CHAPTER ONE. World Importance Gradually Being Realised. Selection, Certification and Distribution of Rhizobium. International Inoculation Standards. Strains. Inoculant Quality. An Acceptable Standard for Legume Inoculants. Inoculated & coatedseed standards. Inoculant Carriers. Economics of Inoculant Use. Strains and Cross Inoculation Groups. Manufacture of Legume Plant Inoculants. ICMP [International collection of Micro-Organisms from Plants]. Mother Culture Supply in New Zealand. The Current NZ Rhizobia Strains Recommendation. A Practical Guide to Manufacture of Commercial Inoculant. Quality Control - Measuring Rhizobium Viability. Enumeration of Viable Rhizobia in Legume Inoculants and Inoculated Coated Seed. Assessment of Nodulation Potential - Seedling Tube Method. Most Probable Number (MPN) Testing Method. Materials and Equipment Required for MPN (Plant Infection). Testing. CHAPTER TWO. Production of Coated Seed in New Zealand. Commercial Considerations. Uncultivated Pastoral Agriculture. Planning Required. Germination of Coated Seed. Fertilisers, Mixing and Avoiding Damage. Aerial Considerations. "The Wizard" of Aerial Oversowing. Formula for Successful Surface Sowing of Seed. A Timely Note About Soil and Fertilisers. Responsibilities of Government. Ionisation (Covalent bonding) and Phosphate "Fixation". Possibilities and Limitations of "Pasture Pellets". Materials and Test Services Essential for Development. Good Quality Inoculant Manufacturers Need Encouragement. Coated Seed Use. Mixing Intelligently. On Farm Mixing. Mix Accurately. Aerial Safety. Warmer Climates. Developing Nations Must Make a Start. The Facts about Oversowing Seed. Clovers: Controversy, Confusion & the Danger of Misleading Research. Seed Quantities and Varieties for Oversowing. The "Bottom line". Best Research Approach. Manufacturers Need Laboratory Quality Control. The absolute reality of clover inoculation, coatings, Oversowing benefits, seeding rates and costs. Research results. Further Evidence. Manufacturing variations. The Actual Cost. "This is truly the "bottom line". Lucerne[Medicago sativa] [Alf alfa]. CHAPTER THREE. Grasses In Hill And High Country Oversowing. Coating Effects. Grass seed germination. Bare seed v coated. Variable Results Reported from Miscellaneous Sources. Grass Seed Oversowing. [eg dropped on surface of the ground]. Field Research. Occurrence of grass plants two years from surface sowing. Actual Cost. Ratio of actual cost of seed treatment. Additives. Pasture Pellets. Grass species. CHAPTER FOUR. Definitions. Introduction. Precision drilling demands precision care. Effect of Pelleting on Germination and Establishment. Precision Drills. Pellet Properties. Modern Pellet Contents. Seed Varieties Pelleted. Pellet Variations. Sowing Rates at specific spacings. Metric Placement Table - NUMBER of SEEDS PER HECTARE. Calculation Guide. Row width. Seed Bed Conditions. Conclusion. CHAPTER FIVE. Coating & Pelleting Materials. Adhesives, Principles. Formulae. Machinery. Procedure. Factory Production. Staff. Packaging. Seed Industry. Sale & Distribution. Shipping, Storage. Costing and Invoicing. CHAPTER SIX. Food Growth Considerations for a Hungry, Desperate, Urgent World. Recent Developments and New Techniques. World Expansion. The Future. CHAPTER SEVEN. Scientific and Industrial Secrecy. This Chapter Important for All Technicians - Seed Processing Workers included. It is about Care Required working in Pioneering Industries. Dangers of Excessive Restraint in Employment contracts. Hazards to Qualified Staff who join Secretive Ventures. Importance of Technology Transfer to Under-Developed Nations - vital, urgent & more ethical than excessive confidentiality. Essential Remuneration Compensation for Loss of Service Freedom and Opportunity. Employment contract manipulation - an actual outcome. Some Advice to Technicians - not just in Seed Processing.


Glucose regulates Ca2+ influx in β-cells by controlling a rhythmic electrical activity (slow waves with spikes). However, the glucose-sensitive feedback system that triggers repolarization at the end of the slow waves, and thus stops Ca2+ influx, is unknown. Raising extracellular Ca2+ to 10 mM shortened slow waves in mouse β-cells perifused with medium containing 15 mM glucose and restored slow waves when persistent depolarization and continuous spike activity were induced by 30 mM glucose. The effects of high Ca2+ were reversed or prevented by tolbutamide, whereas 1 mM tetraethylammonium only increased spike amplitude. This suggests that a feedback action of Ca2+ on ATP-sensitive K+ channels rather than on voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels may be involved in slow wave generation. Metabolic modulation of this feedback could be central in the regulation of electrical activity and, hence, insulin release.


Corruption is an act forbidden in Islamic law, because the money of corruption is dirty money. Therefore, there is no zakat from money of corruption, because criminals instead of the original owners the money of corruption. Ideally, money of corrupt should be returned to the state treasury, though with the risk of perpetrators (criminals) sentenced to prison according mistakes. But if the criminals would repent but do not want to jail, then the money of corruption that are within his power to be returned to the path of Allah, which is used for the public interest, both for the construction of mosques, bridges, hospitals, schools and orphanages purposes and other social interests, but the gift is not as alms from criminals, because it also prohibited from engaging in corruption, though the intention of social interest.


Despite the importance of secondary growth in plants, relatively few genes regulating this process have been identified to date. By using data from detailed transcript profiling of the poplar wood-forming tissues, 150 genes that are differentially expressed within the zone of secondary growth were identified. In order to determine the possible function of these poplar genes, potential Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs were identified and gene knockout lines analysed. Three selection filters were used to identify the most likely orthologous genes using poplar and Arabidopsis sequence comparisons, expression profiling in secondary thickened Arabidopsis hypocotyls and global expression analysis of Arabidopsis tissues. Three genes encoding AtCSLA2 (At5g22740), the AtGUT1 GT47 glycosyltransferase (At1g27440) and a protein with no proposed function AtUNKA (At4g27435) were selected for further detailed analysis of their role in secondary growth in Arabidopsis. The presented genome-based approach using both poplar and Arabidopsis systems provides powerful means towards assigning biological functions to enzymes with poorly understood biochemical activity, such as AtCSLA2 and AtGUT1, as well as for proteins with no known function.


A 50-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of persistent atypical chest pain. His past medical history was remarkable for a non ST elevation myocardial infarction, treated five months previously with PCI on the right coronary artery. Two months later, for chest pain, he underwent coronary angiography that showed a right coronary artery with slight ectasia near the stent. Five months later for the persistence of atypical chest pain he came to our clinic. Chest CT showed a 31.5 mm hematoma of the right coronary artery. Coronary angiography revealed a giant aneurysm, proximal to the stent. In the light of rapid growth of aneurysm, the risk of rupture and symptoms, we decided to treat the aneurysm with covered stents. The patient underwent successful PCI with regression of symptoms.


The essay shows the vital role of music in shaping Filipino consciousness. The Spaniards used music to introduce the Catholic faith while for the Americans, it was a vehicle to teach English in the Philippine public school system. The importance of music in nation-building is particularly evident in the Marcos period where this was used as an ideological tool for promoting the tenets of the New Society. The discourse of the New Society was introduced in both public and private schools through music, and propagandistic songs dominated the airwaves and television. However, music became an instrument for a counterdiscourse in the twilight of the New Society. Such music was played in underground radio programs during the Marcos era, but this was later mainstreamed when the dictator was exiled in Hawaii.


We exploit a large exogenous shock to study socioemotional development (SED) during adolescence and the consequences on relevant economic outcomes, focusing on gender differences. Using novel, longitudinal, microdata on cohorts of East German adolescents before and after a large macro shock (the German Reunification), we causally estimate the impact on SED, finding substantial negative effects in the short run. These effects are similar for male and female youth. In terms of how these changes in SED impact behavior, however, we find stark differences by gender, observing important changes in externalizing behavior and behavioral control problems among males only as opposed to changes in internalizing behavior among females only. Ultimately, the effects on longer-run outcomes (subjective health, wellbeing, education) are grave and similar for both genders


The main propagation method of rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is by grafting. However, the molecular mechanism underlying rootstock-scion interactions remains poorly understood. Identification and analysis of proteins related to rootstock-scion interactions are the bases of clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying rootstock-scion interactions. To identify proteins associated with rootstock-scion interactions, in vitro plantlets from immature anthers of Hevea brasiliensis Reyan 88-13 (R.88-13) and Haiken 2 (H.2) were used to produce two scion/rootstock combinations, namely R.88-13/H.2 and H.2/R.88-13. In this study, the bark proteins of R.88-13/H.2 scions, H.2/R.88-13 rootstocks and the ungrafted R.88-13 (control) were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), respectively. 48 differentially expressed protein spots were obtained and subjected to matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) followed by database searching. 38 protein spots were successfully identified and these proteins are mainly involved in response to stimulus, metabolism and photosynthesis. Some of the identified proteins may be closely correlated with rootstock-scion interactions, whose possible functions in rootstock-scion interactions were discussed. Key words: Rubber tree, MALDI-TOF MS, rootstock-scion interaction, proteome.


