ABSTRACT This national study compares the social and demographic characteristics of direct and delay entry nursing students in a earlier group of 1551 students in higher education programs (1987‐1990) with the national study group of 2295 students sampled in 1995. Using a specially constructed socio‐economic variable for comparison the analyses demonstrated a significant difference in the socio‐economic level of the household for the direct entry group but not for the delay entry group. There was also a significant difference between males and females in their direct and delay entry patterns. Further, there was a significant difference in the location of school attended for most of their secondary education for the direct entry group but not for the delay entry group. For both direct and delay entry students there was a significant difference in the number of siblings, the level of education attained by the mother and the income received by the mother in the households of the earlier and latter study groups.


Evidence suggests that Saturn's icy moon Enceladus has a subsurface ocean that sources plumes of water vapor and ice vented to space from its south pole. In situ analyses of this material by the Cassini spacecraft have shown that the ocean contains key ingredients for life (elements H, C, N, O and possibly S; simple and complex organic compounds; chemical disequilibria at water-rock interfaces; clement temperature, pressure, and pH). The Cassini discoveries make Enceladus' interior a prime locale for life detection beyond Earth. Scant material exchange with the inner Solar System makes it likely that such life would have emerged independently of life on Earth. Thus, its discovery would illuminate life's universal characteristics. The alternative result of an upper bound on a detectable biosphere in an otherwise habitable environment would likewise considerably advance our understanding of the prevalence of life beyond Earth. Here we outline the rationale for returning vented ocean samples, accessible from Enceladus' surface or low altitudes, to Earth for life detection. Returning samples allows analyses using laboratory instruments that cannot be flown, with decades or more to adapt and repeat analyses. We describe an example set of measurements to estimate the amount of sample to be returned and discuss possible mission architectures and collection approaches. We then turn to the challenges of preserving sample integrity and implementing planetary protection policy. We conclude by placing such a mission in the broader context of Solar System exploration.


Oswald's Book of Hours and Englaland (OBOH&E — Smokestack Books, 2013 & 2015 respectively) are distinctive works in the context of modern and contemporary English language poetry. Although there are affinities between OBOH&E and several modern and contemporary works, OBOH&E's visionary engagement with concepts of England and English identity, their epic expression and novel post-pastoral dimension combine to make them unique. The works' address to England and the English emerges from an ecologically committed, broadly socialist position informed by Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony, Benedict Anderson's concept of the nation as 'imagined community' and Patrick Kavanagh's assertion of the primacy of the 'parochial', coalescing into a literary-political position defined by my coinage utopian yeoman-anarchism. The epic dimension of OBOH&E is demonstrated in an exposition based on the theoretical writings of Rudyard Kipling, Ezra Pound and M.M. Bakhtin. OBOH&E's characteristic dialogical method — defined by the synchronic and synoptic temporal aspect of the works and their deployments of heteroglossia, polyphony and xenoglossia — leads to a characterisation of the books as novelistic 'modern epics'. Finally, in an analysis informed by Terry Gifford's influential taxonomy, OBOH&E is identified as a distinctive subgenre of the post-pastoral (another coinage) — the guerrillapastoral. The guerrilla-pastoral arises from the transgressive rural praxis of the author and is reflected and expressed via his personae, narrators and protagonists as they assert their rights in the land, in conflict with representatives of the power that seeks to restrict and deny them.


African immigrants in the USA experience high levels of poverty and underemployment. Many African immigrants are turning to farming to supplement their income and increase their access to healthy, culturally relevant food. Key to the success of many immigrant farmers is participation in new entry farmer programs which operate as social networks connecting participants to technical training, farming resources, and influential individuals in the community. Drawing upon social capital theory, this mixed methods study measures the economic and social outcomes of immigrant farmer programs as perceived by agricultural educators. Data were collected through a national survey and case studies of programs in Ohio and Virginia. Analyses found economic outcomes were associated with social network development and agency, while social outcomes were associated with trust and reciprocity. Recommendations are provided for community development practitioners interested in enhancing outcomes of immigrant programs.


Vincent Massey—Vince to all who knew him—lived life very fully. Carol Strickland, the wife of a former graduate student of Vince's, captured his vitality for many of us. 'The stop-flow might have been Vince's favorite research tool, but in life, he was all flow without stop. I can still see Vince—his eyes twinkling—practically chomping the stem of his pipe in two as he guffawed at something that struck him as funny. What a bon vivant he was! Whatever he did, he did full-bore, "sucking all the marrow out of life", as Thoreau put it.' Vincent Massey gained international distinction in physical biochemistry. His pioneering efforts to relate flavin chemistry to flavin enzymology resulted in a new understanding of flavin charge-transfer complexes, free radicals in flavoproteins, oxygen reactivity of flavins, the interactions of the flavin ring structure with proteins, and the classification of flavoenzymes. His discovery that Straub diaphorase is in fact lipoamide dehydrogenase and that it functions in the pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes was a milestone in understanding metabolism. His development of totally innovative methodology for the determination of intermediates in enzyme catalysis through transient kinetics made flavoproteins one of the best understood enzyme families. This allowed him to define the mechanism by which the drug allopurinol inhibited xanthine oxidase; this was one of the first instances in which the effects of a drug on an enzyme were understood chemically. Vince had a great human impact on science by inspiring and training others and by his determination to maintain the integrity of the scientific method as well as to foster basic research.


In the present study, porous nickel foam samples with pore sizes of 20 μm and 150 μm and porosities of 60 % and 70 % were fabricated by the space-holding sintering method via powder metallurgy. Electron scanning microscopy (SEM) and Image-Pro Plus were used to characterise the morphological features of the porous nickel foam samples. The anisotropic mechanical properties of porous nickel foams were investigated by compressive testing loading in different directions, i.e. the major pore axis and minor pore axis. Results indicated that the nominal stress of the nickel foam samples increases with the decreasing of the porosity. Moreover, the foam sample exhibited significantly higher nominal stress for loading in the direction of the major pore axis than loading in direction of the minor pore axis. It is also noticeable that the nominal stress of the nickel foams increases with the decreasing of the pore size. It seems that the deformation behaviour of the foams with a pore size in the micron-order differs from those with a macro-porous structure.


Carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite plate- and shell-like structures will be the next generation lightweight structures in advanced applications due to the superior multifunctional properties combined with lightness. Here material optimization of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite beams and shells is tackled via ad hoc nonlinear finite element schemes so as to control the loss of stability and overall nonlinear response. Three types of optimizations are considered: variable through-the-thickness volume fraction of random carbon nanotubes (CNTs) distributions, variable volume fraction of randomly oriented CNTs within the mid-surface, aligned CNTs with variable orientation with respect to the mid-surface. The collapse load, which includes both limit points and deformation thresholds, is chosen as the objective/cost function. An efficient computation of the cost function is carried out using the Koiter reduced order model obtained starting from an isogeometric solid-shell model to accurately describe the point-wise material distribution. The sensitivity to geometrical imperfections is also investigated. The optimization is carried out making use of the Global Convergent Method of Moving Asymptotes. The extensive numerical analyses show that varying the volume fraction distribution as well as the CNTs orientation can lead to significantly enhanced performances towards the loss of elastic stability making these lightweight structures more stable. The most striking result is that for curved shells, the unstable postbuckling response of the baseline material can be turned into a globally stable response maintaining the same amount of nanostructural reinforcement but simply tailoring strategically its distribution.


Svenska Handelsbanken was the large national Swedish bank that provided the exemplar case for the idea that organizations could abandon budgets and operate successfully, or perhaps operate even more successfully, without them. In this case, Nancy Cartwright, a senior executive in a large Canadian financial services corporation, had just been introduced to the Handelsbanken case and the Beyond Budgeting idea. She was intrigued by the idea that companies could abandon budgets while implementing a new more decentralized model of management control. She wondered whether these ideas could work beyond Handelsbanken and, in particular, outside of Scandinavia.


Supplementary Information of the manuscript entitled "When West meets East: The origins and spread of weedy rice between continental and island Southeast Asia"

Supplementary Information

Figure S1. Representatives of five groups of weedy and
cultivated rice accessions classified according to seed morphological features:
(A) strawhulled, awnless (SH); (B) strawhulled, awned (SHA); (C)
brown-striped-hulled, awnless types (BR); (D) brown-striped-hulled, awned
(BRA); (E) cultivars.

Figure S2. STRUCTURE analysis
of the Sabah, Peninsular Malaysian, and other countries' rice samples. (A) Plot
of Ln P(D) vs. K. showed an increase in the posterior probability [Ln P(D);
L(K)] for a K value up to 20 populations. (B) Plot of ΔK vs. K. Value of ΔK at
K = 2 (511.7) was removed to ease illustrations of the second highest peak at K
= 5 in the plot. (C) deltaK values calculated as a function of K. ΔK at K = 5
is highlighted in yellow (ΔK = 7.813). (D) Alternate outcomes at K = 4. (E)
Alternate outcomes at K = 10.Figure S3. Principal
Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) plot of Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia, and worldwide
rice samples. (A) PCoA analysis of 358 rice accessions from Sabah (weedy,
cultivated and landrace rice), Peninsular Malaysia (cultivars), Indonesian
Kalimantan (landrace), Indonesian Java (landrace), Brunei (landrace),
Philippines (landrace), East Malaysian Sarawak state (landrace), Thailand (wild
rice), Myanmar (wild rice) and US (tropical japonica). (B) PCoA analysis of 478
rice accessions from Sabah (weedy, cultivated and landrace rice), Peninsular
Malaysia (weedy and cultivated rice), Thailand (wild rice), Myanmar (wild rice)
and US (tropical japonica). Keys to rice sample names: SbCV, Sabah cultivated
rice; PMCV, Peninsular Malaysia cultivated rice; SbSH, Sabah weedy rice with
strawhulls and no awns; PMSH, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with strawhulls
and no awns; PMmSH, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with intermediate strawhull
and no awns; PMmSHA, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with intermediate
strawhulls and awns; SbSHA, Sabah weedy rice with strawhulls and awns; PMSHA,
Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with strawhulls and awns; SbBR, Sabah weedy rice
with browhulls and no awns; PMBR, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with browhulls
and no awns; SbBRA, Sabah weedy rice
with browhulls and awns; PMBRA, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with browhulls
and awns; PMBH, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with blackhulls and no awns;
PMBHA, Peninsular Malaysia weedy rice with blackhulls and awns; TropJap,
tropical japonica; SbLr, Sabah landrace accessions; PMOr, Peninsular Malaysia Oryza rufipogon; SEAOr, Southeast Easian
O. rufipogon; KN, Indonesian
Kalimantan; JV, Indonesian Java; BN, Brunei; PHI, Philippines; SW, Sarawak;
TropJap, tropical japonica.

