This paper takes a 3D high-power microwave module as research object and analyses the law that temperature distribution, thermal-via and design variables influence on internal maximum junction temperature of the module base on the model established with finite element simulation software. In view of limitation of the traditional single varying parameters appraisal method for thermal analysis, the analysis method which combines orthogonal experiment and response surface method is applied to analyze thermal characteristics of 3D high-power microwave module under the influence of mutual parameters. Hybrid optimization algorithm which combines BP neural network with the genetic algorithm is applied to the optimization for chip thermal placement of embedded power chip microwave module in connection with influence of chip placement effect on the temperature distribution. Internal chip coordinates are selected as design variables and internal chip temperature are the response variables. The optimal placement scheme which makes internal junction temperature lowest with the BP-GA hybrid algorithm proposed in this paper can be obtained. The results show the structure and material parameters of the cooling plate and heat metal sheet have greater impact on module temperature, and the structure and material parameters of the substrate and encapsulation layer have less impact temperature. The quadratic regression equation in the paper can accurately represent the relationship between thermal parameters and internal module temperature, and the BP network prediction model for chip thermal placement can accurately express the functional relationship between the chip placement and the maximum junction temperature of the internal module. The BP-GA hybrid algorithm proposed in this paper can get an optimal solution of chip thermal placement, and it lay a good foundation for the thermal analysis and thermal placement of 3D high-power microwave module.


Measuring ECE in ITER plasmas will present several difficulties in both hardware and physics that will impede efforts to determine T e (r,t) and characteristics of the electron distribution function. Recent work on the diagnostic systems and techniques to be employed on ITER has clarified some of these issues and found some solutions. Studies show that even with the greater relativistic broadening due to the high electron temperature, T e measurements with spatial resolution of 6-10 cm are still possible especially with properly designed front end optics and instruments. ECE will still be able to provide high resolution T e profiles in both core and edge regions and even follow oscillations of high m,n TAE modes. Of greater concern is the possibility and effects of non-Maxwellian electron distributions created by intense auxiliary heating. In these cases modeling will have to be used to correct and define the valid limits of T e from ECE and a special oblique viewing antenna is recommended. The planned ECE instruments, heterodyne radiometer and Michelson interferometer, will provide complementary 2 measurement capabilities. A viable in-port-plug calibration source for these instruments is a concern; progress on work being done to develop a prototype is reported.


Although theories of the evolution of senescence differ in the mode of action by which genes are thought to control the aging process, they all view the rate of senescence as an adaptable feature of life history and therefore modifiable by natural selection. Tests of theory, however, have generally yielded mixed results. The life-span of
 Drosophila melanogaster
 increased strongly in populations selected for late reproduction in these experiments. Delayed senescence was accompanied by a reduced early fecundity, suggesting pleiotropic genetic control of the aging process.

 Reproduced by permission.

 Leo S. Luckinbill, Robert Arking, Michael J. Clare, William C. Cirocco, Steven A. Buck, Selection for Delayed Senescence in
 Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution
 38
 , 996-1003 (1984).


Greywater recycling and rain water harvesting for irrigating urban and suburban landscapes may reduce the use of potable water in arid and subtropical climates but affect soil microbial community composition and biogeochemical cycling. Municipal tap water, greywater, and harvested rain water were used to irrigate (Lolium perenne L.) planted in a constructed soil over a 20 week period. Irrigation with grey water significantly increased the relative abundance of gram-positive biomarkers ANTEISO 15 : 0, ISO 17 : 1G, gram-negative biomarkers 19 : 0 CYCLO c11-12 and bacterial biomarker 18 : 0 (P < .05) relative to irrigation with harvested rain water. Significant decreases were observed in the relative abundance of gram-positive biomarker 16 : 0, gram-negative biomarker 16 : 1 ω7c, both fungi biomarkers (18 : 2 ω6c and 18 : 1 ω9c) in soils irrigated with greywater (P < .05). Dissolved organic carbon losses from soil were a significant two-to-four times greater from soils irrigated with municipal tap water and greywater relative to soils irrigated with harvested rain water (P < .001). This study highlights the effect that municipal tap water and grey water may have on microbial community composition and soil nutrient dynamics under irrigated turf grass.


ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic infections in at least 150 million individuals worldwide. HCV has a narrow host range and robustly infects only humans and chimpanzees. The underlying mechanisms for this narrow host range are incompletely understood. At the level of entry, differences in the amino acid sequences between the human and mouse orthologues of two essential host factors, the tetraspanin CD81 and the tight junction protein occludin (OCLN), explain, at least in part, HCV's limited ability to enter mouse hepatocytes. We have previously shown that adenoviral or transgenic overexpression of human CD81 and OCLN facilitates HCV uptake into mouse hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. In efforts to refine these models, we constructed knock-in mice in which the second extracellular loops of CD81 and OCLN were replaced with the respective human sequences, which contain the determinants that are critical for HCV uptake. We demonstrate that the humanized CD81 and OCLN were expressed at physiological levels in a tissue-appropriate fashion. Mice bearing the humanized alleles formed normal tight junctions and did not exhibit any immunologic abnormalities, indicating that interactions with their physiological ligands were intact. HCV entry factor knock-in mice take up HCV with an efficiency similar to that in mice expressing HCV entry factors transgenically or adenovirally, demonstrating the utility of this model for studying HCV infection in vivo. IMPORTANCE At least 150 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Chronic hepatitis C can result in progressive liver disease and liver cancer. New antiviral treatments can cure HCV in the majority of patients, but a vaccine remains elusive. To gain a better understanding of the processes culminating in liver failure and cancer and to prioritize vaccine candidates more efficiently, small-animal models are needed. Here, we describe the characterization of a new mouse model in which the parts of two host factors that are essential for HCV uptake, CD81 and occludin (OCLN), which differ between mice and humans, were humanized. We demonstrate that such minimally humanized mice develop normally, express the modified genes at physiological levels, and support HCV uptake. This model is of considerable utility for studying viral entry in the three-dimensional context of the liver and to test approaches aimed at preventing HCV entry.


For far too long has community been left out of major discussions surrounding educational reform in the state of New Mexico. Judge Sarah Singleton's ruling in Martinez/Yazzie v. State of New Mexico (2018) opens up an opportunity for various stakeholders to offer alternative models in addressing the need to provide a 'sufficient education' to students who continue to be marginalized and underrepresented across the state. This article presents three educational models that are community-based and community-created— Cultivando Nuestro Futuro Leadership Institute, Macehualli Framework for Leadership Development, and the Ciclos de la Tierra : Cultivando Querencia through Mutualsimo and Social Justice Framework. Since 2011, the Center for Social Sustainable Systems (CESOSS), a small nonprofit in the Middle Rio Grande region, has been developing educational models that are founded on Indigenous/Native philosophies and that strive to connect young leaders, families, and community members to the importance of protecting and preserving land and water traditions in New Mexico. It is imperative that educational leaders include the voice and expertise of families and community-based organizations in addressing the recommendations as set forth in the lawsuit findings. The models presented here can offer ideas on how to incorporate transformative multicultural education models into K-12 education.


This research investigates the type of and extent to which additional problematic experiences and behaviors are associated with a history of both substance misuse and childhood sexual abuse. In a recent study of women undergraduate students, 30 years and older. 15 disclosed a history of problematic alcohol and/or drug use. Of these. 10 had experienced sexual trauma as children; five had not. This report compares these two subsamples with respect to problematic experiences and behavior. Implications for counseling and research are discussed.


The various nineteenth-century national patent systems had a heterogeneous institutional evolution. This article explores the international determinants of this institutional diversity, using the Spanish system as a case study. Instead of presenting the causality as running from institutions to economic performance, it explores the inverse relationship, that is, how Spain's technological backwardness and dependency set the stage for the institutional organisation of this country's patent system. The international dynamics manifested in different aspects of the system: its peripheral, hybrid and dual nature; the Spanish reception of the European controversy over patent rights; the early Spanish integration into the international patent system; and the prominence of international intermediaries. The article concludes that nineteenth-century variations in the institutional architecture and the administrative practices of the various national systems were the consequence of the historical making of an asymetric international patent system.


Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA6) manifests a wide spectrum of noncerebellar symptoms including parkinsonism. However, cerebellar ataxia is the main clinical feature, even in patients with extracerebellar involvement. Here, we describe an SCA6 patient with the parkinsonian phenotype without cerebellar dysfunction. A 41-year-old man visited our clinic because of progressive slowness in the prior 3 months. The slowness was more severe on his right side. His walking had also slowed. There was no history of other medical disease or medications. His elder brother had died at age 40 from an unknown cause. However, his brother had been an alcoholic and had shown gait disturbance. The patient showed normal cognitive functions on the Mini–Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery. His speech was slow, monotonous, hypokinetic, and not cerebellar. His facial expressions and eye-blinking rate had both slowed. Ocular motility was normal. Motor power was intact, and sensory examination was normal. Knee jerks were brisk, and plantar responses were flexor. There was generalized bradykinesia, more severe on the right side. He had rigidity that was more prominent axially and on the right side. Mild terminal tremor was observed in the right hand. His gait was slow and his arm swing was decreased on the right side. There was no limb or truncal ataxia (see Video Segment 1). There was no improvement with levodopa at 800 mg/day. Laboratory tests were negative for Wilson's disease, Park2, Huntington's disease, SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA7, and SCA17. The trinucleotide repeat number of SCA6 was increased to 20. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal, and there was no cerebellar atrophy (Fig. 1). Dopamine transporter (DAT) density was reduced, with a rostrocaudal gradient typical of Parkinson's disease (PD) according to [I]-floropropyl 2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-iodophenyl) tropane positron emission tomography (FP-CIT PET). DAT binding was more decreased on the left side (Fig. 1). He did not complain of hyposmia; however, threshold-discrimination-identification was abnormal on an olfactory function test with a validated Korean version of the Sniffin' stick test. During the follow-up exam, he complained of epigastric discomfort, and gastric cancer was found during an endoscopy. a-Synuclein immunohistochemistry in the resection margin from his stomach showed no a-synucleinpositive inclusions. On a follow-up visit after 2 years, his tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability were aggravated. Heel-to-shin test was mildly impaired because of bradykinesia rather than ataxia. However, tandem gait was normal. He did not have gaze-evoked nystagmus, perverted head shaking, and positional down-beating nystagmus (see Video Segment 2). Parkinsonism was reported in SCA6 and was associated with a variable pattern of DAT imaging abnormalities. However, the main clinical feature in these parkinsonian patients is cerebellar dysfunction. This is the first clinical report of SCA6 presenting features at onset closely resembling pure parkinsonism. No a-synuclein-positive inclusions in the stomach tissue suggest that this case is not synucleinopathy. The current case expands the clinical spectrum of SCA6 compared with that previously reported.


