This article seeks to explain periodic unrest in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the years immediately following the Third Plenum. This unrest fractured along ethnic lines between the non-Han and the Han, and in so doing, threatened to unravel Deng Xiaoping's modernization efforts. Simultaneously, the unrest challenged Beijing's self-projection as a unitary multiethnic state, and singular Chinese nation. Beijing's anxiety was evident in its response: memorializing state building on the frontier during the 1940s and 1950s; emphasizing nationalities work; and dispatching veteran revolutionaries to Xinjiang. Foremost amongst them was Wang Zhen (1908–1993), who had led the People's Liberation Army into Xinjiang in October 1949. During four visits between 1980 and 1982, Wang admonished cadres to love Xinjiang and its people, and to settle contentedly on the frontier. In this article, I argue that in the post-1978 period, unrest in Xinjiang was local resistance to accelerated modernization after the Third Plenum. I also demonstrate how this local resistance to Deng-era modernization led to a deepening of Beijing's appropriation of the frontier.


Private health insurance should be able to provide coverage to people considered as high risk, such as women and the elderly. The only way to do that is to organize implicit or explicit cross-subsidies from low to high-risk individuals. This paper examines how European private health insurance companies introduced regulatory measures that could be introduced in Chile such as open enrollment, community-rated premiums, lifetime coverage, a package of minimum benefits and a risk equalization scheme.


The significant increase in the number of individuals with chronic ailments (including the elderly and disabled) has dictated an urgent need for an innovative model for healthcare systems. The evolved model will be more personalized and less reliant on traditional brick-and-mortar healthcare institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes, and long-term healthcare centers. The smart healthcare system is a topic of recently growing interest and has become increasingly required due to major developments in modern technologies, especially in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This paper is aimed to discuss the current state-of-the-art smart healthcare systems highlighting major areas like wearable and smartphone devices for health monitoring, machine learning for disease diagnosis, and the assistive frameworks, including social robots developed for the ambient assisted living environment. Additionally, the paper demonstrates software integration architectures that are very significant to create smart healthcare systems, integrating seamlessly the benefit of data analytics and other tools of AI. The explained developed systems focus on several facets: the contribution of each developed framework, the detailed working procedure, the performance as outcomes, and the comparative merits and limitations. The current research challenges with potential future directions are addressed to highlight the drawbacks of existing systems and the possible methods to introduce novel frameworks, respectively. This review aims at providing comprehensive insights into the recent developments of smart healthcare systems to equip experts to contribute to the field.


: The rise of trafficking of women and children in the Nusa Tenggara Timur region, Indonesia. Research method, descriptive qualitative, consisting of primary data obtained through field studies using interview techniques, secondary data from literature. The results research of criminological on human trafficking are transnational crimes that have come to the attention of countries in the world. This crime is caused by the factors of poverty, low education, difficult employment opportunities, culture in society. According to human trafficking data from 2012 to 2016 there were 643 cases, consisting of 263 cases of labor, 310 cases of sexual abuse, 65 cases of default and 5 cases of selling babies. And as many as 754 victims, consisting of 418 adult women, 218 girls, 115 adult men and 3 boys. This prevention must begin with the inculcation of moral values and character in children, where this task is carried out by families such as parents at home and teachers at school. The Indonesian National Police as a guardian of security and order in society can make efforts to instill awareness about the dangers of crime in human trafficking.


Recent data on the DNA conformational dynamics are reviewed. Main attention is paid to the general classification of the DNA internal motions, theoretical methods of studying the DNA dynamics and possible applications of the dynamical approach.


Home Vision Therapy for Children is intended to provide a course of activities for the child with the parent as the "therapist" or monitor. Brief explanations of certain conditions affecting youngsters are provided to hopefully give the parent a better understanding of their child's visual problems. Pacific University College of Optometry's Vision Therapy Service has hundreds of activities for many different visual impairments. My goal is to provide a condensed section of activities more specific to children who are below kindergarten age or ability. This will provide Pacific interns an opportunity to more efficiently choose and organize appropriate activities for their patients. Home Vision Therapy for Children is at this point oriented towards amblyopia and anti-suppression. There is a need for additional areas to be addressed such as ocular motility and convergence activities.


Eighty day-old broiler chicks vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) were randomly divided into two groups. Every morning for 21 days, the treated group received 1 L of 0.1 % D-mannose solution as a replacement for drinking water whereas the control group was given the same amount of tap water. Blood samples were collected on days 37 and 52 and analyzed for total and absolute white blood cell (WBC) counts. Antibody titers to ND were measured by subjecting the serum \ samples to hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. The D-mannosetreated group developed significantly higher (P<.05) levels of HI antibodies compared to the control on both days of blood collection. A considerable increase in the total WBC count of the D-mannose-treated group was likewise noted, which could be attributed to the higher absolute counts of heterophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. Results of this stud showed that oral supplementation with 0.1 % D-mannose offers considerable potential to enhance the immune response of broiler chickens vaccinated against ND.


In the western Arctic Ocean glacial landforms are interpreted as a complex pattern of Pleistocene glaciations along the continental margin of the East Siberian Sea and the Chukchi borderland. These landforms include moraines, drumlinized features, glacigenic debris flows, till wedges, mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGL), and iceberg plough marks. Orientations of some of the landforms suggest the presence of former ice sheets on the Chukchi Borderland and the East Siberian shelf. In seismic and sub-bottom profiles as well as sediment cores, there is evidence that glaciations have occurred repeatedly. Typically, several generations of glacial wedges intercalate with well-stratified (interglacial) sediments in ice-distal locations. MSGL of former ice grounding in present water depths of more than 1200 m suggests that some ice sheets developed significant thickness and size. The extent of glacial features and deposits into the Arctic Ocean decreased with time. We interpret this as indication that ice sheets in the western Arctic Ocean were thicker and larger during earlier times of the Pleistocene and became restricted to the Chukchi Borderland during the most recent glaciation (Last Glacial Maximum, LGM). Finally, icebergs intensively ploughed the sediments along the Chukchi and East Siberian margin in a range from 350m to 80m present water depth. In water depth shallower than 80m, sub-bottom profiles in the East Siberian Sea exhibit acoustic facies more typical for submarine permafrost. Discontinuous (permafrost) reflectors mask sub-bottom strata beneath an unfrozen 10m thick top sediment layer. In places, unfrozen sediment-filled depressions (taliks) are visible to about 20m below the seafloor, which may be related to former thermokarst and/or channels. We suggest that only during the LGM permafrost formed in the exposed area of the entire East Siberian Sea, whereas some areas have been largely covered by ice sheets during previous glacial periods.


Far-infrared Photon-Counting Detectors Rob Schoelkopf Yale University Dept. of Applied Physics and Physics I will attempt to review the state of the art and future prospects for very high sensitivity direct detectors in the wavelength range from a few millimeters to 100 microns. Though excellent heterodyne detectors for this portion of the spectrum are available, and can approach the fundamental limit of 1/2 photon per mode of added noise, a high-performance direct detector can still be superior in low-background applications. The simplicity and scalability for producing arrays of direct detectors may also be favorable in comparison with heterodyne systems. There are several types of cryogenic detectors currently in development which have promise to produce sensitivity levels many orders of magnitude better than the present noise-equivalent powers of ~10^-1710^-18 Watts/rt(Hz). These new devices include antenna-coupled bolometers using NIS (normal-insulator-superconductor) junctions and transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers, as well as cryogenic photoconductors based on superconductors (SQPC) or semiconductor quantum dots. The photoconducting detectors in particular may be capable of true single-photon counting in the submillimeter band, as recently demonstrated by Komiyama et al. I will focus on the prospects and challenges for these devices, and on recent progress at Yale & NASA/GSFC on detector readouts using single-electron transistors (SETs). Abstract file:///C|/Nadia/space_detectors/SADD_Abs.htm [8/22/2001 9:45:18 AM]


Although platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a well-known acute inflammatory mediator, little is known regarding the role of PAF in chronic inflammation. Phorbol esters are known to stimulate PAF production. Moreover, the ability of repeated applications of phorbol esters to induce a sustained inflammatory response is crucial to their tumorigenic activity. We therefore examined whether PAF acts as a mediator of phorbol ester-induced inflammation and tumorigenesis. While PAF receptor knockout mice (PAFR(-/-)) showed an expected but modest reduction in the acute inflammatory response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), these mice exhibited a surprising increase in inflammation following chronic PMA application. This increased inflammation was documented by a number of findings that included: increased skin thickness, increased myeloperoxidase activity and expression and increased expression of known inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, vehicle-treated PAFR(-/-) mice also exhibited modest increases in levels of inflammatory markers. This suggests that the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) acts to suppress chronic inflammation in response to other stimuli, such as barrier disruption. The idea that chronic PAFR activation is anti-inflammatory was documented by repetitive topical PAFR agonist administration that resulted in reduced myeloperoxidase activity in skin. We next utilized a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/PMA carcinogenesis protocol to demonstrate that PAFR(-/-) mice exhibit significantly increased tumor formation and malignant progression compared with wild-type control mice. These studies provide evidence for two important, unexpected and possibly interrelated pathological roles for the PAFR: first, the PAFR acts to suppress PMA-induced chronic inflammation; secondly, the PAFR acts to suppress neoplastic development in response to chemical carcinogens.