Figure S4. Haplotype network
relationships for the An-1 haplotypes
identified in this study (Table S6).
Each circle represents a haplotype and circle size is proportional to
haplotype frequency. Vertical line
indicates number of SNP.

Supplementary Table S1.
Population code, location, number of sample, range of coordinates, coexisting
rice varieties of the weedy rice populations and cultivated rice samples used
in this study.
Supplementary Table S2.
Distribution, morphotype code and number of sample of weedy rice accessions
used according to hull color and awn presence.
Supplementary Table S3. Oryza
accession information, haplotype of the An-1 gene, and coefficents of ancestry
inferred by STRUCTURE.
Supplementary Table S4.
Genetic diversity in Sabah weedy rice samples grouped by sampling location.
Abbreviations of genetic diversity parameters are as follows: P, percentage of
polymorphic loci; Ho, observed heterozygosity; He, expected heterozygosity; I, Shannon diversity
index. Supplementary Table S5.
Pairwise population FST values generated by location-based clustering.Supplementary Table S6.
Compilation of the ten mutations identified in the sequenced region of An-1 gene. Mutations n2*, n4*, and n6*
are functional nucleotide polymorphisms (FNPs) identified in Luo et al.
(2013) study.


The article will address the cultural history of walking, and it will critically discuss the creative potentials of walking as it argues that the Romantic walk is not the only feature of this. Here the Situationist concept and method of the derive with its urban settings will supplement the Romantic walk, and various cases of both are included in the article, just as psychogeography, geocriticism and literary samples of these movements illustrate the cognitive synergy they have with walking. Finally, the article will introduce the major scholarly publications about walking.


In two-dimensional magnetic recording, detection for a perfect writer and perfect reader based on an iterative threshold technique are compared to detection employing single threshold and adaptive threshold techniques. The simulation indicates that the algorithm can reach a BER of 9.3% compared to 11.2% and 10.5% for the latter cases when the bit size is 8 by 8 nm with a grain of 8.7 nm diameter. This increases data capacity by 11% to 6.6 TBits/inch2. Additionally, detection with an array of three conventional heads has been studied: the simulation shows that for bits with dimension of 12 × 12 nm, grains of 8.7 nm diameter and reader width of 18 nm, the BER drops from 11.3% for a single conventional head to 5.4% for the head array with a two-dimensional generalized partial response equalizer at the optimum offset of 10 nm. The density is increased by 42%, reaching 4.0 Tbits/Inch2 .


stated) and Morgan et al.4 also noted a rise in blood pressure in a few cases. Thorpe9 reported a rise in blood pressure (to 240/140 Hg) in a -patient who itook about 500 mg of pindolol in a suicide attempt. It is difficult to estimate exactly ihow often a hypertensive effect ooears, but our experience with 260 patients treated with pindolol suggests that it may occur in about 5 % of cases. We ibelieve that pindolol is a useful and effeeive drug but that -the initial dosage should be low ,(for example, 2 5-5 0 mg twice daily) and that if dosages above 25-40 mg daily seem to be ineffective, then dose reduction should be tried. The 'blood pressure may then fall to satisfactory levels. If it remains unchanged, or if it falls but is still unsatisfactory, then somne other drug should be added.-We are, etc.,


In the developing pancreas, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) specifies which precursor cells ultimately will become endocrine cells and initiates the islet differentiation program. NeuroD1, a closely related bHLH protein and a downstream target of Ngn3, maintains the differentiation program initiated by Ngn3. We have developed an in vitro model of Ngn3-dependent differentiation by infecting pancreatic duct cell lines with an Ngn3-expressing adenovirus. We found that both Ngn3 and its downstream target NeuroD1 activated the islet differentiation program in these cells by inducing the expression of genes with early roles in the differentiation cascade, as well as genes characteristic of fully differentiated islet cells. Induction of these genes, as exemplified by the insulin1 gene, involved alteration of the local chromatin structure. Interestingly, the subsets of genes activated by Ngn3 and NeuroD1 were not completely overlapping, indicating that these two bHLH proteins serve specific functions in the development of the endocrine pancreas. In addition, microarray gene expression analysis identified a previously uncharacterized group of Ngn3-induced genes with potentially important roles in islet development and function. These studies demonstrate how Ngn3 initiates islet differentiation and provide us with a model for testing methods for producing islet cells for people with diabetes.


Marine risers such as cables of cylindrical cross-section continuously encounter ocean currents during their service life, causing vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). Such oscillations can last a long period at high frequencies and produce significant damage that accumulates in structural components. The accumulated damage eventually leads to the failure of the structure.
The Reynolds number (Re) for marine risers in the ocean can be much higher than the Re of flows that can be solved with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) method. Therefore, turbulence models are necessary for predicting the VIVs [1] at high Re, which are close to the situations in the ocean [2].
In this study, the response of flow around a fixed circular cylinder at Reynolds number 3900 is investigated with DNS and large eddy simulation (LES). This value of the Reynolds number (Re) has often been investigated in previous studies concerning flows past fixed cylinders as a typical case of the early turbulent regime. Despite the DNS method being very accurate, the computational cost increases with the increasing Re while 2D simulations may become inadequate. For 3D simulations, however, a tenfold increase in Re corresponds to 1000 times more computational cost. This makes it virtually impossible to solve engineering application problems with DNS. In order to efficiently simulate VIV in turbulent flows, turbulence modeling constitutes one of the most important aspects of CFD modeling.

By investigating the Re 3900 case with both DNS and LES, we can ensure the validity of our turbulence model when comparing our results with literature. With a suitably selected turbulence model, our numerical solution is able to capture most of the real physics of the phenomena, including the Kármán vortex street effects on the lift and drag coefficients. A series of experimental measurements used to validate the simulations are also reported. At Re 3900, the drag coefficient conducted by experiments is 1.01, which is in the range of other researches done before, of around 0.94 - 1.04 [3]. The predicted drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers agree with the experimental data and the values reported in the literature [4].

[1] Liu, Guijie, et al. "A mini review of recent progress on vortex-induced vibrations of marine risers." Ocean Engineering 195 (2020): 106704.
[2] Qiu, Wei, et al. "Numerical benchmark studies on drag and lift coefficients of a marine riser at high Reynolds numbers." Applied Ocean Research 69 (2017): 245-251.
[3] Wornom, Stephen, et al. "Variational multiscale large-eddy simulations of the flow past a circular cylinder: Reynolds number effects." Computers & Fluids 47.1 (2011): 44-50.
[4] Violette, R., Emmanuel De Langre, and J. Szydlowski. "Computation of vortex-induced vibrations of long structures using a wake oscillator model: comparison with DNS and experiments." Computers & structures 85.11-14 (2007): 1134-1141.


Introduction Gepotidacin (GEP), a novel triazaacenaphthylene antibacterial, inhibits bacterial DNA replication. A Phase 2 study evaluated GEP as a single oral dose (1.5 or 3g) in subjects with urogenital gonorrhoea. Methods Pre-dose specimens were obtained for culture and susceptibility testing by agar dilution. Microbiological success (MS), was culture confirmed eradication of N. gonorrhoeae (GC) at test-of-cure (TOC), 3–7 days post dose, in the microbiological evaluable (ME) population which consisted of all randomised subjects with culture confirmed urogenital gonorrhoea at baseline, who received any dose of GEP and returned for TOC. Results Against 69 GC isolates recovered from baseline urogenital specimens in the ME population, GEP minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC (µg/mL)] range was ≤0.06–1 and MIC90 was 0.5. Resistance (R) to comparators were 33%, 28%, 20%, 0%, 0% and 0% for ciprofloxacin (CIP), penicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, cefixime and spectinomycin, respectively. 2 isolates had elevated azithromycin MICs (MICs=2). Overall MS was 96% (66/69) in the ME population. PK/PD analysis showed 100% (61/61) MS when the free area under the curve/MIC ratio (fAUC/MIC) was ≥48. MS decreased to 63% (5/8) at fAUC/MICs ≤24. All isolates from the 3 urogenital failures were CIP-R, had a baseline GEP MIC=1 and a pre-existing D86N mutation in ParC, a critical residue in GEP binding. 2 were treated with a 3g GEP dose (fAUC/MICs=24) and 1 was treated with a 1.5g GEP dose (fAUC/MIC=12). 5 additional isolates with D86N were MS (2 at GEP MIC=1, 3 at GEP MIC ≤0.25). Isolates from 2 failed subjects (3g GEP dose) demonstrated R emergence to GEP (MICs increased ≥32 fold) and had an additional mutation (A92T) in GyrA, also located in GEP binding pocket. Conclusion Subjects with fAUC/MICs ≥48 were MS, including 3 with D86N (fAUC/MICs ≥96). Further study of GEP, in the treatment of gonorrhoea is warranted, including demonstration that higher exposures suppress R in key isolate subsets.


