Abstract Today's foreign/second language teachers need a wide range of information to facilitate successful learning in the communicative classroom of the 21st century. Teachers need a solid knowledge of the target language and culture, and they must also have the skills to reach all learners. Even with the current emphases on incorporating technology into the curriculum and meeting the diverse needs of all learners, language proficiency remains the core goal of foreign and second language classrooms. How do we ensure that students receive the highest quality instruction from models of the language? Language proficiency of teacher candidates is a critical issue in teacher preparedness and should remain an area of highest priority in foreign and second language teacher education programs. This article describes the efforts of one public university's teacher education program in identifying and assessing the oral and written language proficiency skills of its teacher candidates. This assessment process began five years ago. Preliminary results indicate that the locally-developed instrument is a helpful tool in determining the language proficiency of teacher candidates who are preparing for internships. Introduction The issues surrounding the study, the background of language proficiency testing in the US, and purpose of this project are described first in this article. The next section explains the research methodology, including the instrument, and the procedures for data collection and analyses used in this investigation. Finally, the authors provide a summary of results, a discussion of the findings, and a review of the implications of these outcomes. Context Goals 2000: Educate America (A Progress Report, 1996) elevated the status of foreign/second languages from a tangential subject to an integral component of the curriculum. The subsequent Standards movement that emerged from Goals 2000 emphasizes "Communication" as one of its five principle tenets. A rapidly changing student population, nationwide educational reform, and the development of National Standards for Foreign Language Learning are placing new demands on foreign language teachers (Peyton, 1997). The present study is based on the creation, pilot, and subsequent implementation of a contextualized proficiency assessment tool used to determine the oral and written skills of foreign/second language teacher candidates preparing to teach at the pre-K through grade 12 level. Issues Surrounding the Study Quite often, teacher licensure programs are at the graduate or post-baccaluareate level of study, rather being an undergraduate program housed jointly in a department of foreign languages. In these cases, teacher candidates receive a bachelor's degree in a foreign or second language at one institution of higher education and then enter another institution for teacher licensure (or certification). Admission requirements for graduate education programs do not always include assessment of written and oral language proficiency, and teacher candidates may not necessarily be required to take additional advanced coursework in the target language prior to licensure. Numerous teacher candidates find themselves placed in student teaching assignments in which they are unprepared to teach middle to upper level language classes in meaningful communicative settings. Our own institution finds itself in the described situation. Therefore, we undertook a research study whose aim was to address this situation in a purposefully meaningful way for our university. The objectives of the study were to create, design, and implement an assessment tool that would evaluate teacher candidates' foreign/second language proficiency (specifically, oral and written skills in the target language). The language assessment took place prior to student teaching to better ensure teacher candidates' language preparedness prior to internship, and subsequent university recommendation for state licensure. …


Model organisms have contributed significantly to the understanding of basic biological phenomena. Suitable animal models are at hand for some research disciplines like genetics, development and cell biology but are still sought after for others like epigenetics. Research of the last years has revealed that the marbled crayfish (Marmorkrebs), which was discovered in the mid-1990s, meets researchers' demands for a vigorous, genetically identical and eurytopic laboratory model very well. Its most prominent advantages are production of high numbers of genetically identical offspring, stepwise alteration of the phenotype by moulting, complex morphology and behaviour and sequential generation of segments and limbs. This paper first reviews the discovery and research history of the marbled crayfish, its biology and culture and its special advantages. It then discusses, based on the published data, its suitability as a laboratory model for various research disciplines. The greatest potential of the marbled crayfish lies in epigenetics and environmental epigenomics and in stem cell research and regeneration. The marbled crayfish also appears to be suitable for the investigation of the role of stochastic developmental variation and epigenetic inheritance in evolution and to contribute to evo-devo and eco-devo. This unique crayfish is even of some value for applied biologists, for example as a toxicological test species.


The paper presents a linear control system framework for design of technology-based games for pedagogical rehabilitation of children with special learning needs as a central component of the proposed cyber-physical system for inclusive education. The novelty is in explicitly addressing the issue of quantitatively estimating the improvement of games in the desired direction during the design process. An advantage of the proposed approach is its applicability to small groups of children playing diverse sets of games without loss of generalisability of the linear system's model assumptions. Statistically justified experimental results are reported as providing support to the main hypotheses of the present study.


The direct growth of Sb2Te3 on graphene is achieved by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with pre-(Me3Si)2Te treatment. The results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicate Volmer–Weber island growth is the dominant growth mode for ALD Sb2Te3 growth on graphene. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis reveals perfect crystal structures of Sb2Te3 on graphene and no interface layer generation. The characterization of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) implies the impermeability of graphene can maintain Sb2Te3 intact and isolate the adverse effects of substrates. Our study provides a step forward to grow high quality Sb2Te3 at low temperature and expand the potential applications of graphene in ALD techniques.


With the development of network information in China, the application scope of "Internet +" is more and more extensive. For China's higher education, the Internet is also playing a significant role. From the network literature to the current network teaching, the Internet has affected the way of college students to receive education in various ways. Therefore, with the development of network, does the Internet exert a significant impact on the quality of China' higher education? This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the impact of Internet development on the quality of China's higher education from 31 provincial-level data from 2010 to 2016. The research results show that the Internet development has a significant role in promoting the quality of higher education. In the regional analysis, it is found that the Internet effect in central and western regions is higher than that in eastern regions. The regional differences show that the Internet is more effective in improving the quality of higher education in economic backward areas and narrowing the regional differences of education level.


A very recent paper [1] focuses on linear hyperbolic metamaterials. The latter have uniaxial symmetry and are the basis of elegant outcomes concerning a new generalized theory about their structural topology. The broad assertion, developed here, is that the current hyperbolic metamaterial world is only partially served by investigations that incorporate only some limited version of anisotropy. It is emphasised that a strong emphasis must be placed upon the orientation of the optic axis, which can, for example, be at a polar angle θ to the z-axis and possess a projection angle φ to x-axis in the (x,y) plane. These are significant elements in the optical properties of uniaxial hyperbolic metamaterials. Indeed, it is shown that, quite differently from conventional anisotropic waveguides, for a hyperbolic metamaterial, a critical angle exists for which the guided waves are homogeneous for all the values of the polar angle. This remarkable effect facilitates the achievement of propagating modes in meta-waveguides and leads to resulting structures that are more tolerant to optic axis misalignment. It is shown, using graphene as an example, that tilting the optic axis of a uniaxial metamaterial produces beautiful new effects in the linear domain [2]. Both leaky and surface waves are supported. Critical orientation angles are derived for the optic axis. In more detail, for the linear domain, it is the propagation of TM-polarized surface waves and leaky waves for a finite-thickness slab of hyperbolic metamaterial, with the optic axis, tilted with respect to slab interfaces, that is fully investigated, for the first time‥ It is only in the low frequency range that backward waves occur. For an optic axis perpendicular to the slab interfaces, the hyperbolic nature of the metamaterial is destroyed above a certain frequency window. For a tilted optic axis mode, changes occur at lower frequencies and a negative permittivity is maintained.


Rac1 and Rac2 GTPases transduce signals from multiple receptors leading to cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and survival. In the absence of Rac1 and Rac2, B cell development is arrested at an IgD− transitional B cell stage that we term transitional type 0 (T0). We show that T0 cells cannot enter the white pulp of the spleen until they mature into the T1 and T2 stages, and that this entry into the white pulp requires integrin and chemokine receptor signaling and is required for cell survival. In the absence of Rac1 and Rac2, transitional B cells are unable to migrate in response to chemokines and cannot enter the splenic white pulp. We propose that loss of Rac1 and Rac2 causes arrest at the T0 stage at least in part because transitional B cells need to migrate into the white pulp to receive survival signals. Finally, we show that in the absence of Syk, a kinase that transduces B cell antigen receptor signals required for positive selection, development is arrested at the same T0 stage, with transitional B cells excluded from the white pulp. Thus, these studies identify a novel developmental checkpoint that coincides with B cell positive selection.


The effect of the carbon and nitrogen source on the regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS) has been studied by omitting one or both from mycelium which had been grown in sucrose/ glutamate medium, a condition in which GS is fully induced in its octameric form. The activity and antigen concentration of GS decreased when mycelium was deprived of the carbon source. Even more enzyme was degraded when glutamate was replaced by glutamine and an oligomeric form of GS lower than the octamer was also observed. When the carbon source was restored, some of the enzyme was resynthesized during incubation with glutamate but not with glutamine. In both cases the final predominant oligomeric form of GS was the tetramer. When the carbon and nitrogen sources were both omitted from the medium, degradation of GS again occurred and the restoration of both sources did not result in an increase in GS: no change in the oligomeric state of GS was observed during these shifts. The deprivation of the nitrogen source resulted in the replacement of the octamer by the highly active tetrameric form of GS. These changes were not reversed when either the carbon or the nitrogen source was again supplied.


