This comparative case study investigates the contrasting approaches adopted to 3G standard setting by two leading developing countries, China and India. Despite facing comparable challenges in terms of meeting consumer demand and fostering industrial development, the two countries adopted adopted sharply different standards strategies, with China investing heavily in a homegrown TD-SCDMA standard, and India allowing 3G licensees to provide service utilizing any type of international standard. In this paper, we trace the antecedents of this divergence to the different policy approaches the two countries adopted to their respective electronics industries in the early to mid-1990s. We demonstrate that the standard-setting policies of the two countries are embedded in their trade strategies, innovation policies and manufacturing sector policies. Though standards play a critical role in the development of telecommunications markets, there is no consensus in the theoretical literature or empirical literature about the most advantageous standard-setting strategies, especially in developing markets. While emerging economies have utilized indigenous standards to catch up with their more technologically advanced competitors and build their national innovation systems, national standards also run the risk of lock-in into an inferior standard, and discouraging technological innovation in the long run. Market-based standard-setting on the other hand may initially slow the growth of markets; deprive manufacturers of potential scale economies; and also disadvantage domestic firms in competition with better-established international players. Contrasting approaches to standard-setting in China and India, both striving to become the next technological powerhouse, provide an ideal case to compare different models of standard-setting and technological innovation.However, we argue in this paper that solely the merits and demerits of competing standard-setting and innovation models are insufficient to understand the contrasting paths to 3G standard-setting adopted in China and India. Instead, we also focus on the industry structure of the domestic electronics manufacturing industries in the two countries. This industry structure is the result of the liberalization process initiated in China in the 1980s, and in India roughly a decade later. These policies and subsequent growth resulted in an electronics manufacturing sector in China many times larger than in India. The Chinese sector is also more concentrated, marked by a few large manufacturing firms closely affiliated to the state through ownership, management and industrial policy. In India in contrast, late liberalization resulted in a much smaller electronics manufacturing sector composed of in general smaller firms. Also, Indian electronic firms tend to specialize in one or two electronics manufacturing sectors unlike Chinese firms with their multi-sector expertise. When mobile standardization became a policy priority in the two countries with market expansion, the choice menu in terms of standard-setting strategy was constrained by among other factors, the prevailing structure of the electronics industry. In China, we argue that the close affiliation between the dominant mobile providers and the state, as well as the presence of large manufacturing firms, made a national standard both feasible and attractive. In contrast, India's manufacturing sector is at least a decade behind China's, and its contract manufacturing experience is more limited than China's. The larger number of players made standards consensus more difficult to achieve, and the limited market share provided less scope for scale economies. India decided to allow its 3G licensees to provide service by utilizing any international standard. Though theory suggests that open standards competition will give greater incentive to innovation, China appears to be winning the patents race as well, because the larger size of Chinese manufacturing firms provides greater resources for R&D investments. In conclusion, we summarize how each country's 3G standard-setting strategy is derivative of and constrained by its past trade strategy, innovation policies, and manufacturing sector policies. Though China appears to have secured the advantage at the present time, it is possible that standards competition in India might provide greater scope for innovation going forward, provided India is able to devote greater resources to R&D. We also speculate on the relative merits of each country's strategy to promote innovation in a fast-growing telecommunications industry.


Lutein and zeaxanthin are dihydroxy xanthophylls that are produced from their corresponding carotene precursors by the action of (cid:2) - and (cid:3) -ring carotenoid hydroxylases. Two genes that encode (cid:2) -ring hydroxylases ( (cid:2) -hydroxylases 1 and 2) have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome and are highly active toward (cid:2) -rings but only weakly active toward (cid:3) -rings. A third distinct activity required for (cid:3) -ring hydroxylation has been defined by mutation of the LUTEIN1 ( LUT1 ) locus, but LUT1 has not yet been cloned. To address the individual and overlapping functions of the three Arabidopsis carotenoid hydroxylase activities in vivo, T-DNA knockout mutants corresponding to (cid:2) -hydroxylases 1 and 2 ( b1 and b2 , respectively) were isolated and all possible hydroxylase mutant combinations were generated. (cid:2) -Hydroxylase single mutants do not exhibit obvious growth defects and have limited impact on carotenoid composition relative to the wild type, suggesting that the encoded proteins have a significant degree of functional redundancy in vivo. Surprisingly, the b1 b2 double mutant, which lacks both known (cid:2) -hydroxylase enzymes, still contains significant levels of (cid:2) -carotene–derived xanthophylls, suggesting that additional (cid:2) -ring hydroxylation activity exists in vivo. The phenotype of double and triple hydroxylase mutants indicates that at least a portion of this activity resides in the LUT1 gene product. Despite the severe reduction of (cid:2) -carotene–derived xanthophylls (up to 90% in the lut1 b1 b2 triple mutant), the double and triple hydroxylase mutants still contain at least 50% of the wild-type amount of hydroxylated (cid:2) -rings. This finding suggests that it is the presence of minimal amounts of hydroxylated (cid:2) -rings, rather than minimal amounts of specific (cid:2) -carotene–derived xanthophylls, that are essential for light-har-vesting complex II assembly and function in vivo. The carotenoid profiles in wild-type seeds and the effect of single and multiple hydroxylase mutations are distinct from those in photosynthetic tissues, indicating that the activities of each gene product differ in the two tissues. Overall, the hydroxylase mutants provide insight into the unexpected overlapping activity of carotenoid hydroxylases in vivo.


We develop and study the concept of dataflow process networks as used for exampleby Kahn to suit exact computation over data types related to real numbers, such as continuous functions and geometrical solids. Furthermore, we consider communicating these exact objectsamong processes using protocols of a query-answer nature as introduced in our earlier work. This enables processes to provide valid approximations with certain accuracy and focusing on certainlocality as demanded by the receiving processes through queries. We define domain-theoretical denotational semantics of our networks in two ways: (1) directly, i. e. by viewing the whole network as a composite process and applying the process semantics introduced in our earlier work; and (2) compositionally, i. e. by a fixed-point construction similarto that used by Kahn from the denotational semantics of individual processes in the network. The direct semantics closely corresponds to the operational semantics of the network (i. e. it iscorrect) but very difficult to study for concrete networks. The compositional semantics enablescompositional analysis of concrete networks, assuming it is correct. We prove that the compositional semantics is a safe approximation of the direct semantics. Wealso provide a method that can be used in many cases to establish that the two semantics fully coincide, i. e. safety is not achieved through inactivity or meaningless answers. The results are extended to cover recursively-defined infinite networks as well as nested finitenetworks. A robust prototype implementation of our model is available.


This study was aimed to analyze the relationship between diameter at breast height, height, and volume of standing Shorea sp. and the relationship between age and volume of this species. The study was conducted at different ages of rehabilitated forest in Bintulu Sarawak, where the measurement was taken from tree stand year 1992 until 2003. The sampling plot of 20m x 20m was built for each age of stand. Ten standing Shorea sp. were randomly measured for sectionals (taper) from diameter at breast height until the free branches of the tree. The rest of the trees within the plot were only measured by diameter at breast height. All collected data were calculated to find basal area of each tree in meter square (m2). The volume per plot was calculated using the Smalian's formula to find the taper volume of the Shorea sp. Statistical analysis was conducted to find the regression equation which could explain the relation between volume, diameter, and height of the tree. Result showed that there was a relationship between volume, diameter, and height of the tree, and also there was relationship between volume and age of the tree. Meanwhile, there was no relationship between taper of standing trees and age of trees. This means that volume taper of standing tree and age have no correlation.


Top Notch, a dynamic 6-level course for international communication, sets a new standard, using the natural language that people really speak. With a rock-solid learner-centered approach, Top Notch provides students an opportunity to confirm their own progress at the end of every easy-to-teach two-page lesson. Features of Top Notch Fundamentals * Essential model conversations that make key social language unforgettable and easy to personalize * Intensive vocabulary development with active recycling * Complete grammar support-extended by a bound-in Vocabulary Booster *"Top Notch Interactions"-unique step-by-step discussion builders that guarantee success for all learners * Thorough attention to pronunciation * A wide array of learning strategies and activities that promote critical thinking * Authentic and refreshing content that connects students to the real world


The major purpose of this dissertation is to explore the determinants of interest cost for state bonds. Various kinds of variables pertaining to issue characteristics, market characteristics, economic conditions, and political variables were statistically tested to assess their impact on the interest cost of state bonds. This research examines the variables found to be significant for local bonds, as well as some factors unique to state bonds, e.g., the types state agencies issuing debt and the effect of different state income tax policies.


Camptothecin (CPT) induces down-regulation of topoisomerase I (TOP1) via an ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. Studies using a panel of breast and colorectal cancer cell lines as well as primary nontransformed and oncogene-transformed cells have demonstrated that CPT-induced down-regulation exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity. In general, nontransformed cells are much more proficient in CPT-induced TOP1 downregulation than their transformed counterparts. Among the breast and colorectal cancer cell lines, there was a general correlation between the extent of CPT-induced TOP1 down-regulation and CPT resistance. The breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1, the most sensitive to CPT, was completely defective in CPT-induced TOP1 down-regulation, whereas the breast cancer cell line BT474, the least sensitive to CPT, exhibited effective CPT-induced TOP1 down-regulation. The 26S proteasome inhibitor MG132 was shown to inhibit CPT-induced down-regulation of TOP1 in BT474 cells and selectively sensitized BT474 but not ZR-75-1 cells to CPT-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. In the aggregate, these results suggest that CPT-induced down-regulation of TOP1 could be an important parameter for determining CPT sensitivity/resistance in tumor cells. Analysis of the levels of TOP1 cleavable complexes, SUMO-1-TOP1 conjugates, and ubiquitin-TOP1 conjugates in ZR-75-1 and BT474 cells has suggested that the heterogeneity of CPT-induced down-regulation of TOP1 in tumor cells is at least in part attributable to altered regulation of a process(es) downstream from the TOP1 cleavable complex.