Abstract Severe gastrointestinal motility disorders with small bowel involvement continue to pose a major clinical challenge to clinicians, particularly because of the limitations of diagnostic tests and the lack of efficacious treatment options. In this article, we review current understanding and the utility of diagnostic modalities and therapeutic approaches, and describe how their limitations may potentially exacerbate prolonged suffering with debilitating symptoms, diagnostic delays, the risk of iatrogenic harm and increased healthcare utilisation in this group of patients. Moreover, observations from intestinal failure units worldwide suggest that this problem could be set to increase in the future, with reported trends of increasing numbers of patients presenting with nutritional consequences. Unfortunately, until recently, there has been a lack of consensus recommendations and guidance to support clinicians with their management approach. The aim of this narrative review is to summarise recent developments in this field following publication of an international census of experts, and subsequent clinical guidelines, which have emphasized the importance of holistic, multidisciplinary care. This is particularly important in achieving good clinical outcomes and ensuring the appropriate use of artificial nutritional support, in order to prevent iatrogenic harm. We discuss how these recent developments may impact clinical practice by supporting the development of specialised clinical services to deliver optimal care, and highlight areas where further research is needed.


In past few years it is observed that the internet usage is been grown wider all over the world, hence, the data generation and usage is been increased rapidly by the users, the data generated in different forms may or may not be structured. The usage of internet by individuals and organizations have been grown so, there is increasing quantity and diversity of digital data in the form of documents, became available to the end users. The Storage, Maintenance and organization of such huge data in databases is a challenging task. So, there is a great need of efficient and effective retrieval technique which focuses on improving the accuracy of document retrieval. In this paper we are going to discuss about document retrieval using context based indexing approach. Here lexical association between terms is used to separate content carrying terms and other-terms. Content carrying terms are used as they give idea about theme of the document. Indexing weight calculation is done for content carrying terms. Lexical association measure is used to calculate indexing weight of terms. The term having higher indexing weight is considered as important and sentence which contains these terms is also important. When user enters search query, the important terms are matched with the terms with higher weights in order to retrieve documents. The explicit semantic relation or frequent co-occurrence of terms is been considered in this context based indexing.


Martins, F. C. O. & Fernandes, V. O. 2011. Biomass and elementary composition (C, N and P) from the periphytic community on the upper Santa Maria da Vitorio River, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Braz. J. Aquat. Sci. Technol. 15(1): 11-18. ISSN 1983-9057. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental variables into the biomass and elementary composition of the periphyton in Brachiaria mutica (Forsk) Stapf and inferences about the primary limiting nutrient to growth in different fluvials gradients of a tropical river (high course Santa Maria da Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil). Samples were taken at quarterly intervals of Oct./2004 the July/2005 in two sampling stations (E1 and E2), being E1 located in the preserved area and E2 subject to impacts anthropogenic. The biomass was evaluated trough's of the dry weight (DW), organic matter (OM), ash (A), chlorophyll a and the elementary composition trough's the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration's. We also determined: precipitation, temperature (air and water), electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. In the site E1, dry weight, organic matter, ash and chlorophyll a varied, respectively, 5.4 - 36.3 g/cm², 32.7 – 79.0% DW, 21.0 – 67.3 % DW, 0.07 – 0.67 mg/cm², while phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon ranged from 0.06 – 0.14 % DW, 7.3 – 10.9 % DW e 17.3 – 42.0% OM, respectively. In the site E2, the variation of the biomass was 9.9 – 51.0 g / cm² (dry weight), 12.7 - 62.7% DW (organic matter), 37.3 - 87.3% DW (ash) and 0.16 – 0.21 mg/cm² (chlorophyll a), while the elementary composition ranged, respectively from 0.13 – 0.18 % DW (phosphorus), 7.8 – 12.3 % DW (nitrogen) e 6.7 – 33.2 % MO (carbon). The spatial variation was explained by different trofics degrees of the sampling stations, influencing the periphytic elementary composition (correlation between the water's and periphyton's nutrients) and biomass (larger average DW, OM and ash in E2). The periphyton suffered physics disturb effects, mainly on algae (low chlorophyll a concentration in both stations). Phosphorus was identified as primary limiting nutrient growth.


According to the sequential metastasis model, aggressive mesenchymal (M) metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) are generated by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which eventually is reversed by a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and outgrowth of life-threatening epithelial (E) macrometastases. Paradoxically, in breast cancer M signatures are linked with more favorable outcomes than E signatures, and M cells are often dispensable for metastasis in mouse models. Here we present evidence at the cellular and patient level for the cooperation metastasis model, according to which E cells are MICs, while M cells merely support E cell persistence through cooperation. We tracked the fates of co-cultured E and M clones and of fluorescent CDH1-promoter-driven cell lines reporting the E state derived from basal breast cancer HMLER cells. Cells were placed in suspension state and allowed to reattach and select an EMT cell fate. Flow cytometry, single cell and bulk gene expression analyses revealed that only pre-existing E cells generated E cells, mixed E/M populations, or stem-like hybrid E/M cells after suspension and that complete EMT manifest in M clones and CDH1-negative reporter cells resulted in loss of cell plasticity, suggesting full transdifferentiation. Mechanistically, E-M coculture experiments supported the persistence of pre-existing E cells where M cells inhibited EMT of E cells in a mutual cooperation via direct cell-cell contact. Consistently, M signatures were associated with more favorable patient outcomes compared to E signatures in breast cancer, specifically in basal breast cancer patients. These findings suggest a potential benefit of complete EMT for basal breast cancer patients.


Permian and Triassic rocks near Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada, consist of four structural blocks: (1) a Lower Permian volcanic block; (2) a Permian(?) chert-arenite block; (3) a Lower Permian limestone block; and (4) a Permian and Triassic block. The contacts between the Permian volcanic block and the others are interpreted as thrust faults or glide surfaces. None of these rocks are metamorphosed, in contrast to those of the surrounding mountain ranges. Each of the blocks is lithically similar in some respects to rocks of the Osgood Mountains area 80 km to the southeast. The fusulinid and brachiopod faunas of two of the blocks display affinities to those of the McCloud Limestone of northern California and the Coyote Butte Limestone of central Oregon, and the fauna of another block has elements in common with autochthonous rocks of eastern Nevada and Utah. All four blocks probably are allochthonous with respect to the rocks exposed in the surrounding mountain ranges, but their points of origin remain obscure. The rocks at Quinn River Crossing provide a link among the Permian rocks of north-central Nevada, northern California, and central Oregon and a possible key to their original relations, but more comparative data are needed.


Originalism has long been criticized for its "law office history" and other historical sins. But a recent "positive turn" in originalist thought may help make peace between history and law. On this theory, originalism is best understood as a claim about our modern law--which borrows many of its rules, constitutional or otherwise, from the law of the past. Our law happens to be the Founders' law, unless lawfully changed. This theory has three important implications for the role of history in law. First, whether and how past law matters today is a question of current law, not of history. Second, applying that current law may often require deference to historical expertise, but for a more limited inquiry: one that looks specifically at legal doctrines and instruments, interprets those instruments in artificial ways, and makes use of evidentiary principles and default rules when the history is obscure. Third, ordinary legal reasoning already involves the application of old law to new facts, an inquiry that might otherwise seem daunting or anachronistic. Applying yesterday's "no vehicles in the park" ordinance is no less fraught--and no more so--than applying Founding-era legal doctrines.


Electric fields exceeding 1 V/cm occur during wound healing, morphogenesis, and tumor growth, and such fields have been shown to induce directional migration of a variety of different cells. However, the mechanism by which electric fields direct cell movement is not yet understood, and the effects on vascular endothelial cells are entirely unknown. We demonstrate that cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells migrate toward the cathode of an applied electric field. Time-lapse microscopic imaging shows that the field suppresses protrusive activity from anode-facing surfaces of the cells while stimulating protrusions from surfaces that face the cathode. The threshold for this response is 1–2 V/cm, similar to field strengths measured in vivo. In addition, fluorescence microscopy shows that lamellipodia projecting toward the cathode are rich in actin filaments. Using quantitative image analysis, we show that the electric field induces a transient 80% increase in the amount of filamentous actin in the cell. Comparison of the distribution of F-actin with total protein distribution indicates that F-actin is asymmetrically distributed in the cytoplasm, being selectively enriched toward the cathode. We propose that physiological electric fields direct cell migration by eliciting an intracellular signal that creates new sites for actin assembly in the cathodal cytoplasm.


BACKGROUND
Several studies suggest that weight loss reduces C-reactive protein (CRP) level; however, the consistency and magnitude of this effect has not been well characterized. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that weight loss is directly related to a decline in CRP level.

DATA SOURCES
We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and MEDLINE databases and conducted hand searches and reviews of bibliographies to identify relevant weight loss intervention studies.

STUDY SELECTION
We included all weight loss intervention studies that had at least 1 arm that was a surgical, lifestyle, dietary, and/or exercise intervention. Abstracts were independently selected by 2 reviewers.

DATA EXTRACTION
Two reviewers independently abstracted data on the characteristics of each study population, weight loss intervention, and change in weight and CRP level from each arm of all included studies.

DATA SYNTHESIS
We analyzed the mean change in CRP level (milligrams per liter) and the mean weight change (kilograms), comparing the preintervention and postintervention values from each arm of 33 included studies using graphical displays of these data and weighted regression analyses to quantify the association.

RESULTS
Weight loss was associated with a decline in CRP level. Across all studies (lifestyle and surgical interventions), we found that for each 1 kg of weight loss, the mean change in CRP level was -0.13 mg/L (weighted Pearson correlation, r = 0.85). The weighted correlation for weight and change in CRP level in the lifestyle interventions alone was 0.30 (slope, 0.06). The association appeared roughly linear.

CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that weight loss may be an effective nonpharmacologic strategy for lowering CRP level.