Newly synthesized simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (T Ag) slowly forms a stable complex with the host tumor antigen, "p53." By the use of immunological and temporal separations and inhibition of aggregation and processing by A locus mutation, we have distinguished specific steps in the reaction sequence leading to formation of the rapidly sedimenting oligomeric complex. The monoclonal antibody PAb101 bound only a fraction of the total soluble pulse-labeled T Ag bound by antitumor serum. After a chase, all T Ag had matured to the form recognized by PAb101. All p53 in the mouse line SVA31E7 was precipitated by the T Ag-specific monoclonal antibody PAb101, even after a short pulse, and is therefore entirely bound to mature T Ag. The p53-specific monoclonal antibody PAb122 precipitates nearly all of the mature T Ag recognized by PAb101, except A locus mutant T Ag, synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature. A locus mutation inhibited entry of newly synthesized T Ag into the oligomeric greater than 28S complex of T Ag and p53.


Teachers are world makers. They can change the thinking, attitudes, and lives of their students. Thus, it is essential to study the factors that foster teachers' competency. Critical thinking, self- regulation, and teaching style are some of the factors influencing the effectiveness of teachers. In line with this argument, the present study delved into the possible impact of critical thinking abilities and self-regulatory strategies of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers on their teaching style preferences. The possible influence of critical thinking abilities on teacher self- regulation was also studied. To do this, Watson-Glaser's Critical Thinking Appraisal (Form 1), the Teacher Self-Regulation Scale (TSRS), and Grasha's Teaching Style Inventory (TSI) were administered to 320 EFL teachers who were teaching at different private language institutions in Iran. A path analysis was utilized to ponder their causal relationships. The findings indicated that teachers with higher critical thinking abilities and self-regulatory skills tend to implement learner- centered styles (namely, Facilitator and Delegator) while teachers with lower critical thinking abilities and self-regulatory skills tend to do the opposite. Moreover, the significant effects of critical thinking on teacher self-regulation were determined. The implications of this study may open up new perspectives into successful pedagogy for policymakers, curriculum designers, and teachers.


The sequence of discoveries that has followed the investigation of this small yellow spot shows the value of studies begun out of "mere curiosity". The spot occurs on the stellate ganglion of octopods. It proved to be an enclosed sac, perhaps a gland. The search for it in squids and cuttlefishes led to the discovery of the giant nerve fibres. At first they were thought to be veins but we soon showed that they were nerve fibres concerned with jet propulsion. Their action potentials, membranes and synapses have been used for thousand of studies, including those that led to the Hodkin Huxley equations. They have been the basis of much of modern neuroscience. The epistellar body itself proved not to be a gland but a photoreceptor. Comparable photosensitive vesicles are especially large in the heads of deep-sea squids. In the mesopelagic ones they allow the squid to conceal itself by counterillumination, matching its own light output to the light coming from above. In bathypelagic squids the vesicles are enormous and probably keep the animals in the dark, where they breed. The function of the epistellar body, lying within the mantle of octopods is still unknown. It may act in the transparent larval stage to trigger the ejection of luminous plankton, which would be a hazard.


Abstract. The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) was undertaken to assess the climatic effects of the presence of large ice-sheets and changes in the Earth's orbital parameters in fully coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs). Much of the previous literature has focussed on the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial maximum and Mid-Holocene whereas this study focuses only on the Southern Hemisphere. This study addresses the representation of the Semiannual Oscillation (SAO) in the PMIP2 models and how it may have changed during the Mid-Holocene. The output from the five models suggest a weakening of the (austral) autumn circumpolar trough (CPT) and (in all but one model) a strengthening of the spring CPT. The effects of changing the orbital parameters are to cause warming and drying during spring over New Zealand and a cooling and moistening during autumn. The amount of spring warming/drying and autumn cooling/moistening is variable between the models and depends on the climatological locations of surface pressure anomalies associated with changes in the SAO. This study also undertakes an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the leading modes of atmospheric variability during the control and Mid-Holocene phases for each model. Despite the seasonal changes, the overall month by month and interannual variability was simulated to have changed little from the Mid-Holocene to present.


Deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered in severe cases of therapy‐refractory major depressive disorder (MDD). However, DBS for MDD is still an experimental therapy. Therefore, it should only be administered in clinical studies driven by multidisciplinary teams, including surgeons with substantial experience of DBS in the treatment of other conditions.


We present a simple approach which can turn a ViT en-coder into an efficient video model, which can seamlessly work with both image and video inputs. By sparsely sam-pling the inputs, the model is able to do training and in-ference from both input modalities. The model is easily scalable and can be adapted to large-scale pre-trained ViTs without requiring full finetuning. The model achieves SOTA results11https://sites.google.com/view/tubevit.


Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour first described by Gorlin in 1962, accounts for less than 2% of all odontogenic tumours. This rare cystic odontogenic lesion, sometimes referred to as the 'keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst', is characterized by the presence of 'ghost' epithelial cells and by its resemblance to the pilomatrixoma of the skin. In this report, we present a rare case of calcifying odontogenic cyst mimicking as a central giant cell granuloma, in a 30 year old female patient present in the anterior region of lower jaw crossing the midline. The lesion was surgically removed. After enucleation no recurrence has been recorded during the follow up period of three years. Hence correlation of clinical and radiological information with histological features is important in the diagnosis of odontogenic tumours and cysts.


The creep effect in relationship with the research of pneumatic artificial muscles represents a dynamic phenomenon characterized by slow changes in muscle displacement caused by the material's elasticity. However, the temperature of the environment in which the muscle works affects the temperature of the muscle. It also affects the creep effect itself; as a result, the process of identifying hysteresis models of muscle becomes difficult. The article contains a description and implementation of a measuring apparatus designed to measure the temperature dependence of the creep effect of fluid muscles. The apparatus was designed and constructed at the authors' workplace to analyze the creep effect and evaluate its impact on the accuracy of experimental models describing the dynamics of the drive.


Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) have been implicated in the intrinsic response of the heart to myocardial infarction (MI), and it has been postulated that exogenous administration of one or both of these growth factors may enhance myocardial repair and regeneration. We hypothesized that a biodegradable, elastomeric poly(ester urethane)urea (PEUU) capable of sustained, local delivery of IGF-1 or HGF to ischemic myocardium would improve left ventricular (LV) dimension and function. PEUU scaffolds without growth factor or scaffolds containing either IGF-1 or HGF were applied onto the hearts of rats injured by MI. Improvement in LV function and restoration of LV wall thickness, muscle mass, and angiogenesis were assessed 8 weeks post-patch implantation. Improvement in LV dimension and function due to IGF-1-loaded patches was not significant compared to control patches, while HGF-loaded patches significantly worsened LV dimension compared to IGF-loaded and control patches. No significant differences in muscle or capillary formation or LV function were noted between groups. Although no significant improvements were noted with growth factor-loaded patches, trends towards improved LV dimension with IGF-1-loaded patches and trends towards worsened LV dimension and function with HGF-loaded patches may warrant additional investigation.Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of PEUU to deliver molecules deigned to induce cellular gene expression in a spatially-controlled manner in vitro. PEUU films and scaffolds with spatially-defined regions containing or omitting inducer molecules were fabricated, and cells transduced to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) were cultured on films and within scaffolds to evaluate spatial control of gene expression. PEUU demonstrated an extended period of controlled release of the inducer molecule as well as providing spatial control over GFP expression in both PEUU films and three-dimensional scaffolds. Hence, these scaffolds may provide a means to control progenitor cell commitment in a spatially-defined manner in vivo for tissue repair and regeneration. With an elastic scaffold delivery system, such a technique might ultimately find application in cardiovascular tissue engineering.


We propose a new detection technique based on statistical characteristics of images in the video sequence. These characteristics displayed in time enable to catch any bright track during the whole sequence. We applied our method to the image datacubes that are created from camera pictures of the night sky. Meteor flying through the Earth's atmosphere leaves a light trail lasting a few seconds on the sky background. We developed a special technique to recognize this event automatically in the complete observed video sequence. For further analysis leading to the precise recognition of object we suggest to apply Fourier and Hough transformations.


Abstract. High Definition Map (HD Map) is one of the essential components for autonomous driving systems. The HD Map helps localization, detection, prediction and planning of autonomous driving cars in combination with GNSS and IMU sensors. A lot of map providers and major car manufactures have been trying the development of efficient ways to create and update HD Maps with centimeter-level precision. However, there are no open standard ways well-established to produce HD Map at the present time. Since 2013, we have been being engaged in the research projects and actual production projects on the creation of HD Maps. This paper introduces practical knowledge on five key steps of our large-scale production lines for HD Map creation, which are 1) Mobile Mapping System (MMS) survey, 2) 3D plotting, 3) Feature attributes editing and road network topology building, 4) Format conversion and 5) Quality assurance.


The purpose of this paper is to develop an in-depth understanding of the effectiveness, evolution and dynamism of the current health communication media used in Ghana.,This paper uses a multi-method approach which utilizes a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. In-depth interviews are conducted with health promotion professionals in Ghana and 150 members of the general public were surveyed.,The paper finds that the general public sees social media as an effective place for health professionals to share health-related messages. They also view health-related messages on social media seriously. Health professionals see social media as an effective tool for sending health-related messages to the public and are concerned about the fact that traditional media are losing their effectiveness as means to share health-related messages.,This study was conducted in Ghana. Future studies should be conducted across multiple countries to examine the conclusions developed in this paper and the possibility of multiple perspectives regarding the use of social media for sending health messages.,The results inform public health officials on developments in health communication and suggest prescriptions on how to adjust to the new media.,Health messaging is an area that has been relatively ignored in the literature and almost no research focusses on the effectiveness of social media and other health messaging technologies, particularly in developing countries. Although the study was conducted in Ghana, health professionals worldwide can use the findings to help improve their health messaging strategies.


