Seismic surface waves are usually composed of overlapping wave trains representing multipath propagation. A first task in the analysis of such waves is to identify and separate the various component wave trains so that each can be analyzed separately.
 Phase-matched filters are a class of linear filters in which the Fourier phase of the filter is made equal to that of a given signal. Herrin and Goforth (1977) described an iterative technique which can be used to find a phase-matched filter for a particular component of a seismic signal. Application of the filters to digital records of Rayleigh waves allowed multiple arrivals to be identified and removed, and allowed recovery of the complex spectrum of the primary wave train along with its apparent group-velocity dispersion curve.
 A comparable analysis of Love waves presents additional complications. Love waves are contaminated by both Love and Rayleigh multipathing and by primary off-axis Rayleigh energy. In the case of explosions, there is much less energy generated as Love waves than as Rayleigh waves.
 The applicability of phase-matched filtering to Love waves is demonstrated by its use on earthquakes occurring in the Norwegian Sea and near Iceland and on a nuclear explosion in Novaya Zemlya. Despite severe multipathing in two of the three events, the amplitude and phase of each of the primary Love waves were recovered without significant distortion.


It set up a quick and high accurate method of 3D measurements from the 2D digital photogrammetry to reconstruct the scene by teleprocessing. Three types of feature marks in the matrix arrayhave been projected. The calibrations of the camera with fixed focal length have been calculated and compared before and after revision. The cross-shaped feature was the most accurate mark. And the cone barrel with sharp apex was also more accurate than the traditional round dot. The real case practices have been engaged in to verify the practicability and efficiency of the projects. In less than 10m with 6 points, the maximal error has been reduced to 0.029%. In around 20m with 20 to 34 ponits, the maximal error has been reduced to 0.046%. And it was far more accurate than the counterpart research (0.44%).The measurements results of the more big areas have been found to be instability. So the lawful choice of the single photogrammetric image scope should be limited to 20m. In the proper image scope (<26m), the telecontrol 3D measurements are very accurate and highly active. It can be positively applied to the remote scene reconstruction as well as other engineering vistas.


In the last year [1], Angiolini and co-workers have synthesized and investigated
methacrylic polymers bearing in the side chain the chiral cyclic (S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine
moiety interposed between the main chain and the trans-azoaromatic chromophore,
substituted or not in the 4' position by an electron-withdrawing group. In these materials, the
presence of a rigid chiral moiety of one prevailing absolute configuration favours the
establishment of a chiral conformation of one prevailing helical handedness, at least within
chain segments of the macromolecules, which can be observed by circular dichroism (CD).
The simultaneous presence of the azoaromatic and chiral functionalities allows the polymers
to display both the properties typical of dissymmetric systems (optical activity, exciton
splitting of dichroic absorptions), as well as the features typical of photochromic materials
(photorefractivity, photoresponsiveness, NLO properties).
The first part of this research was to synthesize analogue homopolymers and copolymers
based on bisazoaromatic moiety and compare their properties to those of the above mentioned
analogue derivatives bearing only one azoaromatic chromophore in the side chain. We
focused also the attention on the effects induced on the thermal and chiroptical behaviours by
the insertion of particulars achiral comonomers characterized by different side-chain mobility
and grown hindrance (MMA, tert-BMA and TrMA).
On the other hand carbazole containing polymers [2] have attracted much attention
because of their unique features. The use of these materials in advanced micro- and
nanotechnologies spreads in many different applications such as photoconductive and
photorefractive polymers, electroluminescent devices, programmable optical
interconnections, data storage, chemical photoreceptors, NLO, surface relief gratings, blue
emitting materials and holographic memory.
The second part of the work was focused on the synthesis and the characterization polymeric
derivatives bearing in the side chain carbazole or phenylcarbazole moieties linked to the (S)-
2-hydroxy succinimide or the (S)-3-hydroxy pyrrolidinyl ring as chiral groups covalently
linked to the main chain through ester bonds.
The last objective of this research was to design, synthesize, and characterize multifunctional
methacrylic homopolymers and copolymers bearing three distinct functional groups (i.e.
azoaromatic, carbazole and chiral group of one single configuration) directly linked in the
side chain.
This polymeric derivatives could be of potential interest for several advanced application
fields, such as optical storage, waveguides, chiroptical switches, chemical photoreceptors,
NLO, surface relief gratings, photoconductive materials, etc.


A new bioactive scaffold was prepared from a binary polysaccharide mixture composed of a polyanion (alginate) and a polycation (a lactose-modified chitosan, chitlac). Its potential use for articular chondrocytes encapsulation and cartilage reconstructive surgery applications has been studied. The hydrogel combines the ability of alginate to act as a 3D supporting structure with the capability of the second component (chitlac) to provide interactions with porcine articular chondrocytes. Physico-chemical characterization of the scaffold was accomplished by gel kinetics and compression measurements and demonstrated that alginate-chitlac mixture (AC-mixture) hydrogels exhibit better mechanical properties when compared with sole alginate hydrogels. Furthermore, biochemical and biological studies showed that these 3D scaffolds are able to maintain chondrocyte phenotype and particularly to significantly stimulate and promote chondrocyte growth and proliferation. In conclusion, the present study can be considered as a first step towards an engineered, biologically active scaffold for chondrocyte in vitro cultivation, expansion, and cell delivery.


INTRODUCTION: Socioeconomic position and working situation are two factors associated to health inequalities and to each other.AIM: To study how socioeconomic position and working conditions 20+ years earlier associates to physical functioning after retirement age.DATA: Swedish nationally representative samples, from 1968, 1981, and 1991 were re-interviewed 1992, 2002, and 2011 (76+) with 20-24 years follow-up time (women, n=431; men, n=450).METHOD: Ordered logistic regressions, censored normal regression, and ordinary OLS regressions will be used.VARIABLES: Physical function: Self-reported mobility, objective tests of lung function and general physical function.Socioeconomic position: Education, income, cash margin, social class based on occupation, and an index based on all measures.Psychosocial working conditions: job control, psychological demands, high strain (low control+high demands) and work complexity regarding data (information), people, and substantive (general) complexity.Controls: age, sex, follow-up year, mobility at baseline, and hours worked.RESULTS: Job control, work complexity with data and people and all measures of SEP, were significantly associated to the three measures of physical function. Controlling for working conditions, the only significant associations was between general physical function and cash margin and the socioeconomic index respectively. When controlling for socioeconomic position, job control was significantly associated to less limitations in mobility and general physical functioning, substantive complexity and complexity with data were associated to less mobility limitations.CONCLUSIONS: Both socioeconomic position, work related stress, and work complexity were associated to physical function in old age, but only partly independent of each other. The strongest single factor is job control.


Spaced learning is a novel teaching strategy which has used results from neuroscience research as the basis for its design. Neuroscience research supports the need for a temporal pattern of repeated stimulation of neural pathways in order to produce long-term memory. More specifically, a neural pathway needs repeated stimulation with a separation of at least ten minutes between stimulatory inputs in order for optimal memory retention to be attained. The ten minute gaps between stimulation represent the time needed to allow molecular processes within the neurons to take place, in order to strengthen the synaptic connections involved in creating a long-term memory.Spaced learning is a teaching method developed on the bases of these neuroscience observations. It is designed to enhance long-term memory of the subject matter taught. The technique uses short (usually eight to twenty minutes) periods of intensive learning separated by ten minute periods of "distractor activities". These may take the form of physical activities such as ball sports or clay modelling and are aimed to take the mind off the lesson for a short time. The technique was first developed in a school in North-East England and is gaining popularity in secondary schools throughout England.The development of the technique, results of testing and its application are discussed together with the underlying neuroscience principles. The application of the technique to the specific task of teaching sixth form biology is examined and suggestions are made for ways in which spaced learning may be used to complement existing teaching techniques.A field study was performed at a Swedish high school in order to assess the impact of spaced learning on education at this level. The study consisted of three spaced learning lessons delivered by the author and diagnostic testing. A survey was made to evaluate the student's opinion of spaced learning. The results were consistent with spaced learning working well for revision and the survey showed that the students were generally positive towards spaced learning and enjoyed the lessons.This exam work is set out to make an objective appraisal of spaced learning and raises a major question over whether neuroscience discoveries can be used in the development of education or if the gap between molecules and cells, and the classroom is too great.


The morphology of the ebb-tidal deltas along the Dutch and German North Sea coast is examined in relation to wave, offshore and inshore tidal regimes. Remarkable differences exist in the shape of shoals and tidal channels in the ebb-tidal deltas along the coast from the SW Netherlands to the German Bight. The large ebb-tidal deltas along the western Wadden Islands have a seaward protruding shape strongly oriented to the left with respect to the offshore direction (or updrift with respect to the direction of the general regional longshore drift). Ebb channels also turn to the left in their most seaward part. On the other hand the ebb-tidal deltas along the southwestern coast of the Netherlands as present before the tidal inlet closures of Delta Project showed a sharp-edged triangular shape pointing landward. Their ebb channels bifurcated seaward, orienting updrift and downdrift on both sides of the ebb-tidal deltas. It is shown that these variations are due to differences in interaction of offshore tidal currents and inshore tidal currents between the two areas. In the original ebb deltas of the SW Netherlands, the ebb channels bifurcating to the left are more pronounced than the channels bifurcating to the right. This is probably related to a significant decrease in tidal range along the coast to the north. In the Wadden Sea the small tidal deltas, in contrast to the large ebb tidal deltas, protrude downdrift. This is due to the large longshore component of wave energy flux relative to the small tidal prisms through the inlets. A descriptive model of ebb-tidal delta geometry is proposed, which considers the relative influence of waves as compared to tidal currents, wave direction and the interaction of offshore and inshore tidal currents.