Each chapter in Human Resource Development provides the reader with commentary, activities and review sections in an integrated approach. The action-oriented approach is vital for practicing managers but increasingly for postgraduate and final year undergraduates who have work experience. It is this aspect of the book that fills a gap that currently exists in the market. This text reflects organizational realities and balances and integrates the coverage of individuals, teams and organizational learning.The book is written in a straightforward manner and explains concepts and key issues in a lucid style. The activities are focused and are better suited to encouraging readers to learn.


"Trailing Clouds of Glory" is a narrative of Zachary Taylor's Mexican War campaign, from the formation of his army in 1844 to his last battle at Buena Vista in 1847, with emphasis on the 163 men in his 'Army of Occupation' who became Confederate or Union generals in the Civil War. It clarifies what being a Mexican War veteran meant in their cases, how they interacted with one another, how they performed their various duties, and how they reacted under fire. Referring to developments in Washington, D.C., and other theaters of the war, this book provides a comprehensive picture of the early years of the conflict based on army records and the letters and diaries of the participants. This study is the first examination of the roles played in the Mexican War by the large number of men who served with Taylor and who would be prominent in the next war, both as volunteer and regular army officers, and it provides fresh information, even on such subjects as Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant. Particularly interesting for the student of the Civil War are largely unknown aspects of the Mexican War service of Daniel Harvey Hill, Braxton Bragg, and Thomas W. Sherman.


The recent study of a wide range of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) has created a new era for device design and applications. In particular, the concept of van der Waals epitaxy (vdWE) utilizing layered TMDCs has the potential to broaden the family of epitaxial growth techniques beyond the conventional methods. We report herein, for the first time, the monolithic high-power, droop-free, and wavelength tunable InGaN/GaN nanowire light-emitting diodes (NW-LEDs) on large-area MoS2 layers formed by sulfurizing entire Mo substrates. MoS2 serves as both a buffer layer for high-quality GaN nanowires growth and a sacrificial layer for epitaxy lift-off. The LEDs obtained on nitridated MoS2 via quasi vdWE show a low turn-on voltage of ∼2 V and light output power up to 1.5 mW emitting beyond the "green gap", without an efficiency droop up to the current injection of 1 A (400 A cm−2), by virtue of high thermal and electrical conductivities of the metal substrates. The discovery of the nitride/layered TMDCs/metal heterostructure platform also ushers in the unparalleled opportunities of simultaneous high-quality nitrides growth for high-performance devices, ultralow-profile optoelectronics, energy harvesting, as well as substrate reusability for practical applications.


Based on a long-term vegetation index dataset of NDVI and meteorological data from 68 meteorological stations in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and their relations with major climate factors were analyzed. The results show the following: 1) The linear trends of temperature in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau indicate that the temperature in the plateau generally increased, but it rose faster in the last 20 years. 2) The most significant NDVI increase occurred in the eastern and southern plateau. However, the western and northern plateau demonstrate a decreasing trend. 3) There is a significant positive linear correlation between NDVI and temperature and a negative correlation between NDVI and mean wind speed. However, no significant statistical relationship was found between NDVI and relative humidity, precipitation or sunshine duration.4) The changes in NDVI for the plateau are driven by temperature-precipitation, but for the desert and forest areas, the relation changes to precipitation-temperature-wind velocity and wind velocity-temperature-precipitation. Keywords—Qinghai-Tibet plateau; NDVI; climate warming


Home Office Research Report 34 proposes that perceptions of anti-social behaviour ('PASB'), in the technical British Crime Survey definition, are a matter of interpretation.

There is frequently a mismatch between an objective measure of ASB, and perceptions. Based on a review of available research studies, the authors model two processes of interpretation that seem to be fundamental in driving this, and suggest that the reason why people make different interpretations of behaviour rests in social connectedness


Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the names and alcohol content or strength of different alcoholic beverages used in different parts of Bangladesh and also to determine contamination with heavy metals and bacteria in some samples. Methods: Eight different types of alcoholic beverages consumed in different parts of Bangladesh were collected and studied in the laboratory of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR). Before sending to the laboratory, samples were stored in a refrigerator at temperature 4-8 degree Celsius. In all samples, strength of ethanol content was studied. Among the samples, Dochuani and Tari was tested for heavy metal, Chubichi and Pochani studied for total viable micro-bacterial contamination. Results: In this study one sample was from Khagrachari (Hilly area) not been reported as manufacture site by the Department of narcotics control of Bangladesh before. Out of eight samples, one was of a Brand company (Keru & Co) and others homemade. Highest concentration, 81.56% was observed in Spirit followed by 37.7% in Dochuani and lowest 2.2% in Tari. Insignificant amount of heavy metal detected in Dochuani and Tari. There was no viable micro-bacterial contamination in samples tested. Conclusions: Without knowing the strength, people are using different types of homemade alcoholic beverages as such in a risk of health hazards as well as death. A national survey need to be conducted to obtain how many types of alcoholic beverages being manufactured, their strength and true picture of alcohol use so that strategy plan can be developed of its healthy use if needed at all.


The purpose of the study was to examine supervisory beliefs and practices of Instructional Leaders in a secondary school in Kuala Langat. The descriptive study case study comprised 72 Instructional Leaders which involved 29 middle managers and 43 teachers. The study employed a mixed methods research design where data were collected using a questionnaire and semi structured interviews. Three middle managers and three teachers were randomly selected for the semi structured interviews. The quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. Frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test were conducted from the data. The validity and reliability of the instruments was established through experts' opinions and a pilot study. The findings revealed
between directive approach, collaborative approach and nondirective approach, middle managers take 53.6% of the time use directive approach to supervision while teachers stated middle managers take 87.1% of the time use collaborative approach to
supervision. Findings also indicated middle managers and teachers have high level of implementing supervision practices. However teachers did have moderate perception towards implementing the evaluation stage. On the other hand, the finding indicated that there was no significant difference of supervisory practices between teachers' perception and middle managers' perception t (72) = 0.46, p-value = 0.65. Through semi-structured interviews, the result revealed that middle managers and teachers
faced problems like time constraint, the purpose of supervision and lack of facilities in school. In addition middle managers faced problems with senior teachers and teachers as they questioned the supervisor's credibility. Overall, the findings of this study imply that instructional leaders need to be aware of effective supervision practices as it can enhance the teaching and learning process. It may also serve as a platform to motivate instructional leaders to change the role of school head, middle managers and teachers in the way to enhance supervision practices in school. Based on the findings, future research may examine the real impact of supervisory practices on student learning outcomes. Further investigations on demographic characteristics, difference schools and intensity of the supervisory practices being carried out may be conducted in the future.


From the Publisher:
Privacy Defended: Protecting Yourself Online is a comprehensive book that melds detailed, how-to information on PC hardware and operating system security within the context of protecting one's privacy in a digital world. It is designed for individuals who are serious about their privacy and who also want an accessible, one-stop source of practical information. The book offers clear discussion of privacy issues as they affect everyday users of digital devices, covering all current and near-future devices and technologies that pose privacy risks to users.


Gender-affirming care (GAC) is critical to the well-being of transgender and gender diverse youth and was limited by COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. Telehealth created opportunities for youth to continue receiving lifesaving care. We examined the attitudes of patients (n=21) and caregivers (n=38) receiving telehealth-delivered GAC (TGAC) from May to July 2020. Participants completed surveys after telehealth visits. Descriptive statistics compared telehealth with in-person visits across key domains. Overall, 86.5% of patients and 95.4% of caregivers were satisfied with medical TGAC and 94.3% and 93.3% were satisfied with behavioral health TGAC. Future research should determine the effectiveness of TGAC and identify areas for improvement.