Abstract. In this study, the tsunami hazard posed to 120 000 inhabitants of Tumaco (Colombia) is assessed, and an evaluation and analysis of regenerating the previous El Guano Island for tsunami protection is conducted. El Guano Island was a sandy barrier island in front of the city of Tumaco until its disappearance during the tsunami of 1979; the island is believed to have played a protective role, substantially reducing the scale of the disaster. The analysis is conducted by identifying seismotectonic parameters and focal mechanisms of tsunami generation in the area, determining seven potential generation sources, applying a numerical model for tsunami generation and propagation, and evaluating the effect of tsunamis on Tumaco. The results show that in the current situation, this area is vulnerable to impact and flooding by tsunamis originating nearby. El Guano Island was found to markedly reduce flood levels and the energy flux of tsunami waves in Tumaco during the 1979 tsunami. By reducing the risk of flooding due to tsunamis, the regeneration and morphological modification of El Guano Island would help to protect Tumaco.


This paper reports on research that examines the state of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the impact of economic attitudes on natural and social CSR in Lithuania and Slovenia. The study exposes CSR and organizational behavior theories and analyzes answers from 159 Lithuanian and 183 Slovenian business students considered as future employees. The authors established a model to examine the impact of economic CSR – considered through a "primary concern for economic results" and "devoting resources for CSR" to "natural CSR" and "social CSR." In Lithuania interest in social CSR prevails, while in Slovenia interest is focused on natural CSR. The economic aspect of CSR is poorly appreciated in both countries. Associations between CSR aspects reveal that favoring economic results has no significant influence on natural and social CSR in the Lithuanian sample. In the Slovenian sample there is a significant and negative association between the concern for economic results and natural and social CSR. A positive and significant impact of devoting resources to natural and social CSR in both countries exists, but the impact is stronger for Slovenia than Lithuania. Devoting resources contributes more to a concern for social rather than natural CSR in both samples. Economic CSR explains significantly more variance in social CSR than in natural CSR. The findings could help improve and develop CSR behavior in organizations and among their future employees. They could also benefit higher education organizations and society.


Automotive navigation systems have become common accessories in vehicles manufactured today. However, the information provided by these systems is quite limited in that many systems only provide static information. As a result, manufacturers of such systems have not been able to fully capitalize from the potential applications for mobile commerce (mcommerce) which is critically dependent on providing consumers with dynamic information. The objective of this paper is to discuss a novel method, known as Dynamic Location Cost Minimization (DLCM), which can be used with a vehicle's navigation system to determine the optimum location to purchase gas. With the increasing cost of gas and the possibility of higher prices due to proposed gas price taxes, providing a means for consumers to minimize their costs to travel could prove to be very beneficial, and potentially help drive down prices due to increased competition. In addition, the proposed method could also be used in conjunction with mobile phones to facilitate real-time decisions for other services or purchases. Anecdotal evidence presented in this paper merits further investigation into the usability and acceptance of this technology.


The form factor of abrasion particles is one of the most important Influencing factors of abrasion resistance of concrete. In order to evaluate the serves life of concrete, a relationship about the form factor of abrasion particles and the wear degree of abrasion resistance of concrete should be established. In this paper, wear process of basalt on concrete was studied under the flow velocity form 1.7m/s to2.4m/s by a improved under water method test equipment. Meanwhile, an image acquisition method was used to get the form factor of basalt to measure the influence of form factor of basalt on wear degree of concrete. The result shows: the abrasion rate of concrete is higher when the flow velocity is faster and the particle form is sharper, and there is an exponential function relationship between particle forms and abrasion rate.


Robert Rabb is an associate professor and the Mechanical Engineering Program Director at The Citadel. He previously taught mechanical engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the United States Military Academy and his M.S.E. and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. His research and teaching interests are in mechatronics, regenerative power, and multidisciplinary engineering.


The evolution of eusociality led to severe changes in the general hymenopteran body plan. In particular, the evolution of reproductive division of labour caused the worker caste to be largely freed from the demands involved in reproduction. As a consequence, workers were able to evolve highly specialized morphologies for foraging and colony maintenance, whereas the reproductive caste became specialized for reproduction. Despite these important changes, little is known about general patterns of morphological evolution within the ant reproductive caste. Our goals were to characterize morphological variation in the ant reproductive caste and to test whether different sexes display variation in their evolutionary rates. We obtained measurements of 897 specimens from a total of 678 ant species. The shapes of the size distributions were similar between sexes, with queens being larger than males in all traits except for eye length. Contrary to the expectation based on Rensch's rule, although queens were larger, the degree of dimorphism increased with body size. Finally, there is strong evidence for an accelerated tempo of morphological evolution in queens in relation to males. These results represent the first comprehensive treatment of morphological variation in the ant reproductive caste and provide important new insights into their evolution.


Emerging studies have showed that silk fibroin might be as a naturally occurring degradable biomaterial for tissue engineering with unique mechanical properties, biocompatib ility and processability. To optimize the formation of the regenerated silk fibroin film, in thi s study, we examined the genotoxic potential of the regenerated silk fibroin films by differe nt cross-linking mode with micronucleus and the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assa y. The data showed that MNF in group PC and group SD showed significantly no differenc e with blank group (P>0.05), and no evident comet tails were observed. However, the resul t of EC group was significantly different from the control group(P<0.01). Taken together, R SFFs in group PC and group SD have no evident genotoxicity, which is better than group EC.


We derive upper and lower bounds on the secure capacity-memory tradeoff of the K-user (K > 2) wiretap erasure broadcast channel where Kw receivers are weak and have cache memories of equal size, and Ks receivers are strong and have no cache. The bounds coincide for small and large cache memories. The lower bound also exhibits that cache memories provide larger gains under a secrecy constraint than without such a constraint. The lower bound is based on a joint cache-channel coding scheme that simultaneously exploits the cache contents and the channel statistics. Moreover, we show for the two-user scenario that in the regime of small cache memories, the capacity-memory tradeoff is larger when only the weaker receiver has cache memory than when this cache memory is split equally among the two receivers.


Observations indicate the existence of a large number of low-frequency (periods longer than 10 days) atmospheric regimes with planetary spatial scales (of the order of the earth's radius, ca. 6300 km) that have an important influence on the variability of the atmosphere. Further studies show that the interactions between such planetary scale flows and the synoptic eddies (characteristic length and time scales : 1000 km and 2-6 days) play a crucial role for the atmospheric dynamics. In this theses we derive reduced model equations for three planetary regimes by applying a multiple scales asymptotic method. This method allows us to take into account in a systematic way the interactions with the synoptic scales. The numerical experiments with a primitive equations model showed that two of the asymptotic regimes reproduce basic properties of the planetary scale dynamics.

The Planetary Regime (PR) is characterized by isotropic planetary horizontal scales and by a corresponding advective time scale of about one week. The variations of the background potential temperature in this regime are comparable in magnitude with those adopted in the classical quasi-geostrophic (QG) theory, larger variations are assumed in the Planetary Regime with Background Flow (PRBF). In the PR we obtain as leading order model the planetary geostrophic equations (PGEs). We derive in a systematic way from the asymptotic analysis a closure for the PGEs in the form of an evolution equation for the vertically averaged (barotropic) component of the pressure. Relative to the prognostic closures adopted in existing reduced-complexity planetary models, this new dynamical closure may provide for a more realistic large scale and long term variability in future implementations. Using a two scale asymptotic ansatz, we extended the region of validity of the PR to the synoptic spatial and temporal
scales. We derive modified QG equations for the dynamics on the synoptic scale as well as terms describing new interactions between the synoptic and planetary scales.

In the Anisotropic Planetary Regime (APR) we investigate motions with planetary modulation in zonal direction but with a meridional extent confined to the synoptic scale, the same assumption for the background temperature as in the PR is made. As leading order model we obtain the
QG model, describing the synoptic evolution of the leading order synoptic potential vorticity (PV). The second order asymptotic model describes a coupling between the planetary evolution of this leading order synoptic PV, the synoptic evolution of the planetary scale vorticity field and the synoptic dynamics of higher order PV corrections.

By applying a primitive equations model, we studied the balances in the vorticity transport on the planetary and synoptic scale. The numerical experiments showed that only the PR and the APR are relevant for the earth's atmosphere. These two models helped us to understand different aspects of the dynamics on the planetary scale and they can be further employed for the construction of intermediate complexity models for long term climate simulations.


The interactivity afforded to the learner by the computer based media is often fairly restricted. This may be by design choice but is often brought about by resource constraints. The new layered media forms give educational media developers an opportunity to provide richer forms of interactivity, and some of the issues related to changes in the way that interactive materials might be created are discussed. The distinction is made between the interface viewed simply as an information source and the interface regarded as an environment to be manipulated and explored.


The metabolic activity of sludge samples taken from two pilot scale activated sludge reactor was studied. The two reactors were of the same size and structure. One was operated according to the reversed A2/O process (R-reactor) and another was operated according to conventional A2/O process (C-reactor). The activities of dehydrogenase (DHA) and electron transport system (ETS) and the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of sludge taken from R-reactor were 34.98%, 22.44% and 12.70% higher than those of the sludge taken from C-reactor. As for the R-reactor, the sludge undergoes aerobic condition right after anaerobic experience. Compared to entering aerobic stage from anoxic stage (C-reactor), entering aerobic stage from anaerobic stage can significantly enhance the activity of microbes, accelerate the decomposition of organics and improve the SOUR of the sludge.