Abstract The primary goal of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of the chop-leach process, with nitric acid solvent, to produce a nominally 300 g/l [U] and 1 M [H+] product solution. The results of this study show that this processing technique is appropriate for applications in which a low free acid and moderately high U content are desired. The 7.75 l of product solution, which was >450 g/l in U, was successfully diluted to produce ˜13 l of solvent extraction feed that was 302 g/l in U with a [H+] in the range 0.8 to 1.2 M. A secondary goal was to test the effectiveness of this treatment for the removal of actinides from Zircaloy cladding to produce a low-level radioactive waste (LLW) cladding product. Analysis of the cladding shows that actinides are present in the cladding at a concentration of ˜5000 ηCi/g, which is about 50 times greater than the acceptable transuranium element limit in LLW. It appears that the concentration of nitric acid used for this dissolution study (initial concentration 4 M, with 10 M added as the dissolution proceeded) was inadequate to completely digest the UO2 present in the spent fuel. The mass of insoluble material collected from the initial treatments with nitric acid, 340 g, was much higher than expected, and analysis of this insoluble residue showed that it contained at least 200 g U.


: The results are available of the outpatient treatment of 10 patients with cochlear and vestibular disorders with the drug betaserk. The previous treatment was ineffective. Surdological indications for betaserk are described.


Mostly, teaching materials merely focus on formulas and theories, yet there has not been found any teaching materials oriented to Qur'an. Due to that reason, it is significant to provide materials enabling students to learn independently, especially, those correlating the physics materials with Qur'an.  Therefore, this study aimed to produce students' worksheets of physics, known as LKPD, correlating Qur'an with Guided Inquiry to achieve the students' competencies, particularly, in the topic of equilibrium and rotational dynamics. This study employed the Research and Development design with the 4-D research model consisting of four stages, namely defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. This LKPD also contains six stages of Guided Inquiry, namely orientation, formulating problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting data, testing hypotheses, and formulating conclusions. Every stage of Guided Inquiry engages the Qur'an verses with the material. The findings showed the validity of LKPD was at 88% categorized as very valid. The questionnaires resulted 88% of teachers and 70.3% of students categorized as very practical and practical. The average post-test score for students' competence (82.45) is higher than the average pre-test score (49.64) and N-gain of 0.77 considered high and effective. In conclusion, the physics students' worksheet or LKPD which employed Guided Inquiry corresponding with Qur'an is considered valid, practical, and effective to promote students in learning physics.


This project focuses on the use of Small Aircraft Transportation Systems (SATS) in the modern aviation industry. Specifically, business and marketing strategies are examined and analyzed by utilizing a short electronic survey submitted to targeted industry professionals. Selection of individuals was based on groups generated from a stratified sample outside of Purdue University. When properly managed, the Small Aircraft Transportation System has the potential to revolutionize modern air travel. Economic benefits can be achieved not only by effectively transporting passengers, but also by creating a new labor force, manufacturing contracts, and global transactions. Areas that will be emphasized include aircraft design, pilot qualifications, cost analysis, route structure, departmental organization, and selection of senior leadership. Conclusions were drawn, based on this analysis, to determine the risk perception and viability of the SATS program in the United States. Results from this study can provide insight as to how SATS can be introduced into various markets. Several variables needed to construct a complex system such as SATS are presented and analyzed to reveal trends that different industries view as necessary for its successful implementation.


General Description During the summer of 1904, while engaged in geologic investigations in the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico, the writer visited the volcanic region about 30 miles northwest of El Paso and there examined the two depressions locally known as the Afton craters. These depressions, separated by about 2 miles, occur in the level plain, known as La Mesa, west if the Rio Grande and about 8 miles south of Afton, a station on the Southern Pacific railroad. The smaller, which is nearly circular in outline, is about a mile in diameter and has a depth of 150 feet below the general level of the plain. The larger is oblong, 2 miles in length and about 1¼ miles wide, with a depth of 250 feet below the surface of the plain. Each depression is surrounded by a rim varying in width from a few hundred feet to half . . .


Background: Baicalin is the main bioactive constitute of the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and possesses various biological activities. However, the poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability limit its efficacy. Objective: The present study was conducted to enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of baicalin (BA) through a novel mesoporous carbon nanopowder (MCN) drug carrier. Materials and Methods: Solid dispersions (SDs) of BA with MCN were prepared using a solvent evaporation method. The physical state of the formulations was investigated using SEM, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pharmaceutical performance of pure BA, physical mixture (PM) and SDs was evaluated by performing an in-vitro dissolution test. The pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in SD rats and the analysis of the biological samples was performed on an Acquity UPLC–MS system. The intestinal and renal toxicity test of MCN was also evaluated. Results: The drug release profile indicated that the BA dissolution rate from SDs with a BA/MCN ratio of 1:6 greatly increased in comparison with that of the pure crystalline drug. Furthermore, a pharmacokinetic analysis in rats showed that the BA area under the concentration–time curve for SDs of MCN/BA was 1.83 times larger than that of pure BA. In comparison with the pure drug, the MCN–BA system significantly shortened the time to T max and generated higher C max. There was no intestinal and renal toxicity of MCN. Conclusion: These results indicated that the oral bioavailability of BA was remarkably improved by the MCN carrier. Additionally, intestinal toxicity test showed that MCN produced no toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract. Our results show that MCN-based SDs could be used to enhance the bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility. Abbreviations used: BA: baicalin, MCN: mesoporous carbon nanopowder, SDs: solid dispersions, SEM: scanning electron microscopy, DSC: differential scanning calorimetry, XRD: powder X-ray diffraction, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, PM: physical mixture, S.D.: standard deviation, ANOVA: analysis of variance, RSD: relative standard deviation, ESI: electrospray ionization, IS: internal standard, MRM: multiple reaction monitoring


Modern Architecture and Design is a political book. The author sees 'bourgeois capitalism' as the root of all evil and Marxist ideas and ideals as the root of all good. To those educated in and accepting of the capitalist world, these ideas seem foreign and discomfiting. To thosesympathetic to the Marxist view of history these ideas seem to fit the facts quite neatly. The bibliography lists only two volumes under 'General Background': Karl Marx, Capital, and Marx and Engels, The German Ideology. Bill Riseboro is a professional urban planner and architect. His knowledge of nineteenthand twentieth-century social and architectural history is comprehensive. Although his selectively chosen facts are correct, his interpretations (like any historian's) reflect a singular viewpoint: "This long-term trend towards abstract formalism was the most retrogressive historical response of the artist [and architect] to the bourgeois world. It ensured that for all his efforts he would never challenge the system nor begin to resolve any of the conflicts within it; that required more radical measures" (p. 161). The 'alternative' aspect of this study is disappointing. The text is packed with information in the college-survey format: a paragraph or a page may be devoted to a war, a chair design, a manifesto, a building, a city plan, an idea. Even the finely drawn illustrations depict oddly placed little figures and faces of historical personages in a manner reminiscent of junior-school coursebooks. The Marxist litany might detract from its pedagogical value as a sourcebook; students whose social traditions do not include feudal lords and peasants may be bemused by the author's left-righteous rhetoric. Those whose social (or educational) backgrounds do, may accept this book as a successfully updated version of a unique approach to historiography.


Wells are constructed for different purposes: water production, water injection, water level monitoring, water sampling, etc. Usually geological-hydrogeological planning, occasionally surface geophysical investigations, and well-logging measurements precede location and construction of wells. It is necessary to check the constructed wells several times during their lifetime. Immediately after construction it should be checked whether the well construction fulfills the specification described in the technical plan. Producing water wells should be checked regularly (in every 1-5 years according to the standards of different countries) from the point of view of construction, hydrodynamics and water/gas composition. When a change (above all deterioration) takes place in the well's condition (the yield decreases, silting occurs, the water temperature changes, the water level sinks, etc.) checking measurement is required and based on this an intervention (change in operation, well repair, etc.). The original parameters of a well might be uncertain in the case of old wells. When the ownership changes or the purpose of the well's operation is modified checked well data are required, therefore it is advisable to perform a complete set of well diagnostic measurements. Tools of production geophysics provide a possibility to carry out these investigations correctly. Some characteristic, interesting cases are presented, these demonstrate the wide variety of measurements executable in wells and the large amount of information obtainable in connection with well operation and well repair.


Aquaculture production was realized as 212.000 tons in Turkey and approximately 66 million tons in the world in 2012 respectively. In aquaculture production, the main objective is to obtain maximum yield with minimum cost. In recent years, feed additives are widely used in order to increase fish production. While additives added to fish diets increase digestibility, but they reduce anti-nutritional effects of the fish diets. In addition, the feed additives play roles for fish gaining resistance against diseases. Probiotics to be used as feed additives should not be in pathogenic nature and they should not produce toxic subs-tances. Moreover, they should maintain viability during their storage and their high nutritional interaction with fish feed is more desirable. Some studies demonstrated that the use of enzymes and plant extracts in diets increased live fish weight and voluntary feed intake. In this study reviewed the specific literatu-re investigating probiotics, enzymes and plant feed additives in fish diets.