Background Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), are detectable in the serum of 95% of the U.S. population. Objective Considering the role of PFASs as endocrine disruptors, we examined their relationships with bone health. Methods The association between serum PFAS concentration and bone mineral density at total femur (TFBMD), femoral neck (FNBMD), lumbar spine (LSBMD), and physician-diagnosed osteoporosis was assessed in 1,914 participants using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2009–2010. Results The mean age of the participants was 43 years. Men had higher serum PFAS concentrations than women (p < 0.001) except for PFNA. In both sexes, serum PFOS concentrations were inversely associated with FNBMD (p < 0.05). In women, significant negative associations were observed for natural log (ln)–transformed PFOS exposure with TFBMD and FNBMD, and for ln-transformed PFOA exposure with TFBMD (p < 0.05). In postmenopausal women, serum PFOS was negatively associated with TFBMD and FNBMD, and PFNA was negatively associated with TFBMD, FNBMD, and LSBMD (all p < 0.05). With one log unit increase in serum PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA, osteoporosis prevalence in women increased as follows: [adjusted odds ratios (aORs)] 1.84 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.905), 1.64 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.38), and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.05), respectively. In women, the prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly higher in the highest versus the lowest quartiles of PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA, with aORs of 2.59 (95% CI: 1.01, 6.67), 13.20 (95% CI: 2.72, 64.15), and 3.23 (95% CI: 1.44, 7.21), respectively, based on 77 cases in the study sample. Conclusion In a representative sample of the U.S. adult population, serum PFAS concentrations were associated with lower bone mineral density, which varied according to the specific PFAS and bone site assessed. Most associations were limited to women. Osteoporosis in women was also associated with PFAS exposure, based on a small number of cases. Citation Khalil N, Chen A, Lee M, Czerwinski SA, Ebert JR, DeWitt JC, Kannan K. 2016. Association of perfluoroalkyl substances, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis in the U.S. population in NHANES 2009–2010. Environ Health Perspect 124:81–87; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307909


Previous research has shown that the execution of contact tasks under uncertainty benefits from on-line estimation of the geometrical contact parameters, such as positions, orientations and dimensions of the contacting objects. However, the constant translational and rotational velocities commonly used to trigger the contact formation (CF) transitions are often not sufficiently exciting to estimate all geometrical parameters. In this paper, we focus on the calculation of a fine-motion task plan, which improves the observation of inaccurately known geometrical parameters. This is called active sensing. Our approach to active sensing is to optimize the task plan (i) by minimizing an objective function, such as the expected execution time, which is an important criterion in industrial applications, and (ii) by constraining the task plans to plans which observe the geometrical parameter estimates to the required accuracy. Active sensing for compliant motion is a new research area. Hence, this paper primarily aims at formulating the active sensing problem and decoupling it into smaller optimization problems. The main contributions of this paper are (i) the definition of the CF-observable parameter space, which allows us to decouple the active sensing requirement for the task plan into a requirement for the CF sequence and requirements for the active sensing motions in each CF, and (ii) the description of practical (suboptimal) solutions and heuristics, making on-line replanning feasible.


Feedback control of human force production involves optimally distributing available computational resources between dual priorities of reliability and energetics. This balance enables the diversity and extent of our daily motor function, but given the neuromuscular system's susceptibility to damage, such as following stroke, the demands on force control can change dramatically. It is not well understood which elements of force control are preserved after stroke or whether, and with what timescale, the motor system adapts this essential tuning. This dissertation studied force control by young adults, older adults, and stroke survivors using a visuomotor grip force paradigm and a novel, lever drive wheelchair. We show for the first time that slacking, defined as an unprompted and persistent tendency to reduce muscle force, is a fundamental aspect of force control ideally posed to govern the tuning between efficiency and accuracy. Slacking prompts regular feedback corrections that explain an elusive nonlinearity observed in the noise-to-signal ratio of human force via a novel stochastic model. This explanation yielded key evidence that indeed the motor system dynamically adapts its tuning, both immediately to environmental demands, and in response to long term modulations including aging. Surprisingly, slacking and grip force control are largely preserved following stroke, and appear to preserve this crucial adaptability.Next, we show for the first time that people with severe stroke retain sufficient force control with their shoulder and elbow to propel lever drive wheelchairs. They exhibit altered elbow muscle activation patters but avoid unhealthy compensation with the trunk or shoulder—supporting the likelihood of therapeutic benefit.This work has several important implications. It elevates slacking as a major design consideration for machines that physically interact with humans, including rehabilitation exoskeletons, teleoperation systems and devices that employ human force production for control input. It implies that slacking, a hitherto unrecognized but major contributor to human motor variability, might be manipulated to promote movement optimization and rehabilitation. Finally, it motivates devices, such as lever drive wheelchairs, that leverage force control and other capacities preserved following stroke to empower individuals seeking to incorporate therapeutic, functional exercise into their daily lives.


Industrial plants are huge consumers of energy, these plants are installing heat exchangers in an effort to reduce energy consumption, and so improve operating efficiencies. Limited numbers of experimental and numerical investigations have dealt with the parameters affecting the heat transfer aspects in single phase direct contact heat exchangers which may be selected for their high thermal efficiency and minimum capital investment. In oil refineries energy from hot temperature oil streams can be recovered by transfer directly to a cheap coolant liquid in liquid-liquid direct contact heat exchangers. The heat recovered from these heat exchangers has different applications including preheating boiler feed water and preheating wash water. Heat recovery from hot temperature refinery products using direct contact heat exchanger throughout a theoretical phenomenological study is central to the theme of this paper. Kerosene-water system has been chosen. The effect of the heating fluid inlet temperature (65-97.50)°C, and mass flow rate (25 to 45) kg/s on direct contact heat exchanger design parameters and heat transfer characteristics were investigated theoretically throughout nine cases. Correlations of heat recovered from the system as well as design and operating characteristics of the heat exchanger were estimated. Increasing kerosene flow rate found to associate directly with increasing the contact surface area, number of plates, number of channels per pass and pressure drop, while when the heat exchanger is designed to operates at high kerosene inlet temperature, big heat exchangers with large areas, high number of plates and channels per pass are needed for efficient heat exchanger performance. Optimization and modeling the effect of kerosene operating variables on heat recovered was conducted using Response Surface Methodology. The results showed that an optimum heat recovery value of 6.8782 megawatt could be achieved for kerosene optimum inlet temperature (91.82°C), and mass flow rate (50.11 kg/s).


The first cases of COVID-19 were registered in Wuhan Province (China) at the end of 2019 WHO announced a new respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 The current pandemic has had a catastrophic impact on the global economy, including the pharmaceutical sector Nowadays there is no effective cure for this new infectious disease Full-scale research and development concerning potential strategies for treatment and a stable drug supply chain in times of crisis are under way in all countries of the world The current COVID-19 pandemic is putting tremendous pressure on health care systems around the world Proposed control methods affect a huge number of patients with chronic diseases who are unable to access health-care facilities for regular medical care and medication Therefore, this study traced the impact on the work of not only large pharmaceutical companies, but also small retail pharmacy chains, as an affordable and convenient mechanism that can help such patients to receive all necessary medication and contribute to the right drug uptake This study analyzes thoroughly the work of pharmaceutical workers as a powerful force in counteracting the pandemic The task of this study is to analyze the peculiarities of the pharmaceutical market in many countries during this pandemic The author addresses the questions of the positive and negative aspects of the pharmaceutical industry These aspects have developed under the current conditions on the example of Ukraine, as well as the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, China and other countries


Auckland City's burgeoning waste stream is projected to exceed current landfill capacity by 2026. A proposed new landfill site in the forested Dome Valley, 70 miles north of Auckland, is controversial. In the secluded valley, a capped landfill will hide the inconvenient and relegated externalities of modern consumer society. Since the second half of the twentieth century, such practices have come under increasing censure around the world, particularly from environmentalists and indigenous people. Contemporary city infrastructure has prioritised making waste flows invisible. Against this emphasis, this paper considers conceptual artistic practice from the 1970s that made visible the matter, politics, and potential of overlooked residue. The creative engagements of Billy Apple, Mierles Laderman Ukeles, and Noel Lane reframe waste residue and processes as materially and ethically continuous with the sites and societies from which they come. The paper re-reads these instances of artistic practice in terms of infrastructures of city waste disposal, suggesting ways in which art practice might help build new approaches to waste's accumulation.


The present work involved cyclization of imines by reaction with chloro-methylene chloride using 1,4-dioxane as solvent (2a-2c) . The cyclic derivatives were found to be associated with various diverse pharmacological activity such as antimicrobial. Prior to determination of the pharmacological activity LD50 was determined. The pharmacological data obtained were tested for statistical significance.


Unpaved roads play a crucial role in the economic and social development of societies, linking rural communities to education, health services, and markets. The asset value of unpaved roads is low compared with national and provincial road networks, because agencies responsible for rural roads management lack the resources to assess and maintain the network properly. Lack of resources is especially critical in developing countries, where the majority of the population lives in rural areas and where few tools are available for sustainable management of the unpaved network. The main objective for this study was to develop and validate cost-effective maintenance standards for unpaved rural roads. The study was directed at improving the management process of unpaved road networks that serve rural populations. The scope was to develop maintenance standards that can be used by agencies in charge of network management, given available resources and technical skills. The developed four-step methodology evaluates an unpaved road network for 4 years, identifies the effects of maintenance treatments on the condition of roads from field data analysis, defines maintenance strategies, and develops optimal maintenance standards. The study was part of a 4-year project conducted at the University of Waterloo, in Ontario, Canada, that resulted in the development of a sustainable management system for rural road networks in developing countries. The proposed standards were applied and successfully validated and were demonstrated to be adaptable to varying climates, budgets, traffic, and road structures.


PURPOSE
This research investigated the biotransformation of thalidomide by cytochrome P-450 (CYP).

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
We used liver microsomes from humans and/or animals and the recombinant specific CYP isozymes to investigate CYP-mediated metabolism of thalidomide.