The ability to ensure reliable adaptation is important in safety-critical applications. Traditional software verification and validation techniques cannot account for the time-evolving nature of a system, making them inapplicable for adaptive computing system assurance. In this paper, we propose considering stability of adaptation as a heuristic measure of reliability. We present a stability monitoring technique that detects unstable learning behavior during online operation of adaptive systems. The stability monitoring relies upon Lyapunov-like functions that detect distinct states in learning that bifurcate away from stable behavior. Dempster-Shafer theory is used for combining stability estimates provided by the monitors into an easily interpretable stability belief function. The proposed analysis technique is evaluated using online learning experiments based on data generated by an actual adaptive flight control system. Results indicate that the stability monitoring successfully detects unstable learning conditions. Our approach is one of the first that can be used for the verification, validation and monitoring of adaptive computing applications.


The population of the world is expected to reach around 9.7 billion by the end of the year 2050. Currently, around 56% of the world"s population lives in the urban areas, putting a lot of pressure on the maintenance of the air quality and the greenery in these areas. But the issue is that there is lack of space for cultivation in urban areas where urban gardening comes into picture. Human labour is involved in traditional methods of monitoring and farming and is it is time consuming. Vertical farming is the practice of growing plants in the vertically inclined surfaces or in vertically stacked layers. Here, plants are grown in a controlled environment. The proposed system uses the concepts of artificial photosynthesis, vertical and zone-wise crops production and the Internet of Things. This increases the productivity. By using the various sensor networks, the environmental parameters can be noted. The retrieved data is stored and displayed on a customized webpage which can be accessed through mobile app. Thus, the indoor vertical farm can be monitored and controlled even without direct presence of the cultivator at the plant environment. The variations in the individual sensor"s data with respect to time can be graphically plotted for the improved analysis and monitoring of the system. Increasing population demands increase in food production by the next decade. Internet of things is implemented in vertical and indoor farming to establish a smart way of cultivation. Basic functions like monitoring the soil moisture, temperature, humidity are performed. Artificial photosynthesis for the plants using grow-lamps and drip irrigation is implemented to maintain the urban gardens. Using GSM technology systematic alerts regarding the status of garden to the user at regular intervals of time is delivered. An android app interface is also implemented in the proposed system to remotely control the garden functioning hence enhancing the smart way of agriculture.


In the epidermis, retinoids regulate the expression of keratins, the intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells. We have cloned the 5' regulatory regions of four human epidermal keratin genes, K#5, K#6, K#10, and K#14, and engineered constructs in which these regions drive the expression of the CAT reporter gene. By co-transfecting the constructs into epithelial cells along with the vectors expressing nuclear receptors for retinoic acid (RA) and thyroid hormone, we have demonstrated that the receptors can suppress the promoters of keratin genes. The suppression is ligand dependent; it is evident both in established cell lines and in primary cultures of epithelial cells. The three RA receptors have similar effects on keratin gene transcription. Our data indicate that the nuclear receptors for RA and thyroid hormone regulate keratin synthesis by binding to negative recognition elements in the upstream DNA sequences of the keratin genes. RA thus has a twofold effect on epidermal keratin expression: qualitatively, it regulates the regulators that effect the switch from basal cell-specific keratins to differentiation-specific ones; and quantitatively, it determines the level of keratin synthesis within the cell by direct interaction of its receptors with the keratin gene promoters.


Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is an edible crop plant adapted to the climatic conditions of the South American Andes, where it thrives under extreme environmental conditions such as saline soils, drought, high UV radiation and broad temperature fluctuations. The prolonged exposure of this crop to high salinity and low relative humidity has promoted the development of efficient mechanisms to retain water within the intracellular compartments and avoid desiccation, including accumulation of osmoprotectants. In this study, the effect of osmotic stress (250 mM KCl) was evaluated on osmolyte accumulation at different phenological stages of quinoa growth (branched, panicle, flowering) compared to control (0 mM KCl). The osmotic stimulus increased the concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, sucrose, fructose, glucose, and trehalose two- to seven-fold compared to a low salinity conditions. This is the first report to show significant increase in trehalose in response to osmotic disturbance at three different phenological stages of quinoa growth, opening a new avenue to explore the protective role of trehalose against osmotic-induced damage in this crop.

 Key words: Compatible solutes, osmotic stress, quinoa, phenology.


In many moral hazard problems, the principal evaluates the agent's performance based on signals which the agent may suppress and replace with counterfeits. This form of fraud may a ect the design of optimal contracts drastically, leading to complete market failure in extreme cases. I show that in optimal contracts, the principal deters all fraud, and does so by two complementary mechanisms. First, the principal punishes signals that are suspicious, i.e. appear counterfeit. Second, the principal is lenient on bad signals that the agent could suppress, but does not.


In this letter, we study the characteristics of n-type junctionless (JL) poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs) with an ultrathin and heavily phosphorous doped channel. The fabricated devices show excellent performance with a subthreshold swing of 240 mV/dec and an on/off current ratio of >; 107. Moreover, the JL device shows 23 times increase in the on-state current at a gate overdrive of 4 V as compared with the conventional control device with an undoped channel. The significant improvement in the current drive is ascribed to the inherently high carrier concentration contained in the channel of the JL device. These results evidence the great potential of the JL poly-Si TFTs for the manufacturing of future 3-D and flat-panel electronic products.


A simple examination instrument (the Edentulous Exam form) was developed to be used in a regular and systematic manner to determine outcomes or prognoses for the edentulous patient. Factors that can complicate treatment are discussed. When a dentist can gather information about what a patient is presenting with, a satisfactory outcome or prognosis can be effectively projected before the actual treatment commences.


This paper is a commentary on the experiences of working-class students and tutors in elite universities in the United Kingdom with a particular focus on sociolinguistic aspects of accent and dialect. The way that a person speaks involves more than the exchanging of information: it is a distinguishing aspect of identity related to levels of power and prestige. There are explicit and implicit expectations around particular accents and dialects in educational contexts that result in difficult living and learning encounters for both working-class students and tutors. Ideally, student population should reflect the society from which it emanates, but a disadvantageous skew in numbers towards middle-class students and tutors persists. Standard English dialect spoken with Received Pronunciation represents the most prestigious form of speech typically used by middle-class students and tutors in university settings. This paper utilises the theoretical concepts of field, habitus and social and linguistic capital associated with Bourdieu to examine the impact of speaking with working-class accents in the university context. Some anecdotal examples from my own teaching in an elite university are included to illustrate how working-class identity might be utilised and valorised in ameliorating these experiences for all concerned.


Prevalence of non-communicable diseases has increased in past decades in the OECD. These conditions have many risk factors, including poor quality diet, insufficient physical activity, and excess sedentarism. These behaviours are also at the root of overweight and obesity, which are themselves risk factors leading to non-communicable diseases. Using the most recent data available from individual-level national health surveys and health interviews, this paper paints a picture of the situation in terms of diet and physical activity in eleven OECD countries. Fruit and vegetable consumption remains low in all countries, as daily consumption of five fruit and vegetables per day rarely reaches 40%; diet quality can also be improved, although it is higher in some countries. Physical activity levels are more encouraging, with over 50% of the population reporting to reach the World Health Organization target in all countries, and excess sedentarism is high in two of the seven countries studied. Disparities by level of education and socio-economic status are visible for all health behaviours: overall, those with higher socio-economic characteristics consume a healthier diet and are more physically active, but also more sedentary. Inequalities and gender gaps vary by country and by health indicator. A latent class analysis was run to classify individuals into different groups, depending on their various health behaviours (adherence to national diet guidelines, sufficient physical activity, and low sedentarism). This approach demonstrated that these behaviours are linked, and allowed to determine the traits (demographic, health) of individuals in each class. This analysis allows policy-makers to specifically target these populations with interventions aiming to improve their health. Globally, men with higher socio-economic characteristics were more likely to be in the groups displaying less healthy behaviours.


We consider the problem of assigning students to schools on the basis of priorities. Students are allowed to have equal priority at a school. We characterize the efficient rules which weakly/strongly respect students' priorities. When priority orderings are not strict, it is not possible to simply break ties in a fixed manner. All possibilities of resolving the indifferences need to be considered. Neither the deferred acceptance algorithm nor the top trading cycle algorithm successfully solve the problem of efficiently assigning the students to schools whereas a modified version of the deferred acceptance algorithm might. In this version tie breaking depends on students' preferences.


Teachers of schools in the central region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa received training in a problem-based approach to the teaching and learning of mathematics and introduced these principles into their classes.  Follow-up visits to schools took place on a monthly basis for one year. 800 learners in Grades 9 and 11 completed the Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics (SOM). Mean age in Grade 11 was 17.5 yr. (SD = 1.4), and in Grade 9, 15.1 yr., (SD = 1.2). The differences between the post- and pre-test marks for the two groups were compared. The means for marks in mathematics were significantly different for the two groups.


