To determine the usefulness of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) whole body FDG-PET in the diagnosis of tumours in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), we prospectively studied 20 patients with paraneoplastic antibodies in whom conventional imaging gave negative or inconclusive results for the presence of tumour. All 20 patients had neurological manifestations compatible with PNS and well-characterized paraneoplastic antibodies (12 anti-Hu, one anti-Hu and anti-CV2, one anti-CV2, four anti-Yo, one anti-Ri and one anti-amphiphysin). The mean delay between the onset of neurological symptoms and FDG-PET was 10 months (range 1-54). In these 20 patients, abnormal uptake was demonstrated in 18 patients, with some patients having abnormal signal in several areas. We observed abnormal uptake in the mediastinum (13 cases), lung (two cases), breast (two cases), parotid gland (one case), or the cervical, supraclavicular or axillary lymph nodes (seven cases). Following FDG-PET, the histological diagnosis of the tumour was made in 14 patients (small cell lung carcinoma in eight cases, breast adenocarcinoma in two, lung adenocarcinoma in two, axillary metastasis of ovary carcinoma in one, and malignant thymoma in one). Two other patients with abnormal FDG uptake showed radiological evidence of lung cancer, but a histological diagnosis could not be obtained. In two other patients, initial FDG-PET showed abnormal FDG uptake that was not confirmed a few months later by repeat FDG-PET. In the two patients with negative FDG-PET, peritoneal carcinomatosis was diagnosed in one and no tumour was found in the other. In our series, the sensitivity of FDG-PET for tumour detection was >83% demonstrating a clear role of this technique in the management of patients with PNS. However, in our series, the specificity of FDG uptake was only 25% due to unexplained abnormal FDG uptake in three patients and in abnormal FDG uptake due to a benign tumour in one patient. Over the study period, we saw 73 other patients with PNS and paraneoplastic antibodies. A tumour was demonstrated in 71 out of 73 by conventional techniques. Since false-positive and false-negative results are possible with FDG-PET and in most patients with PNS, the tumour is demonstrated by conventional techniques, we believe that FDG-PET should be reserved, at the moment, for patients with well-defined PNS antibodies when conventional imaging fails to identify a tumour or when lesions are difficult to biopsy.


We studied magnetic properties of thin Ge:Mn films obtained by implantation of Mn+ ions into a single crystalline bulk germanium. In the net magnetic moment we were able to separate contributions originating from dispersed Mn2+ ions, ferromagnetic Mn5Ge3 precipitates, and regions of the germanium matrix enriched with diluted manganese -MnmGen alloys. In the subsystem of dispersed Mn2+ ions we observed a percolation transition into the ferromagnetic state at T13 K. Collective excitations, standing spin waves, were also detected below this temperature. The main parameters of the exchange interaction obtained from the analysis of the experimental spin-wave resonance data are consistent with results acquired from static magnetic measurements as well as with theoretical estimations for a percolation ferromagnet. Thus, we demonstrate that low-temperature magnetic properties of group IV magnetic semiconductor can be successfully explained within a magnetic polaron model.


ABSTRACT Management accountants are engaged in a struggle to gain acceptance as professionals within American Society. Management accountants have been largely insulated from liability concerns. One liability concern management accountants do potentially face is in connection with the required federal payroll withholding taxes. This study reviews that source of liability and tests its effect, along with economic factors, on management accountants' intent to follow their code of ethics. A within-subject experiment was conducted on members of local chapters of the Institute of Management Accountants. Each subject answered questions related to four scenarios depicting ethical conflicts. The scenarios differed on the combination of liability or no liability, and a favorable or unfavorable job market. The questions traced the course of action for resolution of an ethical conflict by the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice. The results of this study indicate that the intention to follow the code is affected by both the liability aspect and the favorability of the job market. When liability is introduced, the code is more likely to be followed. When the job market becomes unfavorable the code is more likely to be followed in the early stages of resolution of the conflict, but less likely in the later stages and resignation from the organization becomes less likely. These results do not demonstrate the kind of ethical intentions which will gain the public's confidence. In addition, the results demonstrate the need for the ethics counseling services provided by the IMA to its members. INTRODUCTION Management accountants are engaged in a struggle to gain acceptance as professionals within American Society. A significant step taken in that direction was the adoption of Statement No. 1C, Standards of Ethical Conduct, by the National Association of Accountants (NAA, 1983). The NAA has since changed its name to the Institute of Management Accountants and their ethical code is now called the Statement of Ethical Professional Practice. Recognition of a responsibility to the public and the potential for legal liability are facts of professional life. Management accountants in the USA, however, have been largely insulated from liability concerns. Their liability had primarily stemmed from association with their companies' state and federal tax returns until passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which requires the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of publicly traded firms to certify in writing that their financial statements fairly represent the results of operations. Recognition of the ethical principles which govern conduct is a widely accepted distinguishing mark of a profession (Custis, 1933). The public accounting profession in America achieved the status of a profession during the 20th century. This status is largely the result of the formulation, adherence to, and updating of its own code of ethics (AICPA, 2010). The public and business community have noted these actions, and now regard Certified Public Accountants as professionals. Management accountants must continue to follow the same course of action. A professional code of ethics is a voluntary assumption of self-discipline above and beyond the requirement of law (Carey and Doherty, 1966). In order to gain acceptance as a profession, management accountants must not only adopt a code of ethics, but must also demonstrate a willingness to adhere to a level of practice which calls for actions which are based on ethical principles rather than on potential liability. By behaving in a way consistent with their code of ethics, professionals earn the public's trust. This study examines: (1) the requirements in the Statement of Ethical Professional Practice for resolution of an ethical conflict, (2) the legal liability of management accountants regarding their companies' federal tax returns, (3) the moral decision process, and (4) ethical bases used for making decisions. …


In the recent past the growth of Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSSEs) has been of great concern. This is mainly due to the need to realization of their contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and economic growth. Empirical literature on MSSEs growth is scant in Ethiopia and gap is even more evident when it comes to study area as there was no other study before. This study investigates some key determinants of employment expansion among micro and small scale enterprises based on a survey covering 176 randomly selected enterprises. The data was collected by key informant interviews, FGDs and semi structured questionnaires. The model used in this study was binary logistic model. Most enterprises are male owned, fail to diversify their product and limited access to training. The majority of enterprises in the study area are surviving rather than growing. Among the demographic variables sex of the owner significantly affects firms growth whereas owners age and owners marital status effect is insignificant. Similarly among the economic variables firms access to formal credit and firms initial capital or investment, positively and significantly affect their growth while firms' separation of household expenditures from their business failed to have any significant effect on firms' growth. Moreover among the human capital variables all of the hypnotized variables namely owners' educational levels, owners previous experiences and owners on work training access affects firms growth positively and significantly. Among firms related variables except type of the business and firms' product diversity that have insignificant effect on firms' growth and firms age and initial size affect firms' growth negatively and significantly. Firms related variables such as the firms sector type, firms customer handling, firms record keeping ,firms market research before starting operation, firms location have a significant and positive effect on their growth. In the absence of formal source of credit, informal networks such as, credit from relatives and friends, subscription by partners enhance business expansion. Location, capital shortage, overtaxes, and lacks of market center are the key challenges of MSSEs in the study area.  Policies and support programs need to take measures by focusing on the significantly determinants of MSSEs growth via taking the hetereogenity nature of enterprises and entrepreneurs. Keywords : Employment, Growth, Micro, Small, Scale, Enterprises


Using spatial patterns to infer biotic and abiotic processes underlying plant population dynamics is an important technique in contemporary ecology, with particular utility when investigating and shrub population dynamics, for which experimental and observational methodologies are rarely feasible. Using a novel one-class classification technique, the locations of over 17,000 Spartocytisus supranubius individuals were mapped from aerial imagery generating a spatially extensive (162 ha), yet accurate, dataset.