The Africa ' s semi-arid savanna ecosystems are characterized by high spatial and tem- poral variation in forage resources that influence mobility of wildlife population. Rapid changes in vegetation composition in savanna have been documented. These have notably involved transformation of grasslands into denser bushes and infestation of undesirable weed plants accompanied by diminishing ecological carrying capacity of rangelands. The utilization of different landscape units is strongly correlated with the availability of forage species and their nutritional quality. Foraging animals normally respond to the decline in forage quality and availability by moving to other landscapes with relatively higher quality and abundant forage resources. Although, migration of wildlife outside protected areas is ecologically vital for breeding and survival, it foments human-wildlife conflicts. Limited ecological knowledge and nutritional requirements of wildlife coupled with rapid diminishing quality and availability of forage undermine biodiversity conservation efforts. The understanding of spatial – temporal variability of forage resources along with proper wildlife management practices as well as human-wildlife conflict management are highly needed to realize high productivity in livestock industry and wildlife conservation. This chapter reviews the opportunities and constraints of spatial and temporal variability of forage resources and wildlife mobility in Eastern Africa savanna ecosystem.


In this paper, we address a challenging and open problem: how to design a suitable iterative learning control (ILC) system in the presence of input singularity, which is incurred by the singularities of the system direct feed-through term. Considering two typical types of input singularities, we first revise the ILC operators accordingly by adding a forgetting factor and incorporating a time-varying learning gain, in the sequel guarantee ILC operators to be contractible. Next, using the Banach fixed-point theorem, we demonstrate that the output sequence can either enter and remains ultimately in a designated neighborhood of the target trajectory, or is bounded by a class K function. Finally, an illustrative example is presented.


Measuring employee performance of high-tech engineering small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of a developing country is meagre in the literature of organizational studies. Therefore, this paper analyzes a) the effect of teamwork on employee performance; and b) how supervisor support moderates the relationship between teamwork and employee performance. Using a cross-sectional survey in a non-contrived field-study setting, a useable sample of 273 responses is drawn from different high-tech engineering SMEs of Karachi (Pakistan). Common method variance bias is tested using Harman single factor and common latent factor methods. The measurement model demonstrates good internal consistency reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. Hypotheses are tested using variance-based partial least square structural equation modeling technique. PLS predict algorithm suggests high out-of-the sample predictive validity of the structural model. The results show that teamwork has a significant effect on employee performance and supervisor support moderates the positive relationship between teamwork and employee performance such that an increase in supervisor support strengthens the positive relationship between teamwork and employee performance. The findings suggest that the management of SMEs should institutionalize such working practices which could reinforce the culture of teamwork for the managerial employees. Moreover, it is also essential for the management to emphasize more on providing meaningful supervisor support to all managerial employees because it would certainly strengthen the relationship between teamwork and employee performance. This study extends generalizability of the positive relationship between teamwork and employee performance to the high-tech engineering SMEs of Pakistan. Limitations and directions for future studies are also discussed.


In this paper, we propose a new inference algorithm, suitable for distributed processing over wireless networks. The algorithm, called uniformly reweighted belief propagation (URW-BP), combines the local nature of belief propagation with the improved performance of tree-reweighted belief propagation (TRW-BP) in graphs with cycles. It reduces the degrees of freedom in the latter algorithm to a single scalar variable, the uniform edge appearance probability ρ. We provide a variational interpretation of URW-BP, give insights into good choices of ρ, develop an extension to higher-order potentials, and complement our work with numerical performance results on three inference problems in wireless communication systems: spectrum sensing in cognitive radio, cooperative positioning, and decoding of a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code.


This paper presents a progressive transmission method of mixed subdivision mesh based on multiple implied overlay tree P2P network. Peer-to-Peer networks are widely used in media transmission because of its excellent network scalability. Scalable media service, especially mixed subdivision mesh is proposed to adapt to different terminal processing abilities. For stratified characteristics of progressive mesh, we use multiple implied tree cover P2P technology to transmit 3D mesh of mixed subdivision model. It effectively realizes to reduce MAX, average system load link and lower the average Relative delay penalty. Finally a complete set of solution is given, which is proved to be an effective method by simulation experiment.


Skiing is a popular recreational sport, and competitive skiing has been events at the Winter Olympic Games. Due to its wide moving range in the outdoor environment, motion capture of skiing is hard and usually not a good solution for generating skiing animations. Physical simulation offers a more viable alternative. However, skiing simulation is challenging as skiing involves many complicated motor skills and physics, such as balance keeping, movement coordination, articulated body dynamics and ski‐snow reaction. In particular, as no reference motions — usually from MOCAP data — are readily available for guiding the high‐level motor control, we need to synthesize plausible reference motions additionally. To solve this problem, sports techniques are exploited for reference motion planning. We propose a physics‐based framework that employs kinetic analyses of skiing techniques and the ski–snow contact model to generate realistic skiing motions. By simulating the inclination, angulation and weighting/unweighting techniques, stable and plausible carving turns and bump skiing animations can be generated. We evaluate our framework by demonstrating various skiing motions with different speeds, curvature radii and bump sizes. Our results show that employing the sports techniques used by athletes can provide considerable potential to generate agile sport motions without reference motions.


Nonprofit organizations (NPOs)1 have become a key provider of public services (Kelly, 2007). In recent years, however, the environment in which NPOs operate has become increasingly challenging due to a number of factors, including an increase in uncertainty over government funding policy (Akingbola, 2004, Anheier, 2009), an intensification in rivalry between NPOs (Chew and Osborne, 2009), and a lack of employee commitment (Kong, 2008). Osborne et al. (2012) have found that in response to such challenges NPOs are, for instance, re-engineering their operations to reduce overhead costs, achieving economies of scale through merging with counterparts, emphasizing the leadership role of trustees, and replacing government funding with new and untraditional streams of income. This chapter concerns the latter in regard to nonprofit business collaboration (NBC), specifically how and under what conditions NPOs can collaborate with businesses to support their organizational sustainability. As a strategic option for NPOs, this aspect of NBC inquiry has been largely overlooked (Al-Tabbaa et al., 2014, Cantrell et al., 2008, Harris, 2012).
The chapter is organized into three principal sections. In the first, we review the NBC literature and present the concept of NBC as a tripartite value-creation mechanism. Importantly, we use this review to identify a salient gap in the nonprofit and NBC literatures: NBC from the perspective of the NPO. In addressing this gap, the second section introduces a conceptual framework that we developed to assist NPOs in developing and operationalizing an NBC strategy. The framework is based on the three elements of strategy: context (the environment in which an organization operates), content (the choices to achieve the strategy purpose) and process (the formulation and implementation of the chosen strategy) (Pettigrew, 1985, Pettigrew and Whipp, 1991). However, using this concept of strategy to study public services providers (e.g., NPOs) can be criticized due to its manufacturing origins (Beck et al., 2008, Dart, 2004). Therefore, we review the service management approach (Osborne et al., 2013, Osborne, 2009, Thomas, 2012) to demonstrate how our framework, and it theoretical foundation , is still relevant to NPOs, thus enhancing its validity. We conclude the chapter with an evaluation of NBC-related risks and threats to NPOs and consider implications for future research and practice.


INTRODUCTION
Minimally invasive surgery (CMI) for the treatment of malignant tumors in children begins to have a role for selected cases and reaches similar results than open surgery. We show our first two cases of Wilms tumor treated by laparoscopy describing patients and technique.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Three-year-old girl with macroscopic hematuria is diagnosed of 8 cm mass in the left kidney suggesting Wilms tumor. After 4 weeks of chemotherapy she went under laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. The histological result was Wilms tumor. Chemotherapy was completed seven more months. Five-year-old patient with abdominal pain is diagnosed of renal right mass suggesting Wilms tumor. After 4 weeks of chemotherapy the laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed. The histological result was Wilms tumor. Treatment was completes with postoperatory chemotherapy.

RESULTS
After 1 year follow-up both patients have clinical and radiological absence of disease.

CONCLUSION
The CMI in selected cases of Wilms tumor fulfills successfully the aims of the surgical treatment.


PURPOSE
The lack of access to preventive dental services, such as dental sealants, can be a major barrier to optimal dental health. School-based dental sealant programs can serve as programs to improve access to preventive dental services.

METHODS
This school-based dental sealant program managed by a Boston dental school with collaborating partners in the metro west area of Massachusetts provides free dental sealants to second grade children. The number of second grade children having dental sealants was tracked for 6 school years and compared with the Healthy People 2010 objective of 50% of all children aged 8 years to have at least 1 dental sealant.

RESULTS
From school years 2003 to 2004 through 2008 to 2009, 1,609 dental screenings were provided for second grade children. Of those, 1,189 received dental sealants. To determine whether or not the Healthy People 2010 objective was met, the number of children who received dental sealants from the school-based program was added to the number of children who already had their permanent first molars sealed by their own dentist at the time of the dental screening, plus children with sealants per parent report. In total, the aggregate second grade enrollment having sealants during the designated school years was 54%.

CONCLUSION
The specific Healthy People 2010 objective was achieved over the designated time period. School-based dental sealant programs can help to decrease or eliminate barriers for access to preventive dental services by increasing the number of children who receive dental sealants.


