The frictional resistance generated by a ball bearing, when starting from rest, increases to a free rolling value in a finite amount of time instead of experiencing an instantaneous step increase. This is due to the complex ball dynamics involved. A change in the direction of rotation results in a reversal of the bearings dynamic torque characteristics. When a traversing process is continuously repeated, the friction torque of the bearing traces out hysteresis loops. This phenomenon is often described as ball jitter. An apparatus was built to study the ultra-low-speed hysteresis behavior found in jittering ball bearings. This behavior was first modeled by P. R. Dahl (1968). He found torque hysteresis loops to be characterized by the steady rolling friction torque, Ts , and the reversal torque slope, σ. A theoretical expression for Ts has been verified in previous research by Lovell et al. (1991), but no expression for σ has currently been determined at low speeds. Therefore, the experimental testing apparatus was canonically designed to incorporate three balls, rather than a full bearing. This was done in order that the characteristics of σ could be more readily determined, as many additional friction elements which occur in full bearings were eliminated. The effects of normal load, rotational rate, and lubrication regime on σ were all investigated using the testing apparatus. The experimental values obtained for the rest slope were coupled with previously determined values of Ts , so that empirical Dahl hysteresis curves could be generated. Excellent correlation was found to exist between the experimental jitter torque data and Dahl predicted dynamic torque behavior.


Several cyanobacterial species are dominant primary producers in hot spring microbial mats. To date, hot spring cyanobacterial taxonomy, as well as the evolution of their genomic adaptations to high temperatures, are poorly understood, with genomic information currently available for only a few dominant genera, including Fischerella and Synechococcus. To address this knowledge gap, the present study expands the genomic landscape of hot spring cyanobacteria and traces the phylum-wide genomic consequences of evolution in high temperature environments. From 21 globally distributed hot spring metagenomes, with temperatures between 32 and 75°C, 57 medium- and high-quality cyanobacterial metagenome-assembled genomes were recovered, representing taxonomic novelty for 1 order, 3 families, 15 genera and 36 species. Comparative genomics of 93 hot spring genomes (including the 57 metagenome-assembled genomes) and 66 non-thermal genomes, showed that the former have smaller genomes and a higher GC content, as well as shorter proteins that are more hydrophilic and basic, when compared to the non-thermal genomes. Additionally, the core accessory orthogroups from the hot spring genomes of some genera had a greater abundance of functional categories, such as inorganic ion metabolism, translation and post-translational modifications. Moreover, hot spring genomes showed increased abundances of inorganic ion transport and amino acid metabolism, as well as less replication and transcription functions in the protein coding sequences. Furthermore, they showed a higher dependence on the CRISPR-Cas defense system against exogenous nucleic acids, and a reduction in secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters. This suggests differences in the cyanobacterial response to environment-specific microbial communities. This phylum-wide study provides new insights into cyanobacterial genomic adaptations to a specific niche where they are dominant, which could be essential to trace bacterial evolution pathways in a warmer world, such as the current global warming scenario.


As the lake water of Yuyuantan Park of Beijing has became micro-polluted water after the cycles of social landscape and the micro-polluted water run into the Kunyu River, the research adopts a method of manual simulation to treatment the micro-polluted water with a new-type of compound pattern we call landscape-designed ecological barrier which consists of ecological pond and constructed wetland . In order to weak the adverse effects of micro-polluted water on natural water, this new-type of compound pattern forms a landscape-designed ecological barrier. After 5 months experiment, results show that the landscape-designed ecological barrier has a better removal of pollutants. The removal rates of COD, TN and TP respectively reached 65.2% ~ 73.6%, 62.5% ~ 66.0% and 70.0% ~ 80.0%. And the effluent quality can reach III - IV water-quality of environmental quality standards for surface water(GB3838-2002). In Autumn, the concentration of CODCr, TN and TP in effluent sustain at IV water-quality of environmental quality standards for surface water(GB3838-2002), and at the same time create artificial landscape water with environmental aesthetic and ornamental value, bring the benefit of water resources as well as positive ecological environment effects into full play synthetically.


This paper discusses adaptive filtering algorithms and proposes a fast algorithm based on vector plots analysis, that is different from the previous adaptive filtering algorithms. By introducing approaches of mathematical geometrical analysis to study adaptive filtering, the paper inquires into vector plots structure of least mean squares (LMS) algorithm and geometrical feature of algorithm convergence and seeks effective fast algorithm on the basis of geometrical analysis. Numerical simulations are given to show the efficiency and superiority of the new algorithm.


Background: Available reports on the post-discharge management of atrial fibrillation (AF) in COVID-19 patients are scarce. The aim of this case series was to describe the clinical outcomes of new-onset AF in COVID-19 patients referred to a tertiary cardiac arrhythmia center after hospital discharge. Methods: All consecutive patients referred to our center for an ambulatory evaluation from 18 May 2020 to 15 March 2022 were retrospectively screened. Patients were included in the current analysis if new-onset AF was diagnosed during hospitalization for COVID-19 and then referred to our clinic. Results: Among 946 patients, 23 (2.4%) were evaluated for new-onset AF during COVID-19. The mean age of the study cohort was 71.5 ± 8.1 years; 87.0% were male. Median time from COVID-19 discharge and the first ambulatory evaluation was 53 (41.5–127) days; median follow-up time was 175 (83–336) days. At the in-office evaluation, 14 (60.9%) patients were in sinus rhythm, and nine patients were in AF. In 13.0% of cases, oral anticoagulation was stopped according to CHADS-VASc. Eight patients in AF were scheduled for electrical cardioversion; one patient was rate-controlled. Four patients were treated with catheter ablation (CA) during follow-up. Two post-cardioversion AF recurrences were detected during follow-up, while no recurrences were diagnosed among patients who underwent CA. Conclusion: Our data suggest that AF may not be considered as a simple bystander of the in-hospital COVID-19 course. Management of new-onset AF in post-COVID-19 patients referred to our clinic did not significantly differ from our usual practice, both in terms of long-term oral anticoagulation and in terms of rhythm control strategy.


An $(X,Y)$-descent in a permutation is a pair of adjacent elements such that the first element is from $X$, the second element is from $Y$, and the first element is greater than the second one. An $(X,Y)$-adjacency in a permutation is a pair of adjacent elements such that the first one is from $X$ and the second one is from $Y$. An $(X,Y)$-place-value pair in a permutation is an element $y$ in position $x$, such that $y$ is in $Y$ and $x$ is in $X$. It turns out, that for certain choices of $X$ and $Y$ some of the three statistics above become equidistributed. Moreover, it is easy to derive the distribution formula for $(X,Y)$-place-value pairs thus providing distribution for other statistics under consideration too. This generalizes some results in the literature. As a result of our considerations, we get combinatorial proofs of several remarkable identities. We also conjecture existence of a bijection between two objects in question preserving a certain statistic.


T. M. Scanlon's contractualist account of morality is articulated alongside and built upon groundbreaking work on moral motivation. According to Scanlon, the central challenge of providing an account of moral motivation is navigating "Prichard's Dilemma," which requires that an account be both (a) helpfully explanatory and (b) morally relevant. Scanlon's own solution is that one has a reason to act rightly because doing so is an aspect of living with others on terms they could accept. There is much to like about this account, and so, in this paper, I begin with many of Scanlon's assumptions. I then argue that Scanlon's own account of moral motivation fails to navigate Prichard's Dilemma, as does another solution that I derive from his broader view. I then close by suggesting that an account of moral motivation must be "complex," involving different reasons to satisfy the competing desiderata of Prichard's Dilemma.


We propose several improvements to the well known deductive fault simulation algorithm. First, sensitivity analysis is used during true value simulation to classify each gate of the circuit into one of the two classes, namely, definitely sensitive (DS) or potentially sensitive (PS). For these classes, simple rules are given to compute the output fault list from the input fault lists. Further, the basic operations of set union, set intersection and set difference, used in fault list computation, are made highly efficient by novel pointer referencing on implicitly ordered fault lists. Performance enhancements over the basic deductive fault simulation algorithm are demonstrated by experimental results on ISCAS-85 combinational benchmark circuits. Experimental results on ISCAS-89 sequential benchmarks show that our improvements make the simulator faster than a highly efficient concurrent fault simulator, Hysim-3.<<ETX>>


