The learning and technological change needs of the companies have been modified as well as their relations of entailment with the Institutions of Higher Education with the evolution of the world-wide economy. Another reality have been formed, under the premises of the preparation to harness the factors of regional natural resources and of the environment, as well as the capacity and creativity of the producer like main factors of development. The objective of this research was to analyze the process used for the learning and use of the technological innovation in the enterprises and their position, respect to the entailment for the formation of innovating human resource, looking for the approach between the human resource training institutions and the enterprise activity in the region of the Evora. With the approach of these objectives, we could know the form in which the companies carry out their process of learning on the technological innovation and how technology is changing. This was done mainly through interviews with employers in the North Central Zone of the State of Sinaloa, investigating the learning processes of innovation and technological change in companies, as well as their considerations with regard to the process of joint formation between company and school, of human resources with emphasis in the innovation. A new proposal of work for the formation of human resources that combines the interests of companies and schools must begin to existing reality to manage to overcome the present condition. Finally any action to prosper in an approach of the learning oriented technological innovation requires an attitude ready by the main actors in the learning process, mainly employers and those responsible of Institutions of Higher Education in their role as managers of he conditions and means to the learning.


In recent years, the potential of marine natural products as anticancer agents, specifically for breast cancer, has been examined. The sea cucumber (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) is known to contain triterpene glycosides, which have shown anticancer or cytotoxic activity. In this research, molecular docking of selected sea cucumber bioactive compounds was conducted on five receptor targets that play an important role in breast cancer: estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), progesterone receptor (PR), and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFR1). The purpose of this was to observe the interaction between active compounds and the active site of breast cancer receptor targets. Holothurin A gave the lowest binding energy (-7.1 kcal/mol) and was involved in a hydrogen bond with amino acid His-516 when superposition towards to E4D cocrystal was present. Holothurin A also had a similar posing with raloxifene, in which the hydrogen bond with His-516 with a RMSD value of 3.3 A was observed with superposition towards to the positive control raloxifene. The analysis and visualization results of 24-dehidroechinoside that was superposed on E4D cocrystal, BMI cocrystal, and positive control raloxifene showed that 24-dehidroechinoside had a hydrophobic interaction with amino-acid residue Leu-346, a strong hydrogen bond to Gln-977, as well as a hydrogen bond to Thr-347 in a distance of 3.7 A, and a hydrophobic interaction with amino-acid residue Ala-350. The most potent in silico anti-breast cancer compounds in sea cucumbers are holothurin A and 24-dehidroechinoside. Holothurin A is active as an anti-breast cancer agent by inhibiting ER-α, while 24-dehidroechinoside inhibits both ER-α and IGFR1.


The main result of this article states that the Galois representation attached to a Hilbert modular eigenform defined over $\overline{\mathbb{F}}_{p}$ of parallel weight 1 and level prime to $p$ is unramified above $p$. This includes the important case of eigenforms that do not lift to Hilbert modular forms in characteristic 0 of parallel weight 1. The proof is based on the observation that parallel weight 1 forms in characteristic $p$ embed into the ordinary part of parallel weight $p$ forms in two different ways per prime dividing $p$, namely via 'partial' Frobenius operators.


Our genetic dissection of behavior has isolated scribbler (sbb), a vital gene that encodes a novel protein expressed in the embryonic and larval nervous systems and in the imaginal discs. Larvae with mutations in sbb exhibit abnormally high amounts of turning behavior in the absence of food. sbb is a large gene spanning >50 kb of genomic DNA with four major developmentally regulated transcripts. Transgenic rescue of scribbler behavior was demonstrated by targeting expression of a normal sbb transgene (sbb(+)) expressing one of the major transcripts to the nervous system. The vital function of sbb was restored by ubiquitous expression of this transgene throughout development.


Abstract The once-contiguous Ellesmere Ice Shelf, first reported in writing by European explorers in 1876, and now almost completely disintegrated, has rolling, wave-like surface topography, the origin of which we investigate using a viscous buckling instability analysis. We show that rolls can develop during a winter season (~ 100 d) if sea-ice pressure (depth-integrated horizontal stress applied to the seaward front of the Ellesmere Ice Shelf) is sufficiently large (1 MPa m) and ice thickness sufficiently low (1–10 m). Roll wavelength initially depends only on sea-ice pressure, but evolves over time depending on amplitude growth rate. This implies that a thinner ice shelf, with its faster amplitude growth rate, will have a shorter wavelength compared to a thicker ice shelf when sea-ice pressure is equal. A drawback of the viscous buckling mechanism is that roll amplitude decays once sea-ice pressure is removed. However, non-Newtonian ice rheology, where effective viscosity, and thus roll change rate, depends on total applied stress may constrain roll decay rate to be much slower than growth rate and allow roll persistence from year to year. Whether the viscous-buckling mechanism we explore here ultimately can be confirmed as the origin of the Ellesmere Ice Shelf rolls remains for future research.


Introduction:Thyroglossal cyst is a common congenital anomaly of the thyroid gland. Though malignant transformation is rare one case was a papillary carcinoma in my series. Methods: Retrospectively thyroglossal cyst who underwent surgery during the period of January 2004 to March 2009 were evaluated. Results: Age incidence of the cysts in the present series varied between 4 and 41 years. 12 (63%) patients were male and 7 (37%) patients were female. The sites of the lesion were as:thyrohyoid in 13 (68%),suprasternal in 1 (5%) and suprahyoid in 5 (27%) cases. Twelve patients had painless swelling on the neck and 7 had discharging sinus.Pre-operative cytological evaluation showed non-malignancy in all cases.Postoperative histological result turned out to be papillary carcinoma in 1 female patient of 33 years old and the remaining 18 had non-malignancy. This patient with papillary carcinoma had her thyroid gland in its normal position. Conclusions: Malignant transformation should be ruled out in all cases of thyroglossal cyst and fistula. Post-operatively specimen should be sent for histological examination. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: papillary carcinoma;thyroglossal cyst; thyroid. _______________________________________________________________________________________


Symptomatic hypermagnesemia is rare and can be induced by exogenous magnesium-containing cathartics or antacids. We report a patient with hypermagnesemia. The patient was treated with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF); however, he died on the 4th hospital day. Hypermagnesemia is not easily detected because the magnesium level is not examined during routine investigations, and many physicians are relatively unfamiliar with hypermagnesemia. Hypermagnesemia should be considered in elderly patients presenting with hypotension, bradycardia, hyporeflexia, or respiratory depression, and particularly in patients with abnormal renal function or small bowel hypomotility. Magnesium-containing cathartics or antacids should be used more carefully in the elderly.


Previously, we had reported that 7-day administration of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril markedly reduced electrically evoked pressor responses in the isolated, perfused mesenteric vascular bed of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). In the present study, we investigated the possibility that quinapril alters postsynaptic vasoconstrictor activity to a variety of vasoconstrictive agents. Quinapril (10 mg/kg/day), administered orally to SHR for 7 days, significantly reduced the potency and the maximal vasopressor response to phenylephrine (2.5-fold and 40%, respectively) and the maximal response to serotonin (50%) compared with the responses from vehicle treated SHR. In contrast, quinapril had no significant effect on the pressor responses to KCl or phorbol ester. Furthermore, an equipotent antihypertensive dose of hydralazine (5 mg/kg/day, p.o., for 7 days) exerted no inhibitory effect on the pressor responses elicited by phenylephrine, KCl phorbol ester, but significantly reduced the maximal response to serotonin. In addition, vasopressor responses to phenylephrine were not affected by an acute (i.e., 75 min) infusion of quinaprilat, the active metabolite of quinapril. The results suggest that 7-day quinapril administration, and not acute treatment, reduces alpha 1 adrenoceptor and S2-serotonergic receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. However, quinapril did not reduce the vasoconstrictor responses induced by KCl or phorbol ester, indicating that those pressor responses that are due to depolarization or protein kinase C activation are, in part, independent of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. This inhibition of vascular alpha 1 adrenoceptor and S2-serotonergic receptor pressor activity may underlie, in part, the long-term antihypertensive activity of quinapril in the SHR.


Recent revelations of Iran's hitherto undisclosed uranium enrichment programs have once again incited western fears that Tehran seeks nuclear weapons' capability. Their fears seem motivated by more than the concern for compliance with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Rather, they seem strongly connected to the western moral assumptions about what kind of government or people can be trusted with a nuclear arsenal. In this paper, I critically examine the western assumptions of the immorality of contemporary nuclear proliferation from an international ethical stance that otherwise might be expected to give it unequivocal support – the stance of Kantian nonideal theory. In contrast to the uses of Kant that were prominent during the Cold War, I advance and apply a sketch of a Kantian nonideal theory that specifies the conditions (although strict conditions) under which nuclear proliferation for states like Iran is morally permissible even though the NPT forbids it.


Two kinds of bank note issued by YanTai XiGongShun, the Republic of China, are collected by Laboratory of Printing History, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication. The colors on these bank notes are bright and the patterns and signs can be easily recognized. All bank notes are of the elongated shape, and are printed with bank name, par value, circulation area, anti-counterfeiting characters and decorative pictures in the front of the bank notes. The two colors on these bank notes were analyzed using laser Raman microscopy, and the results showed that the red, blue and green pigments are cinnabar, Lapis lazuli, respectively.