Alluvial fans are fan-shaped zones of sediment deposition associated with a transition from an erosional or transportational upland to a depositional basin. The agents of formation of alluvial fans may be debris flows, channelized fluvial flows or unchannelized sheet flows. The debris flows may range from dense ones carrying boulders to relatively thin mud flows. The fluvial flows may be in the meandering, wandering, anastomosing or braided configuration, and may be transitional to unchannelized sheet flows or mud flows. Here a description of the many manifestations of alluvial fans is presented. The factors controlling fan development are discussed. Engineering problems associated with fans are introduced. Progress in the experimental, theoretical and numerical modeling of fans is reviewed. Finally, suggestions for future research are presented.


During Space Shuttle STS-95 mission, we cultivated seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari and cv. Tan-ginbozu) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L. cv. Columbia and cv. etr1-1) for 68.5, 91.5, and 136 hr on board, and then analyzed changes in the nature of their cell walls, growth, and morphogenesis under microgravity conditions. In space, elongation growth of both rice coleoptiles and Arabidopsis hypocotyls was stimulated. Also, the increase in the cell wall extensibility, especially that in the irreversible extensibility, was observed for such materials. The analyses of the amounts, the structure, and the physicochemical properties of the cell wall constituents indicated that the decreases in levels and molecular masses of cell wall polysaccharides were induced under microgravity conditions, which appeared to contribute to the increase in the wall extensibility. The activity of certain wall enzymes responsible for the metabolic turnover of the wall polysaccharides was increased in space. By the space flight, we also confirmed the occurrence of automorphogenesis of both seedlings under microgravity conditions; rice coleoptiles showed an adaxial bending, whereas Arabidopsis hypocotyls elongated in random directions. Furthermore, it was shown that spontaneous curvatures of rice coleoptiles in space were brought about uneven modifications of cell wall properties between the convex and the concave sides.


This paper explores the role of country asymmetries for trade and industrial policies with heterogeneous firms. The analysis delivers a number of novel results. First, trade policies, infrastructure policies and industrial policies which improve the business conditions in one country have negative productivity and welfare effects on the trading partner. Second, symmetric trade liberalization is immiserizing for a trading partner whose business conditions are inferior. Third, there are gains from trade even for a country whose monopolistically competitive sector with heterogeneous firms is wiped out by switching from autarky to trade.


We report for the first time on the copper-dependent behavior of endogenous ATP7A in two types of polarized intestinal epithelia, rat enterocytes in vivo and filter-grown Caco-2 cells, an accepted in vitro model of human small intestine. We used high-resolution, confocal immunofluorescence combined with quantitative cell surface biotinylation and found that the vast majority of endogenous ATP7A was localized intracellularly under all copper conditions. In copper-depleted cells, virtually all of the ATP7A localized to a post-TGN compartment, with <3% of the total protein detectable at the basolateral cell surface. When copper levels were elevated, ATP7A dispersed to the cell periphery in punctae whose pattern did not overlap with the steady-state distributions of post-Golgi, endosomal, or basolateral membrane markers; only approximately 8-10% of the recovered ATP7A was detected at the basolateral cell surface. These results raise several questions regarding prevailing models of ATP7A dynamics and the mechanism of copper efflux.


It is crucial that all headache specialists receive adequate training. Considering the unsatisfactory results obtained with standard updating courses and the growing need for continuing professional education, a digital platform was developed as a training tool. The platform has been active since 1 October 2014. It is readily accessible to doctors by free registration. Users have access to all the material available on the platform, which includes scientific articles, e-books, presentations and images. Users can share their own material and clinical cases directly. At the time of this study, the platform had 37 users. In the second year following its launch 316 files were downloaded and five discussions were started. These saw 22 contributions. Fifteen of the 37 members did not perform any action on the platform. In total, 74 files were uploaded in the second year of activity, but 90% of the contributions came from a very small group of users. There were no significant differences in use of the platform between members of the Italian Society for the Study of Headache and other specialists. Even though the platform appears to be an easily accessible, interactive and inexpensive instrument, the higher number of downloads than uploads suggests that it is used passively.


The coupling of bone resorption and formation suggests that autocrine and paracrine factors are produced and released within the local bone environment. Since osteoblasts secrete latent transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), and osteoclasts can activate this latent complex, one candidate paracrine coupling factor is TGF‐β. To examine whether TGF‐β is also a potential osteoclast‐derived autocrine and paracrine factor, highly purified avian osteoclasts were examined for synthesis of TGF‐β and the mechanism by which osteoclasts activate the latent TGF‐β complex was investigated. TGF‐β protein production was measured within 4 h of culture in osteoclast‐conditioned media using growth factor inhibition of CCL‐64 cells and verified by blocking effects with anti‐TGF‐β antibodies. Synthesis of TGF‐β was confirmed by northern blotting and metabolic labeling. Northern blots of total RNA revealed that osteoclasts expressed the mRNA for TGF‐β2, β3, and β4. Biosynthetic studies suggest that TGF‐β2 was the principle form secreted in culture. Nearly all the TGF‐β that was secreted had been activated by the osteoclasts. When presented with exogenous latent TGF‐β, osteoclasts activated latent TGF‐β from a variety of sources. Furthermore, osteoclast‐conditioned media retained the ability to activate latent TGF‐β during cell‐free incubations at 37°C. Osteoclast‐mediated activation was inhibited by proteinase inhibitors, weak base treatment of the cells, or disruption of the cytoskeletal network. These data suggest that osteoclasts may secrete proteinases into the extracellular milieu to activate latent TGF‐β and that TGF‐β may be an autocrine factor involved in regulating osteoclast activity.


Modern molecular biology, focusing on the hunt for structural and functional information abou t proteins and genes, has received an enormous boost from the field of computer science . Once it wa s realized that properties of newly discovered molecules could be inferred from similar, previously analyzed molecules, a boom in the use of databases, comparison algorithms and computer searche s commenced . An unfamiliar molecule is first sequenced to determine the order of its DNA or protei n subunits — four nucloetides in the case of DNA, 20 amino acids in the case of proteins . The molecul e is then represented as a string of letters, one for each subunit, and from this alphabetic proxy much information may be gleaned . Sequence comparison algorithms have been around for less than 3 0 years and sophisticated methods for database searches were developed only within the last 15, yet today, it is inconceivable to start the analysis of a biological sequence without a BLAST or FAST A search of GenBank or Swiss-Prot or any of the other myriad, annotated, crosslinked database s maintained in research centers and national labs throughout the world . One of the first cases where biological function was hinted by a database search involved th e unexpected near identity between fragments of the Simian sarcoma virus (SSV), which cause s


Many real world data sets contain irrelevant or redundant attributes. This might be because the data was collected without data mining in mind or without a priori knowledge of the attribute dependences. Many data mining methods such as classification and clustering degrade prediction accuracy when trained on data sets containing redundant or irrelevant attributes or features. Selecting the right feature set not only can improve accuracy but also can reduce the running time of the predictive algorithms and lead to simpler, more understandable models. Good feature selection is thus a fundamental data preprocessing step in data mining. To provide good feature selection for sequential domains, we developed FeatureMine, a scalable feature mining algorithm that combines two powerful data mining paradigms: sequence mining and classification algorithms. Tests on three practical domains demonstrate that FeatureMine can efficiently handle very large data sets with thousands of items and millions of records.


The association between dietary and lifestyle factors and intermittent claudication was investigated in the Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. The cohort comprised 26,872 male smokers aged 50-69 years who were free of claudication at study entry. At baseline (1985-1988), subjects completed a diet history questionnaire. During a median follow-up period of 4 years (ending in spring 1993), 2,578 men reported symptoms of claudication on the Rose questionnaire, which was administered annually. Smoking status was assessed every 4 months. Smoking, systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus were positively associated with risk for claudication, whereas serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, education, and leisure time exercise were inversely associated with risk. Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were inversely associated with risk for claudication, as were some dietary and serum antioxidants: dietary vitamin C (highest quartile vs. lowest: relative risk (RR) = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 0.97), dietary gamma-tocopherol (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.00), dietary carotenoids (RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.92), serum alpha-tocopherol (RR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.00), and serum beta-carotene (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.86). Smoking cessation reduced subsequent risk for claudication (RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.99). The authors conclude that classical risk factors for atherosclerosis are associated with claudication. High intakes of antioxidant vitamins may be protective. Further research is needed before antioxidants can be recommended for the prevention of intermittent claudication.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate whether specific domains of cognitive functioning predict the natural course of depressive symptoms in older people.

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS
Using the nationally representative, population-based cohort of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, 281 participants with clinically relevant depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale ≥16) aged 55 years and older were followed longitudinally during a period of 6 years.

MEASUREMENTS
Using a maximum of 14 successive Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale observations, three clinical course types of depressive symptoms were defined. At baseline, general cognitive functioning was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Exam, memory performance (immediate recall and retention) by means of the auditory verbal learning test, and processing speed by means of a timed coding task.

RESULTS
Remission, fluctuating course, and chronic course were seen in 22%, 50%, and 28%, respectively. In univariate analyses, a slowed processing speed was associated with a chronic course of depressive symptoms, as compared with remission (mean: 21.5, SD: 6.6, versus mean: 24.6, SD: 6.8, t = 2.78, df = 139, p < 0.001). Using multivariate regression techniques, this association remained significant after correcting for potential confounders and a number of risk factors for vascular brain damage (odds ratio: 1.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.14). Neither global cognitive functioning nor memory performance was associated with any course type of depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION
We found an independent association of a slowed processing speed with a poor natural course of depressive symptoms in older people. In clinical practice, when dealing with an older depressed person with comorbid cognitive decline, processing speed might be a more useful tool than the Mini-Mental State Exam in predicting the prognosis.


