Abstract Petrophysical and geochemical properties of dolomites may exhibit a nested set of lateral patterns, typically at the scales of a few meters to ∼ 20 m. This study assesses whether those lateral patterns are inherited from the limestone precursor or formed during dolomitization. Sampling was done across a preserved limestone-to-dolomite reaction front in grainstones of the Miocene Seroe Domi Formation, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Post-dolomitization diagenetic overprinting in the two rock types is absent or minimal. Two ∼ 65 m lateral transects were drilled at 30-cm spacing in two separate beds. Porosity, permeability, and geochemical (δ18O, δ13C, Mn, Sr, and Na) analyses were performed on all 287 recovered samples, and 287 thin sections were point-counted for petrographic attributes. Variography shows that dolomite abundance and porosity contain three scales of lateral variability. Much of the signal is random sample-to-sample noise as ∼ 65% of the total spatial variance occurs at 30-cm spacing. However, porosity and dolomite abundance also exhibit a short-scale correlation length of 3.7 m and a long-range oscillatory pattern (hole effect) at ∼ 16 m, both of which are also periodic. Trace elements (Mn, Sr) and permeability exhibit short-range correlation to 5.8 m, but no long-range pattern. Mole %Mg and δ13C show increasing variance with distance, and all other dolomite attributes exhibit no spatial patterns. No limestone attributes show evidence for any short-range or long-range oscillatory patterns. This indicates that the lateral patterns in dolomite abundance, porosity, permeability, Sr, and Mn contents were not inherited from the limestone precursor. Dolomitization is interpreted to be the cause of the observed spatial patterns as that is the only geologic process that has affected the dolomite but not the limestone on the other side of the front. Geochemical self-organization during the dolomitization process is suggested to be the mechanism by which the spatial patterns in the dolomites emerge. A model for that self-organizing process is proposed that involves positive feedbacks between precipitation, dissolution, textural properties, reaction rates, carbon transport, and the evolving flow field. Relative to Mississippian, Permian, and Eocene dolomites that have been studied previously, the Seroe Domi dolomites have similar porosity variance at 30 cm spacing and hole effects with slightly greater wavelengths and much larger magnitudes. Any differences are interpreted to be related to diagenetic history. The older dolomites have been affected by burial diagenesis and/or weathering, which would likely increase sample-to-sample variability, therefore increasing short-scale randomness, decreasing the magnitude of hole effects, and shortening wavelengths of hole effects. The lateral patterning formed by dolomitization may thus not be as strongly expressed in ancient dolomites that have complex burial histories.


MoSx was successfully loaded on hexagonal CdS nanorods as a cocatalyst for the photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction (HER) by a convenient in situ photodeposition method with (NH4)2MoS4 as a precursor. The route is more effective to improve the activity of CdS than the conventional deposition methods. The optimal loading amount of MoSx was determined to be 0.2% (wt%, calculated in terms of MoS2) and the activity of the resulting sample is even higher than that of 0.2% Pt/CdS prepared by a similar photodeposition procedure. An intimate junction in the form of the Cd–S–Mo bond was suggested to account for the high HER performance. This finding opens a new avenue for the deposition and application of sulfide-based cocatalysts which have a great potential to replace noble metal cocatalysts for the photocatalytic HER.


From 1956 to 1969 we adopted a generous approach pertaining to the quantity of parenteral fluid required for paediatric surgery. Since 1970 we have changed our policy, and we now give smaller quantities during surgery and postoperatively. This article presents the calculated parenteral fluid regimen as implemented for general paediatric surgery in the Tygerberg Hospital. Our reasons for this change are indicated.


Renal p-aminohippurate transport in rabbits increased rapidly from birth to 4 weeks of age and then declined to that observed in adults. Penicillin administration to pregnant does or newborn rabbits stimulated the developing transport system, but did not increase the peak observed at 4 weeks. Therefore the continued presence of substrate (penicillin) during development significantly enhances the rate of maturation.


As an epoch of "censorship terror" drew to a close with the death of Nicholas I and the end of the Crimean War, Russian intellectuals had begun expressing their desires for political, philosophical, and religious reform through passionate debates over literature and esthetics. Charles Moser re-creates the leading controversies over literature and art during a crucial period that saw the work of such authors as Turgenev, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. Emphasizing particularly the years from 1862 to 1870, Moser presents the doctrines of lesser known and major figures from both liberal and conservative camps, which influenced the development of Socialist Realism and Russian Formalism.The debates presented begin with a discussion of an essay by Nikolay Chernyshevsky, "Esthetic Relations of Art to Reality," which set the stage for the entire period. Among the many topics examined by the author are the doctrines of the radical critic Dmitry Pisarev and the writings of his opponents, such as Nikolay Solovev and Evgeny Edelson.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


The importance of discovering and obtaining new, natural and sustainable sources of potential drugs have been the focus of scientific communities due to the emergence of increasing cases of microbial resistance, one of the biggest health threats in our society today. This study aimed to determine the antimycotic potential of Bambusa blumeana (kawayang tinik) specifically its leaf, rhizome, root, inner culm and outer culm extracts using the agar well diffusion assay. Results of the study revealed that all kawayang tinik extracts produced statistically equal size zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Aspergillus niger at 1 mg/ ml concentration while the ethanolic root and leaf extracts showed larger ZOI against Penicillium chrysogenum compared to other kawayang tinik extracts. Furthermore, the results of the antifungal assay showed comparable activity of kawayang tinik extracts to Fluconazole, a pharmaceutically approved antifungal drug, at 1 mg/ml concentration. Phytochemical studies further revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, sterols, triterpenes and flavonoids in its different parts which may support its potential antimycotic properties.


Abstract A number of experimental studies have shown that sublimating ice acquires negative charge and ice undergoing vapor deposition acquires positive charge. Microphysical calculations are performed to determine the diffusional state (i.e., sublimation versus deposition) of riming graupel particles. Comparisons with earlier laboratory measurements of charge transfer to a rotating rimer in a cloud of supercooled water droplets and ice crystals again suggest that sublimating graupel particles charge negatively and graupel undergoing deposition charge positively. Implications for charge separation in thunderstorms are discussed.


In third generation (3G) wireless data networks, multicast throughput decreases with the increase in multicast group size, since a conservative strategy for the base station is to use the lowest data rate of all the receivers so that the receiver with the worst downlink channel condition can decode the transmission correctly. This paper proposes ICAM, integrated cellular and ad hoc multicast, to increase 3G multicast throughput through opportunistic use of ad hoc relays. In ICAM, a 3G base station delivers packets to proxy mobile devices with better 3G channel quality. The proxy then forwards the packets to the receivers through an IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc network. In this paper, we first propose a localized greedy algorithm that discovers for each multicast receiver the proxy with the highest 3G downlink channel rate. We discover that due to capacity limitations and interference of the ad hoc relay network, maximizing the 3G downlink data rate of each multicast receiver's proxy does not lead to maximum throughput for the multicast group. We then show that the optimal ICAM problem is NP-hard, and derive a polynomial-time 4-approximation algorithm for the construction of the multicast forest. This bound holds when the underlying wireless MAC supports broadcast or unicast, single rate or multiple rates (4(1 + isin) approximation scheme for the latter), and even when there are multiple simultaneous multicast sessions. Through both analysis and simulations, we show that our algorithms achieve throughput gains up to 840 percent for 3G downlink multicast with modest overhead on the 3G uplink


This paper analyzes the effects of realistic relay transceiver on the outage probability and throughput of a two-way relay cognitive network that is equipped with an energy-harvesting relay. In this paper, we configure the network with two wireless power transfer policies and two bidirectional relaying protocols. Furthermore, the differences in receiver structure of relay node that can be time switching or power splitting structure are also considered to develop closed-form expressions of outage and throughput of the network providing that the delay of transmission is limited. Numerical results are presented to corroborate our analysis for all considered network configurations. This paper facilitates us not only to quantify the degradation of outage probability and throughput due to the impairments of realistic transceiver but also to provide an insight into practical effects of specified configuration of power transfer policy, relaying protocol, and receiver structure on outage and throughput. For instance, the system with multiple access broadcast protocol and the power splitting-based receiver architecture achieves ceiling throughout higher than that of the transmission rate of source nodes. On the contrary, a combination of dual-source energy transfer policy and the time division broadcast protocol is contributed the highest level of limiting factor in terms of transceiver hardware impairments on the network throughput.


Most New Zealand wetlands formed at or after the end of the last glaciation (c. 18 000 cal yrs BP). Those associated with major rivers and close to the coast tend to be young as erosive processes both destroy and initiate wetlands. However, there is a strong linear trend in initiations since 14 000 cal yrs BP, which suggests that geomorphic processes such as soil deterioration, landslides, sand dune movement and river course changes are constantly adding new, permanent wetlands. Most wetlands began as herbaceous fens but usually transitioned to shrub- or forest-covered bog-fen systems, in particular after the beginning of the Holocene (11 500 cal yrs BP). Raised bogs formed from fens during the late-glacial and early Holocene, when river down-cutting isolated them from groundwater inflow. As climates warmed through the late-glacial and early Holocene, wooded wetlands spread and over 75% of lowland peat profiles preserve wood layers. Large basins with high water inflow often contain lakes or lagoons and have maintained herbaceous swamps, whereas those with limited catchments have become almost entirely covered with forest or shrubs. Wetlands in drier districts tend to have been initiated during the mid- and late Holocene as the climate cooled and rain-bearing systems penetrated more often. Ombrogenous montane and alpine bogs may have been initiated by the same climate change. Natural fires frequently burnt some wetlands, particularly within the vast bog complexes of the Waikato Basin, but many wetlands record occasional fire episodes. By the time Māori arrived in the 13th century, about 1% of the landscape was covered with some form of wetland and most of that wetland was under woody cover. Māori firing of the landscape began the process of removing the woody cover, which induced wetter, more herbaceous systems and initiated new wetlands. Deforestation of catchments in drier districts increased water yield that may in turn have created lowland fens and lagoons. European logging, fire and draining destroyed both pristine forested wetlands and fire-transformed systems from the Māori settlement era. The loss of wetlands is now largely a crisis of continued degradation through draining, weed invasion and fire in already human-altered systems in productive landscapes. Wetland history can help assess values and inform goals for conservation of wetlands, but transformation of the lowland landscape has been so complete that an historically authentic endpoint is unrealistic for most wetlands. The major conservation emphasis should be on larger wetlands that provide a range of ecosystem services.