Background: The enhanced ability of cancer metastasis is the major cause for the cancer-related death of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Better understanding the mechanisms for the motility of cancer cells will benefit the treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression contributes to HCC development and progression, whereas miR-3691-5p has not been reported in HCC. Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression, function and mechanism of miR-3691-5p in HCC. Methods: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect miR-3691-5p expression in HCC tissues and cell lines database analysis were conducted for detection of the expression of miR-3691-5p in HCC. Then, the association of miR-3691-5p with clinicopathological features of HCC patients were statistically measured. Subsequently, we attempted to observe the effects of miR-3691-5p on migration and invasion of HCC cells by transwell assays. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools and luciferase reporter gene assay as well as recuse experiments were conducted to explore the target of miR-3691-5p in HCC, and to explore whether the target mediated the effects of miR-3691-5p HCC cells. Results: In the current study, we found that miR-3691-5p expression was elevated in both HCC tissues and cell lines, which was significantly correlated with poor prognosis and clinicopathological features including TNM stage (P=0.016) and vascular invasion (P=0.016). Furthermore, gain-or loss-of function assays demonstrated that miR-3691-5p promoted HCC cell migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that PTEN was a direct downstream target of miR-3691-5p. Recuse assays showed that restoration of PTEN reversed the effects of miR-3691-5p on HCC cell migration and invasion through decreasing PI3K/Akt signaling. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that miR-3691-5p contributes to HCC cell migration and invasion through activating PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN.


Main objective of the paper is to discover Hungary's rural areas suffering from agricultural employment crisis and to compare them to the spatial inequalities, examining the development possibilities and the adaptability to new economic and social processes. The actuality of this objective has been given by the recent processes in the global, European and Hungarian economy, the growing importance of local development and endogenous resources, the decreasing role of agriculture in total employment, and the general problems of rural areas. Based on multivariable statistical methods (factorial-, discriminant- and cluster analyses) and the data of 15 years before the EU accession, the selected micro-regions could be reliable separated by the economical state and social situation, the education, and the dependence on the agriculture. It can be stated that the concentrated, long-term agricultural unemployment is in close correlation to territorial inequalities, due to the unfavorable demographic and educational structure of the labor-force leaving the agriculture, the inadequate local resources, the underdevelopment and the lack of other possibilities of employment common to the identified micro-regions.


If you are searching for the ebook by Lesley Grayson Animals in Research : For and Against in pdf form, then you have come on to loyal site. We present full variation of this ebook in ePub, DjVu, PDF, doc, txt forms. You can read Animals in Research : For and Against online either downloading. Moreover, on our website you can read guides and other art eBooks online, or load them as well. We want invite note what our website not store the book itself, but we give ref to the website wherever you can load either reading online. So that if want to load pdf by Lesley Grayson Animals in Research : For and Against, then you have come on to the faithful site. We own Animals in Research : For and Against PDF, txt, DjVu, doc, ePub formats. We will be pleased if you will be back to us anew.


A novel adaptive coherent receiver for TCM signals transmitted over randomly time-variant frequency-selective fast-fading wireless links is presented. Its main feature is that the three different tasks of channel-estimation, equalization and decoding are jointly carried out in an optimal way. The last two operations are jointly accomplished by a symbol-by-symbol (SbS) Abend-Fritchman like detector (Proakis, 1989) which delivers both hard-decisions and suitably defined soft-output statistics. The latter directly feed a nonlinear Kalman-type estimator for channel tracking. Using the more informative soft-statistics in place of usual hard statistics for channel estimation constitutes the novel attractive feature of the proposed receiver; in this way, the channel estimator is able to fully exploit the coding redundancy so to enhance the tracking capability.


This paper studies the trajectories and near field of round jets in crossflow. Incompressible direct numerical simulations are performed at velocity ratios of 1.5 and 5.7 and the effects of jet velocity profile and boundary layer thickness on the jet trajectory are examined. The 'rd' scaling used at present (Margason 1993) does not contain any information on these parameters, and trajectories scaled by rd do not collapse. The trajectory is strongly influenced by the near field which depends on both the jet velocity profile and the crossflow boundary layer. A length scale is proposed to describe the near field of the jet. An analytical expression is proposed for this length scale which is a measure of the relative inertia of the jet and the crossflow. Incorporating this length scale significantly improves the scaling of the trajectories.


SUMMARY: Cells from oxygen-limited cultures of Acetobacter pasteurianus NCIB 6428 contained cytochrome d, a 596 nm absorbance (in reduced minus oxidized difference spectra at room temperature) similar to cytochrome a
1, and b-type cytochromes, including a cytochrome o-like pigment. Oxygen-sufficient cells lacked the d and a
1-like components. Pyridine haemochrome spectra suggested the presence of haem a. Photolysis with white light at −126°C of an anoxic suspension of reduced oxygen-limited cells, into which CO had been bubbled, elicited a photodissociation spectrum that revealed the cytochrome o-like species, but not cytochromes d or a
1. When a similar suspension, but to which O2 had been added at −23°C, was photolysed at −126 to −132°C, using white light or irradiation with a He-Ne laser, an additional, intense absorbance at 648 nm (relative to the CO-liganded, reduced form) was observed, attributable to an oxygenated (Fe2+O2 or Fe3+O2
-) complex of cytochrome oxidase d. Photolysis at progressively warmer temperatures, or successive scans of a sample photolysed at −91°C, revealed (i) increasing depth of a trough (relative to the CO-liganded, reduced form) at 598 nm attributed to the a
1-like haemoprotein and (ii) cytochrome b oxidation. Laser photolysis of the cytochrome d-CO complex at −81°C in the presence of oxygen suggested that oxidation of cytochrome a
1 preceded that of cytochrome(s) b. It is proposed that, in this strain of Acetobacter, a cytochrome a
1,-like pigment mediates electron transfer from cytochrome(s) b to cytochrome oxidase d, but that cytochrome a
1 is not itself an oxidase.


The existing disadvantage of traditional consolidation test apparatus in determining compressibility characteristics of high water content and high compressibility dredged fill is overcome by GDS consolidation test apparatus, which can accurately measure void ratio after consolidation tests under different consolidation pressures. Laboratory consolidation tests are performed on dredged fill of high water content from 110 percent to 150 percent in the Qianwan area Shenzhen by GDS consolidation test systems, the results are shown as follows: compression strain of dredged fill is 24.73 percent under small and first level consolidation pressure, which is approximately half of cumulative compression strain under whole consolidation pressure; Compression parameters including compression coefficient, bulk compression coefficient and compression modulus has a significant variation with void ratio decreasing under consolidation pressure from 6kPa to 400kPa, the variation of which is from several times to a hundred times, and the nonlinear power function relationship of consolidation pressure -void ratio is shown. GDS consolidation test systems will provide an advanced means for determining compressibility characteristic and compression parameters of dredged fill, and the research achievements in this test will provide a theoretical basis for determining nonlinear relationship of consolidation pressure -void ratio and the parameters for finite-strain consolidation behaviors numerical analysis of dredged fill.


There is huge demand for social workers in Lithuania. Also, there are a lot of graduates in social work produced each year. However, only a small number of graduates stay occupied in social work. The goal of the paper was to explore the causes that determine the decision of social work gra duates to withdraw from social work. To find out the possible causes, the qualitative research strategy was employed. As a result, 7 graduates of so cial work were interviewed. The revealed possible determinants were tes ted with the quantitative data. The survey method was equipped to collect the data from Vilnius university social work graduates. The logistic regres sion method was used to test the model. The data analysis results suggest that the graduate of social work will stay in social work if he or she had marks lower than the average, lives and works in the countryside, and has high non-monetary income. And vice versa, if the graduate of social work was studying well, lives and works in the city, and has low non-monetary income, he or she will leave social work for other career possibilities.


This book chapter discusses two of the agent-based modeling (ABM) levels, i.e. exploratory agent-based modeling (EABM) and validated agent-based modeling (VABM). In first part of this chapter, we shall briefly explain EABM with the help of a case study of 5G networks modeled in an agent-based simulator called NetLogo [1] of the use cases of 5G networks is Internet ofThings (IoT). We designed, implemented and experimented this case study to explore the futuristic approaches to ease the implementation of this under-developing 5G network which still needs to be explored. Next, we discuss another important level of modeling, i.e., VABM. Since ABM approach has turned into an attractive and efficient way for displaying large-scale complex systems, verification and validation (V&V) of these models have become questionable. Here, we shall briefly explain VABM with the help of the same case study of 5G networks modeled as in EABM. Using VABM, we shall validate the case study if it is a credible solution.


Fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia are both conditions of placental etiology and associated to increased risk for the long-term development of cardiovascular disease in the mother. At presentation, preeclampsia is associated with maternal global diastolic dysfunction, which is determined, at least in part, by increased afterload and myocardial stiffness. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that women with normotensive fetal growth-restricted pregnancies also exhibit global diastolic dysfunction. This was a prospective case-control study conducted over a 3-year period involving 29 preterm fetal growth-restricted pregnancies, 25 preeclamptic with fetal growth restriction pregnancies, and 58 matched control pregnancies. Women were assessed by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging at diagnosis of the complication and followed-up at 12 weeks postpartum. Fetal growth-restricted pregnancies are characterized by a lower cardiac index and higher total vascular resistance index than expected for gestation. Compared with controls, fetal growth-restricted pregnancy was associated with significantly increased prevalence (P<0.001) of asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (28% versus 4%) and widespread impaired myocardial relaxation (59% versus 21%). Unlike preeclampsia, cardiac geometry and intrinsic myocardial contractility were preserved in fetal growth-restricted pregnancy. Fetal growth-restricted pregnancies are characterized by a low output, high resistance circulatory state, as well as a higher prevalence of asymptomatic global diastolic dysfunction and poor cardiac reserve. These findings may explain the increased long-term cardiovascular risk in these women who have had fetal growth-restricted pregnancies. Further studies are needed to clarify the postnatal natural history of cardiac dysfunction in these women.


To work against threats and to obtain new possibilities, new forms of inter-organizational collaborations are formed. The management literature deals mainly with one single organization although aspects of collaborative processes are discussed. In this paper problems with inter-organizational management and decision-making are discussed. The conclusion is that some approaches that are successful in single organizations and seem to be promising for inter-organizations need to be further explored, like Warfield�s laws of complexity, systemic models for management and organizational learning.


Purpose –The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between 'autonomy', and the self-reported levels of 'vitality', 'workability' and 'employability'. Research Question: Does autonomy increase the sustainability of workers? Hypotheses: 1. Autonomy increases the levels of vitality, employability, and workability (direct influence). 2. Fulfillment of the need for autonomy mediates this relationship. 3. Development opportunities also mediate the influence of autonomy on vitality, employability, and workability. Contribution As relatively little is known about the relationship (and it's structure) of autonomy, and development opportunities with vitality, workability, and employability, this study provides new insights on how job-resources can be effective when managing an aging population. Design -883 employees of high schools in The Netherlands completed a questionnaire containing (amongst others) the Work Ability Index, a job control scale, the work-related basic need satisfaction scale, an employability scale and the work engagement scale. Results – Hierarchical multiple regression analysis, and mediation analysis using the steps of Baron and Kenny (1986) supported our mediation model. Significant relationships between 'autonomy', 'self-perceived development opportunities', the 'fulfillment of the need for autonomy', the 'fulfillment of the need for competence', and the self-reported levels of 'vitality', 'workability' and 'employability', were found. There effect of autonomy was mediated by the mediators. However, the mediation was partial, not full. Limitations – Future research is needed to assess whether the model is consistent in different environments. Research/practical implications –Human Resource Management needs to address and satisfy the need for autonomy of their employees, if they want to increase the sustainability of their workforce.


Mammalian species express nine functional voltage-gated Na+ channels. Three of them, the cardiac-specific isoform Nav1.5 and the neuronal isoforms Nav1.8 and Nav1.9, are relatively resistant to the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX; IC50 ≥ 1 μM). The other six isoforms are highly sensitive to TTX with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. These isoforms are expressed in the central nervous system (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.6), in the skeletal muscle (Nav1.4), and in the peripheral nervous system (Nav1.6, Nav1.7). The isoform Nav1.5, encoded by the SCN5A gene, is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential in the heart. Mutations in SCN5A are associated with a variety of life-threatening arrhythmias, like long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3), Brugada syndrome (BrS) or cardiac conduction disease (CCD). Previous immunohistochemical and electrophysiological assays demonstrated the cardiac expression of neuronal and skeletal muscle Na+ channels in the heart of various mammals, which led to far-reaching speculations on their function. However, when comparing the Na+ channel mRNA patterns in the heart of various mammalian species, only minute quantities of transcripts for TTX-sensitive Na+ channels were detectable in whole pig and human hearts, suggesting that these channels are not involved in cardiac excitation phenomena in higher mammals. This conclusion is strongly supported by the fact that mutations in TTX-sensitive Na+ channels were associated with epilepsy or skeletal muscle diseases, rather than with a pathological cardiac phenotype. Moreover, previous data from TTX-intoxicated animals and from cases of human tetrodotoxication showed that low TTX dosages caused at most little alterations of both the cardiac output and the electrocardiogram. Recently, genome-wide association studies identified SCN10A, the gene encoding Nav1.8, as a determinant of cardiac conduction parameters, and mutations in SCN10A have been associated with BrS. These novel findings opened a fascinating new research area in the cardiac ion channel field, and the on-going debate on how SCN10A/Nav1.8 affects cardiac conduction is very exciting.


Abstract. The micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor–droplet freezing technique (MOUDI-DFT) combines particle collection by inertial impaction (via the MOUDI) and a microscope-based immersion freezing apparatus (the DFT) to measure atmospheric concentrations of ice nucleating particles (INPs) as a function of size and temperature. In the first part of this study we improved upon this recently introduced technique. Using optical microscopy, we investigated the non-uniformity of MOUDI aerosol deposits at spatial resolutions of 1, 0.25 mm, and for some stages when necessary 0.10 mm. The results from these measurements show that at a spatial resolution of 1 mm and less, the concentration of particles along the MOUDI aerosol deposits can vary by an order of magnitude or more. Since the total area of a MOUDI aerosol deposit ranges from 425 to 605 mm2 and the area analyzed by the DFT is approximately 1.2 mm2, this non-uniformity needs to be taken into account when using the MOUDI-DFT to determine atmospheric concentrations of INPs. Measurements of the non-uniformity of the MOUDI aerosol deposits were used to select positions on the deposits that had relatively small variations in particle concentration and to build substrate holders for the different MOUDI stages. These substrate holders improve reproducibility by holding the substrate in the same location for each measurement and ensure that DFT analysis is only performed on substrate regions with relatively small variations in particle concentration. In addition, the deposit non-uniformity was used to determine correction factors that take the non-uniformity into account when determining atmospheric concentrations of INPs. In the second part of this study, the MOUDI-DFT utilizing the new substrate holders was compared to the continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) technique of Colorado State University. The intercomparison was done using INP concentrations found by the two instruments during ambient measurements of continental aerosols. Results from two sampling periods were compared, and the INP concentrations determined by the two techniques agreed within experimental uncertainty. The agreement observed here is commensurate with the level of agreement found in other studies where CFDC results were compared to INP concentrations measured with other methods.


States are increasingly turning to Medicaid managed care as a key strategy to manage costs and encourage innovation in health care delivery. This report examines health care providers' perspectives on the role of managed care in improving health services for low-income adults in four communities: Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Oakland, California; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, D.C. It finds that providers do not generally perceive Medicaid managed care as a catalyst for delivery system reform. Fragmented delivery systems, limits on the types of services for which managed care organizations are at risk, and the volatility in managed care markets all present challenges to improving care delivery. Policy and operational changes could enhance the role of Medicaid managed care in promoting patient-centered, coordinated, and


At the conceptual intersection of machine learning and government data collection lie Automated Suspicion Algorithms, or ASAs, algorithms created through the application of machine learning methods to collections of government data with the purpose of identifying individuals likely to be engaged in criminal activity. The novel promise of ASAs is that they can identify data-supported correlations between innocent conduct and criminal activity and help police prevent crime. ASAs present a novel doctrinal challenge, as well, as they intrude on a step of the Fourth Amendment's individualized suspicion analysis previously the sole province of human actors: the determination of when reasonable suspicion or probable cause can be inferred from established facts. This Article analyzes ASAs under existing Fourth Amendment doctrine for the benefit of courts who will soon be asked to deal with ASAs. In the process, the Article reveals how that doctrine is inadequate to the task of handling these new technologies and proposes extra-judicial means of ensuring that ASAs are accurate and effective.


The dune-functions dune module introduces a new programmer interface for discrete and non-discrete functions. Unlike the previous interfaces considered in the existing dune modules, it is based on overloading operator(), and returning values by-value. This makes user code much more readable, and allows the incorporation of newer C++ features such as lambda expressions. Run-time polymorphism is implemented not by inheritance, but by type erasure, generalizing the ideas of the std::function class from the C++11 standard library. We describe the new interface, show its possibilities, and measure the performance impact of type erasure and return-by-value.


Entropy generation can be caused by the energy transfer from a high-temperature recourse to a low-temperature resource; this is defined by the second law of thermodynamics. This phenomenon can occur for the Earth by transferring the solar energy from the sun to the earth. The process of entropy generation of the Earth is an important concept for the life of the earth. This process also has significant effects on the global hydrological cycle, carbon cycle of the Earth's atmosphere, and global warming. This paper presents an approximate method to estimate the entropy generation of the earth caused by the sun. Application of the heat engine to calculate the entropy generation of the planets has been carried out so far. In this research work, the concept of heat engine is applied to calculate the entropy generation of the earth and the atmosphere surrounding it in a relatively simple model. Based upon this calculation, the rate of entropy generation of the earth and its surrounding atmosphere is . Moreover, by considering this imaginative heat engine, the first and second law efficiencies are equal to 0.11036 % and 0.11546 %, respectively. The results of this research work have also been justified by similar works on this topic.