This study examined the degree to which demographic, human capital, motivational, organizational, and industrylregion variables predicted executive career success. Career success was assumed to comprise objective (pay, ascendancy) and subjective (job satisfaction, career satisfaction) elements. Results obtained from a sample of 1,388 U.S. executives suggested that demographic, human capital, motivational, and organizational variables explained significant variance in objective career success and in career satisfaction. Particularly interesting were findings that educational level, quality, prestige, and degree type all predicted financial success. In contrast, only the motivational and organizational variables explained significant amounts of variance in job satisfaction. These findings suggest that the variables that lead to objective career success often are quite different from those that lead to subjectively defined success.


The paper analyses the development of the Langstrasse quarter - a formerly rundown area next to Zurich's Central Business District - in relation to urban gentrification and
displacement. The results demonstrate that there has been an upwards revaluation of the Langstrasse quarter and a distinct change in its population characteristics over the
period under study from 1993 to 2007. The presence of foreign communities, which was one of the quarter's defining features, has declined and the age structure of
residents has changed. However, there is no evidence of large-scale gentrification with substantial upgrading of properties or social structure. Presently, the development of the quarter shows more insular gentrification that is restricted to a number of separate areas or buildings. Although not yet widespread, the impact of renovation and of building work in particular on the type of resident and the housing stock structure is far more pronounced in this quarter than in the city as a whole. An analysis of the relationship between social structure and building activity indicates that renovation and new-build have a different role in the context of gentrification and displacement. The absence of any swift and large-scale gentrification process in the quarter indicates that the Swiss housing market and Swiss tenants' rights – as well as the local ownership structure and access to investment loans – have an important role to play.


This paper brings information on dynamic multiplatform mathematical software GeoGebra produced by Markus Hohenwarter in 2002 for learning and teaching mathematics, available free on web in 45 languages. GeoGebra enables production of self-standing dynamic worksheets as interactive java applets embedded in html pages presenting dynamic constructions and interactive calculations on Internet. Thus it is enhancing available powerful electronic tools suitable for production of instructional materials in on-line maths education. Several possibilities are presented on how this useful utility might be used in e-learning solutions as a dynamic interactive platform for calculations and drawings.


The use of material artefacts within the design process is a long-standing and continuing characteristic of interaction design. Established methods, such as prototyping, which have been widely adopted by educators and practitioners, are seeing renewed research interest and being reconsidered in light of the evolving needs of the field. Alongside this, the past decade has seen the introduction and adoption of a diverse range of novel design methods into interaction design, such as cultural probes, technology probes, context mapping, and provotypes. Yet, interaction design does not have a cohesive framework for understanding this diverse range of practices. Such a framework would assist practitioners in comparing and choosing between methods across the different stages, contexts and stakeholder relations within a design process. It seems that one fruitful place to start in addressing this lack is to focus in on the common characteristic that these practices share of materialities influencing the design process.


It is no longer necessary today to write that scientific medicine is also the best foundation for medical practice. It is sufficient to point out how completely even the external character of medical practice has changed in the last thirty years. Scientific methods have been everywhere introduced into practice. The diagnosis and prognosis of the physician are based on the experience of the pathological anatomist and the physiologist. Therapeutic doctrine has become biological and thereby experimental science. —Rudolph Virchow, 1877 In the arresting image which closes his great book, Marcel Proust envisions the aged Duc de Guermantes as a being perched on ceaselessly growing living stilts, a giant plunged in the years and epochs of the past. So must Virchow have appeared to his friends and associates at the beginning of the 20th century, two years before his death. As early as 1847 he had founded the Archiv fur pathologische


Loss-of-field relays operating on an impedance-measuring principle provide an important part of the protection of a synchronous generator by minimizing possible damage to the machine and low voltages detrimental to system operation. These relays require an external source of reactive power, such as a utility tie or other in-plant generators, to insure proper operation on loss of generator field. In a multigenerator isolated system, the reactive current provided by the remaining generators may not be sufficiently large to allow proper operation of the loss-of-field relays on the generator in question. Some guidelines are provided as to the relative size of synchronous generators needed to insure proper operation of the impedance type loss-of-field relays.


Successful emotion regulation is important for maintaining psychological well-being. Although it is known that emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, may have divergent consequences for emotional responses, the cognitive processes underlying these differences remain unclear. Here we used eye-tracking to investigate the role of attentional deployment in emotion regulation success. We hypothesized that differences in the deployment of attention to emotional areas of complex visual scenes may be a contributing factor to the differential effects of these two strategies on emotional experience. Eye-movements, pupil size, and self-reported negative emotional experience were measured while healthy young adult participants viewed negative IAPS images and regulated their emotional responses using either cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression. Consistent with prior work, reappraisers reported feeling significantly less negative than suppressers when regulating emotion as compared to a baseline condition. Across both groups, participants looked away from emotional areas during emotion regulation, an effect that was more pronounced for suppressers. Critically, irrespective of emotion regulation strategy, participants who looked toward emotional areas of a complex visual scene were more likely to experience emotion regulation success. Taken together, these results demonstrate that attentional deployment varies across emotion regulation strategies and that successful emotion regulation depends on the extent to which people look toward emotional content in complex visual scenes.


hadith are the documents recording the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Originally an enormous and amorphous corpus, Muslim scholars of the third/ninth century separated the hadith they regarded as true from those they held to be forgeries, producing collection of hadith which still command the respect of Muslims today. Ibn Abi hatim al-Razi (240/854-327/938) was one of the most prominent exponents and practitioners of hadith criticism. He left a copious written legacy, including his famous Taqdima, a biographical dictionary of the early hadith critics. The Taqdima reveals Ibn Abi hatims's vision of the critic and gives insight into the mechanism of hadith criticism. It also provides a platform for the examination of the basic intellectual orientation of the hadith critics and their conflicts with their opponents.


Thirteen of 324 patients with malignant melanoma followed during a 24 month period experienced dissemination. The thorax was the initial site for relapse in 12, all of whom were asymptomatic. Ten gave no evidence of extrathoracic disease. Retrospective analysis of previous x-rays originally interpreted as negative revealed metastases in 33%. Life table analysis demonstrated a significantly longer survival for the subset with isolated intrathoracic metastases treated surgically than for their counterparts with metastases no longer amenable to surgery and treated by other modalities. We conclude that the thorax is the site of predilection for initial systemic relapse in malignant melanoma, that detection of early, surgically resectable metastases correlates with longer patient survival, and that routine chest roentgenography is inadequate in reliably uncovering such early disease. These data suggest the potential value of more vigorous radiographic surveillance (with either computed tomography or conventional full lung tomography) in patients at high risk for relapse. Cancer 445'76-784, 1979.


ABSTRACT Gentrification has become one of the most widely discussed phenomena in urban affairs due to its prevalence around the world. However, most discussions remain at the theoretical level or are limited to case studies of a few metropolitan cities. Furthermore, there is little research on the relationship between gentrification and community land trusts (CLTs)—to our knowledge, no studies have examined their connection. Our investigation seeks to address this research gap by evaluating whether and how CLTs affect gentrification. Can CLTs counteract the negative effects of gentrification? Using a data set detailing the locations of CLT units at the national level, we employed a binomial logistic regression to examine whether CLTs influence gentrification, as well as a paired t-test with 9 relevant indicators to understand how CLTs affect gentrification. The findings suggest that CLTs may function as appropriate tools for stabilizing neighborhoods at risk of gentrification.


PATIENTS who have recurring urological symptoms following nephrectomy present a special problem to the practitioner. In many cases, nephrectomy has been done for pyohydronephrosis, calculus formation, or other obvious pathology, yet the symptoms for which the patient consulted his physician persist or sometimes recur many years after the operation. We would like to reemphasize the possibility of an abnormal or diseased remaining lower ureteral segment as a possible cause for the continued symptoms. In conditions such as papillary carcinoma of the renal pelvis and carcinoma of the ureter, removal of the entire ureter at the time of nephrectomy is universally considered the operation of choice. But in many cases, such as nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis, pyohydronephrosis, and renal calculus formation, the advisability of total nephroureterectomy is controversial. In the past few years, interest in the fate of the ureteral stump following nephrectomy has been kindled by experimental studies 1 and


After heavy rains Campylobacter jejuni together with high counts of Escherichia coli, other coliforms and intestinal enterococci were detected from drinking water of a municipal distribution system in eastern Finland in August 2004. Three patients with a positive C. jejuni finding, who had drunk the contaminated water, were identified and interviewed. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes from the patient samples were identical to some of the genotypes isolated from the water of the suspected contamination source. In addition, repetitive DNA element analysis (rep-PCR) revealed identical patterns of E. coli and other coliform isolates along the distribution line. Further on-site technical investigations revealed that one of the two rainwater gutters on the roof of the water storage tower had been in an incorrect position and rainwater had flushed a large amount of faecal material from wild birds into the drinking water. The findings required close co-operation between civil authorities, and application of cultivation and genotyping techniques strongly suggested that the municipal drinking water was the source of the infections. The faecal contamination associated with failures in cleaning and technical management stress the importance of instructions for waterworks personnel to perform maintenance work properly.