The lacYun gene, which encodes a lactose carrier showing the uncoupled phenotype of substrate transport in Escherichia coli [Wilson, Kusch & Kashket (1970) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40, 1409-1414], was cloned on a plasmid vector, pBR322. The binding of a substrate, p-nitrophenyl alpha-galactoside, to the lacYun carrier in membranes from the strain harbouring the lacYun clone showed a pH-dependence different from its binding to the wild-type lactose carrier. This finding indicated that the lacYun mutation confers higher affinity for H+ on the carrier, exerting its effect on the less efficient dissociation of substrate inside cells. The result coincides with the proposal [Yamato & Rosenbusch (1983) FEBS Lett. 151, 102-104] that the proton affecting the substrate binding is the coupling proton of the proton/lactose symport reaction, which allows only the ordered mechanism of binding of substrate to an H+-carrier binary complex. From the simplest model of the symport reaction, constructed on the basis of these results, the coupling site of energy in the carrier cycle of the transport reaction can be identified at the substrate-dissociation step inside cells.


. Pleurothallidinae is the largest Neotropical orchid subtribe encompassing >5100 species that are mainly dipteran pollinated. Various pollination syndromes, targeting hump-backed flies (Phoridae), fungal gnats (Sciaridae) and vinegar flies (Drosophilidae) have been documented in detail for Acianthera , Dracula , Lepanthes , Octomeria , Pleurothallis and Specklinia , all belonging to different clades. Among them, the highly diverse genus Lepanthes , including about 25% of the species of the Pleurothallidinae, is most closely related to Anathallis , Draconanthes , Frondaria , Lankesteriana , Lepanthopsis , Trichosalpinx and Zootrophion . Members of this " Lepanthes clade" display high floral divergence and are likely adapted to different pollinators. However, only two pollination studies have been published for the group: one for Lepanthes , pollinated by Bradysia (fun-gal gnats) and another for Trichosalpinx , pollinated by Forcipomyia (biting midges). Floral traits present in Trichosalpinx , such as purple flowers and a mobile, ciliate lip evolved to accommodate pollination by biting midges. These traits are also found in other plant species pollinated by biting midges such as Bulbophyllum , Ceropegia spp. (Asclepiadaceae) and Theobroma cacao (Malvace-ae). Because some members of the Lepanthes clade exhibit similar floral traits we hypothesize that pollination by biting midges evolved in these orchids as well. In this study, we discuss the micromorphological and histochemical features of the flowers among some of the members of the Lepanthes clade in order to test the hypothesis on floral convergence in plants pollinated by biting midges and also which other pollination strategies can be inferred from flower anatomy in the sister genera. Based on histochemistry, LM and SEM we found similar floral secretions such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in different organs of Anathallis , Lankesteriana and Trichosalpinx supporting the hypothesis of floral parallelism in these genera. Lepanthopsis with a papillose lip and secretory glenion and Zootrophion with closing flowers and verrucose-papillose inner surface of sepals might employ different pollination systems. This study provides additional micromorphological and histochemical data to support future pollination studies of other members of the Lepanthes clade.


With the transition to a more sustainable society high on the agenda of academia and policymakers, 'community' is advocated as having an essential role in delivering behaviour change. Run by small collections of residents, grassroots sustainability groups have emerged as a means of mobilising citizens and other stakeholders in their locale. Explorations of the groups tend to coalesce in narrowly thematic literatures focusing on a single type of activity, such as community energy, gardening, or the Transition Movement. Participants in these initiatives identify with the environmental movement, and therefore this thesis explores grassroots sustainability as a social movement. It contributes to the understanding of this mobilisation through an ethnography of neighbouring groups engaged in different sustainability-related activities in a London borough. They include a group promoting renewable energy, a group involved in nurturing community space, urban food and well-being, a group experimenting with urban food and seeding other community projects, and a group engaged in communal foraging. The groups were networked together across the borough and involved in networks and collaborations at various scales to support their mobilisation. The theoretical approach utilises a social practice framework directed by insights from the social movement theory, demonstrating the utility of applying social practice theory both to complex bundles of social practices and to social movement enquiry. The thesis explores individuals' motivations and participation temporalities, the practices performed to encourage participants through stages of participation, the mobilisation practices in physical and virtual spaces, and those which extend the groups' influence. Culturally each group differs, with practice performance unique in each. However, common ingredients are found to contribute to the groups' longevity: a practice-change-oriented sustainability, which supports a journey of experimentation, nurtures conviviality, and which is characterised by collaborative leadership. These ingredients help explain how and why grassroots sustainability groups continue to mobilise.


We simulate the strong ground motion generated from the earthquake rupture process on a shallow strike-slip fault using a 3D finite-difference method. The faulting process is modeled using a crack model with fixed rupture velocity. The variability of peak ground velocity patterns, correlated with fault location and source parameters such as stress drop or rupture velocity, is investigated. Our findings suggest that these patterns are strongly affected by rupture directivity and the uppermost depth of the fault or that of the asperity. When a fault breaks the ground surface, the peak ground velocity and the peak ground acceleration show a narrow region of strong motion. When a fault is buried under the ground, the high peak ground velocity zone of the fault-parallel component is apart from the fault trace by a distance comparable to the fault depth. On the other hand, the fault-normal peak ground velocity is a maximum along the fault trace. The fault length (or asperity length) is not so effective for peak ground velocities. The effect of heterogeneity in stress drop and rupture velocity on strong ground motion is also investigated. When stress drop is not uniform but increases linearly with depth from zero at the uppermost depth, the peak ground velocity is reduced. These results help better predict the strong ground motion generated from a potential fault.


The job of the police is to stop crime by stopping criminals. It is a real life, deadly cat-and-mouse game where the hunter and the hunted spar for advantage and success. To accomplish its goals, law enforcement can draw from a vast array of technologies, stratagems, and devices. One of the primary weapons in the law enforcement arsenal is deceit. Criminals, like most prey, are lured into clever traps set by police. The police create circumstances and situations that are designed to prompt the criminal suspect into revealing incriminating information. This is obvious in the use of confidential informants, undercover police officers, and other common police tactics. Suspects are "tricked" by police into revealing themselves. A controversial aspect of this kind of police "trickery" occurs in the interrogation context. What may police tell suspects to "trick" or prompt them into confessing? Can a police officer misrepresent the strength of the case against the suspect? Can an officer lie about the nature of incriminating evidence? Can an interrogating officer disguise his or her identity during the interrogation and pose as a family friend, priest, or someone friendly to the accused? This article will examine current police practices in the context of recent Supreme Court cases and social science findings. I will argue that certain deceptive techniques are appropriate in the interrogation context. If appropriately utilized, "trickery" of a certain type does not unreasonably increase the risk of false confessions and is an appropriate tactic in the hunting of criminals.


Author(s): Manetti, Beatrice | Abstract: This paper starts with a discussion of the female fantastic in order to investigate the presence and the function of the sacred in some fantastic works of fiction by Paola Masino, Elsa Morante and Rossana Ombres. These three women writers have different backgrounds, cultural references, and poetics, but practice the systematic reuse of symbols, images and vocabulary of the Jewish-Christian tradition, comparing them with a female subject. The sacred, in fact, as a word of ambivalent meaning referring to the sphere of the "absolutely other," approaches in many respects the Freudian concept of the uncanny and can be seen as the founding moment or the moving cause of the fantastic.The reutilization of themes, images, and narrative patterns coming from the realm of the sacred allows women writers of the twentieth-century fantastic genre to be at the same time inside and outside the canon: namely, to overthrow the nineteenth-century tradition by identifying the uncanny not only with the destruction of the self but also with a moment of liberation, and at the same time to preserve the disturbing, potentially destructive and always dangerous nature of that liberation. The essay focuses in particular on how Paola Masino looks at the implacable deity of the Old Testament, in relation to the female figures that the writer features in their dual representational role of purity and abjection; on Morante's short stories of the Thirties, where the Gospel and the rites of the Catholic liturgy bring out deep impulses in young women in the transition from childhood to adulthood; and on Rossana Ombres's Serenata, in which the theme of the Annunciation opens a space for the elaboration of childhood trauma and the exploration of the individual and collective repressed content.


During the past decade, leaders have increasingly relied on self-managing work groups, multifunctional teams, and cross-national executive groups to create the organization of the future. Yet groups are not a panacea for organizational problems; conflicts between individuals or factions within a group often create seemingly contradictory situations?paradoxes?that can prevent the group from reaching its goals. In this groundbreaking classic, Kenwyn Smith and David Berg offer a revolutionary approach to understanding groups and overcoming the problems that often paralyze group members, the group as a whole, and relations among groups. They explore the hidden dynamics that can prevent a group from functioning effectively. And they show how an apparently paradoxical suggestion?for example, inviting a success oriented group to risk failure, or affirming the benefits of going nowhere to a group focused on moving ahead?can break action barriers, overcome conflicts, and improve group performance. Smith and Berg offer a different way of thinking about groups that will open new avenues of inquiry for professors and students of group behavior, and they propose many innovative ideas that will prove valuable to consultants, trainers, therapists, and others who work with groups on a regular basis.