We propose a mechanism for resolving bargaining problems. The mechanism allows two players to make a sequence of simultaneous propositions. At any step, as long as the players have not reached an agreement, they can choose to implement a lottery between the di erent propositions. In this aspect, the mechanism is similar to the so called nal o ers arbitration. However, contrary to the existing scheme, our mechanism is not compulsory. The history of the negotiation process is recorded and players can refuse an o er and go back in the process to a previous step. This generates an evolving sequence of status-quo points and results in a sequence of equilibrium o ers of the two players that gradually converge towards each other. Our model assumes no discounting and complete information. Rather than time preferences, the main incentive to reach an agreement under our mechanism comes from risk aversion. Players have an incentive to avoid the uncertainty related to the lotteries that occur when o ers do not result in an agreement. Rather than incomplete information, the process gradualism is driven by the necessity to make step by step concessions in order to generate evolving threat points. We show that under this mechanism, the unique subgame perfect equilibrium that does not use weakly dominated strategies coincides with a well-known static solution concept, the Rai a solution.


The book illustrates the function of legal doctrines in a discourse on the extent of powers of international institutions, and questions whether a move to a constitutional vocabulary can transcend the dichotomy at the heart of diverging constructions of powers.


Rock tunnel boring machine is one of the main machineries and equipments for underground engineering ,and the failure of tool systems is the main failure form of this machinery. Rock hob test-bed is the only testing equipment for tool failure and wear. In this paper, the hydraulic-driven system of the rock hob test bench is designed and simulated, and the effect of load and flow rate of hydraulic oil in this hydraulic system on characteristics of this test-bad is analyzed. The results show that the horizontal movement speed of test bench is directly proportional to the flow rate, but the effect of the load on this speed can be ignored; the delay of the movement of the test bench are proportional to the load. These results are very helpful to the structure optimization of tool system and the improvement of working efficiency.


Abstract: This article explores how labor and employment laws shape workplace technological change. It focuses on emerging data-driven technologies such as machine learning, the branch of artificial intelligence that has sparked widespread concern about the future of work. The article argues that labor and employment laws shape employers' technological choices in two ways. First, those laws help to facilitate technological development by granting employers broad rights to gather workplace data, to develop new technologies using that data, and to implement those technologies into the workplace, typically regardless of workers' preferences. Second, those laws channel technological development in certain directions, in particular by encouraging companies to use technologies to exert power over workers and therefore cut labor costs. This analysis has policy implications. Among other things, it suggests that ensuring a decent future of work may require reforms to guarantee workers a voice in the development and deployment of workplace technologies.


Adult/pediatric formula.—Nutritionally complete, specially formulated food, consumed in liquid form, which may constitute the sole source of nourishment (AOAC SPIFAN, 2010), made from any combination of milk, soy, rice, whey, hydrolyzed protein, starch, and amino acids, with and without intact protein. Infant formula.—Breast-milk substitute specially manufactured to satisfy, by itself, the nutritional requirements of infants during the fi rst months of life up to the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding (Codex Standard 721981), made from any combination of milk, soy, rice, whey, hydrolyzed protein, starch, and amino acids, with and without intact protein. Limit of detection (LOD).—The minimum concentration or mass of analyte that can be detected in a given matrix with no greater than 5% false-positive risk and 5% false-negative risk. Limit of quantitation (LOQ).—The minimum concentration or mass of analyte in a given matrix that can be reported as a quantitative result. Repeatability.—Variation arising when all efforts are made to keep conditions constant by using the same instrument and operator, and repeating during a short time period. Expressed as the repeatability standard deviation (SDr), or % repeatability relative standard deviation (%RSDr). Reproducibility.—The SD or RSD calculated from amonglaboratory data. Expressed as the reproducibility standard deviation (SDR); or % reproducibility relative standard deviation (%RSDR). Recovery.—The fraction or percentage of spiked analyte that is recovered when the test sample is analyzed using the entire method. 4 Method Performance Requirements


: Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) comprise part of plant microbiome of biotechnological interest due to their potential to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture. Among the commonly found PGPB species, the Pseudomonas genus is known for high competitiveness and efficiency in expressing growth-promotion traits. To increase the contribution of diazotrophic Pseudomonas sp. to the plant nitrogen nutrition, the strain AZM-01 was chemically mutagenized with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), following the selection for resistance to ethylenediamine (EDA). From the 13 EDA-resistant mutant strains selected, four showed increased the ammonium excretion, with the highest value reaching up to 284% increase as compared to the wild strain, and six strains were found to produce significantly more auxins than the wild strain. Two independent inoculation trials with the wild and EDA-resistant Pseudomonas were performed on maize, with the objective to study the influence of bacteria on seed germination and its potential to promote maize growth under N-limiting condition. In general, Pseudomonas inoculation modified the root architecture of germinating seeds, and increased biomass of maize plants grown under N-limiting conditions. Shoot dry weight of maize was increased by inoculation with several EDA-resistant mutants as compared to the strain AZM-01, with emphasis on the EDA-5 strain which supports biomass accumulation at equivalent amount of plants grown under full N supply. Significant correlations between in vitro and in vivo parameters were found although low coefficient values predominate. The strategy of random mutagenesis was found suitable to develop PGPB strains with higher potential to supply maize plants with nitrogen.


Introduction. The Palæozoic rocks of the Boulonnais are classic ground, and received the attention, among others, of De Verneuil, Murchison, Rigaux, and above all Godwin-Austen and Gosselet. Owing to the occurrence of coal, however, most attention has been given to the Carboniferous deposits, and, except for palaeontological work by Rigaux, the Devonian seems to have been comparatively neglected for the last forty years. The classic description is that published by Godwin-Austen in 1853, which has been slightly amended by Gosselet and Rigaux, while the beds have been correlated with those of other areas by Gosselet. The published maps are poor, and of little use in the field. This is partly due to the lack of a good topographical map, but also to the apparent absence of detailed mapping. The accompanying map (Pl. XIV) suffers from the first defect, but was prepared on a scale of 1:1000 over an area extending across the outerop along the Nord Railway, and on a scale of 1:10,000 for the remainder. All the beds are referred to the Upper and to part of the Middle Devonian (Famennian, Frasnian, and Givetian). They consist of limestones, sandstones, shales, dolomites, and conglomerate. Physical Aspect. The Lower Boulonnais may be regarded as forming the southern-most extension of the Weald. It is ringed round by Chalk hills; but the denudation in the centre has been more extensive, exposing a considerable expanse of Jurassic rocks and a smaller one of the Palaeozoic. The district is drained by a number of small


This paper presents a method for uncertainty analysis of prognostics with a focus on electronics subject to random vibration. First we identify uncertainty sources and types: measurement uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, failure criteria uncertainty, and future usage uncertainty. Next, we present an approach to determine the uncertainty in a prognostic analysis. Our approach utilizes a sensitivity analysis to identify the dominant input variables that influence the model output. With information of the input parameter variable distributions, a Monte Carlo simulation provides a distribution of accumulated damage. From the accumulated damage distributions, the remaining life can then be predicted with confidence intervals. A case study is presented whereby prognostics with uncertainty is applied to an electronic circuit board subject to random vibration. The results show that the experimentally measured failure time is within the bounds of the uncertainty analysis prediction.


We present a novel probabilistic framework for rigid tracking and segmentation of shapes observed from multiple cameras. Most existing methods have focused on solving each of these problems individually, segmenting the shape assuming surface registration is solved, or conversely performing surface registration assuming shape segmentation or kinematic structure is known. We assume no prior kinematic or registration knowledge except for an over-estimate k of the number of rigidities in the scene, instead proposing to simultaneously discover, adapt, and track its rigid structure on the fly. We simultaneously segment and infer poses of rigid subcomponents of a single chosen reference mesh acquired in the sequence. We show that this problem can be rigorously cast as a likelihood maximization over rigid component parameters. We solve this problem using an Expectation Maximization algorithm, with latent observation assignments to reference vertices and rigid parts. Our experiments on synthetic and real data show the validity of the method, robustness to noise, and its promising applicability to complex sequences.