In this Essay I argue that the basic case for property is still a very strong one. Individual control over individual assets still makes sense. I defend property rights in digital creations in the face of two general scholarly critiques: The first is what I call digital determinism - the idea that the central driving force behind IP policy should be the technological imperatives of digital creation and distribution. I argue that the inherent logic of digital technology should not drive IP policy. Second, I discuss the idea that the distinctive feature of digital technology, and therefore the thing that policy should most seek to encourage, is collective creativity. I argue that individual creators are still crucial, and that IP law does not interfere with widely dispersed collective works such as Wikis. Finally, I push for recognition that IP policy should not be blinded by the promise of massive amounts of amateur content; solicitude for what I call "creative professionals" - people who make a living creating high-quality content - has been and must continue to be an important part of IP law.


Analysing strategic decision-making in eSports is an increasingly important problem – for players, for teams, for commentators, for viewers and for broadcasters. Such analysis is extremely difficult, however, because of the comparatively small quantities of data, the ever-shifting state of competitive play, and the huge complexity of the game. In this paper we describe a system for predicting drafting decisions in DOTA 2, and evaluate both how the system performs compared to human experts, as well as the new kinds of analysis made possible by automation.


To test effects of personal and universal helplessness on self-esteem, three groups of experimental subjects completed a self-esteem questionnaire, worked on unsolvable anagrams, completed a posttest self-esteem questionnaire, and estimated their success on an angle-matching task. Subjects in a 10% failure group were led to believe they failed all anagrams, while 9 other subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 50% failure condition were led to believe they failed all anagrams while 50% of the subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 100% failure condition believed they, and 9 other subjects, failed all anagrams. Control group subjects were not exposed to failure. A 2 × 4 (sex x condition) analysis of variance, with difference between pretest and posttest self-esteem scores as the dependent variable, showed a significant main effect for success/failure conditions and sex of subject, and a significant interaction. On the angle-matching task significant main effects for success/failure and sex were observed.


Current software applications fall short of meeting user requirements for `intelligent' electronic access to building codes and standards. Hypertext is a useful tool, but it only assists users in text browsing and searching. More sophisticated techniques are available, but few applications exist as commercial products. Information technologies should be seen as an opportunity for building code users and code writing bodies, not as a problem. The authors feel that building code writing bodies are an essential component in the production of `intelligent' building code information. All code writing bodies are therefore encouraged to investigate the maintenance and publication of electronic documents, their future may depend on it. This paper describes the standards processing activities of the Institute for Research in Construction of the National Research Council of Canada including the use of the Standard Generalized Markup Language, tools to support the code writing activities, and tools for building code users such as the MiniCode Generator.


Abstract. Arctic warming is projected to continue throughout the coming century. Yet, our currently limited understanding of the Arctic Ocean carbon cycle hinders our ability to predict how changing conditions will affect local Arctic ecosystems, regional carbon budgets, and global climate. We present here the first set of concurrent, full-depth, dual-isotope profiles for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and suspended particulate organic carbon (POCsusp) at two sites in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. The carbon isotope composition of sinking and suspended POC in the Arctic contrasts strongly with open ocean Atlantic and Pacific sites, pointing to a combination of inputs to Arctic POCsusp at depth, including surface-derived organic carbon (OC), sorbed/advected OC, and OC derived from in situ DIC fixation. The latter process appears to be particularly important at intermediate depths, where mass balance calculations suggest that OC derived from in situ DIC fixation contributes up to 22% of POCsusp. As in other oceans, surface-derived OC is still a dominant source to Arctic POCsusp. Yet, we suggest that significantly smaller vertical POC fluxes in the Canada Basin make it possible to see evidence of DIC fixation in the POCsusp pool even at the bulk isotope level.


Accountability in education is often effected through mandated standards for curriculum, teacher performance and student outcomes at national or state levels, and this has increasingly occurred in Australia over the past decade. In order to make decisions regarding the achievement of these standards, evidence must be collected from sample sites or segments of the relevant populations. Funding is often linked to accountability, through reward mechanisms 'after the event' or through grants made a priori and requiring comprehensive reports. The evidence base is large-scale, but can lack detail. In conjunction with these levers for schools to act on current issues, their autonomy to make local decisions that assist them to meet the standards has been promoted, as policy makers recognise that local input not only increases the motivation of teachers, but allows them to contribute their contextual expertise to solve big problems. Since these problems generally focus on students' needs, teachers have the local authority to take immediate action, while providing evidence of their experience to inform policymakers and other practitioners.


Objective. To determine the perceptions of junior pharmacy faculty members with US doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degrees regarding their exposure to residency, fellowship, and graduate school training options in pharmacy school. Perceptions of exposure to career options and research were also sought. Methods. A mixed-mode survey instrument was developed and sent to assistant professors at US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Results. Usable responses were received from 735 pharmacy faculty members. Faculty members perceived decreased exposure to and awareness of fellowship and graduate education training as compared to residency training. Awareness of and exposure to academic careers and research-related fields was low from a faculty recruitment perspective. Conclusions. Ensuring adequate exposure of pharmacy students to career paths and postgraduate training opportunities could increase the number of PharmD graduates who choose academic careers or other pharmacy careers resulting from postgraduate training.


The aim of this research is to examine the contextual environment in which farmers operate so as to improve our understanding of the factors shaping vulnerability to climate risk. A key focus is on the livelihoods of sugarcane farmers, using a case study of small-, medium-scale (emerging) and large-scale sugarcane farmers in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands area of Eston and its surrounds. A social vulnerability assessment was undertaken under the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) to test the hypothesis that climate risk is considered a major contributing factor to the vulnerability of commercial farmers in KwaZulu-Natal and needs to be effectively managed. This involved an investigation into the multiple stresses (both external and internal, on-farm and off-farm, climatic and non climatic) acting on the system. It is clear that climate change risk and variability is a major, but not the sole contributing factor to the vulnerability of commercial farmers in this part of KwaZulu-Natal. Climate change does need to be effectively managed but it will be best done in conjunction with the management of the other multiple and interacting threats and stresses identified in this study. Climate change and vulnerability, as well as the other multiple stresses, are acting on an already vulnerable system, exacerbating and compounding present risks. This research also explored a number of coping and response strategies that commercial farmers have adopted in response to the threats and stresses and investigated particularly, what elements enhance or restrict these strategies (both on-farm and off-farm). These strategies posses potential as possible future adaptation options. It was found that the issues of access to livelihood assets (social, financial, natural/environmental, physical, human, knowledge assets and capital under the SLF) are key to the adaptive capacity and the adaptation strategies that farmers employ. Institutions (both formal and informal) play a pivotal role in this access to livelihood assets both enabling and restricting access. In conclusion, this work determined that a focus on only one element, such as climate change, will not significantly reduce the vulnerability of commercial farmers. There is an interactive, dynamic and multifaceted network present with a number of factors acting within and from outside the system. Political, biophysical, social and economic factors interact and combine to compound vulnerability, requiring more integrative and multiple response strategies.


This qualitative study focused on the successes and challenges experienced by four undergraduate college women while holding top leadership roles in student organizations. Interpretive and descriptive qualitative research methods were employed with aspects of case study and phenomenological approaches of inquiry. Data were collected through one-on-one in-depth interviews, a focus group interview, and participant journals. Results suggest the women's perceptions of their leadership successes were externally focused, emphasizing the organization and helping develop group members. The challenges faced by the women involved difficulty in balancing relationship and task behaviors, difficulty in balancing the roles of leader and friend, and challenges faced by the larger organizational and environmental context. These findings are examined alongside existing literature. Implications for supporting college women in formal leadership roles are presented, along with recommendations for future research.


The author uses an expected utility function of time and wealth to define an individual's critical wealth level. Traditional asset allocation models are based on modern portfolio theory's assumptions that individuals are homogenous wealth maximizers who have the same time horizon. These assumptions are questioned beyond the critical wealth level. Individuals often retire voluntarily once a target wealth level is obtained that optimizes their desired sustainable consumption and amount of leisure time. The critical wealth level is an important reference point that provides a theoretical basis for the start of the reduction in risky asset allocations for individuals who value leisure time and wealth.


Knowledge about modern methods of psychological correction of athlete's personality in Olympic sport has been systematized and generalized on the basis of literary data study. The main directions of influence on athletes' performances are identified. The structure of psycho-correctional techniques is elaborated, which includes psychotherapeutic methods, psychological counselling, and psychological training. The main psychological factors influencing the preparation of athletes are determined. The content and forms of the manifestation of psychological factors during competitive activity are examined and relationship between them is studied. Integral indicators of psychological factors influencing competitive activity in Olympic sport are determined and their priority importance is identified. The results of an expert survey on the influence of psychological factors in Olympic sports (team sports, cyclic sports, complex coordination sports, and combat sports) are analyzed. The system of psychocorrection is developed on the basis of psychological factors influencing the preparation of athletes. The structure of the system includes the complexes of psychocorrection methods, which corresponds to the content-related component of each psychological factor.