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Objective. Simple diagnostic techniques such as contrast transcranial Doppler sonography (cTCDS) are popular for assessing a right‐to‐left shunt (RLS) because of their high sensitivity. In this study, we applied cTCDS to a large patient group with a patent foramen ovale, proved by contrast transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods. One hundred one patients with stroke, in whom a patent RLS had been shown on contrast TEE, were investigated by TCDS of both middle cerebral arteries. Injection of 10 mL of agitated saline was applied without and subsequently with the Valsalva maneuver (VM) at the beginning of the contrast agent injection, and then 10 mL of a galactose‐based contrast agent was applied in the same protocol. Results. In all patients, cTCDS with the galactose contrast agent showed an RLS when performed with VM, but it showed an RLS in only 59 patients without VM. In contrast, saline showed an RLS in 54 patients with VM and in 20 patients without VM. The differences in diagnostic sensitivity were statistically significant (P < .001). Eighteen patients had only 1 microembolic signal (MES) after galactose injection, whereas others had more. The mean (SD) arrival times of the MES were 9 (6) seconds (range, 1–51 seconds) after galactose injection with VM and 9 (3) seconds (range, 2–20 seconds) after agitated saline with VM. The differences were not significant. Conclusions. Contrast TCDS with VM shows a TEE‐proven RLS with 100% sensitivity, but this was not true with galactose application without VM or agitated saline with or without VM. Therefore, use of the galactose contrast agent with VM is strongly recommended for detecting an RLS on TCDS. However, the arrival time and number of MESs detected need to be tested further.


We have experimentally studied the high order harmonic generation (HHG) in CO molecules by two femtosecond laser pulses using a pump–probe technique. The delay time between two pulses is longer than the pulse duration, and the pump intensity is about 6.2×1014 W/cm2. It is found that the HHG signal is independent of the time delay in the picosecond region, but it is dependent on the distance between the centres of focuses of the two beams. The phase modulation induced by the pump pulse is regarded to be responsible for this.


In this paper, we design and implement a mobile medical information system that integrates the remote medical videoconference, the real-time electronic medical records and the wireless communication network, which provides users with accessing the system through wireless channel and hand-held devices such as, Tablet PC and PDA. Our design use the videoconference system compress technology using the MPEG-4 standard, a large amount of shortens video stream data at 1/24 sizes. Each picture or frame is compressed from 153.6 K bytes to 6.21 K bytes, with effective error detection, which balances the quality of the medical pictures and transmission efficiency of the wireless communication network. In addition, our design provides integration of the medical records with images, text, and waveform of the medical information obtained by the database mechanism that is easily stored, searched, transmitting and shared with the authorized medical persons.


The systematics and taxonomy of poeciliid fishes (guppies and allies) remain poorly understood despite the relative importance of these species as model systems in the biological sciences. This study focuses on testing the monophyly of the nominal poeciliine tribe Heterandriini and the genus Heterandria, through examination of the morphological characters on which the current classification is based. These characters include aspects of body shape (morphometrics), scale and fin-ray counts (meristics), pigmentation, the cephalic laterosensory system, and osteological features of the neurocranium, oral jaws and suspensorium, branchial basket, pectoral girdle, and the gonopodium and its supports. A Maximum Parsimony analysis was conducted of 150 characters coded for 56 poeciliid and outgroup species, including 22 of 45 heterandriin species (from the accounted in Parenti & Rauchenberger, 1989), or seven of nine heterandriin species (from the accounted in Lucinda & Reis, 2005). Multistate characters were analyzed as both unordered and ordered, and iterative a posteriori weighting was used to improve tree resolution. Tree topologies obtained from these analyses support the monophyly of the Middle American species of "Heterandria," which based on available phylogenetic information, are herein reassigned to the genus Pseudoxiphophorus. None of the characters used in previous studies to characterize the nominal taxon Heterandriini are found to be unambiguously diagnostic. Some of these characters are shared with species in other poeciliid tribes, and others are reversed within the Heterandriini. These results support the hypothesis that Pseudoxiphophorus is monophyletic, and that this clade is not the closest relative of H. formosa (the type species) from southeastern North America. Available morphological data are not sufficient to assess the phylogenetic relationships of H. formosa with respect to other members of the Heterandriini. The results further suggest that most tribe-level taxa of the Poeciliinae are not monophyletic, and that further work remains to resolve the evolutionary relationships of this group.


BACKGROUND
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) comprise one of the BM stromal cells that are known to support hematopoiesis. It has also been suggested recently that MSC display immunosuppressive capacities through inhibiting the differentiation of monocyte-derived DC. DC travel to the lymph nodes (LN) to present Ag to T cells, and CCL21 is the chemokine that plays an important role in DC migration into the T-cell area of LN. We addressed the effect of MSC on this chemotactic activity of DC, one of the typical characteristics upon maturation.

METHODS
BM cells were isolated and then cultured for generation of myeloid DC in the presence of GM-CSF and/or lipopolysaccharide with or without MSC. MSC were identified by flow cytometry of the immunologic markers and by performing colony-forming unit fibroblast assay. Migration of DC was observed with a newly developed time-lapse video microscopic technique.

RESULTS
MSC co-culture inhibited the initial differentiation of DC, as well as their maturation. The matured DC actively migrated directionally in response to CCL21, a powerful DC-attracting chemokine, whereas the MSC co-cultured DC did not.

DISCUSSION
Collectively, the findings of these experiments raise the possibility that MSC suppress the migratory function of DC and so they may serve immunoregulatory activities through the modulation of the Ag-presenting function of DC.


Cancer treatment still remains a challenge due to the several limitations of currently used chemotherapeutics, such as their poor pharmacokinetics, unfavorable chemical properties, as well as inability to discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue. Nanotechnology offered potent tools to overcome these limitations. Drug encapsulation within a delivery system permitted i) to protect the payload from enzymatic degradation/ inactivation in the blood stream, ii) to improve the physicochemical properties of poorly water-soluble drugs, like paclitaxel, and iii) to selectively deliver chemotherapeutics to the cancer lesions, thus reducing the off-target toxicity, and promoting the intracellular internalization. To accomplish this purpose, several strategies have been developed, based on biological and physical changes happening locally and systemically as a consequence of tumorigenesis. Here, we will discuss the role of inflammation in the different steps of tumor development and the strategies based on the use of nanoparticles that exploit the inflammatory pathways in order to selectively target the tumor-associated microenvironment for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.


This study proposes an alternative methodology to obtain high-resolution radar reflectivity composites based on a variational approach considering different
error sources in an explicit manner. The methodology retrieves the 3-dimensional precipitation field most compatible with the observations from the different radars of the network. With this aim, the methodology
uses a model that simulates the radar sampling of the atmosphere. The model settings are different for each radar and include features such as the radar location,
hardware parameters (beam width, pulse length…) and the scan strategy. The methodology follows the concept of an inverse method based on the minimization of a cost function that penalizes discrepancies between the simulated and actual observations for each radar. The simulation model is able to reproduce the effect of beam broadening with the distance and attenuation by intense precipitation.
The methodology has been applied on two radars close to Barcelona (Spain).


Laguna Mar Chiquita (central Argentina; ~latitude 31°S, longitude 63°W) provides an outstanding opportunity to examine organic facies development and petroleum source-rock potential in a modern thick-skinned foreland basin lake. In this case study, we defi ne profundal, paleodelta, and lake-margin depositional environments based on trends in bathymetry and lake-fl oor sediment particle size. Sedimentary geochemical analyses indicate that organic carbon–rich muds accumulate in profundal environments during the extant lake-level highstand. The lateral variability of organic facies is minimal. The quality of organic facies is controlled by lake level and depositional environment, both of which dictate patterns of algal productivity, siliciclastic dilution, and early diagenesis. We present conceptual models of lacustrine source rocks in both thick-skinned and thin-skinned foreland basins based on modern analog data from both Laguna Mar Chiquita and other lakes in the central Andean foreland. Over relatively short time intervals (102–104 yr), climatically driven water-level fl uctuations infl uence the source-rock potential of these basins. Over time intervals >105 yr, contraction and lateral migration of the basin fl exural profi le control stratal stacking patterns and the potential for hydrocarbon play development. *email@example.com McGlue, M.M., Ellis, G.S., and Cohen, A.S., 2015, Modern muds of Laguna Mar Chiquita (Argentina): Particle size and organic matter geochemical trends from a large saline lake in the thick-skinned Andean foreland, in Larsen, D., Egenhoff, S.O., and Fishman, N.S., eds., Paying Attention to Mudrocks: Priceless!: Geological Society of America Special Paper 515, p. 1–18, doi:10.1130/2015.2515(01). For permission to copy, contact email@example.com. © 2015 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved. on August 18, 2015 specialpapers.gsapubs.org Downloaded from