Title of Document: OPTIMIZATION OF DEDICATED BREAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: BOWTIE FILTER DESIGN AND OPTIMAL SPECTRUM ANALYSIS Kimberly Kontson, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Directed By: Dr. Robert Jennings Department of Bioengineering Recently, researchers have been investigating the use of a new imaging modality called dedicated breast CT as a means of alleviating the problem of tissue superposition that comes from acquiring a two-dimensional image of a threedimensional object in conventional mammography. Several groups have investigated the optimal spectrum for this new imaging modality using the dose efficiency as the FOM, but results are inconsistent. None of these groups have employed the use of bowtie filtration in their optimal spectrum studies. Given the right design, the inclusion of bowtie filtration will lead to improved dose efficiency as well as consistency in the metric independent of position in a given phantom. Bowtie filters can improve performance in several ways, including DR reduction, scatter reduction, patient dose reduction, and reduction of beam-hardening effects. In this dissertation, three different filter types with different choices for the tradeoffs between the performance improvements listed above are described. Examples of each type of bowtie filter are created for computational and Monte Carlo analyses, and two designs were fabricated for experimental analysis. Studies analyzing the material selection for each bowtie filter design and characterizing the scatter were also completed. Verification of the performance of the designs was done by calculating/measuring the HVL, intensity, and μeff behind the phantom as a function of fan-angle. The performance of the designs depended only weakly on incident spectrum and tissue composition. With various breast diameters, the calculated parameters varied the most, but the variation was substantially less than the no-bowtie filter case. For all designs, the DR requirement on the detector was reduced compared to the no-bowtie filter case. Simulation and experimental data showed that the use of our bowtie filters can reduce the peripheral dose to the breast by 61%, and provide uniform noise and CNR distributions. The best performing bowtie filter design was implemented in simulation studies analyzing the optimal spectrum through calculation of the dose efficiency metric. The results from this study show the improvement and consistency that can be obtained with the inclusion of the proper bowtie filter, and provide the research community with a methodology that will help lead to more consistent optimal spectrum results.


Andrographis paniculata and Aegle marmelos a re the important medicinal plants. In the Indian Systems of Medicine, they are used against blood cancer, as an analgesic, antithrombotic, thrombolytic, hypoglycemic and antipyretic, antidote for snake venom, diarrhea and constipation. The major objective of this study is to evaluate cytotoxicity of this medicinal plants with help of MTT and Trypan Blue Assay. Angiogenesis model plays an important role to introduce to vascularisation process that plays an important role to focus on organogenesis and to study antiangiogenesis effect of different drugs. The study of angiogenesis is making a profound impact on the biological and medical world. The hope of being able to build new, functional, and durable blood vessels in ischemic tissues, or conversely, to prevent their further growth in malignant and inflamed tissues is becoming more realistic every day. Conc. are prepared of each plant extracts which are 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml , 0.1 µg/ml, 0.01 µg/ml and 510×10 3 cells/ml are taken into each well which are exposed to different conc. of plant extracts for 96 hr and then treated with MTT and Typan Blue Dye with in 1 hr- 24 hr. For MTT absorbance taken at 570 nm. From IC50 values of MTT assay and percentage of cell viability from trypan Blue Assay of kalmegh for MCF7,A549, DU145 is less as compare to bael fruit for same cell lines, from this it may concluded that Bael Fruit shows potent cytotoxicity than Kalmegh for respective cell lines Angiogenesis was only implicated in number of diseases, such as, cancer, arthritis, and psoriasis. Research in angiogenesis offers a potential to cure a variety of diseases such as Alzheimer's and AIDS. Modulation of angiogenesis may have an impact on diseases in the twenty-first century similar to that which the discovery of antibiotics had in the twentieth century. Further studies are necessary for chemical characterization of the active principles and more extensive biological evaluations for above cell lines which leads to novel drug innovation.


Background We recently showed that enzymes of the TET family convert 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in DNA. 5-hmC is present at high levels in embryonic stem cells and Purkinje neurons. The methylation status of cytosines is typically assessed by reaction with sodium bisulfite followed by PCR amplification. Reaction with sodium bisulfite promotes cytosine deamination, whereas 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) reacts poorly with bisulfite and is resistant to deamination. Since 5-hmC reacts with bisulfite to yield cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate (CMS), we asked how DNA containing 5-hmC behaves in bisulfite sequencing. Methodology/Principal Findings We used synthetic oligonucleotides with different distributions of cytosine as templates for generation of DNAs containing C, 5-mC and 5-hmC. The resulting DNAs were subjected in parallel to bisulfite treatment, followed by exposure to conditions promoting cytosine deamination. The extent of conversion of 5-hmC to CMS was estimated to be 99.7%. Sequencing of PCR products showed that neither 5-mC nor 5-hmC undergo C-to-T transitions after bisulfite treatment, confirming that these two modified cytosine species are indistinguishable by the bisulfite technique. DNA in which CMS constituted a large fraction of all bases (28/201) was much less efficiently amplified than DNA in which those bases were 5-mC or uracil (the latter produced by cytosine deamination). Using a series of primer extension experiments, we traced the inefficient amplification of CMS-containing DNA to stalling of Taq polymerase at sites of CMS modification, especially when two CMS bases were either adjacent to one another or separated by 1–2 nucleotides. Conclusions We have confirmed that the widely used bisulfite sequencing technique does not distinguish between 5-mC and 5-hmC. Moreover, we show that CMS, the product of bisulfite conversion of 5-hmC, tends to stall DNA polymerases during PCR, suggesting that densely hydroxymethylated regions of DNA may be underrepresented in quantitative methylation analyses.


The structural and electronic properties of ZnO (101 j0) and (112 j0) surfaces were investigated by means of density functional theory applied to periodic calculations at B3LYP level. The stability and relaxation effects for both surfaces were analyzed. The electronic and energy band properties were discussed on the basis of band structure as well as density of states. There is a significant relaxation in the (101 j0) as compared to the (112 j0) terminated surfaces. The calculated direct gap is 3.09, 2.85, and 3.09 eV for bulk, (101 j0), and (112 j0) surfaces, respectively. The band structures for both surfaces are very similar.


This paper discusses the challenges inherent in distributed education and presents the development of a distance education environment to meet the needs of educators and geographically dispersed students at Lulea University of Technology in northern Sweden. The design rationale and experiences from teaching in the environment are discussed. During the course of the research, several prerequisites for quality distance education were identified, one of which is the main topic of this paper. Here, the needs identified by the educators who are to use the created environment are discussed. Those needs have led to the design of the environment, including physical spaces, tools and technologies. Our results indicate that it is now possible to design a highly useful environment for distributed education at a much lower cost-to-quality ratio than only a few years ago. Such a system may be created in a way that allows teachers to learn to use the environment self sufficiently. Thereby, the need for support staff is greatly diminished. The results indicate that the use of appropriate methods and tools lets teachers work in a distributed environment in a way that closely resembles their normal way of work in a teaching situation. In addition, a strategy for future development of the environment, based on the results presented here and on previous research, is suggested.


Expression of the alpha(v)beta6 integrin is strikingly upregulated in several types of carcinoma, including human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Employing a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to alpha(v)beta6, we investigated its role in cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and in vivo growth of an invasive human SCC line, termed HSC-3. We found that alpha(v)beta6 is strictly required for HSC-3 cell growth in a three-dimensional collagen gel and also prominently contributes to cell migration in two different assay systems. In addition, the anti-alpha(v)beta6 antibody inhibited the invasive growth of HSC-3 cells transorally injected into nude mice. In the presence of the coinjected antibody, the average tumor size at 10 days was reduced by 59%. Histologically, antibody-treated tumors appeared less invasive than control tumors. Furthermore, intravenous application of a neutralizing antibody to the alpha(v) integrin subunit retarded HSC-3 tumor growth. These results point to a possible critical role of the alpha(v)beta6 integrin in controlling growth and invasion of human oral cancer cells.


This paper has two objectives. The first is to summarize succinctly the concepts and operational procedure underlying the use of vector autoregression techniques. These techniques may be used either in forecasting or to obtain insights about structural relations from historical data that has been observed. The second objective is to estimate a vector autoregressive system that models agricultural price, stock and export determination in order to unravel some of the interactions characterizing the agricultural economy.


For the difficult problems of measuring and forecasting values interfered by a number of factors, this paper proposed a method of power forecasting based on independent component analysis and least squares support vector machine, and results are modified using the regression. Each independent component from source signals is predicted using least squares support vector machine, the final prediction results obtained by modifying the preliminary predicting power according to the relationship between wind speed and its power. Using the data from a wind farm on the Northeast China wind farm, the simulation results show that this method has higher prediction accuracy, and the mean absolute error from 9.25% down to 5.48%, compared with the simple least squares support vector machine models.


Economic development activities change the physical and social environments in which individuals live. For planners, it is important to anticipate the types of changes that might occur, and to put measures in place that mitigate negative impacts and promote positive impacts on people and communities. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) was introduced as a tool for understanding the social impacts of development. There are three factors, however, that limit the use of SIA in developing countries. First, the original SIA tool was designed in a developed country, and as such the list of indicators developed may not suitable for local conditions. Second, there is no specific theoretical underpinning of the SIA tool, and thus no link between the SIA tool and particular theories of social behaviour. Third, there is no particular link between what SIA measures, and what should be done to mitigate the effects of development activities. The purpose of this paper is to address these three issues and in doing so, provide a SIA tool that can be applied usefully and practically in a developing country. The theoretical basis of SIA used in the paper is Actor-Network Theory (ANT). The tool, which was developed using ANT, principles consists of five stages of analysis: identification of principal actors (human and non-human) and the changes due to development; exploration of the ownership of resources (capital) that enables principle actors to change; identification of change agents attached to the capital of principal actors; tracing which interests of actors are aligned to deal with the development; and an analysis of the social change platform (mobilization of actors) based on connections of all principal actors with other actors. Each of these stages provides the basis for determining what should be assessed in SIA, how to structure the assessment, and how to interpret the results of a SIA.