This paper advocates the use of 3D integration technology to stack a DRAM on top of an FPGA. The DRAM will store future FPGA contexts. A configuration is read from the DRAM into a latch array on the DRAM layer while the FPGA executes; the new configuration is loaded from the latch array into the FPGA in 60ns (5 cycles). The latency between reconfigurations, 8.42µs, is dominated by the time to read data from the DRAM into the latch array. We estimate that the DRAM can cache 289 FPGA contexts.


There are conflicting reports on the relationship between hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) with socioeconomic status. This study explores this relationship individually and jointly. This is a cross sectional comparative study. Adults that participated in medical outreach organized for high and low socioeconomic status (SES) were tested for hypertension and DM. Mean age in years for high and low SES was 58.69 (± 10.26) and 57.77 (± 15.54), respectively. Widows were significantly more than widowers (P < 0.001). Frequency of hypertension in middle age (45 to 64 years in high and low SES) was 58.0 and 71.9%, respectively (P = 0.009). Frequency of DM was 19.2 and 7.3% in high and low SES respectively (P < 0.001). Combined frequency of hypertension and DM was 14.0 and 6.0% in high and low SES respectively (P = 0.002) and 13.8 and 5.9% in the middle age group in high and low SES respectively (P = 0.034). Severity of hypertension was more in low than high SES (P = 0.001). The prevalence and severity of hypertension among middle age in low SES is higher than in high SES. Combined frequency of hypertension and DM is more in high than low SES.

 Key words: Socioeconomic status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, combined frequency.


Transition metals (TMs), e.g. Fe, Co, and Ni, are normally unsuitable for the fabrication of highly porous C materials with graphitized C layers since in situ formed carbides on the surface of the TMs impede their catalytic graphitization effect. In this paper, we report on highly mesoporous sponge-like C nanofibers (SLCNFs) with graphitized pore-walls fabricated through novel activating-catalyzed-graphitization using ZnCo2O4 as a source of ZnO and metallic Co. During the carbonization, the ZnO functions as an in situ activating agent to provide O species to oxidize the inert Co3C to active Co; the original transient "amorphous C/Co–graphite/Co3C" process induced by the metallic Co can be translated into a cyclic "amorphous C/Co–graphite/Co3C–COx/Co" system, to fabricate a sponge-like well-interconnected mesoporous structure. This gives SLCNFs a high reversible capacity (900 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles), good rate performance, and excellent super-long-term cycle stability (460 mA h g−1 at 1.67 A g−1 after 2000 cycles) when used as the anode of a lithium-ion battery. The usability of SLCNFs as a conductive substrate for sulfur is also demonstrated, indicating their excellent potential for application to energy storage and conversion.


By using the method of dynamical system, the exact travelling wave solutions of the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger-Boussinesq equations are studied. Based on this method, the bounded exact travelling wave solutions are obtained which contain solitary wave solutions and periodic travelling wave solutions. The solitary wave solutions and periodic travelling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions and the Jacobian elliptic functions, respectively. The results show that the presented findings improve the related previous conclusions. Furthermore, the numerical simulations of the solitary wave solutions and the periodic travelling wave solutions are given to show the correctness of our results.


The purpose of mineral exploration is to find ore deposits. The main aim of this work is to use the fuzzy inference system to integrate the exploration layers including the geological, remote sensing, geochemical, and magnetic data. The studied area was the porphyry copper deposit of the Kahang area in the preliminary stage of exploration. Overlaying of rock units and tectonic layers were used to prepare the geological layer. ASTER images were used for the purpose of recognition of the alterations. The processes used for preparation of the alteration layer were the image-based methods including RGB, band ratio, and principal component analysis as well as the spectrum-based methods including spectral angel mapper and spectral feature fitting. In order to prepare the geochemical layer, the multivariate statistical methods such as the Pearson correlation matrix and cluster analysis were applied on the data, which showed that both copper and molybdenum were the most effective elements of mineralization. Application of the concentration-number multi-fractal modeling was used for geochemical anomaly separation, and finally, the geochemical layer was obtained by the overlaying of two prepared layers of copper and molybdenum. In order to prepare the magnetics layer, the analytical signal map of the magnetometry data was selected. Finally, the FIS integration was applied on the layers. Ultimately, the mineral potential map was obtained and compared with the 33 drilled boreholes in the studied area. The accuracy of the model was validated upon achieving the 70.6% agreement percentage between the model results and true data from the boreholes, and consequently, the appropriate areas were suggested for the subsequent drilling.


Perception organizes spatially distinct areas of our world into groups, according to a set of well-studied cues, including connection, common region, proximity, and the Gestalt similarity cues of color, luminance, and shape. One counterintuitive recent proposal (Huang & Pashler, 2007; Levinthal & Franconeri, 2011) is that similarity grouping is 'just' feature selection - seeing a red, bright, or square group is just global selection of those features. This account makes the striking prediction that similarity grouping must be serial, such that other groups (green, dark, circles) cannot be constructed in the same instant. Past support - from serial grouping in display symmetry judgments and visual search tasks - has been subject to alternative interpretations. Here we provide the most direct evidence yet for this account, by demonstrating a striking lack of influence of similarity grouping in a task that is immune to these alternatives - when people rapidly estimate numerosity of a set of objects, grouping them reduces estimates. We replicate this effect (N=16) for connection (M=-27% reduction, p=0.001), common region (M=-17%, p=0.013), and proximity (M=-9%, p=0.033). But no significant reduction appears for color (M=2%), luminance (M=-5%), or shape (M=3%) grouping of element displays, despite a phenomenally strong grouping percept in these displays. The illusion of simultaneous grouping of similarity groups may be like the illusion that light in our fridge is always on - groups are always present when we select a feature, just like the light is always on when we open the fridge. But with a true test of simultaneity, similarity grouping can be shown to be serial. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


A patient with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and thrombocytopenic purpura is reported. Clinical symptoms were not suggestive and diagnosis was based on the presence of lymphomonocytic cells in peripheral blood and serologic study. Bone marrow aspirate showed characteristic features of an immunologic thrombopenia, though antiplatelet antibodies were not found. Literature on this subject is revised and pathogenic and therapeutic problems are discussed.


This Note will examine how U.S. courts decide whether to exercise subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims of foreign purchasers in an increasingly common form of securities class actions called the "F-cubed" (short for "Foreign-cubed") action - that is, a class action brought against a foreign issuer on behalf of a class that includes foreign investors who transacted on a foreign exchange. The very recent decision of the Second Circuit in Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd. did not bring clarity to the puzzle. In fact, the Second Circuit's decision in that case stands in contrast to prior decisions in F-cubed cases and therefore begs a fresh analysis of how courts approach the F-cubed problem.


Practical relevance: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed diseases in older cats. In most cats, CKD is also a progressive disease and can be accompanied by a wide range of clinical and clinicopathological changes. These ISFM Consensus Guidelines have been developed by an independent panel of clinicians and academics to provide practical advice on the diagnosis and management of this complex disease. Clinical challenges: Although CKD is a common clinical problem in cats, the manifestations of disease vary between individuals. Thus there is a need for careful and repeat evaluation of cats with CKD and adjustment of therapy according to individual needs. In addition to addressing problems arising from CKD and improving quality of life (QoL) for the patient, therapy may also target slowing the underlying progression of disease and hence prolonging life. While maintaining QoL is of paramount importance in our patients, this can be challenging when multiple therapies are indicated. In some cases it is necessary to prioritise therapy, given an understanding of what is likely to most benefit the individual patient. Evidence base: In preparing these Guidelines, the Panel has carefully reviewed the existing published literature, and has also graded the quality of evidence for different interventions to help to provide practical recommendations on the therapeutic options for feline CKD. This is a field of veterinary medicine that has benefited from some excellent published clinical research and further research findings will undoubtedly modify the recommendations contained in these Guidelines in the future.


One of the main issues in entrepreneurship education is integrating core course to entrepreneurship course. Many educators fail to integrate core course and entrepreneurial education. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the integration of management accounting course in entrepreneurship course will accomplish the objective of entrepreneurship education. This study is derived from the experience of entrepreneurial project course at Management Department of Ciputra University, Surabaya. This study uses an explorative approach to investigate the implementation of project-based learning (PBL) in management accounting course. The result shows variation of output. There are about 91% business can be implemented by business groups and about 33% target achieved. Several management accounting techniques are used in this study, such as balanced score card (BSC), activity-based costing (ABC), activity-based management (ABM), cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, and tactical decision making. This study found that by using management accounting techniques, student can run the business well especially when they have to make decision. This study strengthens the role of management accounting in business practices, and furthermore, this study proves that management accounting is beneficial for entrepreneurs who are still in the start-up business stage.


textabstractThis paper is part of the Freude am Fluss (FaF) project. The FaF project is focused on the opportunities of changing water management regimes for alternative spatial planning, flood-awareness and new economic development. It is a co-operation between German, French and Dutch knowledge institutes and universities and government departments. A key component of FaF is the active incorporation of all river basin stakeholders into the design and decision making processes around alternative spatial planning, the so-called Joint Planning Approach (JPA). The Joint Planning Approach in FAF incorporates the thinking that the performance of water systems has an ecological, social and economic dimension. It assists the capturing of the total economic value of innovative regional planning by measuring the economic value realized by managing the multi-functional dimensions of water systems. The JPA is supported by various documents that elaborate on specific important elements. One of the elements of JPA is the economic base of the projects, in other words, the economic drivers for the realistion of 'Room for the River'.