RESULTS
Thalidomide was biotransformed into 5-hydroxythalidomide (5-OH) and diastereomeric 5'-hydroxythalidomide (5'-OH) by liver microsomes. The human liver microsomes with higher CYP2C19 activity formed more metabolites than those with lower CYP2C19 activity and had less activity in metabolite formations than those from rats. Recombinant human CYP2C19 and rat CYP2C6 isozymes were primarily responsible for forming these metabolites, and the male rat-specific CYP2C11 formed only 5'-OH. 5-OH was subsequently hydroxylated to 5,6-dihydroxythalidomide by CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP1A1 in humans and by CYP2C11, CYP1A1, CYP2C6, and CYP2C12 in rats. Incubations with S-mephenytoin and omeprazole, substrates of CYP2C19, inhibited metabolism by human liver microsomes, supporting the involvement of CYP2C19. alpha-Naphthoflavone, an inhibitor of CYP1A, simultaneously stimulated the 5-OH formation and inhibited cis-5'-OH formation catalyzed by human liver microsomes. The contribution of the CYP2C subfamily was supported by the immunoinhibition study using human liver microsomes. When we used the microsomes from treated rats, the metabolite formations did not increase by inducers for CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E, CYP3A, or CYP4A, suggesting that these could not be involved in the main metabolic pathway in rats.

CONCLUSIONS
We discovered that the polymorphic enzyme CYP2C19 is responsible for 5- and 5'-hydroxylation of thalidomide in humans. In rats, thalidomide was hydroxylated extensively by CYP2C6 as well as the sex-specific enzyme CYP2C11.


ABSTRACT In this study, an eco-friendly renewable biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based oil lubricants was produced using espresso coffee wastes. Waste coffee oil used as raw material was extracted from Espresso coffee wastes by Soxhlet and conventional solvent extraction. Free fatty acids (FFA) were obtained by hydrolysis of the obtained waste oil using Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosus). The byproduct, glycerol, was also separated from the reaction medium using a separatory funnel. The obtained FFA was used as a raw material in the production of TMP esters. Polyol esters of fatty acids were synthesized as a result of the esterification reaction between FFA and polyol alcohol (trimethylolpropane (TMP)) using Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica). The amount of FFA in the medium and the FFA conversion was determined by titration with NaOH solution according to ASTM D 5555–95 standard and the FFA composition of espresso coffee oil by GC. The oil content of espresso coffee extract was found to be rich by 16% and the FFA composition was rich in palmitic acid (C16:0 43% by weight) and linoleic acid (C18:2 31% by weight). 31% of FFA was obtained from the coffee oil. Experimental studies have shown that the highest FFA conversion of 88% with 93% TMP tri-ester content was obtained at a temperature of 55°C, 5% enzyme (w/w), non-aqueous media, 3/1 FFA/TMP mole ratio, 500 rpm mixing speed and 24 hours. Implications: Filter coffee wastes, which have become one of the most important biological wastes with an annual production capacity of 6 million tons worldwide; It is targeted to be transformed into environmentally friendly products, as it is important in terms of economy and policies of many developing countries, it is a renewable resource and there is a high amount of waste accumulation day by day. Evaluation of waste filter coffees and oils with this research article; It is envisaged that the bio-lubricating oil used in many sectors will be synthesized and commercialized with an environmentally friendly process.


There are three couples in this play, the men all working for the same firm. One of the younger men is having an affair with the wife of the oldest, and when each returns home suspiciously late one night or early one morning they invent a story about having to spend some time smoothing domestic matters in the home of the third couple. Both living rooms are shown in the single set, and both share a common dining room which takes on a character of its own as it serves two dinners simultaneously on two different nights. Of course, the third couple have to show up to put the fat in the fire, but that complication only adds to the fun of this famous farce.


The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, and their association with periodontal disease states in a population sample from Sri Lanka. Based on clinical parameters, a total of 536 sites in 268 male Sri Lankan tea workers were categorized as healthy, or showing gingivitis only, moderate or advanced periodontitis. Bacterial samples were obtained from all sites and the three target bacteria identified by indirect immunofluorescence. P. intermedia, P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were found in 76%, 40% and 15% of the subjects, respectively. Of the 536 periodontal sites, 10.5% were categorized with "no disease", 14% "gingivitis only": 59% with moderate and 16% with advanced periodontitis. The prevalence of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia was significantly higher in sites with moderate and advanced periodontitis than in sites with no disease or gingivitis only. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not found in healthy sites, but occurred with equal frequency in sites with gingivitis, moderate and advanced periodontitis. The association between these three bacteria and periodontal diseases in Sri Lankan tea laborers was similar to that described for other non-industrialized and industrialized countries.


Multiscale segmentation is an essential step for higher level image processing in remote sensing. This paper presents a new multiscale SRMMHR segmentation method integrating the advantages of Statistical Region Merging (SRM) for initial segmentation and the Minimum Heterogeneity Rule (MHR) for object merging. The high-resolution (HR) QuickBird imageries are used to demonstrate the SRMMHR segmentation method. The SRM segmentation method not only considers spectral, shape, and scale information, but also has the ability to cope with significant noise corruption and handle occlusions. The MHR used for merging objects takes advantage of its spectral, shape, scale information, and the local and global information. Compared with the Fractal Net Evolution Approach (FNEA) that eCognition adopted and SRM methods, the results show that the proposed method wipes off small redundant objects existed in traditional SRM methods, avoids the phenomena where the big homogeneity region has lots of small similar regions existed in the FNEA method, and gets more integrated and accurate objects. Therefore, the proposed SRMMHR segmentation method is an efficient multiscale segmentation method for HR imagery.


Wood-water interactions are central to the utilization of wood in our society since water affects many important characteristics of wood. This topic has been investigated for more than a century, but new knowledge continues to be generated as a result of improved experimental and computational methods. This review summarizes our current understanding of the fundamentals of water in wood and highlights significant knowledge gaps. Thus, the focus is not only on what is currently known but equally important, what is yet unknown. The review covers locations of water in wood; phase changes and equilibrium states of water in wood; thermodynamics of sorption; terminology including cell wall water (bound water), capillary water (free water), fiber saturation point, and maximum cell wall moisture content; shrinkage and swelling; sorption hysteresis; transport of water in wood; and kinetics of water vapor sorption in the cell wall.


Purpose : The neuropeptides substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mediate physiologic activities in the intestine, not least in relation to motility and inflammatory processes. Neuropeptides are up-regulated and play particular importance during tissue stress. This paper aims to quantify mucosal and smooth muscle SP, VIP and total innervation in human colon in short- and long-term perspectives after abdominal irradiation. Materials and methods : Colon specimens from 23 irradiated or non-irradiated patients were investigated with immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. Plasma levels of SP and VIP in 15 additional patients receiving radiotherapy were analyzed. Results : At 4-7 days after irradiation (5 ×5 Gy), the overall innervation, and also VIP and SP nerve fiber densities, were increased in both mucosa and circular muscle layer. In contrast, 5-6 weeks as well as several years after irradiation, the VIP and SP nerve fiber densities were decreased. No peptide changes were revealed in plasma. Conclusions : The degree of VIP and SP intestinal innervation was increased after radiotherapy in the short-term perspective but it decreased in the long-term. In the short-term, SP may have pro-inflammatory and VIP anti-inflammatory effects and the peptides may have trophic effects and be related to the occurrence of motor changes. It cannot be excluded that the decrease in VIP and SP neuronal supply seen in the long-term may contribute to intestinal malfunction.


The crystalline dolomitic marbles near Port Shepstone have formed the subject of no less than three communications to this Society. That by C. L. Griesbach, written nearly half a century ago, gives us the first glimpses of this interesting occurrence; the next, by David Draper was fuller, but lacking in most of the important details; the third, by Dr. F. H. Hatch & Mr. R. H. Rastall is a particularly valuable contribution, especially from the petrographical standpoint: the intrusive relationship of the granite is placed beyond dispute, and the operation of the action known as dedolomitization is fully demonstrated. Consequently, it is not inappropriate that the principal conclusions arising out of the geological survey of the area (carried out in 1915–16) should be communicated through the same channel, especially as they confirm and amplify the expressions of Hatch & Rastall as to the nature of the metamorphic actions involved. The sole point of disagreement concerns the 'boulder' of alkali-granite, which, from the evidence available, can only have formed part of an intrusive tongue in the marble, while the other reputed instances of 'inclusions' must be placed in the same category. The object of the present paper is the description of this and certain other cases, where there has been an actual transfer of material from the intrusion across the contact to the rock invaded, a rather infrequent phenomenon, and one termed 'contact-metasomatism' by J. Barrell, and 'pneumatolytic contact-metamorphism' by Y. M. Groldschmidt; the action termed 'calcitization' is also described and


WHEEL SLIDE PROTECTION DEVICES (WSPD) ARE EMPLOYED IN RAILWAY VEHICLES TO MAXIMIZE THE AVERAGE OF THE POSSIBLE FRICTIONAL BRAKING FORCE, WHICH IS A NONLINEAR FUNCTION OF THE SLIP RATIO OF THE WHEEL SETS. IN THIS PAPER, TO CONTROL THE WSPD, A LOW-ORDER MODEL IS PRESENTED AND UN-MODELED DYNAMICS ARE CONSIDERED AS UNCERTAIN-TIES. DUE TO THE NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF THE SYSTEM AND PRESENCE OF UNCERTAINTIES, ADAPTIVE FUZZY SLIDING-MODE CONTROL (AFSMC) IS EMPLOYED TO REGULATE THE SLIP RATIO TOWARDS THE DESIRED VALUE. THE PROPOSED CONTROLLER EMPLOYS A PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) TECHNIQUE TO GENERATE THE BRAKING TORQUE. THE SECOND LYAPUNOV THEOREM IS USED TO PROVE THE CLOSED-LOOP ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY. IN THE SIMULATIONS, THE SWITCHING DYNAMICS OF WSPD IS CONSIDERED AND THE MULTI-BODY DYNAMICS METHOD IS USED FOR MODELING THE LONGITUDINAL DYNAMICS OF ER24PC LOCOMOTIVE. THE OBTAINED RESULTS REVEAL THAT BY USING THE AFSMC METHOD, THE SLIP RATIOS OF WHEEL SETS CONVERGE TO THE REFERENCE VALUES. UNLIKE THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD, IN WHICH THE FLUCTUATIONS OF SLIP RATIO DIVERGE NEAR THE STOPPING TIME, SIMULATION STUDIES REVEAL THAT WITH THE AFSMC METHOD, THE STOPPING TIME OF THE LOCOMOTIVE AND THE FLUCTUATION AMPLITUDE OF THE SLIP RATIOS ARE REDUCED.