The recent rapid increase in studies using pattern-process inference has not been accompanied by a rigorous assessment of the behaviour of these techniques, nor an appraisal of their utility in addressing ecological research questions. The first part of the thesis addresses these concerns, investigating whether current methodologies are adequate to test hypotheses concerning spatial interactions. A literature review reveals a preponderance of studies of small, little-replicated plots. The results of the research raise concerns about the utility of spatial point pattern analyses as currently applied in the literature. To avoid inaccurate description of fine-scale spatial structures it is recommended that researchers increase plot replication. Furthermore, studies of spatial structure and population dynamics should account for spatial environmental gradients, whatever plot size is used. The second part of the thesis presents a rigorous investigation, incorporating a priori inference and the application of fine-scale spatial statistical and modelling techniques, of the biotic and abiotic mechanisms underlying the spatial structure and population dynamics of S. supranubius, a leguminous shrub species endemic to the Canary Islands. The spatial structure of S. supranubius populations is consistent with the operation of clonal reproduction and intra-specific competition. However, the results indicate that spatial environmental heterogeneity (from small to broad scales), in particular topography, can interact with biotic processes to generate quantitatively different S. Supranubius patterns in different locations. Future research into the spatial and temporal dynamics of interactions between abiotic and biotic processes is recommended.


To measure the magnitude of risk reduction within a cohort of homosexual men, questionnaire responses in April 1984-March 1985 were compared to those in October 1986-September 1987. A total of 361 subjects were eligible (231 seronegative, 130 seropositive). The annual number of sex partners declined significantly from a median of 8.0 to 5.0 with no difference between the serologic groups. The number of subjects reporting no receptive anal intercourse increased as did condom use during anal receptive intercourse. More seronegatives than seropositives subjects reported no condom use during receptive anal intercourse with regular partners (45.7 per cent versus 23.4 per cent), and with casual partners (14.9 per cent versus 1.5% percent). Among subjects with the most casual sexual contact at the second visit, 33.3 per cent of seronegatives and 29.2 per cent of seropositives did not report usual condom use during receptive anal intercourse with casual partners. Although we have documented marked risk reductions, safe sex practices are still not universal, and a few individuals continue to put themselves at extremely high risk.


No investigator yet has conceived a theory of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia that explains the varied manifestations of this disorder. In the absence of a good conceptual model of the illness, reviewers must elaborate the details of its many clinical and pathologic manifestations. A recent and comprehensive review of this entity by Ward and Block was published in the Sept 1971 issue of Medicine , and I do not believe that the present monograph has added new insights or brought additional data to the study of the disease. The monograph is well written, the figures are pertinent and clear, and the author succinctly summarizes his experience with 169 patients between 1965 and 1970 at the Mayo Clinic. It is interesting that the author had two patients with ascites attributable to peritoneal implants with myeloid metaplasia that responded to abdominal irradiation, and he suggests that cautious irradiation may be indicated in such situations.


Objectives To study the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and flares of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a longitudinal cohort of Chinese patients. Methods Patients who fulfilled ≥4 of the ACR criteria for SLE were recruited from our rheumatology out-patient clinics in November 2011. Blood was taken at 10 AM and was assayed for the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Patients were stratified according to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels; group 1 (<15ng/ml, deficiency); group 2 (15–30ng/ml, insufficiency); and group 3 (>30ng/ml, adequate); and were followed longitudinally every 2–4 months for serial assessment of disease activity (by SELENA-SLEDAI) and the occurrence of mild/moderate or severe SLE flares (by SELENA flare instrument). Comparison was made among these groups in the baseline and mean summated SLEDAI over time (area under the curve), and the annual incidence of mild/moderate and severe flares by the one-way ANOVA test. Results 276 SLE patients were studied (94% women; age 41.0±13.8 years; SLE duration 8.7±6.6 years). 25 (9.1%) patients had eGFR ≤60ml/min. The proportion of patients with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels of <15, 15–30, >30ng/ml was 26%, 54% and 20%, respectively. Patients with vitamin D deficiency (group 1) were significantly younger, had lower body mass index (BMI) but higher baseline eGFR and SLEDAI scores when compared with the other groups. No significant differences in the clinical manifestations were observed among the three groups of patients except for lower prevalence of facial rash in group 3 (p=0.02). After a mean follow-up of 32.5±5.5 months, 153 mild flares and 91 severe flares developed in our patients. The mean summated SLEDAI score over time was: 3.2±2.0 (group 1); 2.4±1.9 (group 2); and 2.7±2.1 (group 3), respectively (p=0.02). The annual incidence of mild/moderate and severe flares was: 0.26±0.39 and 0.20±0.45 (group 1); 0.20±0.33 and 0.09±0.22 (group 2); and 0.20±0.32 and 0.14±0.46 (group 3), respectively (p=NS in all). In a subgroup of 73 patients who did not have clinical or serological SLE activity at baseline (SLEDAI=0), a similar but non-significant trend of higher annual rates of mild/moderate and severe flares over time was also observed in patients with vitamin D deficiency. At the last visit, 27 (10%) patients had new damage scores; 5 patients had new vascular events; and 4 patients had new onset diabetes mellitus. There were no significant differences among the three groups of patients with regard to the incidence of new damage or vascular events over time. Conclusions Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was frequent in our cohort of SLE patients. Patients with vitamin D deficiency were associated with higher baseline and mean disease activity scores, as well as a tendency of more severe lupus flares over time. Disclosure of Interest None declared


THURER L, ROBERTSON L, DONOVAN A, GAFFNEY T, BERTELE V, TROLL J, SMITH M, CHUTE LE. Treatment with desmopressin acetate to reduce blood loss after cardiac surgery. A doubleblind randomised trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1986; 314 14024. 7 ROYSTON D, TAYLOR KM, BIDSTRUP BP, SAPSFORD N. Effect of aprotonin on need for blood transfusion after repeat openheart surgery. Lancet 1987; 2: 1289-91.