The effectiveness and accuracy of a daylight lighting study relies on knowing the climate and light conditions available at a given place, to then evaluate the illuminance obtained during the project process. This paper presents the methodologies of a research process carried out, whose objective is providing realistic data to provide the foundations for future lighting studies in Chile. It starts with the revision of the metrics to quantify daylight; later, the methodology used to collate the frequency information month-on-month on four types of standard CIE skies, starting from climate files, is presented. Finally, the methodology and the results obtained are shown to measure and characterize the real skies, the High Dynamic Range photographs (HDR) and as complement of this information, the illuminance measurements of the sky dome to define the types of skies of six Chilean cities. From the study applied, it is possible to conclude that knowing the standard CIE skies of a place allows us to adjust and focus the daylighting study for predetermined and predominant skies. It is just as important to mention that the measuring techniques for the skies must be adjusted and calibrated for each studied location.


Background : Several studies were conducted in the past in Nigerian Universities to determine undergraduate medical students' attitudes, aspirations and career preference but none was conducted in Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. This study was undertaken to determine final year medical students' attitudes toward Community Medicine. Methodology : The study was cross-sectional and descriptive in design. A total of 94 graduating medical students during the 2006/2007 academic session were invited to participate in the study. All the 94 students were given self-administered structured and closed-ended questionnaire. We collected information on socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, general and specific attitudes towards Community Medicine (CM), class attendance in Community Medicine, and choice of CM as a field for future specialization. Result : Seventy-two students (76.7%) have made up their minds to specialize in a chosen field of Medicine while fourteen (14.4%) were undecided. Thirty-five (48.69%) students said they could specialize in CM while 19(26.4%) cannot. Of the clinical discipline for possible specialization in the future by the whole class, 32(34.0%) respondents declared to specialize in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 18(19.1%) in Community Medicine 11 (11.7%) in surgery. Conclusion : Our finding demonstrated that final year medical student favorably perceived community medicine as a future career.


To determine the distribution of eye/vision disorders seen and treated by optometrists, twenty-four optometrists within various modes of practice were asked to complete a survey that focused on cases presented to them in practice. Of 597 cases examined, refractive error was found to be the most prevalent eye/ vision disorder diagnosed (76%), followed by ocular disease (22%). The frequency of near point disorders, binocular anomalies, ocular motility disorders, and perceptual dysfunction presented in practice was less than twenty-one percent. Lens therapy was the treatment modality most commonly used to manage refractive errors, ocular disease, nearpoint disorders, binocular coordination, and ocular motility. Approximately 8% of 597 cases were managed with vision therapy, while 4% were managed with TPA's. The frequency of cases referred was 5%. The data in this study provides eye care providers what optometrists actually do in practice, as presented by case load.


One hundred and fifty years ago Max Schultze first proposed the duplex theory of vision, that vertebrate eyes have two types of photoreceptor cells with differing sensitivity: rods for dim light and cones for bright light and colour detection. We now know that this division is fundamental not only to the photoreceptors themselves but to the whole of retinal and visual processing. But why are rods more sensitive, and how did the duplex retina first evolve? Cells resembling cones are very old, first appearing among cnidarians; the emergence of rods was a key step in the evolution of the vertebrate eye. Many transduction proteins have different isoforms in rods and cones, and others are expressed at different levels. Moreover rods and cones have a different anatomy, with only rods containing membranous discs enclosed by the plasma membrane. These differences must be responsible for the difference in absolute sensitivity, but which are essential? Recent research particularly expressing cone proteins in rods or changing the level of expression seem to show that many of the molecular differences in the activation and decay of the response may have each made a small contribution as evolution proceeded stepwise with incremental increases in sensitivity. Rod outer‐segment discs were not essential and developed after single‐photon detection. These experiments collectively provide a new understanding of the two kinds of photoreceptors and help to explain how gene duplication and the formation of rod‐specific proteins produced the duplex retina, which has remained remarkably constant in physiology from amphibians to man.


In software development, teamwork is essential to the successful delivery of a final product. The software industry has historically built software utilizing development teams that share the workplace. Process models, tools, and methodologies have been enhanced to support the development of software in a collocated setting. However, since the dawn of the 21st century, this scenario has begun to change: an increasing number of software companies are adopting global software development to cut costs and speed up the development process. Global software development introduces several challenges for the creation of quality software, from the adaptation of current methods, tools, techniques, etc., to new challenges imposed by the distributed setting, including physical and cultural distance between teams, communication problems, and coordination breakdowns. A particular challenge for distributed teams is the maintenance of a level of collaboration naturally present in collocated teams. Collaboration in this situation naturally drops due to low awareness of the activity of the team. Awareness is intrinsic to a collocated team, being obtained through human interaction such as informal conversation or meetings. For a distributed team, however, geographical distance and a subsequent lack of human interaction negatively impact this awareness. This dissertation focuses on the improvement of collaboration, especially within geographically dispersed teams. Our thesis is that by modeling the evolution of a software system in terms of fine-grained changes, we can produce a detailed history that may be leveraged to help developers collaborate. To validate this claim, we first create a model to accurately represent the evolution of a system as sequences of fine-grained changes. We proceed to build a tool infrastructure able to capture and store fine-grained changes for both immediate and later use. Upon this foundation, we devise and evaluate a number of applications for our work with two distinct goals: 1. To assist developers with real-time information about the activity of the team. These applications aim to improve developers' awareness of team member activity that can impact their work. We propose visualizations to notify developers of ongoing change activity, as well as a new technique for detecting and informing developers about potential emerging conflicts. 2. To help developers satisfy their needs for information related to the evolution of the software system. These applications aim to exploit the detailed change history generated by our approach in order to help developers find answers to questions arising during their work. To this end, we present two new measurements of code expertise, and a novel approach to replaying past changes according to user-defined criteria. We evaluate the approach and applications by adopting appropriate empirical methods for each case. A total of two case studies – one controlled experiment, and one qualitative user study – are reported. The results provide evidence that applications leveraging a fine-grained change history of a software system can effectively help developers collaborate in a distributed setting.


The p-compact-regions problem involves the search for an aggregation of n atomic spatial units into p-compact, contiguous regions. This article reports our efforts in designing a heuristic framework—MERGE (memory-based randomized greedy and edge reassignment) —to solve this problem through phases of dealing, randomized greedy, and edge reassignment. This MERGE heuristic is able to memorize (ME of MERGE) the potential best moves toward an optimal solution at each phase of the procedure such that the search efficiency can be greatly improved. A dealing phase grows seeded regions into a viable size. A randomized greedy (RG of MERGE) approach completes the regions' growth and generates a feasible set of p-regions. The edge-reassigning local search (E of MERGE) fine-tunes the results toward better objectives. In addition, a normalized moment of inertia (NMI) is introduced as the method of choice in computing the compactness of each region. We discuss in detail how MERGE works and how this new compactness measure can be seamlessly integrated into different phases of the proposed regionalization procedure. The performance of MERGE is evaluated through the use of both a small and a large p-compact-regions problem motivated by modeling the regional economy of Southern California. We expect this work to contribute to the regionalization theory and practice literature. Theoretically, we formulate a new model for the family of p-compact-regions problems. The novel NMI introduced in the model provides an accurate, robust, and efficient measure of compactness, which is a key objective for p-compact-regions problems. Practically, we developed the MERGE heuristic, proven to be effective and efficient in solving this nonlinear optimization problem to near optimality.


Introduction Sepsis is an acute illness resulting from infection and the host immune response. Early identification of individuals at risk of developing life-threatening severe sepsis could enable early triage and treatment, and improve outcomes. Currently available biomarkers have poor predictive value for predicting subsequent clinical course in patients with suspected infection. Circulating leucocytes provide readily accessible tissues that reflect many aspects of the complex immune responses described in sepsis. We hypothesise that measuring cellular markers of immune responses by flow cytometry will enable early identification of infected patients at risk of adverse outcomes. We aim to characterise leucocyte surface markers (biomarkers) and their abnormalities in a population of patients presenting to the hospital emergency department with suspected sepsis, and explore their ability to predict subsequent clinical course. Methods and analysis We will conduct a prospective, multicentre, clinical, exploratory, cohort observational study. To answer our study question, 3 patient populations will be studied. First, patients with suspected sepsis from the emergency department (n=300). To assess performance characteristics of potential tests, critically ill patients with established sepsis, and age and gender matched patients without suspicion of infection requiring hospital admission (both n=100) will be recruited as comparator populations. In all 3 groups, we plan to assess circulating biomarker profiles using flow cytometry. We will select candidate biomarkers by cross-cohort comparison, and then explore their predictive value for clinical outcomes within the cohort with suspected sepsis. Ethics and dissemination The study will be carried out based on the principles in the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice. Ethics approval has been granted from the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee (REC) and Oxford C REC. On conclusion of this study, the results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT02188992; Pre-results.


