Critics of the adversarial system's relationship with truth fall roughly into two groups. The first group, exemplified by John Langbein, seeks reform of our trial and pretrial procedures. These critics would give judges greater independent responsibility for truth-seeking. (1) The second group, exemplified by Judge Marvin Frankel, would give lawyers greater responsibility for truth-telling. (2) Although the approaches of these two groups can be combined, Langbein's approach seems more promising than Frankel's. High-minded, ethical pronouncements cannot transform adversarial tigers into public-spirited pussycats. (3) Both the market for legal services and the lawyer's sense of professional obligation press her not to reveal truths that will prove harmful to a client. (4) The dilemma posed by a client who proposes to present false testimony illustrates the difficulties of assigning the primary responsibility for truth-telling to lawyers. Under both the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Model Code of Professional Responsibility, lawyers have a clear obligation not to present such testimony. (5) According to the commentary to these codes, the difficult questions arise when a client insists on testifying falsely and the lawyer is unable to withdraw. (6) Should the lawyer blow the whistle, refuse to call the client to the stand, permit the client to offer false testimony in narrative form, or something else? Much ink has been devoted to answering these questions, (7) but bar committees and legal academics seem to worry about them more than most trial lawyers do. Many trial lawyers apparently have the same view as a public defender who spoke to one of my classes. When a student asked about the rule forbidding a lawyer to elicit false testimony from a client, this lawyer insisted that there was no such rule. "No," he stated, "there isn't any rule saying I can't put my client on the stand when I know he's lying. The only rule is that I can't put my client on the stand when I know that I know he's lying. I've had many cases in which I knew my client was lying, but I've never had a case in which I knew that I knew he was lying." Some lawyers say they never know what the truth is--not even when a client has confessed his guilt. Even more reject the conventional wisdom that a lawyer should describe the attorney-client privilege to a client and press the client hard for the truth to avoid being surprised at trial. (8) These lawyers don't want their clients to level with them. Not knowing the truth makes it easier to avoid the ethical issue. Even the lawyer's obligation not to abet perjury thus seems to be of limited efficacy, but I do not dismiss altogether Marvin Frankel's proposal to give lawyers more responsibility for truth-telling. At least some progress can be made by revising ethical codes. Many lawyers currently endorse the view of Lord Brougham: An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all the world, and that person is his client. To save that client by all means and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and among them, to himself, is his first and only duty. (9) These lawyers translate the duty of zealous representation to mean that everything not forbidden is required. If an action will benefit a client and is not forbidden by the rules of professional conduct or other legal rules, the lawyer must take that action even if it is misleading or deceptive. (10) Professional codes should be revised to deprive lawyers of this unfortunate argument. The codes should state that a lawyer's duty of faithful representation does not justify his or her departure from ordinary norms of fair dealing. (11) In this respect, I would distinguish the duty of faithful representation from the duty to preserve a client's confidences, which does sometimes require a lawyer to depart from ordinary principles of fair dealing. …


In a large industrial organization injuries to the wrist outnumber other injuries by a wide margin. These injuries include sprains that heal by themselves, sprains that become chronic and so-called "sprain fractures." Aside from these there is also the all too common "special case" which becomes progressively worse regardless of treatment. Carefully taken roentgenograms usually reveal a scaphoid bone with an ununited fracture. This type of injury presents varied problems. It is not alone a painful handicap to the patient and a perplexing case to the physician, but it is a decidedly trying case for the Accident Commission and becomes a serious economic liability in the yearly budget. In the military service the patient with a fractured scaphoid becomes a "complainer" and is not only a handicap to the service but, more important, exceedingly bad for the morale of the men in camp. REVIEW OF LITERATURE All writers on fractures


We present ongoing work on the design of an information system for users with reading disabilities and users with reduced vision. The design target is a portable, auditory, locationaware information system, to complement visually displayed information in exhibitions. Applying a user-centred, we identify non-typical user-groups' specific requirements, which are turned into a design. The first design-iteration, which includes a formative evaluation, using a mock-up prototype, with dyslectic and visually impaired participants, is completed. The evaluation indicates that the user-group's specific aspects we have identified are relevant, while designing for these groups.


The preservation of cultural heritage is central for protecting a sense of who we are, a meaningful reference in our culturally diverse world. (1)
Efforts to preserve resources on cultural heritage have gained new momentum throughout the world nowadays. The protection of our cultural heritage is a cultural but also economical process. (1)
It is nowadays broadly recognized that chemical analysis of materials can contribute to this process with important and often crucial information that are helpful for the study, preservation, or restoration of any kind of object of cultural heritage ranging from works of art to archaeological findings. The identification of materials in and on archaeological objects, monuments or artworks can open a window to the past for archaeologist and historians, and simultaneously helps in paving a safe way to the future, by allowing the conservators to make informed decisions regarding suitable preservation strategies. (2)
What has became increasingly important today is: WHAT (identification) has been found and WHERE (provenience). (3)
To start with, it is important to record what has been found, before you can delve on the questions about the provenance of the artefacts or the technology of how they were made, (4) and, in this perspective is also important to understand the chemical composition of each remain. (3)
Most artefacts are composed of complex mixtures of different molecules having a wide range of chemico-physical properties. Most of them are at a trace level, whilst others are in high amounts. (4) The main challenge in this type of work is the incredible variety and heterogeneity of the materials encountered. (5)
Some of them are facing deterioration, corrosion or destruction due to human activity as well as natural causes. Over the centuries, these factors increase and it is becoming more and more important to plan appropriate protection measures to save and preserve timeless evidences of human being (6).
If we are able to identify natural substances and their degradation products, we can shed light on the nature and the origin of the material employed and on the state of conservation, as well as on the degradation process itself.
Furthermore, analyses need to be as less invasive as possible. Moreover, samples are complex and heterogeneous. Therefore, it is essential to develop analytical protocols, which are minimally invasive and extremely high sensitive. (7)
To address these demanding analytical challenges, it is necessary to develop and use powerful and versatile analytical methodologies such as those based on mass spectrometry. These techniques offer unique means for advanced and microdestructive characterization of a wide spectrum of materials in archaeological findings, monuments, and works of art. (4)
My PhD project was focused on the development and optimization of chemical and proteomic analytical strategies based on advanced mass spectrometric techniques for archaeological remains.
The study of archaeological remains ranges from the molecular characterization of vessels or potteries' content to the analysis of organic remains such as human and animal tissues, for example bones, but also painting binders or vessels decorations.
After a brief introduction, a description of the Archaeological materials herein analysed is reported in Chapter 2, since this is the basis of the scientific interest in the search of new investigation procedures.
Since many of the challenges in this field arise from the complex composition and alteration pathways of the materials considered, this Chapter also provides the information of organic materials used, focusing the attention not only on protein-based materials.
To understand the potential of proteomics and mass spectrometric techniques applied on Archaeological objects, a description of the common methods is given in Chapter 3. Moreover, to help the understanding of the proteomic strategies developed and the various mass spectrometric methods applied, in this Chapter the main concepts in mass spectrometric instrumentation are also discussed.
Chapter 4 describes the development of a unique method that could be considered, efficient and applicable to different kinds of samples that contain proteinaceous materials.
In the chapters 5 to 8, a description of different study cases demonstrate the success of the experimental approaches.
The project was based on the identification and molecular characterization (by looking at chemical modification) of proteins and other organic molecules in archaeological finds like amphorae, tools and bones after optimization of analytical protocols and mass spectrometry approaches.
Specifically, the study was focused on the aging and degradation processes, defining the molecular markers of conservation state in human bones by studying different typologies of burials. Specific attention was paid to human bones from the excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Moreover, the project was focused also to the characterization of embalming materials used in animal mummification process in Sudan. Another case of study deals with the identification of the animal species of a textile membrane thread from a drape found in the tomb of Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg.
As a further section of my project, I worked to the development of a dedicated peptide database and targeted MS method (Multiple Reaction Monitoring, MRM), for the identification of binders in paintings as described in Chapter 9. The need to develop this method comes from the intrinsic analytical disadvantages due to the complexity of these unusual samples, in terms of chemical composition, presence of contaminating protein-based materials, as well as the high levels of molecular damage found in ancient samples. This method can be considered the first example of the application of targeted proteomics to samples in the field of cultural heritage that will allow an increase in sensitivity of protein detection in complex and rather contaminated samples.
The improvement in selectivity and sensitivity achieved with the targeted approach in respect to classical profiling experiments could pave the way to the possible application of this most advanced analytical strategy in the field of archaeology and artworks.
References
1. EkwelemVO,OkaforVN,UkwomaSC (2011) Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The Strategic Role of the Library and Information Science Professionals in South East Nigeria Library Philosophy And Practice562
2. Zhao W, Cioffi R, Maglioccola F, Catuogno R, Colangelo F, Russo L (2010) New technology and materials on the conservation of cultural heritage. Diagnosis for the conservation and valorization of cultural heritage (1) 319-321.
3. Gunneweg J. (2016) Clay, Technology and Qumran Pottery: What to verify and publish ? Researchgate.
4. Colombini MP, Modugno F (2009) Organic mass spectrometry in art and archaeology. Wiley, New York
5. Jakes KA (2002) Archaeological Chemistry. American Chemical Society.
6. Wadsworth C, Buckley M (2014) Proteome degradation in fossils: Investigating the longevity of protein survival in ancient bone. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom (28) 605–615.
7. Vinciguerra R, De Chiaro A, Pucci P, Marino G, Birolo L (2015) Proteomic strategies for cultural heritage: form bones to paintings. Microchem. J. (126) 341–348.