Probabilistic forwarding is one of the routing methods that neighbors are selected as the next hop according to probability. The probability calculation method is different for different forwarding methods. Our work is based on selective forwarding and the selective forwarding probability based on the node degree and link loss is presented to increase the reliability of selective forwarding. The effect of parameters on performance is reflected in the simulation results and the qualitative analysis is done based on regular square network. Through the qualitative analysis, the calculation of forwarding probability is improved further


This research investigates characteristics of PT (parity-time) symmetry breaking in a system of two optically-coupled, time-delayed semiconductor lasers. A theoretical rate equation model for the lasers' electric fields is presented and then reduced to a 2x2 Hamiltonian model, which, in the absence of time-delay, is PT-symmetric. The important parameters we control are the temporal separation of the lasers (τ), the frequency detuning (∆ω), and the coupling strength (κ). The detuning is experimentally controlled by varying the lasers' temperatures, and intensity vs. ∆ωbehavior are examined, specifically how the PT-transition and the period and amplitude of sideband intensity oscillations change withκandτ. Experiments are compared to analytic predictions and numerical results, and all are found to be in good agreement. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and exceptional points of the reduced Hamiltonian model are numerically and analytically investigated, specifically how nonzero delay affects existing exceptional points.


Grounding-zone wedges (GZW) have been mapped on the sea floor in various sectors of the formerly glaciated continental shelf around Antarctica. In most cases, these wedges record periods of grounding-line stillstands during ice-sheet retreat following the Last Glacial Maximum (~26-19 ka BP). The presence of GZWs along the axis of a palaeo-ice stream trough therefore indicates episodic retreat of the grounding line from its LGM to modern position. However, information about their internal structure is sparse, and precise chronological constraints for both the onset and the duration of the stillstands they represent are still lacking. Consequently, the role of GZW formation in modulating post-LGM ice-sheet retreat cannot be reliably quantified. This information is vital, however, for calculating reliable retreat rates during the past, which are essential for evaluating and understanding the significance of modern retreat rates, particularly for the rapidly changing Amundsen Sea sector. Here we present a novel combination of swath bathymetric, reflection seismic, and sub-bottom sediment profiler data from a newly discovered stacked GZW in the Cosgrove-Abbot palaeo-ice stream trough in the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment. In total, six generations of overlapping GZWs were mapped over a distance of ~40 km. We will present first estimates of GZW volumes through integration of the different geophysical datasets. Additionally, we recovered eight sediment cores, sampling most of the individual GZWs within the stack, which may allow us to establish age constraints for each grounding-line retreat episode. Together with the estimated GZW volumes, the ages from sediment cores may also enable the calculation of sediment flux rates at grounding lines, which remain elusive for Antarctic grounding lines. This knowledge will help refine available post-LGM retreat chronologies for the Amundsen Sea Embayment, which, in turn, serve as a basis for validating and improving ice-sheet models in an area where precise simulations of future retreat are urgently needed.


The recent transformation of the workplaces and labor market, characterized by rapid technological changes, social and economic instability, has greatly influenced the construction of people's career paths. These paths cannot be viewed more as linear, but multifaceted and unstable. In organizational context, the psychological contract has changed from long term to short term. In this scenario, the construct of employability becomes central: people need to maintain and improve their ability to be attractive to the labor market to get or keep a job. The study presents the adaptation of the Self-Perceived Employability Scale to the Italian context. The participants are 660 Italian workers. The instruments used to verify the concurrent validity of the scale were the Employability Scale, the Flourishing Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, the Organizational Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale. Results showed good psychometric properties of the Italian version in terms of internal consistency, construct and concurrent validity, with significant correlations with all the other measures. The CFA highlights some dissimilarity in the scale's structure compared to the UK version, probably due to cultural differences among the samples.


Background: The evolution in digital technologies has had an enormous impact on traditional copyright notions. Works in digital form have uniform characteristics and these works can be copied, distributed and stored with ease.Objectives: The focus of this article was how to attain a balance between the need to promote access to works and therefore knowledge and learning, on the one hand, and the protection of the interests of copyright holders, on the other.Method: Technological protection measures (TPMs) are applied to copyright works in digital form to curb infringement. The authors explore the extent to which TPMs impact on access the knowledge and learning.Results: The findings of this article suggest a need for possible countermeasures in promoting knowledge and literacy through legislative reform that address the needs of creators and users in developing communities.Conclusion: The authors conclude that TPMs may hinder data literacy, access to works, teaching and learning, particularly in developing communities. For example, recent attempts to revise South African copyright law have not attained a balanced approach.


The grey forecast and the sustainable use evaluation are conducted on the data of farmland resources from 2010 to 2020 in Pingingshan City by using the area of farmland land from 1999 to 2010 and by applying the gray forecast and land pressure system. The results show that from 2010 to 2020 the quantity of farmland resources maintains balance; the minimum per capita farmland in Pingdinshan stays around the lower limit of per capita amount of farmland in China; the pressure of farmland is rather huge and the farmland protection is not so optimistic. Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable use of land resources in Pingdinshan City, the government should try to improve the efficiency of farmland use and implement stricter land protection system. as well as the requisition-compensation balance of farmland resources, land consolidation and land reclaimation and so on.


Service-learning is becoming an ever more popular teaching/learning strategy in higher education because of its ability to strengthen both academic and civic engagement. Furthermore, it is a strategy that works with a variety of student populations, including commuter students. While drawing upon commuter students' familiarity with the local community, it helps them develop campus relationships that facilitate their achieving academic success. Although faculty need to pay careful attention to the especially severe demands made on many commuters students' time, assignment flexibility will be rewarded with a degree of engagement difficult to achieve in traditional courses.


The area of paper chemistry is by many knowledgeable suppliers conceived as pretty mature as most classical concepts in wet-end chemistry are reasonably well understood, although not always efficiently practised by papermakers. Hence, this evolution calls for more radical changes and among these changes fibre modification by different means has called for attention during recent years. Such modifications invoke biochemical modification of carrier polymers, new types of grafting methods and polyelectrolyte multilayering, which have been investigated particularly in the Nordic countries and also brought to commercial practice. Surface charge grafting constitutes a powerful means of fibre modification and the potential in this field will be reviewed and upcoming nanotechnology issues will also be discussed.


Experiencing child maltreatment is a risk factor for later psychopathology, however, not all survivors of child maltreatment go on to develop mental illness. Therefore, there are likely important moderators that interact with child maltreatment to contribute to the development of psychopathology. The present study examined attachment and stress severity of life events as possible moderators in the association between child maltreatment and later depressive symptomatology in a population of college students. Participants completed measures of attachment, stressful life events, current mood symptoms, and demographic information. An attachment style characterized by anxiety and avoidance, and greater cumulative stress severity were expected to exacerbate the effect of child maltreatment on depressive symptomatology. Anxious attachment to primary caregivers moderated the relationship between child maltreatment and depressive symptoms. This study found no support for the other moderation hypotheses, however, the main effect of stress severity was significant over and above the effects of child maltreatment. These variables, as well as child maltreatment itself, may result in disruptions in the development of adaptive emotion, and stress regulation. This research highlights important areas of intervention in cases of child maltreatment.


Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) in breastmilk follow the maternal hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and may affect the offspring's growth and neurodevelopment. There is some evidence suggesting that macronutrients in breastmilk also fluctuate throughout the day. We aimed to research whether GCs and macronutrients are correlated in multiple breastmilk samples obtained over a 24-h period. Methods: A total of 10 mothers provided 45 breastmilk samples collected over a 24-h period. Cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by LC–MS/MS, and macronutrients were measured with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Correlations between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients were assessed with Pearson correlations and linear mixed models. Results: No associations were found between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients (cortisol: β-0.1 (95% confidence interval: −1.0 to 0.7), −4.9 (−12.9 to 3.1) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively; and −0.3 (−5.6 to 5.0) and cortisone: 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.5), −17.4 (−39.8 to 5.0), and −2.7 (−17.7 to 12.3)) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively. Adjusting for the time of collection to account for GC rhythmicity did not change the results. Conclusion: We found no associations between GCs and macronutrients in human breastmilk. The excretion of GCs in breastmilk and the effects of breastmilk GCs on offspring are, therefore, likely independent of the excretion and effects of the macronutrients.


As information visualization tools are used to visualize datasets of increasing size, there is a growing need for techniques that facilitate efficient navigation. Pan and zoom navigation enables users to display areas of interest at different resolutions. Focus+context techniques aim to overcome the drawbacks of pan and zoom by dynamically integrating areas of interest and context regions. To date, empirical comparisons of these two navigation paradigms have been limited in scope and inconclusive. In two controlled studies, we evaluated navigation techniques representative of the pan and zoom and focus+context approaches. The particular focus+context technique examined was rubber sheet navigation, implemented in a way that afforded a set of navigation actions similar to pan and zoom navigation. The two techniques were used by 40 subjects in each study to perform a navigation-intensive task in a large tree dataset. Study 1 investigated the effect of the amount of screen real estate devoted to context regions for each navigation technique. Performance with both techniques was not significantly affected by this factor, but was influenced by technique-specific strategies developed by subjects. Study 2 compared the performance of the two techniques. Pan and zoom navigation was found to be faster than rubber sheet navigation and was rated by subjects as easier and less mentally demanding. We discuss the implications of these results, including the relationship between navigation technique, task, and user strategy, and propose directions for future work.


Objective-The aim of this research was to compare transcorneal and transpalpebral ultrasonography study of the dimensions (ecobiometry) and the ultrasonographic aspect of Iranian mix breed dogs.Design- Experimental studyAnimals- . Ten adult male dogsProcedure- Ten adult male dogs with the mean age 4±1.39 years and the mean weight of 16.7±3.6 kg were selected and distributed in two equal groups. Transcorneal and transpalpebral ultrasonographic scanning of left and right eyes of dogs were performed using with a 12 MHZ transducer. The transducer was placed in a longitudinal position (sagittal plane) until optimal B-scan images, were obtained.Results- Means and standard deviations of the intraocular structures of both transcorneal and transpalpebral were as, Anterior chamber depth (2.99±0.242, 2.78±0.285 mm), Lens thickness (6.62±0.364,7.02±0.612 mm), Vitreous chamber depth (8.81±0.354, 8.79±0.552 mm) and Axial globe length (19.60±0.452,19.50±0.592 mm) respectively. No significant differences were observed when comparing left and right eyes of dogs in both methods within the same group and comparing between two groups (p>0.05).Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Results of this study can be used as a template in diagnosis of ocular disease and facilitates the use of transpalpebral ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular structures in ocular disease specially painful conditions.


PURPOSE
This descriptive study of adolescents with type 1 or type 2 diabetes examined the relationships between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity (PA) with generic or health-related quality of life (QoL), glycemic control, and lipids.

DESIGN AND METHODS
Graded ergometry testing for fitness, fasting assays for lipids, glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C), and self-reported PA and QoL instruments were completed with 151 adolescents.

RESULTS
Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had lower fitness. Fitness was associated with improved lipids, A1C, health perception, and athletic competence in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Interventions to encourage active lifestyles are imperative for adolescents with diabetes.


Introduction Productivity intensities increase until people reach 50–55 years, and after that the subsequent decline very slight. However, the risk of work environmental injuries and disease increasing with general ageing, because ageing effects our senses and bodies. The working population is ageing and the demographic shift challenges and to make an extended working life possible and sustainable to an older age are of special interest for societies. To help people stay healthy and active in old age requires development of sustainable measures and strategies at the organisation and enterprise level. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop sustainable measures for an extended working life, together with organisations and enterprises. Method The research design was qualitative and the data was collected with focus group interviews. The study population worked at greater constructing companies and packaging companies, municipal elderly care and, SME (small and medium sized enterprises). The 56 participants were; employees 55–72 years; managers; trade union employees; occupational medicine personnel; and human resource personnel. Result Despite that the study population includes different organisations and enterprises employees from different levels and with different assessments at the work places, the same overviewing problems and possible were described. The suggested measures developed for organisation and enterprise in direction to a more sustainable working life to an older age were comprehensive in the areas: • Systematic Work Environment Control (SAM) • Measures for safety in the work situation • Measures for good physical and mental health at work • Measures for motivation and skills development Conclusions This study developed measures to a sustainable extended working life. To include respondents from different levels in the organisation was important to allow the measures to suite different assessments on different levels. This makes the measures as sustainable as possible both to older workers and to organisations/enterprises.


An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two silage sealing films on whole crop maize (WCM) fermentation, aerobic stability and nutrient digestion by rams. Prior to ensiling (day 0), triplicate samples of the WCM were collected to determine dry matter, pH, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) bacterial counts and nutrient concentration. A single bunker silo was divided into eight sections that were ensiled using either a standard polyethylene film (PE) or an orange oxygen barrier (OB) Silostop film for 180 days. After 180 days of ensiling, six silage samples were collected from each replicate. Three samples were used for nutrient analysis and the other three to determine aerobic stability. Sixteen four-year-old Damara rams with an average live weight of ± 54 kg were housed individually in wooden pens (2.2 m2) to determine digestibility of nutrient in the silage. The digestibility study was conducted as a switchover design with four feeding phases. The silage was supplemented daily with 1% urea and fed to the rams ad libitum. Nutritional value of the silage was not (P >0.05) affected by the ensiling films. The OB-ensiled maize had higher (P 0.05) by treatments. The OB film improved the fermentation and aerobic stability of WCM silage but did not influence its nutrient utilization by rams.
Keywords: cereals, digestibility, forage, rams, nitrogen, supplementation


Three developments, namely, the decline of parties, poor governance and a growing financial crisis with negative economic growth are collectively responsible for the political instability Uttar Pradesh has experienced. Due to ethnic mobilisation, parties confined to their narrow sectarian bases have been unable to aggregate public opinion, obtain majority support and form stable governments. This has led to short-lived coalitions, which have not been able to formulate long-term policies that can address the felt needs of the people contributing in turn to the breakdown of governance and instability. Fiscal indiscipline by governments has also pushed the state into a debt trap and serious economic decline, which is responsible for the disillusionment among the electorate witnessed in the recent elections. These negative features have developed since the late 1980s. The paper concludes that reform of parties is an urgent necessity without which the prospects of a functioning party system, effective governance and political stability remain dim.