The autonomous vehicles are the future of mobility across the globe and
are expected to touch the lives of every person of all ages. But this comes
with certain challenges regarding safety, reliability, cost, legal framework,
regulations, etc. however, of all the concern safety and reliability are of
utmost importance for researchers and engineers. The current research is
focused on the movement of the autonomous vehicle in the work zone. The work
zone is one of the most challenging areas for the autonomous vehicle to drive
from. This is because the work zones are very dynamic, and all the construction
activities are specific to the site condition and cannot always be predefined.
The study provides a concept of how pavement marking can be used for smooth movement through the complicated work zone. In
this study, various pavement marking signs have been designed as a
concept considering the standard colors and striping width being used in the Manual
of Uniform Traffic control device (MUTCD). The study assumes that the movement
of the autonomous vehicle will not be exclusive and that it will move with the
driver driven vehicle. It is expected that autonomous vehicles will require
special pavement marking and signage for smooth movement through the work zone.
These pavement marking and signage will eventually become part of standard
Traffic Control Plans (TCP) and Maintenance of Traffic Plans (MOT). The
research aims to study the current research being done in this area and
technology being used for detecting various pavement markings and signages.


Regularities in natural language systems, despite their cognitive advantages in terms of storage and learnability, often coexist with exceptions, raising the question of whether and why irregularities survive. We offer a complex system perspective on this issue, focusing on the irregular past tense forms in English. Two separate processes affect the overall regularity: new verbs constantly entering the vocabulary in the regular form at low frequency, and transitions in both directions (from irregular to regular and vice-versa) occurring in a narrow frequency range. The introduction of new verbs leads to an increase in regular types, that, entering at low frequencies, have a small impact on the perceived irregularity in terms of tokens. The frequency of usage acts as a control parameter, the majority of verbs types being fully-regular(irregular) at low(high) frequencies, with no evidence of irregularity facing extinction. Very few verbs types in an intermediate frequency region exhibit both regular and irregular forms at the same time, suggesting that the coexistence is unstable. The observed pattern of usage showing an abrupt change in response to small variations of the control parameter only appears in agent-based models provided that the word state is non-binary. By introducing this key ingredient, high-frequency irregular past-tense can survive the tendency to regularize over time, as observed in natural languages.


The escalation in product recalls in recent years is attributed to the rise of globalisation and associated challenges of offshoring. Extant SCM research suggests that product recalls have a significant negative impact on financial performance, but gaps exist relative to the managerial actions to minimise their impact. Recall response strategies have become more important in the press, given that a single recall may result in the mandatory withdrawal of millions of products from the market, with firms incurring enormous logistics costs and brand damage. In this study, we address this gap in the research, and using a measure of product recall defined as the volume of products withdrawn from the market due to product quality failure. We explore the scale of the recall in the context of pharmaceutical sector global sourcing strategies, exploring whether the variation in global sourcing decisions not only increases the likelihood of a recall, but also influences the capability to minimise the total cost of recall. Our results suggest that offshore outsourcing and captive offshoring have opposite effects in terms of their influence on the magnitude of product recall. We summarise the implications through a compelling set of insights for future global sourcing strategy research themes.


A warmer climate in western North America will likely affect forests directly through soil moisture stress and indirectly through increased extent and severity of disturbances. We propose that stress complexes, combinations of biotic and abiotic stresses, compromise the vigor and ultimate sustainability of forest ecosystems. Across western North America, increased water deficit will accelerate the normal stress complex experienced in forests, which typically involves some combination of multi-year drought, insects, and fire. Four examples suggest how stress complexes are region-specific. Symptoms of prolonged drought and insects are currently manifested in extensive dieback of pine species in the pinyon-juniper forest of the American Southwest, an area where only a few tree species can survive. Air pollution and high stand densities from fire exclusion have compromised mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. Bark beetles are proliferating and killing millions of hectares of dry forest in the northern interior of western North America, setting up the prospect of large and intense fires. Fire and insect mortality have also exceeded previously recorded levels in both interior and south-central Alaska, possibly precipitating extensive ecosystem changes, while extensive permafrost degradation is causing other changes. Increases in fire disturbance superimposed on forests with increased stress from drought and insects may have significant effects on growth, regeneration, long-term distribution and abundance of forest species, and short- and long-term carbon sequestration. The effects of stress complexes will be magnified given a warming climate.


In the world today, there is a vast army of invisible children who survive outside the protection of family care, and who are profoundly damaged by abuse and neglect. National and international policies designed to respond to this situation remain vague and ineffective; because this population remains hidden from view, the international community has little incentive to demand beneficial changes in their care. Despite the existence of doctrines that have grown from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, including the United Nations Guidelines on Children in Alternative Care, much of the expert writing on these children fails to reflect the urgency and severity of the current situation, both in terms of the scale of the problem and the profoundly negative effects of the deprivation being suffered. Children living out of family care bear lifelong damage, their troubled lives often cut short by substance abuse or suicide.This article makes the argument that national governments should be placed under an international law obligation to provide access to populations of children in care, for purposes of assessing the conditions in which they are living, in a manner analogous to access the international community has come to demand with respect to refugees, criminal and political detainees, and other vulnerable groups.


This study presents the first national level quantitative environmental justice assessment of industrial air pollution in Australia. Specifically, our analysis links the spatial distribution of sites and emissions associated with industrial pollution sources derived from the National Pollution Inventory, to Indigenous status and social disadvantage characteristics of communities derived from Australian Bureau of Statistics indicators. Our results reveal a clear national pattern of environmental injustice based on the locations of industrial pollution sources, as well as volume, and toxicity of air pollution released at these locations. Communities with the highest number of polluting sites, emission volume, and toxicity-weighted air emissions indicate significantly greater proportions of Indigenous population and higher levels of socio-economic disadvantage. The quantities and toxicities of industrial air pollution are particularly higher in communities with the lowest levels of educational attainment and occupational status. These findings emphasize the need for more detailed analysis in specific regions and communities where socially disadvantaged groups are disproportionately impacted by industrial air pollution. Our empirical findings also underscore the growing necessity to incorporate environmental justice considerations in environmental planning and policy-making in Australia.


Community college presidents are currently retiring at rapid rates, and this turnover in leadership is expected to continue. As these important post-secondary institutions face the loss of senior-level leaders, women in mid-career positions are preparing to fill the gap in the leadership pipeline. Although previous studies have examined the leadership challenges faced by women leaders, the focus has been on presidents and vice presidents. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining the leadership experiences of women in mid-level positions - specifically deans and directors - and to identify their unique employment mobility challenges.

The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to examine women leaders in mid-level positions and their perceptions of the personal, professional, and organizational challenges unique to them as leaders in urban community colleges. This study provides community college leaders and practitioners a better understanding of the importance of more effective navigational tools, better leadership training and development, and inclusive and intentional leadership funnels and hiring practices for women mid-level leaders. Ten participants from three community colleges discussed perceived challenges through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and they described how they have attempted to navigate these challenges.

Five major themes were identified: (a) leadership progression, (b) work-life balance, (c) mentorship and professional development, (d) communication, and (e) institutional climate and organizational structure. Recommendations for leaders include: providing opportunities and support for mentorship for women in mid-career positions; creating and funding professional development opportunities; and assisting women leaders with doctoral degree completion.


To this day, Benedykt Dybowski (1833-1930), a zoologist of Polish origin, is still considered a key protagonist in the history of the life sciences in Eastern and Central Eastern Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before he was exiled for his part in the January 1863 Uprising, he was one of the first Poles to include detailed information about Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in his lectures, at Warsaw's Szkola Glowna (Main School), the institutional nucleus of what the Russian authorities later reorganized into the Imperial University of Warsaw. Dybowski's scientific impact was based on research he conducted in Siberia during his exile, mostly in the depths of Lake Baikal, where he studied the endemic Gammaridae. The zoologist also researched sponges which he (mistakenly) thought were evidence that the world's largest body of freshwater was an example of evolution by isolation, assuming that the idiosyncratic fauna developed from prehistoric maritime origins. Dybowski also masterminded field trips into the basins of some of the rivers draining southern and south-eastern Siberia (e. g. the Onon, Argun, and Amur), where he discovered various new bird species. Nevertheless, the zoologist's name is mostly synonymous with his research on and in Lake Baikal. Using makeshift technology, he and some fellow-exiles from Poland conducted a precise underwater survey of the depth of the lake near the village of Bol'soe Goloustnoe (then Goloustnaya) in the winter of 1875/76. To illustrate Dybowski's place in the history of modern biology, this paper highlights some characteristics of his scientific methods and œuvre. From the present-day perspective of globally active and well-connected research communities, Dybowski's capacity for transnational networking and untiring Eurasian intercontinental travel appears decidedly more up-to-date than his improvised research equipment. Born into a community on the fringe of the historical Baltic multicultural space, his Polish origins enabled him to adapt to life and work in both a Russian superstrate language (in today's Belarus and later in Siberia) and an underdeveloped and victimized Ukrainian substrate language (in Galicia, where he was finally appointed to a newly institutionalized chair in zoology at the University of Lwow (L'viv), the former Lemberg, in 1884). Since he gained one of his two doctorates in Berlin, he was also able to actively use the official language of the two other partitioning powers, which brought his findings to the attention of many scientists outside the Russian Empire. His Polish patriotism prevented him from assimilating too far into the linguistic communities in which he found himself, though the price for this was long years either in exile or in regions of the Russian Empire that were notoriously hostile to human colonization. In the early stages of his scientific career Dybowski sought to strike a delicate balance between a 'hunter-gatherer' approach, discovering new species, negotiating the conditions to preserve his collections and ship them to Central and Western Europe, and raising the funds essential for continuing his geo-zoological fieldwork in Siberia. His scientific acumen ensured that the positivist never got the upper hand over the pioneer, so Dybowski is still remembered in the regions that were linked to his scientific endeavours. Today, there are memorial sites dedicated to Dybowski in the Baikal district, on the Kamcatka Penin¬sula, and in Lwow. This commemorative legacy, together with the written legacy of his published scientific studies and diaries, demonstrates that Dybowski was a pivotal figure in the cultural osmosis of scientific ideas between East and West.