Background One of the expected benefits of sharing trial results with participants is that it may enhance trust in medical researchers (TMRs). Purpose In a prospective study on a sample of clinical trial participants, we investigated the effect on the participants' TMRs of providing final trial results to participants via the Internet. Methods Participants in the FNCLCC-PACS04 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00054587) were surveyed on average 6 years after enrollment, when the trial results were available. In the current study, they were randomized to receive (experimental group) or not to receive (control group) a letter informing them that the results of the trial could be consulted on a specific website. TMRs was measured before randomization and 6 months later using mailed self-administered questionnaires. Results The response rate was 93% (N = 107). TMRs remained unchanged in the control group (mean effect size = −0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.28 to 0.17, p = 0.617) but decreased in the experimental group (−0.30, 95% CI: −0.53 to −0.06, p = 0.015). However, the difference between the two effect sizes was not statistically significant (p = 0.144). Limitations The results obtained here on the disclosure of final trial results to breast cancer patients via the Internet cannot be generalized to all situations involving the disclosure of phase III randomized controlled trial results. Conclusions Transparency is an ethical research requirement, but it may not enhance participants' TMRs.


In this study, polyacrylamide (PAAm) hybrid hydrogels were prepared using water-dispersible single-structured cyclotetrasiloxane (CyTS-MNa) or polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-MNa) containing polymerizable groups as cross-linkers, and the mechanical properties of the resulting hybrid hydrogels were evaluated. First, CyTS-MNa and POSS-MNa were prepared by the reaction of our previously reported cis–trans–cis cyclotetrasiloxane or polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing propylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate groups with maleic anhydride, followed by neutralization with NaOH/methanol solution. The aqueous dispersions (1.0 wt%) of CyTS-MNa and POSS-MNa showed Tyndall effects. In addition, the dynamic light-scattering analysis performed on CyTS-MNa and POSS-MNa indicated that submicrometer aggregates were formed in water. Then, PAAm-CyTS-MNa and PAAm-POSS-MNa hybrid hydrogels were prepared by the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) monomer in the presence of the resulting cross-linkers (CyTS-MNa and POSS-MNa), which can form aggregates in water, using potassium peroxodisulfate as an initiator in degassed water under an argon atmosphere at 65 °C. The hybrid hydrogels prepared using CyTS-MNa (feed molar ratio to AAm: 1.25%) and POSS-MNa (feed molar ratio to AAm: 0.625% and 1.25%) as cross-linkers exhibited a flexible nature (low elasticity) that resisted a strain of 97%.


A geoethical approach to geodiversity allows better understanding of the value of abiotic nature and enhances its conservation and development. Our basic assumption is that even during an economical crisis, geoheritage sites can serve both public and private interests. A set of nine strategic geothematic areas were chosen to represent the geodiversity of the Piemonte region, north-western Italy, each of which is characterized by great potential for scientific studies, enhancement of public understanding of science, recreational activities, and economic support to the local communities. Specialized research teams individuated critical aspects to advance our knowledge of the geological history of the Piemonte region, through climate and environmental changes, natural hazards, soil processes, and georesources. The scientific concepts and techniques were coupled with geodiffusion actions and products: not only geosites, but also museum collections, evidence of mining and quarrying activities, science exhibitions, and nature trails. The preliminary results have allowed action plans to be developed with local partners, to assess the geoheritage management requirements. A series of investigations were carried out to improve the visual representation of the geological processes and the evolutionary scenarios. Further outcomes of the project will include didactic tools for educators, schools, and the public in general.


This article describes word formation processes and a technique in understanding Waria  Slang Tulungagung. This study was done through a survey to warias in  Ngunut and Tulungagung surroundings, a small district in East Java- Indonesia, in order to get underlying basis of processes of word formation in waria or Bences variety which are influential toward their language style and their behavior. The instrument- interview &documentation were developed in accordance to get the word formation processes and slang words used by Waria. The study reveals that processes of word formation and technique understanding slang words used by Waria Tulungagung are divided into eleven processes i.e. Derivation, Multiple Process, Acronym, Borrowing, Blending, Reduplication, Synonym, Coinage, Irregular Form, Echoism, Changing of Syllable Vowel and the technique of understanding Waria sentences by removing some suffixes. Finally, the results of this study offers language phenomena arises because of some reasons which are mainly useful for those conducting communication among waria members smoothly, transgender identity and those who are concerned in investigating slang words used by  waria or other varieties as well as suggestions for future research.


AIM
To describe, and to evaluate the clinical and radiological characteristics of pediatric cavernous malformations (CMs) and the surgical approaches and their outcomes in a single center.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed pediatric patients with CMs that were treated in our center between 2010 and 2020. Radiological, clinical, and demographic features, as well as treatment details were evaluated.

RESULTS
Of 23 patients, 12 were male, and 11 were female. Two patients with multiple CMs had a family history. The most common symptoms were headaches (9/23, 39.1%) and seizures (9/23, 39.1%). Twenty patients had single lesions and three patients had multiple lesions. According to Zabramski classification, eight (34.7%) patients had type 1, 11 (47.8%) had type 2 and four (17.3%) had type 3 lesions. Thirteen patients had recurrent preoperative hemorrhages and nine had increased lesion size. Seven patients (30.4%) had coexisting deep venous anomalies in the CM vicinity. Twenty-one patients underwent microsurgical resection (5/23 simple lesionectomy, 16/23 lesionectomy + resection of the surrounding hemosiderin ring). All lesions were completely resected. No surgical mortalities or major complications occurred.

CONCLUSION
Since pediatric CMs are more aggressive than adult CMs, they should not be underestimated. Microsurgical total resection should be the first treatment choice where possible. We concluded that early surgical treatment and resection of perilesional hemosiderin-stained tissue, when feasible, yield the most favorable results at long-term follow-up including seizure outcomes.


We report a case of severe venous obstruction of the upper limb following the intravenous administration of the antibiotic cephradine. The patient was a 77-year-old female of 35 kg. who was having surgery for an aortic aneurysm. All anaesthetic medication and volume replacement was administered via two intravenous infusions in the right arm. since there was a mild degree of infusion thrombophlebitis in the left arm from a dextrose saline infusion several days previously. However, it was decided after the operation had begun to set up an infusion of cephradine for prophylactic purposes. A 20-gauge Venflon was inserted into the dorsum of the left hand and 500 mg of cephradine in 1000 ml of dextrose saline was infused slowly. At the end of surgery, a bolus of 500 mg cephradine was given. The infusion leaked into the tissues about ten hours after surgery with minimal swelling and the cannula was removed. No other drugs or fluids were given into the left arm. Half the contents of the initial bag of dextrose saline had been given. The left hand became dark and swollen on the following day. The whole left arm became dark, swollen and indurated up to the axilla over the next three days. A good radial pulse was present and the arm was warm. Incipient venous gangrene was diagnosed and. on the fifth postoperative day. relieving fasciotomies were performed. Thereafter. there was slow but steady improvement. Recovery from the abdominal surgery was uncomplicated and the patient was transferred to a convalescent home three weeks later. On the follow-up. three months after surgery, the left arm was still slightly swollen and discoloured and there was some limitation of finger movements. It is frequent practice today, to administer prophylactic antibiotics intravenously at the time of major surgery. The cephalosporin antibiotics are associated with a high incidence of infusion thrombophlebitis.' It is likely that the pre-existing infusion thrombophlebitis contributed to the gross venous obstruction on this occasion but it may be wise, in future. to administer muscularly or else into a central vein.


ABSTRACT Welcoming America, a nonprofit organization based in metropolitan Atlanta, has grown a membership network throughout the U.S. of nonprofit organizations and municipalities that present their communities as "welcoming cities" for immigrants. In 2018, Welcoming America launched the "One Region Initiative" to cultivate a concept of a "welcoming region" to transcend municipal boundaries. The purpose of this paper is to examine One Region member municipalities' implementation of the plans and recommendations set forth in 2018. We specifically examined Phase I of the pilot program, which took place between 2019 and 2021 amid the broader multiscalar context of changing geographies of immigrant settlement and immigration policy. We do so through participant observation as One Region steering committee members, and applied researchers who have been engaged in immigrant integration work in the Atlanta metro area and throughout the country for over a decade. Overall, we find unevenly completed recommendations across locales (often more tied to resources than actual immigrant population share) and core areas (often tied to business friendliness and government).


The design of nanocapsules for targeted delivery of therapeutics presents many, often seemingly self-contradictory, constraints. An algorithm for predicting the physicochemical characteristics of nanocapsule delivery and payload release using a novel allatom, multiscale technique is presented. This computational method preserves key atomic-scale behaviours needed to make predictions of interactions of functionalized nanocapsules with the cell surface receptors, drug, siRNA, gene or other payload. We show how to introduce a variety of order parameters with distinct character to enable a multiscale analysis of a complex system. The all-atom formulation allows for the use of an interatomic force field, making the approach universal and avoiding recalibration with each new application. Alternatively, key parameters, which minimize the need for calibration, are also identified. Simultaneously, the methodology enables predictions of the supra-nanometer-scale behaviour, such as structural transitions and disassembly of the nanocapsule accompanying timed payload release or due to premature degradation. The final result is a Fokker ‐ Planck equation governing the rate of stochastic payload release and structural changes and migration accompanying it. A novel "salt shaker" effect that underlies fluctuation-enhancement of payload delivery is presented. Prospects for computer-aided design of nanocapsule delivery system are discussed.


Sparse and low rank coding has widely received much attention in machine learning, multimedia and computer vision. Unfortunately, expensive inference restricts the power of coding models in real-world applications, e.g., compressed sensing and image deblurring. In order to avoid the expensive inference, we propose a predictive coding machine (PCM) which aims to train a deep neural network (DNN) encoder to approximate the codes. By this means, a test sample can be fast approximated by the well-trained DNN. However, DNN leads PCM to be a non-convex and non-smooth optimization problem, which is extremely hard to solve. To address this challenge, we extend accelerated proximal gradient for PCM by steering gradient descent of DNN. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose a gradient descent algorithm guided by accelerated proximal gradient for solving the PCM problem. Besides, a sufficient condition is provided to ensure the convergence to a critical point. Moreover, when the coding models are convex in PCM, the convergence rate O(1/(m2√t)) can be held in which m is the iteration number of accelerated proximal gradient, and t is the epoch of training DNN. Numerical results verify the promising advantages of PCM in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and robustness.


Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a new eating disorder described as an obsession for healthy eating. Recently individuals exhibiting different ''highly sensitive eating behavior disorders" are increasing with the increased consciousness about various diseases globally and the role of diet in their prevention. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify individuals with obsessive eating behavior. Sample included 30 nutrition professionals and 30 non-nutrition professionals (n=60; all graduates and above). ORTO 15 test was administered to diagnose Orthorexia. Data were collected for sociodemographic variables, anthropometric profile, weight management attempts, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption, knowledge about balanced diet, choice of food and physical activity. Dietary data were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall and were analysed for mean daily intake of energy, protein and fats. An Emotional Eating Scale (EES) test was administered to study the eating behavior of the subjects in response to different emotions. About 56.66% of the total subjects were orthorexic and 60% of the nutritionists showed orthorexic behavior. Majority of the orthorexics (47.05%) were <25 years of age, and were primarily females (70.59%). 11.76% orthorexics were underweight which might be a result of their obsessive behavior. 70.59% of orthorexics followed a regimented diet (p=0.056*) as compared to a lesser percentage (46.15%) of nonorthorexics; showed controlled temptation even towards their favorite foods if those were presumed to be unhealthy. Higher percentage of orthorexics preferred healthier options like fruits and sandwiches to fried foods and namkeens between the meals. 79.41% orthorexics avoided fried foods (p=0.069*); 64.71% of them consumed at least one serving of fruit everyday compared to 53.85% of the nonorthorexics reflecting healthy eating choices. Saturated fat was avoided by most of the orthorexics. While eating out, 91.18% orthorexics did not order food out of peer pressure (p=0.001**) if it was perceived unhealthy. Mean daily intake of energy for the orthorexic males and females was lesser as compared to the nonorthorexics. Keywords: obesity, orthorexic, health, depression, emotional eating scale (EES)


Technologies such as CUDA and OpenCL have popularized the usage of graphics cards (GPUs) for general purpose programming, often with impressive performance gains. However, using such cards for speeding up XML Databases processing is yet to be fully explored. XML databases offer much flexibility for Web-oriented systems. Nonetheless, such flexibility comes at a considerable computational cost. This work shows how graphics cards can be leveraged to reduce the computational cost of processing an important subset of XPath queries. It presents an algorithm designed to consider the cost model of GPUs and to evaluate queries efficiently. An experimental study reveals that this algorithm is more efficient than implementations of a similar strategy on CPU for all the datasets tested. The speedups with respect to exist-db, a popular XML database system, are as high as two orders of magnitude.


5 Abstract: Malaysia in its effort to become a fully developed nation by 2020 has undertaken a monumental task in instilling noble values into its society including its civil sector. The integrity of the civil servants needs to be greatly improved in order to turn this vision into a reality. This project attempted to examine the level of awareness, knowledge and understanding on noble values particularly integrity among selected civil servants in selected State Government agencies in Terenganu, Malaysia. The respondents were selected based on a purposive sampling technique. The research used a quantitative approach where self-administered structured questions were distributed. Descriptive and inference analysis were carried out to meet the research objectives outlined. The research findings showed that there were civil servants groups who were unclear and uncertain about the meaning of integrity in public sector. Those with shorter length of services were found to be less knowledgeable on the rule and procedure which led to them being unsure about integrity. Length of service was found to be inversely related to the perception on the knowledge of integrity, corruption and quality of service delivery. For that reason, future research should identify the causes that will lead to enhancement of perception of integrity.


Aims In advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), incomplete genotyping for guideline-recommended genomic biomarkers poses a significant challenge to making informed and timely clinical decisions. We report our institution's experience in assessing the adequacy of small specimens for comprehensive genomic profiling for guideline-recommended lung cancer biomarker testing. Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation of all image-guided procedures for NSCLC performed in our institution between October 2016 and July 2018, including core needle biopsy (CNB) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in patients who had undergone genomic profiling for lung cancer. Lung cancer biomarker adequacy, defined as successful testing of guideline-recommended biomarkers including, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); serine/threonine protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF); anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK); proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase ROS (ROS1); Rearranged during Transfection (RET); Tyrosine protein kinase Met (MET); and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), was evaluated. Results A total of 865 cases were evaluated in this study, 785 of which included testing of all lung cancer biomarkers. Lung tissue was adequate for biomarker testing in 84% of cases; this rate increased to 87% when biomarker testing was combined with concurrently acquired FNA or CNB specimens. Biomarker testing success correlated strongly with DNA concentration (p<0.0001) and the use of 22G needles in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) procedures (p=0.0035). Biomarker testing of CNB specimens showed a significantly higher success rate than did biomarker testing of cytology FNA specimens (p=0.0005). The adequacy of EBUS-TBNA samples was not significantly different from that of the transthoracic needle aspiration samples (p=0.40). Variables such as age, gender, lesion size, site, diagnosis and number of needle passes showed no significant correlation with success rates in lung cancer biomarker testing. Conclusion The growing numbers of therapeutic biomarkers in NSCLC requires judicious triage of limited-volume tissue from small specimens. Our study showed that thoracic small tissue specimens can be used successfully to provide prognostic and predictive information for the current guideline-recommended biomarkers for NSCLC in most cases.


The micro-thermoelectric hydrogen sensor (micro-THS) detects the hydrogen gas working with the thermoelectric effect of SiGe thin film and the Pt-catalyzed exothermic reaction of hydrogen oxidation. Integration of Pt/ alumina ceramic catalyst on the membrane of the micro-THS was evitable to ensure the high sensitivity and long-term stability of the sensor. The various compositions of Pt/alumina ceramic catalysts were milled by a ball-mill technique to improve the dispersion of the catalyst, and were mixed with conventional organic vehicle like paste. The paste was deposited on micro-THS using dispenser method and the effects of the ball-mill technique and catalyst composition on the sensitivity, A V s , of the micro-THS for the hydrogen/air mixture gas flow were investigated. The shape of ceramic catalyst became uniform, and agglomeration of catalyst powder could not be observed using ball-mill technique. The 10 mass% Pt/alumina ceramic catalyst was the optimized platinum content of the ball-milled powder paste, and the micro-THS with this catalyst produced the larger voltage signal of 12.2 mV at the operating temperature of 100°C.


AIM
Comparing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-recorded metrics during treatment with insulin degludec (IDeg) versus insulin glargine U100 (IGlar-100) in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and recurrent nocturnal severe hypoglycemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a multicenter, two-year, randomized, crossover trial, including 149 adults with T1D and minimum one episode of nocturnal severe hypoglycemia within the last two years. Participants were randomized 1:1 to treatment with IDeg or IGlar-100 and given the option of six days of blinded CGM twice during each treatment. CGM traces were reviewed for the percentage of time-within-target glucose range (TIR), time-below-range (TBR), time-above-range (TAR), and coefficient of variation (CV).

RESULTS
Seventy-four participants were included in the analysis. Differences between treatments were greatest during the night (23:00-06:59). Treatment with IGlar-100 resulted in 54.0% vs 49.0% with IDeg TIR (70-180 mg/dL) (estimated treatment difference [ETD]: -4.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -9.1, -0.0, P = .049). TBR was lower with IDeg at level 1 (54-69 mg/dL) (ETD: -1.7% [95% CI: -2.9, -0.5], P < .05) and level 2 (<54 mg/dL) (ETD: -1.3% [95% CI: -2.1, -0.5], P = .001). TAR was higher with IDeg compared with IGlar-100 at level 1 (181-250 mg/dL) (ETD: 4.0% [95% CI: 0.8, 7.3], P < .05) and level 2 (> 250 mg/dL) (ETD: 4.0% [95% CI: 0.8, 7.2], P < .05). The mean CV was lower with IDeg than that with IGlar-100 (ETD: -3.4% [95% CI: -5.6, -1.2], P < .05).

CONCLUSION
For people with T1D suffering from recurrent nocturnal severe hypoglycemia, treatment with IDeg, compared with IGlar-100, results in a lower TBR and CV during the night at the expense of more TAR.