Worldwide, the number of people with overweight and obesity has increased substanti allyin recent decades. Overweight and obesity are prominent risk factors for health problems such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancer, andosteoarthritis. Energy intake, in particular snack intake, has often been identified as the driving force of the rapid increase in overweight individuals. Research into dietary behavior has mainly focused on the role of cognitions in predicting dietary intake. Socio-cognitive models, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) have been used in explaining why people may adopt healthy behavior or why they fail to do so. From the perspective of dual system models, however, research has demonstrated that snacking behavior may either be guided by reflective processes such as attitudes or intentions, which is in accordance with the socio-cognitive models of behavior, or by impulsive processes which originate from factors such as habits or fleeting emotions (i.e.positive and negative affective states). As such, it is conceivable that impulsive processes contribute uniquely to explaining variance in dietary behavior. To be able to associate dynamic psychological processes such as affective states with between-meal snack intake it is important to repetitively measure moment-to-moment snack intake and affective states in the context of daily life. Therefore, for the purpose of this research project,Snackimpuls, a smartphone application based on ESM, was developed to gain insight into the determinants of between-meal snacking and their dynamic interplay in daily life.This dissertation was divided into three parts. The aim of the first part was to compare moment-to-moment energy intake from self-reported snacks as measured by the signal contingent Snackimpuls app, with the measurements of a traditional event-contingent paper and pencil estimated diet diary. The second part of this dissertation consisted of two studies that aimed to provide insight into the role of habit (chapter 3) and affect(chapter 4) on momentary energy intake from daily life snacks. The aim of the third part of this dissertation (chapter 5) was to further elucidate the complex relationship between minor stressful daily events, between-meal snacking (yes/no) and its macronutritional components, and negative affect.Chapter 1 provides a general introduction of the background and theoretical perspectives of the main study presented in this dissertation. In accordance with the dual system perspective, this chapter highlights the need for research towards the role of habit and affect in predicting energy intake from snacks in real life settings. Furthermore, the need to extend our knowledge on the impact of snacking and its nutritional components on negative affective stress reactivity is discussed. Finally, the added value of ecological momentary assessment is addressed. Chapter 2 of this dissertation compares moment-to-moment energy intake fromself-reported snacks as measured by the signal-contingent Snackimpuls app, with the measurements of a traditional event-contingent paper and pencil estimated diet diary. This chapter shows that both instruments were comparable in assessing moment-to-moment energy intake from snacks (kcals). Research purposes will largely determine the most appropriate sampling procedure (i.e. signal-contingent or event-contingent) of choice. Chapter 3 provides insight into the association between habit and energy intake from snacks in daily life. This chapter shows that habit strength was significantly associated with moment-to-moment energy intake from between-meal snacks: the higher the strength of habit to snack between meals, the higher the amount of momentary energy intake from snacks. With respect to demographic individual differences, additional analyses showed that this association only applied to individuals with a low to middle level of education. It is recommended to address habitual between-meal snacking in future interventions targeting low to middle educated individuals. Chapter 4 provides insight into the association between affective states (positive and negative affect) and energy intake from snacks. This study shows a significant negative main effect of momentary NA on moment-to-moment energy intake. The higher momentary NA, the lower the subsequent amount of kilocalories consumed. Interaction analyses,show that men decreased their energy intake after experiencing NA. No associations were found in women, nor in the other demographic groups. With regard to PA, this study shows no main effect. Interaction analyses, however, show that men and young adults (20-30) increased their intake after experiencing PA. No associations were found in women nor in the other age groups. Future interventions aiming at reducing energy intake might consider addressing PA-related snacking in young adults and men. Chapter 5 provides insight into whether or not momentary snacking (yes/no) could actually moderate (i.e. dampen) the association between momentary stress and subsequent NA (i.e. negative affective stress reactivity). And, if so, whether this moderating effect can be replicated by the macronutrient intake (i.e. carbohydrates (grams), fat (grams), and protein (grams)). This study revealed a slight dampening effect of snacking on negative affective stress reactivity, meaning that when individuals have snacked in response to daily hassles, subsequent NA is slightly lower compared to when individuals did not snack. However, this study also showed that this dampening effect of snacking on stress reactivity, could not be replicated by its macronutritional components (i.e. carbohydrates, fat, and protein). On the contrary, the amount of carbohydrates consumed showed an enhancing effect on negative affective stress reactivity (i.e. the higher the carbohydrate intake since the previous beep, the higher momentary NA in response to momentary stress). No moderating effects were found for fat and protein. These findings provide ground for further investigation towards the decisive mechanisms in the stress dampening role of snacking. Finally, Chapter 6 provides a general discussion. In this chapter the findings of this dissertation are summarized and integrated, methodological issues are discussed, and reflections are made on implications for future research and practice. The most important strengths of the main study are the large study population and the high number of momentary reports. The chapter concludes that habit strength and positive affect contribute to an increase in energy intake in low to middle educated individuals (habit), and in young adults and men (positive affect). Based on our findings it is argued that investigating snacking behavior in additional ways than proposed by socio-cognitive models is of importance. Our findings with regard to habit strength and affect seem to endorse the relevance of both reflective and impulsive processess as proposed by dual system models. It is recommended that behavioral change interventions towards healthy dietary behavior, which are often directed towards cognitive determinants, also target impulsive processes such as unhealthy dietary habits and positive affect-related snacking. The last part of this dissertation shows that although snacking does alleviate negative affective stress reactivity, this effect cannot be attributed to its macronutritional components. These findings provide ground for further investigation towards the decisive mechanisms in the stress dampening role of snacking.


Housing Markets and Economic Convergence in the European Union, Michael Ball and Maurizio Grilli, London, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 1997, 52 pp., £19.95 Comparative housing research has been a growth area in housing studies in recent years, including those focusing on the countries of the European Union. Many of these have tended to be in the 'compare and contrast' and classificatory mould. Some have also looked at evidence of convergence towards a 'European model' of housing supply and consumption. Most have concluded that there are sharp differences between the housing systems of the EU countries, differences which the EU treaties as such will not remove, as housing will remain a responsibility of individual member governments. However, given the close relationship between economic systems and housing markets and systems, we cannot ignore the possible impact of economic convergence on the housing systems of individual countries. Nor can we ignore the potential impact which housing systems themselves will have on the achievement of economic convergence and of other EU-wide objectives. This impact is the focus of this study by Ball and Grilli published by the RICS in 1997 as one of their research series. Their key conclusion is that the operation of housing markets in EU countries can undermine convergence, economic efficiency, competitiveness and stability objectives and, as they point out, we ignore the impacts of housing markets on member states' macro-economies at our peril. Although written before monetary union commenced in 1999, Housing Markets and Economic Convergence in the European Union is still an important study. What is particularly interesting is its focus on the possible impacts of national housing markets on economic convergence. It uses available national-level data (with all its limitations) to analyse housing and economic cycles in member states, examining evidence, for example, of the relationships between housing market volatility and economic cycles. This appears very much an exploratory study, but none the less it found some important results. Most significantly it finds that each member state's housing markets and systems react differentially to economic shocks. As a result of careful analysis and appropriate use of statistical techniques to examine responses to economic shocks it divides member states into four regional subgroups. First, the EU core group (including Austria) have stable housing systems that generally have limited impacts on their macro-economies. …


A series of α-aminophosphonates (5a-j) have been synthesized from fluorinated pyrazole imines (3a-j) and triethyl phosphite using TMSCl as a catalyst by both conventional and under ultrasound irradiation conditions. The results showed the beneficial effect of the ultrasound irradiation on reaction which helps in shortening of the reaction time as well as smooth increase in the yield of products. The title compounds were characterized by physicospectral techniques like mass, IR and NMR spectra.


The fingertip force sensor is the key for the complex task of the dexterous underwater hand, in order to safely grasp an unknown object using the dexterous underwater hand and accurately perceive its position in the fingers, a sensor should be developed, which can detect the force and position simultaneously. Furthermore, this sensor should be used underwater. It is difficult to employ the accustomed calibration method for the characteristic of the fingertip force sensor, and the accustomed method is not able to assure the precision. A calibration method based on RBF (Radial-Basis Function) neural network is introduced. Furthermore, the calibration system and program are also designed. The calibration experiment of the sensor is carried out. The results show the nonlinear calibration method based on RBF neural network assure the precision of the sensor, which meets the demand of research on the underwater dexterous hand.


Mechanical ventilation has become an indispensable part of neonatal intensive care. There are many neonatal units both in the Government and private sector in Kerala, India offering this facility but data regarding profile and outcome of ventilated babies are limited. This study was undertaken to assess the indications, outcome, complications and factors affecting outcome in neonates requiring ventilation. This is a retrospective study of the first 100 ventilations undertaken in Government Medical College, Ernakulam. The indications, outcome, clinical and ventilator parameters were analysed. Out of 100 ventilated babies, the overall survival was 75%. Of the ventilated, 72 were preterm, 25 were term and 3 were postterm babies. The commonest indication for ventilation was hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Higher birth weight and gestational age were significantly associated with a better outcome. The best outcome was for birth asphyxia with 100% survival. The age at initiation of ventilation was significantly lower in the survivors. Complications which were independently predictive of death were disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and pulmonary hemorrhage.