This paper aims to explore the results of interconnectedness in a triadic relationship between a long-term savings and investments provider, Independent Financial Advisers (IFAs) and customers. Smith & Laage-Hellman's (1992) typology of the results of interconnectedness was used to analyse this triadic relationship. This study was conducted in collaboration with one of the UK's largest long-term savings and investments providers. As a substantial proportion of the company's business is conducted through IFAs, they are one of the most important stakeholders in the company's business relationship. Indeed, the majority of sales in the long-term savings and investments industry in the UK are realised through IFAs. Within the UK pensions market IFAs keep a 90.0% market share in the individual market and a 82.0% share in the group market (Datamonitor, 2013). Academic studies (Gough & Nurullah, 2009; Gough, 2005) have indicated that IFAs are the strongest distribution channel in the industry. Conceptual studies of triadic business relationships are scarce in marketing and organisational research (Blankenburg & Johanson, 1992; Havila, Johanson, & Thilenius, 2004; Ritter, 2000). Although, applicability of a triadic relationship has been tested in a number of case studies (Andersson & Mattsson, 2004; Cunningham & Pyatt, 1989; Jaaskelainen, Kuivalainen, & Saarenketo, 2000; Narayandas, 2002; Odorici & Corrado, 2004; Pardo & Salle, 1994; Trimarchi, 2002), to the best of the authors' knowledge, a study that explores the results of the interconnectedness in this triadic relationship has not been established. Furthermore, the regulatory environment which continues to face change such as the recent implementation of Retail Distribution Review (RDR) on 1st January 2013 will make the relationship more rather than less complex. Due to the RDR implementation, advisory and product provider firms have evaluated their business models and made the necessary changes to meet these requirements. Thus, by analysing the results of the interconnectedness in this relationship, recommendations that can increase the relationship performance can be proposed.


A core prescription from the knowledge management movement is that the successful management of organizational knowledge will prevent farms from "reinventing the wheel." Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are seen as a key enabler of this process. Our findings challenge this logic. They suggest instead that knowledge is embedded within organizational processes and it is through the continual enactment of these processes that knowledge is created, renewed and transferred. Evidence from a cataract project underway at a Midlands Hospital substantiates our findings. We suggest therefore that attention should be directed at the development and use of ICTs to support the relational aspects of project working and the production of process knowledge facilitating processes of knowledge exploration.


The effects of grain-size in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3-δ (LCMO) system have been studied in connection with the magnetic and electronic properties. LCMO system prepared by the solid-state reaction was annealed in air at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C. The grain sizes of LCMO samples become larger with increasing of annealing temperature (TA ). The magnetization in LCMO samples increased while the coercive field decreased with increasing TA. The conductivity increased and the metal-insulator transition temperature TM-I decreased with increasing of TA. These physical properties are due to the oxygen deficiency caused by the increase of grain size. Finally, it was found that the grain size and the mechanical connection between grains play an important role in determining the electronic and magnetic properties.


This article analyses calculation method of characteristics' sets of low speed linear induction motors (LIM). Proposed more simple resistance formula of LIM sequential equivalent scheme accelerates static and dynamic characteristics' sets calculation of LIM and linear electric drives. It was tested experimentally starting force of short-time duty cylindrical LIM dependence on a windings connection method. Tested parameters sets of LIM static and dynamic characteristics can be applied in designing of linear electric drivers. Ill.3, bibl. 11 (in Lithuanian; summaries in Lithuanian, English and Russian).


Engineers not only deal with the general community and other professionals within their own disciplines, but they may also be required to engage with politicians who have extremely limited time to either read documents or participate in lengthy discussions. Therefore, politicians must be communicated with in a precise and informative manner. This is often achieved through the use of short ministerial briefs (typically < 2 page document addressing key points) followed by a short discussion. Students in the Bachelor of Engineering in Coastal Engineering degree at Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia, were introduced to the concept of, and taught how to design and present for assessment, a ministerial brief. Following this, they had a meeting with the designated Minister where their task performance and knowledge of coastal zone management was evaluated through direct questions. This educational process was found to be a valuable learning, teaching and examination process in an area that students had not experienced before. This project highlighted the necessity to adopt education techniques that expose students to scenarios that mimic those faced by practitioners.


This paper presents a turbulence closure for neutral and stratified atmospheric conditions. The closure is based on the concept of the total turbulent energy. The total turbulent energy is the sum of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent potential energy, which is proportional to the potential temperature variance. The closure uses recent observational findings to take into account the mean flow stability. These observations indicate that turbulent transfer of heat and momentum behaves differently under very stable stratification. Whereas the turbulent heat flux tends toward zero beyond a certain stability limit, the turbulent stress stays finite. The suggested scheme avoids the problem of self-correlation. The latter is an improvement over the widely used Monin–Obukhov-based closures. Numerous large-eddy simulations, including a wide range of neutral and stably stratified cases, are used to estimate likely values of two free constants. In a benchmark case the new turbulence closure performs indistinguishably from independent large-eddy simulations.


According to the classical concept of precompression stress, soil compaction increases precompression stress up to the maximum applied stress, while it leaves the compression index, i.e., the slope of the virgin compression line, unaffected. In field studies performed under unsaturated conditions, however, soil compaction was usually found to increase the precompression stress less than expected and to decrease the compression index. Our hypothesis was that this discrepancy may result from changes in the soil moisture status between compaction in the field and compression tests, including the common practice of preconditioning samples to a standard initial water potential for compression tests. To test this hypothesis, we performed confined uniaxial compression tests in which samples of repacked agricultural loamy topsoil were subjected to five compression cycles with increasing maximum stress. Part of the samples were subjected to a wetting―drying cycle and subsequently conditioned to water potentials of either ―1, -6, or -30 kPa before each of Compression Cycles 1, 3, and 5, while the other samples were conditioned to these water potentials only before Cycle 1 and not subjected to any wetting-drying cycles. The concept of precompression stress was found to be fully valid as long as the samples were not subjected to wetting-drying cycles and not reconditioned between compression events. In contrast, the wetting-drying cycles and sample conditioning between compression events reduced both the precompression stress and the compression index. Such effects are not accounted for by the classical concept of precompression stress.


This study focuses on the implementation of the Solvency II directive, a very
important policy for the insurance community in the European Union. Results
from surveys included in the implementation process show that the process
implied certain aspects which cannot be prescribed to the pluralist democracy that
usually describes the European policy process. In order to analyze this process the
dissertation is a case study which uses a qualitative text study. The primary
material are reports published by European authority EIOPA which discuss the
findings from five quantitative impact studies. Pluralist and elitist public policy
theories are used as separate indicators to the analysis.
The results from this analysis concluded the process to be of pluralist
character in a later stage of the process, whilst the initial phases were rather elitist.
This shows how the European policy process has different faces according to what
policy you analyze.


The purpose of this action research study was to answer the question, "Does explicit instruction in reading comprehension strategies and summary writing improve eighth grade ELLs' nonfiction reading comprehension?" The participants were a group of 19 eighth grade English language learners in a language arts classroom in an urban charter school. The intervention took place over an eight-week period. During the first four weeks, students read nonfiction text without receiving explicit instruction in comprehension strategies. For the next four weeks, students were taught to use specific strategies to read and understand nonfiction text about World War II. The results were students showed improvement in their ability to understand nonfiction independently. The greatest improvement was their ability to write accurate summaries, further demonstrating the importance of connecting reading and writing activities in the classroom. READING COMPREHENSION INSTRUCTION 4


Background: While there is much information available about breast cancer in Australia overall, less is known about breast cancer in immigrant women and specifically Iranian-born women. Understanding this group is important to provide appropriate screening, treatment and support interventions. The aim of this study was to describe breast cancer presentation, tumour and treatment characteristics in Iranian-born women in Australia.
Methods: Women were eligible for this retrospective audit if treated for breast malignancy with country of birth recorded. Demographic, tumour and surgical data were extracted and analysed. Data for Iranian-born women were compared to data for Australian-born (comparison group 1) and women born in countries other than Australia or Iran (comparison group 2, referred to as 'other').
Results: 2086 women were eligible: Iranian-born n=27, Australian-born n=894 and Other n=1165. Iranian-born women were younger, mean age of 53.9 (five years younger in overall mean, SD 11.98, F=3.171, p=0.042). Iranian-born women were significantly less likely to present with a screen-detected cancer (X2= 11.481, p=0.003) and more likely to have a high-grade cancer (X2=14.383, p=0.006). There was no difference in mastectomy rate (X2=1.698, p=0.428).Conclusion: Iranian-born women treated for breast cancer in Australia were younger, had higher-grade tumours and were less likely to have a screen-detected cancer than Australian-born women or women born in other countries. Strategies to encourage screening participation in Iranian-born women are required. Support for these women is required as they are more likely to receive toxic treatments (chemotherapy and extended adjuvant endocrine therapy) due to younger age and higher grade tumours.


The study of materials with nanoscale dimensions has gained wide spread research interest as these exhibit novel properties that can be used to manipulation of light for applications ranging from biosensing to optoelectronics. Metallic nanostructures coupled with light exhibit a collective oscillation of conduction band electrons leading an optical feature known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Quantum confinement effects in semiconductor nanoparticles allows the control over optical and electronic properties by changing size and shape of the nanoparticle. In order to fully realize the full potential of these interesting properties in nanoscale materials, this dissertation explores on fundamentals of these light matter interactions in nanoscale. The first work in this dissertation investigates on a novel plasmonic array that can be integrated into microfluidic channels to monitor real time biological interactions. The second work explores on coupling between one dimensional chains of plasmonic nanoparticles which leads delocalized surface plasmon feature which is highly sensitive local dielectric changes. The third study uses SPR to detect and quantify the interaction between the HIV capsid proteins and lipid bilayer films with the goal of establishing a potential drug target for HIV infection. The last study investigates on a general strategy to eliminate Fermi level pinning in semiconductor quantum dots using a thin film of alumina which may enhance the photoconversion efficiency in Schottky junction solar cells. The topics covered here should enable an insight into the fundamentals of light matter interactions in nanostructures which may facilitate their applications in sensing and photovoltaics.