Background: The integration of mental health services into primary health care (PHC) is considered a key strategy to improve access to care for people with common mental disorders (CMDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet mental health services remain largely unavailable at the PHC level. In Mexico, mental health services are only available at 30% of PHC clinics. Difficulties in translating research findings into routine health service delivery represent a major obstacle to integration of mental health care in PHC. This project investigated the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of mental health programmes integrated in PHC platforms in low-resource settings. Methods: I conducted a systematic review of the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of programmes for CMDs in primary care in LMICs. Then I conducted a mixed-methods case study of a mental health programme integrated in PHC clinics located in rural Mexico to examine implementation process and outcomes, and elicit potential barriers and facilitators to the programme implementation. First, I used mixed-methods to describe the programme implementation and examine outcomes. Subsequently, I used mixed-methods to explore factors related to non-attendance to mental health follow-up consultations. Finally, I used qualitative methods to elicit barriers and facilitators to implementation from the perspectives of service providers and service users. Results: Factors influencing programme implementation were identified through the systematic review including the organisation's readiness for implementation, the attributes, knowledge and beliefs of service providers, complex service user needs, adaptability and perceived advantage of interventions, and the processes of planning and evaluating the implementation. The case study showed that implementation outcomes included: programme integration, and high levels of acceptability and feasibility enabled through support from the implementing organisation. Fidelity was limited due to the low provision of talk-based interventions. Providers identified that delivering talk-based interventions was unfeasible due to time constraints and limited specialist support to develop the skills needed to provide them. Non-attendance to mental health consultations was an important challenge to implementation fidelity. Main barriers to attendance included, long distance to the clinics, type of treatment, and waiting times; facilitators were the presence of a comorbidity, and perceived need of treatment. Experiences with providers or treatments were identified as both facilitators and barriers. Key facilitators to the programme implementation were the cultural adaptation and perceived advantage of interventions to deliver mental health care, the commitment of health providers, the availability of key resources, an organisational culture that promoted health care as a human right, and the presence of a strong programme leadership. Key barriers included the complexity of mental health interventions, low self-efficacy from health providers, insufficient availability of mentorship from specialists, and the complex needs and expectations of service users. Conclusions: Strengthening the health system is a necessary first step to implement mental health programmes in PHC to ensure ongoing capacity building mechanisms, essential resources, and specialist support are available. Moreover, to adequately address the health and social needs of service users in low-resource settings, locally relevant social interventions and intersectoral collaboration are essential.


Rats exposed to 30 minutes of four-vessel occlusion reliably develop severe bilateral CA1 hippocampal injury; under certain conditions of radial maze training, such rats perform the reference memory component as well as controls yet perform the working memory component worse than controls. Reference memory is thought to depend on invariable and working memory on variable spatial information. We assessed the effect of training before ischemia. In Experiment 1, rats trained for 36 trials on 12-arm radial mazes before ischemia demonstrated a persistent impairment on the working memory task but eventually performed the reference memory task comparable to controls. Ischemic rats made more working memory errors as the number of choices increased. This pattern of working memory errors was similar to that in controls except, as expected, ischemic rats made many more errors. In Experiment 2, training for 80 trials before ischemia in rats decreased the severity of both the working and the reference memory impairment. Ischemia did not affect motor behavior in either experiment. These results characterize the working memory deficit in ischemic rats and demonstrate the importance of experimental factors, particularly in the design of treatment strategies to reduce functional impairments caused by ischemia.


BACKGROUND Sustainable physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) are two key goals in today's rehabilitation practice. Therefore, rehabilitation programs to promote PA need to be evaluated on sustainability of these outcomes after rehabilitation. PURPOSES To identify PA and HR-QoL trajectories after rehabilitation and to determine the association between those trajectories. METHODS People with a physical disability/chronic disease (N=1719) were followed from 3-6 weeks before discharge (T0) to 14 (T1), 33 (T2) and 52 (T3) weeks after rehabilitation in the Rehabilitation, Sports and Active lifestyle study. They participated in the Rehabilitation, Sports and Exercise (RSE) program in Dutch rehabilitation care. Latent Class analysis was used to identify PA and HR-QoL trajectories, based on questionnaire data. A Chi-squared test was performed to determine the association between PA and HR-QoL trajectories. RESULTS Six PA trajectories were identified: two large stable trajectories 'semi-active' (N=943) and 'active' (N=188), and four small intermediate trajectories 'recovery' (N=91), 'decline' (N=67), 'strong recovery' (N=21) and 'strong decline' (N=10). Five HR-QoL trajectories were identified: two large stable trajectories 'moderate' (N=617) and 'high' (N=394), two small intermediate trajectories 'recovery' (N=56) and 'decline' (N=31), and one two-person trajectory 'strong recovery'. The two large and stable PA and HR-QoL trajectories are significantly associated (χ2=33.5(1), p<.001, φc=.20). Of our sample, 55% (N=479) followed both the semi-active and the moderate HR-QoL trajectory, and 10% (N=83) followed both the active and the high HR-QoL trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Most people obtained a semi-active trajectory, but a moderate HR-QoL trajectory after the RSE program, which might suggest optimization of the program to reach sustainable and high levels of PA and HR-QoL after rehabilitation. PA and HR-QoL trajectories are longitudinally associated.


Activation of the RAS pathway has been implicated in oncogenesis and developmental disorders called RASopathies. Germline mutations in BRAF have been identified in 50-75% of patients with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, which is characterized by congenital heart defects, distinctive facial features, short stature and ectodermal abnormalities. We recently demonstrated that mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation, which corresponds to the most frequent BRAF mutation (Q257R) in CFC syndrome, on a C57BL/6J background are embryonic/neonatal lethal, with multiple congenital defects, preventing us from analyzing the phenotypic consequences after birth. Here, to further explore the pathogenesis of CFC syndrome, we backcrossed these mice onto a BALB/c or ICR/CD-1 genetic background. On a mixed (BALB/c and C57BL/6J) background, all heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) mice died between birth and 24 weeks and exhibited growth retardation, sparse and ruffled fur, liver necrosis and atrial septal defects (ASDs). In contrast, 31% of the heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice survived over 74 weeks. The surviving Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice exhibited growth retardation, sparse and ruffled fur, a hunched appearance, craniofacial dysmorphism, long and/or dystrophic nails, extra digits and ovarian cysts. The Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice also showed learning deficits in the contextual fear-conditioning test. Echocardiography indicated the presence of pulmonary stenosis and ASDs in the Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice, which were confirmed by histological analysis. These data suggest that the heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice show similar phenotypes as CFC syndrome after birth and will be useful for elucidating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies for RASopathies.


Two-dimensional, compressible, turbulent shear layers are studied in a new wind tunnel facility. Both reacting and non-reacting flows are investigated, with one free stream velocity supersonic and the other subsonic. The combustion experiments are based on the use of low concentrations of hydrogen, nitric oxide and fluorine gases. Side-view Schlieren photographs of these reacting and non-reacting flows appear devoid of the two-dimensional, large-scale structures seen in incompressible flows. Comparison with all-subsonic flows produced in the same facility suggests that this lack of two-dimensional structure is due to the presence of the supersonic high-speed free stream velocity. Travelling shock and expansion waves are observed in the high compressibility flows, evidently created by turbulent structures convecting at supersonic velocities. Such waves are seen only in the low-speed fluid, with apparent convection velocities much higher than those predicted on the basis of isentropic pressure-matching arguments. The measured shear layer growth rates agree with previous results by other experimenters, except for a few cases at low compressibility and low density ratio. The fast chemistry regime is attained in some of the high compressibility flows tested. "Flip" experiments conducted in this regime indicate that the volume fraction of mixed fluid in the layer is substantially reduced as compared to previous incompressible results. These same flip experiments also reveal that compressibility significantly alters the entrainment ratio. Finally, it is observed that the shear layer growth rate is relatively insensitive to incident shock /expansion waves and significant heat release inside the shear layer.


Hybrid application frameworks such as Cordova are more and more popular to create platform-independent applications (apps) because they provide special APIs to access device resources in a platform-agonistic way. By using these APIs, hybrid apps can access device resources through JavaScript. In this paper, we present a novel apprepackaging attack that repackages hybrid apps with malicious code; this code can exploit Cordova's plugin interface to steal and tamper with device resources. We address this attack and cross-site scripting attacks against hybrid apps. Since these attacks need to use plugins to access device resources, we refer to both of these attacks as Cordova plugin attacks. We further demonstrate a defense against Cordova plugin attacks through the use of a novel runtime access control mechanism that restricts access based on the mobile user's judgement. Our mechanism is easy to introduce to existing Cordova apps, and allows developers to produce apps that are resistant to Cordova plugin attacks. Moreover, we evaluate the effectiveness and performance of our mechanism.


Dipyridamole was introduced on the market as coronary vasodilator drug more than half a century ago and is still used as antithrombotic and vasodilator. Among cellular targets, it inhibits phosphodiesterases and raises extracellular levels of adenosine through inhibition of adenosine reuptake by red blood cells. As a consequence, endocellular levels of cyclic nucleotides are upregulated. The rise of cGMP in vascular smooth muscle cells and of cAMP in platelets provide the mechanism of vasodilation and antithrombosis, which are further potentiated by the release of PGI2 consequent on the increase in endothelial cell cAMP. These effects support the use of dipyridamole in cardiovascular diseases in which the drug is approved for the secondary prevention of cerebrovascular events. On the other hand, dipyridamole has been shown to possess a potent, little perceived, antioxidant activity of potential use in the several fields where pathophysiological pathways are dependent on oxidative stress, including those occurring in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, CNS-related diseases, and cancer.


Haptic technology has great potentials in many applications. This paper introduces our work on delivery haptic information via the Web. A multimodal tool has been developed to allow blind people to create virtual graphs independently. Multimodal interactions in the process of graph creation and exploration are provided by using a low-cost haptic device, the Logitech WingMan Force Feedback Mouse, and Web audio. The Web-based tool also provides blind people with the convenience of receiving information at home. In this paper, we present the development of the tool and evaluation results. Discussions on the issues related to the design of similar Web-based haptic applications are also given.