Within the framework of the paper, the supply chain participants of meat products were identified and analyzed in terms of the structure. The assessment of the efficiency of meat processing enterprises, which play the role of the chain's integrator, was carried out using the SFA method (Stochastic Frontier Approach). The supply chain integration degree, showing the strength of relationships of individual enterprises with business partners, was identified. The results obtained show high correlation between the integration degree and the efficiency level.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a devastating complication in the acute postoperative lung transplant period, associated with high short-term mortality and chronic rejection. We review its definition, pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, treatment strategies, and future research directions.

RECENT FINDINGS
New analyses suggest donation after circulatory death and donation after brain death donors have similar PGD rates, whereas donors >55 years are not associated with increased PGD risk. Recipient pretransplant diastolic dysfunction and overweight or obese recipients with predominant abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue have increased PGD risk. Newly identified recipient biomarkers and donor and recipient genes increase PGD risk, but their clinical utility remains unclear. Mixed data still exists regarding cold ischemic time and PGD risk, and increased PGD risk with cardiopulmonary bypass remains confounded by transfusions. Portable ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) may prevent PGD, but its use is limited to a handful of centers. Although updates to current PGD treatment are lacking, future therapies are promising with targeted therapy and the use of EVLP to pharmacologically recondition donor lungs.

SUMMARY
There is significant progress in defining PGD and identifying its several risk factors, but effective prevention and treatment strategies are needed.


Based on the premise of journalism as a text resulting from intellectual endeavour, this article undertakes a sustained examination of the thought of author and newspaper editor Charles Brunsdon Fletcher (1859-1946) in relation to Asia and the Pacific. It examines three books and lead newspaper editorials published during Fletcher's time as editor of the Brisbane Courier (1898-1903) and the Sydney Morning Herald (1918-37). Fletcher argued that geographic proximity necessitated closer ties between Australia and her neighbours, while the White Australia policy had restricted Australia's potential for economic and population growth - particularly in the tropical north. Such views placed Fletcher among a small but articulate movement of the period, which encouraged greater understanding of Australia's regional neighbours. In identifying such sentiment in newspaper editorials, this research reveals greater diversity in opinion in Australian journalism on migration and race than was previously known.


This thesis focuses on the application of linear feedback control and estimation to channel flow. Both the initial stage of the transition and the low Reynolds number turbulent cases are studied. From sensors at the wall, the state of the flow is estimated, using a stochastic description of the flow disturbances. The estimated state is in turn fed back to the flow system in order to achieve a control objective. This model based scheme uses the linearised Navier-Stokes equations as a dynamic model for the flow evolution. The emphasis is here put on the estimation procedure, that was so far the limiting factor for the overall control performance. We show that the estimation performance rely on a correct description of the flow disturbances. We apply model reduction on the controller, and show that we can maintain the control performance even with a highly truncated system. We then introduce a representation of the feedback by means of transfer functions, and discuss the implication of the transfer function for the interpretation of the feedback, and for possible implementation of the control loop.


We have developed a prototype of a fast-scanning CCD readout system to record a 1024 {times} 256 pixel image and transport the image to a recording station within 1 ms of the experimental event. The system is designed to have a dynamic range of greater than 1000 with adequate sensitivity to read single-electron excitations of a CRT phosphor when amplified by a microchannel plate image intensifier. This readout camera is intended for recording images from oscilloscopes, streak, and framing cameras. The sensor is a custom CCD chip, designed by LORAL Aeroneutronics. This CCD chip is designed with 16 parallel output ports to supply the necessary image transfer speed. The CCD is designed as an interline structure to allow fast clearing of the image and on-chip fast shuttering. Special antiblooming provisions are also included. The camera is designed to be modular and to allow CCD chips of other sizes to be used with minimal reengineering of the camera head.


The authors examined the longitudinal association between persisting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and multiple domains of life functioning in a community sample of 1,377 American Legionnaire Vietnam veterans first assessed in 1984 and followed-up 14 years later. Almost 30 years after their return from Vietnam, 10% of veterans continued to experience severe PTSD symptoms. At all levels of combat exposure, persisting severe PTSD symptoms were associated with worse family relationships, more smoking, less life satisfaction and happiness, more mental health service use, and more nonspecific health complaints at the 14-year follow-up. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the PTSD-functioning relationship is causal and if successful treatment of PTSD is associated with improvement in functioning.


The Universal Service Obligation Fund of India has to its credit a wide range of schemes that have brought connectivity to hitherto un-served or underserved rural areas. The pilot projects undertaken by USOF India fall in the category of special initiatives as their focus extends beyond mere rural connectivity. Rather, these projects facilitate its more effective use either per se (through provision of power or repair facilities) or for a variety of purposes such as financial inclusion, value added services and the empowerment of rural women through ICT etc. To carry out its Pilot Schemes, be they for renewable energy, gender empowerment or financial inclusion; USOF has reached out to various stakeholders. Through these schemes, USOF is in fact actualizing its stated vision of enabling rural Indians to achieve their fullest potential and participate productively in the development of the nation by virtue of being effectively connected through a reliable and ubiquitous telecommunications network, access to which is within their reach and within their means.


The current situation concerning science and innovation in Russia cannot be understood without an explanation and examination of the legacy of the Soviet period. The focus of the paper is evaluation of the pre-conditions for developing the national innovation system in Russia as well as current state of science and technology systems with a particular focus on the development of small business sector in the economy. The paper suggests that over the last two decades Russia's science system was able to maintain its innovation capacity in terms quality of research. At the same time, the innovation absorption capacity of industrial enterprises remains low while technology-based entrepreneurship failed to generate significant economic impact. The paper stress that the challenge of building the national innovation system is in creating environment that enable effective transfer of the results of research activities into development of new product and processes.


In December 2010, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2013 as the United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation. The objective of this International Year is to raise awareness, both on the potential for increased cooperation, and on the challenges facing water management in light of the increase in demand for water access, allocation and services. The Year will highlight the history of successful water cooperation initiatives, as well as identify burning issues on water education, water diplomacy, trans boundary water management, financing cooperation, national / international legal frameworks, and the linkages with the Millennium Development Goals. It also will provide an opportunity to capitalize on the momentum created at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and to support the formulation of new objectives that will contribute towards developing water resources that are truly sustainable.


Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biochemical process in nature. It has been used to decompose organic waste in order to reduce environmental pollution, and to destroy pathogenic microorganisms for the protection of human and animal health. The process itself produces methane, which can then be used as an energy source. The use of AD in an integrated resource recovery system is one of the most important ways of achieving economic and environmental benefits. Owing to the fact that the successful anaerobic conversion of organic waste to biogas relies on a series of biochemical reactions carried out by different groups of anaerobic microorganisms that live interdependently, the process is often considered to be unstable and sensitive to environmental changes. Apart from the need to develop advanced bioreactors, close monitoring and control of the AD process has been recognized to be a necessary factor for ensuring reliable and stable operation and guarding the process against failure. One objective of the work reported in the thesis has been to investigate new analytical methods for on-line monitoring of the AD process. More specifically, the emphasis has been very much on biosensor development for analysis of intermediate fermentation products from consecutive biochemical breakdown of organic polymers to methane and carbon dioxide, as monitored by means of short-term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In comparison with the conventional BOD 5-day test, the biosensor was capable of estimating the BOD value rapidly (i.e. within a minute) and of providing satisfying results regarding both precision and agreement with values obtained from the 5-day test. In order to make the sensor a suitable candidate for industrial application in the field, a novel design of BOD biosensor was developed to simplify construction of the sensor and renewal of the biochemical receptor. By using a mixed culture as the bio-receptor, the sensor design allows rapid and convenient renewal of the bio-receptor on a regular basis and on-line assay of a broad range of substrates. Another aspect of the work was to investigate new control strategies for operating AD processes efficiently at high load. One successful implementation was a control system consisting of a cascade controller that was embedded into a rule-based supervisory system, based on a new principle of probing control. The control system was not only able to respond rapidly to process imbalance, but also to schedule control tasks according to different time scales. Good control performance was achieved during start-up and steady-state running operations, and also rejection of disturbances. The controller was capable of compensating for the negative effects of different types of underload and overload, as well as the temperature variability of the reactor. Furthermore, the control system attempted to steer the reactor load progressively to a maximum value while keeping the microbial ecosystem in balance. This control strategy can be considered to be an interesting and promising approach for achievement of an economically feasible anaerobic process. (Less)


This paper presents a novel processing time control algorithm for a hardware-based H.264/AVC encoder. The encoder employs three complexity scaling methods partial cost evaluation for fractional motion estimation (FME), block size adjustment for FME, and search range adjustment for integer motion estimation (IME). With these methods, 12 complexity levels are defined to support tradeoffs between the processing time and compression efficiency. A speed control algorithm is proposed to select the complexity level that compresses most efficiently among those that meet the target time budget. The time budget is allocated to each macroblock based on the complexity of the macroblock and on the execution time of other macroblocks in the frame. For main profile compression, an additional complexity scaling method called direction filtering is proposed to select the prediction direction of FME by comparing the costs resulting from forward and backward IMEs. With direction filtering in addition to the three complexity scaling methods for baseline compression, 32 complexity levels are defined for main profile compression. Experimental results show that the speed control algorithm guarantees the processing time to meet the given time budget with negligible quality degradation. Various complexity levels for speed control are also used to speed up the encoding time with a slight degradation in quality and a minor reduction of the compression efficiency.