Abstract. An extremely large earthquake (with magnitude of 8.2) happened on 8 August 1993 near the Guam island, and ultra-low-frequency (ULF) (frequency less than 1 Hz) electromagnetic fields were measured by 3-axis induction magnetometers at an observing station (with the epicentral distance of 65 km) with sampling frequency of 1 Hz. In order to study electromagnetic signature of prefracture criticality, we have undertaken the fractal (mono-fractal) analysis by means of the Higuchi's method for the ULF data during the 1993 Guam earthquake. Then, it is found that the fractal dimension exhibits five maxima 99, 75, 52, 21, and 9–4 days before the earthquake main shock, which suggests the ULF electromagnetic signature of nonlinear evolution (in the sense of self-organized criticality) taking place in the lithosphere just before the 1993 large Guam earthquake. That is, there take place step-like changes in the lithosphere during the long-term of the order of several months before the main shock.


Metallurgical design of microalloyed steel used to be a challenge due to its multivariate nature. Over ten kinds of microalloying elements and multi-step processing routes have complex interactions and different contributions to the final mechanical properties. Data-driven model is able to throw a rapid insight into the composition-processing -property correlation of steel metallurgy in a systematical and efficient way. In this study, a data mining technology, Recursive Partitioning is applied to model the tensile properties of high strength low alloyed (HSLA) steel. The results show that recursive partitioning is able to reveal the complex nonlinear dependence of tensile properties of HSLA steel upon the composition and hot rolling processing parameters. With a relatively simple mathematical structure, Recursive Partitioning can achieve effective performance in predicting the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of steel. In addition, the tree-graph representation of the results provides a powerful multi-dimensional screening tool for searching interesting regions in the composition-processing space, which can be used as a guideline for metallurgical design and further experimental and computational investigation.


BACKGROUND
Endoscopic ear surgery is a promising technique for removing congenital cholesteatoma in children. It can provide greater visual access to hidden areas of the middle ear and facilitate middle-ear manipulation. This study compares a single-center experience in manag- ing congenital cholesteatoma with an endoscopic approach with that in managing congenital cholesteatoma with a conventional microscopic approach.

METHODS
Records of consecutive patients aged under 8 with congenital cholesteatoma confined to the middle ear at our tertiary referral hospital from January 2013 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Operation time, hospital stay, postoperative complications, and recurrence/residue of congenital cholesteatoma were compared between patients receiving microscopic versus endoscopic surgery.

RESULTS
A total of 33 pediatric patients aged from 19 months to 7 years were enrolled; 12 children underwent microscopic surgery, and 21 received an endoscopic approach for removing congenital cholesteatoma. The mean operative time was 1.61 hours for the microscopic group and 1.49 hours for the endoscopic group without statistical difference. No postoperative sensorineural hearing loss and complications were reported. Four cases of recurrence/residue were observed on the follow-up endoscopic exam or computed tomography, and no differences were shown between the 2 groups. Of the total patients, 94.7% (n=11) in the microscopic group and 90.5% (n=19) in the endoscopic group demonstrated an intact tympanic membrane without perforation or retraction after surgery. No audiological differences were reported between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION
Endoscopic ear surgery can effectively and safely remove congenital cholesteatoma in children and is not inferior to conventional microscopic approaches.


Purpose: The study aims to verify whether silver can help reduce the risk of the equity portfolio for a Polish investor without diminishing its return. What are optimal shares of silver and equity in such a portfolio, and does it also improve skewness and kurtosis of the portfolio return distribution compared with a stock portfolio? Do optimal shares change depend on the situation on the silver market? Design/Methodology/Approach: The author calculates descriptive statistics for silver and equity to decide if the former can diversify assets for the latter. As equity, the WIG20 Total Return index is used. Equity-silver portfolio optimization is conducted in the light of the Markowitz theory. The analysis is done for the period between January 2005 and April 2021. Findings: The research shows that including silver in an equity portfolio lets both decrease its risk and increase the return during the silver bull market and an extended period, which take part in a growing silver market trend. Conclusions do not change when the short sale is allowed. It is indicated that during silver bear markets 100% equity portfolio is not an efficient portfolio in the light of the Harry Markowitz theory. Simultaneously, the author suggests that although the portfolio diversification conducted in the study results in diminishing risk understood as variance or standard deviation, the results for skewness and kurtosis of created optimum portfolios are various. Practical Implications: The research may be interesting for institutional and individual Polish investors seeking different diversifying instruments in various market conditions. Originality/Value: The research contributes to the existing international literature by confirming that silver can be a diversifying asset and indicates its optimal shares in the silver-equity portfolio in different market conditions for a Polish investor endangered with USD/PLN currency rate risk.


Background
Previous studies linking social activity and disability have been limited by focussing on self-reported physical performance in older adults (>65). We examined whether social participation in mid-life is associated with objective and subjective measures of physical performance in older age.

Methods
Participants of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development reported their involvement in social activities at ages 43 and 60-64 years; frequency of such involvement was classified into thirds. Physical performance was measured at age 60-64 using: grip strength; standing balance; chair rises; timed get-up-and-go; self-reported physical function from the Short Form-36. Multivariable regression was used to examine longitudinal associations between social participation and each physical performance measure. We also investigated whether change in social participation between 43 and 60-64 was associated with each outcome.

Results
In fully adjusted models, higher frequency of social participation at 43 was associated with faster chair rise (1.42 repetitions/min, 95% CI 0.45-2.39) and timed get-up-and-go speed (2.47 cm/s, 95% CI 0.27-4.67) and lower likelihood of self-report limitations (OR of low physical function 0.67, 95% CI 0.50-0.91) at 60-64 compared with low frequency. Better performance in objectively measured outcomes was observed only if higher social participation persisted over time whereas lower odds of self-reported limitations were found in all groups when compared to those with persistently low participation (ORs 0.43-0.56, all P≤0.02).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that associations between higher levels of social participation in mid-life and better physical performance exist only if this social participation persists through to older age.


PURPOSE
To increase the efficiency of Monte Carlo (MC) estimation of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scatter projections by incorporating systematic importance sampling-into an application-specific code.

METHODS
An already optimized in-house Monte Carlo CBCT scatter-projection simulator, PTRAN, was modified to incorporate importance sampling via the weight windowing WW technique. In summary, the weight window uses Russian roulette and particle splitting to ensure that W, (the particle weight) has a value within a specified interval about target value I(P) for a phase-space location P. The WW center, I(P), is set equal to the inverse of the relative importance, defined as the ratio between the expected contribution to the detector score from particles in P, including their progeny, and the average detector score from all particles. I(P) is computed on-the-fly and is updated periodically throughout the simulation. This technique was used to compute the scatter projections in full fan mode for a simulated head phantom and in half fan mode for a simulated body phantom using a 160×120 array of 2.5 mm square detector pixels. The efficiency of importance-sampling PTRAN relative to standard PTRAN was assessed.

RESULTS
The average efficiency gains for the simulated head and body phantom cases were 13.9±6.4 and 17.4±10.2, respectively. On a single core, the CPU time required for an average 5% standard deviation was reduced from 60 to 5 minutes (head) and 79 to 5.0 minutes (body).

CONCLUSION
The on-the-fly importance sampling technique dramatically improves Monte Carlo simulation efficiency and has the potential to make patient-specific CBCT scatter projection estimation clinically feasible.


The active site of tyrosine hydroxylase consists of a hydrophobic cleft with an iron atom near the bottom. Within the cleft are several charged residues which are conserved across the family of pterin-dependent hydroxylases. We have studied four of these residues, glutamates 326 and 332, aspartate 328, and arginine 316 in tyrosine hydroxylase, by site-directed substitution with alternate amino acid residues. Replacement of arginine 316 with lysine results in a protein with a Ktyr value that is at least 400-fold greater and a V/Ktyr value that is 4000-fold lower than those found in the wild-type enzyme; substitution with alanine, serine, or glutamine yields insoluble enzyme. Arginine 316 is therefore critical for the binding of tyrosine. Replacement of glutamate 326 with alanine has no effect on the KM value for tyrosine and results in a 2-fold increase in the KM value for tetrahydropterin. The Vmax for DOPA production is reduced 9-fold, and the Vmax for dihydropterin formation is reduced 4-fold. These data suggest that glutamate 326 is not directly involved in catalysis. Replacement of aspartate 328 with serine results in a 26-fold higher KM value for tyrosine, a 8-fold lower Vmax for dihydropterin formation, and a 13-fold lower Vmax for DOPA formation. These data suggest that aspartate 328 has a role in tyrosine binding. Replacement of glutamate 332 with alanine results in a 10-fold higher KM value for 6-methyltetrahydropterin with no change in the KM value for tyrosine, a 125-fold lower Vmax for DOPA formation, and an only 3.3-fold lower Vmax for tetrahydropterin oxidation. These data suggest that glutamate 332 is required for productive tetrahydropterin binding.


We successfully fabricate a uniform cylindrical microfiber coil resonator by wrapping a very thin strand of microfiber on a support rod and embedding/packaging it with a low refractive index polymer. An improved Q-factor in excess of 220 000 and an extinction ratio of 11.5 dB are achieved due to nearly ideal coupling and phase matching between the adjacent turns. The Q-factor is the highest reported value to date for any microfiber-based resonators.