Background : As an endemic area of viral hepatitis B, many studies on hepatitis B and C have been reported in Korea, but no on all five viral types, A, B, C, D, and E. We surveyed ten serologic markers for the five different viral hepatitis and reviewed the seropositivity of each viral hepatitis and concurrent infection. Methods : Ten serologic markers of five viral hepatitis (anti-HAV IgM, anti-HAV IgG, HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HCV, anti-HDV, and anti-HEV IgM) were tested for 260,488 samples requested for viral marker studies at three hospitals of Korea University Medical Centers from January through December, 2003. Anti-HAV IgM, anti-HAV IgG, anti-HDV, and anti-HEV IgM were tested by RIA and HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HCV were analysed by ELISA or RIA method. Results : Anti-HAV IgM and IgG seropositivity was 1.2% and 88.0%, respectively. Anti-HAV IgM seropositivity was high in a patient group 20 to 29 years of age. The overall seropositivity of HBsAg was 10.4% and for anti-HBs 60.4%. The seropositivity was 1.3% for anti-HCV, 1.1% for anti-HDV, and 22.2% for anti-HEV IgM. The concurrent positivity of HBsAg and anti-HBs was 4.0%. HBsAg was positive in 7 (0.1%) of anti-HCV positive patients; anti-HEV IgM was positive in 2 (25%) of anti-HAV IgM positive patients. Conclusions : Hepatitis A infection was rare in children but increased in patient group 20 to 29 years of age. The concurrent infection rate of hepatitis A with hepatitis E was high, suggesting that hepatitis E should be considered in hepatitis A patients. In view of the finding that the concurrent infection of hepatis B and C was detected, though at a relatively low rate, patients with viral hepatitis need to be assessed for the possibility of concurrent infection with other types of hepatitis.


†Background The common primrose, Primula vulgaris, along with many other species of the Primulaceae, exhibits floral heteromorphy in which different individuals develop one of two possible forms of flower, known as pin and thrum. Both flower types are hermaphrodite and exhibit reciprocal positions of male and female reproductive structures, which together with a sporophytic incompatibility system, prevent self-pollination and promote outcrossing. The development of the two different forms of flower is controlled by a co-adapted linkage group of genes known as the S locus. † Scope Here progress towards identification and characterization of these genes is described to provide a molecular genetic explanation of the different floral characteristics that define heterostyly in Primula as observed and described by Charles Darwin. Previous work to identify and characterize developmental mutations linked to the P. vulgaris S locus, together with the isolation of S locus-linked genes and polymorphic DNA sequences markers, is summarized. The development of tools are described which will facilitate isolation and characterization of the S locus and its environs, including the creation of two expressed sequence tag libraries from pin and thrum flowers, as well as the construction and screening of two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries containing thrum genomic DNA. Screening of these libraries with four S locus-linked sequences has enabled us to assemble four BAC contigs representing over 40 individual overlapping BAC clones which represent over 2.2 Mb of S locus-linked genomic sequence. PCR-based approaches for identification of the allelic origin of these BACs are described as well as identification of an additional 14 S locus-linked genes within BAC-end sequences. †Conclusions On-going work to assemble the four S locus-linked contigs into one contiguous sequence spanning the S locus is outlined in preparation for sequence analysis and characterization of the genes located within this region.


Shaping Biology The National Science Foundation and American Biological Research, 1945-1975. Toby Appel. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2000. 408 pp. $42.50. ISBN 0-8018-6321-X. Making extensive use of NSF archives and her own interviews, Appel presents a ground-breaking examination of the influence of the NSF on U.S. biological research during its first three decades. Many of the topics she examines--such as basic versus applied science, supporting individuals versus institutions, elitism versus distributive funding, red tape and account-ability--remain relevant and contentious.


Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous group of diseases of the lymphatic system, which is represented by de novo and secondary tumors resulting from the transformation of indolent lymphomas. In the absence of a long history of the disease at the stage of histological transformation (HT), it is difficult to distinguish between de novo and secondary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. According to the data of a randomized study, we obtained clinical and laboratory data that are not typical for de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These include exclusive, predominant retroperitoneal localization, compression of the ureters/kidneys with or without the development of acute renal failure (ARF), unilateral lymphostasis of the leg due to compression of the inguinal, iliac lymph nodes by the conglomerate, intratumor in the central nervous system (CNS) at the onset/relapse/progression of the disease, discordant bone marrow involvement, blood involvement, paraprotein secretion.


In the wake of contemporary new public management, the temporalities of academic work have undergone significant transformations. One key feature of these changes is a perceived acceleration of working pace. While this phenomenon is widely acknowledged in scholarship about the transforming universities, to date there are only few studies investigating its empirical details. Building on qualitative interviews with 38 postdoctoral life scientists in Austria, this article investigates how these researchers experience the temporalities of their work and career practices. Postdocs are particularly susceptible to the changing demands of academic work life, as they mostly inhabit fragile institutional positions while they aspire to establish themselves in academia. The experience of being in a highly competitive race that requires a continuously accelerating working pace as well as a strong focus on individual achievement is central to their narratives about working for a career in academia. Drawing on recent scholarship on anticipation (ADAMS, MURPHY & CLARKE, 2009), acceleration (ROSA, 2003) and the entrepreneurial self (BROCKLING, 2007), I develop the concepts of anticipatory acceleration and latent individualization to analytically capture postdocs' experiences of temporalities in the context of their work and career practices. In conclusion I discuss the possible impacts of these particular temporal orientations for the contents and formats of academic knowledge production and ask in how far concepts and movements such as "slow science" help to address effects and problems of these specific forms of acceleration and anticipation. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1403150


At the 5th Latin American Congress of Medicine, held in Lima, Peru, in 1913, the idea was put forth to establish chairs in Tropical Medicine at medical schools in Latin America. Through reference to the involvement of Julian Arce and Carlos Chagas, physicians devoted to the study of tropical medicine, the article analyzes this proposal and examines the process by which the teaching of the specialty became institutionalized in Peru and Brazil. The focus is specifically on the inaugural classes given by both professors, the former speaking before the University of San Marcos Faculty of Medicine in 1916 in Lima and the latter, before the Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Medicine in 1926. The present study hopes to contribute to a deeper understanding of the distinct meanings assigned to tropical medicine in Brazil and Peru.


Technological systems do not exist in a vacuum, but are an integral part of an organizational setting. With information systems now permeating almost every aspect of our environment, systems thinking has never been more relevant to engineers and managers. Information systems essentially store, process, and distribute organizational information. As the capacity to accomplish these tasks has grown by leaps and bounds, organizations have become increasingly coupled. The information systems that developers are designing and implementing today are not only more complex, they also generate more complex interactions within organizational units. Unfortunately, many engineers only come to understand the need for a holistic approach to managing information technology through experience.


Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic and frequently disabling inflammatory disorder of the intes- tine. New developments in IBD therapy are primarily focused on biologic treatments; however, they are both expen- sive and associated with significant side effects. Here, we provide the first preclinical evidence that YunNan BaiYao (YNBY), a well-known traditional Chinese herbal remedy frequently used for treating hemorrhages and wounds, can effectively alleviate experimental colitis. Oral administration of YNBY in drinking water significantly reduced the dis- ease activities of both DSS- and TNBS-induced experimental colitis. Mechanistic studies revealed that the effective- ness of YNBY was not due to an anti-bacterial function since YNBY had no effect on E. coli growth. Rather, it exhibited an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive function: In the DSS colitis model, YNBY treatment decreased the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in colonic mucosa, including TNFα, IL-12p40, and IL-17. Similar cytokine changes were also observed in mouse serum, suggesting that systemic changes in general reflect the changes in the affected colon. Significant down-regulation of IL-12p40 and IL-17, in addition to IFNγ, was also seen in TNBS-colitis model. Another potential mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of YNBY involves the selective suppression of pro-inflammatory immune cells: YNBY effectively suppressed the growth of multiple T- and B-lymphocytes, including Molt-4, Jurkat, and EBV-transformed human B-lymphocytes, more potently than 6-mecaptopurine (6-MP) and 5- aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), two of the most commonly used first-line drugs in IBD therapy. In sharp contrast, YNBY exhibited no cytotoxicity to colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells), even at the concentration 10-fold higher than that used in the lymphocyte model; and instead promoted cell spreading and wound healing. These results strongly sug- gest that YNBY not only has effective anti-inflammatory properties through suppressing lymphocyte growth and pro- inflammatory cytokine expression, but also can promote intestinal epithelial wound-healing and repair. Therefore, YNBY demonstrates strong potential as an alternative herbal therapy for IBD.


In the recent decades, various dynamic process models on complex networks have been built to study the mechanisms by which an opinion, a disease or generally the information spreads in real-world networks. For example, opinion models are developed to illustrate the competition of opinions in a population, and epidemic models are used to describe, e.g. how an epidemic spreads in a social contact network or how information propagates in an online social network. Classic models always assume the homogeneous interactions. For example, the infection rates are the same for all pairs of nodes. However, the infection rates between different pairs of nodes which may depend on e.g. interaction frequencies are usually different , thus heterogeneous. In this thesis, we aim to explore the influence of heterogeneity on dynamic processes especially on the prevalence of an epidemic or opinion. We consider two types of dynamic processes: the Non- Consensus Opinion (NCO) model and the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model. This thesis is mainly devoted to the latter one. We investigate the heterogeneity in both network topology models, e.g. directed networks, and dynamic process models, such as heterogeneous infection rates.


Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep vein thrombosis and its complications and pulmonary embolism. Cancer, surgery, prolonged immobilization, fractures, paralysis, use of oral contraceptives, and hereditary coagulo-pathies are classic risk factors for VTE. An increased incidence of VTE has been reported in patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS), with a reported prevalence of 0.1 e 0.2% in the general population and up to 3.1% in infertile men. Despite the high rate of thromboembolic disease in patients with KS, the etiology of this phenomenon is not well understood, and most of our current knowledge is limited to small sample studies. We present the case of a 56-year-old man admitted for the management of a pulmonary embolism in whom a KS was accidentally discovered.