THE #1 BLACKBOARD BESTSELLER Meet Jazmine Deems: she's twenty-six, steppin' out from under her overprotective preacher father, and determined to escape the streets of South Central and realize her dream of making it in the music business. Meet X-Man: he's embroiled in the violence of the streets, and seems destined for a life spent hangin' with his homies -- until his talent as a tapper attracts the attention of a big-lime record producer. Fate brings Jazmine and X-Man together as promising young stars for the same record company. They thrive on the excitement of their new careers and passionate love, until a power-hungry executive pits them against each other, jeopardizing both their musical careers and romantic future. Follow Jazmine and X-man as they discover that with the right mix of love and determination, it doesn't matter where you're from, it's where you're at.


Recently there has been a great amount of interest in Random Constraint Satisfaction Problems, both from an experimental and a theoretical point of view. Rather intriguingly, experimental results with various models for generating random CSP instances suggest a \threshold-like" behavior and some theoretical work has been done in analyzing these models when the number of variables becomes large (asymptotic). In this paper we prove that the models commonly used for generating random CSP instances do not have an asymptotic threshold. In particular, we prove that as the number of variables becomes large almost all instances they generate are trivially overconstrained. We then present a new model for random CSP and, in the spirit of random k-SAT, we derive lower and upper bounds for its parameters so that instances are \almost surely" un-derconstrained and overconstrained, respectively. Finally, for the case of one of the popular models in Artiicial Intelligence we derive sharper estimates for the probability of being overconstrained as a function of the number of variables.


Based on Mitchell and Silver's (1990) tower-building paradigm, the authors performed two experiments on multilevel quantity goals, strategies, and performance in task-interdependent groups. The study compared four goal types: IG (individual goal), GG (group goal), IG + GG (individual + group goal), and NSG (nonspecific goal). IG yielded low cooperation and performance, whereas, unexpectedly, NSG yielded high cooperation and performance. To explain this finding, we discerned two goal-setting components: Goal referent (performance-level targeted; individual/group) and goal specificity. Mediation analyses suggest that referent triggers a cooperation/competition mechanism, explaining the lower IG performance, whereas specificity triggers a speed/ accuracy mechanism, explaining the higher NSG performance. We conclude that individual goals can interfere with cooperative processes and group performance, and, for time-constrained interdependent tasks requiring speed and accuracy, specific difficult quantity goals may promote risk taking, thereby obstructing goal attainment.


Dengue, endemic in Puerto Rico, is a major public health problem. Vaccines are thought the best means to prevent dengue because vector control alone has been largely ineffective. We implemented qualitative studies in 2006 and 2010 to determine the acceptability of conducting placebo-controlled dengue vaccine efficacy trials in Puerto Rican children. Key informant interviews and focus groups with parents and children were conducted in municipalities with high dengue incidence. We used structured open-ended questions to determine motivators and attitudes regarding vaccine trial participation. Knowledge about dengue risk and prevention, and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding vaccines and vaccine trials were assessed. Using grounded theory, we conducted content analysis and established categories and sub-categories of participant responses. All participants were knowledgeable about dengue prevention and perceived children as most affected age groups. Participants were aware of vaccines benefits and they thought a vaccine could prevent dengue. However, most would not allow their children to participate in a placebo-controlled vaccine trial. Barriers included lack of trust in new vaccines and vaccine trial procedures; fear of developing dengue or side effects from the vaccine and lack of information about candidate dengue vaccines. Participants thought information, including results of previous trials might overcome barriers to participation. Motivators for participation were altruism, protection from dengue, free medical attention, and compensation for transportation and participation. Parents would consider children participation if accurate vaccine trial information is provided.


The objective of this study was to improve the ideal type of sesame, by performing pedigree selection applied to segregating generations of crosses of genotypes with contrasting characters. In the segregating F2 population, the progeny were classified into eight types according to the combinations of carpel number per capsule, capsule number per axil and branching habit. Progeny of individual F2 plants including a particular type were advanced to the F6 generation. It was possible to improve the lines with eight types at the end of the selection process. Some types, especially bicarpels, monocapsule, branch (BMB) and bicarpels, tricapsules, branch (BTB), were considered as ideal plant types in breeding for high-yielding varieties. While the low-yielding type quadricarpels, tricapsules, non-branch (QTN) was the highest in oil content (49.3%), the high-yielding type BMB was the lowest (43.2%), Although the QTN-type had the lowest content of oleic acid (41.3%) and the highest content of linoleic acid (43.1 %), the bicarpels, monocapsule, non-branch (BMN) type had the highest content of oleic acid (48.4%) and the lowest content of linoleic acid (36.6%), Total tocopherol varied between 175.6 and 368.9 mg/kg in the seed oil of the sesame types. The best high-yielding type BMB was one of the types containing less tocopherol.


A numerical study is presented for the fully developed two-dimensional laminar flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a curved square duct for the constant curvature δ = 0.1. In this paper, a spectral-based computational algorithm is employed as the principal tool for the simulations, while a Chebyshev polynomial and collocation method as secondary tools. Numerical calculations are carried out over a wide range of the pressure gradient parameter, the Dean number, 100 ≤ Dn ≤ 3000 for the Grashof number, Gr, ranging from 100 to 2000. The outer wall of the duct is treated heated while the inner wall cooled, the top and bottom walls being adiabatic. The main concern of the present study is to find out the unsteady flow behavior i.e. whether the unsteady flow is steady-state, periodic, multi-periodic or chaotic, if Dn or Gr is increased. It is found that the unsteady flow is periodic for Dn = 1000 at Gr = 100 and 500 and at Dn = 2000, Gr = 2000 but steady-state otherwise. It is also found that for large values of Dn, for example Dn = 3000, the unsteady flow undergoes in the scenario "periodic→chaotic→periodic", if Gr is increased. Typical contours of secondary flow patterns and temperature profiles are also obtained, and it is found that the unsteady flow consists of single-, two-, three- and four-vortex solutions. The present study also shows that there is a strong interaction between the heating-induced buoyancy force and the centrifugal force in a curved square passage that stimulates fluid mixing and consequently enhance heat transfer in the fluid.


We study entanglement concentration of continuous variable Gaussian states by local photon subtractions enhanced by coherent displacements. Instead of the previously considered symmetric two-mode squeezed vacuum states, we investigate the protocol for input states in the form of split single-mode squeezed vacuum, i.e., states obtained by mixing a single-mode squeezed vacuum with a vacuum state on a beam splitter, which is an experimentally highly relevant configuration. We analyze two scenarios in which the displacement-enhanced photon subtraction is performed either only on one, or on both of the modes and show that local displacements can lead to improved performance of the concentration protocol.


The experience achieved using the tool "Questionnaires", available inside the Virtual Campus of architectural engineering school in northeast Spain, is presented. "Questionnaires" is an adequate and simple instrument to evaluate the knowledge level achieved by students. This work shows and identifies the control indices of adaptation for the questionnaires, like the Facility Index, the Standard Deviation, the Discrimination Index and the Discrimination Coefficient. Derived from these parameters, the educational performances are inferred, identified and predicted. The conclusions of this work, permit to modify deficient knowledge-evaluation practices, to identify needs for specific groups or for students with particular requirements; being, in this way, feasible to apply these parameters with guarantee of success in similar evaluation processes.


Purpose To estimate the 5-year budget impact to Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) hospitals of domiciliary nasal high flow (NHF) therapy to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who require long term oxygen therapy. Methods Hospital admission counts along with length of stay were obtained from hospital records of 200 COPD patients enrolled in a 12-month randomized clinical trial of NHF in Denmark, both over a 12-month baseline and then in the study period while on randomized treatment (control or NHF). NZ costings from similar COPD patients were estimated using data from Middlemore Hospital, Auckland and were applied to the Danish trial. The budget impact of NHF was estimated over the predicted 5-year lifetime of the device when used by patients sequentially. Results Fifty-five of 100 patients in the NHF group and 44 of 100 patients in the control group were admitted to hospital with a respiratory diagnosis during the baseline year. They had 108 admissions in the treatment group vs 89 in the control group, with 632 vs 438 days in hospital, and modeled annual costs of $9443 vs $6512 per patient, respectively. During the study period there were 38 vs 44 patients with 67 vs 80 admissions and 302 vs 526 days in hospital, at a modeled annual cost of $6961 vs $9565 per patient respectively. Taking into account capital expenditure and running costs, this resulted in cost savings of $5535 per patient-year (95% CI, -$36 to -$11,034). With 90% usage over the estimated five-year lifetime of the NHF device, amortized capital costs of $594 per year and annual running costs of $662, we estimate a 5-year undiscounted cost saving per NHF device of $18,626 ($16,934 when discounted to net present value at 5% per annum). There would still be annual cost savings over a wide range of assumptions. Conclusion Domiciliary NHF therapy for patients with severe COPD has the potential to provide substantial hospital cost savings over the five-year lifetime of the NHF device.


