sport and how participation has shaped their life. The book also profiles major blind sports organizations and includes chapter and resource listings on camps and accessible recreation providers. Through this book, blind people will be inspired to embrace sports as the rest of society does-as a vital component of personal expression and human interaction that opens paths to adventure, confidence, and lifelong health and fitness.


Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have been deeply studied structures. We'll discuss the level of maturity of this technology. In particular we will highlight the main challenges in material production, including growth and process. We'll show latest results in development of gas sensors at mirSense, as well as products for defense applications. We'll show why photoacoustic is a perfect match for QCLs, and explore the fundamentals of this sensing technology. Then we'll say a word on more advanced concepts using such laser technology like chaotic communication for which QCLs have been recently studied.


A photodiode (PD)-type CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) pixel is comprised of a reverse-biased p-n-junction diode (PD) for photon conversion and charge storage, and a number of MOS transistors. Junction capacitance of the PD has two major components; bottom plate (area) and side wall (periphery). Both play important roles in the electro-optical performance of PD-APS pixels. This paper reports PD peripheral junction utilization effects on the pixel's electro-optical performance, full-well capacity and spectral response for an 18times 18 mum CMOS PD-APS pixel were improved by opening multiple circular holes in the PD diffusion layer. A prototype CMOS APS imager was designed, fabricated, and tested in 0.5-mum, 5 V, 2P3M CMOS process, containing a 424 times 424 pixel array with smaller sub-arrays for multiple pixel designs. Four test pixels with 7, 11, 14, and 17 circular, 1.6-mum-diameter holes were placed on one pixel array, with one control pixel for reference. Pixel characteristics, dark current, PD capacitance, quantum efficiency, sensitivity, and pixel full-well capacity were measured. It was found that increased PD junction peripheral would potentially help to improve total capacitance of the PD, with the expense of higher dark current. We also found that increased PD peripheral capacitance improves spectral response up to 12% of the PD-APS pixel, especially at short wavelengths.


The thesis uses the theories of Giorgio Agamben in three major works: Homo Sacer, State of Exception, and Infancy and History, in conjunction with a seminal work by Paul Ricoeur Memory, History, Forgetting, to explore the narrative films of three Lebanese directors. Agamben writes about the bio political body which must declare itself as under the total subservience of the sovereign in order to attain its rights to citizenship. He points to the relationship of language acquisition and the socialising aspect of infancy. Ricoeur's theories are based on the narrative and the functional aspects of memory.

These films are made from the child's point-of-view, and span the years of the Civil War, from 1975- 1990. Based on events in the capital city Beirut, these largely autobiographical films outline the circumstances of the war. The directors provide a visual portrayal demonstrating that language and gesture, within time and space, are particularly important when raising issues and debates around the relationships between the private and the public. The perspective of the social and political structures lead to an exploration of the importance of the placement of the pre pubescent child within this environment. Gender roles, in particular the relationship of fathers to sons within the patriarchal society, help to demonstrate how the cycle of power transmission may be subverted.


Dimensionality reduction techniques such as factor analysis can be used to identify the smallest number of components (motor synergies) that explain motion. Lambert-Shirzad and Van der Loos (J Neurophysiol 117: 290-302, 2017) compared dimensionality reduction techniques in bimanual hand movements, concluding that nonnegative matrix factorization was the optimal technique for extracting meaningful synergies. Their results provide a useful measure for examining how the motor system deals with novel motor tasks that allow the actor to engage with a virtual environment.


The accuracy of the two most common arrival time functions used in seismic velocity estimation is investigated. It is shown that the hyperbolic arrival time function is more accurate than the parabolic arrival time function for a horizontally layered elastic medium. An upper bound on the difference between the two arrival time functions is given.

A maximum-likehood detector for estimating the arrival time of the signals is given. For the signal-in-noise model that is used the maximum-likelihood detector is equivalent to a least-squares detector which corresponds to using the signal energy as coherency measure. The semblance coefficient corresponds to a normalized least-squares detector. The semblance coefficient is very similar to a filter performance measure that is used in least-squares filter design.