Predicting conformational changes of both the protein and the ligand is a major challenge when a protein–ligand complex structure is predicted from the unbound protein and ligand structures. Herein, we introduce a new protein–ligand docking program called GalaxyDock3 that considers the full ligand conformational flexibility by explicitly sampling the ligand ring conformation and allowing the relaxation of the full ligand degrees of freedom, including bond angles and lengths. This method is based on the previous version (GalaxyDock2) which performs the global optimization of a designed score function. Ligand ring conformation is sampled from a ring conformation library constructed from structure databases. The GalaxyDock3 score function was trained with an additional bonded energy term for the ligand on a large set of complex structures. The performance of GalaxyDock3 was improved compared to GalaxyDock2 when predicted ligand conformation was used as the input for docking, especially when the input ligand conformation differs significantly from the crystal conformation. GalaxyDock3 also compared favorably with other available docking programs on two benchmark tests that contained diverse ligand rings. The program is freely available at http://galaxy.seoklab.org/softwares/galaxydock.html. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


(A) In recent years, considerable amount of effort has contributed towards enhancing our
understanding of the new photoswitch, cyclic azobenzene, particularly from the theoretical point of view. However, the challenging part with this system was poor efficiency of its synthesis from 2,2'- dinitrodibenzyl and lack of effective methods for further modification which would be useful to incorporate this system into biomolecules as a photoswitch. We report the synthesis of cyclic azobenzene and analogues from 2,2'-dinitrodibenzyl, which would allow for further incorporation of this cyclic azobenzene into biomolecules. Reaction of 2,2'-dinitrodibenzyl with zinc metal powder in the presence of triethylammonium formate buffer (pH-9.5) gave a cyclic azoxybenzene, 11,12-dihydrodibenzo[c,g][1,2]diazocine-5-oxide. The latter compound was converted into cyclic azobenzene analogues (bromo-, chloro-, cyano-, and carboxyl) through subsequent transformations. The carboxylic acid analogue was reacted with D-threoninol to give
the corresponding amide, which readily undergoes photo-isomerization upon illumination with light. Upon illumination with light at 400 nm, approximately 70% of cis- isomer of amide was isomerized to trans- isomer. It was observed that cis- to trans- isomerization reached the maximum steady state of light transmission after approximately 40 min, whereas the trans- to cis- isomerization approximately acquired in 2 h to regain full recovery of light transmission. Cyclic azobenzene phosphoramidite was synthesized from DMT-protected D-threoninol linked cyclic azobenzene.
(B) In recent years, there has been considerable interest invested towards the synthesis of azobenzene analogues for incorporation into proteins. Among the many azobenzene analogues, the synthesis of bi-functional cyclic azobenzene analogues for the incorporation into proteins is relatively new. In this thesis, we report the synthesis of a cyclic azobenzene biscarboxylic acid from 4-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile.
(C) Azobenzene has been widely used in the field of polymer science to study the surface
morphology and surface properties of polymers. In this thesis, we report the incorporation of cyclic azobenzene into a commercial polymer 2- (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate. Samples collected after 24 h from the reaction solution showed approximately 9% of incorporation of cyclic azobenzene into polymer compared to samples collected after 10 h, which showed approximately 6% incorporation.


Understanding how organisms function is central to Biology. Assessing how animals respond to fluctuations in their environment and determining inter-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity is paramount to identifying the physiology of traits, the selective pressures which have shaped them, and how we can manipulate them to benefit human life. The over-arching goal of my thesis is to understand the effects of sex, diet and pathogen exposure on the physiology of the fruit fly to assess the versatility of their individual traits in response to these natural factors. Chapter 2 investigates how the sexes utilise nutrition towards their lifespan and reproduction, providing evidence that the reproduction of males and females requires different dietary components while lifespan does not. Chapter 3 reveals that the sexes also differ in how they utilise nutrients for pathogen resistance identifying that females are highly protein-limited and more susceptible to infection than males. Chapter 4 provides the first comprehensive study of how organisms alter their dietary intake in response to infection, finding that flies behaviourally ingest less and consume higher protein:carbohydrate ratio diets when exposed to live fungal spores. Chapter 5 explores the phenomenon of trait-enhnacing external stresses, a response often termed hormesis. This study reveals that the beneficial physiological response from inactive fungal spore exposure, a potential form of hormesis, incurs immune costs. The implications of my results to the field of physiology are discussed in Chapter 6 where I also highlight the limitations of my work and potential consequences for life history research. Overall it is determined that studies investigating the natural physiological response of organisms or potentially beneficial treatments for our own species, must consider sex-specific effects, physiological consequences in a variety of traits, and how organisms may utilise variation within their environment to alter their phenotypic condition.


Samuel Colt (1814--1862) first patented his "Colt" revolver in 1835 and thereby redefined the architecture of handguns. This stunning book is the first to present in detail the evolution of his most famous invention and to document the unsurpassed Colt firearms collections held by the Wadsworth Atheneum.Colt designed his revolvers with an artistic sensibility----paying particular attention to form and beauty and juxtaposing colors and finishes to heighten the visual effects. He was also one of the first American manufacturers to secure celebrity endorsements and to commission paintings by renowned artists like George Catlin to promote his arms. Colt's standards for excellence, industrial foresight, and quest for market domination are explored in light of primary documents that reveal his constant battles to protect his patents.Essays discuss Colt's personal collection of historic firearms as well as the memorial collection of Colt-manufactured firearms, the relationship between art and commerce as they pertain to the inventor's career, and his international celebrity. Richly illustrated and beautifully produced, this volume presents the artistry of the firearms that Colt worked so diligently to perfect----as well as his promotional abilities that made a tremendous impact on American culture.


We present the case of a 42-year-old female who was critically ill due to an arterial gas embolism (AGE) she experienced while diving in Maui, Hawaii. She presented with shortness of breath and dizziness shortly after surfacing from a scuba dive and then rapidly lost consciousness. The diver then had a complicated hospital course: persistent hypoxemia (likely secondary to aspiration) requiring intubation; markedly elevated creatine kinase; atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion; and slow neurologic improvement. She had encountered significant delay in treatment due to lack of availability of local hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. Our case illustrates many of the complications that can occur when a patient suffers a severe AGE. These cases may occur even without a history of rapid ascent or risk factors for pulmonary barotrauma, and it is imperative that they be recognized and treated as quickly as possible with HBO2. Unfortunately, our case also highlights the challenges in treating critically ill divers, particularly with the growing shortage of 24/7 hyperbaric chambers able to treat these ICU-level patients.


Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) is a molecular technology that allows simultaneous investigation of the content and spatial distribution of molecules within tissue. In this work, we examine different classes of detergents, the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the nonionic detergents Triton X-100, Tween 20 and Tween 80, and the zwitterionic 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) for use in MALDI IMS of analytes above m/z 4000. These detergents were found to be compatible with MALDI MS and did not cause signal suppression relative to non-detergent applications and did not produce interfering background signals. In general, these detergents enhanced signal acquisition within the mass range m/z 4-40 000. Adding detergents into the matrix was comparable with the separate application of detergent and matrix. Evaluation of spectra collected from organ-specific regions of a whole mouse pup section showed that different detergents perform optimally with different organs, indicating that detergent selection should be optimized on the specific tissue for maximum gain. These data show the utility of detergents towards enhancement of protein signals for on-tissue MALDI IMS analysis.


Background Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is an efficacious treatment for patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, there are only few data on long-term adherence. The aim of this study is to quantify the extent of non-adherence and describe the clinical characteristics. Methods A retrospective study including 695 patients with newly diagnosed OSA and prescribed CPAP therapy within an inclusion period of 14 months. All patients were offered free of charge individually adjusted CPAP therapy. Data on comorbidity, medication, BMI and Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS) were obtained by questionnaires and consultation with an otorhinolaryngeal specialist. Results The median follow-up time after initiating CPAP therapy was 3.0 (range 2.4–3.6) years. An adherence rate of 89% was found for severe OSA, 71% for moderate OSA and 55% for mild OSA. 18% initiated humidification. Patients adherent to CPAP had a significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI), Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), Oxygen Desaturation Index (ODI) and ESS compared to non-adherent patients. Furthermore, adherence was associated with a higher frequency of observed interrupted breathing, a less frequent use of hypnotic drugs, fewer smokers, and they were more often offered humidification. Age, gender and comorbidity were not significantly associated with adherence. In a Cox model only AHI (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.963, p < 0.001), ESS (HR 0.939, p = 0.001) and smoking (HR 1.576, p = 0.022) were independently associated with CPAP non-adherence. Conclusions The severity of OSA, subjective daytime sleepiness and smoking status are independently related to adherence to CPAP therapy.


Clinical specimens of throat washings were obtained from three patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) in Zhejiang province and treated with Vero, RD, VeroE6 and Hep-2 cell lines for virus isolation. The cytopathic effect (CPE) was detected in Vero and RD cell lines after clinical specimens had been inoculated for three days. SARS-coronavirus RVA was extracted from supernatant of cell culture and RT-PCR was performed using SARS-coronavirus specific primers. Two strains of SARS-coronavirus were isolated from three clinical samples, which were identified by gene sequence. The complete genome sequence of one strain of SARS-coronavirus was determined and analysed by phylogenic tree. SARS-coronavirus isolated from the patients with SARS in Zhejiang province was almost homological to Singapore Sin2774 and Taiwan TW1.


ORIENTACIÓN Y SOCIEDAD N° 15 | enero-diciembre 2015| 1 A STUDY ON GENDER NON-CONFORMING SUBJECTS IN CURRENT SOCIETY. SELF-PERCEPTION OF BODY AND IDENTITY Ariel Martínez * Abstract This article presents the results of a research to be included in a PhD Thesis on Gender nonconformity. Behind the results there is bibliographic research and fieldwork with 11 subjects over18 years-old from La Plata and La Plata metropolitan area. The theoretical framework doesn't look into the specific realities of gender non-conforming subjects. I attempted to explore the subjects' narrations on themselves and their self-perception with a quantitative view. From a diversity standing point, all narrations shed light on key aspects about social and subjective construction of gender and its naturalization as gender conformity. In addition, the results of empirical research are shortly laid out. Research had a focus on the ways gender non-conforming subjects name themselves, how they recreate categories from a singular point of view and the place of the body in self-perceptions about gender identity.