It is necessary to compensate an intensity variance of optical signals in optical networks for accurate data reception and accurate signal processing. In future packet-switching networks, it is feared that a large intensity variance of optical signals in optical packets would be caused by such a clock recovery, and a gain transient of EDFA, and so on. To cope with the large intensity variance of optical signals in optical packets, we propose a wide dynamic range all-optical intensity equalizer based on an effective control of spectral modulation induced by self-phase modulation (SPM) using super-Gaussian signals. We have calculated the spectra after SPM effects for super-Gaussian signals with changing the intensities of input optical signals. As the results, we have successfully realized appropriate control of spectral modulation so that the magnitudes around centre wavelength components might be approximately equivalent for input intensities over a wide range. By using computer simulation, we have verified the function of proposed intensity equalizer by adopting the calculated magnitude-equivalence after SPM. We confirmed a remarkable wide dynamic range and a high-accuracy intensity equalizing effect of the proposed method.


Data-driven modelling and synthesis of motion is an active research area with applications that include animation, games, and social robotics. This paper introduces a new class of probabilistic, generative, and controllable motion-data models based on normalising flows. Models of this kind can describe highly complex distributions, yet can be trained efficiently using exact maximum likelihood, unlike GANs or VAEs. Our proposed model is autoregressive and uses LSTMs to enable arbitrarily long time-dependencies. Importantly, is is also causal, meaning that each pose in the output sequence is generated without access to poses or control inputs from future time steps; this absence of algorithmic latency is important for interactive applications with real-time motion control. The approach can in principle be applied to any type of motion since it does not make restrictive, task-specific assumptions regarding the motion or the character morphology. We evaluate the models on motion-capture datasets of human and quadruped locomotion. Objective and subjective results show that randomly-sampled motion from the proposed method outperforms task-agnostic baselines and attains a motion quality close to recorded motion capture.


Transition from primary to secondary school has been a focus of concern regarding pupil anxiety, social integration, lack of progression and underachievement, particularly for children/young people with special educational needs (SEN). Previous studies often over-depended on data from professionals and treated all SEN as similar. This study gathered data specifically from children/young people with autistic spectrum disorders and their parents (contrasting this with the views of professionals), adopting a more intensive case study methodology. A large number of transition support arrangements were identified. In 4/5 cases the arrangements were delayed and/or incomplete, with a number of specific problems. Despite the size and complexity of their new school, the children/young people were positive about transition, but wanted real inclusion in school activities. Parental evaluations of transition arrangements were considerably lower than those of professionals. Stakeholder perceptions of what worked and did not work were contrasted. Commonalities and differences in the relevant development needs of school staff were identified. Implications for future research, policy and practice are explored.


Low-grazing wide-band HF radar echoes from evolving ocean-like surfaces in 2-D space are simulated employing a first-principles boundary integral equation technique. The synthesized signals achieve range resolution of about 15 m and correspond to observations with a hypothetical narrow-beam system having a 10-MHz effective bandwidth. Range-time plots of backscatter magnitude appear to contain a pattern consistent with the long surface waves. The double Fourier transform of the signal magnitude or power in range and time reveals strong harmonics located along the dispersion curve of the propagating gravity waves. The effect is discernable due to the high range resolution employed and is not predicted by the first-order Small Perturbation Method (SPM) approximation. It is explained by considering the next, second order of the SPM under certain simplifying assumptions such as perfect surface conductivity (with the Norton attenuation factor set to 1). The derived analytical expression is then used to investigate the feasibility of the surface profile retrieval from such time-varying range-resolved HF backscatter (gathered in the course of the "numerical experiment" through the exact scattering simulations). For the case of perfectly conducting sea-like surface developed under 10-m/s wind conditions, the results are very encouraging. The approach is sensitive to the surface harmonics with wavelengths far exceeding the Bragg resonance scales of the HF band. Extending this type of analysis to cases with realistic finite conductivity and/or rougher surface (assuming that the second-order SPM is still valid) will require proper accounting for ground-wave propagation effects in perturbation expressions. The study offers a glimpse into ocean observation possibilities that the wide-band HF systems can provide if and when they become a reality.


In any high-performance turbo-machinery, instability and damage are commonly occurring problems. The aim of this paper is to present a stability analysis of a fully-bladed flexible rotor. The flexural vibrations of the blades as well as those of the shaft are considered; the energetic approach used includes the effect of the rotational inertia. A stability detection method, bringing loci separation phenomena and coalescence, in case of an asymmetric rotor, to the fore, is made in order to determine a parametric domain where turbomachinery cannot encounter damage. Moreover, extensive parametric studies including for instance the length and the stagger angle of the blades are presented in order to obtain robust criteria for stable and unstable areas prediction. Finally, rotor/stator contact is introduced and the effect of the radial load acting on the blades when rubbing against a casing is considered.


Ischemia of the optic nerve (ON) is an important cause of visual field deficit provoked by tuberculum sellae (TS) meningiomas. Indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography could provide prognostic information. Moreover, it allows new insight into the pathophysiology of visual disturbance. The authors present the case of a 48-year-old woman with visual field impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicted a lesion highly suggestive of a TS meningioma. Following microsurgical resection, ICG videoangiography demonstrated improvement of right ON pial blood supply. In this case, there was one lesion causing visual impairment through both direct compression over the left ON and ischemia to the right nerve. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.10.FOCVID21155.


Multi-task learning (MTL) is useful for domains in which data originates from multiple sources that are individually under-sampled. MTL methods are able to learn classification models that have higher performance as compared to learning a single model by aggregating all the data together or learning a separate model for each data source. The performance of these methods relies on label accuracy. We address the problem of simultaneously learning multiple classifiers in the MTL framework when the training data has imprecise labels. We assume that there is an additional source of information that provides a score for each instance which reflects the certainty about its label. Modeling this score as being generated by an underlying ranking function, we augment the MTL framework with an added layer of supervision. This results in new MTL methods that are able to learn accurate classifiers while preserving the domain structure provided through the rank information. We apply these methods to the task of detecting abnormal cortical regions in the MRIs of patients suffering from focal epilepsy whose MRI were read as normal by expert neuroradiologists. In addition to the noisy labels provided by the results of surgical resection, we employ the results of an invasive intracranial-EEG exam as an additional source of label information. Our proposed methods are able to successfully detect abnormal regions for all patients in our dataset and achieve a higher performance as compared to baseline methods.


Our report begins by providing an overview of the costs and benefits of cloud technology for financial companies; we find that cloud technology can offer significant benefits to financial companies. We then describe the current regulatory frameworks that apply to financial institutions' use of third-party technology providers, including cloud service providers, in various jurisdictions. Next, we describe key provisions of DORA that apply to cloud and other technology service providers and how such provisions are similar to or diverge from the current frameworks described in the previous section. We conclude by recommending that the EU revise DORA in certain key respects to better align with the approach in other jurisdictions as DORA's divergences from other jurisdictions' regulation of cloud and other third-party technology services may unnecessarily discourage the adoption of such services by financial companies.


ABSTRACT The spatio-temporal distribution of air temperature over mountain glaciers can demonstrate complex patterns, yet it is often represented simplistically using linear vertical temperature gradients (VTGs) extrapolated from off-glacier locations. We analyse a network of centreline and lateral air temperature observations at Tsanteleina Glacier, Italy, during summer 2015. On average, VTGs are steep (<−0.0065 °C m−1), but they are shallow under warm ambient conditions when the correlation between air temperature and elevation becomes weaker. Published along-flowline temperature distribution methods explain centreline observations well, including warming on the lower glacier tongue, but cannot estimate lateral temperature variability. Application of temperature distribution methods improves simulation of melt rates (RMSE) in an energy-balance model by up to 36% compared to the environmental lapse rate extrapolated from an off-glacier station. However, results suggest that model parameters are not easily transferable to glaciers with a small fetch without recalibration. Such methods have potential to improve estimates of temperature across a glacier, but their parameter transferability should be further linked to the glacier and atmospheric characteristics. Furthermore, 'cold spots', which can be >2°C cooler than expected for their elevation, whose occurrence is not predicted by the temperature distribution models, are identified at one-quarter of the measurement sites.


DOSSCORE is an accelerated version of DOSXYZnrc that allows photons to cross voxel boundaries of the same medium and utilizes a separate scoring grid superimposed on the geometrical grid. Two different stepping algorithms, the hownear method and the scaling method are implemented in DOSSCORE. The hownear method allows particles to travel larger distances in homogeneous regions where there is no interest in the dose deposition of these particles, whilst the scaling method utilizes a stepping algorithm in which particles are only slowed down by the boundaries of the geometrical voxels and not by the boundaries of the scoring voxels. For CT-based phantoms, only photon ray tracing is applied, which results in a rather modest speed gain of factor 1.2 compared to DOSXYZnrc. The hownear method and scaling method do not increase the speed for CT-based phantoms, but only for homogeneous phantoms and phantoms with a limited number of small heterogeneities. In cases where a small number of scoring voxels are needed, the hownear method performs better than the scaling method, whilst the opposite is true for cases when many scoring voxels are needed. The photon transport is accelerated by almost a factor of 2 for all phantoms (homogeneous, heterogeneous with much homogeneity and CT-based phantoms) compared to DOSXYZnrc. For a small number of scoring voxels, the hownear method is up to a factor of 2.6 and 1.9 faster than DOSXYZnrc for homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms in the case of photon beams. For an electron beam, a speed gain of factor 2.4 is obtained. For a full scoring grid like the one used in DOSXYZnrc, the scaling method is up to a factor of 2.2 and 1.7 faster than DOSXYZnrc for homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms in the case of photon beams. For an electron beam, a speed gain of factor 2 is obtained. A speed increase without biasing the results is very relevant. The use of two separate grids, the more efficient stepping algorithms and the accelerated photon transport can be applied to every EGS-based or other Monte Carlo code.