Maize is the most important staple crop grown in all the agro-ecological zones of Kenya including the Arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) that cover 80% of the total land mass. Due to climate change prevalent globally, an increase in rainfall variance will lead most of the times to frequent droughts in Kenya's dry-lands. In this study, one hundred and thirty five F2; F3 progenies developed from crosses between long ASI, Katumani composites and short ASI, elite CIMMYT genotypes were evaluated alongside five checks (Duma 43 Hybrid, Local Katumani composite, CML440/CML445, CML312/CML442 and P100C6/CML78) under drought stressed and well-watered environments, at the Kiboko sub-station of KARI during 2011 and 2012 seasons in an alpha lattice design with three replications. The results showed that the genotypic, environmental, and genotype x environment (G x E) interaction variances were all significant under drought stress. The G x E variance for ASI was greater than the genotypic variance under water stress whereas for grain yield the G x E variance was almost similar to the genotypic variance. Under drought stress, the ASI mean increased significantly up to 7.667 days from an average of 1.6 days under well watered environment. Days to maturity, under drought stress decreased to an average of 53 days compared to an average of 57days under well watered conditions for all the genotypes. The mean grain yield (GY) decreased significantly by an average of 78.02% under drought stress. The G x E interactions contributed largely to the variations in performance across the two contrasting environments. The high yielding early- maturing genotypes (KDV2/CML444-14, and KDV2/CML440-224) under drought stress were alsohigh yielding under well watered environments. Anthesis to silking interval (ASI) was significantly negatively correlated with GY (-0.446***) under stress but not under well watered conditions. The ASI was positively significantly correlated with stress susceptible index (SSI)(0.304***), leaf rolling (LR)- (0.219**), senescence (SEN) (0.153*) but ASI was negatively significantly correlated with stress tolerance index (STI) (-0.378***), geometric mean productivity (GMP) (-0.448***), mean productivity (MP) (-0.419***), yield stress index (YSI) (-0.303***) and water use efficiency (WUE) (-0.365***). These relationships confirmed that ASI is important for use in selection under drought stressed environments. Genotypes with a high WUE index under drought stress had a higher chance of having a shorter ASI. Similarly, such genotypes with a high WUE index under drought stress had a higher chance of being high yielding. F3; F4 genotypes KDV2/CML444-14, and KDV2/CML440-224 were early maturing, had a short ASI, a high WUE index and were high yielding under drought stressed environments. On the other hand, grain yield under drought stress was positively, significantly correlated with MP (0.819 ***), GMP (0.961***), STI (0.890***), WUE (0.581***) and YSI (0.739***) under drought stressed environment. It is therefore concluded that in breeding maize for drought tolerance, consideration should be given to establishing carefully managed drought stress environments. Under such environments, ASI, earliness, WUE and computed drought indices are important secondary selection parameters. In this study it was proven that it is possible to combine both drought escaping mechanisms such as earliness and drought tolerance mechanisms such as ASI in developing high yielding, early maturing drought tolerant maize for ASALs in Kenya.


Objective: To check the Bacterial Co-infections and Susceptibility patterns among admitted COVID-19 patients during 3rd wave of pandemic. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Microbiology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan. Period: May 2021 to August 2021. Material & Methods: Six hundred and twelve COVID-19 positive patients having positive bacterial cultures were processed, Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer diffusion technique, all antibiotics were reported using breakpoints recommended in clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI 2021). Results: Out of 612 patients, 348 (56.9%) were male and 264 (43.2%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 57.2 ± 14.4 years with a range of 22 to 89 years. Bacterial coinfection was present in 70.4% of the patients. Gram negative bacteria (94.4%) were more prevalent in COVID-19 patients as compared to gram positive isolates (5.6%). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus showed a high resistance against penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline and doxycycline. Conclusion: Our study reported a high prevalence of bacterial coinfections in COVID-19 patients infected during the third wave of pandemic. A high percentage of gram negative species were identified in our study population, this could be due to the suppression in the immunity of individuals due to severity of COVID-19 infection and already present Antimicrobial resistance.


We explore an alternative way to fabricate (In, Ga)N/GaN short-period superlattices on GaN(0001) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. We exploit the existence of an In adsorbate structure manifesting itself by a ( 3 × 3 ) R 30 ° surface reconstruction observed in-situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction. This In adlayer accommodates a maximum of 1/3 monolayer of In on the GaN surface and, under suitable conditions, can be embedded into GaN to form an In0.33Ga0.67N quantum sheet whose width is naturally limited to a single monolayer. Periodically inserting these quantum sheets, we synthesize (In,Ga)N/GaN short-period superlattices with abrupt interfaces and high periodicity as demonstrated by x-ray diffractometry and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The embedded quantum sheets are found to consist of single monolayers with an In content of 0.25–0.29. For a barrier thickness of 6 monolayers, the superlattice gives rise to a photoluminescence band at 3.16 eV, close to the theoretic...


Introduction
Converging evidence suggests that hippocampal subregions subserve different functions, and are differentially affected by psychosis illness progression. Despite this fact, studies have not often studied subregions cross-sectionally across the psychosis spectrum. Furthermore, little is known about associations between subregion volumes and hippocampus-mediated cognition.

Methods
A total of 222 participants (61 ultra high risk [UHR], 91 schizophrenia [SCZ], and 70 healthy volunteers) underwent a 3T MRI scan, as well as structured clinical interviews and a cognitive battery. Hippocampal subfield analysis was conducted with Freesurfer. We compared subregion volumes across groups, controlling for age, gender, and intracranial volume. We also examined associations in the UHR and SCZ groups between hippocampal subregion volumes and verbal learning, visual learning, and working memory.

Results
We found a dose-dependent relationship such that the SCZ group showed significantly greater subfield volume reductions than the UHR group, which in turn showed significantly greater subfield volume reductions than the healthy volunteer group. We also found associations between subregion volume and cognitive performance in the visual memory, verbal memory, and working memory domains.

Discussion
Our study examined hippocampal subregion volumes cross-sectionally in a large sample across the psychosis spectrum, as well as links with hippocampus-mediated cognitive function. Our findings suggest that hippocampal abnormalities emerge before first psychosis episode onset, and may be etiologically informative.


This paper introduces a communication model inspired by two practical scenarios. The first scenario is related to the concept of protocol coding, where information is encoded in the actions taken by an existing communication protocol. We investigate strategies for protocol coding via combinatorial reordering of the labelled user resources (packets, channels) in an existing, primary system. However, the degrees of freedom of the reordering are constrained by the operation of the primary system. The second scenario is related to communication systems with energy harvesting, where the transmitted signals are constrained by the energy that is available through the harvesting process. We have introduced a communication model that covers both scenarios and elicits their key feature, namely the constraints of the primary system or the harvesting process. We have shown how to compute the capacity of the channels pertaining to the communication model when the resources that can be reordered have binary values. The capacity result is valid under arbitrary error model in which errors in each resource (packet) occur independently. Inspired by the information– theoretic analysis, we have shown how to design practical error– correcting codes suited for the communication model. It turns out that the information–theoretic insights are instrumental for devising superior design of error–control codes.


Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator, which is generated by secretory type II phospholipase A 2 and is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. In this study, the biological activity of LPA on human eosinophils was characterized. We showed by reverse transcription and PCR that human eosinophils express the mRNA of the LPA receptors endothelial differentiation gene (EDG)-2 and EDG-7. Experiments revealed that LPA has chemotactic activity toward eosinophils, stimulates the production of reactive oxygen metabolites, and induces up-regulation of the integrin CD11b. Signal pathway measurements indicated Ca 2 (cid:1) -mobilization from intracellular stores and transient actin polymerization upon stimulation with LPA. Cell responses elicited by LPA were inhibited by pertussis toxin indicating that in eosinophils the LPA receptor(s), presumably EDG-2 and/or EDG-7, are coupled to G i/o proteins. Moreover, LPA-induced activation of eosinophils could be completely blocked by the EDG-2/EDG-7 antagonist diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. In addition, at optimal doses the changes induced by LPA were comparable to those obtained by the other well-characterized chemotaxins. These results indicate that LPA is a strong chemotaxin and activator of eosinophils. These findings point to a novel role of LPA in the pathogenesis of diseases with eosinophilic inflammation such as


Sport events are big business, attracting not only a large number of participants, spectators and sponsorships, but also wide media coverage. The hosting of sport events have led to increased rivalry between nations, regions and cities. Sport events range from mega events, such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA Soccer World Cup, to endurance events, including the Tour de France and the Comrades ultra-marathon, and even small-scale events, such as cricket and football matches. Since an event creates some spending stimulus, it exerts an impact on the local economy. Researchers worldwide have attempted to quantify this impact of sport events for a number of years, which has resulted in an extensive body of literature on the impact of sport events. This has led to the rationale for this paper, that is, to provide an overview of the research that has been conducted over the past two decades (since 1990), on the economic impact of sport events, with special focus on the methodological issues pertaining to measuring the impact of sport events. The literature is not unanimous regarding the measurement of spending, or which spending to include. Neither is there consensus about which method to use in the quantification of the impact.


Background: There have been a range of quality improvement (QI) and quality assurance (QA) initiatives in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) to improve antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment outcomes for people living with HIV (PLHIV). To date, these initiatives have not been systematically assessed and little is known about how effective, cost-effective, or sustainable these strategies are in improving clinical outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42017071848), searching Pubmed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database of controlled trials for papers reporting on the effectiveness of QI and QA initiatives in HIV programmes in LMICs in relation to ART uptake, care retention, adherence, viral load suppression, mortality, and other outcomes including cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Results: 1860 articles were found, of which 29 were included. QI approaches were categorised as: i) health systems approaches using QI methods; ii) QI learning networks including collaboratives; iii) standards-based methods that use QI tools to improve performance gaps; and iv) campaigns using QI methods. The greatest improvements were seen in ART uptake (median increase of 14.0% [IQR -9.0, 29.3]), adherence (median increase of 22.0% [IQR -7.0, 25.0]), and viral load suppression (median increase 26.0% [IQR -8.0, 26.0]). Conclusions : QI interventions can be effective in improving clinical outcomes; however, there was significant variability, making it challenging to identify which aspects of interventions lead to clinical improvements. Standardising reporting and assessment of QI initiatives is needed, supported by national quality policies and directorates, and robust research.