Hydrophobic sol-gel films from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) are deposited onto glass and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Uniform and microporous films of ca. 200 nm thickness are obtained and investigated by scanning electron microscopy and by electrochemical techniques. From cyclic voltammograms for the oxidation of ferrocenedimethanol in aqueous 0.1 M KNO3 apparent diffusion coefficients and free volume data for processes within the film are derived and it is demonstrated that the film morphology can be controlled by the deposition timing. Two novel types of biphasic electrodes for observing liquid/liquid ion transfer reactions are introduced: (i) an ITO electrode coated with a hydrophobic sol-gel film and (ii) a hydrophobic sol-gel film on glass sputter-coated with 20 nm porous gold (porotrode). For the t-butylferrocene redox system deposited in the form of an organic liquid, very low and morphology dependent current responses are observed on modified ITO electrodes. However, the porotrode system allows biphasic electrode reactions to be driven with high efficiency and with no significant morphology effect of the hydrophobic sol-gel film. This type of nanofilm-modified electrode system will be of interest for biphasic sensor developments.


In 1996, more than four hundred Buddhist statues were excavated from the Hoard of Longxing Temple site in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. They are of great significance in the study of Buddhism history during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, and have attracted widespread attention since they were unearthed. In this paper, the paint layers from 14 of the Buddhist statues unearthed from the Longxing Temple site were analyzed using portable 3D microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the materials used in their production. Several microscopic samples were analyzed in the laboratory using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The combined results from the field and laboratory analyses materials used in painting layers of these statues were identified, and the technique for the production of the sculptures was studied. After the stone sculpture of Buddha was finished, a priming layer of lead white was applied over the stone body as a ground, over which pigments were applied. These include mineral pigments (cinnabar, malachite, lapis lazuli and cerussite), Chinese ink (carbon black) and gold leaf. Cinnabar was used for the outer garments, the halos and ornaments of Buddha and Bodhisattva statues; malachite, was found primarily on the Monk's clothing; the blue pigment, lapis lazuli, was mainly used for the Buddha's bun, halo and outer garment edges; carbon black ink was employed for drafting and sketching clothing and decorative patterns.


While most of the existing protection schemes have been designed with local information around individual components, these local schemes are not considered capable of protecting the modern electric power gird with growing complexity. Recent blackouts in North America and Europe have renewed the emphasis on coordinated protection and control actions to avoid systemwide blackouts, utilizing all of the available grid information. Thus, this paper proposes a new methodology, Agent-based Colored Petri Net (ACPN) modeling for systematically representing, modeling and analyzing information flows and interactions among the entities of the electric power grid. The paper demonstrates its efficacy and accuracy by investigating an ACPN model of a wide area protection system for a typical power grid. The proposed modeling and analysis schemes may further provide a framework to help assure reliability and interoperability of diverse smart grid components.


Until India gained its independence from Britain in 1947, one third of the country was ruled by a lazy, pampered group of 565 maharajahs, or princes. They led hedonistic lives with scores of wives and concubines, palaces and jewels, and spent much of their time playing polo and tiger hunting. The late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi taxed the maharajahs almost out of existence, and few physical traces of their former glory remain. However, a new breed of commercial princes has sprung up in their place. This title provides a picture of this powerful elite, who, together with some non-resident Indians (NRIs), control many of the sub-continent's most powerful conglomerates including petrochemical giant Reliance, the huge Aditya Birla Group, the Thapar empire and the vast Hinduja group, stakeholders in Ashok Leyland, commercial vehicle manufacturers. Some Pakistani family companies, such as those run by the Dawoods, Dewans, Farooques and Abdullahs, are also included.


Over the past thirty years, the status of the archive as well as the state of what we call "documentary" have dominated discussions in and around photography. Although it is now commonplace to presume the objectifying gesture of documentary photography, the complex question of how, as a working artist/photographer, to approach the archive has not yet been adequately addressed. The purpose of this research is to raise questions about how, after the critique of the documentary image, the artist/photographer addresses, indeed, finds the archive. I am starting with the assumption that the archive is not only a place of storage but also a place of production, where our relation to the past is materialised and where our present writes itself into the future; thus, accordingly, I understand the archive as a place of negotiation and writing.

After the problems of the archive have been identified theoretically, the practice in the archive still encounters challenges and contradictions. This project explores those difficulties that remain within the practice in and around the archive, even after the critique has been stated. It is not about simply extending the critique, but finding an archive and the practice with it.

I am approaching these questions as a practitioner. As an artist and photographer, I am concerned with two practices in relation to archives: working with existing archives, and making work that will itself be archived. The point raised by those two activities is not to find or create another institutional archive per se, but to develop an archival practice in which the set of problems that the archives produce is in fact part of the process one engages in. Hence the work is a theoretical and practical set of experiments that may never be complete and conclusive.


Neural networks have emerged as a viable and effective paradigm for pattern recognition and discrimination. A widely used algorithm, backpropagation, can be sensitive to the representation used for the input patterns to the network. This is particularly true in machine diagnostic. An application is presented to discrimination of good versus bad electric motors. Representations in terms of spectral coefficients, wavelets, and KL coefficients are contrasted.


This paper proposes a self-organizing adaptive fuzzy neural control (SAFNC) via sliding-mode approach for a class of nonlinear systems. The proposed SAFNC system is comprised of a computation controller and a supervisory controller. The computation controller including a self-organizing fuzzy neural network (SOFNN) identifier is the principal controller. The SOFNN identifier is used to online estimate the controlled system dynamics with the structure and parameter learning phases of fuzzy neural network (FNN), simultaneously. The structure learning phase possesses the ability of online generation and elimination of fuzzy rules to achieve optimal neural structure, and the parameter learning phase adjusts the interconnection weights of neural network to achieve favorable approximation performance. The supervisory controller is used to achieve the L2-norm bound tracking performance with a desired attenuation level. Moreover, all the parameter learning algorithms are derived based on Lyapunov function candidate, thus the system stability can be guaranteed. Finally, simulation results show that the SAFNC can achieve favorable tracking performances.


Research activities and scientific advance achieved in 2014 at the State Institution "National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" (NRCRM) concerning medical problems of the Chornobyl disaster, radiation medicine, radiobiology, radiation hygiene and epidemiology in collaboration with the WHO network of medical preparedness and assistance in radiation accidents are outlined in the annual report.Epidemiological cohort studies found increased incidence (1990-2012 gg.) of thyroid cancer in victims of Chernobyl accident (liquidators - in 4.6 times, evacuated - in 4.0 times, residents of contaminated areas - in 1.3 times) and increased incidence of breast cancer in female workers of 1986-1987. (in the 1994-2012 biennium. SIR = 160,0%, 95% CI: 142,4-177,6). Retrospective studies of thyroid cancer ("case control") in cohorts and 152 thousand of liquidators were continued together with the US National Cancer Institute. Radiation risks of multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia were found.Molecular effects of remote period after radiation exposure include changes in gene expression TERF1, TERF2, CCND1, telomere length, the protein expression of cyclin D1, histone gamma H2AX. An association of molecular changes with cognitive deficits were defined. Genetic polymorphisms of rs2981582 gene FGFR2, rs12443621 gene TNRC9, rs3817198 gene LSP1, rs3803662 gene TNRC9, rs889312 gene MAP3K1 and their association with breast can cer were studied; the expression by tumor cells of estrogen and progesterone receptor, antigens of c kit, cytoker atins 5/6, TP53 and ki67, amplification status of the gene Her2 / neu, mutation status of the genes BRCA1 (muta tions 185delAG and 5382insC) and BRCA2 (mutation 6174delT) were studied. The possibility of persistence of radi ation modified hidden chromosomal instability in consecutive generations of human somatic cells was proven.The status of reproductive function and peculiarities of baby nutrition in population of contaminated areas were studied. In the framework of National social programs for improving safety, occupational health and working envi ronment in 2014 2018 for the first time in Ukraine developed and successfully completed intercalibration of 18 lab oratories for individual monitoring. Studying of medical effects of radiation in interventional cardiologists was started.Experimental studies concerned the impact of radiomodyficans on cell systems. The report also shows the results of scientific organizational and health care work, staff training.The NRCRM Annual Report was approved at the Scientific Council meeting of NAMS on March 17, 2015.