Gillett argues that there are unexpected confluences between the tradition of Frege and Wittgenstein and that of Freud and Lacan. I counter that that the substance of the exegeses of Frege and Wittgenstein in Gillett's paper are flawed, and that these mistakes in turn tellingly point to unclarities in the Lacanian picture of language, unclarities left unresolved by Gillett. Lacan on language is simply a kind of enlarged/distorted mirror image of the Anglo-American psychosemanticists: where they emphasize information and representation, he emphasizes evocation and connotation. Neither contrasting emphasis is remotely adequate to linguistic action-in-the-world. Is "the unconscious", as Lacan claims, a "network of signifiers"? Arguably, yes; but most ordinary / actual language does not involve such "signification". Words primarily "signify" concepts or things only in exceptional circumstances; normally, words are transparent, and nothing at all is meant by them except in an actual situation of use of a sentence. Second, is "the unconscious" structured like a language? Again, yes-- if we understand by "language" what Lacan asks us to. "The unconscious" arguably is structured like a language--as Lacan (inadequately) understands language .


Literary prizes have become indispensable to the literary field and have developed into one of its most high-profiled phenomena. They promote competing forms of consecration; intersect in the dynamic relationships of actors and institutions; and contribute to defining the parameters of literature and literary culture. This article investigates the relationship between literary awards and literary criticism in the Netherlands from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective, whilst drawing on field-theoretical approaches to literature. As literary critics consecrate some authors but not others, so they determine to a large extent which literary prizes matter and which do not. This article charts the rise of literary awards on the Dutch literary field, and the critical attention these prizes have received. It researches which prizes are consecrated (and why), and in which ways literary criticism has written about those awards over the course of years.


In the last half-century, radical changes have rippled through the workplace and the home from Boston to Bombay. In the face of rapid globalization, these changes affect us all, and we can no longer confine ourselves to addressing working and social conditions within our own borders without simultaneously addressing them on a global scale. Based on over a thousand in-depth interviews and survey data from more than 55,000 families spanning five continents, Forgotten Families is the first truly global account of how the changing conditions of work threaten children, women and men, and the infirm. It addresses problems faced by working families in industrialized and developing countries alike, touching on issues of child health and development, barriers to parents getting and keeping jobs, problems families confront daily and in times of crisis, and the roles of growing inequalities. Rich in individual stories and deeply human, Heymann's book proposes innovative and imaginative ideas for solving the problems of the truly belabored together as a global community. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780195335248/toc.html


A real-time calculation method is presented to determine the optimal reactive power compensator for power systems. The reactive power compensators are expressed as both the continuous control scheme and the discrete control scheme. The optimization problem is written in terms of the minimization of power line loss by minimizing the line currents. Three-phase current balancing is also considered in this problem. By an integerization method, suboptimal solutions are approached for utilizing the discrete-tap compensators. Theoretical derivations and computation procedures are formulated by including digital techniques for real-time data acquisition. Applications to radial-type systems are described and discussed. Examples of real-time simulations and experiments are discussed to show the performance of the method and to support the application capability. >


We address the problem of articulated 2-D human pose estimation in unconstrained natural images. In previous work the Pictorial Structure Model approach has proven particularly successful, and is appealing because of its moderate computational cost. However, the accuracy of resulting pose estimates has been limited by the use of simple representations of limb appearance. We propose strong discriminatively trained limb detectors combining gradient and color segmentation cues. Our main contribution is a novel method for capturing coherent appearance properties of a limb using efficient color segmentation applied to every limb hypothesis during inference. The approach gives state-of-the-art results improving significantly on the "iterative image parsing" method, and shows significant promise for combination with other models of pose and appearance.


Correspondence to Dr Giacomo Sgalla; firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT Background: Chronic, progressive respiratory symptoms are associated with great psychological and emotional impact in patients suffering from interstitial lung disease (ILD). This single-centre pilot study evaluated for the first time the safety, feasibility and efficacy of a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Program (MBSR) in a group of patients with ILD. Methods: Prospective observational study set in a university hospital ILD outpatient clinic. Nineteen patients with different ILDs were recruited 2 months prior to the start of the 8-week MBSR program and followed up for 12 months. Primary outcomes were program safety and feasibility, while secondary outcomes were changes in moods and stress (assessed by Profile Of Mood State (POMS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaires), symptoms (Shortness Of Breath (SOB) and Cough And Sputum Assessment (CASA-Q) questionnaires), lung function and exercise tolerance at 12 months. Results: Two patients (10.5%) dropped out in the observational period before the start of the MBSR intervention because of non-respiratory causes. All 17 patients who entered the 8-week MBSR program managed to complete it with an adherence average of eight sessions of nine. No adverse events related to the mindfulness training were reported. Statistically significant improvements in the POMS total score and in several individual items of POMS and PSS were observed throughout the study. However, respiratory questionnaire scores, lung function and exercise tolerance did not show a significant difference over time. Conclusions: An MBSR program appears to be safe and feasible in patients with ILD, and might affect perceived moods and stress producing a positive and lasting improvement in several stress-related negative domains. These findings pave the way to larger (possibly multicentre), randomised, controlled confirmatory trials.


Combination of somatic symptoms with neurotic manifestations and personality's disturbances in clinical picture of bronchial asthma was established during clinical and psychological observation of 89 patients with bronchial asthma. It was shown that increase of the number of frustrating situations (when psychical vulnerability was elevated), strengthening of both anxiety and emotional tension, as well as rigidity of negative emotions, hypochondriac and anxious-depressive tendencies composed the whole correlational system with alterations in functions of external respiration, changes in blood immunoglobulins levels just as with clinical indices of bronchial asthma. This system represented different levels of psychosomatic correlations' regulation. The complex psychophysiological factor of frustration and emotional tension was described, moreover the increase of its value was accompanied by strengthening of both psychical alterations and somatic disorders which were quite characteristic for prevalence of either trophotropic activation or ergotropic one when beta-adrenoceptors were blocked.


This study investigated the effect of a carbohydrate restriction program on performance in a bout of isoinertial and isokinetic strength exercise. One female and five male subjects (mean +/- SD: age = 20.3 +/- 2.3 years; body mass = 74.6 +/- 11.5 kg; height 177.0 +/- 8.8 cm) performed isoinertial and isokinetic strength exercise under control conditions (no experimental intervention) and after a 2-day carbohydrate restriction program. The carbohydrate restriction program consisted of 60 minutes of cycling at 75% of peak cycle ergometer oxygen consumption (PVO2), followed by four 1-minute bouts at 100% of PVO2, followed by 2 days of reduced carbohydrate intake (1.2 +/- 0.5 g.kg(-1).d(-1)). Isoinertial strength exercise was three sets of squats with a load of 80% of one repetition maximum. Isokinetic strength exercise was five repetitions of leg extensions performed at five different contractile speeds (1.05, 2.09, 3.14, 4.19, and 5.24 rad.s(-1)). The carbohydrate restriction program caused a significant reduction in the number of squat repetitions performed. Torque at 0.52 rad from full extension (T30) was not significantly altered by carbohydrate restriction. Plasma lactate concentration postexercise was significantly lower after carbohydrate restriction. The fact that carbohydrate restriction reduces performance in isoinertial but not isokinetic strength exercise may be due to the different metabolic demands associated with the different exercise protocols used in the two modes of strength exercise.


Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disorder prevalent in Japan that is characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, cobblestone lissencephaly, and eye anomalies. We examined 46 patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy and followed their progress for more than 3 years, with special reference to long-term prognosis of seizure disorders and the relationship between seizures and neuropathologic abnormalities. Seizures were observed in 37 patients (80%). The average age at onset was 3 years, 1 month. Initial seizures usually occurred after a febrile episode, although one third of patients had afebrile seizures from the onset. All patients had generalized tonic-clonic convulsions at febrile disorders, and these were followed by complex partial seizures or secondary generalized seizures. Later these seizures developed into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in three patients. Electroencephalography (EEG) showed paroxysmal discharges in 22 of 37 patients with seizures (59%). The main focus was in the frontal, temporal, or central region. Lesions with marked cortical dysplasia detected by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or autopsy showed focal paroxysmal discharges on EEG. (J Child Neurol 2005;20:385—391).


In a new budgetary framework for years 2014-2020, changes will be made in expenditures of financial means from the EU budget, which will significantly influence incomes of agricultural producers in all member states of the Community. Incomes of agricultural enterprises always represented a very sensitive area of economic-political approaches in the agrarian sector. At the present, the situation is the same. In a theoretical sphere and in practice of institutions, ways to monitor incomes of agricultural farms, to analyze them, and what measures on base of these analyses to realize, are searched. The submitted paper deals in this context with a question of incomes according to their origin – agricultural incomes, incomes from non-agricultural activities, subsidy means. The aim is to draw attention to the fact that the subsidiary policy towards farmers can not be base in the area of incomes only on development and height of incomes, which have their origin in agricultural activities, but that it is necessary to consider the general income situation. A special attention has to be paid than to non-agricultural incomes – which are in the attention center in connection with demanding activity diversification. Knowledge presented in this paper is the result of grant solution MSM 6046070906 "Economics of Czech agriculture resources and their efficient usage within the framework of multifunctional agri-food systems".