Embryonic stem cell is the promising novel therapeutic tool for various degenerative diseases and tissue injuries. With the concept of cell and tissue therapy, many chronic disorders will be curable. The present article provides basic knowledge of stem cell in areas of definition, classification and future clinical applications. In addition, stem cell application is not only focusing on regenerative purpose, but also concentrating on more understanding about the early human development and the pathophysiology of genetic diseases at the cellular level. However, there are some technical problems and ethical concern that should be resolved before applying stem cells into clinical practice.


Conventional, fixed-depth sampling may lead to errors in quantifying temporal changes in C stocks if soil bulk density (BD) changes. When surface elevation is altered due to a change in BD, sampling depth should be adjusted so that the sampled soil mass remains constant. We evaluated the ability of a topographic survey method (precise level) to quantify temporal changes (2000–2007) in surface elevation following conversion of long-term pasture to arable cropping using conventional tillage (plowing to 20 cm), minimum tillage, or no-till. Measured elevations were compared with values estimated from BD determined for fixed-depth increments (0–7.5, 7.5–15, 15–25, and 25–30 cm). In the first season, soil mass to 25 cm decreased by ?270 Mg/ha under conventional cultivation (relative to precultivation mass of 3345 Mg/ha) as BD decreased in the 7.5- to 15- and 15- to 25-cm layers. This represented an upward movement of the soil surface by an estimated 22 mm. Minimum tillage and no-till treatments moved 9 and 2 mm upward, respectively. Subsequently, the soil consolidated and surface elevation declined by an estimated 8 mm in all cultivated treatments. Elevation changes measured by the precise level were very similar to these BD-based estimates. Changes in elevation in conventional, minimum tillage, and no-till treatments averaged 13, 1.5, and −6 mm, respectively (positive values indicate upward movement, negative values subsidence). Corresponding BD-estimated values were 17, 1.1, and −3 mm. Using topographic survey information, sampling depth can be adjusted so that a constant mass is sampled from soils where BD has been changed by tillage or natural processes.


SUMMARY
The interpretation of genome-wide association results is confounded by linkage disequilibrium between nearby alleles. We have developed a flexible bioinformatics query tool for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify and to annotate nearby SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (proxies) based on HapMap. By offering functionality to generate graphical plots for these data, the SNAP server will facilitate interpretation and comparison of genome-wide association study results, and the design of fine-mapping experiments (by delineating genomic regions harboring associated variants and their proxies).

AVAILABILITY
SNAP server is available at http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/snap/.


Sir.—I read with great interest Dr Corrigan's editorial on platelet function in Kawasaki disease.1Medical intervention in Kawasaki disease has previously been aimed at reducing the incidence of coronary artery aneurysm formation.2,3However, once coronary aneurysms evolve, the appropriate use of anticoagulation therapy had not been seriously discussed prior to Dr Corrigan's article. In fact, most clinicians use antiplatelet therapy exclusively (eg, low-dose aspirin and/or dipyridamole). I would like to describe the management of an infant with Kawasaki disease whose initial course was complicated by coronary artery aneurysm and myocardial ischemia, as well as severe peripheral vasculitis. His large coronary aneurysm persisted, and he was successfully treated with warfarin sodium (Coumadin) anticoagulation and low-dose aspirin therapy for more than a year following the acute illness. However, shortly following withdrawal of warfarin and substitution with dipyridamole, he developed coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Patient Report.—A 7-month-old male


A discounted equity index is computed as the ratio of an equity index to the accumulated savings account denominated in the same currency. In this way, discounting provides a natural way of separating the modeling of the short rate from the market price of risk component of the equity index. In this vein, we investigate the applicability of maximum likelihood estimation to stochastic models of a discounted equity index, providing explicit formulae for parameter estimates. We restrict our consideration to two important index models, namely the Black–Scholes model and the minimal market model of Platen, each having an explicit formula for the transition density function. Explicit formulae for estimates of the model parameters and their standard errors are derived and are used in fitting the two models to US data. Further, we demonstrate the effect of the model choice on the no-arbitrage assumption employed in risk neutral pricing.


Background: The present study observed the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, Bcl2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), cyclin D1, human epidermal receptor-2 (HER-2) and Ki-67 in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and their association with clinicopathological profiles and disease outcomes. Materials and Methods: Fifty consecutive samples of cholecystectomy/biopsies from GB bed (archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of different stages of GBC) were included, and patient details related to their demographic profile, investigations, tumor profile, treatment, and follow-up were recorded. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression levels. Results: Overexpression of EGFR, p53, Bcl2, VEGF, cox-2, cyclin D1 and HER-2 was observed as 74%, 44%, 8%, 34%, 66%, 64%, and 4%, respectively. Association of Bcl2 overexpression in mucinous morphology (40%, P = 0.045), cox-2 overexpression in early stage (I/II) tumors (87.5%, P = 0.028) and VEGF overexpression in alive patients (47.1%, P = 0.044) was observed. Co-expression of EGFR and p53 were statistically significant (P = 0.033). Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in patients in age group <40 years (P = 0.027), and poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.023). Advanced disease and poorly differentiated tumors showed a significantly poor median survival (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EGFR, cox-2 and cyclin D1 were largely overexpressed. Advanced tumor stages and poorly differentiated tumors are predictors of poor survival.


Blockchain technology makes it more feasible for individuals to Exit political-socioeconomic systems at the level of the system itself and elect to accede freely to institutional systems which formulate, promulgate, keep and verify institutions and public records without a centralised authority. This essay investigates the dynamics of such a society in which political-socioeconomic systems may be organised using Blockchain technology. We propose a theory of society as an evolutionary system in which the unit of selection is the institutional system associated with a particular Blockchain or the State and selection pressures are applied by individuals deciding to interact within them and have their interactions entered into the public record. We establish the conditions under which institutions will be selected by considering the limits to substitutability and discover that any institutional system must meet requirements and provide sufficient complimentarities in order to be selected and retained by the evolutionary process.


We present a virtual element method for the Reissner-Mindlin plate bending problem which uses shear strain and deflection as discrete variables without the need of any reduction operator. The proposed method is conforming in $[H^{1}(\Omega)]^2 \times H^2(\Omega)$ and has the advantages of using general polygonal meshes and yielding a direct approximation of the shear strains. The rotations are then obtained by a simple postprocess from the shear strain and deflection. We prove convergence estimates with involved constants that are uniform in the thickness $t$ of the plate. Finally, we report numerical experiments which allow us to assess the performance of the method.


Migration from country to country has significantly increased over the past 25 years across the world (Beckerman & Corbett, 2008). During this transition, researchers assert that immigrants experience acculturation, the process of cultural and psychological change resulting from immigrants' interactions with the residents, norms, laws, and institutions of the host country (Berry, 2006; Birman & Trickett, 2001). The process of acculturation can be complex, stressful, and overwhelming for immigrant families (Rumbaut, 1994). As such, immigrant parents ask their children to assist them with the acculturation process, taking on a role that has been referred to as culture brokering. Researchers have conceptualized and measured the culture brokering in various ways. However, the current conceptualizations and measurements have not captured the full range of activities in which culture brokers engage. The present study aimed to first expand upon the definition of the culture brokering construct to include four domains: Translator/Interpreter, Cultural Guide, Family Task Manager, and Family Consultant. Given this broadened re-conceptualization, a new measure which included items fully reflecting the culture brokering construct was needed. The subsequent aim of this study was to develop and validate a culture brokering instrument that measures the degree to which children serve as translators, guides, task managers, and consultants as part of their family's acculturation process. Focus groups, cognitive interviews, and analyses of reliability and validity of the refined culture brokering instrument were conducted. Following, tests of discriminant, convergent, and predictive validity were performed, and a final version of the multidimensional culture brokering instrument is presented.


Here, we predict gene expression from epigenetic features based on public data available through the Epigenome Roadmap Project [1]. This rich new dataset includes samples from primary tissues, which to our knowledge have not previously been studied in this context. Specifically, we used computational machine learning algorithms on five histone modifications to predict gene expression in a variety of samples. Our models reveal a high predictive accuracy, especially in cell cultures, with predictive ability dependent on sample type and anatomy. The relative importance of each histone mark feature varied across samples. We localized each histone mark signal to its relevant region, revealing that chromatin state enrichment varies greatly between histone marks. Our results provide several novel insights into epigenetic regulation of transcription in new contexts.


ABSTRACT The removal of the Norwegian rent control in 1982 created a natural experiment that enabled us to investigate whether rent control affected the search and matching process in the private residential rental market in the Norwegian capital, Oslo. We collected and analysed data on 'housing for rent', 'housing wanted' and 'housing exchange-wanted' advertisements in Oslo covering a period from 1970 to 2008. We concluded that the use of newspaper listing services by potential tenants and landlords changed after the rent control removal. Our results indicate that it is more costly, in time and money, for a potential tenant to search for and to find a home under rent control. Moreover, our results indicate that rent control increases the probability of and the distance from the ideal dwelling, in size, standard and location, a potential tenant have to settle for.