Through a qualitative interview study, the researcher investigated the experiences of high ability male dependents from Navy families and how these experiences were perceived to have influenced the male dependent's social, emotional and cognitive development. Findings indicated that high ability male dependents did not perceive that the Navy lifestyle had negatively influenced their development. Participation in sports was credited as a very positive influence in helping male dependents make smooth transitions into new schools after relocations, as was a positive attitude toward change and challenge on the part of the Navy family. Themes include high expectations and goals for achievement, adapting to change, participation in sports, and pride in the Navy lifestyle. Recommendations for parents, teachers and counselors working with high ability males from military families are provided, and implications for future research involving military dependents are highlighted.


Tranexamic acid has recently been demonstrated to decrease all-cause mortality and deaths due to hemorrhage in trauma patients. The optimal administration of tranexamic acid is within one hour of injury, but not more than three hours from the time of injury. To aid with timely administration, a premixed solution of 1 gram tranexamic acid and 0.9% sodium chloride was proposed to be stocked as a medication in both the aeromedical transport helicopters and Emergency Department at Mayo Clinic Hospital--Rochester Saint Marys Campus. Since no published stability data exists for tranexamic acid diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride, this study was undertaken to determine the stability of tranexamic acid diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride while being stored in two types of containers. Stability was determined through the use of a stability-indicating high-performance liquid reverse phase chromatography assay, pH, and visual tests. Tranexamic acid solutions of 1 gram in 0.9% sodium chloride 65 mL were studied at predetermined intervals for 90 days in ethylene/propylene copolymer plastic containers, protected from light, and at both controlled room and refrigerated temperatures. Tranexamic acid solutions of 1 gram in 0.9% sodium chloride 50 mL were studied at predetermined intervals for 180 days in clear Type 1 borosilicate glass vials sealed with intact elastomeric, Flourotec-coated stoppers, stored protected from light at controlled room temperature. Solutions stored in the ethylene/propylene copolymer plastic containers at both storage temperatures maintained at least 98% of initial potency throughout the 90-day study period. Solutions stored in glass vials at controlled room temperature maintained at least 92% of initial potency throughout the 180-day study period. Visual and pH tests revealed stable, clear, colorless, and particulate-free solutions throughout the respective study periods.


Economists hold that cooperatives should be free to carry on business for profit in the market. And as Marxists have traditionally been inimical to markets, it is hardly surprising that they have taken little interest in a cooperative system so far. Moreover, borrowing a well-known saying by Marx, they argue that workers joining cooperatives become "their own capitalists" and that the establishment of a system of producer cooperatives would far from further the abolition of capitalism appreciably. Lastly, they claim that cooperative firms have proved unfit to supplant their capitalistic rivals or bring about a new production mode. This paper discusses Marxist criticisms of cooperatives in an attempt to refute the assumptions behind them. In the author's view, a system of Vanek-type LMF cooperatives would capsize the capital-labour relation which is the pivot of capitalistic systems and would consequently amount to a revolution in full keeping with Marxian theory.


This study explores how US car drivers respond to a hypothetical but plausible news story about an incident involving an automated truck. We also evaluate the degree to which drivers intend to communicate risk perception through word of mouth and social media. Although industry expects automated trucks to increase safety, lower energy consumption, and alleviate transportation bottlenecks, prior studies of public perception of automated trucks have identified concerns about safety and job losses. We employed a between-subjects experiment to evaluate both the perception of risk and blame and the intent to communicate concerns by word of mouth and social media. Participants were exposed to a hypothetical news story regarding an automated truck accident without including cues on fault. The appearance of the truck was varied between experiment conditions, testing both human-driven and automated trucks. While we successfully manipulated perceptions of the design of the truck using several areas of literature, we did not find distinct risk and communication responses between different designs of the truck. We did find substantial differences in risk perception, blame, and intent to communicate risk between a human-driven and automated truck in an otherwise identical scenario.


Using a maximum entropy technique, we estimate the market shares of each firm in an industry using the available government summary statistics such as the four-firm concentration ratio (C4) and the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI). We show that our technique is very effective in estimating the distribution of market shares in 20 industries. Our results provide support for the recent practice of using HHI rather than C4 as the key explanatory variable in many market power studies, if only one measure is to be used.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of E7080 and N (5)-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine dihydrochloride (L-NIO) on colorectal cancer alone and in combination.

METHODS
HT29 colorectal cancer cell line from Sap Institute was used. Real-time cell analysis (xCELLigence system) was performed to determine the effects of E7080 and L-NIO on colorectal cell proliferation. While apoptosis was determined with Annexin V staining, and the effect of agents on angiogenesis was determined with chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.

RESULTS
We found that E7080 has a strong antiproliferative effect with an half maximum inhibition of concentration (IC50) value of 5.60×10(-8) mol/L. Also it has been observed that E7080 showed antiangiogenic and apoptotic effects on HT29 colorectal cancer cells. Antiangiogenic scores of E7080 were 1.2, 1.0 and 0.6 for 100, 10 and 1 nmol/L E7080 concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, apoptosis has been detected in 71% of HT29 colorectal cancer cells after administration of 100 nmol/L E7080 which may indicate strong apoptotic effect. Meanwhile administration of L-NIO alone did not show any effect, but the combination of E7080 with L-NIO increased the antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and apoptotic effects of E7080.

CONCLUSIONS
Results of this study indicate that E7080 may be a good choice in treatment of colorectal tumors. Furthermore the increased effects of E7080 when combined with L-NIO raise the possibility to use a lower dose of E7080 and therefore avoid/minimize the side effects observed with E7080.


In response to the health concerns of Gulf War veterans, the Department of Defense instituted the Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program (CCEP). Although not designed as a research study, the CCEP provided valuable clinical data. An analysis was conducted of CCEP findings from systematic and comprehensive examinations of 20,000 U.S. Gulf War veterans. Among 20,000 participants, the types of primary and secondary diagnoses varied widely. Also, among veterans with an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of "symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions," no single subcategory of illness predominated, and no characteristic physical sign or laboratory abnormality was identified. In-total, there were 74 (0.4%) cases of connective tissue disease; 52 (0.3%) noncutaneous malignancies; 42 (0.2%) peripheral neuropathies; 14 (0.07%) cases of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis; 12 (0.06%) cases of renal insufficiency; and no new cases of viscerotropic leishmaniasis. No clinical indication of a new or unique illness was identified in this self-referred population, and the types of physiologic disease that could result from postulated hazardous wartime exposures were uncommon.


Evolvability and adaptability are intrinsic properties of today's software applications. Unfortunately, the urgency of evolving/adapting a system often drives the developer to directly modify the application code neglecting to update its design models. Even, most of the development environments support the code refactoring without supporting the refactoring of the design information.
 Refactoring, evolution and in general every change to the code should be reflected into the design models, so that these models consistently represent the application and can be used as documentation in the successive maintenance steps. The code evolution should not evolve only the application code but also its design models. Unfortunately, to co-evolve the application code and its design is a hard job to be carried out automatically, since there is an evident and notorious gap between these two representations.
 We propose a new approach to code evolution (in particular to code refactoring) that supports the automatic co-evolution of the design models. The approach relies on a set of predefined metadata that the developer should use to annotate the application code and to highlight the refactoring performed on the code. Then, these meta-data are retrieved through reflection and used to automatically and coherently update the application design models.


In this paper, we explore some conceptual issues, relevant for the design of robotic systems aimed at interacting with humans in domestic environments. More specifically, we study the role of the robot's feedback (positive or negative acknowledgment of understanding) on a human teacher's demonstration of a routine home task (laying a table). Both the human and the system's perspectives are considered in the analysis and discussion of results from a human-robot user study, highlighting some important conceptual and practical issues. These include the lack of explicitness and consistency on people's demonstration strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the need to investigate design strategies to elicit people's knowledge about the task and also successfully advertize the robot's abilities in order to promote people's ability to provide appropriate demonstrations.


M. C. Escher's work Circle Limit III is a graphic representation of one of Henri Poincare's relative consistency proofs for hyperbolic geometry. Poincare, an opponent of the modem conception of mathematical truth, used this proof as the center point of an argument defending the competing view of mathematical truth put forward by Immanuel Kant against the charge that it is compietely undermined by the existence of non-Euclidean geometries. This defense led Poincare to limit the scope of geometry to spaces of constant curvature. This limitation was challenged by Hans Reichenbach who generalizes Poincare's argument. This generalization, pictured in Escher's work Balcony, however, uses Poincare's argument to support the modem view of mathematical truth that it was initially designed to attack.


Excess emission, associated with warm, dust belts, commonly known as exozodis, has been observed around a third of nearby stars. The high levels of dust required to explain the observations are not generally consistent with steady-state evolution. A common suggestion is that the dust results from the aftermath of a dynamical instability, an event akin to the Solar System's Late Heavy Bombardment. In this work, we use a database of N-body simulations to investigate the aftermath of dynamical instabilities between giant planets in systems with outer planetesimal belts. We find that, whilst there is a significant increase in the mass of material scattered into the inner regions of the planetary system following an instability, this is a short-lived effect. Using the maximum lifetime of this material, we determine that even if every star has a planetary system that goes unstable, there is a very low probability that we observe more than a maximum of 1% of sun-like stars in the aftermath of an instability, and that the fraction of planetary systems currently in the aftermath of an instability is more likely to be limited to <0.06. This probability increases marginally for younger or higher mass stars. We conclude that the production of warm dust in the aftermath of dynamical instabilities is too short-lived to be the dominant source of the abundantly observed exozodiacal dust.