We show that it is possible to find analytic expressions for characterizing the evolution of signal and noise photon numbers along the active fiber of a forward-pumped Raman amplifier with unequal signal and pump loss coefficients. We confirm the validity of the result by comparing the analytical solutions with numerical calculations and by analytically deriving the well-known 3 dB noise figure limit for high Raman gain. Apart from aiding the analysis and design of forward pumped Raman amplifiers, these results also enable one to find approximate analytical solutions for bidirectional Raman amplifiers and backward pumped Raman amplifiers with Rayleigh backscattering and Brillouin scattering.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of and characteristics associated with anal incontinence in the general community.

SETTING
Community survey.

PARTICIPANTS
The population of the state of Wisconsin sampled in the Wisconsin Family Health Survey. Subjects were identified by random digit dialing with telephone interview. The individual within each household identified as most knowledgeable about the health status of all other members of the household was asked about the health status of each member of the household. Approximately 200 households were surveyed each month.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The presence of anal incontinence to solid or liquid feces or gas, who suffered from it, the frequency of anal incontinence, and how the incontinent person coped with it.

RESULTS
A total of 2570 households comprising 6959 individuals were surveyed, and 153 individuals were reported to have anal incontinence, representing 2.2% of the population (95% confidence interval [Cl], +/- 0.3%). Thirty percent of the incontinent subjects were older than 65 years, and 63% were women. Of those with anal incontinence, 36% were incontinent to solid feces, 54% to liquid feces, and 60% to gas. In a multivariate analysis, independent associations of the following risk factors with anal incontinence were found: female sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; Cl, 1.1 to 2.1), age (continuously adjusted) (OR, 1.01; Cl, 1.01 to 1.02), physical limitations (OR, 1.8; Cl, 1.2 to 2.7), and poor general health (OR, 1.6; Cl, 1.4 to 1.9).

CONCLUSIONS
Anal incontinence was reported in 2.2% of the general population. Independent risk factors for incontinence include female sex, advancing age, poor general health, and physical limitations.


This paper presents the experimental research on the bending resistance performance of 3 GFRP tube filled with steel-reinforced high-strength concrete flexural members. It studies that the GFRP tube fiber tangle angle, and GFRP tube thickness of GFRP tube filled with steel-reinforced high-strength concrete flexural members have an effect on mechanical performance of this investigation. The experimental results show that the flexural bearing capacity of members obviously increases with the decrease of the fiber tangle angle. The bearing capacity of flexural members increases with the thickness increase of GFRP tube. Based on the test study and theory analysis, a calculation method is proposed, and good agreement with the test results is achieved.


The laryngopharynx, also referred to as the hypopharynx, is the most caudal portion of the pharynx and is a crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass. Specifically, it refers to the point at which the pharynx divides anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus. The act of swallowing, or deglutination, is a complex multistep process performed by several essential structures in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Swallowing ensures proper transport of food and water posteriorly into the esophagus at the level of the laryngopharynx. Although the laryngopharynx's primary physiologic function is as a cavity through which air, water, and food pass from the oral cavity to their respective destinations, it also contains structures that play an important role in speech. The laryngopharynx is a clinically important anatomical location because of the high proportion of pharyngeal cancers that originate there. The pyriform sinus is the most frequent site of laryngopharyngeal cancer, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for 95% of cases. The laryngopharynx is also clinically relevant due to a disorder related to the retrograde flow of digestive stomach contents to the laryngopharynx, known as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).


The origins of atmospheric sulfate production have previously been explained by focusing on air quality models and complex chemical reaction processes. Here, we first report direct observations of sulfate production in stack plumes discharged from coal‐fired power plants, industrial boilers, and sintering plants equipped with wet desulfurization systems. Less than one third of the particulate SO42− in plumes is attributed to dust‐SO42− and SO3 measured in stacks. The SO2 aqueous‐phase oxidation process is critical in explaining the unknown sulfate formation in plume droplets with pH values ranging from 2.3 to 2.8. When the rapidly formed sulfate in wet plumes is included, a notable amount of underestimated sulfate (∼0.24 Tg in 2017) is emitted from industrial stacks in China and can partially explain the "missing sulfate" on driving most particle pollution episodes. Policy‐making targeting particulate emissions is suggested to substantially reduce sulfate emissions for further air quality improvement.


The swing-twist decomposition is a standard routine in motion planning for humanoid limbs. In this paper the decomposition formulas are derived and discussed in terms of Clifford algebra. With the decomposition one can express an arbitrary spinor as a product of a twist-free spinor and a swing-free spinor (or vice-versa) in 3-dimensional Euclidean space. It is shown that in the derived decomposition formula the twist factor is a generalized projection of a spinor onto a vector in Clifford algebra. As a practical application of the introduced theory an optimized decomposition algorithm is proposed. It favourably compares to existing swing-twist decomposition implementations.


The residual stress (RS) field in ceramic–metal diffusion bonds has been studied by spatial-resolved neutron strain scanning. Strain profiles were directly determined by neutron diffraction along selected lines perpendicular to the bonding interface of cube-shaped Ni/Si3N4 specimens. Finite element method (FEM) calculations were carried out to simulate the joining process and residual strains have been obtained among the whole body of specimens. The simulations were validated by comparison with the experimental strain data obtained by neutron and (previous) X-ray diffraction along some particular line of the specimen. Finally, the RS field across the whole sample was obtained from the FEM-calculated strain field, showing that neutron strain scanning combined with FEM analysis is a very useful technique to study the RS map in silicon nitride–metal diffusion bonds at both sides of the joining interface. Maxima of the axial stress were found at the lateral surface and close to the joining interface, being tensile for both ceramic and nickel. On the other hand, the largest radial stress at the joining interface was found at the centre of the specimen on the ceramic side. From the point of view of FEM analysis, it is shown that in order to simulate the joining process of nickel and silicon nitride, nickel must be considered as a ductile material having strain hardening and Si3N4 must be considered as purely elastic material having a nearly temperature-independent elastic modulus.


Above a certain amplitude, membrane vibration becomes nonlinear due to the variation of surface tension. This lead s to audible pitch glides, which greatly contribute to the cha racteristic timbre of tom-tom drums of the classical drum set and many other percussion instruments. Therefore, there is a strong motivation to take the tension modulation effect into account in drum synthesis. Some models do already exist that model this phenomenon, however, their computational complexity is significantly higher compared to linea r membrane models. This paper applies an efficient methodology previously developed for the string to model the quasistatic part (short-time average) of the surface tension. The efficient modeling is based on the linear relationship between the quasistatic tension and membrane energy, since the energy can be computed at a relatively low computational cost. When this energy-based tension modulation is added to linear membrane models, the perceptually most relevant pitch glides are accurately synthesized, while th e increase in computational complexity is negligible.


A postal questionnaire survey of 360 Oxfordshire general practitioners and health visitors on the subject of anti-smoking education was conducted in May-June 1980. Two mailings produced a response rate of 87 per cent. Involvement in anti-smoking education was felt to be more relevant for the doctors than for the health visitors. Health visitors thought that health education officers had a major role to play; they were also more likely than doctors to use literature as an aid in counselling smokers. In general, the mass media were not thought to be effective in helping individual smokers to give up the habit. Both doctors and health visitors were in favour of their professional organizations exerting pressure on Parliament, but only one respondent had ever written to an MP about smoking.


We discuss views about whether the universe can be rationally comprehended, starting with Plato, then Leibniz, and then the views of some distinguished scientists of the previous century. Based on this, we defend the thesis that comprehension is compression, i.e., explaining many facts using few theoretical assumptions, and that a theory may be viewed as a computer program for calculating observations. This provides motivation for defining the complexity of something to be the size of the simplest theory for it, in other words, the size of the smallest program for calculating it. This is the central idea of algorithmic information theory (AIT), a field of theoretical computer science. Using the mathematical concept of program-size complexity, we exhibit irreducible mathematical facts, mathematical facts that cannot be demonstrated using any mathematical theory simpler than they are. It follows that the world of mathematical ideas has infinite complexity and is therefore not fully comprehensible, at least not in a static fashion. Whether the physical world has finite or infinite complexity remains to be seen. Current science believes that the world contains randomness, and is therefore also infinitely complex, but a deterministic universe that simulates randomness via pseudo-randomness is also a possibility, at least according to recent highly speculative work of S. Wolfram.


A nanocomposite of poly(o-toluidine)-coated MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles with a core–shell structure was synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method and employed as a magnetic adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for confirmation of their composition, morphology, size, phase, magnetic properties and specific surface area, respectively. Several important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated in order to establish the optimum conditions for the determination of PAHs in aqueous samples in combination with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.05–100 ng mL−1 and 0.01–100 ng mL−1. Limits of detection of 0.3–5.5 pg mL−1 were achieved. The intra- and inter-day precisions (N = 5) and reproducibilities (N = 3) were from 1.4–7.1%, 2.1–9.2% and 2.4–11.7% at 0.5 ng mL−1 concentration, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of trace PAHs in real water samples and the recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of 88–105%. The experimental results showed that the proposed procedure was simple, convenient and fast to analyze PAHs.


Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding (STVG) aims to localize the target object spatially and temporally according to the given language query. It is a challenging task in which the model should well understand dynamic visual cues (e.g., motions) and static visual cues (e.g., object appearances) in the language description, which requires effective joint modeling of spatiotemporal visuallinguistic dependencies. In this work, we propose a novel framework in which a static vision-language stream and a dynamic vision-language stream are developed to collaboratively reason the target tube. The static stream performs cross-modal understanding in a single frame and learns to attend to the target object spatially according to intraframe visual cues like object appearances. The dynamic stream models visual-linguistic dependencies across multiple consecutive frames to capture dynamic cues like motions. We further design a novel cross-stream collaborative block between the two streams, which enables the static and dynamic streams to transfer useful and complementary information from each other to achieve collaborative reasoning. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the collaboration of the two streams and our overall frame-work achieves new state-of-the-art performance on both HCSTVG and VidSTG datasets.


Competence-based approach to education (unlike traditional qualification) reflects requirements not only to the content of education, but also to a behavioral component. Recommendations about drawing up curricula for training of specialists in the computing sphere are considered. New pedagogical methods, proposing creative combination of the theory and practice which is reached in the course of direct professional activity are analyzed. The analysis of the problems arising at creation of educational standards is also given. It has shown that professional standards are primary link in high-quality training of various areas of economy specialists (including for computing area), and also ensuring their competitiveness have to be a basis for their development. Thus, problems when developing professional standards complicate prospect of harmonization of professional and educational standards which demands necessary methodological, methodical and expert completion at the first design stage.


This thesis examines the impact of controlling or eliminating fat digestion on the absorption of drugs in the gut. It identifies two strategies to control or evade digestion that improve blood concentrations of therapeutics. These studies are some of the first to establish a link between digestion control and improved drug uptake.


The self-managing school is an educational reform that seems to have developed the status of reform 'we had to have'. Regardless of whether it was in the educational interests of schools or not, this reform has been foisted onto schools worldwide, and in many instances, with quite devastating effects. Yet, despite its pervasiveness, there is precious little evidence to show that this reform improves learning. On the contrary, for vast numbers of students, especially those who are already least advantaged, this reform is coming to be seen as being extremely damaging. The paper poses a number of questions about the undisclosed intention of this reform, how it works, for whom, and its corroding effects on large numbers of students and teachers.


The relationship between density and area depends on local growth rates and the area-dependence of migration rates. These rates vary among taxa due to dispersal behaviour, plot productivity and natural enemy impact. Previous studies in aphids suggest that aphid densities are highest in patches of intermediate sizes, and lower in small and large patches. The suggested mechanism causing these patterns is that the dispersal behaviour in aphids creates a mixture of area- and perimeter-dependent migration rates. In this paper, we used these predictions to examine the additional consequences of nutrient availability and natural enemies on the density-area relationship. The derived predictions were compared to data from a system with three aphid species, a set of aphid parasitoids and generalist natural enemies, and at two levels of plant nutrient availability. We find that predictions from the model based only on dispersal and local growth agree with the temporal dynamics of density-area relationships for aphids in high nutrient patches. In patches with low nutrients, high parasitism rates appeared to cause a negative density-area relationship for aphids, thereby deviating from predictions driven by the aphids' dispersal behavior. Hence, the dispersal model with scale-dependent migration rates can provide a useful tool for understanding insect distribution in patch size gradients, but the relative importance of top-down effects can completely change with plot productivity.


To make informed career decisions, the new physician must acquire basic skills in medical management and health care economics and learn how to evaluate the potential survival and growth of a primary care practice. The authors have developed a model designed to aid physicians in determining the economic feasibility of establishing a practice in a specific community or joining an established practice.


The influences of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (which causes take-all of wheat), Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 (which causes rhizoctonia root rot of wheat), Pythium irregulare, P. aristosporum, and P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum (which cause pythium root rot of wheat) on the population dynamics of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and Q72a-80 (bicontrol strains active against take-all and pythium root rot of wheat, respectively) in the wheat rhizosphere were examined. Root infection by either G. graminis var. tritici or R. solani resulted in populations of both bacterial strains that were equal to or significantly larger than their respective populations maintained on roots in the absence of these pathogens. In contrast, the population of strain 2-79 was significantly smaller on roots in the presence of any of the three Pythium species than on noninfected roots and was often below the limits of detection (50 CFU/cm of root) on Pythium-infected roots after 40 days of plant growth. In the presence of either P. aristosporum or P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum, the decline in the population of Q72a-80 was similar to that observed on noninfected roots; however, the population of this strain declined more rapidly on roots infected by P. irregulare than on noninfected roots. Application of metalaxyl (which is selectively inhibitory to Pythium spp.) to soil naturally infestated with Pythium spp. resulted in significantly larger rhizosphere populations of the introduced bacteria over time than on plants grown in the same soil without metalaxyl. It is apparent that root infections by fungal pathogens may either enhance or depress the population of fluorescent pseudomonads introduced for their control, with different strains of pseudomonads reacting differentially to different genera and species of the root pathogens.


A series of field studies were conducted from 1999 to 2005 in Ithaca, NY, at the Cornell Turfgrass Research Center as part of the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) to evaluate a collection of 78 fine-leaf fescue cultivars (Festuca spp.) for turfgrass quality, seedling vigor, and ability to inhibit the establishment of common annual and perennial weeds. Using these criteria, we evaluated the overall suitability of the cultivars for use in turfgrass settings, as well as their potential weed suppressive or allelopathic ability. The ability of fine-leaf fescue to displace weeds was visually evaluated by density-wise comparison, and several cultivars of the 78 studied consistently established well and provided good to very good suppression (greater than 70%) of common turf weeds when established at the same planting density. Other cultivars provided moderate (between 35% and 70%) to (< 30%) little weed suppression. Greater weed suppressivity is likely associated with the differential ability of fescue cultivars to establish rapidly and to form a dense canopy, as well as potential allelopathic interference. This study was conducted in conjunction with laboratory experiments that revealed that certain fine-leaf fescue cultivars produced phytotoxic root exudates that were released into the rhizosphere over time. Additional field studies conducted in Ithaca showed that cultivars Intrigue, Columbra, and Sandpiper were consistently more weed suppressive than the other fine-leaf fescues evaluated. Although our understanding of the dynamics of production and degradation of fine-leaf fescue root exudates in the rhizosphere is limited, recent field studies also suggest that allelopathic interference as well as the ability to rapidly establish influence subsequent weed infestation in fine-leaf fescue stands. From a more practical standpoint, certain fine-leaf fescue cultivars, including Intrigue, Columbra, Sandpiper, and Reliant II, could be recommended for use in low-maintenance turf settings in the northeastern United States due to their aesthetic appeal and their limited weed infestation in circumstances where herbicides are not applied.


Medication non-adherence impacts public health by impeding the evaluation of medication efficacy, decreasing improvement and/or increasing morbidity in patients, while increasing health care costs. As a result, intervention studies are designed to improve adherence rates. Medication adherence is J-shaped in nature with many people taking their medication completely, a significant proportion taking no medication, and a substantial proportion taking their medication on some intermittent schedule. Therefore, descriptive statistics and standard statistical techniques (e.g., parametric t-tests, non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests, and dichotomization) can provide misleading results. This study developed and evaluated a method to more accurately assess interventions designed to improve adherence. Better evaluation could lead to identifying new interventions that decrease morbidity, mortality, and health care costs.Parametric techniques utilizing a Gaussian distribution are inappropriate as J-shaped adherence distributions violate the normality assumption and transformations fail to induce normality. Additionally, measures of central tendency fail to provide an adequate depiction of the distribution. While non-parametric techniques overcome distributional problems, they fail to adequately describe the distribution's shape. Similarly, dichotomizing data results in a loss of information, making small improvements impossible to detect. Using a mixture of beta distributions to describe adherence measures and the expectation-maximization algorithm, parameter and standard error estimates of this distribution were produced. This technique is advantageous as it allows one to both describe the shape of the distribution and compare parameter estimates. We assessed, via simulation studies, α-levels and power for this new method as compared to standard methods. Additionally, we applied the technique to data obtained from studies designed to increase medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis patients.Via simulations, the mixed beta model was shown to adequately depict adherence distributions. This technique performed better at distinguishing datasets, exhibiting power ranging from 66% to 92% across samples sizes. Additionally, α-levels for the new technique were reasonable, ranging from 3.4% to 5.4%. Finally, application to the "Adherence in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Nursing Interventions" studies produced parameters estimates and allowed for the comparison of interventions. The p-value for this new test was 0.0597, compared to 0.20 for the t-test.


Physical development in early childhood covers two main areas, namely gross motor and fine motor. Physical development of children goes according to developmental stages. However, as the developments of other dimensions, physical development of children is not running at the same time. Some children experience physical development faster than his friends, and the rest of them run slower. Growth and physical development has a very important role in a child's life. Growth and physical development is one of the tasks of the major developments in the life of a child. Growth and physical development will affect the development and growth of children in other developmental dimensions. Parents and teachers are very necessary to understand the growth and physical development of children, and instill healthy habits through physical activity of children from an early age. To help the physical development of children, the teachers and parents need to provide guidance to them in order to have an awareness of sensory abilities, and also has a positive attitude towards him. Parents and teachers also need to understand the signs of developmental delays in children, parents and teachers need to be cautious in view of delays in the development of children and must consult a doctor to ensure and provide the necessary help children, so that children can grow physically and develop optimally.