The isolation and structure of cyanopeptolin 1020 (hexanoic acid-Glu-N[-O-Thr-Arg-Ahp-Phe-N-Me-Tyr-Val-]) from a Microcystis strain is reported. Very potent picomolar trypsin inhibition (IC(50) = 670 pM) and low nanomolar values against human kallikrein (4.5 nM) and factor XIa (3.9 nM) have been determined for cyanopeptolin 1020. For plasmin and chymotrypsin, low micromolar concentrations were necessary for 50% inhibition. Cyanopeptolin 1020 was found to be toxic against the freshwater crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus (LC(50) = 8.8 microM), which is in the same range as some of the well-known microcystins. These data support the hypothesis that cyanopeptolins can be considered as a second class of toxins in addition to the well-established microcystins in Microcystis.


Price discounts or unit premiums? Two alternative approaches to offer and design subscription tarifs. A firm can offer subscriptions of different durations with specific price discounts, the longer a customer subscribes, the lower the price per time unit. Alternatively, a firm can design and differentiate subscriptions of different periods applying the same price per time unit and offering customers of longer subscription periods a time period of free usage (premium). In this paper, we analyze, whether these two presentations are equivalent in terms of consumers' evaluation, or, if there are any differences that have major managerial implications for firms offering subscription plans. Our results show that consumers have different expectations when talking about price discounts or unit premiums. Further, we derive implications for firms' optimal pricing policy of subscriptions. Price Discounts versus Unit Premiums: Differences in Evaluation Considering Consumers' Intertemporal Choice Price discounts or unit premiums? Two alternative approaches to offer and design subscription tariffs. A firm can offer subscriptions of different durations with specific price discounts, the longer a customer subscribes, the lower the price per time unit. Alternatively, a firm can design and differentiate subscriptions of different periods applying the same price per time unit and offering customers of longer subscription periods a time period of free usage (premium). In this paper, we analyze, whether these two presentations are equivalent in terms of consumers' evaluation, or, if there are any differences that have major managerial implications for firms offering subscription plans. Our results show that consumers have different expectations when talking about price discounts or unit premiums. Further, we derive implications for firms' optimal pricing policy of subscriptions.


In this work we present a zoomable user interface (ZUI) to navigate in a large hierarchical graph using two multitouch systems. The first system is implemented using the radar-TOUCH device [6], a sensor device based on laser technology that detects hand interaction on or in front of large planar surfaces. The second system uses a multitouch table [2] that allows both for finger and pen interaction. The software running on the table serves as a navigation and analysis tool. Both systems use the same renderer to visualize a very large graph based diagram on a large vertical surface.


To reduce the thermal-oxidative aging of asphalt and the release amount of harmful volatiles during the construction of asphalt pavement, a new composite anti-aging agent was developed. Since the volatiles were mainly released from saturates and aromatics during the thermal-oxidative aging of asphalt, expanded graphite (EG) was selected as a stabilizing agent to load magnesium hydroxide (MH) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles for preparing the anti-aging agents of saturates and aromatics, respectively. Thermal stability and volatile constituents released from saturates and aromatics before and after the thermal-oxidative aging were characterized using the isothermal Thermogravimetry/Differential Scanning Calorimetry-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer test (TG/DSC-FTIR test). Test results indicate that anti-aging agents of EG/MH and EG/CaCO3 effectively inhibit the volatilization of light components in asphalt and improve the thermal stability of saturates and aromatics. Then, the proportions of EG, MH, and CaCO3 added in the developed composite anti-aging agent of EG/MH/CaCO3 are 2:1:3 by weight. EG/MH/CaCO3 plays a synergetic effect on inhibiting the thermal-oxidative aging of asphalt, and reduces the release amount of harmful volatiles during the thermal-oxidative aging after EG/MH/CaCO3 is added into asphalt at the proposed content of 10 wt.%. EG plays a synergistic role with MH and CaCO3 nanoparticles to prevent the chain reactions, inhibiting the thermal-oxidative aging of asphalt.


The ability to provide mass customised and biocompatible implants is increasingly important to improve the quality of life. Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have obtained increasing popularity and selective laser melting (SLM), a metal-based AM technique with an ability to build complex and well defined porous structures, has been identified as a route to fabricate customised biomedical implants. Surface modification of an implant with a biomolecule is used to improve its biocompatibility and to reduce post-implant complications. In this thesis, the potential of a novel approach to use self-assembled monolayers to modify SLM fabricated surfaces with therapeutic drugs has been evaluated.

Although there are numerous studies on the material development, process optimisation and mechanical testing of SLM fabricated parts, the surface chemistry of these parts is poorly understood. Initially, the surface chemistry of SLM as-fabricated (SLM-AF), SLM fabricated and mechanically polished (SLM-MP) and forged and mechanically polished (FGD-MP) parts made of Ti6Al4V was determined using an X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometer (XPS). Later the impact of laser power on the surface chemistry of the parts was also studied. A non-homogeneous surface chemistry was observed due to a change in the distribution of the alloying elements titanium, aluminium and vanadium on the surface oxide layer. Surface modification of the SLM fabricated component would be beneficial to obtain a homogenous surface chemistry, especially for biomedical application.

Coating of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V structures was performed to modify their surface chemistry. 16-phosphanohexadecanoic acid monolayers (16-PhDA) were used to modify SLM-AF and SLM-MP surfaces. XPS and static water contact angle measurements confirmed the chemisorption of monolayers on these surfaces. The obtained results confirmed that SAMs were stable on the Ti6Al4V surface for over 28 days before its desorption. It was also witnessed that the stability of monolayers on the rough SLM-AF and smooth SLM-MP surfaces were not significantly different. Later, the 16-PhDA SAM coated Ti6Al4V SLM-MP surface was functionalised with a model drug, Paracetamol. An esterification reaction was performed to functionalise the phosphonic acid monolayers with Paracetamol. Surface characterisation revealed the sucessful attachment of Paracetamol to the SAMs.

Bacterial infections from biomedical implants and surgical devices are reported to be a major problem in orthopaedic, dental and vascular surgery. Hence, to further explore the potential of the proposed method, Ciprofloxacin® a broad spectrum antibiotic was immobilised to the SAMs, previously adsorbed on the SLM-MP Ti6Al4V surfaces. Using the proposed approach, approximately 1.12 µg/cm2 of the drug was coated to the surface. Results showed that Ciprofloxacin® is highly stable under the oxidative conditions used in this study. Under in vitro condition, the drug was observed to release in a sustained manner. Antibacterial susceptibility tests revealed that the immobilised Ciprofloxacin® was therapeutically active upon its release. Thus, a novel methodology to fabricate customised and functionalised implants has been demonstrated for an improved biocompatibility and reduced post-implant complications.


This work investigated a new thermite formulation consisting of Fe2O3, metal or alloy (Al, Mg, Ti or MgAl) and polyoxymethylene (POM), with potential applications as a propellant in fireworks. Thermal analysis (TG/DSC) data indicated that all mixtures underwent a mass loss on heating, although only the Fe2O3/Mg and Fe2O3/MgAl systems generated exothermic peaks due to an oxidation-reduction reaction. Ignition activation energies of vigorously and lightly mixed Fe2O3 were determined as 32.6 and 47.8 kJ mol-1, respectively. Also, ignition activation energies of Fe2O3/Mg, Fe2O3/Ti and Fe2O3/MgAl were determined as 48.8, 52.5 and 29.4 kJ mol-1, respectively. These combinations of Fe2O3 with various metals were found to undergo intense combustion in air when ignited, thus confirming that the thermite reaction has occurred. The maximum pressures of vigorously and lightly mixed Fe2O3/Al/POM, Fe2O3/Mg/POM, Fe2O3/ Ti/POM and Fe2O3/MgAl/POM were obtained as approximately 2100, 1200, 1100 and 250 kPa, respectively. A vigorously mixed Fe2O3/Al/POM (5/5/20) composition generated a particularly high gas pressure, greater than those of the other mixtures and comparable to the pressures generated by black powder, CuO/Al/POM and CaO2/Al/POM systems.


The name "Tembeling Formation" is introduced for fluviatile-deltaic lacustrine sediments of post-orogenic origin in West Malaysia (Malaya). A type section is described in the Tekai River (Pahang), where the total thickness of the formation is over 3,000 meters. The age of the formation is probably late Triassic to Jurassic. A basal member, the "Murau Conglomerate", is described from the Mersing area (Johore); it consists of coarse red purple polymict conglomerates of fluviatile origin. These conglomerates decrease in thickness from east to west and vary in composition. The Murau Conglomerate is overlain in the Tahan Range by a sequence of red to grey shales and mudstones alternating with thick bands of arenaceous-rudaceous rocks. The top of the formation is formed by typical argillaceous red-beds, deposited under warm continental conditions. The Tembeling Formation overlies rocks of varied composition and age. An angular unconformity well developed in the east of the Peninsula decreases in importance westward. Along the east coast in the State of J ohore, the formation unconformably overlies metasediments of probable Carboniferous age, whereas to the northwest in the type area in central Pahang Triassic rocks are underlying. The folded Tembeling Formation is unconformably overlain by flat-lying beds of the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous Gagau Group.