The p-type Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1–x)4 (with x ≈ 0; CZTSe) thin-film solar cell absorber, made from earth-abundant elements, was substituted with Ge using a hydrazine-based mixed particle-solution approach for the film deposition. The crystallographic unit cell parameters of the absorber layer decrease with gradual incorporation of Ge. A solar cell fabricated from a 40% Ge-substituted absorber showed a 9.1% power conversion efficiency, a higher open-circuit voltage, and a wider band gap compared with the device based on the unsubstituted absorber layer. This result shows the possibility of substituting, using the hydrazine-processing approach, the metal site of CZTSe with Ge for further device optimization. One area for further improvement in the substituted absorber layer devices includes reduction of a ZnSe secondary phase, which was apparent in the higher-Ge-content films.


The scope of the study is to critically evaluate and, implicitly, to establish a correlation among the status of edentation, the missing odonto-periodontal support and the necessary implantary therapy. Materials and method: The experimental group was formed of 179 patients, 93 women and 86 men, with ages between 18 and 72 years, who addressed the Clinics of Periodontology and some private consulting room between 2010-2012. The investigations involved both a minute clinical examination, by descriptive and canonic methods, and paraclinical exams: gnatophotostatic examinations on intra- and extra-oral (front and profile) photos, patterns of study and radiological evaluation by OPT with markers. Results and discussion: The highest values were registered for III class Kennedy edentations, especially in the 31-50 years group of age, and mainly in women. This evaluation led to a higher number of implantary treatments. The necessary of implantary treatments was of 100% in IV, V and VI class Kennedy edentations, as well as in total edentations. Conclusions: The necessary number of interventions on bone structures for the optimization of the implantary field is of 43.92%, the highest ratios being represented by controlled bone regeneration.


A new algorithm has been developed to retrieve total column ozone (TOZ) from the infrared measurements of a geostationary satellite imager such as the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aboard Himawari-8 and the advanced meteorological imager flying with the second generation geostationary satellite of South Korea. Based on a nonlinear optimal estimation method, this operational algorithm iteratively retrieves TOZ from AHI thermal measurements under clear-sky conditions as well as over low clouds at 10-min intervals with 6-km spatial resolutions. The first guess for ozone is prepared by combining a monthly climatology with the daily updated TOZ from polar orbiting satellites, while the first guess for the temperature and humidity profiles are from a numerical weather prediction model. AHI contains only one ozone absorption channel ( $9.6~\mu \text{m}$ ), providing information contents (degrees of freedom for signal) of about 0.98 for the ozone retrieval. However, the study shows that the retrieved TOZ successfully captures the temporal and latitudinal variations of ozone flow particularly at mid- and high-latitudes. A validation using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and ozonesondes shows that the AHI TOZ are in a good agreement with the three references with mean difference of 2.5%, −0.5%, and 2.6%, respectively. This impressive performance is attributed to the improvements in both first-guess information and the accuracy of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles. In particular, the good agreement shown in the comparison with the night-time IASI TOZ suggests potential benefits of using the retrieved TOZ for a continuous monitoring of global ozone evolution with high spatial resolution.


Police officers often engage in activity that extends beyond their role as criminal investigators. Whether it is helping with a flat tire or providing directions, police officers serve as "community caretakers" by providing aid to individuals and the general public. Some police activities, however, are more invasive than others and constitute searches or seizures under the Fourth Amendment. Predominantly, state courts evaluate the reasonableness of these activities under the community caretaking doctrine. The formulation and application of this doctrine is far from uniform. In State v. Kurth, the Iowa Supreme Court suggested its willingness to address the community caretaking doctrine under Article I, Section 8 of the Iowa Constitution, which is identical to the Fourth Amendment in content. This Note argues that the Court should reevaluate its treatment of a specific type of community caretaking activity, the "assistance seizure," which occurs when an officer stops a vehicle (therefore "seizing" it) for the purpose of providing aid. In determining the reasonableness of assistance seizures, this Note proposes two modifications to Iowa's existing jurisprudence. First, the Court should adopt a requirement that an officer act with subjective good faith in providing aid, and that his actions be objectively reasonable. Second, it should adopt the view that seizures performed to help the subject of the seizure, as opposed to the general public, are presumptively unreasonable.


A new extension of exponential distribution, named as the Type I half logistic exponential distribution is introduced in this paper. Explicit expressions for the moments, probability weighted, quantile function, mean deviation, order statistics, and Renyi entropy are investigated. Parameter estimates of the new distribution are obtained based on maximum likelihood procedure. Two real data sets are employed to show the usefulness of the new distribution.


Recently, neural machine translation (NMT) has been extended to multilinguality, that is to handle more than one translation direction with a single system. Multilingual NMT showed competitive performance against pure bilingual systems. Notably, in low-resource settings, it proved to work effectively and efficiently, thanks to shared representation space that is forced across languages and induces a sort of transfer-learning. Furthermore, multilingual NMT enables so-called zero-shot inference across language pairs never seen at training time. Despite the increasing interest in this framework, an in-depth analysis of what a multilingual NMT model is capable of and what it is not is still missing. Motivated by this, our work (i) provides a quantitative and comparative analysis of the translations produced by bilingual, multilingual and zero-shot systems; (ii) investigates the translation quality of two of the currently dominant neural architectures in MT, which are the Recurrent and the Transformer ones; and (iii) quantitatively explores how the closeness between languages influences the zero-shot translation. Our analysis leverages multiple professional post-edits of automatic translations by several different systems and focuses both on automatic standard metrics (BLEU and TER) and on widely used error categories, which are lexical, morphology, and word order errors.


At a few localities in the Fontenayle-Comte and Niort quadrangles, on the northern border of the Aquitaine basin, in the Deux-Sevres region, France, fluviatile deposits up to 10 meters thick are found between the peneplaned Paleozoic basement and the Hettangian (Jurassic) limestone. Plant remains in these Infraliassic sands have been identified as Hettangian. The sands were deposited on the peneplain in wide, shallow, north-south-trending channels. As the Hettangian sea transgressed, it easily penetrated these channels, first depositing lenses of limestone together with the uppermost sands, at the same time leaving trains of pebbles against the low divides, and subsequently covering the whole area with a uniform layer of limestone.


Abstract Strain NK24 was isolated from Jeot-gal and identified as a bacteriocin producer, which has bactericidal activity against Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 11324. Strain NK24 was identified tentatively as Lactococcus lactis by the API test. The activity of lacticin NK24, named tentatively as the bacteriocin produced by L. lactis NK24, was detected during the mid-log growth phase, reached a maximum during the early stationary phase, and decreased after the late stationary phase. Lacticin NK24 showed a relatively broad spectrum of activity against non-pathogenic and pathogenic micro-organisms as assessed using the spot-on-lawn method. Its antimicrobial activity on sensitive indicator cells was completely destroyed by protease IX or protease XIV. The inhibitory activities of lacticin NK24 were detected during treatments up to 100°C for 30 min. Lacticin NK24 was very stable over a pH range of 2·0–9·0 and to all organic solvents examined. It demonstrated a typical bactericidal mode of inhibition against L. mesenteroides KCCM 11324. The apparent molecular mass of lacticin NK24 was estimated to be in the region of 3–3·5 kDa, which was determined by the direct detection of bactericidal activity after SDS-PAGE.


SUMMARY: Homogeneous continuous-flow culture with some mechanical means for concentrating the biomass in the fermenter is termed a chemostat with feedback. The theory of the system has been reformulated and extended to include concentration of the biomass outside or inside the culture vessel by means such as centrifugation, filtration or gravity sedimentation. An important feature of the general system is the provision of two effluents, one of concentrated biomass and the other of diluted biomass. Experimentally, feedback was realized by filtration of one effluent stream. By this means, steady states were obtained over a wide range of flow rates; the values of biomass and growth-limiting substrate were in good agreement with the theory. The maximum biomass output rate of the chemostat was increased fourfold.


Background: The Bacterial Ghost (BG) are cell envelopes derived from Gram-negative bacteria, which contains all of elements of cells surface; except cytoplasmic content. Now days according to high prevalence incidence rate of cancer in the world and common use of chemotherapy as a common treatment; and its side effects; existence of a carrier for targeted transmission of chemotherapy drugs to cancerous cells is necessary. This review study was performed in order to investigate the bacterial ghosts and their applications in biomedicine. In current study from published articles between 1990 and 2015 and databases such as PubMed, Sciences Direct and Google Scholar was used. Search by keywords Bacterial ghost, vaccine and gene therapy according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) was performed. Finally, 46 articles were included in our study. The results of this survey exhibited that use of bacterial ghosts in biomedicine was relatively desired. Therefore, bacterial ghosts are able to induce stimulation and reinforcement of immune system against microbial pathogens. On the other hand, bacterial ghosts lead to enhancement of drug absorption, transfer and also dissemination of drug in target tissue.


Abstract Although ionizing radiation is a known carcinogen, the long-term risk from relatively higher-dose diagnostic procedures during childhood is less well known. We evaluated this risk indirectly by assessing thyroid cancer incidence in a cohort treated with "lower-dose" chest radiotherapy more than 55 years ago. Between 2004 and 2008, we re-surveyed a population-based cohort of subjects treated with radiation for an enlarged thymus during infancy between 1926 and 1957 and their unexposed siblings. Thyroid cancer occurred in 50 irradiated subjects (mean thyroid dose, 1.29 Gy) and in 13 nonirradiated siblings during 334,347 person-years of follow-up. After adjusting for attained age, Jewish religion, sex and history of goiter, the rate ratio for thyroid cancer was 5.6 (95% CI: 3.1–10.8). The adjusted excess relative risk per gray was 3.2 (95% CI: 1.5–6.6). The adjusted excess absolute risk per gray was 2.2 cases (95% CI: 1.4–3.2) per 10,000 person-years. Cumulative thyroid cancer incidence remains elevated in this cohort after a median 57.5 years of follow-up and is dose-dependent. Although the incidence appeared to decrease after 40 years, increased risk remains a lifelong concern in those exposed to lower doses of medical radiation during early childhood.