This work investigates the effect of surface topography and biomaterial wettability on protein absorption, cell attachment, proliferation and morphology and reveals important insights in the complexity of cell-material interactions. We use various materials, i.e. poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), a co-polymer of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(butylene terephtalate) (PEOT/PBT) and tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) as a reference. These materials are used extensively in biomedical applications and tissue engineering and have differences in hydrophobicity. Patterning of PDMS, PLLA and PEOT/PBT with a micropattern array of pillars with variable pillar spacing and pillar height induces changes in the wettability of their surfaces without changes in their surface chemistry. The cell study is performed using C2C12 pre-myoblasts cells. Our results reveal a clear effect of surface topography, and to a lesser extent of material hydrophobicity, on cell attachment, morphology and proliferation. Generally, surface topography on high hydrophobicity materials improves initial C2C12 cell attachment, whereas less hydrophobic and nonpatterned materials seem to support higher cell proliferation and spreading. With respect to cell morphology, surface topography seems dominant over material wettability; although the transition where cells change from growing on top of the pillars to growing on the underlying surface appears to be determined by the material wettability. These findings are important in the design of biomaterials in various applications including implants, bio-artificial organs and tissue engineering.


Objective To explore the association between dynamic changes in red blood cell distribution width to platelet count ratio (RPR) during hospitalisation and short-term mortality in patients with sepsis. Design A retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching. Setting Intensive care units (ICUs) of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Participants A total of 8731 adult patients with sepsis were included in the study. The patients were identified from the ICU of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database. The observed group included patients who experienced an increase in RPR of more than 30% during the first week of ICU admission, whereas the control group included the rest. Main outcome and measure Using propensity score matching, a matched control group was created. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, and the length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality were the secondary outcomes. Results The difference was evident in 28-day mortality between the two groups (85.8% vs 74.5%, p<0.001, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and HR=1.896, 95% CI=1.659 to 2.168, p<0.001, Cox regression). In the secondary outcomes, there was a significant difference in in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). In addition, the study discovered that the observed groups had a significantly longer hospital stay (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the results of subgroup analyses were consistent with those of the primary analyses. Conclusions In patients with sepsis, a significantly increased RPR is positively associated with the short-term death rate. Continuous RPR monitoring could be a valuable measure for predicting short-term mortality in patients with sepsis.


: Integration of radar and communication systems based on OFDM signals results in large Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Limited by the code rate, algorithm that use the Golay sequence code to restrain PAPR can only be applied under the condition of a few subcarriers. This study proposes an algorithm to restrain the PAPR of systems with a large number of subcarriers. The algorithm combines the group parallel code with the optimization of weight coefficients. First, bit streams are divided into several groups of parallel bits. Next, every group proceeds with Golay sequence coding, data symbol modulating and inverse Fourier transform. Finally, the parallel result is combined with an OFDM symbol. Before the parallel data are combined, several weight coefficients for every group are introduced; thus, the system has several candidate symbols for transmitting. Then the symbol with minimum PAPR is then selected as the transmitting signal, and the PAPR of the whole system is reduced. PAPR performance, Bit Error Radio (BER) and wideband ambiguity function of three block methods with different coding rate are also simulated. The simulations show that the PAPR of the system decreases and the BER performance improves significantly. The signal exhibits a thumbtack ambiguity function, which suggests good resolution and accuracy for distance and velocity measurements.


In order to improve the surface properties of the machine parts, the NiAl cladding Cr3C2 powder were flame and plasma sprayed. The morphology, microstructure, composition and wear properties of the coatings were examined. The results show that due to the exothermal reaction of the Ni and Al elements, the bonding strength of the coatings are improved, and the main compositions of the coatings are Ni3Al inter-metallic compound and Cr3C2. The flame sprayed and plasma sprayed coatings show almost the same micro-hardness and friction coefficient. But the microstructure of the plasma sprayed coating is more compact than that of the frame sprayed one and the wear resistance of the flame and sprayed coatings is 30% and 120% higher than that of the 1045 steel, respectively. The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are plastic deformation and spallation, and the high bonding strength and the uniformly distributed Cr3C2 particles play important anti-wear roles.


Studies on digestive adjustments at the biochemical level in relation to salinity in euryhaline crabs are lacking. Moreover, knowledge of biochemical digestive characteristics of euryhaline crabs (i.e. occurrence and characteristics of key digestive enzyme activities) is still scarce and fragmentary. We studied the occurrence, characteristics and response to low salinity of amylase, maltase and sucrase activities in the hepatopancreas of the euryhaline crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata . Maximal amylase and maltase activities were found at pH 5.2. Sucrase activity was maximal within the pH range 3.6-5.2. Amylase, maltase and sucrase activities showed a Michaelis-Menten kinetics (km = 0.41±0.10 mg ml -1 ; 1.37±1.03 mM and 0.55±0.45 mM, respectively). In crabs acclimated to low salinity (10 psu; hyperregulating conditions), amylase activity (7263±980 μg maltose min -1 mg prot -1 ) was higher than in 35 psu (osmoconforming conditions) (3605±340 μg maltose min -1 mg prot -1 ). Maltase and sucrase activities (497±98 and 64±16 μg glucose min -1 mg prot -1 , respectively) were similar in both salinities. The response of amylase activity to low salinity suggests a role in digestive adjustments upon hyperregulation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of the biochemical adaptations to low salinity in euryhaline crabs.


Plants and insects share a long evolutionary history, and in this time insects have specialized themselves on plant species, whereas plants have evolved many different ways of defense against these herbivores. An important part of plant defense is the recognition of insect herbivores, and plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive the oral secretions (OS) of feeding insects, allowing them to activate a tailored defense response. After the perception of these oral secretions, the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) is quickly biosynthesized. This JA accumulation will activate defense gene expression, leading to an accumulation of plant defense compounds and proteins throughout the plant. In this thesis, I have explored the metabolism of an insect elictor on the wounded plant surface, and investigated the metabolism of jasmonic acid after wounding alone, and simulated herbivory by wounding and applying oral secretions. These studies showed that in the interaction between Nicotiana attenuata and its herbivore Manduca sexta, the fatty-acid amino-acid conjugate 18:3-Glu is rapidly converted to at least three different compounds, one of which is also an active elicitor of JA and plant-produced volatiles. The role of JA metabolism was studies in the wild species Solanum nigrum, as tools for this study we created transgenic plants silenced for genes in JA biosynthesis , metabolism of JA to JA-Ile and the perception of jasmonates. Jasmonate profiling showed that COI1 and JAR4 played both important, but only partly overlapping roles in the metabolism of JA to JA-Ile and other jasmonates. Moreover, it was shown that in contrast to JA biosynthesis and JA perception, the conversion of JA to JA-Ile was not responsible for the activation of plant defenses in the systemic leaf. These results together suggest that both insect elicitor and jasmonic acid modification have been important in shaping the relationship between plants and their insect herbivores.


In this paper, we develop an analytical framework to compute the Quality-of-Experience (QoE) metrics of video streaming in wireless networks. Our framework takes into account the system dynamics that arises due to the arrival and departure of flows. We also consider the possibility of users abandoning the system on account of poor QoE. Considering the coexistence of multiple services such as video streaming and elastic flows, we use a Markov chain based analysis to compute the user QoE metrics: probability of starvation, prefetching delay, average video quality and bitrate switching. Our simulation results validate the accuracy of our model and describe the impact of scheduler at eNB on the QoE metrics.


This paper describes the attitudes of visitors who visit the Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) in Zoo Negara, Hulu Kelang, Selangor. As the GPCC is still relatively new, there has not been many studies conducted on this place. Based on statistics from Zoo Negara, the increasing number of visitors who have visited the GPCC reflects a positive attitude towards this program. On the other hand, some Malaysians have expressed their dissatisfaction at the high cost of the GPCC. This situation has created a negative attitude towards the programme. The attitudes of visitors may vary according to socio-demographic factors like educational background and income. The focal point is to determine visitors' attitudes towards the giant panda conservation programme and also the relationship between the socio-demographic factors of visitors and their attitudes. The conservation programme for the giant pandas is one of the biggest that have been carried out in Malaysia so far. For the first time, a conservation programme for a wildlife species from China is being done in Malaysia. Hence, it is necessary to determine if the attitudes of visitors will be positive or negative. The outcome revealed that most of the visitors show a positive attitude through concern that this species is threatened by extinction. Also, most visitors support the conservation initiative for this endangered species. The outcome also revealed that some socio-demographic factors of the visitors such as age, income, ethnicity, gender and education level has a relationship with their attitudes.