There has been an increasing interest in the applicability of neural networks in disparate domains. In this paper, we describe the use of multi-layered perceptrons, a type of neural network topology, for financial classification problems, with promising results. Backpropagation, which is the learning algorithm most often used in multilayered perceptrons, however, is inherently an inefficient search procedure. We present improved procedures which have much better convergence properties. Using several financial classification applications as examples, we show the efficacy of using multi-layered perceptrons with improved learning algorithms. The modified learning algorithms have better performance, in terms of classification/prediction accuracies, than the methods previously used in the literature, such as probit analysis and similarity-based learning techniques.


are not introduced prematurely and used inappropriately. Rationing will not work, because of the susceptibility of the process to media and community pressure when people (especially young people) are dying from treatable diseases, and it will inevitably be inequitable as those who can afford effective treatment will be able to obtain it in the private sector in Australia or overseas. We have, overall, an excellent health care system in this country. The processes of disease prevention and health promotion and of disease treatment are complementary. One process cannot replace the other, and they must be integrated into the overall fabric of health care at every level. With more research into the aetiology and prevention of disease we may go closer to preventing premature disease and death. However, we must continue to recognise the need for all sectors of health care to work together to achieve optimal prevention and treatment of disease. Our teaching hospitals playa vital role in these processes. Richard G Larkins, MD, PhD, FRACP, FRCP University of Melbourne Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Parade. Parkville. VIC 3050


The 70% to 80% mortality rate of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) has remained unchanged over the past 40 years. We report here the initial results using an aggressive approach to this problem. This included the earlier and more liberal use of angiography in patients at risk and the intra-arterial infusion of papaverine for the relief of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) vasoconstriction in both nonocclusive and occlusive forms of AMI. Of the first 50 patients managed by this approach, 35 (70%) had AMI demonstrated by SMA angiography, Nineteen (54%) of these 35 patients survived, including nine of 15 patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, seven of 16 with SMA embolus, two of three patients with SMA thrombosis, and the one patient with mesenteric venous thrombosis. Seventeen of the 19 survivors lost no bowel or had excision of less than 3 feet of small intestine.


Background: Evidence suggests worldwide that cancer rehabilitation has a positive effect on cancer-related health problems, such as fatigue and reduced lung capacity. In South Wales (UK), a specialist cancer rehabilitation service has been collecting outcome data as part of routine assessment since 2014 to monitor changes in people's fatigue and functional status. People are assessed before and after a 12-week therapeutic episode which could comprise hydrotherapy, Tai Chi, exercise classes and individual therapy based on people's needs and preferences. However, the data collected have not yet been comprehensively analysed. The aim of this study was to explore the routinely collected data and investigate change in functional outcomes from 2014 until 2017.
Methods: Descriptive statistics were derived from demographic data (cancer site, gender) and outcome measures to explore the data. Pre and post-assessment Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue (FACIT-F), Timed up and go (TUAG), pain, shortness of breath and quality of life visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared with Paired-samples t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test to look for significant change. Missing data was listwise deleted. The study was approved by London South – East Research Ethics Committee (17/LO/2123).
Results: Anonymised records (n=1645) were split into four years (2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017) and up to 12 attendance episodes (Ep1-12). There was significant (two tailed p<0.05) change between pre and post-assessment in most of the outcome measures during episodes 1-3 in each year. Fatigue (e.g.: FACIT-FEp1/2014 n=55, MedianPre=24.00 and MedianPost=31.00 , T=1159, p=0.000, r=0.48), pain (e.g.: PainEp1/2014 n=32, MedianPre=6.25 and MedianPost=3.50 , T=30, p=0.000, r=-0.68) and TUAG (e.g.: TUAGEp1/2014 n=78, MedianPre=7.61 and MedianPost=6.92 , T=665.5, p=0.000, r=-0.49) reduced. This could indicate that cancer rehabilitation provided by a specialist service in South Wales has positive influence on people's health. However, shortness of breath was not significant in most episodes and years.
Conclusion(s): Results imply that people could benefit from cancer rehabilitation provided by a specialist service in South Wales. However, change was mostly noticeable during early episodes (Ep1-3). This could indicate that people do not benefit from further interventions. Tailoring therapeutic episodes to individual needs may facilitate more effective use of resources.


Purpose: One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is the excessive conversion of glucose to lactate under normoxic conditions, also known as the Warburg effect. Here, we tested whether the targeted inhibition of EGFR may revert this effect and reactivate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Experimental Design: Sensitive (HCC827) and resistant (H1975 and H1993) NSCLC cells were treated with a panel of EGFR or MET inhibitors, and then tested for changes of EGFR signaling, glycolytic cascade, and mitochondrial function. Silencing of key glycolytic enzymes was then performed with targeted siRNAs. Furthermore, tumor-bearing nude mice treated with EGFR inhibitors were evaluated with 18F-FDG PET/CT and tumors were analyzed for glycolytic and mitochondrial proteins. Results: Effective inhibition of EGFR signaling in NSCLC cells induced a dramatic reduction of hexokinase II (HKII) and phospho-pyruvate kinase M2 (p-PKM2, Tyr105) levels as well as an upregulation of mitochondrial complexes subunits (OXPHOS). Accordingly, a decreased lactate secretion and increased intracellular ATP levels were also observed in response to EGFR inhibitors. Downregulation of HKII and PKM2 by targeted siRNA transfection did not cause upregulation of OXPHOS but enhanced the effects of EGFR TKIs. Conversely, selective inhibition of AKT and ERK1/2 caused OXPHOS upregulation and glycolysis inhibition, respectively. Similar findings were obtained in tumors from animals treated with appropriate EGFR inhibitors. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that EGFR inhibitors may reactivate oxidative phosphorylation of cancer cells and provide a mechanistic clue for the rational combination of agents targeting EGFR-dependent proliferation and glucose metabolism in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 21(22); 5110–20. ©2015 AACR.


Malignant transformation of perineal fistula in Crohn's disease has rarely been reported. We report a case of Crohn's disease with recurrent perineal fistulas. A 36-year-old male, diagnosed with Crohn's disease at the age of 24, developed adenocarcinoma in an anorectal fistula that had existed for years. He was treated with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy but died. A high index of suspicion and regular surveillance is recommended in chronic anorectal fistulas in Crohn's disease. The shorter duration of Crohn's fistulas prior to malignant degeneration necessitates an aggressive approach to rule out cancer.


The systematic and orderly presentation of the Halakhah, normative law, of Rabbinic Judaism in its formative age makes its principal statements in response to a program of social reconstruction; it speaks through the details of norms of law about the community, Israel. In the first part of the project, on Corporate Israel and the Individual Israelite we ask where and how the Halakhah sorts out the relationships of the individual and the community. Volume II turns to relationships between Israelites, with particular attention to those that require resolving conflict Volume III raises the third and final question of the social order: God's role in society. For Rabbinic Judaism to be "Israel" means to live in God's kingdom, under God's rule, in a very particular way. That imperative addresses not individuals alone or mainly but, rather, corporate Israel, that is, the entire social order.


Measurements of the particle size distribution at the outlets of six coal-fired utility boilers showed a peak at a particle diameter near 0.1 micrometer. This submicrometer mode appears to be a general feature of coal combustion that results from a volatilization-condensation process in the boiler. At the boilers tested, the submicrometer mode contained 0.2 to 2.2 percent of the total fly ash mass. The importance of this mode is greater than its small quantity suggests because particles in the submicrometer size range are often much more difficult to collect with conventional particulate control devices than larger particles. Thus, the submicrometer mode may significantly influence the design and selection of future power plant emission controls. The particle mass in the submicrometer mode was correlated with the nitric oxide concentration in the flue gas. This correlation suggests that control of nitric oxide by modification of the combustion conditions may reduce the generation and emission of submicrometer particles.


Objective The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale is a semistructured, interview-based assessment tool, which is increasingly being used for clinical and research purposes across the globe, despite its limited psychometric evaluation outside of English-speaking populations. The aim of this study was to linguistically adapt the measure and investigate reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Turkish version of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale in a heterogeneous sample of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric outpatient adolescents. Method The study included four clinical groups: two psychiatric, nonsuicidal outpatient groups (depression group (N = 50) and nondepression group (N = 50)), suicidal group (N = 43), and nonpsychiatric general practitioners' group (N = 70). All participants were interviewed with the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale and suicidality module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children and adolescents. They also completed the Suicide Probability Scale, Child Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and their parents filled in the Child Behavior Checklist. Results The scale was found to be a solidly reliable measure with good internal consistency and agreement among interviewers. It correlated in the expected direction with self- and parent-report measures of associated constructs (e.g., depression) as well as suicidality. Consistent with the developers' intent of theoretical subscales, a three-factor solution (i.e., the severity of suicidal ideation, the intensity of suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior) fit the data well, and it fit the data significantly better than the alternative models. Last, the Turkish Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale successfully discriminated the adolescents with a recent history of suicide attempts from other clinical groups. Conclusion The Turkish version of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to assess suicide risk among adolescents.


Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that commonly causes nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and septicemia. Our recent work utilizing a murine model of respiratory tract infection with classical K. pneumoniae demonstrated leukocyte aggregates in the lungs of mice at 28 days postinfection. ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that commonly causes nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and septicemia. Our recent work utilizing a murine model of respiratory tract infection with classical K. pneumoniae demonstrated leukocyte aggregates in the lungs of mice at 28 days postinfection. Here, we sought to characterize the composition and development of these structures. Histopathological analyses of murine lungs revealed immune cell clusters surrounding the pulmonary vasculature and airways by 14 days postinfection, resembling inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). Further investigation of these structures demonstrated central B cell aggregates with concomitant dispersed T cells. At day 28 postinfection, these lymphoid clusters expressed germinal center markers and CXCL12, qualifying these structures as iBALT with nonclassical B cell follicles. Investigations in mutant mice revealed that those lacking B and/or T cells were not able to form fully defined iBALT structures, although some rudimentary B cell clusters were identified in mice lacking T cells. The longevity of K. pneumoniae-induced BALT was assessed for up to 120 days postinfection. Lymphoid aggregates significantly decreased in size and quantity by 90 days after K. pneumoniae infection; however, aggregates persisted in mice that were restimulated with K. pneumoniae every 30 days. Finally, infections of mice with an array of classical K. pneumoniae clinical isolates demonstrated that the development of these structures is a common feature of K. pneumoniae lung infection. Together, these data confirm that murine lungs infected with K. pneumoniae develop iBALT, which may play a role in pulmonary immunity to this troublesome pathogen.