Traditionally, production and consumption of steel are indicators of the development process in a society. In the world village, domestic and world indexes and prices highly affect each other. Differences between the supply and current demand are the main factors determining the steel price. In this paper, by an Artificial Neural Network we specify indispensable variable to identify the supply and demand for steel. Time of Contract, Expected Price, Volume of supply, Prior contract volume, Global Steel Price, Time between contract and transfer, Previous Price, Volume of Demand, Different Between Supply & Demand, Exchange Rate are specified as the main variables. Then, by a System Dynamics approach we analyze intricate system functioning against changing economic parameters in Iran.


Preface The aim of this study is to ascertain the full costs of providing welfare services through a voluntary agency. To ascertain full costs is to take into consideration not only those costs concerned with actual fiscal outlay but also the imputed costs of providing services by volunteers. While the scale of the research may be modest, the study will provide a useful start for future independent assessment of the costs of providing services through voluntary agencies. The availability of such data will enable a balanced assessment to be made of various public policy alternatives in the provision of welfare services.

Chapter 1 provides a background to the research and an assessment of the reasons for increased emphasis on voluntary agencies for welfare service delivery. It also looks at the research methodology that will be used for costing services provided by a voluntary agency. In chapter 2, a review is undertaken of N.E.P.H.S.S.'s operations as a voluntary agency. The paper traces its origin, reviews its mode of management through an understanding of its organisational structure, acknowledges its sources of funds and the impact that these have on its operations. Chapter 3 provides an appreciation of the nature of service demands and the demographic characteristics of the elderly accessing services. Chapter 4 looks at the actual costing of the services provided by N.E.P.H.S.S. while chapter 5 explores the policy implications of contracting out services to voluntary agencies.


This paper considers a general linear vector Gaussian channel with arbitrary signaling and pursues two closely related goals: i) closed-form expressions for the gradient of the mutual in- formation with respect to arbitrary parameters of the system, and ii) fundamental connections between information theory and esti- mation theory. Generalizing the fundamental relationship recently unveiled by Guo, Shamai, and Verdu, we show that the gradient of the mutual information with respect to the channel matrix is equal to the product of the channel matrix and the error covariance ma- trix of the best estimate of the input given the output. Gradients and derivatives with respect to other parameters are then found via the differentiation chain rule. Index Terms—De Bruijn's identity, divergence, Gaussian noise, minimum mean-square error (MMSE), multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) channels, mutual information, nonlinear estima- tion, precoder optimization.


. When modeling Chemical Reaction Networks, a commonly used mathematical formalism is that of Petri Nets, with the usual inter-leaving execution semantics. We aim to substitute to a Chemical Reaction Network, especially a "growth" one (i.e., for which an exponential stationary phase exists), a piecewise synchronous approximation of the dynamics: a resource-allocation-centered Petri Net with maximal-step execution semantics. In the case of unimolecular chemical reactions, we prove the correctness of our method and show that it can be used either as an approximation of the dynamics, or as a method of constraining the reaction rate constants (an alternative to flux balance analysis, using an emergent formally defined notion of "growth rate" as the objective function), or a technique of refuting models.


The article discusses whether it is possible to make reliable predictions of prison populations five to ten years in advance. This period corresponds approximately to the planning period that the Swedish Prison and Probation Service considers necessary for building new prisons. After a brief description of forecasting and its various methods, three quantitative forecasting methods are discussed: trend projection, extrapolation from causal models, and statistical modelling. Swedish and international prison population data (comprising years 1961 ta 2010) are used as illustrations. It is concluded that accurate long-term forecasts are unlikely, since prison population data tend to show strong random walk patterns.


Understanding why species at risk select certain habitat and what components of their life history influence changes in numbers can help mitigate population declines. The Torngat Mountains caribou (Rangifer tarandus) herd in northern Quebec-Labrador, Canada, is declining, and few studies have examined the potential causes of this decline. We fitted 9 Argos and 26 global positioning system (GPS)-collars on 35 adult caribou (25 female, 10 male) between 2011 and 2016 to assess seasonal habitat selection at 2 spatial scales, current and future population trends, and interactions with the neighboring Rivi ere-George migratory caribou herd. The caribou of the Torngat Mountains herd selected areas with abundant food resources in winter and where prevalence of insects was lower in summer. They did not avoid areas where predation risk was high during calving. Spatial overlap with the Rivi ere-George herd range decreased from 1990 to 2015 and was correlated with the size of the Rivi ere-George population, which declined drastically during this period. The decline of the Torngat Mountains population was principally attributed to the low survival of adult females (0.72 annual survival rate) owing to subsistence harvest (9/24) and predation (7/24). Demographic models revealed that the growth rate of the population (l) could vary from 0.83 (current) to 0.94 following a decrease in harvest pressure. Using demographic scenarios, we showed that the Torngat Mountains herd could continue to decrease if no management actions were taken to increase adult female survival. 2018 The Wildlife Society.


Seismic reflection data from the East Pacific Rise between 17�05' and 17�35'S image a magma lens that varies regularly in depth and width as ridge morphology changes, confirming the notion that axial morphology can be used to infer ridge magmatic state. However, at 17�26'S, where the ridge is locally shallow and broad, the magma lens is markedly shallower and wider than predicted from regional trends. In this area, submersible dives reveal recent volcanic eruptions. These observations indicate that it is where the width and depth of the magma chamber differ from regional trends, indicating an enhanced magmatic budget, that is diagnostic of current magmatism.


A series of 2′-5′-oligoguanylic acids are prepared by reacting G(cyclic)p with takadiastase T1 ribonuclease and separating the products chromatographically. The 3′-5′-oligoguanylic acids are obtained by separating the products of alkaline degradation of 3′-5′-poly(G). The optical rotatory dispersion and hypochromism of both 2′-5′- and 3′-5′-oligoguanylic acids are studied at two different pH. The optical rotatory dispersion spectrum of 2′-5′-GpG is significantly different from that of 3′-5′-GpG. The magnitude of rotation of the long-wavelength peak of 2′-5′-GpG is larger than that of 3′-5′-GpG. This finding contradicts the explanation that the extra stability and more intense circular dichroism band of other 3′-5′-dinucleoside monophosphates is due to H-bond formation between 2′-OH and either the base or the phosphate oxygen. The end phosphate group has a marked effect on the spectrum of GpG between 230 and 250 mμ. In addition the optical rotatory dispersion spectra of 2′-5′ exhibit strong pH, temperature, and solvent dependence between 230 and 250 mμ. ΔH and AS for order ⇌ disorder transition is estimated to be 9.7 kcal/mole and 35.2 eu, respectively. The optical rotatory dispersion spectra of guanine-rich oligoribonucleotides, GpGpC, GpGpU, GpGpGpC, and GpGpGpU are compared to the calculated optical rotatory dispersion from the semiempirical expression of Cantor and Tinoco, using measured optical rotatory dispersion of dimers. Contrary to previous studies, agreement is found not at all satisfactory. However, optical rotatory dispersion of 3′-5′-GpGpGpC and GpGpGpU can be estimated from the semiempirical expression, if a next-nearest interaction parameter is introduced empirically. Such interaction parameter can be calculated from the measured properties of trinucleotide sequences like GpGpG, GpGpC, and GpGpU, assuming that only the nearest-neighbor interaction is important. The optical rotatory dispersion of single-stranded poly(G) is also predicted. The importance of syn-anti equilibrium and next-nearest-neighbor interaction in oligoguanylic acids is suggested as a probable explanation.