Abstract Classical approaches to fisheries stock assessment rely on methods that are not conducive to managing data-poor stocks. Moreover, many nearshore rocky reef species exhibit spatial variation in harvest pressure and demographic rates, further limiting traditional stock assessment approaches. Novel management strategies to overcome data limitations and account for spatial variability are needed. With the ever-increasing implementation of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs), there is great potential for improving decision making in management through comparisons of fished populations with populations in MPAs at spatially explicit scales. We developed a management strategy that uses a combination of data-based indicators sampled inside and outside of MPAs as well as model-based reference points for data-poor, sedentary nearshore species. We performed a management strategy evaluation of this MPA-based decision tree model for a hypothetical population of grass rockfish Sebastes rastrelliger in California. We introduced process, observation, and model uncertainty in numerous scenarios and compared these scenarios with the precautionary approach currently used to manage data-poor species. Our model consistently improved total catches while maintaining the biomass and spawning potential ratio at levels well within acceptable thresholds of management. We suggest further exploration of this MPA-based management approach, and we outline a collaborative research program in the California Channel Islands that may well be suited for testing an experimental management procedure.


The effect of the chemical modification of wood fibre (WF) using salicylic acid/ethanol on the tensile properties, water absorption, thermal degradation and morphology of recycled high density polyethylene/WF (rHDPE/WF) composites was studied. Both of the composites: rHDPE/WF and rHDPE/WFM (modified with salicylic acid and ethanol) were prepared using a Brabender Plasticorder at 160°C with a rotor speed of 50 rpm. The results indicate that the rHDPE/WFM composite has a greater tensile strength, a higher modulus of elasticity, greater thermal stability, greater resistance to water absorption and a lower elongation at break than the rHDPE/WF composite. SEM micrographs show that better interfacial adhesion occurs between the WF phase modified with salicylic acid and ethanol (WFM) and the rHDPE phase in the rHDPE/WFM composite.


John Rawls famously claimed that "the accidents of natural endowment and the contingencies of social circumstance" are "arbitrary from a moral point of view." Luck egalitarians believe that a conception of justice that eliminates the effects of circumstance but not of choice captures that intuition better than Rawls's own principles of justice. This chapter argues that the opposite is the case. We can learn from Rawls that one cannot overcome moral arbitrariness in social life by using a morally arbitrary distinction between choice and circumstance. Furthermore, the chapter argues that the incompatibility between these two approaches points to a deeper difference between a deontological and a teleological paradigm that is crucial for the debate between relational and nonrelational notions of political and social justice.


There is a crucial empirical assumption that pervades the debate about federal judicial review of federal statutes under the affirmative Commerce Clause. The assumption, indulged by many different camps in the debate, is that Commerce Clause review decreases the centralization of policymaking by shifting policy authority to the states. This essay argues that, on equally plausible empirical assumptions, Commerce Clause review will in fact do just the opposite: it will promote the centralization of public policy at the national level by providing congressional coalitions with ex ante incentives to legislate more broadly, and to create national programs that are more comprehensive, than they would otherwise choose. So those who favor Commerce Clause review because they favor decentralization have chosen a course of action with potentially perverse effects. The essay concludes by examining how the possibility of perverse effects should affect the decisional calculus of judges in each of the various camps.


OBJECTIVE: To present the experience of 157 implantations using a simplified technique for coronary sinus catheterization, based on the atrial component of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy, showing the success rate and total time of radioscopy use. METHOD: From October 2001 to February 2005, 157 biventricular pacemaker implantations were performed in previously selected patients, using radiological anatomy and observation of the intracavitary electrogram, focusing on the atrial component. Here we show the success rate, complications and total time of radioscopy use. RESULTS: The implantation of the system employing left ventricular pacing via the coronary sinus was not possible in 11 patients. Difficulties in cannulation of the coronary ostium were felt in 20 patients and difficulties of lead advancement through the coronary sinus existed in 39 patients. The mean time of radioscopy use was 18.27 ± 15.46 minutes. CONCLUSION: The implantation technique, proposed by the author, using the atrial component morphology of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy proved to be safe and effective for the cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium requiring shorter radioscopy times.


Wound debridement refers to the removal of necrotic, devitalized, or contaminated tissue and/or foreign material to promote wound healing. Surgical debridement uses sharp instruments to cut dead tissue from a wound and it is the quickest and most efficient method of debridement. A wound debridement simulator can ensure that a medical trainee is competent prior to performing a procedure on a genuine patient. Irrigation is performed at different stages of debridement in order to remove debris and reduce the bacteria count through rinsing the wound. This paper presents a novel approach for realistic irrigation visualization based on texture representations of debris. This approach applies image processing techniques to a series of images, which model the cleanliness of the wound. The active texture is generated and updated dynamically based on the irrigation state, location, and range. Presented results demonstrate that texture mapping and image processing techniques can provide effective and efficient solutions for irrigation visualization in the wound debridement simulator.


Background: Food intake in Cameroon is based on three meals daily. The diet in rural areas is based on traditional staple foods, while that of the urban population incorporates more modern foods. The health and nutrition of adolescents is important as their eating behaviour and nutrition will affect their future health. Objective: To describe and compare food habits and nutritional status of adolescents in Cameroon. Design: A cross-sectional study using an unquantified food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric data, in urban and rural areas. Fifty-two adolescents, 12-15 years old, were selected from schools. Results: Frequencies of consumption of meat, vegetables, cereals, milk products and junk food were significantly higher in urban than in rural adolescents (11.8 vs 4.5, 9.5 vs 3.9, 16.5 vs 11.9, 5.7 vs 0.8, 24.2 vs 8.7, respectively). The frequency of in-between meals was higher in urban than in rural adolescents (4.9 vs 0.9, respectively). Arm muscle ar
 ea (AMA, mm2) and waist/hip ratio were significantly higher in rural than in urban adolescents (3554 vs 2802 and 0.82 vs 0.79, respectively). Body mass index (BMI, kg m-2) was higher in rural than urban adolescents, although not significant (20.6 vs 19.4, respectively). There was a positive significant correlation between BMI and AMA in urban and rural areas (r=0.67 and r=0. 72, respectively). Conclusions: Despite a lower frequency of food consumption, rural adolescents had higher AMA and waist/ hip ratio than urban adolescents. Less junk food and more traditional food consumption, more manual activities and walking in rural adolescents could explain these results. Keywords: Adolescents; arm muscle area; body mass index; Cameroon; food frequency; waist/hip


The article presents the situation regarding violence to women for the region of Montreal. The nature and extent of the problem is examined and the risk factors are dealt with from a multidimension al point of view. The community and para-public services associated with this problem are described briefly and an account is given of the impact of past and present action. Some future prospects are also introduced.


Responding to increasing health-care costs, deficit financing and the aging of the population, many OECD nations are exploring new cost-efficient health-care models. One such model, designed to manage the homebased health-care system through the application of quasi-market principles has been adopted by the province of Ontario. Findings from a case study of 835 Ontario home-care workers indicate that a market-modelled approach to health-care restructuring may be leading to decreased levels of job satisfaction and a greater propensity to leave among workers in the home-care sector.


Crit Care Med 2016 • Volume 44 • Number 12 (Suppl.) or rVIIa administration. Secondary endpoints included major surgical bleeding events, blood product administration (pRBCs, FFP, platelets, cryoprecipitate), and the need for repeat PCC or rVIIa doses. Results: In all, 70 patients were included, 27 (38.6%) received PCC and 43 (61.4%) received rVIIa. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The median dose of PCC was 24.6 units/kg. The median dose of rVIIa was 35 mcg/kg. There was no difference in the incidence of thrombotic events between the two groups 3/27 (11.1%) versus 6/43 (14%), respectively (p=0.99). There was also no difference in the incidence of major surgical bleeding events between the two groups 5/27 (18.5%) versus 13/43 (30.2%), respectively (p=0.4). Patients receiving PCC required less repeat perioperative doses compared to those who received rVIIa, 3/27 (11.1%) versus 15/43 (34.9%), respectively (p=0.047). No differences were found in blood product administration between the two groups. Conclusions: There was no difference in the incidence of thrombotic or bleeding events in liver transplant patients who received either PCC or rVIIa. Further research is needed to guide exogenous coagulation factor administration in this patient population.


Subarachnoid pleural fistula (SPF) following injury to the vertebral column is an extremely rare complication and is usually described after blunt trauma. We report the first case of SPF with pneumocephalus due to a gunshot wound to the spine.


Neuropathic pain treatment remains unsatisfactory despite a substantial increase in the number of trials. This EFNS Task Force aimed at evaluating the existing evidence about the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Studies were identified using first the Cochrane Database then Medline. Trials were classified according to the aetiological condition. All class I and II controlled trials (according to EFNS classification of evidence) were assessed, but lower‐class studies were considered in conditions that had no top level studies. Only treatments feasible in an outpatient setting were evaluated. Effects on pain symptoms/signs, quality of life and comorbidities were particularly searched for. Most of the randomized controlled trials included patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and painful polyneuropathies (PPN) mainly caused by diabetes. These trials provide level A evidence for the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, pregabalin and opioids, with a large number of class I trials, followed by topical lidocaine (in PHN) and the newer antidepressants venlafaxine and duloxetine (in PPN). A small number of controlled trials were performed in central pain, trigeminal neuralgia, other peripheral neuropathic pain states and multiple‐aetiology neuropathic pains. The main peripheral pain conditions respond similarly well to tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, and pregabalin, but some conditions, such as HIV‐associated polyneuropathy, are more refractory. There are too few studies on central pain, combination therapy, and head‐to‐head comparison. For future trials, we recommend to assess quality of life and pain symptoms or signs with standardized tools.