Supercapacitors are recognized as one of the most promising energy storage devices for a wide range of civilian and military applications in electric vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies. Conducting polymer nanocomposites are new functional materials suitable for supercapacitors due to synergistic effect of individual components. In present work, polypyrrole/CNT nanocomposites have been prepared by an in-situ chemical polymerization method and studied for supercapacitor. CNTs were well functionalized using 3:1 ratio of H2SO4 and HNO3 before polymerizing the pyrrole. Analytical techniques such as SEM, UV-VIS and FTIR were used to characterize the synthesized materials. The SEM images reveal that the materials have rough and granular morphology. The composites showed good interaction based on the shift to longer wavelengths in the electronic transition, indicating the interaction between PPy and functionalized CNTs as observed in their UV-VIS and FTIR spectra. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte and specific capacitance was obtained at 0.5 V/s for pure polypyrrole and PPy/CNT nanocomposites. Nanocomposite showed the enhanced electrochemical performance as compared to that of pure polypyrrole. The specific capacitance obtained at the scan rate 0.5V/s was found to be 0.825 F/cm -2 for pure polypyrrole and 1.0619 F/cm -2 for PPy/CNT nanocomposite material respectively, indicates that PPy/CNT nanocomposite is suitable


Private organizations enjoy constitutional rights that allow them to coerce their members. Such rights pose a puzzle for theories maintaining that the purpose of rights is to protect individuals from coercion. This Article proposes a solution to the puzzle by arguing that such theories of rights-which the Article terms "anticoercion theories"--are misguided. The purpose of rights is not to protect individuals from coercion but rather to insure that individuals are coerced by the right sort of institution. The Article defends this "institutional" theory of rights as more normatively attractive than the anticoercion theory. The institutional theory is also better capable of explaining the U.S. Supreme Court's doctrine of associational autonomy in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale and Troxel v. Granville.


The sugar cane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) cultivar improvement program for the irrigated Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, initiated in 1961, has expanded greatly over the past 20 years. Initially, only 8 to 12 cultivars, selected from those previously released from commercial production in Louisiana or Florida, were screened annually for their production potential in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The current introduction and screening program is more comprehensive utilizing 1) all clones advanced from the first to the second line trials at the U. S. Sugarcane Laboratory at Houma, Louisiana; 2) the advanced "CP" assignments from the U. S. Sugarcane Field Station, Canal Point, Florida; and 3) the "L" assignments from the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. During the period 1981-83, 191 clones were assigned Texas ("TCP") selection numbers. These clones were derived from crosses made at Canal Point but were selected in Texas from the early line trials. Only 10% of the lines selected in Texas were advanced to "CP" assignment status in Louisiana, the other 90% having been discarded. The difference in selections from a common germplasm pool was influenced by the response of clones to two contrasting environments and by the difference in selection criteria of the two programs.


Previous work from our laboratory demonstrates that the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin is an adhesion receptor for OPN and that alpha(4)beta(1) binding site(s) are present in the N-terminal thrombin fragment of osteopontin (OPN) (Bayless, K. J., Meininger, G. A., Scholtz, J. M., and Davis, G. E. (1998) J. Cell Sci. 111, 1165-1174). The work presented here identifies two alpha(4)beta(1) binding sites within a recombinantly produced N-terminal thrombin fragment of human OPN. Initial experiments, using wild-type OPN containing an RGD sequence or an OPN-RGE mutant, showed identical alpha(4)beta(1)-dependent cell adhesive activity. A strategy to localize alpha(4)beta(1) binding sites within the thrombin fragment of osteopontin involved performing a series of truncation analyses. Removal of the last 39 amino acids (130) completely eliminated adhesion, indicating all binding activity was present within that portion of the molecule. Combined mutation and deletion analyses of this region revealed the involvement of dual alpha(4)beta(1) binding sites. Synthetic peptides for both regions in OPN, ELVTDFPTDLPAT (131) and SVVYGLR (162), were found to block alpha(4)beta(1)-dependent adhesion. The first peptide when coupled to Sepharose bound the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin directly whereas a mutated ELVTEFPTELPAT peptide showed a dramatically reduced ability to bind. These data collectively demonstrate that dual alpha(4)beta(1) integrin binding sites are present in a 38 amino acid domain within the N-terminal thrombin fragment of OPN.


The forms of schizophrenia course and syndromal picture were compared in 828 patients with consideration for the birth-place of their parents. In a group of 212 patients originating from isolocal marriages more frequent were the progressing course, as well as the simple and the catatonic forms of the disease. Among 616 patients originating from heterolocal marriages a greater frequency of the paroxysmal course and the paranoid form was observed. The increase of the population heterogeneity as a result of migration processes is one of the factors contributing to greater variation of schizophrenia forms.


The strengthening of the State should begin by each of the public entities that compose it, by understanding the various formal and informal institutions existing in each of them, as well as mechanisms for enforcement of existing rules. Only by understanding each institution within its cultural context, is possible to target accurately the development and effectiveness of State actions. This study will examine the role of institutions in the progress or the stagnation of society, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the historical limitations that exist in every society and every institution in order to improve the effectiveness of public policies and state actions. For this, the first chapter will examine the concept of institution, the second will be a short resume of the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Latin American case, in order to show how changes in formal laws are not enough to create institutions capable of promote well-being into the society and in the third chapter, we will try to establish basic and general parameters that public institutions should follow in order to achieve greater effectiveness within the society in which it develops. In our concept, it is important to start working on the construction of different mechanisms that promote a re-education into the society, especially within public entities, for which it is very important that universities and educational ceners help through programs of short, medium and long term, and help in monitoring and evaluation of specific institutions


The Q-Coder is an important new development in binary arithmetic coding. It combines a simple but efficient arithmetic approximation for the multiply operation, a new formalism which yields optimally efficient hardware and software implementations, and a new technique for estimating symbol probabilities which matches the performance of any method known. This paper describes the probability-estimation technique. The probability changes are estimated solely from renormalizations in the coding process and require no additional counters. The estimation process can be implemented as a finite-state machine, and is simple enough to allow precise theoretical modeling of single-context coding. Approximate models have been developed for a more complex multi-rate version of the estimator and for mixed-context coding. Experimental studies verifying the modeling and showing the performance achieved for a variety of image-coding models are presented.


This brief review is meant to serve as a refresher for faculty teaching respiratory physiology to medical students. The concepts of ventilation and perfusion matching are some of the most challenging ideas to learn and teach. Some strategies to consider in teaching these concepts are, first, to build from simple to more complex by starting with a single lung unit and then adding additional units representing shunting, mismatch, and deadspace. Second, use simplified analogies, such as a bathtub, to help students conceptualize new ideas. Third, introduce the concept of alveolar to arterial O(2) differences and the mechanisms for increasing differences as additional lung units are added. Fourth, use the consistent thread of causes of hypoxemia through the lecture to maintain continuity and provide clinical relevance. Finally, use clinically relevant examples at each step and solidify new concepts by discussing differential diagnoses at the end of the lecture(s).


The January 21, 2010 Supreme Court decision in the case of Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (FEC) fundamentally altered the role of corporations in the U.S political system. Upending over one hundred years of judicial precedent, this 5-4 ruling lifted previously establish limits on both the structure, and time-frame, of corporate speech as it related to political communication. Even more fundamentally, the ruling can be seen as a paradigm-shaping moment regarding the interaction of corporations, citizens, and democracy. Resting on notions of corporate personhood and speech protection under the First Amendment, the Supreme Court's decision will have far-reaching implications in the overlapping spheres of economics and democracy. Specifically, how does a campaign finance system that is increasingly open to corporate influence interact with ideas of deliberative democracy? The influence of corporate money into the democratic system, or the appearance of its influence, can have deleterious effects on civic participation and social trust. Using the work of Joshua Cohen as an intellectual – and organizational – framework, the Citizens United decision will be analyzed in the context of the constitutive elements of deliberative democracy."


In this paper, we consider a relay selection scheme and analyze the corresponding cooperative diversity for over-the-air computation (AirComp) systems, where multiple source nodes transmit their signals over a wireless multi-access channel to achieve fast data aggregation. We first formulate the power control problems to minimize the computation mean square error (MSE) at the fusion center, and introduce the concept of MSE outage probability and diversity order in the context of AirComp. When there are no relays but multiple receive antennas at the fusion center, we propose an antenna selection scheme that selects the best antenna for reception. We then characterize its outage performance and prove that the AirComp diversity order is equal to the number of receive antennas. Motivated by the analogy between multiple-relay systems and multiple-antenna systems, we develop a relay selection scheme in relay-aided AirComp where only the best relay is chosen to amplify and forward its received signal to the fusion center. We show that the relay selection scheme can achieve the full diversity order, which is equal to the number of relays, and an outage performance comparable to AirComp with the same number of receive antennas.