The common mode of interaction with a computer involves a single user using a mouse and keyboard in front of a single display. With the proliferation of mobile devices and the ability to embed large touch screens in workrooms, a new type of human computer interaction involving multiple machines and multiple people becomes possible. This research looks at the case of ubiquitous computing rooms, or interactive workspaces. These are device rich spaces where groups come together to collaborate on solving some problem. The nature of interaction in such a space will be with collections (or ensembles) of applications, and to date there is no clear model of how these applications should coordinate with one another at the application level.
This dissertation addresses the need for a well-suited middleware infrastructure for application coordination in interactive workspaces. It consists of three main contributions. The first is a characterization of interactive workspaces and the requirements for a coordination infrastructure for such space. The second is the Event Heap coordination model, which is an extended version of the tuplespace model. It consists of a set of properties, of which the most key is decoupling applications to reduce interdependency and enhance failure tolerance, and a set of features that together define a coordination infrastructure suitable to the characteristics of interactive workspaces. The final contribution is a validation of the model through the development and use of a prototype implementation of the model in many interactive workspaces and applications over a three-year period and around the world. An evaluation of the validity of the model is also provided in the form of an overview of the applications and deployments, a survey of developers and administrators, and experimental measurement of the performance of the prototype implementation.*
*This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation).


The specifications of the IF filters to be used in the production radiometers are derived in a way which should provide optimum performance over a range of conditions. In addition to finding the best set of centre frequencies and bandwidths, the tolerances that can be allowed are determined, taking account of the fact that the quantities that will be used for making the phase corrections are the differences between the readings of pairs of radiometers. Other key specifications of the radiometers, such the allowable range of sideband ratios in the 183GHz mixers, are also investigated in this memo.


The evolution of filmmaking and the development of a cinematic tradition in Mexico has been, like the tumultuous history of Mexico itself, punctuated by periodic declines, crises, and restorations. The following conversation with Francisco Athie concerns the 1990s generation of Mexican filmmakers. The thematic concerns of this generation emphasize gender roles and identity, the recovery of the Mexican past, and contemporary social problems and political conflict, and concentrate mostly on urban dramas for an urban audience.1 Chon Noriega attributes the current success of Mexican filmmakers to their awareness of "global youth culture,"2 while Alfonso Cuaron warns that this "new openness and commercial success could be fleeting."3 Despite the present success, the future of Mexican cinema is uncertain. The major theater chains are foreign-owned, and Mexican audiences largely prefer Hollywood fare. The Mexican Film Institute (IMCINE) is undercapitalized, and national film policy is determined each sexenio by the cultural politics of the government in office and the vagaries of state officials. The impact of television and video productions and the proliferation of VCRs compete with the box office, decreasing the industry's profitability. With the further deployment of satellite and cable systems, attendance in movie theaters will likely decline. How filmmakers and successive future governments in Mexico respond to these developments and the deterritoralizing and homogenizing processes of globalization will determine the industry's decline or restoration. Among the 1990s generation of Mexican filmmakers is Francisco Athie, whose films are of extraordinary depth and social relevance to the contemporary period, illuminating societal and postmodern concerns distilled from the Mexican specificity. Athie's film Lolo (Mexico, 1993) won the Coral award for best first feature at the Havana Film Festival and a Silver Hugo for best actor at the Chicago Film Festival. His second feature, Fibra Optica (Mexico, 1998), received the first-place prize at the Latin American Film Festival in New York City, and Athie received a Mexican Oscar, the Ariel, for best original screenplay for Fibra Optica in 1999. His third feature, a visually stunning experimental work, Vera (Mexico, 2003), was recently exhibited in Paris and Mexico. In the interview, Athie distinguishes the current revival of Mexican cinema from the crisis that severely debilitated the film industry during the 1980s. He reflects on the government's support for local production and the distinct ideological orientations and practices of the two major film schools in Mexico. Importantly, while affirming women's contributions, Athie is not convinced by David Maciel's assertion that women "are exerting major influences in all aspects in contemporary [Mexican] filmmaking from directing to acting."4 And with regard to the representation of race, especially Afro-Mexican identity, Athie candidly acknowledges that "Mexico is a racist society," manifest and reproduced, as well, in its cinema.5 Along with these subjects, Athie engages the controversial issues of Latino and Mexican identities, their national and class distinctions, and the essential role of Mexican filmmakers to the restoration of national cinema and identity against the cultural hegemony occasioned by globalization and the "siege by the multinational corporations." Athie concludes the interview musing about Hollywood and his contemporaries Alfonso Cuaron, Guillermo del Toro, and Alejandro Gonzalez Inârritu. The interview occurred on April 22-23, 2002, during Athie's visit to Bowling Green State University, Ohio. MM/BP: Let's begin the discussion with your assessment of the Mexican cinema when you first entered film school during the 1980s. FA: The period of the 1980s was perhaps the nadir for film production in Mexico. Only one or two important films were made each year. The Mexican film director Arturo Ripstein exhibited his film at the San Sebastian Film Festival, but was never invited to Cannes. …