The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with road traffic deaths and trends in traffic deaths among motorists in Lusaka from 2010 to 2013. RTAs are one of the main causes of injuries and deaths in the world today. It is a concern for public health. Third world countries such as Zambia experience large numbers of RTAs and the outcomes are affecting the development and productivity of such economies. This study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia based on police statistical records of road traffic accidents that took place in the period under review. Simple Systematic Sampling was used to select a total of 400 cases into the sample that were considered for analysis. The Researcher used Logistic Regression Analysis to determine the associations between the Outcome Variable (i.e. dying from a road traffic accident) and other independent variables such as age of driver, sex of driver, road from which the accident took place and time of accident. These associations were analysed at three distinct levels namely, Univariate analysis, Bivariate analysis and the Multivariate analysis which took into account the need to control for confounders. The results indicated that there is a strong association between sex of driver and the probability of dying from a road traffic accident which revealed that male drivers are at a higher risk of dying from an RTA than their female counterparts. Apart from that, odds of dying from an RTA were higher in roads around town and the surrounding areas compared to those on the periphery. These associations that were unravelled from the results were in conformity with studies conducted in the USA, Europe, Asia and parts of Africa that age and sex of driver are statistically significant to determine whether the risk of dying is higher or reduced on the road. Recommendations to the study were in tandem with the results which were that government and the general citizenry should take the matter of deaths from RTAs as important and put in place measures that can address the problem adequately. There is need to work out plans and policies that prioritise RTAs as a relevant Public Health concern in order to save lives and prevent unnecessary injuries. There should also be a strategic framework that stiffens regulations on the road especially to the most affected groups such as young male drivers in Lusaka that have indicated having high vulnerability to the risk of dying from RTAs.


Multi-label learning (MLL) refers to the problem of tagging a given instance with a set of relevant labels. In MLL, the implicit relative importance of different labels representing a single instance is generally different, which recently gained considerable attention and should be fully leveraged. Therefore, label enhancement (LE) has been widely applied in various MLL tasks as the ability to effectively mine the implicit relative importance information of different labels. However, due to the fact that the label enhancement process in previous LE-based MLL methods is decoupled from the training process on the predictive models, the objective of LE does not match the training process and finally affects the whole learning system. In this paper, we propose a novel approach named Fusion Label Enhancement for Multi-label learning (FLEM) to effectively integrate the LE process and the training process. Specifically, we design a matching and interaction mechanism which leverages a novel interaction label enhancement loss to avoid that the recovered label distribution does not match the need of the predictive model. In the meantime, we present a unified label distribution loss for establishing the corresponding relationship between the recovered label distribution and the training of the predictive model. With the proposed loss, the label distributions recovered from the LE process can be efficiently utilized for training the predictive model. Experimental results on multiple benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Recently many efforts have been devoted to interpreting the black-box NMT models, but little progress has been made on metrics to evaluate explanation methods. Word Alignment Error Rate can be used as such a metric that matches human understanding, however, it can not measure explanation methods on those target words that are not aligned to any source word. This paper thereby makes an initial attempt to evaluate explanation methods from an alternative viewpoint. To this end, it proposes a principled metric based on fidelity in regard to the predictive behavior of the NMT model. As the exact computation for this metric is intractable, we employ an efficient approach as its approximation. On six standard translation tasks, we quantitatively evaluate several explanation methods in terms of the proposed metric and we reveal some valuable findings for these explanation methods in our experiments.


This study examined the effects of processing ease on judgments of meaning in life (MIL), employing a common manipulation of fluency, font styles. One hundred and three adults completed a questionnaire assessing MIL with items printed in one of four fonts that differed in readability. We predicted that those who rated MIL items printed in easy-to-read fonts would report higher MIL than those who rated items presented in difficult-to-read fonts. Participants also completed a measure of the proposed mechanism for these effects, positive affect (PA). Results showed that, as predicted, easy reading led to higher MIL than difficult reading and these effects were explained by PA. Results not only extend the influence of processing fluency to such profound judgments as life's meaningfulness, but also lend further support to the very strong role of PA in judgments of MIL.


Many fault injection techniques have been proposed in the recent years to attack computing systems, as well as the corresponding countermeasures. Most of published attacks are limited to one or a few faults. We provide a theoretical analysis of instruction skip attacks to show how an attacker can modify an application behavior at run-time when thousands of instruction skips are possible. Our main result is that instruction skip is Turing-complete under our theoretical model while requiring the presence of only common instructions in the binary. As a consequence, we show that current software-based countermeasures are fragile. In addition, we release a modification of gem5 that implements a classical instruction skip fault model that we used for our experiments. We believe this kind of simulation tools are useful to help the community explore attacks and hardware and software countermeasures.


Immunity to tetanus can only be obtained through tetanus toxoid immunization. Pregnant women who get tetanus toxoid immunization in their body will form tetanus antibodies. The purpose of this PKM is to motivate pregnant women about the importance of doing TT (Tetanus Toxoid) Immunization. This PKM activity was carried out by means of health education methods using leaflet media to 15 pregnant women in the village of Joring Natobang. The results of this counseling activity were continued by providing an evaluation of pregnant women, namely questions and answers about the TT (Tetanus Toxoid) material. Pregnant women can be responsible and explain well the questions asked by the counselor. PKM activities that were carried out went well. Pregnant women in Joring Natobang village who participated seemed enthusiastic in participating in the activity.


The viability of wireless sensor applications often hinges on minimising power consumption whilst maximising the informational output. Although many low-level platform-oriented energy saving mechanisms have been developed, considerable savings are possible at application level. This work presents an approach to pushing the calculation of application-level state closer to the information source. The context in which this approach is evaluated is a residential building monitoring application. Combined with the Spanish Inquisition Protocol (SIP), this is shown, based on deployment data, to reduce the average transmission period for temperature data from once every 5 minutes to an average of once every 38 days for an allowed error threshold of 10% on any component of the application-level state. For combined sensing of temperature, relative humidity and CO2, the average transmission period drops to 13 days. This transmission reduction should considerably extend network life while having minimal effect on the usefulness of the information gathered. Most importantly, the underlying approach generalises to a wide variety of applications.


We summarize the available geological information on the Sierra Maestra Mountains in southeastern Cuba and report new zircon fission track and biotite Ar-Ar ages for this region. Two different and genetically unrelated volcanic arc sequences occur in the Sierra Maestra, one Cretaceous in age (pre-Maastrichtian) and restricted to a few outcrops on the southern coast, and the other Palaeogene in age, forming the main expression of the mountain range. These two sequences are overlain by middle to late Eocene siliciclastic, carbonatic and terrigenous rocks as well as by late Miocene to Quaternary deposits exposed on the southern flank of the mountain range. These rocks are britle deformed and contain extension gashes filled with calcite and karst material. The Palaeogene volcanic arc successions were intruded by calc-alkaline, low- to medium-K tonalites and trondhjemites during the final stages of subduction and subsequent collision of the Caribbean oceanic plate with the North American continental plate. U-Pb SHRIMP single zircon dating of five granitoid plutons yielded 206Pb/238U emplacement ages between 60.5 ± 2.2 and 48.3 ± 0.5 Ma. These granitoids were emplaced at pressures ranging from 1.8 to 3.0 kbar, corresponding to depths of ca. 4.5-8 km. 40Ar/39Ar dating of two biotite concentrates yielded ages of 50 ± 2 and 54 ± 4 Ma, indicating cooling through ca. 300 oC. Zircon and apatite fission track ages range from 32 ± 3 to 46 ± 4 Ma and 31 ± 10 to 44 ± 13 Ma, respectively, and date cooling through 250 ± 50 oC and 110 ± 20 oC. The granitoids are the result of subduction-related magmatism and have geochemical characteristics similar to those of magmas from intra-oceanic island-arcs such as the Izu Bonin-Mariana arc and the New Britain island arc. Major and trace element patterns suggest evolution of these rocks from a single magmatic source. Geochemical features characterize these rocks as typical subduction-related granitoids as found worldwide in intra-oceanic arcs, and they probably formed through fractional crystallization of mantlederived low- to medium-K basalts. Several distinct phases of deformation were recognized in the Sierra Maestra, labelled D1 to D6, which define the transition from collision of the Palaeogene island arc to the formation of the Oriente Transform Wrench Corridor south of Cuba and later movement of the Caribbean plate against the North American plate. The first phase (D1) is related to the intrusion of a set of extensive subparallel, N-trending subvertical basalt-andesite dykes, probably during the early to middle Eocene. Between the late-middle Eocene and early Oligocene (D2), rocks of the Sierra Maestra were deformed by approximately east-west trending folds and north-vergent thrust faults. This deformation (D2) was linked to a shift in the stress regime of the Caribbean plate from mainly NNE-SSW to E-W. This shift in plate motion caused the abandonment of the Nipe-Guacanayabo fault system in the early Oligocene and initiation of a deformation front to the south where the Oriente Transform Wrench corridor is now located. Compressive structures were overprinted by widespread extensional structures (D3), mainly faults with southward-directed normal displacement in the Oligocene to early Miocene. During this period the plate boundary jumped to the Oriente fault. This event was followed by transpressive and transtensive structures (D4–D6) due to further development of the sinistral E-trending Oriente Transform wrench corridor. These structures are consistent with oblique convergence in a wide zone of left-lateral shear along an E-W-oriented transform fault.