Objective: This research aimed to explore the curative effect of noninvasive ventilation in the treatment of children Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS).
Methods: From Nov 2015-2016, 70 children OSAS patients in Binzhou People's Hospital were selected as the study subjects and were randomly divided into surgery group (n=35) and ventilation group (n=35). Patients in the surgery group were treated with routine operation while ventilation group were received non-invasive ventilation followed by the routine operation. The curative effects in the two groups were analyzed with statistical comparison method.
Results: Total effective rate of the ventilation group was significantly higher than that of the surgery group, partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the ventilation group was lower than that of the surgery group and the longest time of apnea, apnea hypopnea index as well as Epworth Sleepiness Score(ESS) of the ventilation group was obviously lower than that of the surgery group (P<0.05), while abortion and ectopic pregnancy rate of the intervention group was strikingly lower than that of the control group significantly.
Conclusion: Non-invasive ventilation has good effects in the treatment of children Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (OSHS).


Autonomic responses and evoked potentials were recorded in situation of orienting reaction in 86 twins. On the basis of experimental and literature data a hypothesis is suggested on the existence of two subsystems of orienting reaction--a block of informational regulation and a block of motivational regulation characterized by different functions and, probably, by different neurophysiological mechanisms. The activity of the first block is formed mainly by environmental factors while the activity of the second one--mainly by the genotype.


1. Rat lymph chylomicrons were depleted of their surface phospholipids by treatment with pure phospholipase A2 from Crotalus adamanteus venom. 2. About 80% of the phospholipids could be removed from the chylomicrons without any apparent effect on their size, neutral lipid composition or qualitative profile of their tetramethylurea-soluble apoproteins. 3. Phospholipid-depleted chylomicrons were rapidly taken up whole by liver cells when perfused through isolated rat liver preparations. The rate of uptake was dependent on the extent of phospholipid depletion and reached a maximum (4-6.5-fold greater than control chylomicrons) when 80% of the phospholipids had been removed. 4. It is speculated that the hepatic uptake of phospholipid-depleted chylomicrons occurs by a mechanism to that of chylomicron-remnants uptake.


A number of recent proposals to change the classification of shigellae were studied by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae, which recommended adoption of the following proposals: (i) subdivision of Shigella flexneri serotype 5 into two subserotypes, 5a and 5b; (ii) reduction of the number of S. flexneri serotype 3 subserotypes from three to two; (iii) that Shigella sp. provisional serotype 2000-53 is not a Shigella, but an Escherichia coli; (iv) that provisional Shigella sp. serotypes 3873-50 and 3341-55 be added to the Shigella serotyping scheme as Shigella dysenteriae serotypes 11 and 12; (v) that provisional Shigella sp. serotypes 2710-54 and 3615-53 be added to the Shigella serotyping scheme as Shigella boydii serotypes 16 and 17; (vi) that Shigella sp. strain E 10163 and similar strains be added to the Shigella serotyping scheme as S. boydii serotype 18; and (vii) that provisional Shigella sp. serotype 1621-54 retain its provisional status pending study of additional strains.


The pediatrician can be useful to the young person with a drug problem if he: (1) is aware of the different motivations for drug abuse by adolescents and how to approach them, (2) recognizes the need for confidentiality, (3) provides factual information in a non-authoritarian manner and listens and counsels as indicated, and (4) manipulates the environment-to relieve school and family pressures and to help youngsters find better challenges. Drug abuse in children and adolescents is a major source of concern to parents, educators, law enforcement agencies, and physicians. For the pediatrician as well as the others, a challenge exists to find more appropriate ways of help for young people who turn to drug abuse for the answer that is not there.


We present our experiences with cloud-enabling an Evolutionary Genetics learning environment for achieving sustainability and scalability. The project called Pop!World features three major levels: (i) the Gateway module for catering to K-12 students, (ii) the Discovery module for undergraduates and (ii) the Research module for advanced learners and researchers. The Discovery module of Pop!World is currently in use in the introductory Biological Sciences course at UB (BIO 200). The project that began as a design and development of prototype tool for learning and teaching soon faced two major issues: scalability and sustainability. Scalability in our case is about the ability to service thousands of users at a fairly reasonable quality of service. Sustainability is about accessibility and availability beyond the classroom. Learners are often introduced to useful tools and environments during their enrollment in a course. Yet, continued access to the tools beyond the duration of the course is critical for sustaining the learning that happened during the course and to enable experimentation, discovery and application of the knowledge they acquired. Therefore, we used cloud cyber-infrastructure to address successfully the dual issues of scalability and sustainability. In this paper we discuss the details of the cloud deployment of Pop!World and our experiences in using it in an educational setting. The tool is currently deployed on Google App Engine (GAE).
 Significance to XSEDE: We expect the learning model we have developed for Evolutionary Biology simulations can be transformed to disseminate capabilities of XSEDE and to serve as an educational and training model for XSEDE.


Baffle blocks and sills are commonly used to stabilize the location of a hydraulic jump and shorten its length. However, corrugations or prismatic roughness elements may be effective alternatives to them. In the present study, experiments were performed to determine the effects of corrugations and prismatic roughness elements on fundamental characteristics of jump such as length, tailwater depth, and energy dissipation capacity. Corrugations were placed to cover the entire length of the basin. Prismatic roughness elements were placed in two different arrangements as strip and staggered. The results showed that the length of jump was reduced about 35% by corrugations, 40% by strip roughness, and 35%–55% by staggered roughness. The tailwater depth reduction was 20% for corrugations, 5%–13% for strip roughness, and 7%–15% for the staggered roughness compared to classical jump. The roughness elements induce 3%–10% more energy dissipation than that of classical jump.


These thirteen papers and accompanying commentaries are the first fruits of an ongoing research project that has concentrated on developing simulation models that incorporate the behavioral responses of individuals and businesses to alternative tax rules and rates and on expanding computational general equilibrium models that analyze the long-run effects of changes on the economy as a whole. The principal focus of the project has been on the microsimulation of individual behavior. Thus, this volume includes studies of individual responses to an over reduction in tax rates and to changes in the highest tax rates; a study of alternative tax treatments of the family; and studies of such specific aspects of household behavior as tax treatment of home ownership, charitable contributions, and individual saving behavior. Microsimulation techniques are also used to estimate the effects of alternative policies on the long-run financial status of the social security program and to examine the effects of alternative tax rules on corporate investment and of foreign-source income on overseas investment. The papers devoted to the development of general equilibrium simulation models to include an examination of the implications of international trade and capital flows, a study of the effects of capital taxation that uses a closed economy equilibrium model, and an examination of the effect of switching to an inflation-indexed tax system. In the volume's final paper, a life-cycle model in which individuals maximize lifetime utility subject to a lifetime budget constraint is used to simulate the effects of tax rules on personal savings.


Background Internal medicine fellowship programs have an incentive to select fellows who will ultimately publish. Whether an applicant's publication record predicts long term publishing remains unknown. Methods Using records of fellowship bound internal medicine residents, we analyzed whether publications at time of fellowship application predict publications more than 3 years (2 years into fellowship) and up to 7 years after fellowship match. We calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios for every cutoff number of application publications, and plot a receiver operator characteristic curve of this test. Results Of 307 fellowship bound residents, 126 (41%) published at least one article 3 to 7 years after matching, and 181 (59%) of residents do not publish in this time period. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve is 0.59. No cutoff value for application publications possessed adequate test characteristics. Conclusion The number of publications an applicant has at time of fellowship application is a poor predictor of who publishes in the long term. These findings do not validate the practice of using application publications as a tool for selecting fellows.


This paper proposes an interpretation of Fu Mattia Pascal based on the Jungian theory of the Individuation Process. This evolutionary path is divided into three phases that metaphorically trace those of the alchemical Opus Magnum: Nigredo, Albedo, Rubedo. The story of Mattia Pascal/Adriano Meis seems to be articulated according to these three phases, although the protagonist will never be able to complete his individuation process. In the analysis of the text, particular attention is paid to the images related to water and its symbolism. In fact, the crucial moments of the novel always take place in the presence of a watercourse (sea, river, water source) and the aqueous imagery seems to dominate in the mind of the protagonist and in that of its author.


Introduction: India is a diversified country with a blend of people living in urban, rural and tribal areas. The dietary habits of tribals are distinct from rest of the people. Various research studies on tribal population revealed that their diets are nutritionally deficient.
Materials and Method: It is a population based Cross-sectional survey conducted in ITDA Paderu division of Visakhapatnam district among 225 tribal women in the age group of 15-49 years during the period from April to October 2014. Data was collected using two formats 1) food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) 2) 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. MS Excel 2007, SPSS trail version-21 and Dietsoft software's were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Rice is the most common staple food and Ambali is the most common breakfast. Top five foods providing energy to the women were Rice, Ambali, Vegetables, Tea with Milk and Dal. The Mean Calorie intake of energy by tribal women was 1931 Kcal per day. Average consumption of Carbohydrates per each day was 367.14 gm and it accounts for 76.6% of total energy consumption. Protein intake was 49.83 gm and it was equal to 10.5% of total energy and fat consumption was 27.67 gm and it accounts for 12.9% of total energy.
Conclusions: One third of women were consuming less than 80% RDA of energy i.e., 1784 Kcal per day and two fifths of women were consuming protein less than 80% RDA i.e., 44 grams per day. It indicates the need of nutritional education to avoid taboos and improve health.