Purpose: When a school leader communicates a shared school vision, a sense of purpose is created among staff members that may lead to increased motivation. Creating a shared school identity is the main task of a transformational leader. Addressing the needs and interests of teachers is the foundation for transformational leadership that in turn may affect student performance. Research Methods: This dissertation focuses on three constructs: (a) transformational leadership, (b) teacher motivation (in technology integration in instruction), and (c) student achievement. This study utilized a survey to investigate teachers' perceptions of the principal's leadership style and their own motivations for integrating technology into their classrooms. The data for four different regression models came from several sources: (a) a survey administered to second grade classroom teachers from the five schools participating in the study (transformational leadership and teacher motivation data), (b) second grade students' end of year assessment scores, (c) data on time spent on technology, (d) socioeconomic status (students who qualify for free and reduced lunch), and (e) race and gender information. The sample in the study was comprised of 330 second grade students from five different elementary schools in the school district and included eighteen second grade teachers from five different schools. This research study provides insight into transformational leadership and teacher motivation, as well as detailed demographic information concerning the use of technology in the primary grades. Findings: The results showed that a principal's transformational leadership style and a teacher's motivation to implement technology were significantly positively related to principal's transformational leadership, accounting for 28% of teacher motivation. The findings of the multiple regression models indicated that at the second grade level, only ethnicity (specifically Whites to the comparison Black group) had an influence on student end of year scores. The conclusion indicates that White students scored on average 7.688 points higher than the Black students controlling for all other variables. Implications for Research and Practice: This study supports the need for states and school districts to train and support principals to build their capacity and to motivate teachers in order to build the teacher's capacity, which supports effective instructional practices to increase student achievement.


Azoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum fungicide having a wide usage. However, the toxic effect of azoxystrobin in humans is not reported. In Japan, azoxystrobin was detected at a five-fold higher concentration than the normal upper limit (2.5 mg/kg) in a shipment of an Australian barley used in different food products. Thus, there is a chance of azoxystrobin exposure through food to humans, and hence it is imperative to study the toxic effects of this compound. In this study, the toxic effect of azoxystrobin was evaluated to predict its adverse effects on human. Azoxystrobin at 3-30 μM (approximately 1.2-12.1 mg/L) raised the intracellular Zn2+ concentration of rat thymic lymphocytes. This increase was due to an influx of extracellular Zn2+ and a release of intracellular Zn2+. Azoxystrobin partially inhibited the temperature-dependent Zn2+ influx, thus jeopardizing the cellular Zn2+ homeostasis. Because Zn2+ is an important intracellular messenger in lymphocytes, this altered Zn2+ homeostasis might lead to adverse effects if the blood concentration of azoxystrobin reaches 3 μM or more in humans. However, by extrapolating the azoxystrobin pharmacokinetics data of rats to human, it can be predicted that such high blood concentration may be unlikely in humans.


Private equity has become an increasingly important part of our economy. Around the world the companies owned by private equity investors account for a substantial percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and private sector employment. These investors have recently been under fire in the media when they takeover companies. Private equity investors are at best seen as 'kings of capitalism' and at worst as 'barbarians' and 'weapons of mass destruction'. The first part of this address contrasts this negative press with what we know about the real effects of private equity from academic studies. In general, private equity seems to be more negatively written about in the media then is warranted based on recent empirical evidence. However, as this address will show the jury is still out on a large number of issues that deserve further attention. One of the issues we know surprisingly little about is the real effects of private equity. Although policymakers are extremely wary of buy-outs, they tend to welcome venture capital investments. They believe that venture capital helps to close the funding gap faced by small high-growth companies that banks are reluctant to finance. The second part of this address discusses recent research that investigates the impact of private equity on the creation of new businesses in Europe. We find that private equity positively impacts the number of start-up firms at the country and industry level. Especially the availability of venture capital to finance these new ventures has a positive impact on new business creation, as many European policymakers assume.


Dr. Mark Detzer
This course explores the role of psychology and health, reviewing research relating to: 1) health promotion; 2) chronic physical illness; and 3) interacting with the US health care system.