The thi-box riboswitch regulates gene expression in response to the intracellular concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. To complement previous biochemical, genetic, and structural studies of this phylogenetically widespread RNA domain, we have characterized its interaction with TPP by isothermal titration calorimetry. This shows that TPP binding is highly dependent on Mg(2+) concentration. The dissociation constant decreases from approximately 200 nM at 0.5 mM Mg(2+) concentration to approximately 9 nM at 2.5 mM Mg(2+) concentration. Binding is enthalpically driven, but the unfavorable entropy of binding decreases as Mg(2+) concentration rises, suggesting that divalent cations serve to pre-organize the RNA. Mutagenesis, biochemical analysis, and a new crystal structure of the riboswitch suggest that a critical element that participates in organizing the riboswitch structure is the tertiary interaction formed between the P3 and L5 regions. This tertiary contact is distant from the TPP binding site, but calorimetric analysis reveals that even subtle mutations in L5 can have readily detectable effects on TPP binding. The thermodynamic signatures of these mutations, namely decreased favorable enthalpy of binding and small effects on entropy of binding, are consistent with the P3-L5 association contributing allosterically to TPP-induced compaction of the RNA.


We study the classical problem of approximating a non-decreasing function $f: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ in $L^p(\mu)$ norm by sequentially querying its values, for known compact real intervals $\mathcal{X}$, $\mathcal{Y}$ and a known probability measure $\mu$ on $\cX$. For any function~$f$ we characterize the minimum number of evaluations of $f$ that algorithms need to guarantee an approximation $\hat{f}$ with an $L^p(\mu)$ error below $\epsilon$ after stopping. Unlike worst-case results that hold uniformly over all $f$, our complexity measure is dependent on each specific function $f$. To address this problem, we introduce GreedyBox, a generalization of an algorithm originally proposed by Novak (1992) for numerical integration. We prove that GreedyBox achieves an optimal sample complexity for any function $f$, up to logarithmic factors. Additionally, we uncover results regarding piecewise-smooth functions. Perhaps as expected, the $L^p(\mu)$ error of GreedyBox decreases much faster for piecewise-$C^2$ functions than predicted by the algorithm (without any knowledge on the smoothness of $f$). A simple modification even achieves optimal minimax approximation rates for such functions, which we compute explicitly. In particular, our findings highlight multiple performance gaps between adaptive and non-adaptive algorithms, smooth and piecewise-smooth functions, as well as monotone or non-monotone functions. Finally, we provide numerical experiments to support our theoretical results.


Two areas of Transform Fault A were explored in situ during the FAMOUS project. Ten dives were conducted with the diving saucer Cyana in the median part and five dives with the bathyscaph Archimede near the western intersection with the rift valley. The resulting field observations are the first made along an oceanic transform fault with a resolution similar to the one obtained with morphotectonic observations on land. The existence of left-lateral motion predicted by the plate-tectonics model is demonstrated with the help of micro-tectonic observations on fault scarps. However, the surface expression of the transform fault does not consist of a unique or major fault. Instead, the fault pattern is complex and variable, in the north-south as well as the east-west directions, although the width of the active zone of transform faulting is small (300 to 1,000 m). A comparison of the north-south sections of the transform fault made in the two areas leads to the conclusion that its dynamics have evolved in a complex way through time. The significance of the axial deep and its associated rubble cover is discussed in this context.


Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) refers to a highly aggressive and frequently disseminated neoplastic disease belonging to the class of canine histiocytic proliferative disorders. Disseminated HS (previously called malignant histiocytosis) is highly breed specific, with Bernese mountain dogs (BMDs), rottweilers, and retrievers having a high prevalence with a frequency of approximately 25% in the BMD breed. We collected DNA samples and clinical information from 800 BMDs, of which 200 are affected by HS. To better characterize the physiopathology and epidemiology, an in-depth analysis of 89 BMD cases has been performed. The mean age of onset was 6.5 years, males and females being equally affected. The clinical features, biochemical parameters, and pathological features have been determined. The life span after diagnosis has been estimated to be 49 days. A large BMD pedigree of 327 dogs, 121 of which are affected, was assembled. Using a subset of 160 BMDs, encompassing 21 complete sibships, we now propose an oligogenic transmission mode of the disease. Whole-genome linkage scans as well as association studies using a case/control analysis, in parallel with expression profiling of neoplastic versus normal histiocytes, are all underway. Altogether, these complementary approaches are expected to localize the genes for HS in the BMD, leading to advances in our knowledge of histiocyte diseases in dogs and humans.


A VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) subset for high-level synthesis allowing a flexible timing specification of the circuit interface such that the optimization potential of classical scheduling and allocation techniques can be fully used is presented. The algorithmic circuit specification can be validated by a conventional VHDL simulator if the description style follows the proposed guidelines. This validation depends on the proper description style, but methods of timing specification allow an adequate low-level description of higher communication primitives such as the input and output commands.<<ETX>>


Oxynoemacheilus hazarensis, new species, from Lake Hazar in the Turkish Tigris drainage, is distinguished from other Oxynoemacheilus in the Tigris drainage by having the combination of a slightly emarginate caudal fin, no suborbital groove in males, an incomplete lateral line, no scales on the back and flank in front of the anus, the maxillary barbel reaching beyond the middle of the eye, an incision in the middle of the upper lip, and the colour pattern on the flank mottled, not interrupted by an unpigmented zone along the lateral line. Oxynoemacheilus euphraticus from the Euphrates and Tigris drainages is a valid species: it is discussed and re-diagnosed against O. argyrogramma.


Children 24-36 months of age at the time, the growth and development at this time in particular continuous improvement nervous system. In order for growth and development is not hampered, one way is by providing adequate and balanced nutrition. But in this era of globalization is mostly found children suffering from malnutrition that led to the development and growth is not in accordance with his age. Populations and samples in this study were children aged 2-3 years in the Village IHC Sawahan Nganjuk Together with the number of 30 children were taken to the cross-sectional technique. Data collection tools used in this research is the primary data source of data on nutritional status by weighing, and using questionnaires on KPSP.
The results showed most of the children with good nutrition as much as 17 respondents (56.66%) and the majority of the child's development in accordance with the number of 18 respondents (60%). This shows that p <α then Ho is rejected and Ha accepted the correlation coefficient between nutrition and the development of .689 is signifikan.Hal shows that nutritional status There anara relationship with the fine motor skills in children aged 2-3 years IHC Village Together Sawahan Nganjuk in 2013.


In both syntax and phonology, it has long been observed that significant restrictions exist on displacement. One such restriction ensures that displacement leads to sequences of elements which are in some sense contiguous, formalised in syntax in the concept of Feature Geometry-based Relativised Minimality by Starke (2001) and Contiguous Agree by Nevins (2007), and in Autosegmental Phonology by the Line-Crossing Prohibition (originating in the Well-formedness Condition in Goldsmith, 1976). I argue that effects of this type, which have been called Contiguity Effects , are best captured by taking displacement to involve weak orders of elements in the sense of Order Theory. Building on work taking the LCA to hold throughout the derivation, I argue that precedence relations may be the basis of phrase structure, though without claiming that linearisation is necessary for LF (as for example suggested in Kayne, 2013). I then develop this approach to show that Order Theory provides useful axioms for both phrase structure and displacement, and that the existence of displacement is expected given the use of Order Theory. Abstract. In both syntax and phonology, it has long been observed that significant restrictions exist on displacement. One such restriction ensures that displacement leads to sequences of elements which are in some sense contiguous, formalised in syntax in the concept of Feature Geometry-based Relativised Minimality by Starke (2001) and Contiguous Agree by Nevins (2007), and in Autosegmental Phonology by the LineCrossing Prohibition (originating in the Well-formedness Condition in Goldsmith, 1976). I argue that effects of this type, which have been called Contiguity Effects , are best captured by taking displacement to involve weak orders of elements in the sense of Order Theory. Building on work taking the LCA to hold throughout the derivation, I argue that precedence relations may be the basis of phrase structure, though without claiming that linearisation is necessary for LF (as for example suggested in Kayne, 2013). I then develop this approach to show that Order Theory provides useful axioms for both phrase structure and displacement, and that the existence of displacement is expected given the use of Order Theory.