Creep tests were performed at less than 0.4 Tm (Tm is the melting temperature) for 99.999, 99.57 and 99.52% aluminum with several grain sizes in the range of 50330µm. These Al materials show remarkable creep behavior with an apparent activation energy (Q )o f 30kJ/mol, a stress exponent of 4, and a grain-size exponent of zero, and with a larger creep rate with increasing purity. These parameters resemble those of conventional dislocation creep, which is rate-controlled by the usual diffusion processes, except for the extra-low Q value. This means that a non-diffusional process affects the steady state deformation in this temperature region. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the development of a cell structure in the steady state and dislocations without any tangles in the cell interiors. Therefore, because the ratecontrolling process could not occur inside of the cells, dislocation annihilation occurred through cross slip around the cell walls. According to these creep parameters and microstructural observations, the observed creep region is suggested to be a new creep region occurring through a non-diffusional process within the existing deformation mechanism map of Al at less than 0.4 Tm. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.L-M2013833]


The human cortex encodes information in complex networks that can be anatomically dispersed and variable in their microstructure across individuals. Using simulations with neural network models, we show that contemporary statistical methods for functional brain imaging—including univariate contrast, searchlight multivariate pattern classification, and whole-brain decoding with L1 or L2 regularization—each have critical and complementary blind spots under these conditions. We then introduce the sparse-overlapping-sets (SOS) LASSO—a whole-brain multivariate approach that exploits structured sparsity to find network-distributed information—and show in simulation that it captures the advantages of other approaches while avoiding their limitations. When applied to fMRI data to find neural responses that discriminate visually presented faces from other visual stimuli, each method yields a different result, but existing approaches all support the canonical view that face perception engages localized areas in posterior occipital and temporal regions. In contrast, SOS LASSO uncovers a network spanning all four lobes of the brain. The result cannot reflect spurious selection of out-of-system areas because decoding accuracy remains exceedingly high even when canonical face and place systems are removed from the dataset. When used to discriminate visual scenes from other stimuli, the same approach reveals a localized signal consistent with other methods—illustrating that SOS LASSO can detect both widely distributed and localized representational structure. Thus, structured sparsity can provide an unbiased method for testing claims of functional localization. For faces and possibly other domains, such decoding may reveal representations more widely distributed than previously suspected. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain systems represent information as patterns of activation over neural populations connected in networks that can be widely distributed anatomically, variable across individuals, and intermingled with other networks. We show that four widespread statistical approaches to functional brain imaging have critical blind spots in this scenario and use simulations with neural network models to illustrate why. We then introduce a new approach designed specifically to find radically distributed representations in neural networks. In simulation and in fMRI data collected in the well studied domain of face perception, the new approach discovers extensive signal missed by the other methods—suggesting that prior functional imaging work may have significantly underestimated the degree to which neurocognitive representations are distributed and variable across individuals.


Women's contributions to fisheries are seldom recognised, and when they are, they are often understood from the roles they play in fish processing, marketing, and caregivers of fishing households. This characterisation has influenced the manner in which gender issues have been taken into account in fisheries development projects: women are targeted through post-harvest and household support activities, "low-conflict" interventions that allow them to remain in socially acceptable female domains, without challenging power relations or improving their participation in decision-making. In this paper, we argue that it is necessary to move beyond the perception of women as fish processors and caregivers, by better understanding their access to fisheries resources, identifying their roles and relationships with others, and by acknowledging the benefits of directly involving them in decision-making. Based on a synthesis of relevant literature we develop three categories to illustrate the different ways women access fisheries resources. Women directly involved in fish-harvesting are categorised as primary users, while those that access fish through kinship or other relationships are categorised as secondary users. Finally, women who buy fish directly from fishers or traders are categorised as tertiary users. Drawing on these categories we are able to make a number of recommendations to enhance women's participation in the fisheries sector.


The Decode-Compress-Forward (DCF) is a generalization of Decode-Forward (DF) and Compress-Forward (CF). This paper investigates conditions under which DCF offers gains over DF and CF, addresses the problem of coded modulation for DCF, and evaluates the performance of DCF coded modulation implemented via low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and polar codes. We begin by revisiting the achievable rate of DCF in discrete memoryless channels under backward decoding. We then study coded modulation for the decode-compress-forward via multi-level coding. We show that the proposed multilevel coding approaches the known achievable rates of DCF. The proposed multilevel coding is implemented (and its performance verified) via a combination of standard DVB-S2 LDPC codes, and polar codes whose design follows the method of Blasco-Serrano.


A communication system was built and tested to operate in the land mobile VHF band (150-174 MHz) at a channel separation of only 6 kHz. The audio source was digitally encoded at 2.4 kbits/s using linear predictive coding (LPC). The speech data stream was transmitted by frequency shift keying (FSK) which allowed the use of class-C transmitters and discriminator detection in the receiver. Baseband filtering of the NRZ data resulted in a narrow transmitter spectrum. The receiver had a 3 dB bandwidth of 2.4 kHz which allowed data transmission with minimal intersymbol interference and frequency offset degradation. A 58 percent eye opening was found. Bit error rate (BER) performance was measured with simulated Rayleigh fading at typical 150 MHz rates. Additional tests included capture, ignition noise susceptibility, adjacent channel protection, degradation from frequency offset, and bit error effects upon speech quality. A field test was conducted to compare the speech quality of the digital radio to that of a conventional 5 kHz deviation FM mobile radio.


The cellular immune system normally responds to relatively few of the different structural components that comprise the complete virus. Mutation or deletion of the genes coding for these few antigenic components is an immune evasion mechanism termed "stealth adaptation." I initially used this term to describe a virus derived from an African green monkey simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV). This article provides an extended discussion of the Public Health relevance of previously reported findings relating to this virus. Of particular significance, the virus did not evoke inflammation in the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patient from whom the virus was repeatedly cultured, nor in virus inoculated animals. The viral genome consists of multiple fragments of double stranded DNA with lengths of approximately twenty thousand nucleotides (20 kb). This is in marked contrast to the >226 kb size of the normal SCMV genome. Purified virus DNA was cloned, and sequence data were subsequently obtained. Most of the cloned sequences match to regions corresponding in their entirety to only approximately half of the originating SCMV genome. These matching sequences are very unevenly distributed along the SCMV genome. Moreover, there are significant genetic sequence differences between clones matching to identical regions of the SCMV genome. In addition to the SCMV matching sequences, there are sequences that match to regions of the human genome. There are also sequences that match closely to genes of bacterial origin. The major sources of the bacterial sequences in the initially cultured stealth adapted virus are from Mycoplasma fermentans and Ochrobactrum quorumnocens bacteria. These findings have extended the generic concept of stealth adaptation to include not only the loss or mutation of portions of the originating virus genome, which would have otherwise resulted in cellular immune recognition, but also the potential incorporation/acquisition of additional "renegade" genetic sequences from cellular genes and from other microbial genomes. The apparent acquisition of cellular genetic sequences by stealth adapted viruses may potentially lead to the infectious transmission of genetically determined illnesses. The inclusion of bacterial sequences is also concerning since it indicates possible bacteria mediated transmission of infectious stealth adapted viruses. Furthermore, the transmissible bacterial sequences can potentially result in the mistaken diagnosis of a stealth adapted virus infection for a bacterial disease. Examples are likely to include chronic Lyme disease and PANDAS, a severe childhood psychiatric illness. Public Health officials should respond urgently to the existence of stealth adapted viruses.


Labor-management cooperation has been regarded for many years as a panacea for organizations' competitive woes. The academic and popular presses have lauded the joint efforts of companies and their unionized workforces to come together to solve companies' competitive problems while saving employees' jobs. Moreover, research on and examples of labor-management cooperation have found that through joint efforts, unions and firms can improve organizational performance and employee outcomes. Increasingly, however, it appears that cooperation is often but a short-lived phenomenon. This article examines a major initiative of labor-management cooperation that was undertaken to facilitate the fundamental restructuring of the health care delivery system in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota. For 10 years, management of more than a dozen hospitals and representatives of the Minnesota Nurses' Association came together to negotiate and manage the process of system integration, rationalization, and delivery improvement. The results were remarkable. Yet, just a few years later, despite the success, only remnants of labor-management cooperation remain in these hospitals. This article examines the reasons for cooperation's demise and provides lessons for those engaged in cooperative undertakings that may help extend the life of those initiatives.


BACKGROUND
In patients of various ages undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV), it has been observed that positions other than the standard supine position, such as the prone position, may improve respiratory parameters. The benefits of these positions have not been clearly defined for critically ill newborns receiving MV.This is an update of a review first published in 2005 and last updated in 2013.

OBJECTIVES
Primary objectiveTo assess the effects of different positioning of newborn infants receiving MV (supine vs prone, lateral decubitus or quarter turn from prone) in improving short-term respiratory outcomes. Secondary objectiveTo assess the effects of different positioning of newborn infants receiving MV on mortality and neuromotor and developmental outcomes over the long term, and on other complications of prematurity.

SEARCH METHODS
We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 8), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 22 August 2016), Embase (1980 to 22 August 2016) and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1982 to 22 August 2016). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings and reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials comparing different positions in newborns receiving mechanical ventilation.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Three unblinded review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion in the review and extracted study data. We used standard methodological procedures as expected by The Cochrane Collaboration and assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. If the meta-analysis was not appropriate owing to substantial clinical heterogeneity between trials, we presented review findings in narrative format.