: Spectral-correlation analysis of the summate electrical activity of a number of subcortical structures of rabbit brain, having, by literature data, a relation to drinking behaviour showed that the increase of drinking excitability, induced by water deprivation was accompanied by definite reconstruction of biopotentials. In electrical activity of the studied structures, the spectrum power, as a rule, decreased (except in the paraventricular nucleus), and a definite structure of coherent connections between the subcortical and cortical potentials was established. Among the studied subcortical formations, structures (anterior hypothalamic area, lateral preoptic area, medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus) could be singled out where reconstructions of spectral characteristics of biopotentials took place most regularity, and the electrical processes in which were characterised by coherence index by an increase of spatial interconnection with the neocortex potentials, what allows to consider them as most significant for organization of drinking excitation.


Abstract The Right to Be Forgotten II crystallizes one lesson from Europe's rights revolution: persons should be able to call on some kind of right to protect their important interests whenever those interests are threatened under the law. Which rights instrument should be deployed, and by what court, become secondary concerns. The decision doubtless involves some self-aggrandizement by the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC), which asserts for itself a new role in protecting European fundamental rights, but it is no criticism of the Right to Be Forgotten II to say that it advances the GFCC's role in European governance, so long as the decision also makes sense in the context of the European and German law. I argue that it does, for a specific reason. The Right to Be Forgotten II represents a sensible approach to managing the complex pluralism of the legal environment in which Germany and other EU member states find themselves.


This work attempted to synthesize chitosan (CH) nanofibre from crab shell and hydroxyapatite, HA, from limestone with the objective of studying the effects of increasing volume fraction of chitosan nanofibre on the mechanical properties of HA. Mechanical characterization of different fraction composite was carried out to study the effects of increasing volume fraction of chitosan nano fibre on the mechanical properties of HA. In addition, surface characterization of the composite was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, FT-IR. Results obtained indicated that the optimum mechanical properties were obtained at a volume fractions of 30: 70, CH: HA respectively; average compressive strength of 10.12 MPa; average tensile strength of 173.9 MPa; average hardness value of 420.80 HV; average fracture toughness of 14.72 MPa.m1/2; average elastic modulus of 0.1583 GPa and average bending strength of 157.96 MPa were obtained for this optimum volume fractions. Increasing volume fractions of chitosan nanofibre was therefore found to result in decrease in compressive strength, hardness and elastic modulus of HA while its tensile strength, bending strength and fracture toughness increased. The FTIR revealed that possible interaction between the NH2 group and the primary and secondary –OH group of CH with Ca2+ (metal coordination interaction) of HA might be responsible for the higher mechanical property of HA. In conclusion, it was found that increasing chitosan volume fraction in chitosan/HA composite results in increasing strength of hydroxyapatite, consequently enhancing its load bearing ability.


In the world of evolving technologies, we are being driven by online transaction, AI technologies and automated processes. With the increased use of technologies in our life, the cybercrimes have amplified. Various new attacks, tools and techniques have been developed which allow the attackers to access more complex and well-managed systems, creating damage and even remain untraceable. The statistics about cyber crime tell that as of 2021 January, google has registered around 2 million phishing websites. In 2019 around 93.6% of observed malware was polymorphic, which means it changes the code continuously to evade detection. According to FBI and internet crime complaint center 2020crime report has doubled compared to 2019. International Data Corporation predicts that global spending on cybersecurity solutions will reach $133.7 billion by 2022 as cyber threats continue to increase. Governments around the world have acknowledged to growing cyber-attacks by providing directions to organizations implementing efficient cybersecurity practices. Cybersecurity protects computer systems and networks from creating damage to hardware and software, information disclosure, theft and from the interference or misdirection of the services they provide. The need to understand different kinds of cybercrime. In order to develop necessary measures against cybercrime, we need to understand different kinds of cybercrime. Our paper gives you an overview of various types of cyber-crime like malware, phishing, zero-day exploit, Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). The study provides an overview to different preventive existing solutions proposal and methods to detect attack. A strong understanding of such attacks would benefit us to be cautious and develop effective solutions.


Emotional tears have been shown to enhance the interpretation of sadness that is inferred from facial expressions. The current paper puts emotional tears in an evolutionary context. By using biological signaling theory, it first looks at the distinction between cues and signals, both of which provide information to recipients, except that signals have evolved for that purpose. The conclusion is that a signaling function has yet to be shown. Nevertheless, as emotional tears are likely to function as signals, an analysis of certain inevitable effects of tears on the individual hint at more than a single signaling function, depending on the context in which tears are produced. Emotional tears decrease the perception of gaze direction or of changes in pupil size, and may function as attenuators of intentions. Emotional tears are more likely, however, to function as handicaps. By blurring vision, they handicap aggressive or defensive actions, and may function as reliable signals of appeasement, need or attachment.


In this study, we attempt to establish an alternative method for estimating the groundwater levels and the specific yields of an unconfined aquifer for the evaluation of potential groundwater reservoirs. We first converted the inverted resistivity into the normalized water content. Then, we inverted the parameters of the Brooks-Corey model from the vertical profiles of the water content by assuming that the suction head was in proportion to the elevation regarding a predefined base level. Lastly, we estimated the groundwater level, the theoretical specific yield, and the specific yield capacity from the Brooks-Corey parameters at every survey site in the study area. The contour maps of the time-lapse groundwater levels show that the groundwater flows downstream, with a higher hydraulic gradient near the river channel than in the area away from the main channel. We conclude that the estimated maximum specific yield capacities are consistent with that derived from the pumping tests in the nearby observation well. Additionally, the specific yield capacities are only three quarters to two thirds of the theoretical specific yields derived from the difference between the residual and saturated water contents in the Brooks-Corey model. We conclude that the distribution pattern of the specific yields had been subjected to the distribution of natural river sediments in the Minzu Basin, since the modern channel was artificially modified. Although we had to make some simple assumptions for the estimations, the results show that the surface resistivity surveys provide reasonable estimations of the hydraulic parameters for a preliminary assessment in an area with few available wells.


Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), locally known as Kasla, is a small tree of plant family Euphorbiaceae, that grows widely in the Philippines. It has recently gained global interest because of its seed oil that can be used for blending with diesel producing an ecology-friendly biofuel as an alternative source of energy. This study compared the early growth response of Physic nut to the interactions of single seed inoculation of biofertilizers Azotobacter, Effective Microorganisms (EM), and Bio N and different planting media consisted of garden soil (Sta. Rita clay loam), humus (decomposed rice hull), river sand, and their mixture on 1:1:1 ratio over the uninoculated control. It was carried out in a 4 x 4 factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with 16 treatment combinations and four replications. Azotobacter x 1:1:1 mixture and EM x humus interactions produced significantly (P 0.05) affected by the biofertilizers and planting media interaction. Humus showed to be most promising growing mediun for Kasla as revealed by the significant (P<0.05) results in plant height, leaf count, shoot base diameter, fresh matter weight, and dry matter weight per plant. A 1:1:1 mixture, however, can be a good alternative. Using garden soil, either EM or Bio N can be used. However, with sand as a planting medium, EM can be applied as a seed microinoculant.


Cardiac arrhythmias are a common complication of surgery and anesthesia. They are more likely to occur in patients with heart disease and the presence of a transitory imbalance can supply the underlying substrate for reentry, triggered activity, or abnormal automaticity. The physiologic impact of a given arrhythmia depends on its duration, on ventricular response, and on the underlying cardiac disease. Optimal management of arrhythmias in the anesthetized patient will depend on knowledge of the trigger mechanisms, the effects of anesthetic drugs on cardiac electrophysiology, and situations that favor arrhythmias. The anesthesiologist must cope with a plethora of problems related to the patient's clinical state and the trauma of surgical manipulation. Experience with electrocardiography and the application of various devices (pacemakers, cardioverters, implantable defibrillators) and knowledge of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of new intravenous drugs will be essential for patient management. The purpose of the present review is to provide the anesthesiologist with an overview of current views on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias during anesthesia.


Dr. Caplan is a psychologist at the Family Court Clinic, Toronto. She obviously also has a strong interest in women's issues. Her book is an attempt to understand why it is so difficult for women to work together to support each other and to effect changes in their position in society. To understand the basis for commonly occurring barriers between women, she focuses on the mother-daughter relationship.


Brazil has been one of the most active actors in international environmental negotiations and is an up-and-coming developing country with huge reserves of natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems that are of interest to the rest of the world, such as the Amazon rainforest. This pa- per provides an analysis of Brazilian foreign policy in the area of environment. By studying three major, international environmental conferences – Stockholm 1972, Rio 1992, and the COP 15 in Copenhagen, in 2009 – from a liberal-constructivist perspective, the objective is to inves- tigate how Brazil has contributed to, as well as has been affected by, the international environ- mental regime over time. With the Rio+20 conference around the corner, this paper can provide important insights to what processes are behind Brazil's action and position in these issues. The paper takes an eclectic approach and analyzes the national and international contexts and the positions Brazil took at the time of each conference, in the light of a framework that emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between domestic and international structure and agent. The conclu- sion is that there is a clear trend of Brazil going from being defensive and confrontational to being open to cooperation and taking initiatives. The changes in Brazilian attitude at each of the three conferences can be connected to great transformations in national as well as international context. The social and material reality in which Brazil has found itself has affected the way it interprets its capabilities, as well as how it identifies its interests. Furthermore, it is identified that tradition in foreign policy has played an important part in constraining some alternatives and promoting others.


The mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is a native bark beetle and a major disturbance agent in western North American forests. In the 1970s and 1980s, a MPB outbreak occurred in Waterton Lakes National Park (WLNP) in southwestern Alberta. The MPB outbreak resulted in variable levels of mortality of mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), reducing density, volume, and basal area of overstory trees. By 2010, lodgepole pine was proportionally no longer the dominant overstory species, with increases in non-pine conifer and broadleaf species. The MPB susceptibility index decreased in most stands over time, especially in stands with the highest MPB-caused mortality. Downed woody material was characterized by fine and coarse fuel mass and volume, which both increased from 2002 to 2010, and the abundance of coarse fuels was highest in 2010, nearly 30 years after peak MPB activity. Density of understory saplings and small regeneration increased from 2002 to 2010 and was dominated by non-pine conifer and broadleaf species; lodgepole pine was nearly absent. Hierarchical clustering using 2010 MPB susceptibility and composition data characterized biological legacies remaining after the MPB outbreak. These legacies suggest multiple successional trajectories in WLNP dominated by species other than lodgepole pine. The MPB outbreak resulted in greater heterogeneity in composition and structure and suggests that stands have been resilient to this disturbance.


Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV co-morbidities remain where central nervous system (CNS) neurocognitive disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-pathology that are linked with myeloid activation are most prevalent. Comorbidities such as neurocogntive dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain prevalent among people living with HIV. We sought to investigate if cardiac pathology (inflammation, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte damage) and CNS pathology (encephalitis) develop together during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and if their co-development is linked with monocyte/macrophage activation. We used a cohort of SIV-infected rhesus macaques with rapid AIDS and demonstrated that SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and CVD pathology occur together more frequently than SIVE or CVD pathology alone. Their co-development correlated more strongly with activated myeloid cells, increased numbers of CD14+CD16+ monocytes, plasma CD163 and interleukin-18 (IL-18) than did SIVE or CVD pathology alone, or no pathology. Animals with both SIVE and CVD pathology had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and increased collagen and monocyte/macrophage accumulation, which were better correlates of CVD-pathology than SIV-RNA. Animals with SIVE alone had higher levels of activated macrophage biomarkers and cardiac macrophage accumulation than SIVnoE animals. These observations were confirmed in HIV infected individuals with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) that had greater numbers of cardiac macrophages and fibrosis than HIV-infected controls without HIVE. These results underscore the notion that CNS and CVD pathologies frequently occur together in HIV and SIV infection, and demonstrate an unmet need for adjunctive therapies targeting macrophages.


Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is characterized by immune mediated erythrocytes destruction by autoantibodies with or without complement activation. Additional pathologic mechanisms include cellular cytotoxicity, cytokline dysregulation, and inadequate bone marrow compensation with fibrosis/dyserythropoiesis. The latter resembles that of bone marrow failures, namely aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones are increasingly recognized in bone marrow failure syndromes, and their selection and expansion are thought to be mediated by immune mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PNH clones in 99 patients with primary AIHA, and their correlations with disease features and outcomes. Moreover, in the attempt to disclose the physiopathology of PNH positivity in AIHA, serum levels of several immunomodulatory cytokines were tested. A PNH clone was found in 37 AIHA patients (37,4%), with a median size of 0.2% on granulocytes (range 0.03–85). Two patients showed a large clone (16 and 85%) and were therefore considered as AIHA/PNH association and not included in further analysis. Compared to PNH negative, PNH positive cases displayed a higher hemolytic pattern with adequate bone marrow compensation. AIHA type, response to therapy, complications and outcome were comparable between the two groups. Regarding cytokine levels, IFN-γ and IL-17 were lower in PNH positive vs. PNH negative AIHAs (0.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.33 ± 2.5; 0.15 ± 0.3 vs. 3,7 ± 9.1, respectively, p = 0.07 for both). In PNH positive AIHAs, IFN-γ positively correlated with reticulocytes (r = 0.52, p = 0.01) and with the bone marrow responsiveness index (r = 0.69, p = 0.002). Conversely, IL-6 and IL-10 showed the same pattern in PNH positive and PNH negative AIHAs. IL-6 levels and TGF-β positively correlated with clone size (r = 0.35, p = 0.007, and r = 0.38, p = 0.05, respectively), as well as with LDH values (r = 0.69, p = 0.0003, and r = 0.34, p = 0.07, respectively). These data suggest testing PNH clones in AIHA since their prevalence is not negligible, and may correlate with a prominent hemolytic pattern, a higher thrombotic risk, and a different therapy indication. PNH testing is particularly advisable in complex cases with inadequate response to AIHA-specific therapy. Cytokine patterns of PNH positive and negative AIHAs may give hints about the pathogenesis of highly hemolytic AIHA.