Based on a new variational method, an even- and odd-mode analysis of transverse coupling slot between waveguides is presented. The proposed method is capable of dealing with slots of finite wall thickness. It uses multiple incident waves with symmetry to simplify the field distribution in the vicinity of the slot, enabling the adoption of one-expansion-term trial functions with sufficient accuracy, even in the instance of wide slots. Analytical solutions are provided, and the calculated results demonstrate excellent agreement with those of numerical simulation. The computation time with the new formulation is, however, significantly shorter.


Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, which are capable of self renewal and reconstitution of all types of blood cells, can be a treatment for numerous potential lethal diseases, including leukemias and lymphomas. It may now be applicable for the treatment of severe autoimmune diseases, such as therapy-resistant multiple sclerosis, lupus and systemic sclerosis. Studies in animal models show that the transfer of hematopoietic stem cells can reverse autoimmunity. The outcome of ongoing clinical trials, as well as of studies in patients and animal models, will help to determine the role that stem-cell transplantation can play in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.


: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and investigate the concepts of new deployable boom systems, which consist of the BCON (braid coated bi-convex tape) boom and the SMA-BCON (braid coated bi-shape memory alloy convex tape) boom. Both booms are developed for the deployable membrane structures such as solar sails, thin membrane solar array panels, deorbit mechanisms for small satellites and reflectors of space solar power satellite, etc. BCON booms can store around polygonal or cylindrical center hub, and the booms can deploy by the stepwise manner by releasing a constraint mechanism which pins the boons into two or three points for the total length. SMA-BCON booms are mainly developed for a square center body systems, and SMA is adapted on the bent points of the booms where stored around each edge of the center hub. Through the deployment experiments of both booms, the stepwise deployment behavior and its tendency are obtained. The design concept of BCON boom and SMA-BCON boom is demonstrated through this study.


NIST in Boulder, CO investigated the correlations between impact test results obtained from standard, full-size Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens and specimens with reduced thickness (subsize Charpy V-notch specimens (SCVN)) or reduced or scaled cross section dimensions (miniaturized Charpy V-notch specimens (MCVN)). A database of instrumented impact test results was generated from four line pipe steels: two quenched alloy steels, a tempered alloy steel, and a 18 Ni maraging steel. Correlations between specimen types were established and compared with the previously published relationships, considering absorbed energy (KV), ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), and upper shelf energy (USE). Acceptable correlations were found for the different parameters, even though the uncertainty of predictions appears exacerbated by the expected significant experimental scatter. Furthermore, we report on the development of MCVN specimens for the indirect verification of small-scale pendulum machines (with potential energies between 15 J and 50 J), which cannot be verified with full-size verification specimens. Small-scale pendulum machines can now be verified at room temperature with certified reference specimens of KLST type (3 mm × 4 mm × 27 mm), supplied by NIST at three certified KV levels (low energy (LL), 1.59 J; high energy (HH), 5.64 J; and super-high (SH) energy, 10.05 J). These specimens can also be used to verify the performance of instrumented Charpy strikers through certified maximum force values. Certified reference values for both KV and maximum force were established by means of an interlaboratory comparison (Round-Robin), which involved nine qualified and experienced international laboratories.


A novel discriminant analysis criterion is derived in this paper under the theoretical framework of Bayes optimality. In contrast to the conventional Fisher's discriminant criterion, the major novelty of the proposed one is the use of L1 norm rather than L2 norm, which makes it less sensitive to the outliers. With the L1-norm discriminant criterion, we propose a new linear discriminant analysis (L1-LDA) method for linear feature extraction problem. To solve the L1-LDA optimization problem, we propose an efficient iterative algorithm, in which a novel surrogate convex function is introduced such that the optimization problem in each iteration is to simply solve a convex programming problem and a close-form solution is guaranteed to this problem. Moreover, we also generalize the L1-LDA method to deal with the nonlinear robust feature extraction problems via the use of kernel trick, and hereafter proposed the L1-norm kernel discriminant analysis (L1-KDA) method. Extensive experiments on simulated and real data sets are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparing with the state-of-the-art methods.


Aiming at problem on limiting development of machinery fault intelligent diagnosis due to needing many fault data samples, this paper improves a multi-classification algorithm of support vector machine, and a multi-fault classifier based on the algorithm is constructed. Training the multi-fault classifier only needs a small quantity of fault data samples in time domain, and does not need signal preprocessing of extracting signal features. The multi-fault classifier has been applied to fault diagnosis of steam turbine generator, and the results show that it has such simple algorithm, online fault classification and excellent capability of fault classification as advantages.