School nurses who are considering a terminal degree in nursing have two options, a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or a Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD). There are several factors for school nurses to consider when determining which terminal degree is best suited for them. This article focuses on the relevance of a DNP degree to school nursing, by first reviewing the evolution of DNP programs and then pivoting to discussions by three school nurses on why they chose this terminal degree and the projects completed during their courses of study. A main focus of a DNP project is to gather, analyze, synthesize, and translate research into practice, often operationalized as quality improvement (QI) in clinical settings. School nurses, practicing independently from other healthcare professionals while often managing large workloads, stand to benefit from obtaining or working with a nurse prepared at this level.


For candy cones and layer cakes: The use of translations according to Swedish translators of classical literature from the first fifty years of the 18th century. This is a study of prefaces and dedications to Swedish translations of Greek and Roman literature from the first fifty years of the eighteenth century. The introductory paratexts of this period are highly homogenous. Most cover the following five topoi: the importance of the chosen text is specified; the text and author are introduced; the usefulness of the translation is discussed; the principles of translation are touched upon; and, in conclusion, translators anticipate and try to deflect criticism of their work. Not only are the same topoi found in most translatory prefaces and dedications, but are moreover often filled with very similar arguments. The focus of this study is on the most central topos, that of the usefulness of the translation. As a rule, during this period translators tended toward utilitarian arguments to justify their translations. The use could be argued (1) to be the moral value of the text, (2) to help students to learn Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek, (3) to make the subject-matter of the texts available to readers with no Greek or Latin, or (4) to further the development of the Swedish language and poetry. These utilitarian arguments are illustrated with quotations from the translatory paratexts and discussed with reference to contemporary debates.


In this contribution we propose a scheme for a generation of precise displacements through conversion of relative stability of components of a femtosecond laser into the length of a Fabry-Perot cavity. The spacing of mirrors of a Fabry-Perot interferometer represents a mechanical length standard referenced to stable optical frequency of a femtosecond mode-locked laser. With the help of a highly selective optical filter, it is possible to get only a few discrete spectral components. By tuning and locking the Fabry-Perot cavity to a selected single component it is possible to get a mechanical length standard with the uncertainty of the repetition frequency of the femtosecond laser. To verify the method, an auxiliary single-frequency laser is locked to the resonance mode of the cavity and simultaneously it is optically mixed with an independent optical frequency standard He-Ne-I2. The stability of the beat-frequency between these 2 lasers represents the stability of the Fabry-Perot cavity length. The stability recording evaluated through Allan variances for one hour of operation is presented. The pilot experimental setup is able to generate the length standard in the order of 0.01 nm for 20 min of integration time.


FONTANA, CHARLES Welcome to Syria: Annual Jesuit Report of 1626 from Latin to English. Department of Classics, June 2009. ADVISOR: Dr. Hans-Friedrich Otto Mueller My project is a translation from Latin to English of a Jesuit correspondence written in 1626 reporting the status of a Syrian mission to propagate Christianity. It was composed by Gaspar Maniglier and Jean Stella, the first two Jesuit fathers to be sent to the Middle East on a mission. This letter represents how the Jesuits navigated through uncharted territory, and it lends an invaluable perspective on their new lives, in which they forged amicable and hostile relationships, and faced many other challenges from naval warfare to excommunication. In this edition, I have completed a short historical and methodological introduction, a typed transcription from the manuscript, an English translation including relevant footnotes, and a list of abbreviations used by the author. My goal is to provide a reader without any knowledge about Middle Eastern Jesuit missions with an understanding of this document as its own entity through a clear, readable translation and accompanying notes.


ABSTRACT Leader affective presence is the tendency of leaders to elicit feelings that are consistent among other individuals, and has been supported as a relevant personality trait for understanding teamwork. Drawing on a model that integrates personality and emotion regulation, this study aimed to expand research on affective presence by proposing team members' perceptions of leader interpersonal emotion regulation as a process that explains how leader affective presence is related to team member behaviour. In the model, teamness—the perception that interdependence and reflexivity are required in the team—is presented as a boundary condition to the effects of affective presence via emotion regulation. Results of a study conducted with 99 teams showed that team member ratings of leader positive affective presence were linked to their perceptions that leaders had used affect-improving emotion regulation which in turn was associated with greater team citizenship behaviour. Contrariwise, team member ratings of leader negative affective presence were associated with perceived use of affect-worsening emotion regulation by leaders which in turn was associated with lower levels of team citizenship, but only when teams were low in teamness. These findings contribute to understanding how leaders' individual differences are related to teamwork through affective processes.


The Diels-Alder reaction of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) with 1, 4-diethyl-5-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl-2,3-diphenylcyclopentadien-5-ol (3a) occurs on the hydroxyl-bearing face of the diene and yields ultimately an imino lactone (5a), whereby the hydroxyl functionality has added across an exo nitrile linkage. TCNE and 5-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl-1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclopentadien-5-ol (3b) behave analogously. In contrast, the [4 + 2] adduct of 3b with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) undergoes a dramatic skeletal rearrangement to generate the 1,4-cyclohexadiene (9) in which an alkynyl ketone moiety has migrated onto an ester-bearing carbon. The molecules 5a and 9 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, and a mechanism for the skeletal rearrangement is proposed.


Most pathogens infect through mucosal surfaces, and parenteral immunization typically fails to induce effective immune responses at these sites. Development of oral-administered vaccines capable of inducing mucosal as well as systemic immunity while bypassing the issues of antigen degradation and immune tolerance could be crucial for the control of enteropathogens. This study demonstrates that U-Omp19, a bacterial protease inhibitor with immunostimulatory features, coadministered with Salmonella antigens by the oral route, enhances mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. U-Omp19 was able to increase antigen-specific production of IFN-γ and IL-17 and mucosal (IgA) antibody response. Finally, oral vaccination with U-Omp19 plus Salmonella antigens conferred protection against virulent challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium, with a significant reduction in bacterial loads. These findings prove the efficacy of this novel adjuvant in the Salmonella infection model and support the potential of U-Omp19 as a suitable adjuvant in oral vaccine formulations against mucosal pathogens requiring T helper (Th)1–Th17 protective immune responses.


The scope of emerging energy is broad, and the development scale and stage of each kind of energy is also irregular. In order to choose the priority development fields of emerging energy, this paper introduces the particle swarm (PS) optimization algorithm into the neural network (NN) training based on an overall situation stochastic optimization thought, establishes the PS-BP neural network model, which optimizes the initial weight value of BP neural network using PS first, then uses the neural network to complete the study of given accuracy. The simulation results indicated that the improved PS-BP algorithm to be able to solve the slow convergence rate and easy to fall into local minimum of learning network weight and the threshold value of conventional BP algorithm effectively, has the quick convergence rate and the high evaluating precision.