Background : Injuries are the most leading cause of death in many countries and head injuries form a large number of them. Accidents are preventable and preventing them is one of the major factors in having a healthy society. Objective : To explain the characteristics of head injuries in relation to time, place and cause of accidents. Also to find out the association between the occurrence of head injury and mother's anticipation of and preventive measures taken by her. Design : This was a case- control study in design. The specification of the head injuries were described in case group. Also the mother's preventive actions were described in case group. Also the mother's preventive actions were assessed using a questionnaire in both groups and compared. Samples : 80 mother and their children of 0-12 years old which for the first time experienced head injuries were selected as case group. 160 mother who had never experienced head injury in any of their children were matched by children's age and sex and also socio economic status to serve as control group. Results : The head injuries in most cases happened during the working days, in the morning and outside the house. Fall from different places were found to be the cause in about 3/4 of them (76.6%). Falling form bicycle and also being pushed by other children were most frequent cause of fall outside the home (19.6%). There was a significant difference between preventive measures taken by mothers in case and control group both inside (p=0.000) and outside (p=0.0004) the home. Conclusion : Teaching mothers the importance of anticipating the accidents and also the methods of preventing them mass media is recommended. Hoping that teaching increases their knowledge and by increasing their knowledge be able to make them believe that accidents are preventable.


Two maleated vegetable oils based on castor and soybean oils (COMA & SOMA) in addition to aliphatic polyester based on propylene glycol and succinic acid (PPS) were prepared and characterized by means of infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA data indicates that SOMA is more thermally stable than COMA and PPS. The electrical properties of the prepared materials were investigated through the permittivity ('), the dielectric loss ('') and the elec- trical conductivity () in a frequency range 10-1—10+7 Hz. The obtained data were found to follow the trend COMA > SOMA > PPS. The relaxation mechanisms of such systems were also studied through the dielectric modulus M', including the real and imaginary parts (M' and M''). The effect of the prepared materials on the hydrophysical properties of the sandy soil when supplemented with different concentra- tions (1—5 wt %) was studied by bulk density, total porosity, water holding capacity, field capacity, hyd- raulic conductivity and water stability aggregates. These hydrophysical properties were improved by increasing the concentration of the added materials, which can be explained in terms of the penetration resistance in relation to friction and cohesion forces. These improvements in the hydrophysical properties of the sandy soil render it suitable for plant growth.


This chapter reviews the range of theories that account for the crucial role of language in women's performance of leadership, as well as the ways women are represented as leaders in the public domain. First, dominance theory proposes that the social nature of language constructs men as more powerful in professional domains and women as less so. Second, difference theory argues that women and men have differently gendered linguistic styles, with men tending to prefer more "transactional" or goal-orientated styles of language and women preferring "transformational" or "change-orientated" styles of language. Third, discourse theory proposes that leaders construct their professional identities through the language they choose to use. However this is not a free choice, especially for women leaders: gendered discourses such as masculinization or image and sexuality can effectively restrict the range of identities that women can "talk into being." The chapter assesses how women leaders are simultaneously enabled and constrained by the language and discourses of leadership.


The laminated composite structures applied to the wing and the speed brake of an aircraft or the turbine blade of a compressor. These structures may be impacted by birds and hails during operation. They may also be impacted by drop of a tool during manufacture or repair. Unlike high velocity impact damage, which can be easily found by the naked eye, the damage due to low velocity impact may be difficult to detect. Damage which is not detected may cause failure of a structure and result in damage propagation. Growth of damage means reduction of stiffness on the structure. So, exact prediction of damage caused by a low velocity impact is very important in order to guard against sudden failure of the structure. In this study, modified delamination failure criterion has suggested in order to predict the failure behavior of a composite plate subjected to low-velocity impact. The criterion includes the assumption which is matrix cracking mode causes delamination failure. Predicted damage using supposed delamination criterion is similar to experiment results.


Two European organizations of a very different nature have taken action to promote and support European culture: the Council of Europe and the European Union. This article aims to show that, despite common symbolic references and mutual influences, the two organizations' conceptions of culture do not coincide. A socio-historical and comparative analysis of the emergence and evolution of their respective cultural programmes allows us to reconstruct on the long term their visions and usages of culture. Both organizations initially resorted to European culture in a celebratory and legitimizing manner but their approach soon became distinct. The European Commission has durably proposed top-down, elite-driven and static narratives of European culture, which repeatedly drew criticism, also from other actors within the EU institutions. The CoE, on the contrary, has very soon conceptualized culture as open, decentralized and with porous boundaries. These divergent visions will also be observed in the two organizations' interactions in the cultural domain, which oscillate between competition and collaboration. In contemporary academic debates, the question of the historical and cultural boundaries of Europe are often explored in close connection to the EU's political agenda and institutional frame. As a contribution to the "provincializing" of the EU, a socio-historical approach including an understudied European organization, the Council of Europe, makes it possible to critically reassess the understanding and usage of culture in the context of European integration.


Background Patients with RA are either more at risk of, or less well screened for, several comorbidities including cardiovascular (CV) risk, cancer, infections and osteoporosis.[1] Recommendations have been developed on how and at what frequency to screen for comorbidities in RA patients.[2] Objectives to characterise patients who are being screened correctly (i.e., in accordance with recommendations). Methods Study design: This was an open long-term (3 years) extension of the COMEDRA 6 month randomized controlled trial in which patients with definite, stable RA were visiting a nurse for comorbidity assessment and screening counselling.[3] For this analysis, only the final visit data were used cross-sectionally. Assessment of comorbidity screening: A score was developed to quantify comorbidity screening procedures in accordance with guidelines:[4] this score gives 50 points to CV risk screening, 20 points to cancer screening, 20 points to pneumococcus and influenza vaccination and 10 points to osteoporosis screening. The score ranges 0–100 and 0 indicates optimal screening. Factors associated with optimal screening: demographic and disease characteristics were compared between patients considered well-screened (lowest tertile for screening score) versus other patients. Statistical analysis: Variables with p<0.20 in univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate analysis using a backward stepwise logistic regression. Results 769 patients were assessed: mean (±SD) age 62 (±11) years, mean disease duration 17 (±10) years; 614 (80%) were women and 535 (70%) were receiving a biologic. Disease was well-controlled (mean DAS28 2.8±1.3). The mean comorbidity screening score was 24.3 (±17.8) (range, 0–100). The 316 patients (41% of all patients) in the lowest tertile for this score (i.e., with a score ≤15) were less often smokers: odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.45 [0.28 – 0.72], were more often treated for hyperlipidemia (2.58 [1.85 – 3.61]), and were more often treated with a biologic (1.97 [1.4 – 2.76]). Conclusions Comorbidity screening is suboptimal in RA. Patients who were better screened were more frequently already followed-up for hyperlipidemia and were more frequently receiving biologics but more less frequently smokers. Thus it seems getting optimal screening may reflect both patient characteristics but also physician attention to comorbidity in certain situations. Empowering patients to be responsible for the comorbidity screening reminders should be explored. References Ref 1. Baillet A, Gossec L et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(6):965–73. Ref 2. Gossec L et al. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(5):501–9. Ref 3. Dougados M, Soubrier M et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(9):1725–33. Ref 4. Gossec L et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016; 68 (suppl 10): abstract. http://acrabstracts.org/abstract/screening-for-and-management-of-comorbidities-after-a-nurse-led-program-results-of-a-3-year-longitudinal-study-in-776-established-ra-patients/. Acknowledgements grant from Roche France and from the French National Research Program (PHRC AOM 12072). Disclosure of Interest None declared


Background: An important topic regarding school health is to investigate the factors affecting students' participation in physical activity inside and outside of school. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived competence as one of the basic psychological needs and the physical activity of male and female middle school students inside and outside school, considering the role of enjoyment as a mediator variable. Gender differences were further examined. Methods: A descriptive-correlation method was employed in this study. Participants were 600 male and female middle school students from Aliabad Katoul, Golestan province, Iran in 2019. Research tools included Scrabis-Fletcher and Silverman's Perceived Competence Survey, Enjoyment Questionnaire, and Physical Activity Scale. Structural equation method was used to examine the relationship between variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to find out the gender differences. Results: The results showed significant relationships between perceived competence and physical activity inside and outside school among boys (P=0.021 and P<0.001, respectively). However, in girls, enjoyment was more effective on the in-school and out-of-school physical activity (P=0.001 and P=0.003, respectively). In addition, boys reported higher perceived competence, more enjoyment, and more physical activity in comparison to girls (P<0.001). Conclusions: Perceived competence and enjoyment in physical education classes are correlated among boys. In girls, it seems that enjoyment is a more important factor than perceived competence. Physical educators should encourage the perceptions of the students regarding their abilities in physical education classes, in order to improve their participation in physical activities.