In order to increase the installed capacity, the refurbishment of Gondo high-head power plant required a modification of the existing surge tank by installing a throttle at its entrance. In a previous study, the geometry of this throttle was optimized by physical modeling to achieve the target loss coefficients as identified by a transient 1D numerical analysis. This study complements previous analyses by means of 3D numerical modeling using the commercial software ANSYS-CFX 19 R1. Results show that: (i) a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model predicts sufficiently accurate local head loss coefficients that agree closely with the findings of the physical model; (ii) in contrast to a standard surge tank, the presence of an internal gallery in the surge tank proved to be of insignificant effect on a surge tank equipped with a throttle, as the variations in the section of the tank cause negligible local losses compared to the ones induced by the throttle; (iii) CFD investigations of transient flow regimes revealed that the head loss coefficient of the throttle only varies for flow ratios below 20% of the total flow in the system, without significantly affecting the conclusions of the 1D transient analysis with respect to minimum and maximum water level in the surge tank as well as pressure peaks below the surge tank. This study highlights the importance of examining the characteristics of a hydraulic system from a holistic approach involving hybrid modeling (1D, 3D numerical and physical) backed by calibration as well as validation with in-situ measurements. This results in a more rapid and economic design of throttled surge tanks that makes full use of the advantages associated with each modeling strategy.


A B S T R A C T Now a day, dental implants are being used successfully in the management of missing teeth. The technique requires adequate bone height specially in case of maxillary edentulous patients where the procedure is more complicated due to its proximity to the maxillary antrum. The research put forward the concept of zygomatic bone implants to manage such patients. The purpose of the present article is to describe the zygomatic implantology with special emphasis on case selection, radiological aspect and clinical outcomes based on the literature.


: Small deposits of amyloid were found at autopsy in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and blood vessels of the intestines of a patient known to have primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Previously described cases of hypogammaglobulinemia-associated amyloid are reviewed and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. The pathogenesis of amyloidosis in this patient is not known.


Precision cold-forging processes are used to produce near-netshape parts that may then be carburized. During carburization thermal cycles, abnormal grain growth (AGG) after cold forging is known to develop microstructures which limit fatigue strength. In the present study, a small 0.04 wt.% Nb addition was made to a low-alloyed AISI 4121 steel containing 0.3 wt.% Mo. Subcritically annealed specimens were cold rolled (to simulate cold forging) at selected reduction ratios up to 50%, heated according to a simulated gas carburizing cycle at 930 °C, and water quenched to produce a final martensitic microstructure. The number density of abnormally grown grains increased rapidly as the cold rolling reduction ratio increased from 0 to 10%. With a further increase in reduction ratio, the extent of AGG decreased and was absent in samples subjected to the maximum reduction ratio of 50%. The evolution of fine (Nb, Mo)(C,N) precipitates at various stages of processing was characterized by thermodynamic calculations and electron microscopy and compared to the occurrence of abnormal austenite grain growth. The significance of these results for controlling AGG and thus optimizing fatigue performance in commercially-produced cold-forged and carburized components is discussed.


Micropumping is difficult to design and control as compared to their macro-scale counterparts due to the size limitation. The first part of this dissertation focuses on micropumping with surface tension forces. A simple, single-action, capillary pump/valve consisting of a bi-phase slug confined in a non-uniform conduit is described. At low temperatures, the slug is solid and seals the conduit. Once heated above its melting temperature, the liquid slug moves spontaneously along a predetermined path due to surface tension forces imbalance. This technique can be easily combined with other propulsion mechanisms such as pressure and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The second part of this dissertation focuses on MHD micropumping, which provides a convenient, programmable means for propelling liquids and controlling fluid flow without a need for mechanical pumps and valves. Firstly, we examined the response of a model one dimensional electrochemical thin film to timeindependent and time-dependent applied polarizations, using the Nernst-Planck (NP) model with electroneutrality and the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) model without electro -neutrality, respectively. The NP model with well designed boundary conditions was v developed, proved capable of describing the bulk behavior as accurate as the full PNP model. Secondly, we studied the MHD propelled liquid motion in a uniform conduit patterned with cylinders. We proved equivalence in MHD and pressure driven flow patterns under certain conditions. We examined the effect of interior obstacles on the electric current flow in the conduit and showed the existence of particular pillar geometry that maximizes the current. Thirdly, we looked at MHD flow of a binary electrolyte between concentric cylinders. The base flow was similar to the pressure driven flow in the same setup. The first order perturbation fields, however, behave differently as the traditional Dean's flow. We carried out one-dimensional linear stability analysis for the unbounded small gap situation and solved it as an eigenvalue problem. Two-dimensional nonlinear simulation was performed for finite gap size or bounded situations. We observed strong directionality of the applied electric field for the onset of stability. Results in this study could help enhance the stability of the system or introduce secondary motion depending on the nature of the applications. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics First Advisor Haim H. Bau This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/385


This article describes two studies conducted to compare assembly performance and learning rate between computer based training and traditional training of skilled assembly operators. The studies were performed with pre-series production parts from a car cockpit and they were integrated as part of the overall training activities during a new vehicle product launch. The computer based training tool used was a desktop based commercial VR tool with focus on cognitive interactive procedural learning. Both studies indicate that computer based training can replace instructor based training for this level of assembly complexity and that it has a positive effect in preparing skilled operators.


Goal. The article discusses the main features of behavioral economics as a new section of economic theory. The new direction in theory is a reflection of the actual change in the model of human behavior, the impact of the digital economy on the individual and the transformation of property relations under the influence of the market environment, which brings to the fore the issues of recognition of rules, the definition of reputation as a level of trust and economic ethics. It is shown that serious shifts in property relations in the behavioral economy act as evidence of the profound nature of the changes in the institution of property rights under the influence of ethical, social, psychological and other behavioral assumptions in economic behavior. Methodology. The study is based on dialectics as a scientific and philosophical method of knowledge, a systematic approach, analytical and expert economic method. First of all, behavioral economics relies on observation and experimentation. A distinctive feature of modern research methods has been the development of an economic model of human behavior based on and influenced by empirical facts collected in the field of behavioral and experimental economics. In essence, the paper uses an interdisciplinary methodology, formed by the efforts of both economists and psychologists, is an example of productive interaction between theoretical and experimental sciences . Results. The article systematically and comprehensively analyzes the specificity of behavioral institutions inherent in the digital economy. It has been revealed that academic economists have come to the realization that not only economic, but also all social institutions, the system of norms and rules, moral values are not only important, but vital for the transformation of all types of property, at the same time the role of the institute of property rights is increasing. It is proved that moral norms are not enough to ensure a climate of trust in the economy. It has been argued that it is especially important to minimize transactional losses by achieving a high level of trust of all agents in the leading economic institutions in conditions of decline in economic and business activity. Scientific novelty. Theoretically proved that behavioral economics is formed as a new intellectual platform of scientific community, a new type of scientific thinking, explicitly taking into account psychological, moral and other behavioral assumptions in economic behavior. It is proved that today the digital economy fundamentally changes the model of the institution of property rights, forms innovative business models, which become an important core of behavioral economics. It is indicated that trust forms the reputation of the subjects and institutions of the behavioral economy. Practical Significance. The practical conclusions of the article are that behavioral economics is a new and promising area of research, which has proposed a completely new model of the individual in the economy and has largely changed the view of modern economic science. Behavioral economics has shown and proved how much human behavior in real life deviates from ideal rational behavior. The reasons for modification of the human model in economics under the influence of various economic, social, psychological and other factors are given. In behavioral economics the problem of formation of new forms of realization of institute of property rights is actual, and any paradigm of behavioral economics should solve the problem of trust in interrelations between economic subjects in preservation of property rights system.


Some mental factors (processes) are the link between cognition and emotion such as basic imagery (body images), thoughts, and other cognitive associations and structures. How exactly does the mind 'think' however? I could say that it uses images to think, and that these images are mostly unconscious. That would be similar to having a dream, in a dream simple images represent larger psychological ideas and life experiences. The images your mind uses to think are probably basic, similar to how a computer works with simple switches at the most simple level. The most basic and important mental images are used to represent more signi cant psychological 'code' or life experiences (like body images since social interaction is important humans would be broken down in the mind into simple visualizations). So I think that the mind basically thinks by breaking down the psychological factors of life into more simple images. If you have an interaction with someone, then that interaction is broken down into more simple body-images and other images that represent what occurred in the interaction. These images are probably unconscious, you would not notice in what order your mind is going through them or what they are exactly. This means that your minds cognitions (such as images and thoughts) are going to in uence your emotions. The real world is broken down into thoughts and visualizations (or psychological 'symbols') in your mind, and these mental processes in uence your emotions.