Coastal benthic communities represent one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the marine environment and perform numerous important ecological functions, including the cycling of carbon and other nutrients in the water column. However, the benthic communities of temperate ecosystems are far less studied than their tropical counterparts, especially beyond the top 30 m of water into the so-called temperate mesophotic zone (30 – 150 m), which remains largely unexplored globally. The lack of information regarding the structure and subsequent ecological functions of benthic communities in both shallow and temperate mesophotic ecosystems (TMEs) is likely to be imposing critical limits on our understanding of how temperate coastal ecosystems function generally, and the ecological services they provide. Marine sponges are often one of the most abundant organisms occurring in shallow temperate benthic habitats, and are likely to be performing important ecological functions, including transferring carbon from the water column to the benthos via their feeding activities. However, despite their high abundance, temperate marine sponges remain generally overlooked, where almost nothing is known about their distributions and potential ecological importance in both infralittoral and mesophotic habitats. The overall aim of this thesis was to address this knowledge gap by describing how sponges are distributed through the infralittoral and mesophotic zones of rocky reefs in New Zealand, and assessing the role of trophic relationships between sponges and microbial food sources in determining sponge distribution, population dynamics, and carbon retention in these habitats. In Chapter 2 I addressed a key knowledge gap of how the composition and abundance of benthic communities (including sponges) change from the infralittoral zone to the almost entirely unexplored mesophotic zone at selected sites in New Zealand. I describe quantitative changes in the benthic community composition of rocky reefs from 5 to 120 m at six locations across New Zealand, including the Fiordland Marine Area and the Poor Knights Marine Reserve. Benthic community data were analysed from videos and photographs collected using SCUBA (30 m) and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) (>30 m). I found significant changes in community composition with depth at all locations, suggesting that temperate mesophotic ecosystems (TMEs) provide habitats different from those in shallower water. I show that the morphological composition of these sponge assemblages changes with depth at all locations. I created a sponge assemblage complexity metric to describe how changes in sponge morphologies with depth have potentially important ramifications in relation to the provisioning of habitat complexity. The significant variation in both sponge abundance and the presence of free-substrate space were left unexplained in Chapter 2, where no correlations with multiple environmental variables could be found. In Chapter 3 I suggest that food availability is the most likely driver of these patterns. Here, I first describe the composition and distribution of the food pool within the size range potentially available to sponges, from the surface down to 120 m. I collected water samples from the Poor Knights and four sites in Fiordland from the innermost to the outermost locations of Doubtful Sound to accommodate the strong environmental gradient found in this region. Using flow cytometry, I identified and quantified the microbial community components available to sponges within the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool and show how the abundance of these components changes significantly with depth and across locations. I also show how dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as another potential resource to sponges, changes significantly along these same depth gradients. Using a combination of cell sorting and scanning electron microscopy, I confirmed specific previously identified microbial populations, and corrected a previous misclassification of a cell population now reclassified as picoeukaryotes. I found strong positive correlations between sponge distributions and food availability when data from all Fiordland sites was combined, and some smaller-scale patterns at the Poor Knights. These observations provide fundamental ecological information about the composition and distribution of resources at the foundation of marine trophic structures in New Zealand's infralittoral and mesophotic habitats, and how the distribution of temperate sponges maybe determined by bottom-up effects. In Chapter 4, I address the substantial knowledge gaps that remain in the potential dietary range and feeding preferences of temperate sponges, and how this might determine their population dynamics. I determined the diets of seven common sponge species occurring on shallow temperate reefs at three sites in New Zealand in situ. I assessed the potential for active food selection and interspecific differences in food preference to support resource partitioning and trophic plasticity. For the first time on shallow temperate reefs outside of the Mediterranean, I measured the uptake of multiple pelagic microbial communities as identified in the previous chapter, as well as DOC. Sponges showed active selection for different POC groups as well as between POC and DOC, although only two species (P. penicillus and Polymastia sp.) showed significant DOC retention. I found that retention efficiencies of specific POC groups were consistently high in all species that fed exclusively on POC. However, the consumption of DOC by only P. penicillus and Polymastia sp. coincided with lower retention efficiencies of POC groups and was entirely responsible for inter-specific differences in food selectivity and therefore resource-partitioning. Correlations between DOC availability and DOC consumption, and DOC selectivity indicate trophic plasticity in the study species. The results from this chapter suggest that sponges can 'switch' between food types based on relative food availability as an active rather than passive response. I found limited evidence for niche partitioning within the POC food pool, but propose that trophic plasticity, generalist feeding strategies, and DOC consumption might help explain the high abundance of sponges relative to other benthic invertebrate groups in resource-poor environments. The quantification of carbon retained by sponge assemblages is of considerable importance to our understanding of the ecological dynamics of benthic habitats generally. In Chapter 5, I combine multiple components from my previous research to estimate the potential range in quantity of carbon sponges are retaining at the assemblage scale as a result of their feeding activity on New Zealand reefs in the infralittoral and mesophotic zone. I determined the pumping volumes of five particularly common sponge species occurring on the Wellington South Coast in situ using SCUBA. I assessed potential correlations between multiple sponge biometrics (mass / number of oscula / size of oscula / total oscula area / pumping velocity) and pumping volume, to determine the most accurate and efficient way to standardize and extrapolate pumping volumes to entire assemblages. I found total oscula area (OSA) to be the best predictor of sponge pumping volume, and that the ratio of total oscula area to sponge size (~ 6%) to increase allometrically with sponge size, without any inter-specific variation. I used a range of potential OSA-specific pumping volume estimates, in combination with a range of POC retention efficiency estimates of different pelagic microbial groups, (determined in Chapter 4), to determine the range of total carbon mass retained by sponges. I then extrapolated this information to entire sponge assemblages at the Poor Knights Marine Reserve and in Doubtful Sound using sponge distribution information from the infralittoral and mesophotic zones of these regions (determined in Chapter 2). This study confirms the efficacy of applying OSA-specific pumping volumes to population scales, and demonstrates the significant contribution sponges make to the transfer of carbon (> 100% of available carbon in the benthic boundary layer per hour) to the benthos through the infralittoral and mesophotic zone of New Zealand reefs. The dominance of temperate sponges throughout both shallow and mesophotic zones and the large proportion of available carbon they transfer from the water column to the benthos is likely to have substantial ecological implications. This includes the regulation of the availability of microbial communities which are fundamental to other important ecological processes, such as primary production, and the microbial loop. Furthermore, while numerous factors are likely to determine the presence and proliferation of sponges in temperate environments (e.g. habitat availability, resource competition, environmental variables), the quantity of carbon accumulated by heterotrophic sponges fundamentally dictates the production potential of sponge assemblage biomass itself (as well as all other energetic outputs), and therefore forms the foundation on which all other ecological functions performed by sponges rely. The information provided by this thesis suggests that as the most dominant benthic organism throughout both infralittoral and mesophotic habitats, these ecological functions are likely to be of particularly high importance, especially in deeper habitats where the wider benthic community becomes increasingly depauperate relative to sponges. As such, sponges are likely to be one of the most important functional components of temperate coastal ecosystems, where their consideration across the full habitat ranges available to them, from infralittoral to mesophotic zones, is essential in developing a holistic understanding of coastal temperate ecosystem dynamics generally.


Introduction The majority of experimental biomechanical studies relating to the proximal femur use synthetic composite test specimens because of the advantages in terms of cost, availability and preservation. Studies report significantly (p < 0.02) lower variability than cadaveric bone [1] with standard deviations of up to 16.3% for flexural rigidity, torsional rigidity and axial stiffness measurements [1–3]. In comparison, the variability is between 20 and 200 times greater for cadaveric bone [4]. These studies have considered variability in terms of global measures, however, to the authors' knowledge, no data exists quantifying the variability in local properties. Variability in cortical thickness, for example, would influence strain predictions which are key to thorough validation of a model. The aim of the study was to quantify the variability in cortical thickness for commonly used composite femurs. The study also investigated the influence that these variations have in experimental testing and for validation purposes. Methods Fourth generation Sawbones® composite femurs (n=4) instrumented with tri-axial strain gauges at four locations and CT-scanned (Siemens S5VB40B). The loading applied at the hip used the averaged peak joint reaction vector during walking [5] up to a maximum load of 500N. Variations in cortical thickness were evaluated for the four specimens around the neck region at eight locations using the CT-scanned geometry. A generic and four specimen specific finite element models were created using manufacturers data and validated using experimentally measured strains. Results We found that there was considerable variability in the cortical thickness of the composite specimens (up to 48% difference or 16.1% standard deviation of the mean). The study found that there was significantly (p < 0.018) greater variability in experimentally measured strain around the femoral neck than around the shaft. We found that the generic model was not able to satisfactorily match the experimentally measured strains (average error of 135%), however, the predictions of the four specimen specific models were within an average of 13.8% (range: 5.9% to 18.3%). A sensitivity study on alignment indicated that the variability in the predictions at the proximal strain gauges were most likely due to geometric variations between the specimens. Conclusions We want to highlight the fact that considerable variations in cortical thickness between fourth generation sawbones models exist. Future studies relying on such measurements need to account for this variability when using composite test specimens, particularly if validation relies upon strain gauge readings made in the femoral neck region. References 1. Elfar et al., J Am Ac of Orth Surg 2014; 22: 111–20. 2. Gardner et al., Annals of Biomed Eng 2010; 38: 613–20. 3. Heiner et al., J Biomech 2008; 41: 3282–4. 4. Cristofolini et al., J Biomech1996; 29: 525–35. 5. Bergmann et al., J Biomech 2001; 34: 859–71.


The present study was an attempt to compare the impact of teaching through memory strategies, where students were taught the meaning of new vocabulary items by giving them synonyms, antonyms, definitions and mini-contexts. The results were reflected in the students' short-term and long-term memory retention. The participants of the study comprised 310 Indian pre-university females. The results indicated that the students in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group both in short-term and longterm scores. As many learners do not develop sufficient mastery of the vocabulary, explicit instruction of memory strategies can help them to store and retrieve new vocabulary items. Also, by using the result of a self-report and post-test 1, it was shown that over-dependency on survey tools as a means of data collection is open to question, in spite of the wide application of such tools, since there was a significant difference between what the participants said and how they performed. Keywords: memory strategies, vocabulary learning strategies, short-term retention, long-term retention, imagery,


ABSTRACT The atmosphere-ocean model ECHO-G, run with solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas forcing for the past millennium, is used to analyse winter and summer temperature variability in Scandinavia. Relationships with atmospheric circulation, North Atlantic SSTs and Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperatures are investigated at timescales longer and shorter than 10 yr. The simulated response to volcanic forcing is also analysed. Realistic relationships with the atmospheric circulation, with some deficiencies in summer, are found. High-frequency co-variations with SSTs and NH temperatures are too weak, but low-frequency co-variations with NH temperatures in winter are apparently too strong. The summer cooling response to volcanic forcing is realistic, but the expected winter warming is absent. The simulated long-term temperature evolution agrees broadly with proxy data. Combinations of several forcing factors can lead to decadal and multidecadal anomalies from the centennial trends. Decreased solar forcing can account for cold intervals in both summer and winter. A systematic negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase can explain the coldest winter temperatures during 1590–1650. Several strong volcanic forcing events can have contributed to a simultaneous summer cooling. Proxy data also indicate cold summers and winters, and a negative NAO in winter, in the same period.