MAIN RESULTS
We included in this review 19 trials involving 516 participants. Seven of the included studies (N = 222) had not been evaluated in the previous review. Investigators compared several positions: prone versus supine, prone alternant versus supine, prone versus lateral right, lateral right versus supine, lateral left versus supine, lateral alternant versus supine, lateral right versus lateral left, quarter turn from prone versus supine, quarter turn from prone versus prone and good lung dependent versus good lung uppermost.Apart from two studies that compared lateral alternant versus supine, one comparing lateral right versus supine and two comparing prone or prone alternant versus the supine position, all included studies had a cross-over design. In five studies, infants were ventilated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); in the other studies, infants were treated with conventional ventilation (CV).Risks of bias did not differ substantially for different comparisons and outcomes. This update detects a moderate to high grade of inconsistency, similar to previous versions. However, for the analysed outcomes, the direction of effect was the same in all studies. Therefore, we consider that this inconsistency had little effect on the conclusions of the meta-analysis. When comparing prone versus supine position, we observed an increase in arterial oxygen tension (PO2) in the prone position (mean difference (MD) 5.49 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.92 to 8.05 mmHg; three trials; 116 participants; I2= 0). When percent haemoglobin oxygen saturation was measured with pulse oximetry (SpO2), improvement in the prone position was between 1.13% and 3.24% (typical effect based on nine trials with 154 participants; I2= 89%). The subgroup ventilated with CPAP (three trials; 59 participants) showed a trend towards improving SpO2 in the prone position compared with the supine position, although the mean difference (1.91%) was not significant (95% CI -1.14 to 4.97) and heterogeneity was extreme (I2= 95%).Sensitivity analyses restricted to studies with low risk of selection bias showed homogeneous results and verified a small but significant effect (MD 0.64, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.02; four trials; 92 participants; I2= 0).We also noted a slight improvement in the number of episodes of desaturation; it was not possible to establish whether this effect continued once the intervention was stopped. Investigators studied few adverse effects from the interventions in sufficient detail. Two studies analysed tracheal cultures of neonates after five days on MV, reporting lower bacterial colonisation in the alternating lateral position than in the supine posture. Other effects - positive or negative - cannot be excluded in light of the relatively small numbers of neonates studied.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This update of our last review in 2013 supports previous conclusions. Evidence of low to moderate quality favours the prone position for slightly improved oxygenation in neonates undergoing mechanical ventilation. However, we found no evidence to suggest that particular body positions during mechanical ventilation of the neonate are effective in producing sustained and clinically relevant improvement.


Th is article investigates the genealogy of the concept of heritage in the European Commission's (EC) policy discourse from 1973 to 2016. Based on conceptual analysis of 2,412 documents gathered from the EUR-Lex database, the uses of the concept in the EC's policy discourse were categorized into seven thematic areas: nature, environment, and biodiversity; human habitats; economy and employment; agricultural products and foodstuffs; promotion of societal development and stability; audiovisuality and digitalization; and European identity and integration. In the EC's discourse, heritage develops in the context of intertwined phases of EU integration and cultural Europeanization. The study indicates how the EC governs heritage mostly through implicit cultural policies included in diverse policy sectors other than culture.


Introduction: Our recent studies have demonstrated region‐specific neural activation within the rectus femoris (RF) muscle. However, these studies involved a fixed joint angle or posture. In this study we investigated the effect of hip and knee joint angles on neural activation within RF using multichannel surface electromyography (SEMG). Methods: Eleven healthy men performed isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) during knee extension and hip flexion at different hip or joint angles. During the contractions, SEMG of the RF was recorded using 46 electrode pairs covering most of the superficial area of the muscle. Results: During knee extension MVC, an increase in the hip joint angle was associated with a significant increase in SEMG amplitude in the proximal region and a decrease in the distal region (P < 0.05). Higher SEMG amplitude during hip flexion MVC compared with knee extension MVC was observed in proximal regions with the flexed knee and hip joint angles. This task‐dependent spatial distribution of SEMG amplitude was seen at the extended hip, but not at the extended knee. Conclusions: SEMG amplitudes within the RF muscle are not modified uniformly with changes in joint position. Muscle Nerve 50: 794–802, 2014


Water-saturated soils and flooding (submergence) can greatly reduce soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield. Mapping analyses with the simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker Sat_064 have identified a quantiative trait locus (QTL) for tolerance to waterlogging in the cultivar Archer. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of this QTL on waterlogging tolerance in southern environments and genetic backgrounds, and to assess variability for waterlogging tolerance in Archer derived populations. We used Sat_064 genotype data to create seven sets of NILs from the populations A5403 × Archer and 9641 × Archer. The NILs were grown under waterlogged (water level 70-120 mm above the soil surface for 2 wk starting at flowering) and irrigated control conditions at three environments in 1999 and 2000 and evaluated each for yield and visual waterlogging injury. Waterlogging injury was rated on a 0 (no symptoms) to 9 (>90% severely chlorotic or dead) scale. Checks and select RILs from the same crosses were also tested. Additional RILs from each population were tested for waterlogging injury in 2000. The Sat_064 marker did not account for a significant portion of the variability among the NILs for either waterlogging tolerance based on yield, yield in waterlogged conditions, or waterlogging injury. This may be due to the southern genetic backgrounds and environments in this study as the Sat_064 QTL was originally identified in northern genetic backgrounds and environments. Variation for waterlogging tolerance and waterlogging injury was noted in the RIL populations. The most tolerant RILs suffered a 32% yield reduction from waterlogging and had a waterlogging injury rating of 1.3 while the most susceptible RILs suffered a 77% yield loss and had a waterlogging injury score of 6.8. The populations segregated for waterlogging tolerance independently of the Sat_064 marker. Visual assessment of waterlogging injury was associated with yield-based assessment of waterlogging tolerance and could be used to select for lines with improved waterlogging tolerance.


We report on unprecedentedly large coupled cluster calculations for the C60(-) anion, and on a heuristic model uncovering the valence states of C60(-) that allow the resolution of the headlined question. Our results convincingly demonstrate that C60(-) possesses as many as four bound valence states: (2)T1u, (2)T1g, (2)T2u and (2)Hg. Our findings reconcile previous controversies regarding the existence of the bound (2)T2u and (2)Hg states. For all bound states of C60(-) we present an analysis of the radial and angular distributions of the excess electron, which reveals some unique properties of the valence states. Some interesting features of the introduced model are analyzed and discussed.


Due to the shortage of donors, 15 years ago the domino liver transplantation (DLT) procedure was proposed. In this protocol, functionally normal livers obtained from patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) were implanted in other patients with hepatic disease. As FAP generally begins in the thirties despite congenital production of amyloidogenic protein, it was expected that recipients would die before the onset of symptomatic amyloidosis. By the end of 2009, approximately 700 DLT had been performed worldwide. We report the case of a 71-year-old man who developed an autonomic and sensory-motor polyneuropathy after DLT. At the age of 59, he underwent DLT for cirrhosis associated with HBV/HCV infection and received the liver of a late-onset FAP patient carrying the Val30Met transthyretin variant. Six years after DLT, EMGs demonstrated significant bilateral reduction of sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude in comparison with previous studies (a decrease from 5.6 to 3.7 lV). However, no symptoms were reported, and neurological examination remained normal. Follow up EMGs confirmed a very slow progressive distal sensory axonal polyneuropathy. Approximately 9 years after DLT, he began to note distal paresthesias and hypesthesia in the lower extremities. The disease


This paper gives a brief overview of a new suite of software designed to make it relatively painless to implement large economic models, especially those in the computable general equilibrium (CGE) class. Whereas in the past a large element in the cost of building these models has been the writing of special-purpose code, the GEMPACK facility described here virtually eliminates the need for tailor-made programs. Moreover, because this facility is accessed via an essentially algebraic language, the GEMPACK computer text file used to implement an economic model provides an easily understood, but exhaustive and definitive, documentation of the model itself - something which only rarely has been available in the past


This paper focuses on reasoning about change within the object-oriented modeling system EMSY. EMSY has been developed to support modeling and simulation in the domains of ecology and biology. Ecological systems are described as entities consisting of a set of attributes. rules, information about composition, environment, and coupling structure. Change takes place as the change of single entities, and is initiated by them. This specific view of systems serves as a base to describe a characteristic phenomenon of ecological systems: the change of system structure.


The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of dispersible copper nanoparticles on a PLA–TiO2 particle brush and their catalytic efficiency in conducting sequential reactions. The prepared CuNP@PLA–TiO2 was characterized using various techniques like SEM, TEM, EDAX, FT-IR, TGA, XRD and UV-vis spectroscopy. The support controlled the size of the nanoparticles between 2–6 nm and prevented their agglomeration during catalysis. A zeta potential of −70.3 mV was measured for the dispersed catalyst, which indicated its high stability in solution. The nanoparticles were effectively used for the synthesis of biphenyl amines from nitro arenes by sequentially carrying out reduction and N-arylation in a single pot. The short reaction time of N-arylation and recyclability are the hallmark of the developed catalytic system.


The nudged-elastic band (NEB) method is modified with concomitant two climbing images (C2-NEB) to find a transition state (TS) in complex energy landscapes, such as those with serpentine minimal energy path (MEP). If a single climbing image (C1-NEB) successfully finds the TS, C2-NEB finds it with higher stability and accuracy. However, C2-NEB is suitable for more complex cases, where C1-NEB misses the TS because the MEP and NEB directions near the saddle point are different. Generally, C2-NEB not only finds the TS but guarantees that the climbing images approach it from the opposite sides along the MEP, and it estimates accuracy from the three images: the highest-energy one and its climbing neighbors. C2-NEB is suitable for fixed-cell NEB and the generalized solid-state NEB (SS-NEB). We validate the C2-NEB method on the solidsolid phase transformations in NiTi, and find agreement with experiment. Disciplines Condensed Matter Physics | Materials Science and Engineering Comments This proceedings was published in Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials 2015, Edited by M. Militzer, G. Botton, L.-Q. Chen, J. Howe, C. Sinclair, and H. Zurob, p.789 (2015). Posted with permission. This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_conf/94


There is currently convincing evidence that microRNAs have evolved independently in at least six different eukaryotic lineages: animals, land plants, chlorophyte green algae, demosponges, slime molds and brown algae. MicroRNAs from different lineages are not homologous but some structural features are strongly conserved across the eukaryotic tree allowing the application of stringent criteria to identify novel microRNA loci. A large set of 63 microRNA families was identified in the brown alga Ectocarpus based on mapping of RNA-seq data and nine microRNAs were confirmed by northern blotting. The Ectocarpus microRNAs are highly diverse at the sequence level with few multi-gene families, and do not tend to occur in clusters but exhibit some highly conserved structural features such as the presence of a uracil at the first residue. No homologues of Ectocarpus microRNAs were found in other stramenopile genomes indicating that they emerged late in stramenopile evolution and are perhaps specific to the brown algae. The large number of microRNA loci in Ectocarpus is consistent with the developmental complexity of many brown algal species and supports a proposed link between the emergence and expansion of microRNA regulatory systems and the evolution of complex multicellularity.