Madhugiri, also known as Maddagiri is a Taluk headquarter in Tumkur districtin the Indian state of Karnataka, geographically located at 13.66°N and 77.21°E, with anaverage elevation of 787 m (2582 ft), located at ~43 km north of Tumkur town and 107km north-west of Bangalore city. The present study aimed to analyze the crime scenarioin Madugiri town police station jurisdiction by using Hot Spot and Buffer Analysis.Based on Madugiri police station records, the crime data were classified under variousgroup of offence such as Murder, Robbery, Cheating, House theft, Motor-vehicles theft,Missing, Mobile theft, Pick pocketing, Burglary, Chain snatching, Quarreling andHouse breaking (day), House breaking (Night), etc. The distribution of crime incidenceshowed that KHB colony, Madugiri old and new bus-stand around Madugiri fort,Gowribidanur road, Koratgere road, Sira road and Madugiri market areas were affectedby notorious activities. Crime maps generated were able to identify and differentiate hotspot of crime and their displacement, illustrate the relationship between the mappedcrimes patterns and socio-economic characteristics of Madugiri town. It was concludedthat in Madugiri police jurisdiction, crime rates were not so high, but still occurrences ofcrimes like house theft, material theft, etc., were of a great concern. The crime patternschange over space and time in an area and hence the data so generated will be ofimmense help to Indian Police Department to utilize GIS tools and techniques instead oftraditional pin and dot maps to determine spatio-temporal crime pattern as well as tocapture crime series and forecast future crime occurrences. The public can also beeducated with the visual information obtained through GIS analysis to clarify crimeconcerns and enlist community action and finally to arrive at reducing overall crimedisorders. Key words: GIS, GPS, Hot spot analysis, Buffer analysis, Crime analysis


New composite reinforced concrete beams, in which reinforced concrete component is connected to steel T-section, are proposed. The shear connection between the two components, the reinforced concrete and the T-section, is provided by the stirrups that are required for the reinforced concrete component to resist the applied shear. Experimental tests in addition to numerical analysis were conducted to determine the behaviour and strength of such beams under pure torsion. Full scale one conventional reinforced concrete beam, T1, and two composite reinforced concrete ones, T2 and T3, were tested. The degree of shear connection between the two components of beams T2 and T3 was changed by varying the number of stirrups which are used as shear connectors. The experimental results revealed approximately same torsional stiffness for the three beams at the uncracked concrete stage. The torsional strength of the composite reinforced concrete beams was greater than that of ordinary reinforced concrete one by 11% and 27% for beams T2 and T3, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted using program ABAQUS. To model the shear connection in composite reinforced concrete beam, the stirrups were connected to the web of the steel T-section by springs at the location of the stirrups. Good agreement is obtained between the results of the experimental tests and the finite element analysis. The ratios of experimental results to those of finite element analysis for torsional strength are approximately one. Under the pure torsion loading the degree of shear connection is found to have no effect on torsional capacity of beams. Partial shear connector, stirrup shear connector.


In certain plants, leaf colouration occurs in young and senescent leaves; however, it is unclear whether these two developmental stages are controlled by the same regulatory mechanisms. Formosan sweet gum (Liquidambar formosana Hance) is a subtropical deciduous tree species that possess attractive autumnal leaf colouration. The colour of young leaves is closer to purplish red, while senescent leaves are more orange-red to dark red. However, the colour of young leaves differs from that of senescent leaves. It was confirmed that delphinidin and cyanidin are the two anthocyanidins that contribute to the colour of Formosan sweet gum leaves, and the content of different anthocyanins influences it. To elucidate the regulation of anthocyanidin biosynthesis, recombinant DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASEs (LfDFR1 and LfDFR2) (EC 126.96.36.199) were produced, and their substrate acceptability was investigated both in vitro and in planta. The functions of flavanones and dihydroflavonols modification by FLAVONOID 3' HYDROXYLASE (LfF3'H1) (EC 188.8.131.52) and FLAVONOID 3'5' HYDROXYLASE (LfF3'5'H) (EC 188.8.131.52) were verified using a transient overexpression experiment in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results showed that LfMYB5 induced LfF3'5'H and LfMYB123 induced both LfF3'H1 and LfDFR1 in spring when the leaves were expanding, whereas LfMYB113 induced LfF3'H1, LfDFR1, and LfDFR2 in late autumn to winter when the leaves were undergoing leaf senescence. In conclusion, the colour variation of Formosan sweet gum in young and senescent leaves was attributed to the composition of anthocyanidins through the transcriptional regulation of LfF3'H1 and LfF3'5'H by LfMYB5, LfMYB113, and LfMYB123. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Abstract In an effort to limit the impact of alcohol on the Western Australian (WA) health system during the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic, the WA Government introduced temporary restrictions on takeaway alcohol purchases for several weeks in March and April 2020. In response, alcohol industry representatives encouraged the WA Government to remove the restrictions and replace them with a voluntary alcohol industry initiative. We looked at alcohol industry representatives' comments in media and online publications during this period. We found that the industry framed alcohol as an essential product, focused on the impact of the restrictions on WA businesses and framed the restrictions as complex and ineffective. The themes and arguments we identified are commonly used by the alcohol industry and are not unique to the pandemic. The alcohol industry's response to the COVID‐19 restrictions in Australia provides a unique case study of how the alcohol industry attempts to interfere in public health policy.


UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) uses WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access) as its radio interface. The main advantage of this is its flexibility in resource management. The paper investigates the performance of two main call admission control schemes that exploit this flexibility - the wideband power based (WPB) scheme and the throughput based (TB) scheme. It is observed that the WPB scheme works well when the UMTS network carries more voice traffic than data traffic and the TB scheme performs better when more data traffic is prevalent. Based on these results, the paper introduces a new scheme called the 'adaptive call admission control' (ACAC) based scheme. All three schemes are applied to a UMTS network and two quality of service (QoS) parameters are observed, the blocking and dropping probabilities. The system is modeled as a multi-rate, multi-class, priority based system. Confidence intervals are obtained that show that the ACAC scheme is the best in a heterogeneous UMTS environment.


Currently, the number of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is increasing in the world. In Russia, the number of patients with CHF has doubled over the past decades. CHF is closely related to the aging process, including cellular and anatomical changes in the heart and blood vessels. The management of CHF should consider the patient's functional, cognitive, emotional, and social status. Thus, when forming an individual plan, it is necessary to consider the functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction and the presence or absence of specific geriatric syndromes. In this article, we tried to look at a patient with CHF through 4 domains: medical condition, emotional and cognitive status, physical and social activity. This comprehensive approach will help improve both the duration and quality of life of older patients.


The mouse pancreatic βTC3 and βTC6-F7 cell lines were used to characterize the effects of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on (β-cell phenotype and function. Initially, intracellular and secreted insulin were compared in glucose-stimulated cells over time. A significant reduction in insulin content and secretion was observed on a per-cell basis in glucose-stimulated βTC3 and βTC6-F7 cells after 12 h of exposure to IFN-γ. The steadystate level of pre-proinsulin mRNA expression was not affected by IFN-γ. Thus, we postulate that IFN-γ's inhibitory actions occur after transcription of preproinsulin genes. Time-course analysis of IFN-γ–regulated mRNA expression of the two intra-MHC-encoded subunits of the proteasome (low–molecular-mass polypeptide [Lmp]-2 and Lmp-7) revealed a correlation between their induction and the inhibitory effects of IFN-γ on glucose-stimulated insulin production. Increased expression of Lmp-2 and Lmp-7 mRNA was accompanied by a corresponding induction of LMP2 and LMP7 protein expression. Subsequently, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cell-surface expression was significantly increased in IFN-γ–treated βTC3 and βTC6-F7 cells. Exposure of IFN-γ-treated β-cells to a peptide aldehyde inhibitor of the proteasome (MG132) significantly attenuated MHC class I cell-surface expression but did not prevent the negative effects of IFN-γ on glucose responsiveness. Enhanced expression of the MHC class I antigen processing and presentation pathway and diminished insulin production appear to be distinct pathological alterations in β-cells exposed to the insulitic cytokine IFN-γ.


The similarity factor, f2, measures the sameness of dissolution profiles. The following commentary is an overview of discussions and presentations from a group of industry and US regulatory experts that have integrated the science and regulatory research and practice for assessing product performance, particularly for modified-release (MR) dosage forms, using f2. For a drug development sponsor or applicant with an orally complex dosage formulation, it is critical to understand dissolution methods and the similarity factor and how and/or when to apply it in their NDA, ANDA, or PMA submission. As part of any regulatory submission, it is critical to justify that the product performance has not been impacted by any change in the manufacturing process and/or the delayed and/or prolonged drug release characteristics compared to a similar conventional or another orally complex dosage form. The purposes of this document are (1) to provide a description of appropriate dissolution methods, how is the f2 calculated and how it can be used to justify product performance similarity, or not; (2) to provide an overview of alternative methods available for dissolution profile comparisons, and (3) to illustrate how applying these concepts in a focused way supports approval of submissions and regulatory dossiers and aligns them with on-going science and regulatory initiatives. A case study will be used as an example to demonstrate how dissolution testing and the f2 calculation results can impact regulatory outcomes from an NDA (505(b)(1)), NDA (505(b)(2)), ANDA (505(j)), supplemental NDAs/ANDAs, or PMA perspective.


This work on otospongios is to evaluate our experience in management. It is a rare pathology in our context more precisely in the black race. The studies on this pathology concerned the study on whites. The prevalence of this pathology remains obscure in our context. In our structure we have tried to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. We collected fourteen cases of otosclerosis. The clinical examination and the computed tomography allowed us to choose the operable cases in 85.8% with favorable consequences. Our study highlights the lack of management familiarity of these cases especially in the black race.