This editorial tries to stress the importance of a well structured approach to the writing of research papers, and especially of journal papers, which represents the crown of each and every publication effort. This is done through discussion of a research methodology being taught and used at the University of Belgrade, in the Department of Computer Engineering, and elsewhere. Both, when planing a new research activity, or when writing about the results of an already finalized research activity, this methodology insists that the following elements must be stressed, as precisely as possible, and as briefly as possible: (a) General research field that the research under consideration belongs to; (b) Specific problem attacked by the research, and why is that problem important; (c) A short survey of existing solutions of the same problem, and what are their drawbacks, under conditions of interest for the research under consideration, and its sponsor; (d) Proposed solution, its essence, and why is it expected to be better, compared to the best solution from the open literature; (e) What has been done, or what will be done, to demonstrate that the proposed solution is better—mathematical modeling, simulation analysis, prototype implementation, or a combination thereof; (f) If the research resulted only in research papers, or an industrial product has-been/will-be developed; (g) What are the errors made and lessons learned. Whenever the author of this editorial gets assigned a duty to serve as a member of a thesis evaluation committee, he always asks the same seven questions, and he always insists that the answers fit into one (possibly complex) sentence (seven sentences for seven answers). If the seven answer-sentences are essence-pointing and crisp—that is a good sign of a good research. If the candidate-student is ambiguous and starts  beating around the bushes —that is a good sign of something going wrong (with the major professor—not with the graduate student). The seven sentence-questions are defined and commented in the seven paragraphs to follow. The questions are based on the formal logic, and as such widely applicable. Of course, certain minor variations are possible, depending on the specific topic and general circumstances. Question #1: What is the general research field of the research under consideration ? This is definitely the easiest question to answer, but not necessarily the easiest one to answer precisely. What is needed here is the  lower bound  answer—an answer which encompasses the research as tightly as possible. An  upper bound  answer is often an indication that not enough attention was given to details of the work. Question #2: What is the problem statement (including the conditions and assumptions of interest), and why is that problem important (so audience knows that the candidate was not wasting time with something irrelevant) ? Experience teaches that a narrowly defined problem statement is more likely to result in useful results, which are later more likely to be used and referenced. A broadly defined problem statement is more likely to result in some concept or system in which it is often difficult to distinguish between contributions of the others and contributions of the candidate. Question #3: What are the existing solutions of the problem, and what is not liked about these solutions, from the point of view of interest here (which is supposed to be well defined through the answer to the second question) ? The answer to this question (#3) should demonstrate that the candidate is fully aware of other existing approaches. On one hand, some people say that there are two types of researchers—one which reads papers and one which writes papers. On the other hand, some other people say that knowing too much about the existing approaches destroys the creativity—one takes the well-walked paths, rather than trying his/hers own ones. Of course, extreme solutions are rarely the optimal solutions. Question #4: What is the essence of the proposed solution, and why it is expected to be better compared to the best one from the open literature, in conditions of interest for the research under consideration ? Here, the candidate is expected only to stress the logical or philosophical essence, without going into details. It is extremely difficult to come up with something which is universally better; however, the more narrow the set of initial conditions, the more likely it is to come up with something that really represents a step for state-of-the-art. Of course, the criteria of importance are the major factor which determines if and how much is the proposed solution better. Question #5: What has been done to demonstrate that (under the given conditions and assumptions) the proposed solution is really better (for the given criteria) ? The candidate is expected here to specify if the research was based on analysis, and/or simulations, and/or implementations, or a combination thereof. In engineering, performance (e.g., speed) and complexity (e.g., price) are inherently correlated, and the answer must refer to both (performance and complexity of something which is real are like soul and body of something which is alive). Question #6: Was all that just an academic research, or a real product for a real market was generated ? Implementation for market should be the crown of each research in engineering. This author believes that solid research must include an implementation phase, at least to show potential bottlenecks of a later industrial implementation (not to mention the fact that real pleasure comes after one can see that something is up and running— made and it works ). Question #7: What are the lessons learned and errors made ? This author was taught that no research and development is completed if all that is done is that something is  made and it works . The work is fully completed only after one has a chance to step back and think about all experiences gained during the work. Awareness of errors made and lessons learned (plus the ability and willingness to talk about them and to analyze them) is a higher-level achievement—that is what each graduate student should know. The student's answer to this (last) question tells if the student really understands what he/she was doing. The bottom line is that when writing a paper, and especially a journal paper, all seven issues specified above have to be addresses  explicitely , both in the abstract of the paper, and in the paper itself. Papers written according to the guidelines specified in this editorial move faster through the reviewing process. After being published, more people read them (because they are easier to read and comprehend), and more people reference them, on average (because potentially good work is not hidden behind a not so good presentation). Veljko Milutinovic University of Belgrade


Active fault-tolerant control systems perform fault diagnosis and reconfigurable control. There is a bidirectional uncertainty between them, and an integrated scheme is proposed here to account for that. The system considers both actuator and sensor faults, as well as the external disturbance. The diagnostic module is designed using an unknown input observer, and the controller is constructed on the basis of an adaptive method. The integrated strategy is presented, and the stability of the overall system is analyzed. Moreover, different kinds of anti-windup techniques are utilized to modify the original controllers, because of the different controller structures. A simulation of the integrated anti-windup fault-tolerant control method is demonstrated using a numerical model of Boeing 747. The results show that it can guarantee the stability of the post-fault aircraft and increase the control performance for the overall faulty system.


An adaptive digital test procedure for the static characterization of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is described in this paper. The proposed technique performs a blind and accurate estimation of the integral nonlinearity (INL) of the ADC under test (ADCUT) without requiring any particular test stimulus. Its practical implementation implies no modifications on the ADCUT analog section and needs a very simple low-cost digital logic, which makes this useful for: 1) simple digital automatic test equipment (ATE)-based ADC static test and 2) built-in self-test (BIST) for ADCs test working either in concurrent (online) or nonconcurrent (offline) modes. The validation of these test methods has been performed through realistic behavioral simulations including noise, mismatch, and nonlinear errors. Experimental results for a custom-designed pipeline ADC and for the commercial AD664 chip are also reported.


In a fatigue-limit model, units tested below the fatigue limit (also known as the threshold stress) theoretically will never fail. This article uses a random fatigue-limit model to describe (a) the dependence of fatigue life on the stress level, (b) the variation in fatigue life, and (c) the unit-tounit variation in the fatigue limit.We fit the model to actual fatigue datasets by maximum likelihood methods and study the fits under different distributional assumptions. Small quantiles of the life distribution are often of interest to designers. Lower confidence bounds based on likelihood ratio methods are obtained for such quantiles. To assess the fits of the model, we construct diagnostic plots and perform goodness-of-fit tests and residual analyses.


This paper considers the global ( l , k )-critical section problem which is the problem of controlling a system in such a way that at least l and at most k processes must be in the critical section at any time in the network, while each process alternates between in the critical section and out of the critical section. In this paper, first, a distributed solution for l -mutual inclusion is proposed in the asynchronous message-passing model. The proposed algorithm uses an ordinary quorum system and all processes play the same role, unlike existing algorithms for k -mutual exclusion. After that, using the proposed algorithm for $l$-mutual inclusion, we propose a distributed solution for the global ( l , k )-critical section problem. The proposed approach is a versatile composition of algorithms for l -mutual inclusion and k -mutual exclusion. Its message complexity is typically O (sqrt{ n} ), wheren is the size of the network.


Many sorghum varieties have been developed by research institutes in an effort to address food security problems in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania. Although sorghum is better adapted to drier areas than maize, farmer adoption rates for sorghum varieties are always lower than that of maize. In addition, maize based food is more acceptable to urban consumers than sorghum based food. In this study consumer evaluated quality attributes of sorghum ugali based on different varieties in order to determine marketing potential relating to the different improved sorghum varieties. A total of 231 consumers, randomly selected from urban and rural areas participated in a food panel to evaluate ugali prepared from five sorghum varieties (three improved, two local). Conjoint analysis was used to determine consumer perceptions of the variety attributes, while a logistic model was applied to determine preference ranking of different varieties. The results indicated that the color and taste of sorghum ugali were the most important criteria used by consumers to evaluate the quality ugali. The study results indicated that sorghum ugali with white/khaki color and the majority of panel participants preferred neutral or slightly sweet taste. Consumers from rural and urban areas accepted two improved varieties; only consumers from rural areas accepted the remaining variety.


germination of spores of Phycomyces blakesleanus, 1-methylguanine approaches in activ-ity guanine itself where other methyl guanines and closely related compounds have ac-tivities of a lower order of magnitude. (Unpublished experiments with Wm. J. Robbins.) Since methylation in the 1-position would result in fixation of the lactam tautomer, it is perhaps permissible to speculate that with guanase and with Phycomyces it is the lactam form of guanine which is active. Hitchings, G. H., and Fiske, C. H., Jour. Biol. Chem., 141, 827-835 (1941).


When people focus attention or carry out a demanding task, their breathing changes. But which parameters of respiration vary exactly and can respiration reliably be used as an index of cognitive load? These questions are addressed in the present systematic review of empirical studies investigating respiratory behavior in response to cognitive load. Most reviewed studies were restricted to time and volume parameters while less established, yet meaningful parameters such as respiratory variability have rarely been investigated. The available results show that respiratory behavior generally reflects cognitive processing and that distinct parameters differ in sensitivity: While mentally demanding episodes are clearly marked by faster breathing and higher minute ventilation, respiratory amplitude appears to remain rather stable. The present findings further indicate that total variability in respiratory rate is not systematically affected by cognitive load whereas the correlated fraction decreases. In addition, we found that cognitive load may lead to overbreathing as indicated by decreased end-tidal CO2 but is also accompanied by elevated oxygen consumption and CO2 release. However, additional research is needed to validate the findings on respiratory variability and gas exchange measures. We conclude by outlining recommendations for future research to increase the current understanding of respiration under cognitive load.


BACKGROUND Swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) has a cross-reaction with human anti-HEV antibodies. Therefore, pigs could be an animal reservoir, rendering hepatitis E as a zoonosis. The spread of this infection among infected pigs across countries would be possible through trading. Previously, using an anti-human conjugate, we detected anti-HEV antobodies in adult pigs in Chile. AIM To detect anti-HEV (ELISA) in a cohort of swine at different ages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hundred pigs aged 42 to 360 days, divided in 20 groups of 10 animals were tested. Anti-HEV was detected by ELISA using anti-pig IgG horseradish peroxidase instead of anti-human conjugates. RESULTS Anti-HEV were detected in one animal aged 90 days, two animals aged 120 days, one animal aged 260 days and 2 animals aged 360 days, five pregnant sows and two old hogs. This represents a total of 14 animals or 7% of the sample. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant prevalence of anti-HEV in pigs from 90 days of birth, suggesting that these swine are a probable reservoir.