Hennepin Health is an accountable care organization serving complex Medicaid enrollees in Minneapolis, Minnesota and surrounding communities. Through its County-operated health plan, Hennepin County assumes fully-capitated risk for a subset of the geography's Medicaid enrollees. Within this Medicaid managed care structure, Hennepin Health has created a defined provider network that is linked by a shared electronic health record, a risk sharing funding arrangement, and a collaborative governance structure. Bringing together a County-operated managed care organization, hospital and clinics, and human services and public health functions, Hennepin Health aims to reduce avoidable acute care and capture those savings to improve the local delivery system. Hennepin Health's members are disproportionately impacted by social determinants of health. Nearly one third are believed to be homeless at any given time [1]. The majority of Hennepin Health's members are eligible for Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion. These individuals are disproportionately men of color, are affected by mental health and chemical dependency, and are involved in the justice and corrections systems. Through intensive care coordination and the integration of social services with the delivery of health care, Hennepin Health has been able to reinvest annual savings into further care delivery reforms [2]. Hennepin Health is actively extending its model to serve complex families and children in addition to the Medicaid expansion population. Through a return on investment model, Hennepin Health is leveraging health care dollars to address social determinants of health, and values purchasing social services as a means to reduce overall costs…


Tunisian fortifications disputed between Spaniards and Turks in the mid-sixteenth century, documented by coeval iconography. An analysis from the territory to the architectureThe five volumes of the precious archival collection of drawings called Architettura Militare (Military Architecture), kept at the Archivio di Stato di Torino (Turin State Archive), propose documents made mostly by military engineers from the half of the sixteenth to the following first decade. The tomes collect mostly drawings of places under the aegis of the Duchy of Savoy, apart from the second one, dedicated to documents of Spanish military interest (Mediterranean Sea and Lombardy maps). As I pointed out at Fortmed Convention 2018, the reason why these documents are kept at the Turin State Archives is because of their belonging to Catherine of Aragon, daughter of the Spanish king and wife of Carlo Emanuele I di Savoia. In the volume Architettura Militare II (Military Architecture II) 26 tables, all datable from 1522 (Rhodes) to 1596 (Cadiz), concern territories, walled cities and fortifications, of islands and Mediterranean coasts, disputed by Christians and Turks for the supremacy on the sea. In the previous study I had examined drawings about Egypt, eastern Ottoman territories and Holy Land coasts, Spanish possessions as Perpignan and Cadiz bay. In this new study instead, I would like to examine in depth the iconography about Tunisia. Those drawings, so different from each other for scale and graphic quality, document those phases in which the Spanish control is characterized by alternate situations: the Iberian presidio dates back to 1535, reconquered by Ottomans in 1570, it is taken back in three years by Christians who keep it until 1574 only, when the whole Tunisian territory, precious bastion for the control of routes and trades, definitely returns in the hands of the Turks.


In the Architectural-Engineering-Construction & Facility Management industry, project progress tracking is an important management task. Currently, this task still requires a significant amount of non value-adding manual effort that interferes with value-adding work. Additionally, current practice may lead to approximate or unreliable results. In this paper, the authors present an approach fusing three- dimensional (3D) Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modeling and time-stamped 3D laser scanned data for non intrusive automated project progress tracking. This approach robustly and efficiently recognizes all 3D CAD model elements in project 3D laser scans. Its applicability and performance with respect to automated construction progress tracking are investigated. Real-life data obtained during the construction of a green field power plant project is used for the investigation. 1. Background


Purpose: To determine the prognosis of eyes with central retinal vein occlusion that had a preserved foveal depression at the baseline and were treated by intravitreal ranibizumab injections (IRIs). Methods: The authors reviewed the medical records of 23 eyes of 23 consecutive treatment-naive patients who received IRIs to treat the macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Eyes were classified by the pre-IRI presence or absence of a foveal depression. A foveal depression was defined as a central foveal thickness that was <50 &mgr;m thinner than the average thickness at 200 &mgr;m temporal and nasal to the central fovea. The characteristics of the two groups were compared. Results: Seven of 23 eyes had a preserved foveal depression before the IRI. The mean number of injections within 12 months after the initial IRI was significantly fewer (P < 0.001) in eyes with foveal depression (1.6 ± 0.5) than in eyes without foveal depression (4.3 ± 1.3). The mean best-corrected visual acuity at 12 months after the initial IRI was significantly better (P = 0.003) in eyes with foveal depression (0.10 ± 0.17 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] units; 20/25 Snellen units) than in eyes without foveal depression (0.77 ± 0.54 logMAR units; 20/118 Snellen units). Conclusion: These results indicate that the prognosis is better for eyes with a foveal depression before the IRI treatment for a macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion.


Assessment of elder mistreatment is hindered by a myriad of factors, including inconsistent definitions, divergent and untested theories of causation, and limited research attention to the problem. In addition to these difficulties, professionals encounter complex situations requiring considerable clinical assessment skills and decision-making capacity. Adult Protective Services (APS) workers, as well as mandated reporters such as healthcare providers and social workers, need an assessment tool that can reliably and accurately assess for elder mistreatment. Based on a structured review of screening and assessment instruments, this article discusses the psychometric properties of 15 instruments and the relevance to APS. Implications of the findings for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.


Studies conducted by the University of Pennsylvania have shown that subdural hematoma, diffuse axonal and other shearing type brain injuries are the most common causes of death and disability seen in human head injury, and that angular acceleration is the primary cause. It is, therefore, the main interest of this paper to study and relate the coronal or angular acceleration-induced shear strain that is exerted on the brain and its connective tissue to the tolerance, or threshold of the above mentioned head injuries. In this study, the human head is modeled as a 3-degrees-of-freedom mechanical system using a lumped parameter approach. The model consists of masses, springs and dampers and has been validated with experimental data obtained by the University of Pennsylvania. The model was exercised with various loading conditions commonly seen in car crash environments. In addition, the effect of helmet and airbag on rotational head injury were investigated. The resulting dynamic responses of the model were utilized for computing the shearing strain and providing a way to establish some injury criteria for estimating the potential of rotational head injury in actual car crash simulation. (Author/TRRL)


A protocol for percutaneous absorption studies has been validated, based on the use of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and aqueous solutions of test substances. However, it is often the case that it is more-complex formulations of drugs or chemicals which will make contact with the skin surface. To investigate whether RHE and the reconstructed full-thickness skin model (FT-model) can be used to predict uptake from formulations, we compared the permeation of hydrocortisone and testosterone when applied in emulsion form and as a solution containing the penetration enhancer, ethanol. Human and pig skin and a non-cornified alveolar model served as references. The results were compared with steroid release from the formulations. The permeation rates of the steroids were ranked as: alveolar model >> RHE > FT-model, pig skin > human skin. In accordance with the rapid hydrocortisone release from the formulations, the permeation rates of this steroid exceeded those of testosterone. Only minor differences were observed when comparing the testosterone formulations, in terms of release and permeation. However, the ranking of the permeation of the hydrocortisone formulations was: solution > w/o emulsion > o/w emulsion, which permitted the elucidation of penetration enhancing effects, which is not possible with drug release studies. Differences in penetration were most obvious with native skin and reconstructed tissues, which exhibited a well-developed penetration barrier. In conclusion, RHE and skin preparations may be useful in the development of topical dermatics, and in the framework of hazard analysis of toxic compounds and their various formulations.


The aim of this paper is to analyze the emergence of the child labor problem in tobacco growing in Agudo (Rio Grande do Sul state), triggered by the promulgation of Act 6.481/2008, which addresses the worst child labor conditions. The methodological procedures used were the literature review, desk research and a case study, conducted in the municipality of Agudo. In the case study, we have tried to obtain quantitative and qualitative data through questionnaires and open interviews directed to 27 tobacco growers, and with teenagers and children under 18 years old. The survey results indicate the existence of a clash between different conceptions of child labor in small scale family farmers. The legal devices, the commitment terms and the tobacco supply chain contracts forbid child labor below the age of 18 based on international agreements and regulations which guarantee childhood development. From the perspective of the families, child labor is understood as "help†and a way of socialization and training of the inheritor. Therefore, parents do not agree that child labor is a perverse form of labor exploitation of their children.


As other signaling protocols in the past, also SIP suffers of server overload leading to performance collapse. In this framework, recent Internet drafts propose the improvements of overload control mechanisms already presented in SIP and/or a closed loop system model for overload avoidance. In this framework, the paper presents the system simulator developed extending the Network Simulator (ns-2) with logical for local overload control. Furthermore, the paper proposes a new queueing discipline obtained combining the simple First In First Out (FIFO) service discipline with the priority one. Then the paper presents a simulation analysis, aimed at evaluating the impact on system performance of different queueing structures, service disciplines, and buffer sizes. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed queueing discipline produces good system performance with a low complexity increase. Finally, the simulation results point out the weakness of the 503 Service Unavailable message mechanism, which does not introduce significant improvement when combined with the proposed solution.