Classification trees are the most popular tool for categorizing individuals into groups and subgroups based on particular outcomes of interest. To date, trees have not been developed for the competing risk situation where survival times are recorded and more than one outcome is possible. In this work we propose three classification trees to analyze survival data with multiple competing risk outcomes, using both univariate and multivariate techniques, respectively. After we describe the method used in growing and pruning the classification trees for competing risks, we demonstrate the performance with simulations in a variety of competing risk model configurations, and compare the competing risk trees to currently available tree-based methods. We also illustrate their use by analyzing survival data concerning patients who had end-stage liver disease and were on the waiting list to receive a liver transplant.Public Health Significance: Competing risks are common in longitudinal studies. The classification tree for competing risks will provide more accurate estimates of risk in distinct subpopulations than the current tree techniques can provide.


Soil organic matter is the largest sink for N additions to forests. Species composition may affect soil N retention by altering the amount or proportion of added N stored in non-labile organic pools. We measured 15 N tracer retention in labile and non-labile pools of surface (0-20 cm) mineral soils, 7 yr after the tracer was applied to a 9 yr-old Puerto Rican tree plantation with replicated stands of three species (two N-fixers, one Eucalyptus, Euc). Laboratory incubations (13 mo) with repeated leaching separated total soil N into labile (inorganic N leached) and non-labile (total N minus leached N) pools, and a labile C treatment tested linkages between C availability and N retention. We hypothesized that species composition would alter the amount and proportion of recovered tracer N in non-labile organic matter. Surface soils contained 45% of the tracer, but the amount retained in labile and non-labile pools was similar among species. In contrast, the proportion of recovered tracer in non-labile pools was greater in soils beneath N-fixers (75%) than Euc (62%). Labile C additions increased the size of the non-labile tracer N pool. We conclude that tree species composition may affect long-term soil N retention by altering the proportion of N in slow-turnover, non-labile pools. Plants may also alter soil N retention by renewing labile C pools; a continuous supply of labile C increased the transfer of 15 N into non-labile organic matter.


Jos is a town in central Nigeria whose growth and development is closely associated with the commercial exploitation and mining of tin ore by the British colonisers at the beginning of the twentieth century. The terrain of the area is generally over 1000m above sea level. Hilltop settlements within Jos have sprang up as a result of the early mining settlements, rapid urbanization, urban expansion and rapid population growth which have exerted high demand for land for housing. The Government and Urban authorities have failed to provide planned and serviced lands on desirable sites to the expanding population, who in turn have resorted to self-help through the open market to provide shelter for themselves often without planning approvals and basic infrastructural facilities. Settlements on steep slopes and hilltops pose peculiar planning challenges arising from the nature of their terrain, costs of construction and maintenance of buildings, poor structural quality of housing, provision of social services and public facilities; poor drainage, inadequate liquid and solid waste management, haphazard development and proclivity to environmental hazards. The growth of hilltop settlements is expected to have major consequences on both humans and the environment, which are inextricably linked. Implications of these hilltop settlements on physical planning in Jos North includes; deviation from the city master plan, difficulty in the provision of services (both physical and social), chaotic and disorderly growth of the city, inaccessibility to vehicular traffic due to poor road network or lack of it. To carry out the study, descriptive research design and quantitative approach were used. primary data was collected from those households living on the hilltop settlements of Azurfa and Zinariya, which are the case study areas, the researcher distributed 400 questionnaires, out of which, 391 (97.8%) responded by filling and returning the questionnaires. Both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained using primary and secondary sources of data. Appropriate recommendations were made, and if implemented by government, planning agencies and property developers, this will improve the housing, environmental, infrastructural and the quality of lives of residents of the studied hilltop settlements.


Challenges facing the customs organization continuously change its management system in different countries and customs managers face a large number of challenges. Globalization tendencies, in-creased technological developments, customer-orientation, decreased product life cycle, change in product nature, regionalism and competition diversity demand a new form of leadership. The manag-ers, therefore, need to be prepared for administrating changes in dynamic environments. On the other hand, the organizations should also take the necessary actions in order to change and improve the current procedures; otherwise, they will jeopardize their existence and perpetuity because today the existence of organizations is threatened more than ever before. Considering the difficulties and bot-tlenecks of strategic planning, strategic thinking is used today as an important instrument assisting managers to solve problems and promote competitiveness and dynamics. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of establishing e-customs on stretching strategic thinking. It is a survey study in terms of method where the statistical population is composed of all technical experts of IRICA in 2015, i.e. a total number of 650 cases 234 of which were selected through simple-random sampling using Krejcie and Morgan method. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed through formal validation and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (0.726). All data was analyzed in SPSS 19. According to data analysis results, e-customs affects strategic thinking dimensions with a different influence on every dimension. The results showed that the impact of establishing e-customs on systems thinking, creativity, conceptual thinking, intelligent opportunism, and foresight was 15%, 17%, 17%, 13%, and 22%, respectively. Hence, it is proposed that managers pay special attention to foresight and then to creativity and conceptual thinking in or-ganizations. Research paper Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Salamzadeh, A., Nejati, M., & Heidaripourafshar. Y. (2015). "An Investigation into the Impact of E-Customs on Stretching Strategic Thinking (Case Study: Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (IRICA))", Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 105–139.


A theoretical analysis of helicopter maneuver stability is made and the results are compared with experimental results for both a single and a tandem rotor helicopter. Techniques are described for measuring in flight the significant stability derivatives for use with the theory to aid in design studies of means for achieving marginal maneuver stability for a prototype helicopter.


This is a first preliminary simulation model to model segregation in the city of Salzburg, Austria. Based on multivariate statistics (multiple regression analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis), the statistical districts are represented by cluster populations. These homogeneous populations are used for a sample of agents and patches (smallest discrete spatial units) in order to simulate segregation as a process of generating social and spatial similarity. Emphasis is on similarity since we assume no strong homogeneity but more mixed communities. The model is programmed with NetLogo 4.0.2 and the GIS 1.0 extension.


Abstract From the early days of radiocarbon dating, the standard sample treatment has involved removal of contamination from carbonates and humic acids by washes in acid and base, respectively. A modification of this acid-base-acid (ABA) method has been suggested, especially for material older than 20,000 yr. However, the criticism of ABA and application of a more aggressive oxidizing method, such as wet oxidation (ABOX) or cellulose extraction, might only be needed in some special cases, for example, in the case of poorly preserved or chemically treated wood. Separation of cellulose seems to be the ultimate solution; however, it is not always applicable when samples contain small amounts of wood. As a part of studies focusing on the chronology of late Pleistocene sedimentary processes in the Venetian–Friulian Plain and Carnic Alps (NE Italy), 14C analyses were performed on old wood samples found in sedimentary deposits of pre-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) age. Wood samples were treated by five methods: ABA, two modified ABA treatments (ABOX and ABA+Bleach), as well as two different cellulose separations. Infrared spectra of treated samples and 14C results show that in most cases the ABA method is sufficient in removing the contamination of naturally deposited wood, even when the wood is of very old age.


Gallbladder agenesis is a rare biliary anomaly which can be important for patients complaining of chronic abdominal pain. Gallbladder agenesis can mimic cholecystitis by causing recurrent upper abdominal pain and tenderness. In a significant number of patients with gallbladder agenesis, unnecessary surgical procedures are performed because of the misdiagnosis. The morbidity of the disease can reduce, since the correct diagnosis of gallbladder agenesis decrease unnecessary surgical procedures. The diagnosis can be established with performing ultrasound and Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) examination. We reported a case of a young patient suffers from recurrent abdominal pain and diagnosed with gallbladder agenesis.


Two cementitious water-proofing materials, which are marketed as both surface coatings and integral admixtures for restoring concrete alkalinity and reducing permeability, have been assessed in the field and in the laboratory to determine their effectiveness in achieving these functions. The materials are promoted for passive re-alkalisation of carbonated concrete and pore-blocking when applied as surface coatings on existing structures. They allegedly reduce the permeability of concrete, when used as integral admixtures in new structures. The two materials are designated X and Y. Examination of specimens, taken from surface-treated structures, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, indicated that diffusion of alkali from the surface coating into the underlying carbonated concrete is insufficient to realkalise the concrete, and raise the pH of the treated concrete to levels which are safe for keeping the steel reinforcement in the passive state. When used as integral admixtures in concrete, admixture X, caused some strength loss and slower strength development after 28 days, higher porosity but slightly higher resistance to chloride ion penetration and better workability. Admixture Y resulted in improved strength compared with the reference concrete, but other properties remained unchanged. The 10 per cent water reduction, stated by the manufacturer to be achievable at dosage rate of 1.5 per cent by mass of cement, was not achieved. These results show that the materials should be used with caution, as they may not significantly improve concrete properties as claimed.


Longitudinal data typically have the characteristics of changes over time, nonlinear growth patterns, between-subjects variability, and the within errors exhibiting heteroscedasticity and dependence. The data exploration is more complicated than that of cross-sectional data. The purpose of this paper is to organize/integrate of various visual-graphical techniques to explore longitudinal data. From the application of the proposed methods, investigators can answer the research questions include characterizing or describing the growth patterns at both group and individual level, identifying the time points where important changes occur and unusual subjects, selecting suitable statistical models, and suggesting possible within-error variance. Keywords—Data exploration, exploratory analysis, HLMs/LMEs, longitudinal data, visual-graphical methods.


Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of specific herbal medications that have been used traditionally to treat common conditions in women. Data Sources: Current literature, with emphasis on more rigorously controlled studies. Data Synthesis: Herbal medicines have long been used in traditional healing systems to treat conditions ofparticular interest to women, such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and menopausal symptoms. For a select number ofphytomedicines, including evening primrose oil, black cohosh root extract, dong quai, and chaste tree berry, scientific investigation is elucidating the pharmacologically active constituents, mechanism of action, and clinical value. Conclusion: Based on the available evidence, evening primrose oil and chaste tree berry may be reasonable treatment alternatives for some patients with PMS.Dong quai may have some efficacy for PMS when used in traditional Chinese multiple-herb formulas. For relief ofmenopausal symptoms, black cohosh root extract and dong quai have good safety profiles, but only black cohosh has demonstrated efficacy for this indication. Safety data, especially during pregnancy and lactation, are still largely lacking for many herbal medications, and recommendations for usage and dosage vary. Pharmacists who wish to recommend herbal products for women's health conditions need to evaluate the scientific literature in order to form their own opinions about appropriate use and safety.


The nature and relationship of crystallite domains have been explored in fossil and extant enamels spanning an evolutionary period of 200 x 10(6) years. Minor crystallite orientation discontinuities, either linear or planar, were found to be consistent characteristics of all specimens examined. The earliest minor discontinuity is linear (convergence line), shown here in Oligokyphus and Eozostrodon. The convergence line would be the result of the occasional development of a conical Tomes' process to the parent ameloblast. An increase in number and regularity of convergence lines, shown here in Haldanodon, marks the appearance of a regular pseudoprismatic enamel structure. The second minor discontinuity to appear is planar (seam), shown here in a dryolestid eupantothere. The seam has previously been deduced to relate developmentally to a central groove on the sloping floor-wall of the Tomes' process pit. Coincident with the appearance of the seam is that of a rudimentary major planar discontinuity which does not enclose a domain to constitute what would normally be acknowledged as a prism. Its developmental basis would be the establishment of a steep wall and floor (however partial in circumference) to the Tomes' process pit. The extent of the major planar discontinuities was found to increase subsequently to enclose a classically recognizable prismatic domain, shown here in Amphiperatherium, Hassianycteris, Smilodon and Felis. This would be consistent with the further development of a definitive floor and wall to the Tomes' process pit. The sequential appearance of minor linear, minor planar and major planar discontinuities in crystallite orientation is seen as fundamental to the evolution of mammalian enamel structure.


This work focuses on the problem of diagnosing the disease in the earlier stage by applying a selection technique based on genetic algorithm and least square support vector machines. The implementation of the technique analyses the accuracy of the classifier as well as the cost effectiveness in the implementation. This technique will help us to diagnose the disease with a limited number of tests that could be performed with minimal amount. We use evolutionary computation which is a subfield of artificial intelligence or computational intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems. Evolutionary computation uses iterative progress, such as growth or development in a population. This population is then selected in a guided random search using parallel processing to achieve the desired end. Such processes are often inspired by biological mechanisms of evolution. The obtained results using the genetic algorithms approach show that the proposed method is able to find an appropriate feature subset and SVM classifier achieves better results than other methods.


Objective: The aim of this study was to assess whether infliximab and adalimumab drug serum levels and the detection of anti-drug antibodies can be of use in better observing disease activity in patients with spondyloarthritis, besides classical tools such as BASDAI, ASDAS and inflammatory markers. We proposed to evaluate the influence of ADA in non-responders and in drug-related adverse events.
Methods: Over one year, we enrolled 115 patients with SpA, treated with infliximab or adalimumab. Patients who delayed prescribed drug administration were excluded from the study cohort. The population comprised 69 patients - 33 on IFX and 35 on ADA. NSAIDs administration was recommended "on demand". Demographic, clinical (BASDAI, ASDAS) and laboratory (ESR, CRP) data was collected together with drug serum level and anti-drug antibodies using ELISA. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 20.0 with the aid of Student t-test, Spearman and Pearson tests.
Results: Detectable IFX serum levels were identified in 60% of patients while 40% had undetectable drug titers. The IFX-negative had significantly higher disease activity scores: BASDAI (P=0.023), ASDAS-ESR (P<0.001) and ASDAS-CRP (P<0.001). Significant differences were found in the same subgroups regarding inflammatory markers, with higher ESR (P<0.001) and CRP (P=0.032) in patients with undetectable IFX levels. When measuring ADL serum levels, 82% had detectable drug concentrations, with lower BASDAI (P<0.001), ASDAS-ESR and ASDASCRP (P<0.001) and higher ESR and CRP at collection time when compared to ADL-negative patients. NSAID consumption correlated to undetectable levels of IFX and ADL as well as with anti-drug antibodies for both IFX and ADL positivity. All patients who experienced drug related adverse events on both IFX and ADL had positive anti-drug antibodies.
Conclusion: Serum drug level measurement and anti-drug antibody detection can be used as a completion of a clinician's tools in assessing disease activity, leading to an optimal patient management.


Existing approaches to the design of real-time application assignment algorithms are classified and evaluated. The different approaches considered are: one described by T.L. Casavant and J.G. Kuhl (IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng., vol.14, no.2, 1988), load balancing, interprocessor communication minimization, fixed allocation first, those that use precedence consideration methods, and constraint allocation. The influence of the module size ratio and module replication are also noted. A method is then briefly reviewed that tries to combine all mentioned policies in a flexible way. This means the user can always emphasize the criterion which is the most important for a particular real-time application.<<ETX>>


A neural model of peripheral auditory processing is described and used to separate features of coarticulated vowels and consonants. After preprocessing of speech via a filterbank, the model splits into two parallel channels, a sustained channel and a transient channel. The sustained channel is sensitive to relatively stable parts of the speech waveform, notably synchronous properties of the vocalic portion of the stimulus. It extends the dynamic range of eighth nerve filters using coincidence detectors that combine operations of raising to a power, rectification, delay, multiplication, time averaging, and preemphasis. The transient channel is sensitive to critical features at the onsets and offsets of speech segments. It is built up from fast excitatory neurons that are modulated by slow inhibitory interneurons. These units are combined over high-frequency and low-frequency ranges using operations of rectification, normalization, multiplicative gating, and opponent processing. Detectors sensitive to frication and to onset or offset of stop consonants and vowels are described. Model properties are characterized by mathematical analysis and computer simulations. Neural analogs of model cells in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus are noted, as are psychophysical data about perception of CV syllables that may be explained by the sustained-transient channel hypothesis. The proposed sustained and transient processing seems to be an auditory analog of the sustained and transient processing that is known to occur in vision.


Interactive music systems are an ideal exploration ground for the testing and incorporation of decision-making algorithms and music informatics techniques into real-time applications. The interactive music system, 'The Harmonically Ecosystemic Machine; Sonic Space No. 7', is the compositional result of such a collaboration between music technologyresearchersfocusedonharmonicaccompanimentgenerating finite state transducers and sonic ecosystems as interactive music systems. This installation-based system interprets music that occurs in the physical space of a room, from a harmonic perspective, played by both the system itself and any human performers. The resulting data is used by the system to drive the ongoing, generative, interactive composition. The technical details of the system, including an overview of and motivation for the use of finite state transducers (FSTs), the process of integrating FSTs into real-time interactive music systems, the interaction paradigms established, and the experience design for the composition are presented.


We study the political economy of policy innovations during the U.S. welfare reform in 1996. Specifically, we investigate how reputation concerns among governors influence the decision to experiment with welfare policies. In line with a political agency model, our empirical results suggest that governors with high reputation among the electorate are less likely to experiment with welfare policies than governors with low reputation. Yet, governors with high reputation who are less concerned about reelection actually experiment more than governors striving for reelection. Overall, our findings imply that reelection concerns may inhibit innovation in the public sector.


Summer blooms of filamentous, diazotrophic cyanobacteria are typical of the Baltic Sea Proper, and are dominated by Aphanizomenon sp. and the toxic Nodularia spumigena. Although occurring every summer, the blooms vary greatly in timing and spatial distribution, making monitoring difficult and imprecise. This thesis studies how the spatial variability of Baltic cyanobacterial blooms influences estimates of abundance, vertical and horizontal distribution and N2-fixation. Implications for sampling and monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms are also discussed.The results of the thesis confirm the importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in providing N for summer production in the Baltic Proper. It also highlights the large spatial and temporal variation in these blooms and argues that improved spatial coverage and replication could make monitoring data more useful for demonstrating time trends, and for identifying the factors regulating the blooms. The vertical distribution of Aphanizomenon and Nodularia was found to be spatially variable, probably as a combination of species-specific adaptations and ambient weather conditions. Vertical migration in Aphanizomenon was more important towards the end of summer, and is probably regulated by a trade-off between P-availability and light and temperature.