The performance of a variable-speed ac, superconducting motor has been evaluated. A novel axial-gap geometry was chosen for four-pole, 1800-rpm operation, using a superconducting stator and normal armature. The poolboiling cryostat contains four solenoidal field windings of filamentary niobium-titanium conductor and has a maximum field of 7 T and an air-gap field of 2 to 3 T. The armature windings are formed from copper Litz wire and are arranged in 48 radial slots. The wire inside diameter and outside diameter are 17.18 and 69.24 cm, respectively. The armature is driven by three-phase power supplied via slip rings and an adjustable-speed drive. The maximum design power is 100 hp, which can be doubled by using two armatures. Motor-performance data as a function of speed and air-gap flux density are presented for initial low-power tests with a drive capable of delivering 60 A per phase to the armature.


EvEry cloud What inspired mind could read about the devastation of the Zika epidemic—be aware of the congenital brain malformations and then think... 'Do you know what, I think the virus may have health benefits when injected into brain tissue?' Zika virus induces cell death and differentiation of neural precursor cells in the developing fetus. Could this property be harnessed to combat glioblastoma (GBM)? In a study, Zika preferentially killed GBM stem cells rather than differentiated tumour progeny or normal neuronal cells. GBM mice had longer survival when inoculated with Zika too. I suggest our local ethics board will struggle with this suggestion until further studies are published. J Exp Med 2017;214(10):2843–2857.


We present improved point-source catalogs for the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North (CDF-N) and the 250 ks Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDF-S) Surveys, implementing a number of recent improvements in Chandra source-cataloging methodology. For CDF-N/E-CDF-S, we provide a main catalog that contains 683/1003 X-ray sources detected with wavdetect at a false-positive probability threshold of 10−5 that also satisfy a binomial-probability source-selection criterion of /P < 0.002. Such an approach maximizes the number of reliable sources detected: a total of 196/275 main-catalog sources are new compared to the Alexander et al. CDF-N/Lehmer et al. E-CDF-S main catalogs. We also provide CDF-N/E-CDF-S supplementary catalogs that consist of 72/56 sources detected at the same wavdetect threshold and having P of 0.004–0.1/0.002–0.1 and mag counterparts. For all CDF-N and E-CDF-S sources, including the newly detected ones (these being generally fainter and more obscured), we determine X-ray source positions utilizing centroid and matched-filter techniques; we also provide multiwavelength identifications, apparent magnitudes of counterparts, spectroscopic and/or photometric redshifts, basic source classifications, and estimates of observed active galactic nucleus and galaxy source densities around respective field centers. Simulations show that both the CDF-N and E-CDF-S main catalogs are highly reliable and reasonably complete. Background and sensitivity analyses indicate that the on-axis mean flux limits reached represent a factor of –2.0 improvement over the previous CDF-N and E-CDF-S limits. We make our data products publicly available.


This study presents the results of chemical thermodynamic analysis on the distribution of elements in the smelting process of metallic materials to examine the controllability of impurities in the pyrometallurgical technique. The results of the present work can give an answer against the frequently given question; "Which impurity element can be removable in metallurgical process?" or "How far can the impurity level be controlled?". The proposed method was applied to estimate the distribution of 29 elements for a copper converter and 26 elements for a steel-making process and shows the distribution tendency of elements among the gas, slag, and metal phases as well as clarifying which metals can be recovered or removed from secondary resources in metallurgical processes. The effects of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and slag composition on the distribution ratio of elements were also evaluated, and the removal limit or controllability of impurity in these two processes was presented. This study results in thermodynamic features of various elements in the pyrometallurgical process and also shows, even by varying process parameters such as temperature and oxygen partial pressure, no drastic improvement of removal efficiency should be expected, except for lead and tin in copper.


Abstract Ethylene regulates anthocyanin synthesis in ripening apple fruit via the antagonistic activities of the R2R3-MYB repressors and activators. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. In this study, ethylene significantly induced the expression of the R2R3-MYB gene MdMYB17 in apple fruit. Moreover, MdMYB17 was revealed to be an important repressor of anthocyanin synthesis. Specifically, MdMYB17 binds directly to the promoters of the ethylene-induced genes MdMYB1 and MdEIL1, which encode positive regulators of anthocyanin synthesis, and represses their expression. Additionally, MdMYB1 and MdEIL1 bind to the MdMYB17 promoter to activate its expression. Thus, MdMYB17, MdMYB1, and MdEIL1 form a regulatory module that controls the expression of the corresponding genes. MdMYB17 interacts with MdEIL1. The interaction between MdMYB17 and MdEIL1 attenuates the regulatory effects of MdMYB17 on MdMYB1 and MdEIL1 as well as the regulatory effects of MdEIL1 on MdMYB17. Overall, our results reveal the molecular mechanisms by which MdMYB17, MdMYB1, and MdEIL1 finely mediate ethylene-regulated anthocyanin synthesis in apple fruit.


I. INTRODUCTION II. ONTARIO'S PLAN FOR CESSATION OF COAL-FIRED GENERATION A. Ontario Regulation 496/07. B. Implications of Ontario's Coal Phase-Out III. FEED-IN TARIFFS A. Feed-In Tariff Definition B. Feed-in Tariff Policy C. Feed-in Tariff History D. Success In Germany IV. GREEN ENERGY AND GREEN ECONOMY ACT A. European-Style Feed-In Tariff. B. Other Highlights of the Green Energy and Green Economy Act C. Impact on Ontario V. ONTARIO'S IMPACT ON THE UNITED STATES A. Current U.S. Policies and Reluctance B. A Possible Emergence of Change I. INTRODUCTION On April 29, 1998, Canada became one of the first countries in the world to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, (1) an international agreement aimed at curbing the effects of climate change and global warming. (2) In adopting the Kyoto Protocol, Canada pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 6% (3) within the five-year period spanning from 2008 to 2012. (4) Following Canada's national commitment to preserving the environment, individual provinces began setting long-term goals aimed at reducing individual emissions and helping Canada to meet the Kyoto obligations. (5) For example, Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty has made global climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Ontario a primary focus of many of his initiatives. (6) This Comment will discuss the major changes and policy implementations made in Ontario, which have put the province "on the edge of creating one of the greenest and cleanest electricity profiles anywhere in the world." (7) Beginning with the commitment to cease coal-fired power production by 2014--embodied in Ontario Regulation 496/07 (8) and the Green Energy and Green Economy Act (9)--Ontario has taken numerous policy and legislative steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The "most ambitious and far[-]reaching" step in this process has been the passage of the Green Energy and Green Economy Act of 2009. (10) This Act breaks new ground in North America by establishing a European-style feed-in tariff program and making a commitment to advance renewable energy generation and climate control efforts. (11) This Comment will break down the various provisions of the Green Energy and Green Economy Act of 2009 and address the impact these provisions will make on renewable energy generation in Ontario. Additionally, this Comment will briefly discuss U.S. reluctance to implement feed-in tariff legislation and how policy implementations like Ontario's may affect the U.S. energy market. II. ONTARIO'S PLAN FOR CESSATION OF COAL-FIRED GENERATION Ontario's efforts to become a leader in the fight against global climate change and greenhouse gas production began in 2003, when newly elected Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty pledged to phase out coal-fired power generation by 2007. (12) At the time, Ontario's five coal-fired power plants produced as much air pollution as 6.2 million cars and were major contributors to Ontario's $10 billion annual air-pollution-related expenses. (13) In the following years, plans were implemented to replace coal-fired generation facilities with cleaner sources within the earliest practical timeframe. (14) Despite numerous delays, (15) Ontario took a promising step toward eliminating coal-fired electricity generation in July 2007. A. Ontario Regulation 496/07 On July 12, 2007, Ontario's Ministry of the Environment (the "Ontario MOE" or the "MOE") proposed a regulation developed to reduce green house gas emissions. (16) The regulation officially called for the cessation of the use of coal for power generation at certain power stations throughout Ontario, with all coal use to be phased out by December 31, 2014. (17) Specifically, the regulation affected the four remaining coal-generating plants in Ontario: the Atikokan, Lambton, Nanticoke (Canada's No. 1 air polluter), (18) and Thunder Bay stations. …


Thermal and electrical conductivity of an insulating polymer can be achieved by dispersing conducting particles (e.g., metal, carbon black) in the polymer. The resulting materials are referred to as conducting polymer composites. Electrical and thermal properties of epoxy- carbon black composites were studied in this work. The weight fraction of the carbon blacks ranged from 0.0 up to 20 wt % with the epoxy resin. By discharging a high voltage through the composite it was found that the resistivity of the composite decreased. Epoxy-carbon black composites show significant differences from the neat epoxy resin measured in the frequency range. Conductivity percolation threshold was found when carbon blacks is added in the range of 1 and 2 wt%. It was found that the epoxy/ carbon black composites have better thermal properties than the neat epoxy.


This is a tutorial style book that will teach usage of Python tools for GIS using simple practical examples and then show you how to build a complete mapping application from scratch. The book assumes basic knowledge of Python. No knowledge of Open Source GIS is required. This book is useful for Python developers who want to get up to speed with Open Source GIS in order to build GIS applications or integrate Geo-Spatial features into their applications.