Abstract This research presents the power spectral density (PSD) of double‐frequency (DF) microseisms of 13 continuous single‐point long‐term ambient noise recordings (LTRs) at five inland and two coastal locations selected in Mississippi and Louisiana states and 234 single‐point short‐term ambient noise recordings (STRs) in northern Mississippi. By correlating PSD of LTRs with the simultaneous ocean data (including significant ocean wave frequency, significant ocean wave height, ocean wind speed, and above‐ocean atmosphere pressure) of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, as well as local atmosphere pressure and wind speed, DF microseisms observed in northern Mississippi were shown to be shaped by a combined impact of both wave climates of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Particle motion analysis and calculation of vibration angle defined separately for LTRs and STRs strengthen this conclusion. The DF and PSD level at DF of STR plots in the horizontal direction versus unconsolidated sediment thickness show significant differences from the plots in the vertical direction, which indicates that the shear‐wave resonance in thick sediments modifies the DF microseisms more obviously in the horizontal than in the vertical direction.


Purpose Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in 0.8% of live births. Diagnosis of CHD in the newborn often depends on subtle findings and physical examinations fail to detect more than half of newborns with CHD. One reason physicians fail to detect CHD might be the inability to identify cyanosis on routine examination. Pulse oximetry screening on all newborns would identify cyanosis prior to discharge and in conjunction with blood pressures help identify CHD before infants become symptomatic. Our purpose was to obtain pre- and postductal oxygen saturations and blood pressures in consecutive newborns to identify normal oxygenation values associated with pre- and postductal closure. These values in conjunction with simultaneous blood pressures will be used to increase our sensitivity for diagnosing CHD. Methods All newborns admitted to the nursery had pre- and postductal blood pressures and pulse oximetry readings done when admitted and prior to discharge. Data were collected and analyzed for pre- and postductal as well as admission vs. discharge statistical significance using Bonferroni analysis with correction for multiple comparisons. Results Preliminary data in 29 patients demonstrated a statistically significant difference between admission vs. discharge preductal systolic blood pressures (SBP) (p = .0004), admission vs. discharge postductal diastolic blood pressures (DBP) (p = .0001) and admission vs. discharge preductal DBP (p = .0003). Pre- and postductal oxygen saturations and postductal admission vs. discharge SBP were not statistically significant. Conclusions The results in our study suggest important physiological changes occurring within the first several hours of life. These changes appear to be leading to an increased SBP and DBP to maintain perfusion throughout the body. The observed changes are probably associated with increased systemic vascular resistance as the ductus arteriosus closes and could also suggest why it may be difficult to identify congenital heart disease prior to discharge (within 48-72 hours). Comparison to infants with congenital heart disease may elicit more significant information related to oxygen saturations and blood pressures in screening for CHD and will be done as data become available, including a very large population of newborn infants for comparison.


Background: Bassett's first CLER visit in February 2015 demonstrated that while we had a number of programs dedicated to helping underserved segments of our population in rural, upstate New York, we did not have an overall strategy to assess healthcare delivery to diverse parts of our population. We also did not have an educational program to expose resident physicians to the diverse parts of our population. Our project goals were to develop an institutional strategy for understanding and addressing the diverse population Bassett serves and to develop a curriculum in disparities for our GME programs. Methods: A steering committee was convened in September 2015 that included leaders from clinical areas in both the Bassett and the private practice community, as well as leaders from public health, administration, research, quality improvement, outreach, mental health, and medical education. The CEO of Bassett was a frequent participant in the steering committee. The committee met every 6 weeks to monitor progress and to give input to work groups focused on institutional strategy and curriculum development. Results: An institutional strategy was developed that calls for the following: tie the elimination of healthcare disparities to Bassett's mission/vision/values; use IT and research to better understand the demographics of our region; create dashboards for our disparate populations for preventive care, cancer, and heart care; provide cultural competency training across the institution; achieve a high Health Equity Index; target interventions understanding cost and impact; continue and enhance collaboration with the community; and engage leadership at the board level. An internal medicine disparities curriculum was created that includes experiential blocks at the Gender Wellness Center and the independent, grant-funded free clinic. Didactic curriculum supports the experiential learning. In partnership with the Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment program (a New York state program designed to reduce healthcare disparities among Medicaid enrollees) and Leatherstocking Collaborative Health Partners, a curriculum in cultural competency was developed with the intention of rolling it out to the entire organization and its partners. Conclusion: The partnership of internal and external stakeholders at Bassett and its surrounding communities has successfully developed a draft of an institutional strategy for addressing healthcare disparities in our region. A residency program has been initiated in the internal medicine residency. A curriculum in cultural competency has begun for the entire organization and its partners. Multiple research opportunities have been created because of the development of these curricula.


This study, based largely on the extensive use of primary source materials, including federal and state census records, state agency reports, state and local election returns, and newspaper accounts, addresses the rise of the populist movement in Ellis County, Kansas. During the spring and summer of 1890, Kansans witnessed the rise of an agrarian reform movement that would have considerable influence on their state's political future. The Populist movement, drawing support especially from the Farmers ' Alliance, sought to address the plight of farmers, and in this effort it embarked on a political program by establishing the People's party. In Ellis County, Populism won a substantial following, for conditions there proved favorable for its success. Numerous social events and the organizations that sponsored them provided residents the opportunity to discuss their views on the major social, economic, and political concerns of the community. A significant migration of residents from this western Kansas County underscored the many difficulties faced by its citizenry. The increasing cost of living in 1890, the year's crop failure, and the effects of the McKinley Tariff and of banking and rail way policies all contributed to the hardships experienced by many county residents. Added to these factors, the political climate of the county proved favorable for the success of a strong third party. Neither the Republican nor Democratic Party held an overwhelming control over the political affairs of Ellis County. Its German-Russian population, mostly Democratic in political persuasion, insured that Republican victories would not be foregone conclusions. Realizing that the national political parties had so often failed to meet their expectations, many disgruntled farmers looked for solutions to their plight and turned to support the People's party during the election campaign of 1890. It was during this campaign that the newspaper editors of Hays, the county seat of Ellis County, were forced to address the rise of Populism and the creation of the People's party. Here, George W. Sweet, editor of the Democratic Times, Harry Freese, editor of the Hays City Free Press, George P. Griffith, editor of the Republican, and W.P. Montgomery, editor of the Hays City Sentinel, were prompted to re-examine their traditional political stances. Generally, these editors supported the Populist movement as long as it remained outside the realm of politics. Once the Populists had established their own political party, however, these editors, despite the fact that the People's party addressed many of the concerns faced by the citizenry of Ellis County, expressed apprehension about the Populist movement and especially about its involvement in Kansas politics. The four editors of Hays newspapers had little or no inclination to support the People's party. Sweet initially showed signs of supporting the Populists, but his objective had been to woo them into the camp of the Democratic Party. Once he realized that the Populists insisted on following their own political road, Sweet dared not endorse them, for such a move would have admitted that the Democrats had failed to address the farmers ' demands. Hence, Sweet focused his attention on gaining support for Democrats. Freese, meanwhile, had cautioned the Populists about entering into politics. When they did, his own political convictions wavered. Though a Republican, Freese demonstrated through his editorials a growing support for the new party by the latter stages of the campaign. Although he never did endorse the People's party in the 1890 campaign, Freese, in the years to follow, did join the ranks of the Populists. The other two Republican editors, Griffith and Montgomery, initially praised the activities of the Populists, but they attacked them upon hearing of the formation of the People's party. These two editors tended to view this new party as a threat to Republican dominance in Kansas politics and as an ally of their traditional rival, the Democratic party.


This paper asks whether we can defend associative duties to our compatriots that are grounded solely in the relationship of liberal co-citizenship. The sort of duties that are especially salient to this relationship are duties of justice, duties to protect and improve the institutions that constitute that relationship, and a duty to favour the interests of compatriots over those of foreigners. Critics have argued that the liberal conception of citizenship is too insubstantial to sustain these duties - indeed, that it gives us little reason to treat compatriots any differently from how we treat foreigners, with all the practical consequences that this would entail. I suggest that on a specific conception of liberal citizenship we can, in fact, defend associative duties, but that these extend only to the duty to protect and improve the institutions that constitute that relationship. Duties of justice and favouritism, I maintain, cannot be particularised to one's compatriots.