Keywords: Andhra Pradesh, Dietary Habits, Food frequency questionnaire, Nutritional status, Tribal women


ABSTRACT The paper presents the potential of robotized welding applied for thin steel sheets using variable parameters of arc (different welding programs: Standard, Pulse, Twin Pulse, and Speed Pulse). Trial welded joints were made for sheets 0.8 to 1.25 mm thick and relevant welding parameters were selected for them during the first stage of examinations. The properties of welded joints were determined with non-destructive and destructive testing. In turn, visual inspection allowed to evaluate the shape and dimensional conformities of joints and to detect superficial imperfections. In order to improve detection accuracy, penetration testing was used for confirmation purposes. Tensile strength testing was also made to determine mechanical properties of the weld and the heat-affected zone. Metallographic examinations were used for sheets of all thickness values and for all welding programs to verify that the structure of joints was correct. All examinations and tests made on trial joints enabled to find how pulsing arc welding affects quality and strength properties of welds as compared with standard method.


This paper takes into account the design optimization of the random-like ensemble of irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) codes for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems employing iterative receivers. First, the density evolution-based procedure for optimizing the IRA code ensemble is presented. An approximation method based on linear programming is adopted to design an IRA code with the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart matched to that of the soft MIMO demodulator. The authors then reveal the relationship between the IRA codes and the low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. With a code ensemble mapping relationship between an IRA code and an LDPC code, a quasi-optimal IRA code can be obtained by transforming an optimal LDPC code designed for MIMO systems. Two types of soft MIMO detectors are treated, namely, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) detector and the soft interference canceller with linear MMSE filtering (SIC-MMSE). The results show that with the MAP receiver the designed IRA codes can perform within 1 dB from the ergodic capacities of the MIMO systems under consideration. The authors also treat the short-length IRA code design for block fading MIMO channels. They adopt design techniques for short-length LDPC codes to improve the performance of the short-length IRA code and to reduce the error floor.


While for many years two alternative approaches to building intelligent systems, symbolic
AI and neural networks, have each demonstrated specific advantages and also revealed
specific weaknesses, in recent years a number of researchers have sought methods of combining
the two into a unified methodology which embodies the benefits of each while attenuating the
disadvantages.
This work sets out to identify the key ideas from each discipline and combine them
into an architecture which would be practically scalable for very large network applications.
The architecture is based on a relational database structure and forms the environment for an
investigation into the necessary properties of a symbol encoding which will permit the singlepresentation
learning of patterns and associations, the development of categories and features
leading to robust generalisation and the seamless integration of a range of memory persistencies
from short to long term.
It is argued that if, as proposed by many proponents of symbolic AI, the symbol encoding
must be causally related to its syntactic meaning, then it must also be mutable as the network
learns and grows, adapting to the growing complexity of the relationships in which it is
instantiated. Furthermore, it is argued that in order to create an efficient and coherent memory
structure, the symbolic encoding itself must have an underlying structure which is not accessible
symbolically; this structure would provide the framework permitting structurally sensitive processes
to act upon symbols without explicit reference to their content. Such a structure must dictate
how new symbols are created during normal operation.
The network implementation proposed is based on K-from-N codes, which are shown
to possess a number of desirable qualities and are well matched to the requirements of the symbol
encoding. Several networks are developed and analysed to exploit these codes, based around
a recurrent version of the non-holographic associati ve memory of Willshaw, et al. The simplest
network is shown to have properties similar to those of a Hopfield network, but the storage capacity
is shown to be greater, though at a cost of lower signal to noise ratio.
Subsequent network additions break each K-from-N pattern into L subsets, each using
D-from-N coding, creating cyclic patterns of period L. This step increases the capacity still further
but at a cost of lower signal to noise ratio. The use of the network in associating pairs of
input patterns with any given output pattern, an architectural requirement, is verified.
The use of complex synaptic junctions is investigated as a means to increase storage
capacity, to address the stability-plasticity dilemma and to implement the hierarchical aspects
of the symbol encoding defined in the architecture. A wide range of options is developed which
allow a number of key global parameters to be traded-off. One scheme is analysed and simulated.

A final section examines some of the elements that need to be added to our current understanding
of neural network-based reasoning systems to make general purpose intelligent systems
possible. It is argued that the sections of this work represent pieces of the whole in this
regard and that their integration will provide a sound basis for making such systems a reality.


We demonstrate for the first time the applicability of high-order harmonic generation for probing magnetization properties with nanometer spatial resolution. High harmonics were generated by focusing an infrared femtosecond laser into a neon-filled gas cell. Using a high throughput monochromator, EUV pulses with a photon energy resonant to the magnetically dichroic Co M2, 3 absorption resonance were obtained. These were focused onto a CoPd alloy film and the magnetic scattering pattern was recorded in a transmission geometry. The scattering pattern induced by the magnetic domain structure consists of two well-defined bright spots revealing the presence of stripe domains of about 63 nm in width. With the inherent femtosecond time resolution given by high harmonics, this demonstration paves the way to investigate ultrafast magnetization dynamics with femtosecond time and nanometer spatial resolutions, in jitter-free experiment based on table-top EUV light sources.


Purpose: Dysregulated cytokine/cytokine receptor expression may occur in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Little information is available on interleukin-18 receptor (IL-18R) and IL-18 expression in normal and malignant B cells. Our purpose was to investigate this issue in human naive, germinal center (GC) and memory B cells, and in their neoplastic counterparts. Experimental Design: We have evaluated IL-18 expression and production in tonsil naive, GC, and memory B cells and in their presumed neoplastic counterparts by reverse transcription-PCR and ELISA. Moreover, IL-18Rα and β expression was investigated in the same cells by reverse transcription-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Results: We found that: (a) IL-18 mRNA was expressed in tonsil naive, GC, and memory B cells. Bioactive IL-18 was secreted by naive and GC, but not by memory B cells; (b) IL-18Rα and β transcripts were expressed in the three B-cell subsets. IL-18Rα was detected on the surface of naive, GC, and memory B lymphocytes, and IL-18Rβ was detected on GC and memory, but not naive, B cells; (c) mantle zone, follicular, marginal zone, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells expressed IL-18 mRNA. B-CLL and BL cells did not produce bioactive IL-18; and (d) lymphoma B cells displayed heterogeneous expression of either or both IL-18R chain mRNA. In contrast, B-CLL cells expressed both IL-18R chains at the mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions: Dysregulated expression of IL-18 and/or IL-18R in chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders may sometimes contribute to tumor escape from the host immune system.


A comprehensive, yet easily used, set of SEM analysis structures is presented. These are currently being used in the development of a 0.35 micron, three layer metal, BiCMOS process flow. A summary list of the structure types and arrangements, key design considerations, SEM photographic results, and recommendations for improvement are included. A key design feature, a unique device navigation system allowing quick and accurate location of any particular structure is explained. Without such a feature, analysis would be difficult due to the large number, lateral size, and similarity of the various constructions.


The relative infrequency of blunt carotid artery trauma prompted a multicenter review to determine the spectrum of injuries, treatment strategies, and neurologic outcome. During a six-year period, 60 carotid artery injuries from blunt mechanisms in 49 patients were treated at 11 institutions. There were 11 bilateral injuries. Injury mechanisms were diverse but involved motor vehicles in 35 (72%) patients. In 14 (29%) patients, significant neurologic deficits developed more than 12 hours after a normal admission neurologic examination. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography in 42 (86%). Duplex ultrasound accurately demonstrated the arterial injury in 12 (86%) of 14 patients. Documented injuries included arterial thrombosis in 20 arteries, arterial dissection alone in 19, dissection with pseudoaneurysm in six, pseudoaneurysm alone in five, frank arterial disruption in seven, and carotid-cavernous fistula in three. Arterial dissection was managed nonsurgically in 15 (79%) of 19 cases, the majority with systemic anticoagulation. Arterial thrombosis was managed with supportive therapy alone for 16 (80%) of 20 arteries; most associated with fixed neurologic deficits. Pseudoaneurysm repair was performed for six (55%) injuries. Carotid-cavernous fistulas were treated in all three instances with balloon occlusion. Overall mortality was 16 of 49 patients (43%). Good neurologic outcome was achieved in 22 (45%) patients. We conclude that: (1) Neurologic symptoms may develop in a delayed fashion; prior clinical suspicion and diagnostic testing are essential; (2) arterial dissection without complete occlusion may effectively be managed by anticoagulation; (3) pseudoaneurysms in accessible anatomic locations can be repaired with good results; and (4) injuries with complete arterial thrombosis are associated with high mortality and poor neurologic outcome in proportion to the initial degree of neurologic impairment.


observed outcomes in the original studies. Fetuses infected in the first trimester had a relatively higher risk of having additional anomalies at follow-up ultrasound and MRI, symptomatic infection, abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing problems. Conclusions: In fetuses with congenital CMV infection showing no anomalies on prenatal imaging, the risk of adverse postnatal outcome is lower compared to what reported from previously published literature not considering the role of antenatal imaging assessment. The findings from this study can enhance prenatal counselling of pregnancies with congenital CMV infection with normal prenatal imaging.


The analysis of models of activity of banking structures in the conditions of perfect and imperfect competition is carried out. Production functions for financial companies are considered. Models of the bank's work as an institution of delegated monitoring are described. Models of dynamics of financial resources are analyzed, allow to describe processes of evolution of own capital of bank depending on dynamics of the involved resources and the policy of accumulation realized by it. The considered models and methods are based on the definition of a bank (a financial company) as some abstract object, which is characterized by input and output parameters, as well as the function that connects them. This approach to some extent allows adapting traditional models of research of industrial enterprises and organizations to the analysis of the activities of banking structures. Therefore, one of the main tasks is to optimize internal functioning. Under such conditions, it is especially important to consider the bank as a holistic complex dynamic system operating in an unstable transition economy and the use of economic and mathematical methods and models to study the processes taking place in the bank, assess its effectiveness, identify areas and ways to improve management banking activities. Based on the analysis of the main economic and mathematical models of behavior of financial companies in a monopolistic market, we can conclude that each model characterizes a certain aspect of financial market development by the situation. Production functions for a bank (financial firm) are built, where the problem of classification of these factors into input and output is significant. A wide class of economic and mathematical models is considered, in which the activity of financial and banking institutions is treated as financial intermediaries. The theory of delegated monitoring is generalized, which in the general case assumes that in conditions when there is an effect of the growth of income from scale, individual lenders prefer to delegate functions of control (monitoring) of the behavior of entrepreneurs in whose projects they have invested to special intermediary firms. banks. The analysis of the development of the banking sector of Ukraine showed that a further gradual slowdown in its pace is expected due to changes in conditions in global financial markets and market saturation.