The Rospo Mare oil field is located on a buried Lower Cretaceous regional high 20 km off the shore of the Italian Adriatic coast in the northeastern part of the Mesozoic Apulian platform. The operator is Elf Italiana SPA (61.67%) in a joint venture with Agip (38.33%). The field was discovered in 1975. Four appraisal wells confirmed the reservoir extension and oil characteristics of the fields: highly fractured and karstified Albian to Cenomanian limestone at a depth of 1.350 m and 12/sup 0/ API specific gravity oil. The estimated accumulation is over 100 MT, and the field has an area of approximately 180 km/sup 2/. The trap is mainly due to a hydrodynamic tilt which is explained by the low contrast between the specific gravity of oil and water. For that reason the oil column ranges from 0 to 140 m from southwest to northeast. The oil source rock is believed to be Triassic. In 1982, a pilot project, platform RSMA, was developed. This platform includes a horizontal well which was drilled to limit the waterflooding due to the lack of contrast between the specific gravity of oil and water and the low mobility ratio. Because of the good resultsmore » of this well, a development program was based on the horizontal well technology. A seismic 3D program was shot in 1984 over the central part of the field. The results showed with accuracy the details of a complex karstic morphology at the reservoir top. In mid-1986 a development platform, RSMB, was set up and four horizontal wells have been drilled with the help of the 3D seismic results.« less


Tetrad analysis is a valuable tool for yeast genetics, but the laborious manual nature of the process has hindered its application on large scales. Barcode Enabled Sequencing of Tetrads (BEST) replaces the manual processes of isolating, disrupting and spacing tetrads. BEST isolates tetrads by virtue of a sporulation-specific GFP fusion protein that permits fluorescence-activated cell sorting of tetrads directly onto agar plates, where the ascus is enzymatically digested and the spores are disrupted and randomly arrayed by glass bead plating. The haploid colonies are then assigned sister spore relationships, i.e. information about which spores originated from the same tetrad, using molecular barcodes read during genotyping. By removing the bottleneck of manual dissection, hundreds or even thousands of tetrads can be isolated in minutes. Here we present a detailed description of the experimental procedures required to perform BEST in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, starting with a heterozygous diploid strain through the isolation of colonies derived from the haploid meiotic progeny.


Hot springs are numerous and nearly uniformly distributed in northern Nevada. Most occur on the flanks of basins, along Basin and Range (late Miocene to Holocene) faults, while some occur in the inner parts of the basins. Surface temperatures of the springs range from slightly above ambient to boiling; some springs are superheated. Maximum subsurface water temperatures calculated on the basis of quartz solubility range as high as 252/sup 0/C, although most are below 190/sup 0/C. Flows range from a trickle to several hundred liters per minute. The Nevada geothermal systems differ markedly from the power-producing system at The Geysers, Calif., and from those areas with a high potential for power production (e.g., Yellowstone Park, Wyo.; Jemez Mountains, N. Mex.). These other systems are associated with Quaternary felsic volcanic rocks and probably derive their heat from cooling magma rather high in the crust. In northern Nevada, however, felsic volcanic rocks are virtually all older than 10 million years, and analogous magmatic heat sources are, therefore, probably lacking. Nevada is part of an area of much higher average heat flow than the rest of the United States. In north-central Nevada, geothermal gradients are as great as 64/sup 0/C per kilometer inmore » bedrock and even higher in basin fill. The high gradients probably result from a combination of thin crust and high temperature upper mantle. It is suggested that the geothermal systems of northern Nevada result from circulation of meteoric waters along Basin and Range faults and that their temperature chiefly depends upon (1) depth of circulation and (2) the geothermal gradient near the faults.« less


The objective of this study is to present novel neural network (NN) algorithms and systems for sensor-based hand gesture recognition. The algorithms are able to classify accurately a sequence of hand gestures from the sensory data produced by accelerometers and gyroscopes. They are the extensions from the PairNet, which is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) capable of carrying out simple pairing operations with low computational complexities. Three different types of feedforward NNs, termed Residual PairNet, PairNet with Inception, and Residual PairNet with Inception are proposed for the extension. They are the PairNet operating in conjunction with short-cut connections and/or inception modules for achieving high classification accuracy and low computation complexity. A prototype system based on smart phones for remote control of home appliances has been implemented for the performance evaluation. Experimental results reveal that the PairNet has superior classification accuracy over its basic CNN and Recurrent NN (RNN) counterparts. Furthermore, the Residual PairNet, PairNet with Inception, and Residual PairNet with Inception are able to further improve classification hit rate and/or reduce recognition time for hand gesture recognition.


This paper demonstrates the enrichment of reticulocytes by centrifuging whole blood through aqueous multiphase systems (AMPSs)—immiscible phases of solutions of polymers that form step‐gradients in density. The interfaces of an AMPS concentrate cells; this concentration facilitates the extraction of blood enriched for reticulocytes. AMPS enrich reticulocytes from blood from both healthy and hemochromatosis donors. Varying the osmolality and density of the phases of AMPS provides different levels of enrichment and yield of reticulocytes. A maximum enrichment of reticulocytemia of 64 ± 3% was obtained from donors with hemochromatosis. When used on peripheral blood from normal donors, AMPS can provide a higher yield of enriched reticulocytes and a higher proportion of reticulocytes expressing CD71 than differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation over Percoll. Blood enriched for reticulocytes by AMPS could be useful for research on malaria. Several species of malaria parasites show a preference to invade young erythrocytes and reticulocytes; this preference complicates in vitro cultivation of these species in human blood. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria parasites invade normal human blood enriched for reticulocytes by AMPSs at a rate 2.2 times greater (P < 0.01) than they invade unenriched blood. Parasite invasion in normal blood enriched by AMPS was 1.8 times greater (P < 0.05) than in blood enriched to a similar reticulocytemia by differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation over Percoll. The enrichment of reticulocytes that are invaded by malaria parasites demonstrates that AMPSs can provide a label‐free method to enrich cells for biological research. Am. J. Hematol. 90:31–36, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


ABSTRACT This contribution examines to what extent the EU includes Moroccan and Tunisian civil society actors in bilateral political processes in the two policy domains of trade liberalization and anti-corruption. It finds that while the EU has strongly committed itself to more such interaction, gaps between its discourses and its practices remain. We observe variance between both sectors and both countries. Civil society is much more substantially included in EU policy processes in Tunisia than in Morocco, which is partly due to the EU's respect for some of Moroccan government's red lines. Moreover, the EU tends to be more open towards including civil society on transparency and anti-corruption than on trade. This may at least partly be explained by the fact that EU interests are more aligned with those of civil society on the former than on the latter.


Flash pyrolysis of cellulose is done on the laser pyrolysis experiment device, from which some water-loving yellow substances are collected, which is confirmed as active cellulose. HPLC analysis shows that the chief constituent of this yellow substances are glucose, fructose and oligosaccharide, and whose yield are determined. The research indicates that: at high-radiation power, glucose is not the only production decomposing from oligosaccharide, and there is another production decomposing from oligosaccharide which will compete against glucose. At last, the mechanism of the first pyrolysis of cellulose is analysed.


The phrase "Catholic intellectual tradition" appears in many self-descriptions of Catholic colleges and universities. It communicates the identity of these institutions to the broader Catholic community, to members of the particular college or university community, and to the broader academic world. The phrase "Catholic intellectual tradition" suggests a fundamental confidence in reason as evidenced in the long list of classics in the history of Catholicism. The Catholic intellectual tradition seeks integration among disciplines inviting convergence, dialogue, and transformation. The tradition is grounded in basic theological affirmations about God and human persons.


There is little doubt that the most cogent literary representation of the experience of modernity has been realised in big city fiction and cinematographic masterpieces such as Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1926). Despite the formal and aesthetic incompatability of early twentieth century (predominantly Western) works of this literary genre and more recent ones, East and West, the underlying dialectic tension between progressive optimism and disorientation, existential up-rootedness, alienation and angst (Rilke's loss of soul) as archetypal manifestation of mega-city reality and its social structure and organisation, constitutes a generic hallmark, regardless of time and place. Significantly, the relevance of this problem is reinforced, theoretically and practically, by the eminent scholar and architect Rem Koolhaas whose reflections have China as a principal reference point of the global "out-of-control process of modernisation". This paper focuses on the literary representation of the complexity and universality of the problem and the social implications of the blurred and ambiguous vision of urban reality with particular reference to contemporary Chinese literature.


The interfacial reactions and shear properties of Sn-37Pb (wt.%) solder bumps with two different under bump metallizations (UBMs), Cu and Ni, were investigated after high temperature storage (HTS) tests at 150 C for up to 65 days. Two different intermetallic compounds (IMCs), Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn, were formed at the bump/Cu interface, whereas only a Ni3Sn4 IMC layer was formed at the bump/Ni interface. The thicknesses of these IMCs increased linearly with the square root of duration time. The IMC growth rate at the bump/Cu UBM interface was much greater than that at the bump/Ni UBM interface. The shear properties of the bumps with the Cu UBM were greatly decreased with increasing duration time, compared with those with the Ni UBM.