132 patients with rheumatic heart disease presenting with circulatory insufficiency displayed increased LPO both in the blood plasma and red cells, decline in the antioxidant enzymes activity varying with the circulatory insufficiency functional class degree of severity. Basic therapy with making use of antiinflammatory drugs, cardiac glycosides, diuretics together with drugs endowed with an antiarrhythmic activity and nitroglycerin (where indicated) was found to have practically no effect on LPO level or activity of the antioxidant system. The use of the drug kavergal, 1 g three times daily (total daily dosage being 3 g) in the complex therapy, has been shown to significantly decrease hyperlipoperoxidation both in the blood plasma and red cells increasing the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defence.


..................................................................................................................... i APPROVEMENT .......................................................................................................... ii LEGALIZATION .......................................................................................................... iii DECLARATION ........................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER


In response to the increasing need for automatic and fast satellite image processing SPACE-SI has developed and implemented a fully automatic image processing chain STORM that performs all processing steps from sensor-corrected optical images (level 1) to web-delivered map-ready images and products without operator's intervention. Initial development was tailored to high resolution RapidEye images, and all crucial and most challenging parts of the planned full processing chain were developed: module for automatic image orthorectification based on a physical sensor model and supported by the algorithm for automatic detection of ground control points (GCPs); atmospheric correction module, topographic corrections module that combines physical approach with Minnaert method and utilizing anisotropic illumination model; and modules for high level products generation. Various parts of the chain were implemented also for WorldView-2, THEOS, Pleiades, SPOT 6, Landsat 5-8, and PROBA-V. Support of full-frame sensor currently in development by SPACE-SI is in plan. The proposed paper focuses on the adaptation of the STORM processing chain to very high resolution multispectral images. The development concentrated on the sub-module for automatic detection of GCPs. The initially implemented two-step algorithm that worked only with rasterized vector roads and delivered GCPs with sub-pixel accuracy for the RapidEye images, was improved with the introduction of a third step: super-fine positioning of each GCP based on a reference raster chip. The added step exploits the high spatial resolution of the reference raster to improve the final matching results and to achieve pixel accuracy also on very high resolution optical satellite data.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Slow oscillations (SO) during slow-wave sleep foster the consolidation of declarative memory. Children with ADHD display deficits in the sleep-associated consolidation of declarative memory, possibly due to an altered function of SO. The present study aimed at enhancing SO activity using closed-looped acoustic stimulation during slow wave sleep in children with ADHD.

METHODS
Twenty nine male children (14 with ADHD; aged 8-12 yrs.) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study trial. Children spent two experimental nights in a sleep lab, one stimulation night and one sham night. A declarative learning task (word-pair learning) with a reward condition was used as primary outcome. Secondary outcome variables were a procedural memory (serial reaction time) and working memory (n-back) task. Encoding of declarative and procedural memory took place in the evening before sleep. After sleep, the retrieval took place followed by the n-back task.

RESULTS
The stimulation successfully induced SO activity during sleep in children with and without ADHD. After stimulation, only healthy children performed better on high-rewarded memory items (primary outcome). In contrast, there were indications that only children with ADHD benefitted from the stimulation with respect to procedural as well as working memory performance (secondary outcome).

CONCLUSIONS
We were able to show that the acoustic closed-loop stimulation can be applied to enhance SO activity in children with and without ADHD. Our data indicate that SO activity during sleep interacts with subsequent memory performance (primary outcome: rewarded declarative memory, secondary outcome: procedural and working memory) in children with and without ADHD.


Like an iron curtain, a mesh of actin keeps microtubules in place in the fly oocyte, according to Katja Dahlgaard, Daniel St Johnston, and colleagues (University of Cambridge, UK). When the mesh comes down, microtubules are washed into a new orientation by free-flowing cytoplasm.

Figure 1

An actin mesh (top) is dismantled (bottom) to allow microtubules to move and cytoplasm to stream in the fly oocyte.

Microtubule orientation in the fly oocyte points transported mRNAs for polarity-inducing proteins in the right direction. The microtubule array starts off nucleated from the anterior end of the oocyte and extending toward the posterior. At late oogenesis, the array is redistributed to lay flat against the edge of the oocyte. At the same time, the cytoplasm of the oocyte begins to churn like a washing machine.

This rearrangement and churning occurs prematurely in mutants of the actin-associated proteins Cappuccino and Spire, resulting in polarity problems. Dahlgaard was imaging oocytes in an attempt to understand how actin or its regulators control the microtubule network. Since microtubules are so fragile, she was fixing her samples as quickly as possible. Her speed revealed a glimpse of a fleeting actin mesh throughout the oocyte cytoplasm. Stabilization of this mesh prevented microtubule reorganization and streaming.

The actin mesh was missing in the Cappuccino and Spire mutants. It was also dismantled in wild-type flies at late oogenesis, when streaming begins. The authors suggest that the mesh physically hinders streaming, which is probably created by kinesin's tugging of large cellular structures such as organelles. Slow kinesin mutants negated the need for a mesh to prevent premature streaming.

Streaming cytoplasm probably aligns microtubules in the direction of flow and pushes them to the cortex, aligning more kinesin traffic and further bolstering streaming. The mesh might physically block microtubules so they can't turn or reach the cortex. Or it might increase cytoplasmic viscosity, thereby slowing kinesin. And St Johnston has yet another hypothesis. "I favor the idea that the mesh is somehow anchoring organelles as kinesin is trying to move them." To address the issue, he says, "we first need to find what's being transported to generate flow."

Reference:

Dahlgaard, K., et al. 2007. Dev. Cell. 13:539–553. [PubMed]


In discussing Dr. Dacie's Whipple Lecture, it is difficult for me to add anything to his lucid and stimulating presentation. Instead, I thought it appropriate, in tribute to both Lawrence Young and John Dacie, to try to show how their experience, at the bench and at the bedside, can be applied to the investigation and management of the individual patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). To do this, I shall present the history and serological findings of a patient whose case illustrates some of the serological complexities that may be encountered in patients with AIHA, and some of the problems of management which they pose. PATIENT SUMMARY A 70-year-old man was referred to Toronto in August 1974 because it had become impossible to find compatible blood for transfusion. There is little information about the early months of his illness. He became severely anemic suddenly, in January 1974. There was no


Barley is the fifth most important food crop in Ethiopia. The genetic relationship and population structure studies of barley are limited to gene bank collections. Therefore, this study fills a gap by investigating the selection, consumption, economic value, genetic diversity, and population structure of farm-collected barley from the Gumer district of the Gurage Zone, which has received little attention. The information on the use of barley in the study area was collected using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. 124 households of 11 kebeles, the smallest community unit, were interviewed. Barley landraces collected were compared with those collected from Japan, the United States (USA), and other Ethiopian locations. Illumina iSelect (50K genotyping platform) was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (20,367). Thirty landraces were found in Gumer. Burdaenadenber had the highest on-farm Shannon index estimate (2.0), followed by Aselecha (1.97) and Enjefo (1.95). Aselecha and Fetazer had the highest (44%) and the lowest (29%) richness values, respectively. High and low Simpson index values were found in Aselecha (84%) and Wulbaragenateretero (79%), respectively. The neighbor-joining tree revealed that Gumer landraces formed a separate subcluster with a common ancestral node; a sister subcluster contained barley landraces from Japan. According to the population structure analysis, barley landraces from Gumer differed from Japan and the United States. The principal component analysis revealed that US barley was the most distant group from Gumer barley. The markers' allele frequencies ranged from 0.10 to 0.50, with an average value of 0.28. The mean values of Nei's gene diversity (0.38) and the polymorphic information content (0.30) indicated the presence of high genetic diversity in the samples. The clustering of accessions was not based on geographic origin. Significant genetic diversity calls for additional research and analysis of local barley diversity because the selection and use of barley in Ethiopia would have been affected by the preference of ethnic groups.


Computer simulations are reported for system of linear polymer molecules, diblock copolymer and dendrimer in dilute solution without and with elongational flow. The effect of fluctuating hydrodynamics interactions (HI) on the coil-stretch transition of linear polymers and dendrimers in elongational flow is studied. The process of coiling of homo- and blockcopolymer from completely extended state is also simulated.


For the development of smart grid, the effective detection of voltage events is a very important task for the power system monitoring. Voltage sags, interruptions, and voltage swells which usually produce large losses in commercial and industrial consumers are the main events in power systems due to the sensitivity of equipments to these voltage variations. In this paper, a hybrid detection method for voltage events by combining the wavelet analysis and adaptive linear combiner (ADALINE) is proposed. The usefulness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by a simple laboratory setup with LabVIEW program and actual recorded waveforms. With the help of accurate time locating of the wavelet analysis and correct event classification of ADALINE, power system monitoring could provide accurate and useful information to power grids via the developing advanced metering infrastructure.


In the mid 2000s, Spigelman and Grobman's On
Location: Theory and Practice in Classroom-Based Writing
Tutoring established groundwork for building bridges
between writing programs and classrooms through
course-embedded tutoring. A few years later, Hughes
and Hall's special issue of Across the Disciplines on
"Rewriting Across the Curriculum: Writing Fellows as
Agents of Change in WAC" developed courseembedded
approaches even further. Many writing
centers have used these texts as foundations for
expanding their initiatives beyond traditional one-toone
generalist tutoring—where writing centers are
often physically, if not pedagogically, disconnected
from the classroom. Via course-embedded work,
writing centers have become more actively involved
with and connected to classroom and curricular
outcomes. This critical shift in writing center
philosophy—moving from independent to integrated
programming, moving out of the center and into the
classroom—can be viewed, in light of Jackie Grutsch
McKinney's recent work in Peripheral Visions for Writing
Centers, as a challenge to the dominant paradigm of
writing center lore of the last three decades.