To develop robust computer vision system methodologies, ones that have a range of applicability, early vision operators capable of matching a level of human perceptual performance are required. This implies the need to develop operators that can perform a variety of image analysis tasks in a unified and consistent fashion. These image analysis tasks include finding boundaries between regions of uniform but different gray levels and textures. They also include gauging Gestalt grouping concepts such as uniformity and proximity, so that these concepts are incorporated into the segmentation process. Lastly, the operators should be able to gauge information that allows the characteristics of surfaces to be made explicit, e.g., so-called shape-from-shading and shape-from-texture methods. Developing robust methods for performing these tasks corresponds to developing a quantitative model of human preattentive vision. A basis for such a quantitative model is proposed that is contrary to current theories in computer vision but that seemingly provides a unified method for image analysis tasks and to explain a number of perceptual phenomena. >


The Little Data Book on Gender 2019 illustrates the progress towards gender equality for 217 economies around the world. It provides comparable statistics for women and men for the years 2000 and 2017 across a range of indicators covering education, health and related services, economic structure, participation and access to resources, public life and decision making, and agency, enabling readers to readily compare economies. This edition also features online country tables, to be updated quarterly, making it easier than ever to see how women and men are faring across a range of global indicators and to track progress over time. The data reveal remarkable progress in recent decades towards gender equality, notably in education and health. The most recent data show global primary school completion rates at 91 percent for boys and 90 percent for girls, with lower secondary completion rates at 76 percent for boys and 77 percent for girls. Gains, however, have been distributed unequally between richer and poorer countries. Gender gaps to the detriment of girls emerge in low-income countries, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, while in some Latin American countries, boys are less likely than girls to complete primary and secondary school. Both women's and men's lifespans have shown marked global improvements: for women, the increase was from 70 years in 2000 to 74 in 2017, compared to an increase from 66 to 70 years for men. In every country in the world, women outlive men. Increases in female life expectancy have been driven in part by a decline in the risk of mortality during childbirth. Globally, there were an estimated 303,000 maternal deaths in 2015, a decline of 31 percent from 2000. Nonetheless, maternal mortality remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rate stood at 547 per 100,000 live births in 2015.


The diet of adult specimens of black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) and small red scorpionfish Scorpaena notata (Rafinesque, 1810), collected from the Algerian coast was studied using different coefficients and trophic indexes. The inventory of ingested prey indicates that the focal species have a diverse diet that covers different zoological groups. Their feeding spectrum is mainly composed of brachyuran crabs and other crustaceans such as isopods and shrimp. Fish and molluscs are only occasionally ingested. The vacuity coefficient average exceeded the estimated rate of 40%. The observed monthly fluctuations revealed a seasonal alimentary rhythm. The foraging activity of the two scorpionfish decreases in summer, during gonad maturation. This decrease is highlighted by the increase in the vacuity coefficient and the decrease in the repletion index. Despite a similarity in the food bolus, the two co-occurring fish exhibit a specialized diet. This was observed especially in mature individuals. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a very strong overlap of niches between two scorpionfish species.


: Despite our current knowledge and accumulated information, orthopedic surgeons often experience difficulties in the diagnosis of internal derangement of the knee. Too often, the admission diagnosis I.D.K. means "I don't know." Disorders of the patellofemoral joint contribute to this difficulty and may simulate torn menisci and loose bodies, as well as the instability which results from rotary displacement. Patients often have difficulty describing and locating their symptoms, and 2 or more pathologic lesions may be present in the same joint. Early lesions involving the articular cartilage are especially difficult to diagnose. Even the most astute clinician cannot rely entirely on his clinical judgement, and, at times, needs the assistance of other diagnostic measures. Arthroscopy is an invaluable aid in the diagnosis of all intra-articular pathology, permitting the proper incision in the proper area, often eliminating the necessity of opening the joint and always avoiding unnecessary meniscectomy.


Introduction. Speaking of teachers' attitudes, it is impossible to mention the fact that ethical values must be respected in teacher's work. The results of research in this area bring examples of different behaviours of teachers. Aim of the study. 1. To determine what attitudes teachers perceive in their environment and what attitudes presented by teachers are perceived by students. 2. To formulate which attitudes presented by teachers are desired by teachers and students and which are not. 3. To present students' opinions on what qualities teachers should have. Material and methods. The research was conducted in Silesian Voivodeship from May 2018 to February 2019. The research covered 300 teachers working in Czestochowa and in the counties of Czestochowa and Myszkow, as well as 300 students. The method of diagnostic survey and interview was applied. Results. Teachers most often notice fair, tolerant, wise people in their professional group, and students often notice inconsistent people among teachers, those who do not listen to others, as well as those who are wise and open. According to teachers, the attitudes least frequently presented by teachers are : aggression, negative attitudes towards students. Pupils are least likely to encounter laziness and disorganization of the teacher. According to teachers attitudes that teachers should not present include aggressiveness, impatience, indifference and, according to students, aggressiveness, negative attitude towards students and impatience. According to the pedagogues, teachers should be open, and according to the students, be fair. Among the qualities that teachers should have students most often give wisdom, fairness and sense of humour. Conclusions. 1. Teachers most often notice in their professional group people who are fair, tolerant and wise. Pupils most often notice inconsistent, deaf, wise and open-minded people among teachers. 2. Teachers are convinced that there should be no aggressiveness or impatience among teachers. Students cite aggressiveness and negative attitudes towards students as undesirable attitudes of teachers. 3, According to the majority of students, the features that teachers should have are great knowledge, sense of justice, humour. It is worthwhile for teachers to pay attention to the students' preferences.


Android security and privacy research has boomed in recent years, far outstripping investigations of other appified platforms. However, despite this attention, research efforts are fragmented and lack any coherent evaluation framework. We present a systematization of Android security and privacy research with a focus on the appification of software systems. To put Android security and privacy research into context, we compare the concept of appification with conventional operating system and software ecosystems. While appification has improved some issues (e.g., market access and usability), it has also introduced a whole range of new problems and aggravated some problems of the old ecosystems (e.g., coarse and unclear policy, poor software development practices). Some of our key findings are that contemporary research frequently stays on the beaten path instead of following unconventional and often promising new routes. Many security and privacy proposals focus entirely on the Android OS and do not take advantage of the unique features and actors of an appified ecosystem, which could be used to roll out new security mechanisms less disruptively. Our work highlights areas that have received the larger shares of attention, which attacker models were addressed, who is the target, and who has the capabilities and incentives to implement the countermeasures. We conclude with lessons learned from comparing the appified with the old world, shedding light on missed opportunities and proposing directions for future research.


The aim of this study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of quercetine (QE) on the neuronal injury in the frontal cortex after chronic toluene exposure in rats. The rats were randomly allotted into one of the three experimental groups, namely, groups A (control), B (toluene treated) and C (toluene-treated with QE), where each group contains 10 animals. Control group received 1 ml of normal saline solution, and toluene treatment was performed by the inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene in an 8-h/day and 6-day/week order for 12 weeks. The rats in QE-treated group was given QE (15 mg/kg body weight) once a day intraperitoneally for 12 weeks, starting just after toluene exposure. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological investigation. To date, no histopathological changes of neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex after chronic toluene exposure in rats by QE treatment have been reported. In this study, the morphology of neurons in the QE treatment group was well protected. Chronic toluene exposure caused severe degenerative changes, shrunken cytoplasm and extensively dark picnotic nuclei in neurons of the frontal cortex. We conclude that QE therapy causes morphologic improvement in neurodegeneration of frontal cortex after chronic toluene exposure in rats. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of QE may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on neurodegeneration after chronic toluene exposure in rats.


Cri-du-chat syndrome (5p-) is one of the most frequently occurring chromosomal deletion syndromes in man. Clinical findings have been described extensively in literature, but documentation of the patients' mental development has been poor. Recently the clinical heterogeneity and variance in psychomotor development was studied in a large series of patients. Review of the literature revealed that some 15% of the cases were found to be familial, there appears to be a slight correlation between karyotype and phenotype and the positive effects of early stimulation programs on the patients' prognosis is pointed out. Some 60% of the patients need regular medical care and nearly all are mentally retarded. However a wide spectrum of developmental abilities is displayed and a number of patients can be reared at home for several years. Life expectancy depends on the number and severity of birth defects.


Indonesia is one of largest users of sharia-based compliant recently which bring into many concerns how the sharia stocks listing in the most valuable sharia stocks index in Indonesia perform and correlate with other variables, particularly exchange rates. The study aims to analysis the causal relationship and to forecast the performances of sharia-based stocks and its Islamic index in Indonesia along with the volatility of exchange rate. Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model is applied as the method to analyse the multivariate time series as it is believed as the suitable model in predicting such time-series data in the scope of multivariate variables. The finding suggests VAR(1) model is the fitted model as such to both analyse its dynamic relationship and forecast the data set for the next 24 weeks. While the prediction shows the JII has an increasing data, both ANTM and EXR are predicted to have a stable volatility. In addition, granger causality defines variables to have effect in its respective variables, and IRF describes the shocks in one variable cause another variable is relatively difficult in reaching its zero condition in short-term period.