Flywheels are a resistance training device that can increase lean body mass, strength, and power. However, due to their unique design and the inertia from the concentric portion directly relating to the force that is applied during the eccentric portion, monitoring the training stimulus can be difficult. Consequently, the aim of this study was to assess the validity of the kMeter app for quantifying force and power at a range of different isoinertial loads from a flywheel training device when compared against a criterion measure. Eleven subjects volunteered to take part in this study, with subjects completing between 5-35 repetitions of the harness squat with 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 kg·m 2 isoinertial load. A synchronised dual force plate and tri-camera optoelectronic setup was used as the criterion measure to calculate force and power output, while the kMeter app was used as the practical measure. Very large to nearly perfect relationships were observed between the two measures, with trivial to moderate bias reported. Additionally, typical error of the estimate (TEE) was found to be <10% at all isoinertial loads. These findings suggest that the kMeter app, when used in conjunction with the kBox flywheel device, demonstrate acceptable levels of validity. However, due to the TEE, the kMeter app may not be able to accurately detect small differences and therefore be suitable for research purposes. These findings suggest that the kMeter app is an acceptable method of monitoring flywheel resistance training. Furthermore, it is advised that practitioners utilise mean power rather than mean force.


ence might also find this report useful, because it includes full charts on the technical parameters of stories (e.g., length in seconds, placement, and the lead-ins and closings for every news story on nuclear energy broadcast on the ABC, CBS, or NBC evening news shows from 5 August 1968 through 27 March 1979). A copy of the report's &dquo;Sun~n~ary and Conclusions&dquo; may be purchased for $1.00. For more information and a list of other publications on sci-


Since 1969 Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) to Apollo/Lunokhod laser retroreflector (CCR) arrays supplied accurate tests of General Relativity and new gravitational physics: possibile changes of the gravitational constant Gdot/G, weak and strong equivalence principle, gravitational self-energy (PPN parameter beta), geodetic precession, inverse-square force-law [1][2][3]; it cal also constraints gravitomagnetism. Some of these measurements also allowed for testing extensions of General Relativity, including spacetime torsion, non-minimally coupled gravity (that may explain the gravitational universe without dark matter and dark energy)[4]; in principle, although technically and programmatically very challenging, also effective quantum gravity exploting the L1 lagrangian point. LLR has also provided, and will continue to provide, significant information on the composition of the deep interior of the Moon, complementary to the GRAIL mission of NASA. LLR first provided evidence of the existence of a fluid component of the deep lunar interior, confirmed also by lunar seismometry data [1]. In 1969 CCR arrays contributed a negligible fraction of LLR error. Since laser stations improved by >100, now, because of lunar librations, current arrays dominate the error. We developed a next-generation single large CCR, MoonLIGHT-NGR unaffected by librations that supports an improvement of the space segment of the LLR accuracy up to x100. INFN also developed INRRI (INstrument for landing-Roving laser Retroreflector Investigations), a microreflector to be laser-ranged by orbiters. MoonLIGHT/INRRI, characterized at SCF-Lab [5] of INFN-LNF, Italy, for their deployment on the lunar surface or the cislunar space, will accurately position landers-rovers-hoppersorbiters of GLXP/agency missions, thanks to LLR observations from select ground station of the Internatio1 Moon Laser Instrumentation for General relativity high-acccuracy test Next Generation Retroreflector. nal Laser Ranging Service (like APOLLO in the USA, GRASSE in France and MLRO in Italy). INRRI was launched with the ESA ExoMars EDM 2016 mission, deployed on the Schiaparelli lander [6]. INRRI is also proposed for the ESA ExoMars 2020 Rover. Based on a NASA-ASI Implementing Arrangement signed in July 2017, a similar INFN payload (LaRRI, Laser RetroReflector for InSight) has been delivered to JPL and integrated on the NASA InSight 2018 Mars Landers in August 2017. Following a separate NASA-ASI Implementing Arrangement (already signed by NASA) a microreflector (LaRA, Laser Retroreflector Array) will be delivered by INFN to JPL in 2019 for deployment on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover. The first opportunities for the deployment of MoonLIGHT-NGR will be from early to late 2018 with commercial missions, followed by opportunities with space agency misions, including the proposed deployment of MoonLIGHT/INRRI on NASA's Resource Prospectors and its evolutions. LLR data analysis is carried out since the Apollo days with PEP, the Planetary Ephemeris Program developed and maintained by CfA. New LLR data, will provide useful input to improve the lunar models that PEP needs [7], as already shown by the implementation of data collected by GRAIL into LLR analysis. References: [1] Williams, J. G. et al., Adv. Space Res. 37(1), 67-71 (2006). [2] M. Martini, S. Dell'Agnello, in Springer DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20224-2_5, R. Peron et al. (eds.) (2016). [3] D. Currie, S. Dell'Agnello, G. Delle Monache, B. Behr, J. Williams, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc Suppl) 243–244 (2013) 218–228. [4] N. CastelBranco, J. Paramos, R. March, S. Dell'Agnello, in 3 European Lunar Symposium, Frascati, Italy (2014). [5] S. Dell'Agnello et al., Adv. Space Res. 47, 822–842 (2011). [6] S. Dell'Agnello, et al., J. Adv. in Space Res., 9 (2017) 645–655. [7] R. Reseanberg et al., arXiv:1608.04758v1. 5070.pdf Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (2017)


In Pollard and Sag (1994) and Ginzburg and Sag (2000) phrases are either headed or non-headed, and if they are headed, there is a relation of selection between the daughters: either the head daughter selects its non-head sister(s), as in the phrases of type head-complements, or the non-head daughter selects its head sister, as in the phrases of type head-adjunct. In the non-headed phrases, by contrast, there is no selection; in a coordinate structure, for instance, there is no relation of selection, neither between the conjuncts nor between the conjunction and the conjuncts. The central claim of this paper is that there are also phrases which are headed but in which neither daughter selects the other. To model such phrases I propose a new type, called head-independent. Its properties are spelled out and its range of application is illustrated with various examples, including asymmetric coordination and apposition.


Parallel file systems are at the core of HPC I/O infrastructures. Those systems minimize the I/O time of applications by separating files into fixed-size chunks and distributing them across multiple storage targets. Therefore, the I/O performance experienced with a PFS is directly linked to the capacity to retrieve these chunks in parallel. In this work, we conduct an in-depth evaluation of the impact of the stripe count (the number of targets used for striping) on the write performance of BeeGFS, one of the most popular parallel file systems today. We consider different network configurations and show the fundamental role played by this parameter, in addition to the number of compute nodes, processes and storage targets. Through a rigorous experimental evaluation, we directly contradict conclusions from related work. Notably, we show that sharing I/O targets does not lead to performance degradation and that applications should use as many storage targets as possible. Our recommendations have the potential to significantly improve the overall write performance of BeeGFS deployments and also provide valuable information for future work on storage target allocation and stripe count tuning.


In order to determine how functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) interact in a near-physiological environment, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on the icosahedral Au144 nanoparticles each coated with a homogeneous set of 60 thiolates selected from one of these five (5) types: 11-mercapto-1-undecanesulfonate -SC11H22(SO3(-)), 5-mercapto-1-pentanesulfonate -SC5H10(SO3(-)), 5-mercapto-1-pentaneamine -SC5H10(NH3(+)), 4-mercapto-benzoate -SPh(COO(-)), or 4-mercapto-benzamide -SPh(CONH3(+)). These thiolates were selected to elucidate how the aggregation behavior of AuNPs depends on ligand parameters, including the charge of the terminal group (anionic vs. cationic), and its length and conformational flexibility. For this purpose, each functionalized AuNP was paired with a copy of itself, placed in an aqueous cell, neutralized by 120 Na(+)/Cl(-) counter-ions and salinated with a 150 mM concentration of NaCl, to form five (5) systems of like-charged AuNPs pairs in a saline. We computed the potential of mean force (the reversible work of separation) as a function of the intra-pair distance and, based on which, the aggregation affinities. We found that the AuNPs coated with negatively charged, short ligands have very high affinities. Structurally, a significant number of Na(+) counter-ions reside on a plane between the AuNPs, mediating the interaction. Each such ion forms a "salt bridge" (or "ionic bonds") to both of the AuNPs when they are separated by its diameter plus 0.2-0.3 nm. The positively charged AuNPs have much weaker affinities, as Cl(-) counter-ions form fewer and weaker salt bridges between the AuNPs. In the case of Au144(SC11H22(SO3(-)))60 pair, the flexible ligands fluctuate much more than the other four cases. The large fluctuations disfavor the forming of salt bridges between two AuNPs, but enable hydrophobic contact between the exposed hydrocarbon chains of the two AuNPs, which are subject to an effective attraction at a separation much greater than the AuNP diameter and involve a higher concentration of counter ions in the inter-pair space.


Pressure platforms offer the potential to measure and record electronic footprints rapidly; however, the accuracy of geometric indexes derived from these prints has not been investigated. A comparison of conventional ink footprints with simultaneously acquired electronic prints revealed significant differences in several geometric indexes. The contact area was consistently underestimated by the electronic prints and resulted in a significant change in the arch index. The long plantar angle was poorly correlated between techniques. This study demonstrated that electronic footprints, derived from a pressure platform, are not representative of the equivalent ink footprints and, consequently, should not be interpreted with reference to literature on conventional footprints.


When the Great Recession struck Europe in 2009, we observed a resurgence of far-right and far-left parties. The latest studies show that economic performance was an important determinant of the success of far-left parties. On the other hand, far-right parties thrived better in countries with higher ethnic tension, higher immigration and lower protection of labour market. There were different institutional factors which influenced the attractiveness of far-right (length of democracy and enforcement of law) and far-left parties (corruption perception and voting system) for voters. However, all these findings were based on the level of entire countries. Following Coffe et al. (2007) we examine the effect of deterioration of the main macroeconomic indicators on electoral support of far-right and far-left parties at regional level. We suppose that the larger a country is, the more unevenly vote shares of far-right and far-left parties within the country are distributed. Moreover, we are interested in the effect of institutional factors at regional level. Are higher vote shares of far-right and far-left parties based on the autonomy a region, ability of the citizens of the region to hold responsibility for their economic independence, and on social networks? In our empirical analysis, we use the Heckit model with maximum likelihood estimator. Our research includes selected European Union countries plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. We observe the period from 2000 to 2014.