A global increase in atmospheric CO2 and temperature is assumed to affect the marine ecosystems in numerous ways, e.g. by altering ocean circulation patterns and changing nutrient regimes. The changes are expected to impact heavily on both phytoplankton communities as well as the rest of the marine food-web. Based on previous experimental studies that have investigated the impacts of varied algae food-quality on zooplankton, this quantitative study hypothesizes that (i) the tested microzooplankton species Brachionus plicatilis (rotifer) and Euplotes sp. (ciliate) will show high population growth rates (g) when fed with Nannochloropsis sp. grown under nutrient replete conditions, (ii) that the species will show a population growth rate close to zero when fed with algae grown on phosphorous-deficient media and (iii) that microzooplankton will be negatively affected by the algae grown in nitrogen-deficient media. The study thus aims to investigate how changes in the balance of energy and several chemical elements in ecological interactions, ecological stoichiometry, affect the growth rates of algal grazers. The results show that food-independent factors had a large impact on growth rates and resulted in unexpected, deviating trends. However, as the growth rates for B. plicatilis fed with phosphorous-deficient algae were lower than those of B. plicatilis fed with nitrogen-deficient algae, there is some support for the


The article is concerned with the development of analytical testing method related to stresses in stress concentration areas in butt welded joints with one-sided excess weld metal. The innovativeness of this research work consists in taking into consideration the shift of joint cross-section centres of inertia located in the excess weld metal area. The research led to the obtainment of formulas describing stresses in geometric heterogeneity areas triggered by tensile force and bending moment induced by the shift of the inertia centre. The formulas obtained in the research coincide with the results of stress-related numerical modelling. It was ascertained that an increase in eccentricity combined with the distance from the excess weld metal base could lead to greater stresses in the weld root area than those on the weld face side. The research involved the performance of fatigue tests in the high-cycle area of TIG butt welded joints of sheets made of aluminium alloy 1460. It was ascertained that in the specimens having the gentle toe (between the weld and the base material) the crack was initiated in the weld root, which was consistent with calculation-based forecast.


We show that a central planner with two selves, or two "pseudo welfare functions", are sufficient to deliver a market equilibrium that prevails among any (finite) number of heterogeneous individual agents acting competitively in an incomplete financial market. Furthermore, we are able to exhibit a recursive formulation of the two-central planner problem. In that formulation, every aspect of the economy can be derived one step at a time, by a process of backward induction as in dynamic programming.


estimation techniques are presented and tested in this paper to account for differences among destinations. The results indicate that in dealing with a multi-area wilderness system, assumptions with regard to the structure of the system must be explicitly stated and tested. Based on the empirical results, important policy implications are also discussed as they relate to the introduction of new areas into the wilderness system.


Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications is a topic of great importance that maintains an ongoing interest in the academic community and in countless industries and services. Technological advances allow the successful deployment of particular solutions but many potential applications still face limitations that prevent them from happening. This paper compares data collected from five implementation cases in order to analyze key issues related to their value proposition and the challenges that currently limit the adoption of M2M communications.


This paper is concerned with energy-efficient routing in wireless sensor networks. Most of the existing routing schemes assign energy-related costs to network links and obtain the shortest paths for the nodes to balance the flowing traffic within the network and increase its lifetime. However, the optimal link cost values and the maximum achievable lifetime are not known for the majority of the existing schemes. A framework is provided in this work to analytically derive the best achievable performance that can be obtained by any distributed routing algorithm based on the shortest-path approach. Given a network configuration and an energy consumption model, the presented framework provides the optimal link cost assignment which yields the maximum lifetime in a distributed shortest-path routing strategy. The results are extended to the case of variable link cost assignment as well. A heuristic algorithm is also developed to obtain approximate solutions to the best performance problem with limited computational complexity. In particular, the proposed framework provides the optimal route selection as a benchmark to evaluate the energy efficiency of existing routing algorithms.


Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used by chemists as a powerful tool to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. In this study, we examine the potential of FTIR microspectroscopy for early evaluation of therapy efficiency. For this purpose, we examine the effect of acyclovir (a known antiherpetic drug) on the development of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in cell culture. Also, we examine spectral changes in lymphocytes obtained from leukemia patients after appropriate chemotherapy treatment. Our results show early and significant spectral indicators for successful infection of Vero cells with HSV-1. Treatment of these infected cells with increasing doses of acyclovir reduces clearly the spectral changes caused by the infection in a correlation with inhibiting the development of the cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by this virus. Also significant and consistent spectral differences between lymphocytes from human leukemia patients compared to that from healthy persons are obtained. Treatment of these leukemia patients with appropriate drugs reduces significantly these spectral differences in a correlation with the improvement of the patient's clinical situation. It seems that FTIR spectroscopy can be used as an effective tool for early evaluation of the efficiency of drugs.


OBJECTIVE: To examine the perceptions of suicide among a sample of adolescents from Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral (GBC), a northern province of Pakistan.
METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory design was employed to study the phenomenon by examining secondary data from an asynchronous, online student discussion forum at a University in Karachi. All the participants, originally from GBC, were enrolled from June-December 2019 using a purposive sampling technique. based on their experiences of losing a loved one (adolescent sibling or cousin or a friend) because of suicide. The narratives were content analyzed using Creswell framework resulting categories and an overarching theme. Study was approved by ethical committee of university. Pseudonyms were assigned to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of the participants.
RESULTS:  Out of 10 participants, 8 were females and 2 were males aged 18-20 years.  Participants shared their perceptions/experiences about suicide among adolescents in GBC, probable root causes of suicide and recommendation/suggestions in context of GBC. The analysis revealed an overarching theme "cry for help", which was further divided into five categories including: (i) cultural norms; (ii) parents as a whistle for the rat race; (iii) psychological issues; (iv) seeking mental help - a challenge; and (v) how can I be helped?
CONCLUSION: Study findings provided insights into factors leading to suicide among young adults in GBC region. The contributing factors highlight the need to develop infrastructure to increase accessibility to healthcare centers, and predominantly access to mental healthcare workers for undertaking risk assessment, and managing the cases promptly is needed.


Aging is most rapidly progressing in Korea and aging friendly housing development is urgently needed for the increasing number old population. Nowadays aging is not solely a problem restricted in farm village but is raising an issue to prepare and overcome. Apartment, as accounting for a considerable proportion of type of housing, has a meaningful significance for even old. In aging society, a study on apartments designed for aged seems is in great need. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the adequacy and need for improvement of the current houses as a lifetime housing where they can live continuously as long as possible in the later age. This is to present in rapidly progressing aging society a way of developing an universally designed residential space that can relieve old experiencing a physical aging of moving to another place and spend its old age.In order to understand the suitability of and need for improvement of existing apartment as a concept of lifetime housing and a questionnairesurvey was launched on 120 elderly residents living in apartment.Throughout the progress of the study, the suitability of the apartment as a lifetime housing and their need were figured out. Low demand on wheel chair and plan can be interpreted as people currently tend to depend on hospital or care facilities than housing and as the number of elderly care facilities or hospital are expected to be short in upcoming future where the population of will increase, the existing housing should be able to replace them as a common means of old age. This study extracted planning factors of lifetime housing by comparing evaluation results and needs for improvement of existing apartment under the circumstance of physical aging also representing a point of view of an existing housing as a lifetime housing. Thus it is meaningful in that it suggests way of apartments, a type of housing in which most of aged live, to be an independent housing environment for aged. In this aging society, the elderly doomed to suffer physical discomfort should prepare aging during their old age and apartments, and a common type of housing should be planned from lifetime housing perspective.


In the final decades of the Manchu Qing dynasty in China, technologies such as the phonograph, telephone, telegraph, and photography were both new and foreign. In The Stone and the Wireless Shaoling Ma analyzes diplomatic diaries, early science fiction, feminist poetry, photography, telegrams, and other archival texts, and shows how writers, intellectuals, reformers, and revolutionaries theorized what media does despite lacking a vocabulary to do so. Media defines the dynamics between technologies and their social or cultural forms, between devices or communicative processes and their representations in texts and images. More than simply reexamining late Qing China's political upheavals and modernizing energies through the lens of media, Ma shows that a new culture of mediation was helping to shape the very distinctions between politics, gender dynamics, economics, and science and technology. Ma contends that mediation lies not only at the heart of Chinese media history but of media history writ large.


Primary calibration method is used by relatively few laboratories such as national calibration laboratories and few large automotive, space, or governmental organizations, which work at high technological level. The National Metrology Institute of Egypt (NIS) has developed a pressure calibration system that used for calibration of pressure sensitivities. In this study, we estimate the uncertainty of unknown one inch condenser microphone using two known references one inch condenser microphones according to international standard. IEC 61094-2009 gives more information's and details on the uncertainty calculations. In this method, a wide frequency range with a high accuracy and repeatability were achieved.


Acute and chronic toxicity of a new chemical typhoid preparation containing the complex of surface Vi- and K-antigens has been studied. The study has revealed that the preparation, when introduced subcutaneously and intravenously in immunizing doses in a single injection or in multiple injections, produces no toxic effect on the organs and tissues of experimental animals. In experiments of chronic toxicity the microscopic study has shown pronounced hyperplasia of the lymphoid system with enhanced macrophage reaction in the spleen, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in the small intestine.