Congenital reduction in nephron number (renal hypoplasia) is a predisposing factor for chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Despite identification of specific genes and pathways in nephrogenesis, determinants of final nephron endowment are poorly understood. Here, we report that mice with germ-line p53 deletion (p53−/−) manifest renal hypoplasia; the phenotype can be recapitulated by conditional deletion of p53 from renal progenitors in the cap mesenchyme (CMp53−/−). Mice or humans with germ-line heterozygous mutations in Pax2 exhibit renal hypoplasia. Since both transcription factors are developmentally expressed in the metanephros, we tested the hypothesis that p53 and Pax2 cooperate in nephrogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for the presence of genetic epistasis between p53 and Pax2: a) p53−/− and CMp53−/−embryos express lower Pax2 mRNA and protein in nephron progenitors than their wild-type littermates; b) ChIP-Seq identified peaks of p53 occupancy in chromatin regions of the Pax2 promoter and gene in embryonic kidneys; c) p53 binding to Pax2 gene is significantly more enriched in Pax2 -expressing than non-expressing metanephric mesenchyme cells; d) in transient transfection assays, Pax2 promoter activity is stimulated by wild-type p53 and inhibited by a dominant negative mutant p53; e) p53 knockdown in cultured metanephric mesenchyme cells down-regulates endogenous Pax2 expression; f) reduction of p53 gene dosage worsens the renal hypoplasia in Pax2 +/− mice. Bioinformatics identified a set of developmental renal genes likely to be co-regulated by p53 and Pax2. We propose that the cross-talk between p53 and Pax2 provides a transcriptional platform that promotes nephrogenesis, thus contributing to nephron endowment.


Vibriosis, a hemorrhagic septicemic disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum, is an important bacterial infection in Danish sea-reared rainbow trout. Despite of vaccination, outbreaks still occur, likely because the vaccine is based on V. anguillarum strains from abroad/other hosts than rainbow trout. Information about the genetic diversity of V. anguillarum specifically in Danish rainbow trout, is required to investigate this claim. Consequently, the aim of the present investigation was to sequence and to characterize a collection of 44 V. anguillarum strains obtained primarily from vibriosis outbreaks in Danish rainbow trout. The strains were sequenced, de novo assembled, and the genomes examined for the presence of plasmids, virulence, and acquired antibiotic resistance genes. To investigate the phylogeny, single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified, and the pan-genome was calculated. All strains carried tet(34) encoding tetracycline resistance, and 36 strains also contained qnrVC6 for increased fluoroquinolone/quinolone resistance. But interestingly, all strains were phenotypic sensitive to both oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid. Almost all serotype O1 strains contained a pJM1-like plasmid and nine serotype O2A strains carried the plasmid p15. The distribution of virulence genes was rather similar across the strains, although evident variance among serotypes was observed. Most significant, almost all serotype O2 and O3 strains, as well as the serotype O1 strain without a pJM1-like plasmid, carried genes encoding piscibactin biosynthesis. Hence supporting the hypothesis, that piscibactin plays a crucial role in virulence for pathogenic strains lacking the anguibactin system. The phylogenetic analysis and pan-genome calculations revealed great diversity within V. anguillarum. Serotype O1 strains were in general very similar, whereas considerable variation was found among serotype O2A strains. The great diversity within the V. anguillarum serotype O2A genomes is most likely the reason why vaccines provide good protection from some strains, but not from others. Hopefully, the new genomic data and knowledge provided in this study might help develop an optimized vaccine against V. anguillarum in the future to reduce the use of antibiotics, minimize economic losses and improve the welfare of the fish.


Conspiracy theories offer simple answers to complex problems by providing explanations for uncertain situations. Thus, they should be attractive to individuals who are intolerant of uncertainty and seek cognitive closure. We hypothesized that need for cognitive closure (NFCC) should foster conspiracy beliefs about events that lack clear official explanations, especially when conspiracy theories are temporarily salient. In Experiment 1 NFCC positively predicted the endorsement of a conspiracy theory behind the refugee crisis, especially when conspiratorial explanations were made salient. Experiment 2 showed that when conspiratorial explanations were made salient, NFCC positively predicted beliefs in conspiracies behind a mysterious plane crash. However, the link between NFCC and beliefs in conspiratorial explanations was reversed in the case of a plane crash with an official, non-conspiratorial, explanation for the accident. In conclusion, people high (vs. low) in NFCC seize on conspiratorial explanations for uncertain events when such explanations are situationally accessible.


Fossil fuels, as the primary source of the energy supply in today's global society, are being depleted much faster than expected and are raising serious environmental and social concerns for contemporary societies. To deal with issues, a global movement towards the generation of sustainable renewable energy is underway. One of the most promising sources of renewable energy alternatives is the use of municipal solid waste, as a biomass source since it does not endanger food security and considerably the biomass made by municipal solid waste will enable the appropriate management of the waste and help cities to be sustainable. The supply chain of converting the municipal solid waste to bioenergy is a challenging issue that have attracted the attention of academic and industrial research. In this direction, a three-echelon mathematical model is developed to design MSW-to-biofuel supply chain network. This supply network is a global network; hence, the international supply chain-related issues and the disruption in the raw material supply have also been studied. Identifying appropriate potential locations to site facilities is a challenge faced in the municipal solid waste-to-biofuel supply chain models. To achieve goal, in this research, the use has been made of a proposed sustainable cross-efficiency DEA model which is an effective ranking method, especially for finding potential points. To deal with sustainability, the social and environmental indicators have also been presented in the form of some criteria in this DEA method. In addition, effort has been made to improve the ecological indicators of the supply chain design in line with the sustainable development as an objective function. Finally, in order to validate the proposed model, a case study with real data is presented.


This article sets out to develop the concept and the principal scheme of the formation of a risk management system for innovative economic development projects in the field of aquaculture. The research carried out by the authors helps identify the main problems and characteristics of risk management projects for the development of aquaculture in presentday Russia. The authors outline the status and features of aquaculture development projects in the North-western federal district and the Kaliningrad region. The article formulates and justifies the concept of "risk management projects in innovative development of aquaculture in the region" focusing on the classification of aquaculture risks in relation to innovative development projects, which expands the conceptual framework of risk management in view of the specific risks relating to economic development projects in the field of aquaculture. The authors characterize modern methods and approaches to risk management projects and organizations in the context of their application in the framework of aquaculture development projects and offer mechanisms for risk management of aquaculture development projects, which make it possible to include risk management activity in the general context of activities of parent project organizations. The authors develop the concept and principal scheme of the formation of risk management system for innovative development projects in aquaculture.


The P2X7 receptor is expressed on T cells, however knowledge of its presence and function on human CD4 + and CD8 + subsets is limited. Immunolabeling with an anti-human P2X7 monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry demonstrated that P2X7 is present on the cell-surface of peripheral blood CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Time-resolved flow cytometry demonstrated that extracellular ATP induced ethidium + uptake into both T cell subsets. Flow cytometric measurements also demonstrated that ATP induced the rapid loss of CD62L (L-selectin) from CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. ATP-induced ethidium + uptake and CD62L shedding were dramatically impaired in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells homozygous for the Glu496Ala loss-of-function single nucleotide polymorphism in the P2RX7 gene, demonstrating that both processes were a result of P2X7 activation. In summary, these results show that both human CD4 + and CD8 + T cells express P2X7 receptors, and that ATP activation of this receptor can lead to the rapid shedding of CD62L from these cells.


Debate persists over the meaning of the Eleventh Amendment and the degree to which it supports the lines drawn by the Supreme Court on fraught questions of state sovereign immunity and accountability. Scholars disagree both as to the legal and historical accuracy of the Court's expansive conception of sovereign immunity and as to the proper scope of the Ex parte Young action, the primary tool for ensuring state accountability. Characterized as a body of law devoid of principle and subject to arbitrary stops in reasoning, the doctrine has yet to strike a balance between immunity and accountability that enjoys anything close to a consensus. In this Essay, we propose to blend current law and scholarship into a new, historically grounded, declaratory theory of state accountability. Our account builds on the willingness of federal courts to entertain applications for declaratory relief and their reluctance to entertain money claims against the states. We argue that the states should take responsibility for money claims, at least in cases where Congress cannot abrogate state immunity. We suggest a framework within which states give preclusive effect to federal declarations in follow-on suits brought by individuals who seek monetary relief in accordance with state law. Such an approach would honor a surprisingly strong tradition of reliance on declaratory judgments as a tool of government accountability, would preserve state control over the purse strings, and would give state governments a role in securing the effectiveness of judgments against the states comparable to that played by Congress and the executive branch in connection with judgments against the federal government.


Purpose: The aim of the article is to investigate the factors influencing the successful implementation of ergonomic measures in manufacturing companies in the context of the effects of ergonomic committees' activities. Design/Methodology/Approach: Tug-of-War scenarios and a deep questionnaire method were used to conduct the research. Qualify approach was used to identify the specific factors that allow ergonomics committees to achieve their goals. Interviews were conducted with 11 members of the ergonomics committee from various manufacturing companies. Findings: Support for the committee's activities was indicated as one of the most frequently mentioned success factors of ergonomics cells, and this category was understood in a very broad way. It included organizational and financial support as well as personal support by people from within the organization. The adoption of a pro-ergonomic attitude by the organization requires employees at all levels to understand the benefits of such an approach and to use the adopted language of benefits. Practical Implications: The results of the research can be used in the management of production companies in the correct organization of ergonomic committees and the management of success factors in the implementation of ergonomic projects. Originality/Value: The conducted research contributed to the narrowing of the research gap concerning the boundary criteria for the implementation of ergonomics in enterprise management. This topic is taken up quite rarely due to its specific nature and the necessity to consider many inter-corporate relationships


OBJECTIVE
To assess the diagnostic performance of angle measurements from anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images for identifying eyes with narrow angles.