The popularization of electronic commerce and the growing use of this business modality by companies as well as the growth in the number of applications, protocols and services that are executed in computer networks generate difficulties for management tools. Most of these tools are able to monitor a previously established set of protocols; monitoring new protocols becomes possible with updated firmware or through development kits that are hard for network managers to assimilate. Additionally, these tools usually have little or no ability to act automatically when facing unexpected behaviors from these protocols. This paper presents an architecture for distributed management of enterprise networked applications, high-layer protocols and network services based an programmable agents. By means of a high-level graphical and textual language, the network manager is able to specify protocol traces in order to perform FCAPS (fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security) management. The observation of these traces in the network traffic leads to actions which are also determined by the network manager. This paper describes the language used to specify traces, the architecture and some examples of applications that validate the proposal.


Amine oxidase from pig plasma (PPAO) has two bound Cu2+ ions and at least one pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) moiety as cofactors. It is shown that recovery of activity by copper-depleted PPAO is linear with respect to added Cu2+ ions. Recovery of e.s.r. and optical spectral characteristics of active-site copper parallel the recovery of catalytic activity. These results are consistent with both Cu2+ ions contributing to catalysis. Further e.s.r. studies indicate that the two copper sites in PPAO, unlike those in amine oxidases from other sources, are chemically distinct. These comparative studies establish that non-identity of the Cu2+ ions in PPAO is not a requirement for amine oxidase activity. It is shown through the use of a new assay procedure that there are two molecules of PQQ bound per molecule of protein in PPAO; only the more reactive of these PQQ moieties is required for activity.


Promoting regular physical activity has been considered one of the most important aspects of preventive medicine in recent years. This is due to the fact that tremendous evidence has been found about the positive association between increasing physical activity and desirable health effects. Findings have been summarized in a number of review documents; however, most of these reviews emphasize findings retrieved from research conducted in Western countries. Few papers were found to summarize findings in physical activity and health of the Hong Kong Chinese population. Epidemiological studies revealed that there exists distinct diverse health status among different ethnic groups due to culture, beliefs, genetic makeup, health practices, and behaviors in these highly diverse groups. This chapter reviews what is known about the association between physical activity and health in the Chinese population of Hong Kong. Current health issues including coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis...


Several earthquakes in a limited region on the coast of Northern California and off the coast of Oregon have provided a set of broadband regional seismograms at Lajitas (LTX). The significant Love and Rayleigh waves contained in these waveforms have repetitively sampled the same source-receiver path within the Basin and Range province. Previous studies for this path (using a subset of these sources) of mantle S waves suggest a smoothly varying S velocity structure above 400 km followed by a strong gradient between 400 and 700 km. These data are unable to uniquely constrain the shear velocity at shallower depths. Surface-wave inversions are performed in order to refine the upper mantle S-wave model using group- and phase-velocity dispersion for periods between 10 and 100 sec. This period range gives good resolution for sub-Moho depths extending into the low-velocity zone. Group velocities are extracted by multiple filter analysis and show significant differences for events on- and off-shore at periods around 50 sec. This effect can be shown to be an interference pattern with the mantle S body-wave arrivals. As single-station data were used, phase velocities are estimated by phase-matched filtering. The recovered surface-wave dispersion data are used in an inversion procedure to recover a shear-wave structure for the Basin and Range path to LTX that consists of a relatively thin mantle lid underlain by a low-velocity channel extending to a depth of 200 km. Structure below 200 km is poorly resolved and trades off with shallower structure. The Rayleigh-wave group-velocity data favor shear-velocity models with a ridge within the low-velocity zone with velocities 0.05 to 0.2 km/sec higher than the background.


International emerging markets, being a matter of interest for Multinational Corporations (MNCs), is regularly researched by scholars for better future understanding. In this regard Resource Base View (RBV) and Resource Management theories are regularly matched and further developed. However, this research paper takes the boundaries from emerging markets to consolidating yet dynamic high-tech markets where research efforts could not be traced to adequate level. This paper has taken theories of RBV, RBV on International Business(IB) and Resource Management. It compared its validation with empirical evidences derived from case study of two mobile telecom MNCs cases which started operating in Pakistan when industry was emerging but soon entered in consolidation stage as high-tech industries are dynamic in nature. An extended evaluation was made by analyzing impact of environmental dynamic factors on these specific MNCs in light of 'Resource Management Process & Distinctions' which lead us to the following findings: Possessing good resource base is essential for MNCs during international ventures but the resource as core capabilities may not develop into competitive advantage if these resources are not structured, bundled and leveraged adequately as per industry dynamism, especially when industry is moving into consolidation phase. It is also learnt that MNCs may advantage from its head quarter's past set of experience. Yet at the same time subsidiary's locally controlled customization also benefits over all resource management process. Empirical findings of these cases gives us a good reason to consider 'shareholder's long-term vision/intensions' as well, being an important element in sustenance or success of such high tech MNCs. The research work opens further arenas for future studies such as comparison of conclusion and their generalization with other industries in same country or same industry in other countries with similar environmental dynamics.


Fab Labs are small workshops, open to the public, that offer tools and services for digital manufacturing, thus promoting social and economic innovation. For these reasons they can be considered «local collective goods»: they are created as part of the sharing economy and they are able to generate external economies, tangible and intangible, useful for development. These collective assets, however, have operating modes and «generative mechanisms» that differ in part from the traditional ones that literature on local development has been exploring so far. The objective of the article, therefore, is to explore Fab Labs from this perspective, with particular reference to the Italian situation. Italy is, indeed, a particularly interesting case, because while official indicators describe the economy as not very innovative, there has, in the case of Fab Labs, been a surprising degree of development. To solve this «puzzle», the authors propose an interpretive key that refers to both the «human capital surplus» and the «deficit of collective goods» existing in this country, which has a strong manufacturing vocation based on small and medium sized enterprises.


After a long history of searches, a Higgs boson H was discovered by the ATLAS and the CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012. Its properties fit well the ones predicted by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. However, the SM can not explain other established properties of Nature, such as the existence of Dark Matter. For this reason, models beyond the SM should be considered. Such models often predict the existence of several Higgs bosons and this thesis explores some of those models. In particular, the possibility to discover a charged Higgs boson, which would be a clear sign of physics beyond the SM, is studied.A commonly studied extension of the SM is the framework of two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDMs), where there are five Higgs bosons. By confronting the parameter spaces of some 2HDMs with publically available data from the LHC, the prospects for finding the 2HDM Higgs bosons is presented through the calculation of production cross sections and decay branching ratios in various channels.A new kind of 2HDM, called the Stealth Doublet Model is presented and the properties of the Higgs bosons are studied. In this model, it is shown that in particular the properties of the charged Higgs boson H± have new features not exhibited in earlier studied models. Within the parameter space compatible with the LHC results, the production cross section for H± can be sizeable enough to be experimentally observed.Finally, the discovery prospects at the LHC, for a H± in the pp → tH± process, with the decays H± → HW± and H → bb, is studied in various models beyond the Standard Model. It is shown that for the supersymmetric models, this channel is beyond the discovery reach of the LHC. In some of the other studied models, in particular the Aligned 2HDM, the situation is improved and the channel is feasible.


In the review, data are presented on glymepiride (amaril), a 3-d generation sulphanylamide. The drug interacts with receptors to sulphonylurea--SUR X, that are found only in B-cells of the pancreas, which fact has been shown to be associated with a higher secretion of insulin, an increased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to this hormone and with insulin-like extrapancreatic effects as well. Amaril does not affect SUR of the myocardium, myocytes of cerebral vessels and nervous cells. The use of the above drug combined with metformin, insulin, repaglynide, and nateglynide has been shown to be an optimum treatment option, however in the latter case, hypoglycemic states may come to be seen more frequently along with a rapid exhaustion of B-cells. In view of the fact that in many instances, type 2 diabetes mellitus runs its course concurrently with other illness, it is necessary that interaction of amaril with other drugs be taken into account.


Airborne laser altimetry has the potential to make frequent detailed observations that are important for many aspects of studying land surface processes. However, the uncertainties inherent in airborne laser altimetry data have rarely been well measured. Uncertainty is often specified as generally as 20 cm in elevation and 40 cm planimetric. To better constrain these uncertainties, we present an analysis of several datasets acquired specifically to study the temporal consistency of laser altimetry data and, thus, assess its operational value. The error budget has three main components, each with a time regime. For measurements acquired less than 50 ms apart, elevations have a local standard deviation in height of 3.5 cm, enabling the local measurement of surface roughness of the order of 5 cm. Points acquired seconds apart acquire an additional random error due to differential geographic positioning system fluctuation. Measurements made up to an hour apart show an elevation drift of 7 cm over a half hour. Over months, this drift gives rise to a random elevation offset between swathes, with an average of 6.4 cm. The root mean square planimetric error in point location was derived as 37.4 cm. We conclude by considering the consequences of these uncertainties on the principle application of laser altimetry in the U.K. intertidal zone monitoring.


A closed-form solution for obtaining the 3-D structure of a scene for a given six-degree-of-freedom motion of the camera is provided. The solution is massively parallel, i.e., the range that corresponds to each pixel is dependent on the spatial and temporal changes in intensities of that pixel, and on the motion parameters of the camera. The measurements of the intensities are done in a priori known directions. The solution is for the general case of camera motion. The deviation is based upon representing the image in the spherical coordinate system, although a similar approach could be taken for other image domains, e.g., the planar coordinate system. Comments are made on the amount of computations, error and singular points of the solutions. A practical way to significantly reduce and implement them is suggested. >