An active surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) intestinal colonization in selected group of patients has been developed in Chile since year 2000. Nevertheless, no reports of clinical cases have been published. Aim. To describe main clinical and microbiological features of patients infected by VRE in a tertiary-level teaching Hospital. Patients and methods. Intestinal and clinical samples positive to VRE were provided by laboratory, and a retrospective analysis of potential risk factors, clinical features, treatment and outcomes was performed. Study encompassed years 2001 to 2006. Main results. 23 cases of infections were identified, all cases occurring during 2005 and 2006. Incidence rate was 0.07 and 0.09 cases per 1000 occupied bed-days, respectively. The mean age was 62.0 +/- 17 years. A significant proportion of patients had cancer (39.1%), recent surgical procedures (54.1%), were on dialysis (26.1%), or were using steroids (26.1%). Most patients had received 2 or more antimicrobial (87%), almost a third represented transfers from other hospitals and an additional 22% readmissions before 30 days of latest discharge. Patients were mainly hospitalized in the ICU (60.9%) but nearly 30% were associated exclusively to nephrological or onco-hematological wards. Clinical manifestations included bacteremia (30.4%), surgical site infections or abscesses (26.1%), urinary tract infections (26.1%) and others. . Three patients (13%) did not have symptoms. After identification was possible, all isolates were identified as E. faecium (82.6% of total), the rest as Enterococcus sp. Most strains showed intermediate susceptibility to vancomycin (66.7%). For 14 strains studied both with vancomycin and teicoplanin, , phenotype Van B was predominant (85.7%), followed by VanA (7.1%) and VanB/VanD type (7.1%). No molecular studies were performed. Fifteen patients (65.4%) received a surgical and/or medical treatment. A favorable response was observed in 80% of these cases. Eight patients were not treated (34.8%), in 2 cases because of a rapidly-fatal infection. The global risk-fatality ratio for VRE infections was 13% and increased to 42.9% in patients with bacteremia. Microbiological eradication was documented in 52.2%


The LLC resonant converter with a full-bridge rectifier can achieve two balanced outputs with a simple balancing capacitor, which is quite attractive for LED driver application. To further improve the efficiency, synchronous rectification is an effective way to reduce the conduction loss of the rectifier. In this paper, a new hybrid driving scheme for full-bridge-type synchronous rectifier (SR) in LLC resonant dc/dc converter is proposed. The proposed hybrid driving scheme combines voltage-driving method and current-driving method to drive the SRs with simple circuit structure. The high-side SRs are driven by one auxiliary winding of the transformer and the low-side SRs are driven by a current transformer with only one secondary winding. Furthermore, the proposed method can be operated in discontinuous conduction mode and continuous conduction mode conditions. The detailed operation principles and design considerations are presented. Finally, the experimental results from a 200-kHz 100-W prototype verify the theoretical analysis.


Post-colonial theory has become an important but not uncontested lens through which a range of literary works have been analysed and the engine for the production of a range of creative works. This article looks at two concepts from post-colonial theory: 'the colonisation of the mind', and Salman Rushdie's notion of 'writing back to the centre' and how they might be applied to an analysis of journalistic texts. The article explores the usefulness of post-colonial theory as both a heuristic device and a framework for the production of journalism in the context of the recent media coverage of the federal government's intervention in the Northern Territory Aboriginal communities. Specifically it analyses a recent ABC radio documentary, Carmel Young and Tony Collins' The Writers Train, as an example of an innovative journalistic 'writing back'. This contemporary, oral history style documentary interweaves stories, spoken word performances and workshops from Indigenous poets, playwrights, musicians, recorded on the 'writers train', a trip on the Ghan through outback Australia from Darwin to Adelaide.


More biodiversity could be protected in situ if the few species that attract the most popular support (the 'flagship' species) had distributions that also covered the broader diversity of organisms. We studied how well different groups of mammals performed for representing the diversity of mammals and breeding birds among 1° areas of sub‐Saharan Africa. We demonstrate that choosing areas of sub‐Saharan Africa using either conservationists' six primary flagship mammals, or the six 'Big Five' mammals popular with wildlife tourists, is not significantly better for representing the diversity of mammals and birds than choosing areas at random. Furthermore, neither of these groups is significantly better for representing the diversity of mammals and birds than groups of the same number of species chosen at random. We show that in order to succeed in representing many mammals and birds in area selection, it is not sufficient for the groups used for selection to occur in many different eco‐regions, they must also have low overlaps in distribution, so as to provide high ecological complementarity (a similar pattern of ecological complementarity must be shared by the larger group of species to be represented). Therefore there may be a need for an explicit policy to balance the requirements of flagship conservation and broader biodiversity conservation, which will have implications for the distribution of resources.


The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled on several occasions that, while international double taxation may hinder the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by European Union (EU) law, it can nevertheless not be considered as a forbidden restriction to the extent that (direct) tax law is not harmonized. It is a result of the overlapping tax competences of the EU Member States. Conversely, in Switzerland, the Tribunal Fédéral held that inter-cantonal double taxation was contrary to the Swiss free movement of persons. In 2015 also the US Supreme Court decided in Maryland v. Wynne that interstate double taxation unconstitutionally discriminated against interstate commerce. The purpose of the current contribution is to compare the EU with the Swiss and the US fundamental freedoms in order to find a justification for these different approaches. Our comparative research shows that at least in certain circumstances international double taxation within the EU is contrary to the EU fundamental freedoms. We suggest a more comprehensive analysis following the example of the Swiss territory-based allocation rules and the US internal consistency test.


Aims: To examine the relative contribution of providers' professional affiliation (medical vs. non-medical), involvement in research, and training needs for associations with endorsement of the following evidence-based practices (EBPs): (1) pharmacological – buprenorphine treatment and (2) psychosocial – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Methods: Secondary analysis from a 2008 survey of a national sample (n = 571) of substance abuse treatment providers (medical, social workers, psychologists and counsellors) affiliated with the United States National Institute on Drug Abuse's National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. Multivariate linear regression models to analyze cross-sectional survey data. Findings: Results demonstrated that medical providers and providers with previous research involvement more strongly endorsed the effectiveness of buprenorphine over CBT. Compared to medical providers, psychosocial providers more strongly endorsed CBT. There was a positive association between needing training in rapport with patients and endorsement of buprenorphine and a negative association with CBT. There was a positive association between needing training in behavioural management and needs assessment and endorsement of CBT. Conclusions: Results underscore the importance of providers' involvement in research and the need for training medical and non-medical providers in practice areas that can purposely enhance their use of pharmacological and psychosocial EBPs.


The importance for wineries of visitation to cellar doors is recognised by both the tourism and wine industries (O'Neill and Charters, 2000). The quality of cellar door service plays a central role in the tourist's experience of a winery and in the emotional attachments a tourist develops for a brand, and by implication, the future purchase intentions of that tourist (Charters and O'Neill, 2001; Dodd and Bigotte, 1997; Nixon, 1999;). Understanding cellar door expectations and experiences from the point of view of the wine tourist is essential to allow wineries to establish this loyalty (O'Neill and Charter, 2000). This chapter reports on research which examined the perceptions and experience of visitors to winery cellar doors in one wine region of Western Australia. It particularly focused on the perspective of younger wine tourists, who for current purposes are defined as those that are members of the Generation X and Generation Y cohorts, and sought to compare their experience and expectations of winery cellar doors with those of older wine tourists.


Writing to Philip Rahv on 9 December 1943, Orwell described his time at the BBC as 'two wasted years', yet this volume continues to show how much he achieved. Among the educational series in this period were those devoted to new developments in science, modern English verse, great dramatists, and psychology; there were series, such as 'Books That Changed the World' which included broadcast talks on great books from East and West. Among those who broadcast for Orwell were John Lehmann, V. S. Pritchett and Stephen Spender. Oliver Bell, Director of the British Film Instistute, took over film reviewing, and the series of shortened versions of Indian plays continued. Orwell adapted four 'featurised stories', and broadcast talks on MACBETH and LADY WINDERMERE'S FAN. He continued to broadcast to Malaya and wrote and read news commentaries for Indonesia. He wrote over a dozen reviews, several essays, and a long study, 'The Detective Story' printed here for the first time in its original French version and in an English translation. The volume concludes with two appendices: the devastating report by the Intelligence Officer, Laurence Brander on the ineffectiveness of the BBC's broadcasting service to India; and, Orwell's preparatory notes for 'The Quick & the Dead' and 'The Last Man in Europe'.