Magnetic and galvanomagnetic properties of Pb1-x-yGexCryTe (x=0.02-0.20, y=0.01-0.08) solid solutions have been investigated. It was found that the magnetic susceptibility of these alloys contains two contributions: a paramagnetic Curie-Weiss share (T<50 K) due to the paramagnetism of Cr3+ ions and a high temperature ferromagnetic share (T<300 K). Dependence of the concentration of paramagnetic centers on the composition of the matrix was obtained. The magnetic field dependences of the Hall coefficient in the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition were measured and the main parameters of charge carriers in terms of the two-band conduction model were estimated. The experimental results are discussed in the framework of the electronic structure model, assuming varying electrical and magnetic activities of Cr ions as function of germanium content in the alloys.


We present a distributed control law to assemble a cluster of satellites into an equally-spaced, planar constellation in a desired circular orbit about a planet. We assume each satellite only uses local information, transmitted through communication links with neighboring satellites. The same control law is used to maintain relative angular positions in the presence of disturbance forces. The stability of the constellation in the desired orbit is proved using a compositional approach. We first show the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium of the interconnected system. We then certify each satellite and communication link is equilibrium-independent passive with respective storage functions. By leveraging the skew symmetric coupling structure of the constellation and the equilibrium-independent passivity property of each subsystem, we show that the equilibrium of the interconnected system is stable with a Lyapunov function composed of the individual subsystem storage functions. We further prove that the angular velocity of each satellite converges to the desired value necessary to maintain circular, areostationary orbit. Finally, we present simulation results to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control law in acquisition and station-keeping of an equally-spaced satellite constellation in areostationary orbit despite the presence of unmodeled disturbance forces.


Aluminium-oxygen equilibria between CaO-Al2O3 melts and liquid iron were studied in the temperature range of 1 823 to 1 923 K, using an alumina and lime crucibles. The equilibrium constant K for the reaction: 2Al+3O= Al2O3 was discussed with reference to the supersaturation for nucleation of alumina, and compared with the previous experimental and thermodynamic data. The supersaturation was observed in the experiments in which an Fe-Al alloy with low concentrations of initial oxygen was used under the condition of no stirring. Supersaturation increased with a decrease of oxygen content in liquid iron. Two types of alumina inclusions with a size of 2-5 μm and below 0.1 μm were observed by SEM.


The corticobasal degeneration syndrome has been suggested to be part of a complex of conditions (including the different subtypes of frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy), which reflect a spectrum of pathological substrates. This concept is supported by the frequent clinical overlap that can be observed among patients diagnosed with these conditions. We report three clinical cases, characterized by the overlap of the clinical features of corticobasal degeneration syndrome with, respectively, nonfluent progressive aphasia, progressive supranuclear palsy and semantic dementia. Current diagnostic criteria emphasize differences in clinical presentation, which probably reflect the preferential location of pathology in the early stages of disease. However, with disease progression, a considerable clinical overlap can be expected among the different syndromes. This concept should be extended not only to the cognitive and behavioural features of the frontotemporal dementia subtypes, but also to the movement disorders of corticobasal degeneration and supranuclear palsy.


the eastern Roman provinces, as before. Trade with Greece and the western provinces apparently almost ceased (though it revived after the collapse of the Bosporan Kingdom). Trade with the surrounding barbarian world continued on a smaller scale; the main export was now jewellery. Trade with other Pontic cities was sporadic. Internal trade continued on a large scale until the early fourth century, when it rapidly declined and each household became increasingly self-sufficient.


Point contacts are used to investigate the anisotropy of the superconducting energy gap in LuNi 2B2C in the ab plane and along the c axis. It is shown that the experimental curves should be described assuming that the superconducting gap is nonuniformly distributed over the Fermi surface. The largest and the smallest gaps have been estimated by two-gap fitting models. It is found that the largest contribution to the point-contact conductivity in the c direction is made by a smaller gap and, in the ab plane by a larger gap. The deviation from the one-gap BCS model is pronounced in the temperature dependence of the gap in both directions. The temperature range, where the deviation occurs, is for the c direction approximately 1.5 times more than in the ab plane. The G parameter, allowing quantitative estimates of the gap anisotropy by one-gap fitting, in the c direction is also about 1.5 times greater than in the ab plane. Since it is impossible to describe satisfactorily such gap distribution either by the one- or two-gap models, a continuous, dual-maxima model of gap distribution over the Fermi surface should be used to describe superconductivity in this material.