Rogers explores the role of parents, ordinary citizens, and local school boards in preventing or detecting and thus helping to correct substandard conditions in California's schools. California has constructed an elaborate accountability system for insuring school quality and promoting school improvement that includes substantial references to parent participation. Rogers seeks to make sense of the State's commitment to and practice of engaging parents in its accountability system. It answers the following questions: Does the State of California offer a clear vision of how parents can help insure that their children's schools offer the full range of learning opportunities promised by the State? What conditions are necessary for parents to play such a role? Does the State provide for these conditions? Rogers' offers a four-part analysis. He first considers the meaning of parent involvement in educational accountability, focusing on the role of parents in accessing, contributing to, and acting upon information about students' opportunity to learn and school quality. Second, Rogers draws on a wide array of State policies on parent involvement in public school accountability and school improvement to lay out a comprehensive overview of the State's commitment to parent participation in educational accountability. Third, he uses empirical evidence from two case studies to assess whether California provides parents with the opportunities that its own framework claims to provide. Fourth, building upon the State of California's own vision of parent participation in accountability, Rogers points to the requirements of an educational accountability system that allows parents to play a meaningful role in insuring safe and quality learning conditions for all students.


BACKGROUND
New investigational agents and chemotherapy regimens including cyclophosphamide + topotecan, temozolomide + irinotecan, and anti-IGF-1R antibodies in Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and liposomal muramyltripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (L-MTP-PE), aerosol therapy, and bone-specific agents in osteosarcoma (OS) may improve survival and/or quality of life on 'continuation' therapy.

OBJECTIVE
Review of investigational approaches and control paradigms for recurrent or metastatic primary bone tumors.

METHODS
Analyze temozolomide + irinotecan data and review in the context of other newer approaches including antiangiogenesis, anti-IGF-1R antibodies and bisphosphonates for ES. Review some current state-of-the-art approaches for OS including L-MTP-PE, anti-IGF-1R inhibition, aerosol therapies and bone specific agents.

RESULTS/CONCLUSION
L-MTP-PE with chemotherapy in OS has been shown to improve survival; compassionate access is available for recurrence and/or metastases. Aerosol therapy (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, cisplatin, gemcitabine) for lung metastases is a promising approach to reduce systemic toxicity. The bone-specific agents including denosumab (anti-receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand antibody) and bisphosphonates may have benefit against giant cell tumor, ES and OS. Anti-IGF-1R antibody SCH717454 has preclinical activity in OS but best effectiveness will most likely be in combination with chemotherapy earlier in therapy. Both temozolomide + irinotecan and cyclophosphamide + topotecan combinations are very active in ES and are likely to be tested with anti-IGF-1R antibodies against ES.


The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PM&DC) is the body concerned for the medical and dental education in Pakistan.1 The council was dissolved by an order of the President of Pakistan in October 2019, 2 but the order was revoked by the decision of the High Court of Pakistan.3 According to the PM&DC return/detention policy, a medical student has two chances of exam for his promotion in the next academic class and if one of the students could not pass the two chances provided in at least one of his subjects, the student must pass the exam in 3rd attempt with loss of his / her academic year and must pursue medical studies with the junior class. If one of these students could not pass this or these subjects by exceeding the 3rd chance, the conceded institution offers the 4th and last opportunity to the student.1 If the student still cannot pass the subject in 4th and last opportunity, he is expelled from the establishment with the cancellation of his admission, and the dreams of such a student to become a doctor are fulfilled until he will only be readmitted upon reappearing in the PM&DC competitive entrance test. But due to the sudden and unexpected outbreak of Covid-19, the medical community was the most affected. In some countries, more death rates have been reported among physicians who performed Covid-19 patient care tasks.4 Due to the lockdown policy of Govt. of Pakistan across the country, academic medical institutions were closed as a result of academic months of medical and dental students have also been wasted like other academic fields. The lockdown has been continued and we expect further academic waste from these students. The Pakistan Higher Education Commission has asked for conducting online courses for these students, but the clinical subjects of medical students cannot be taught online as they require direct clinical exposure to patients for the transmission of learning. required. Therefore, as a result of Covid-19, there is expected to be a waste of courses from almost all students across the country. However, in such circumstances, detained / term-back students will suffer a greater and irreparable waste of time as there may be many other technical difficulties regarding the continuation of medical education and the examinations of these students due to the Covid-19 disaster. Therefore, it may be good to revise the Term-Back / Detain policy for these medical, dental, and related students. The authors made the following suggestions for the PM&DC and the institutions to consider this review.

1) To Revise once the Term-Back / detention policy for the period 2019-2020 by allowing students to continue academic promotion during the next academic year with a unique relaxation in the policy.

2) Students who have not passed four chances and who are expelled from the establishment can be relaxed to have an additional chance to continue their medical studies, applicable for the year 2019-2020.

3) Relaxations are similar to those mentioned in the serial number. 1 and 2 for other courses such as Pharm-D, Bachelor of Nursing, etc.

Health workers are the main force in the fight against Covid-19 in the exercise of their functions to manage the patients of Covid-19. Mortality rates among healthcare providers have also been reported due to high viral load. There may be a shortage of health care providers around the world. Therefore, facilitation attempts are necessary to help the bona fide medical profession maintain their numbers and needs in the health sectors and to meet the future needs of the world for these health workers. Consequently, in implementing the suggestions of the authors, hundreds to thousands of health professionals and paramedical services will be able to save and secure their future in the service of the sacred mission of saving and serving the sick community.


The interaction between laser and material can induce strong shock wave, so a new subject of science and manufacture technology—photomechanics is being founded on the basis of the mechanical effect of laser induced shock wave which is applied in areas such as laser shock shaping and laser spallation measurement. One of the key problems is to enhance the pressure peak value of shock wave effectively, for which the overlay is generally introduced in laser shock processing to improve the shock effect. So it has important theoretical significance and application value to study the influence of overlays exerting on the shock wave pressure. With respect to rigid overlays, flexible overlays and fluid overlays respectively, we analyze the influence from the aspects of the state of surface of discontinuity of laser induced shock wave, the diffusion of gasified material and plasma and the reflection of shock wave. It is found that overlays do not raise the pressure peak value directly when the pulse width is shorter than the time for the shock wave to cross the gasified material. On the contrary, shot of laser pulse with width longer than the time of shock wave crossing the gasified material heightens the shock effects by heightening the pressure by way of restricting the diffusion of gasified material and plasma and prolonging the acting time of useful pressure through multiple reflection of the shock wave betiseen the surfaces of the workpiece and the overlay. The rigid overlay can raise the pressure peak value of shock wave greatly. But the advantage of the flexible and fluid overlays is the adaptation to the form of the surface of non-planar workpieces.


The pharmacokinetics and safety of cefotetan (YM09330) were examined after intravenous administration of single and multiple doses to normal volunteers. Cefotetan was well tolerated in single doses of 500 to 3,000 mg and in multiple doses of 500 and 1,000 mg at 12-h intervals for 1 and 3 days. These doses produced high plasma levels. The half-life (3 h) of cefotetan was longer than that of cefazolin. There was no evidence of drug accumulation in the plasma in the multiple-dose study. Mean recoveries of cefotetan in urine within a 24-h period were 74.5 to 88.4% of the dose, regardless of the route of administration and the dosage. The tautomer of cefotetan accounted for approximately 5% of the dose excreted in the urine. No tautomer was detected in plasma. Concentrations of drug in plasma and urine measured by microbiological assay were in good agreement with those measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography.


One of the three tryptophan residues per subunit of thermostable D-amino acid transaminase, Trp-139, is close to the active-site Lys-145 in the sequence of the protein. This tryptophan has been changed to several other types of residues by site-directed mutagenesis. The only mutant protein that was sufficiently active and stable for study had Phe substituted for Trp (W139F). The spectroscopic properties of this mutant enzyme differed from those of the wild-type transaminase. For example, denatured W139F showed the expected decrease in fluorescence emission intensity at 350 nm due to the deletion of one Trp residue, but the fluorescence emission of the wild-type and W139F enzymes in the native state did not differ in intensity. This result suggests that the fluorescence of Trp-139 in the native, wild-type enzyme is not manifested perhaps due to its proximity to the coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate. Results of energy-transfer studies at several wavelengths could also be interpreted as due to the proximity of Trp-139 and the coenzyme. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the negative Cotton effect at 420 nm due to the coenzyme was still present in W139F. However, the 280-nm optically active band present in the wild-type enzyme was greatly diminished in W139F. The mutant protein with Asp at position 139 (W139D) could not be isolated presumably because it was degraded. The other mutant enzymes, W139P, W139A, and W139H, were isolated with partial activities (15-35%) that were slowly lost upon storage at 4 degrees C. Overall, these results indicate the importance of Trp-139 in the thermostable D-amino acid transaminase.


Purpose: Digital health technology-based interventions have the potential to support caregivers in their caregiving responsibilities and in managing their own health and well-being. Designing digital health technologies to support caregivers of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation requires evaluating their engagement with these technologies. The objective of this study was to examine the association between caregiving characteristics and different types of digital health technologies used. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional, national survey of 948 unpaid family caregivers of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Results: Almost two-thirds (65.4%) of respondents reported using an app for fitness or step counting, while 41.3% reported using a smartwatch. The average number of apps used was 3.3 (range 0-9). In adjusted models, adult children who were caregivers (OR=5.82, p<0.005) and caregivers of another relative (OR=2.51, p<0.005) were significantly more likely to use a fitness tracker than caregivers of a child. Caregiving for six months or greater was associated with use of fewer apps compared with caregiving for less than six months in adjusted models (OR=0.80, p<0.005). Caregivers of patients receiving an allogeneic transplant used more apps on average than caregivers of patients receiving an autologous transplant, in adjusted (OR=1.36, p<0.005) models. Conclusion: Digital health technologies may reflect promising avenues for supporting caregivers of patients undergoing HCT. The rapid insurgence of telehealth, propelled by the current COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizes the need for a better understanding of digital health technology for future study design.