To aid in supporting its mission under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the Food and Drug Administration sponsored studies on producers and consumers of dietary supplements, and the range of dietary supplement products available in the marketplace. From these recently completed studies, this paper describes characteristics of the dietary supplement industry and summarizes label information from selected products offered for sale in retail stores, mail-order catalogs, and Internet sites. In addition, we provide examples of recent uses of the dietary supplement market information from these studies.


We analyze competition among firms within a regulated industry, where intermediaries' commissions are paid by customers and set exogenously. Firms set their prices taking into account the impact of commissions over the intermediaries' advice and consumers' choices. In this setting, the effect of a change in fees on the equilibrium prices and quantities is nontrivial: Under unbiased advice, the reduction of the commission for one product induces consumers to purchase this product more frequently. Under biased advice, however, intermediaries will recommend this product less often and may reduce the demand for it. The model sheds light on the analysis of the retirement market in Chile, where the annuitization rate decreased after a reform that lowered commissions paid by retirees who choose an annuity.


A statistics of extreme values was applied to determine the largest inclusion sizes in the Type 304 stainless steel. The samples taken from a tundish, slab and hot rolled steel in one heat were examined by using a two dimensional observation of inclusions on a metal cross section. It was found that the molten steel sample contained two different types of inclusions, which were deoxidation products (SiO2–CaO– MgO–Al2O3) and reoxidation products (SiO2–MnO–Cr2O3). As a result, the extreme value distribution (EVD) for different types of inclusions in the melt has two different slopes. Meanwhile, the inclusions in the slab sample provided a good linearity in one EVD. Moreover, the correlation coefficients of the regression lines for both the slab and rolled steel samples increased significantly with an increased number of measurements from 40 to 80 unit areas. It was found also that the EVD data for fractured inclusions on a parallel cross section of rolled steel agreed satisfactorily well with that for the initial spherical inclusions in the slab sample. Based on the geometrical considerations of inclusion deformation and fracture during hotrolling, the maximum length of fractured inclusions in rolled steel can be estimated reasonably well from the EVD for initial undeformed inclusions in the slab sample.


Background: Non-steroidal analgesics are the most commonly used analgesics for pain relief in opioids induced withdrawal. One of the herbal remedies that reduce muscle pain, anxiety, and fatigue is Passiflora Incarnata (P.incarnata). In this study, we compared Piroxicam and P. incarnata in withdrawal-induced myalgia and anxiety. Materials and Method: This was a clinical trial carried out on 43 candidate patients for maintenance treatment with methadone. The individuals were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was prescribed piroxicam capsule (10 mg every 12 hours), while the intervention group received drops of P. incarnata (10-15 drops three times a day), until symptoms of withdrawal were resolved (7 to 10 days). In the first, 3rd, sixth, and ninth days of treatment, the patient's vital signs, myalgia (visual acuity), and anxiety (Beck test) were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results of this study revealed that the flower drops resulted in a reduction in myalgia (mean score of 5.4± 0.79 on the first day decreased to 1. 3 ±0.5 on the ninth day), but there was no significant difference in comparison with Piroxicam (p=0.705). Further, P. incarnata significantly reduced the anxiety caused by withdrawal (p =0.001). Conclusion: P. incarnata drop can be used to reduce the pain and anxiety caused by the drug's withdrawal.


In this thorough and illuminating work, Michael Prestwich provides a comprehensive study of Plantagenet England, a dramatic and turbulent period which saw many changes. In politics it saw Simon de Montfort's challenge to the crown in Henry II's reign and it witnessed the deposition of Edward I. In contrast, it also saw the highly successful rules of Edward I and his grandson, Edward III. Political institutions were transformed with the development of parliament and war was a dominant theme: Wales was conquered and the Scottish Wars of Independence started in Edward I's reign, and under Edward III there were triumphs at Crecy and Poitiers. Outside of politics, English society was developing a structure, from the great magnates at the top to the peasantry at the bottom. Economic changes were also significant, from the expansionary period of the thirteenth century to years of difficulty in the fourteenth century, culminating in the greatest demographic disaster of historical times, the Black Death. In this volume in the New Oxford History of England Michael Prestwich brings this fascinating century to life.


A multi smart robot should be able to analyze the situation faster and make appropriate decisions with minimal interference of the human in normal as well as in critical situations for performing various tasks. This is typically designed for the regions where there are high radiation emissions. The use of RFID tags makes the system work in the form of groups under a leader and they communicate among themselves. Pervasive computing provides smartness for the robot in efficient coordination, decision making, monitoring with more leadership quality and common sense reasoning. In this paper a new dynamic leadership algorithm is proposed wherein a leader is elected according to the parameters taken into account. The objective is to make the system more remote, completely independent and more robust for exchanging information with increased degree of freedom.


What does the neologism demoicracy mean? If democracy is the "government" of the "people", can<br>there be a government of peoples? Are international organisations, like the United Nations, demoicracies; or should the United Kingdom, as a multi-nation state, be viewed as such? Within the last decade, the idea of demoicracy has developed considerable traction, especially within the political science literature on the European Union. Yet what exactly is demoicracy supposed to mean in this context; and what models of demoicracy have developed to explain the "realities" of a plurality of peoples governing together? This Working Paper aims to explore the theoretical and historical expressions of the curious concept of demoicracy. Section 1 starts by clarifying two important philosophical distinctions, namely the difference between popular sovereignty and popular government and, equally, the distinction between an (international) Union of States and a (national) Union State. Sections 2 offers a constitutional overview of the potentially demoicratic elements within the United States of America; while Section 3 analyses and compares the founding and government of the European Union in demoicratic terms. Section 4 critically presents the three main models of demoicracy that have developed in the contemporary literature on the European Union, with Section 5 introducing a – new – fourth model called "republican federalism". A Conclusion makes a normative argument in favour of this fourth model from the point of view of the social and legal structure of the European Union.


Abstract Soil cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is often determined by NH4 saturation, using a 1 M solution of NH4C2H3O2 at pH 7. A study was conducted to ascertain whether this determination can be performed by employing a simple diffusion technique previously developed for direct inorganic-N analysis of soils. Values obtained for 10 diverse Illinois surface soils following overnight NH4 saturation were correlated very highly with CEC data collected for the same samples on the basis of NH4 analyses by steam distillation (r = 0.999, P < 0.001) or colorimetry (r = 0.999, P < 0.001), and also with data obtained by summing atomic absorption measurements of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) displaced during NH4 saturation (r = 0.811, P < 0.01). As a much more rapid and convenient alternative to existing methods for preparation of NH4-saturated soil, a simple saturation technique was developed whereby 0.500 g of soil was leached under vacuum with 15 mL of 1 M NH4C2H3O2 (pH 7) in a 10-mL disposable syringe containing a stainless-steel frit, and then with 30 mL of 2-propanol. After drying for a few minutes, the soil sample was transferred to a 473-mL (1-pint) wide-mouth Mason jar, treated with 10 mL of 2 M KCl, and analyzed for exchangeable NH4 by diffusion with MgO for 1.75 h at 45–50°C on a hot plate. Except for a calcareous soil, CEC measurements by the rapid saturation-diffusion approach did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from diffusion data involving overnight NH4 saturation. This approach allows CEC determinations to be accomplished in a few hours instead of days, and will be especially useful for routine soil characterization and testing.


Filled with examples of typically developing children and those with speech sound disorders, Shelley Velleman's Speech Language Disorders offers authoritative coverage of the key concepts of normal speech sound development and production, as well as the related articulation and phonological disorders. A practical resource for patient assessment and treatment, this up-to-date book integrates the latest research in the field with actual speech data examples. Rather than covering treatment options at the end of the text or as an "add on," the book integrates these vital components directly into the appropriate chapters to help Speech-Language Pathology students understand the connection between the science of the disorders and real-life practice. Using highly readable prose enriched by clear definitions, examples, and exercises, the author covers all key concepts, including important topics often not offered in similar books, including evaluating and treating speech sound disorders in young children, those with neurodevelopmental syndromes, and those with prosody issues. In addition, the book helps students see the connection between speech sound disorders and the related motor speech disorders that overlap and complicate assessment and treatment. *Compelling online videos of children with speech sound disorders (supplemented with assignable exercises) bring concepts to life and connect classroom learning with real-life practice.* Considerations for assessment and treatment of children who speak languages other than English are interwoven throughout the text.*Numerous data sets and examples of children with speech disorders provide a real-world context.*Case studies for practice show readers how to apply the concepts and techniques covered.*Assessment and treatment of motor speech disorders in children are covered, including differential diagnosis of dysarthria and Childhood Apraxia of Speech, an area of expertise of the author.* Quick and easy assessment forms for identifying children's speech strengths and weaknesses are included.*Application to practice elements include integrated coverage of the assessment and treatment options for each subcomponent of speech sound development disorder.* Feature boxes point out "common misconceptions" and "common confusion" areas and explain particularly challenging concepts and innovative approaches.* Author-developed exercises for applying concepts, practicing evaluation techniques, scoring tests, and developing treatment plans give students hands-on practice in applying concepts.*End-of-chapter review questions contain multiple-choice quizzes that allow students to assess their understanding of chapter content.