METHODS
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study of individuals 50 years or older who had phakic eyes and who underwent AS-OCT imaging in the dark by a single operator and gonioscopy by an ophthalmologist masked to AS-OCT findings. An eye was considered to have narrow angles if the posterior pigmented trabecular meshwork was not visible for at least 180° on gonioscopy. Horizontal AS-OCT images were analyzed for the following measurements using customized software: angle opening distance (AOD) at 250, 500, and 750 μm from the scleral spur; trabecular-iris space area (TISA) at 500 and 750 μm; and angle recess area (ARA) at 750 μm. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were generated for AOD, TISA, and ARA to assess the performance of these measurements in detecting eyes with narrow angles.

RESULTS
Of 2047 individuals examined, 582 were excluded mostly because of poor image quality or inability to locate the scleral spur. Of the remaining 1465 participants, 315 (21.5%) had narrow angles on gonioscopy. Mean (SD) age was 62.7 (7.7) years, 54.1% were women, and 90.0% were Chinese. The AUCs were highest for AOD750 in the nasal (0.90 [95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.92]) and temporal (0.91 [0.90-0.93]) quadrants.

CONCLUSIONS
The AOD750 is the most useful angle measurement for identifying individuals with gonioscopic narrow angles in gradable AS-OCT images. Poor definition of the scleral spur precludes quantitative analysis in approximately 25% of AS-OCT images.


In order to compare the immunogenecity and biological properties of homologous tendon grafts after treatment from different methods of freezing, tendons from chickens received repeated freezingthawing treatment or ultralowtemperature treatment, and then, the posttreatment tendons were preserved in liquid nitrogen for 3 months before transplantation. The autogenous tendon transplantation was served as the control. It was found that in the group of repeated freezingthawing treated tendons, the tendon cells all died and while in the ultralow temperature treated tendons the active rate of tendon cells was 92.5%±3.4%, and the histological observation showed that transplantation of frozen tendons would result in extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the grafted tendons and the peritendinous adhesion was serious than that of the autografts. The active flexion function, hydroxyproline levels and the biomechanical analysis showed no significant differences between the repeated freezingthawing treated homografts and the ultralowtemperature treated homografts, and that the autografts was definitely superior to the homografts. The conclusions were: (1) Transplantation of the homologous tendons from the two different methods of freezing could receive considerable success and there was no significant difference between them; (2) Transplantation of frozen homologous tendon graft might give successful result which was probably due to the preservation of the cellular activity of the tendon cells following freezing treatment and elimination of the antigen presenting cells in the tendon as well, and (3) Although the cellular components of the tendon were damaged and the antigenicity of the tendon was lowered, it did not necessarily mean that homologous tendon graft would always be successful in transplantation.


January 2008 Oxford Archaeology (OA) carried out a second phase of intrusive archaeological evaluation at RAF Cardington (NGR: TL 0790 4720), commissioned by CgMs Consulting on behalf of Bellway Homes. RAF Cardington is situated to the south of Bedford overlooking the valley
of the River Great Ouse. The proposed development site covers an area of approximately 46.75 hectares.
Evaluation trenching was targeted to examine those areas of the site that had not been evaluated, but would be impacted by the first phase of building development. On this basis, three areas were identified for
examination. Further trenches were excavated in Area C, and areas E and H were evaluated.
The phase II evaluation proposal for 29 trenches was revised on site to 26.
A total of 7 trenches were excavated within Area C. No archaeologicalfeatures were observed in Area C and the whole area was criss-crossed by service trenches, paths/service roads and the remains of demolished
buildings. A total of 15 trenches were excavated within Area E. These revealed high levels of modern disturbance. Archaeology was observed in three trenches, 62, 63 and 68. The features, all of which were truncated, included pits and ditches of late Iron-Age to medieval date.
A total of 4 trenches were excavated within Area H. A single truncated, undated ditch/gully was observed in trench 52. Other trenches revealed truncation caused by the construction and demolition of a former sewage
works.
The evaluation has demonstrated that a low level archaeological activity survives within these areas of the development site. The overall emphasis of recorded features suggests they are linear in character, and the general
lack of any associated artefactual material would suggest that they represent evidence of more peripheral activity, possibly the surviving remnants of field systems of uncertain age. These may be associated with
sites of settlement, or cropmark and artefactual evidence, which is known/conjectured to exist immediately outside the development area, to the north, east and south west.
The recorded archaeological remains in general are poorly preserved, having been subjected to both truncation through agricultural practices and modern disturbance


As a GP, journalist, spokesman for the British Medical Association, and, most significantly, president of the Men's Health Forum (www.menshealthforum.org.uk), an independent body working on issues relating to the health of men and boys in England and Wales, I have for many years been campaigning for greater recognition of the specific health issues of men and the need to develop sex sensitive health services. Until recently there has been too little interest, knowledge, or understanding of the term "men's health."

Well into the early 2000s policy makers continued to overlook the need to develop an inclusive approach to men's health. And although appreciation of sex sensitive approaches to healthcare provision has now grown, men's health in the United Kingdom remains astonishingly poor. But I'm hopeful that recent developments will bring positive change—namely, the government's gender equality duty, introduced in April 2007, which applies to all public bodies. However, closing the gender gap can be achieved only if policy and advice on best practice can be successfully implemented at a local level. …


Insulin antibodies are known to interfere with the radioimmunoassay of insulin. We tested intravenous glucose tolerance on 25 insulin autoantibody-positive (IAA+) patients and 25 IAA− controls, who were matched for sex, age, and body mass index, to establish if IAA could also interfere with insulin assay. Insulin content was measured in untreated serum, serum precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG, free insulin), and serum extracted with acid and precipitated with PEG (total insulin). The mean untreated first-phase insulin response (I1+3) for IAA+ patients was 172 ± 67.3 mU/L, significantly higher than the mean control value of 108 ± 47.5 (P < .001). After PEG precipitation, mean I1+3 in the patient group fell significantly to 105 ± 48.4 mU/L (P < .001), but the control value was unchanged (104 ± 45.5). The mean percentage fall after PEG precipitation was 36.9% (patients) and 2.9% (controls) (t = 8.3, P < .001). There was a strong correlation between the IAA titer and the interference in the insulin assay (r = .81). After total insulin extraction of IAA samples, there was a significant fall in mean I1+3 to 134 ± 55.4 mU/L (P < .001), but the control value was unchanged. IAA can significantly falsify insulin measurement, and care must be taken in the interpretation of insulin-release tests when IAA is present.


The constitutional right to property has undergone a significant change since India's independence. In the past few decades, the guarantee of property for both alien and domestic right holders went for considerable dilution to sanction the unrestrained power of eminent domain. The arbitrary expropriation of property was justified in the then social and political context of a nascent state. However, since India embarked on the path of liberalization with the policy of promoting international trade and foreign investments, there appeared a progressive and selective modification if its legal regime on property rights to favor alien property and corporate interests. Part of the policy shift involved guarantee and strengthening of the legal environment for protection of foreign property and investment. India's international commitments under the WTO Agreements and several investment protection treaties guaranteed capital and IP exporting states safe and secure property rights in the host state – India, much beyond the existing protection for citizen's property. Remedies for breach and standard of compensation for expropriation, direct or indirect, were judged by international rules and practices, beyond the control of local courts. To the extent that international expropriation and compensation rules provide foreign investors and IPR holders with stronger rights than India's laws, they are also likely to provide them with stiffer property rights. In addition, change was evident in the nature of ownership of expropriated property. Nationalization (state ownership), which was the primary character of expropriations, was replaced by 'corporate' ownership with no respect for public purpose or just compensation. The recent stints of compulsory acquisition of land for SEZ underline the 'reverse-discrimination' or double standards perpetrated by the Indian state. The paper attempts to highlight this paradox in India's property rights regime in the changing global context. The paper argues for a constitutional rethinking on right to property, in the post liberalization context, considering the new social and political realities, particularly from the viewpoint of individual private owners whose identity and livelihood are attached to the property.


The authors are particularly aware that green cloud computing (GCC) is a broad range and a hot field. The distinction between 'consumer of' and 'provider of' cloud-based energy resources may very important in creating a world-wide ecosystem of GCC. A user simply submits its service request to the cloud service provider with the connection of Internet or wired/wireless networks. The result of the requested service is delivered back to the user in time, whereas the information storage and process, interoperating protocols, service composition, communications and distributed computing, are all smoothly interactive by the networks. In this study, this is a survey on GCC schemes based on networks. The concept and history of Green computing were introduced first, and then focus on the challenge and requirement of cloud computing. Cloud computing needs to become green, which means provisioning cloud service while considering energy consumption under a set of energy consumption criteria and it is called GCC. Furthermore, the recent work done in GCC based on networks, including microprocessors, task scheduling algorithms, virtualisation technology, cooling systems, networks and disk storage were introduced. After that, the works on GCC from their research group was presented in Georgia State University. Finally, the conclusion and some future works were given.


Article Info Abstract This paper investigates the association between the level of carbon emission (CO2), economic growth and scholarly education levels in the countries chosen according to some specific characteristics using multivariate time series approach. It considers the impact of GDP and education enrollment, as a proxy of human capital, on the level of CO2 for the countries classified according to their economic developments and regional distribution. The analyses are assessed in three different cases two of which consider the structural breaks for certain periods. The paper enables policy makers to consider the influence of education level and GDP in CO2 issues. Received: 12/02/2017 Accepted: 18/06/2017