No other epilepsy more substantially combines cryptogenicity and intractability than does Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Although antecedent neurological conditions have preceded LGS in some patients, others with similar ills fail to develop this syndrome, and precise charting of the pathway between any presumed aetiology and the epilepsy has eluded researchers. Despite these frustrations, LGS has elicited a host of publications over the years, possibly because it combines features of many other epileptic disorders and thereby occupies a crossroads position among them. Lacking a comprehensive experimental model of LGS, this article combines relevant data from several clinical and basic sources in order to formulate a concept of pathogenesis. Data are presented to suggest that the occurrence of factors enhancing excitability during a vulnerable period of cortical and thalamic development may permanently imprint a bilateral, diffuse epileptogenic system upon the mammalian brain.


Rectal swab samples from healthy (92) and diarrheic (44) dogs were analyzed in order to characterize canine gut microbiota. Isolation and identification of microbiota was carried out by conventional culture methods. Gut microbiota isolated include E. coli (65.2% incidence in healthy versus 75% in diarrheic dogs), Proteus (61.9% vs. 65.9%), Enterobacter (26% vs. 11.3%), Klebsiella (26% vs. 20.4%) and Pseudomonas (28.2% vs. 45.4%) species. E. coli isolates were further confirmed by PCR targeting E16S gene. Serological typing of PCR confirmed E. coli (93) revealed rough (19 isolates), O141 (5 isolates), O128 (2 isolates), O9 (2 isolates), O126 (2 isolates), O15, O20, O35, O49, O63, O85, O101, O116, O117, O118, O119 (1 isolate each) serotypes and 52 isolates were found to be 'O' group untypable (UT). The present study revealed the occurrence of Enteropathogenic (O49, O118, O119, O126, and O128) and Enterotoxigenic (O15) strains of E. coli in dogs. study


In this work, the particle finite element method (PFEM) is extended to simulate additive manufacturing processes in a variety of different complicated geometries. A three-dimensional α-shape approach is used to carry out the material addition procedure. It overcomes the limitation of merely employing the traditional element birth and death technique and reduces the degrees of freedom compared to this technique. Furthermore, numerical examples are used to evaluate and demonstrate the applicability of the PFEM method for additive manufacturing within the framework of a weakly coupled thermoelasticity formulation. During additive manufacturing operations, deflections, stresses, and temperature are computed using a user defined implementation in FEniCS.


Intrusion detection, become a new paradigm in mobile ad hoc network which provide a sense of security to the existing computer and data network, is a retro‐fit approach. The goal of intrusion detection, unauthorized use, misuse, and by insiders and both external penetrator system is to identify the abuse of computer systems. The increase of the connection of the computer system will provide greater access to outsiders; for the intruder, the identification of avoidance becomes a challenge. We propose a multicast on‐route cluster propagation (MORCP) based network intrusion detection system to improve the security based on route analysis. The number of IDS of the prototype has been developed in a number of transmissions on miss‐behavioral transmission. Some of them also have been experimentally deployed in a production system. In addition, segregate path identification algorithm (SPIA) of host‐based and network‐based IDS is investigated, and the characteristics of the corresponding system are identified. In host‐based systems, most of the network‐based IDS, to construct a detection mechanism on the network traffic monitored, as well, while some adoption host audit trail, in order to detect the intrusion activity, input as the main source of information, to adopt an audit trail of the hot operating system. The overview of typical use statistical anomaly detection algorithm in IDS is also included.


During embryo culture, ammonium is generated by amino acid metabolism and from the spontaneous deamination of amino acids at 37°C. Although ammonium has been shown to be embryo toxic, few studies have investigated the mechanism(s) by which the early embryo can regulate ammonium. Whilst 20% oxygen represents a source of stress to the developing embryo, it is not known how oxygen affects the physiology of the embryo in the presence of other sources of stress. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate possible pathways involved in ammonium sequestration by in the preimplantation embryo, and the effect of oxygen on the regulation of these pathways. Glutamine and alanine were investigated as possible ammonium sequestration pathways. Amino acid utilisation by blastocysts was determined after culture from the postcompaction stage with 0, 150 and 300 μM ammonium (in either 5% or 20% oxygen), and with or without 500 μM MSO, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase. In the presence of MSO, ammonium production was significantly increased and glutamate was no longer consumed. Glutamine synthetase inhibition with MSO significantly decreased glutamine formation. Ammonium and oxygen independently altered overall amino acid turnover. Together, 5% oxygen and ammonium promoted glutamine production, whereas in the presence of 20% oxygen and ammonium, glutamine was consumed. Data reveal that both oxygen and ammonium affect the amino acid utilisation by the developing embryo, however 20% oxygen appears to have the greater impact. Mouse blastocysts can alleviate ammonium stress by its transamination to both glutamine and alanine, but only under physiological conditions. Summary sentence: Ammonium and oxygen independently alter amino acid turnover. Mouse blastocysts can alleviate ammonium stress by its transamination to both glutamine and alanine, but only under physiological conditions.


Natural Language Processing algorithms have made incredible progress, but they still struggle when applied to out-of-distribution examples. We address a challenging and underexplored version of this domain adaptation problem, where an algorithm is trained on several source domains, and then applied to examples from unseen domains that are unknown at training time. Particularly, no examples, labeled or unlabeled, or any other knowledge about the target domain are available to the algorithm at training time. We present PADA: An example-based autoregressive Prompt learning algorithm for on-the-fly Any-Domain Adaptation, based on the T5 language model. Given a test example, PADA first generates a unique prompt for it and then, conditioned on this prompt, labels the example with respect to the NLP prediction task. PADA is trained to generate a prompt that is a token sequence of unrestricted length, consisting of Domain Related Features (DRFs) that characterize each of the source domains. Intuitively, the generated prompt is a unique signature that maps the test example to a semantic space spanned by the source domains. In experiments with 3 tasks (text classification and sequence tagging), for a total of 14 multi-source adaptation scenarios, PADA substantially outperforms strong baselines.1


Background: According to the fear-avoidance model, pain becomes chronic when it is related to fear and avoidance behavior. When a pain-related threat occurs, humans instinctively use avoidance behavior strategies. However, the support of significant others is likely to inhibit avoidance behavior even with the same pain-related threat stimulus. Thus, in this study, we examined the effects of pain-related threats and social support of romantic partner on avoidance behavior inhibition. Methods: Participants consisted of 80 pairs of healthy undergraduate couples, and were randomly assigned to one of four group conditions in a 2×2 factorial design, with threat level (high/low) and social support (presence/absence) as factors. Results: The results of the experiment indicated a significant interaction between threat level and social support. Specifically, in the high-threat condition, when social support was provided, task delay time was significantly shorter than when no social support was provided. On the other hand, in the low-threat condition, the time delay difference between high- and low- social support group was not significant. Moreover, social support did not affect fear reduction. Conclusions: These results indicate that avoidance behaviors, which are instinctive responses to pain, can be inhibited by social support. This result would enhance understanding of the factors that have not been described in the fear-avoidance model in the pain-chronicization process, and will help expand and improve the model. We also discuss possible limitations of the study and scope for further studies.


ABATRACT In this paper, a study on tuning of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using genetic algorithm (GA) for controlling an armature controlled DC motor as an example of linear plant and for controlling nonlinear plant as another example is performed. There are different ways in which a FLC can be tuned, like: tuning the scaling gains, Rule Base (RB), and Data Base (DB) represented by type of membership functions or parameters of membership functions used. The tuning process in this paper includes a multi-stage tuning represented by searching the good scaling gains, RB, and DB then a combination of multi-stage (CMS) tuning methods using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a fitness function that is defined in terms of performance criterion (Integral of Squared Error ISE). The performances of these tuning stages are evaluated and a comparison between them has been introduced using linear and nonlinear plants.


Institutional theory considers social enterprises as hybrid organizations balancing two contradicting logics and therefore lacking legitimacy. In this paper we pit ourselves against this predominant denomination and argue that institutional theory may not be the appropriate lens to satisfactorily explain social entrepreneurship. Instead, we suggest to build on configurational theory based on Miller and Mintzberg and to rethink the traditionally narrow understanding of performance by adopting the concept of value blends. We show that from an institutional theory lens SEs are not the result of any inherent "hybridity" but are independent, yet comparable configurational archetypes simply stemming from the logical consequences of an idiosyncratic set of performance goals grounded in a modern interpretation of capitalism based on Porter.We advance social entrepreneurship literature by demonstrating the institutional theory lens and its notion of "hybridity" as unjustly diminishing and hindering for social entrepreneurship research and practice and by offering explanatory insights from the well-established configuration theory. We further complement configuration theory by illustrating the high configurational similarity between commercial and social enterprises, and by establishing SEs as stable and coherent configurational types into Mintzberg's classification. Configuration theory in its foundations is then shown to be well equipped to guide inquiries into organizational conditions and developments of SEs.