The first Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite was launched in 1978, and today there are 4 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), with a further 7 Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS) transmitting data. Further to this, these systems consist of three basic types of satellite orbits, namely Mid Earth Orbiting (MEO), Geosynchronous Orbits (GEO) and Inclined Geosynchronous Orbits (IGSO) operating at different altitudes. It is now possible to see and take measurements up to almost 50 satellites at any instant in some parts of the world, and typically in the region of 30 in most parts of the world. Originally, GPS transmitted data on two carrier frequencies, namely L1 and L2. Today's GPS satellites transmit a variety of contemporary and original code data on three carrier frequencies; L1, L2 and L5. Similarly, other GNSS transmit on three or more carrier frequencies.
This paper looks at the quality of the data from GPS, BeiDou, Galileo, GLONASS and QZSS, looking at the different satellite constellations used, as well as the different frequencies and also the historical satellite systems such as the various GPS blocks. The approaches used in this paper, are those also used for cycle slip detection. These are namely the range residual (code-carrier), and the Ionospheric Residual. In this paper, however, the noise of these combinations is investigated and compared, illustrating the expected measurement precisions from the different types of satellites, and their comparisons.


This paper evaluates the impact of the Australian Baby Bonus – a $3000 one-off cash transfer – on various aspects of child human capital development. Using high-quality longitudinal cohort data and difference-in-difference models, we compare the outcomes of cohort members whose younger sibling was born marginally on either side of July 1, 2004, when the Baby Bonus was introduced. Our results suggest that the Baby Bonus was not effective in boosting learning, socio-emotional or physical health outcomes of the average pre-school child. This finding is strengthened by the observation that the Baby Bonus did not impact parental well-being, parental behavior and labor supply, the potential mechanisms via which the cash transfer could have affected human capital formation. The muted effect for the Baby Bonus in comparison to significant effects for similar cash handouts in other countries may be explained by its non-targeted and one-off structure. We conclude that the large financial cost of $3000 per child is not justified as an intervention for the entire population to boost children's skills.


The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary-level English language learners towards web-based, multimedia-annotated grammar learning. WEBGRAM, a system designed to provide supplementary web-based grammar revision material, uses audio-visual aids to enrich the contextual presentation of grammar and allows learners to revise target grammatical structures using interactive exercises such as gap-filling, combo-box and dragand-drop exercises. This study gathered quantitative data on learner satisfaction, attention and participation and qualitative data with regard to the material's content, visual and instructional design, usability, practicality and effectiveness. The findings indicate that learners enjoyed using the material and developed a positive attitude towards the system.


Flooding results in induction of anaerobic metabolism in many higher plants. As an important component of anaerobic energy production, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity increases markedly in response to flooding in white clover, Trifolium repens. Significant inter‐individual variation in flood‐induced ADH activity exists in natural populations of T. repens. The genetic basis of this variation was analyzed by offspring‐midparent regression of data from 75 greenhouse reared families; the estimated heritability of flood‐induced ADH activity was 0.55 (±0.13). Genetic variation in flood‐induced ADH activity has pronounced effects on physiological response and flood tolerance in this species. ADH activity is positively correlated with the rate of ethanol production, indicating that observed in vitro activity differences are manifested in in vivo physiological function. T. repens plants with higher ADH activities during flooding have greater flood tolerance (measured as growth rate when flooded/unflooded growth rate). Variation in ADH activity during flooding accounts for more than 79% of the variance in flood tolerance. On the basis of a limited field survey of populations occupying three sites differing in exposure to flooding conditions, individuals from site C, the most frequently flooded site, expressed significantly higher average ADH activity when flooded than individuals from site A, a site with no history of flooding. Since ADH activity levels are not correlated with electrophoretic mobility variation in T. repens, this work supports previous suggestions that regulatory variation in enzyme activity may play a central role in biochemical adaptations to environmental stress.


Rehabilitation for dysfunctions of eating and swallowing should be considered in terms of not only motor but also sensory function. Sensory information from a bolus in the mouth plays an important role in eating and swallowing. Therefore, this study investigated oral stereognosis in 184 healthy adults with normal eating and swallowing function in order to obtain normative data. Oral stereognosis was assessed by using 20 intra-oral test pieces with different shapes. The subjects manipulated the test pieces in the mouth and identified their shapes. At this time, the test scores and response times for answering were recorded. The results revealed differences in oral stereognosis depending on the age of the subjects and the test pieces employed. The younger group had higher test scores and shorter response times than the older group, except for comparisons between the 20s and 30s age groups. In addition, response time was negative correlated with test scores (r = -0.956, P < 0.001). These results indicate that oral stereognosis decreases with age.


In order to meet renewable energy targets, establishing a market for tradable green certificates (TGC) is a relevant instrument to use. Within the past few years green certificate markets have gained extensive interest in Europe and elsewhere, and markets seem to be appearing in a number of countries, among these the UK, Australia, Italy, Belgium (Flanders), Sweden and Denmark. The main objective of the InTraCert project is to examine the potential and implications of establishing such an international tradable green certificate system with respect to EU and national renewable energy policies as well as climate change policies. Particular attention is paid to: 1. the possibilities for establishing an EU-wide market for tradable green certificates to promote an efficient deployment of renewables across the borders of the Member States, 2. to expand the TGC market to include not only renewable power production, but also the production of biogas and green heat, 3. to analyse the interactions between TGC and other market instruments of the EU and Member States, especially tradable emission permits (TEP) for the power industry, 4. to investigate interactions and implications for national and EU GHG reduction policies, 5. to clarify potential market distortions, trade-offs and other implications for renewable and GHG reduction policies if the TGC and TEP-systems are not designed appropriately. Analyses were performed for approaching optimal designs of TGC systems, including implications of different national systems with regard to penalties, tradability and system boundaries, aiming at guidelines for establishing a common EU TGC system. A number of scenarios outlines the possible interactions between the TGC-approach and tradable emission permits and the implications for applying these instruments in reaching national GHG reduction targets. One of the major outcomes of the project is a comprehensive list of policy recommendations for implementing trading systems for renewable energy and GHG emissions at the EU and/or at the national level.


Using the subband technique, an LTI system can be implemented by the composition of an analysis filterbank, followed by a transfer matrix (subband model) and a synthesis filterbank. The advantage of this approach is that it offers a good tradeoff between latency and computational complexity. In this paper we propose an optimization method for approximating an LTI system using the subband technique. The proposed method includes optimal allocation of parameters from different FIR entries of the subband model, while keeping constant the total number of parameters, for a better utilization of the available coefficients. The optimization is done in a weighted least-squares sense considering either linear or logarithmic amplitude scale. Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method when compared with classical implementation approaches using pole-zero transfer functions or segmented FFT algorithms.


Metso Minerals Process Technology Asia-Pacific (MMPT-AP) has been working with many mining companies worldwide performing 'Mine to Mill' or Process Integration and Optimisation (PIO) studies. MMPT-AP has developed a proven methodology to improve the efficiency of the mine-mill interface and gain maximum benefit. The PIO methodology involves rock characterisation, mathematical modelling and simulation to generate a list of operational and control changes for both the mine and concentrator. Following the methodology, the list of recommendations is developed relatively easily; the more challenging part depends on the company. Success of a PIO project relies on the ability of an organisation to implement change - both operationally and culturally: the human element. When a PIO project is started, there is initial interest and commitment from the company. But how can this be maintained? How does an operation know if the benefit continues? MMPT-AP is now developing long-term relationships with clients to ensure that the increased production and improved efficiency continues. Direct and indirect measurements are used to determine the key factors involved and to understand the cause/effect relationships. Simulation tools also can be used to compare current with recommended practices - so when material properties vary over time, the benefits can still be quantified. PIO is about empowerment: by measuring and understanding what parameters affect concenttator performance, the site personnel now have the knowledge to make a difference. Rather than simply reporting variable or poor concentrator performance, operations can predict when production will be affected and put controls in place to prevent it from happening. This requires support and commitment from the company or 'buy in'. Ensuring this buy in continues is the challenge facing every company involved in PIO work - but the benefits are well worth it. This paper will review MMPT-AP's experiences in implementing PIO projects in the long term: from both the consulting and operational viewpoints. MMPT-AP's involvement with a number of companies will be discussed as examples of what works and what does not.


The notion of trust is one of the most topical issues in current social science theorising covering such diverse approaches as transaction costs economics, social capital, and cognitive sociology. In different ways and for different purposes, these approaches address the role of voluntary and nonprofit organisations, although, as this paper argues, much of this thinking remains sketchy and underdeveloped. At the same time, the notion of trust has long played a central role in the economics of non-profit organisations, yet these developments have not been fully linked with the wider effort mentioned above. The purpose of this paper is to explore what non-profit approaches can offer trust theories, and vice versa. We first set out to explicate major approaches to trust in economics, sociology and political science, using the non-profit or voluntary organisation as a focal point. We then assess the various approaches in terms of their strengths and weaknesses, and, finally, identify key areas for theoretical advancement in an effort to enrich current theorising. In particular, we point to the social movement literature, the social psychology of trust, and recent thinking about civil society as fruitful avenues for theoretical advancement in our understanding this phenomenon.