Abstract The dynamics of the host–parasite relationship between tomato cv. Brigade and Egyptian broomrape is temperature-related. This relationship was utilized for the development of an equation on the basis of thermal time (as measured by growing degree days, GDD, C) to predict the parasitism dynamics of Egyptian broomrape in tomato. To obtain a reliable prediction from thermal time values, studies based on a wide range of temperatures are essential. Four temperature-regime treatments and five levels of infestation with Egyptian broomrape seeds were tested in a multiclimate greenhouse (phytotron) and a temperature-controlled greenhouse, respectively. The day/night temperature regimes were 20/12 C, 23/15 C, 26/18 C, and 29/21 C and the infestation levels were 0 (noninfested control), 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg of Egyptian broomrape seeds per liter of soil. As expected, increasing temperature or infestation levels resulted in faster appearance and higher rate of attachments, respectively. The relation between development of attachments and GDD was described as a three-parameter logistic curve. In both temperature-regime and infestation-level experiments, the development of attachments began 200 GDD after planting and the maximal number of attachments was recorded 800 GDD after planting. A significant reduction in the aboveground biomass of the tomato plants due to increased Egyptian broomrape biomass was recorded only for the 26/18 C and 29/21 C day/night treatments and the three highest infestation levels (5, 10, and 25 mg L−1 soil). The ability to predict the start of parasitism can be used to develop a climate-based system for Egyptian broomrape control with herbicides. Nomenclature: Egyptian broomrape; Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. (syn. Orobanche aegyptiaca); tomato; Lycopersicon esculentum L.


In Vietnam, municipal solid waste (MSW) has being become increasing complex due to variety
of reasons as the increasing quantity, changing composition of MSW, rising public awareness and municipal
administration policies among different cities and surrounding communities. There is not currently an efficient
management system in place for facilities such as storage, collection, transfer, transportation and disposal of
MSW. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyze the present system of MSW addressing variety
of aspects such as quantity and composition of MSW generation, operational management, legal system as
well as financial aspect. The systematic assessment has revealed the problems like lack of legal framework,
low coverage, improper waste storage, less encouragement for composting, and lack of proper disposal
practices. Finally, an action plan is proposed suggestion for current and future addressing the issues as the
operational management, institutional, financial aspect, public participation, environmental education, and
legal and policies.


OBJECTIVE
To establish a method for the determination of soybean isoflavones including daidzein and genistein in foods by high performance liquid chromatography.

METHODS
Soybean isoflavones in food samples were refluxed and extracted by 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid and ethanol. Soybean isoflavones were chromatographically separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5) (60 + 40), and then detected at 254 nm with ultraviolet-visible detector.

RESULTS
The detection limits were 0.05 microg/ml for daidzein and 0.04 microg/ml for genistein, respectively. The spiked recoveries of the samples were 91.4%-113.1%. The within-day and between-day (n = 6) relative standard deviations were 1.1%-2.8% and 2.9%-5.1%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The method is simple, sensitive and applicable to the determination of soybean isoflavones in foods. It also provides an analytical method for isoflavones in functional food and the absorption of phytoextrogens from foods.


Within the framework of a human biomonitorinq project the distribution of foreign substances in the blood of children living in regions which were industrially polluted to differing extents was investigated. The results from children who lived in the neighbourhood of a hazardous waste incinerator plant (SVA) were compared with children from a control region with similar industrial pollution (Rhine Valley Control Region=RKR) and from a second control area with lower industrial pollution (Odenwald Control Region=OKR). PCB118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 183 and 187 were analysed in the blood of 348 children between 7 and 10 years of age. Indicators of exposure in the regression models, adjusted for age, sex and for other confounders, are the regions or places of residence (18 neig-bourhoods). Children from the SVA area have for PCB170 (p = 0.02) and PCB180 (p =0.007) higher average values (or for PCb with a low prevalence of detection) a greater relative chance of detection (PCB183: OR 2.00; 95%CI 1.08-3.69; PCB187: OR 1.99; 95%Cl 0.97-4.09) than children in the OKR. Apart from gender of the child and sequential order of birth, behavioural characteristics, such as breast feeding, passive smoking and body-mass index, will contribute to explaining the variance of PCb. The results can presently be viewed only as a regional comparison of the three investigated groups. The effects seen here are small but statistically significant and indicate a regionally plausible pattern.


Hydrogen ion injury.-Certain abnormalities and retardations of root development in nutrient solutions made up to contain relatively high amounts of dihydrogen phosphates have been traced by Miss ADDOMS8 to hydrogen ion injury. She deserves credit for having employed the dark field illuminator in making the injuries visible. The injurious effects seem to be due to a coagulation of the protoplasm of the root hairs. The range studied runs from PH 3.94 to 3.47, a rather narrow range, and it is possible that the experiments did not run long enough to show whether the least concentration of hydrogen ion used is really harmless to protoplasm. The statement that there can be no direct relation between the hydrogen ion concentration of nutrient solutions and the yield of plants grown in them may need interpretation. If it is meant that there is no correlation between hydrogen ion concentration and yield, one would want statistical data as proof. The definitions of gel, coagulation, and flocculation appended in a foot note seem to the reviewer not in accord with the common use of the terms. Some authors describe reversible gel formation in the protoplasm.-C. A. SHULL.


We examined the contribution of a cryptic plasmid, pRmeGR4b, to the nodulation of Medicago sativa by strain GR4 of Rhizobium meliloti. A 905-base-pair PstI DNA fragment in pRmeGR4b was found to hybridize DNA of the R. meliloti fixA promoter region as a probe. Sequence analysis of the PstI fragment showed a 206-base-pair region displaying high homology with the DNA upstream of the RNA start points of the P1 and P2 symbiotic promoters. Putative nif promoter consensus sequences were conserved in this DNA segment. Expression of DNA downstream of the nif promoterlike sequence, monitored by beta-galactosidase activity of different lacZ fusions, was demonstrated to depend on a functional nifA gene, both in microaerobically free-living cells and in nodules. Individual transposon Tn3-HoHo1 insertions in this DNA region caused a reduced nodulation competitiveness. This new symbiotic region, occupying approximately 5 kilobases of pRmeGR4b DNA, was called nfe (nodule formation efficiency).


ABSTRACTDepth filtration with microporous membranes has been modelled by extending upon previous approaches of Polyakov[1–4] to incorporate pore size distribution, tortuosity, and cake buildup. The model-forecasts were benchmarked against filtration measurements performed with colloidal particles using three very different commercial membrane morphologies with the same nominal average pore size. The critical flux for each membrane was determined by a standard flux-stepping method. Particle retention and permeance were studied under constant flux or transmembrane pressure test conditions. Comparison of the forecast results with data shows reasonable qualitative agreement, but the results are very sensitive to the measurement uncertainties of the various properties.


Challenging established academic and techno-scientific enclosures of interdisciplinary or boundary research between art and other disciplines, the thesis provides an analysis of a series of critical research projects undertaken since 2004. The author argues that through critical forms of artistic research, new forms of knowledge production are possible that operate beyond current enclosures. Using Office of Experiments' (est. 2004) publicly exhibited works, research databases and publications, a body of evidence is described that represents a sustained contribution to artistic and academic discourse through collaborative and collective practice. This research and the formation of The Office of Experiments by White, provides the basis for the argument that artists are becoming engaged in 'instituent' forms of practice (Raunig) that are indirectly beginning to challenge the monopoly of established and hegemonic institutional spaces; the Museum and the University, gallery and the archive. In the context of interdisciplinary research, the concept of boundary objects (Gieryn and Borgdorff), an expanded field of art (Krauss), are discussed in relation to the author's concerns with critical and social practices. Using examples such as Artist Placement Group and The Center for Land Use Interpretation, it is argued that there needs to be a greater consideration and concern afforded to knowledge production developed in rigorous forms beyond the academic realm in order to fully interrogate emerging contexts of technology and science, new moral and ethical dimensions, new politics and antagonisms. It is argued that in essence, stemming from a frustration with limiting processes in academia, the published research of The Office of Experiments led by White provides examples of critical knowledge as developed by a new form of parallel institution. It is argued that such practices, when critically engaged with existing institutions of knowledge and culture, create new antagonistic spaces in which productive epistemic encounters can take place. In addition to the written thesis, the published research is presented through a browser to allow the reader to navigate documentation and traces of exhibitions, digital archives and artist publications, along with the full text of referenced citations of these works from major catalogues and published articles and journals. The database itself reflects a key dimension in the critical research practice that has attempted to present knowledge within an open model for dissemination purposes.


We use the boundary state formalism to provide the full conformal description of (F,Dp) bound states. These are BPS configurations that arise from a superposition of a fundamental string and a Dp brane, and are charged under both the NS-NS antisymmetric tensor and the (p + 1)-form R-R potential. We construct the boundary state for these bound states by switching on a constant electric field on the world-volume of a Dp brane and fix its value by imposing the Dirac quantization condition on the charges. Using the operator formalism we also derive the Dirac-Born-Infeld action and the classical supergravity solutions corresponding to these configurations. Work partially supported by the European Commission TMR programme ERBFMRX-CT960045 and by MURST. e-mail: email@example.com


We evaluated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Lake Baroon catchment, Queensland, Australia. A total of 132 water samples were collected from 6 sites as well as from raw influent and treated effluent from a local sewage treatment plant (STP), over a 12-month period. Three new sites close to the entrance of the lake were added following initial assessment. The prevalence of faecal indicator organisms, E. coli and enterococci was also examined. There was no clear relationship between the level of indicator organisms, rainfall or the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia for most sites. Of the five sites showing levels of contamination with Cryptosporidium , only three coincided with elevated rainfall. The highest level of Cryptosporidium oocysts detected in the raw influent from the STP, coincided with the occurrence of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the local area but no Cryptosporidium was detected in surface water samples during that period. Our results indicate that while the human contribution of Cryptosporidium is minimal, the high level of faecal indicator bacteria in surface water was not always associated with the presence Cryptosporidium in this catchment.