A case of a 50-year-old female with schistosomiasis of the gallbladder is reported. The clinical and pathological findings are presented.


Background Although preoperative radiation followed by wide local excision yields excellent local control in soft tissue sarcomas, the risk of wound complications is reported to be higher compared with the incidence in patients who were administered postoperative radiation therapy. Vacuum (vac)-assisted closure may improve wound healing, but it is unknown whether vac-assisted closure during soft tissue sarcoma resection may reduce the risk of wound complications or impair local disease control. Questions/purposes (1) Does the use of a wound vac application at the time of soft tissue sarcoma resection reduce the risk of developing wound complications after lower extremity sarcoma resection? (2) Is vac-assisted closure associated with an increased risk of local relapse? Methods From 2000 to 2016, 312 patients with stage I to III soft tissue sarcomas were treated. Of these, 123 were treated with preoperative radiation ± chemotherapy followed by limb-sparing resection based on tumor location, size, grade, histology, and patient age. There was a minimum followup of 12 months. Radiation was delivered generally based on tumor size, grade, superficial versus deep nature, and proximity to neurovascular structures. Chemotherapy was administered in patients < 70 years old with high-grade tumors and tumors > 5 cm. Patient, demographic, and treatment variables, including incisional vac application and wound outcomes, were retrospectively evaluated. Incisional vac-assisted closure took place at the time of primary resection in 32% (46 of 123) of patients. Vac-assisted closure was considered when there was a concern for risk of external contamination such as instances in which fixation of adhesives would be difficult or regions where there was a high risk of contamination. Vac-assisted closure may have also been used in instances with increased wound tension at closure or with heightened concern for shearing on the wound such as buttock wounds. Ten patients were lost to followup, two in the vac group and eight in the non-vac group. Potential factors associated with wound complications were evaluated using Fisher's exact test for univariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. Local recurrence-free survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier estimate. Results After taking into consideration factors such as tumor size, location, age, and patient comorbidities, it was shown that patients who underwent vac-assisted closure were less likely to experience wound complications compared with patients who did not undergo vac-assisted closure (odds ratio, 0.129; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.041-0.398; p = 0.004). The local control incidence in the entire cohort was 98%. With the numbers available, Kaplan-Meier survivorship free from local recurrence did not differ between patients treated with or without the vac (100% [95% CI, 154.09-154.09] versus 96% [95% CI, 152.21-169.16]; p = 0.211), respectively. Conclusions Vac-assisted closure at the time of resection of proximal lower extremity soft tissue sarcomas is associated with a lower risk of wound complications, and its use apparently did not compromise local control. We show that the use of vac-assisted closure may be worth considering in surgeons' attempts to reduce the risk of wound complications among patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the proximal lower extremities. Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study.


Communicative competence expects language learners to use their L2 for differentpurposes; to vary language usage based on setting / participants; to produce various textual forms; and, to communicate despite limited vocabulary. This expectationcreates practical opportunities for task-based teaching / instruction (TBT/ TBI) utilizingpair work, role play / group work, and project work activities to facilitateCommunicative Language Teaching (CLT) through cognitively demanding situations.TBT / TBI is characterized by classroom language activities which engage learners and derive overall language skills improvement from the cognitive process such as problem-solving (i.e. listing, classifying, sequencing, etc.). Certain types of classroom activity may generate individual speaking / group interaction in an EFL classroom setting. One such activity "Lost on the Moon", adapted from the popular "N.A.S.A.Survival" task-based survival game, is suggested for students to reach consensus and encompasses active participation essential to group cohesion in a hypothetically hostile environment. Keyword: Communicative competence, Tasks, Task-based teaching, Task-based instruction, Task-based teaching / Instruction (TBT / TBI), Survival games, Problem-solving skills


Science and academic education are determined by discussion and scientific exchange across borders of both languages and countries. Consequently, universities can be understood as melting-pots: places where, traditionally, different forms of multilingualism are practiced. Academic staff, students, and administrative staff have different perceptions of multilingualism. Furthermore, they develop their specific and individual attitudes which are presumably influenced by traditions of the faculty or even the discipline. In this paper, I will present first findings of the research project "Interwoven Analysis of Forms of Multilingualism Illustrated by the Example of the University of Salzburg" (OeNB Project Nr° 15 827) which aims to investigate the complex situation described above. In addition, I will focus on perceptions of multilingualism (also including different varieties of the German language). To determine how stereotypes and attitudes towards multilingualism are expressed, there will be a content analysis of interviews. It is shown that there is a difference in the use of attitudes and stereotypes. They differ particularly in matters of social validity. This suggests that it is important as well to have a further look on the theoretical distinction.


Soil organic matter is an indicator of soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to analyse various forms of soil organic carbon in citronella plantation, citronella plantation under pine tree, and soil under pine tree. Soil organic carbon in various forms was analysed from soil samples taken from each horizon and soil profile. The soil profiles observed were ultisol profiles planted with citronella, citronella under pine tree, and under pine tree, and slopes; 0-8%, 8-15%, 15 -25%, and 25-40%, in order to obtain 12 soil profiles with a total of 39 soil samples. Ultisols planted with citronella had higher soil organic carbon than ultisols planted with citronella under pine tree and ultisols under pine trees. Based on the slope, the highest soil organic carbon was obtained in the soil with a slope of 0-8%, and decreased with increasing slope. Based on soil depth, the highest soil organic carbon was obtained in the upper horizon, compared to the horizon below. The highest total soil organic carbon was obtained at the soil surface horizon with a slope of 0-8% and citronella was planted. This pattern of total soil organic carbon is similar to that of sesquioxide bound organic carbon, but is not consistent with that of free clay bound organic carbon.


We study two-phase liquid–liquid flow patterns in a 500 μm capillary microchannel for four biphasic systems: ethyl acetate/water, 2-pentanol/water, methyl isobutyl ketone/water, and heptane/water. Flow visualization experiments using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) reveal a total of 7 different flow patterns for all solvent pairs, namely slug flow, droplet flow, slug-droplet flow, parallel, annular, dispersed, and irregular flow. A map of different flow patterns was built to delineate the origin of their formation. We find conventional dimensionless groups are insufficient to uniquely identify the flow patterns. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling in OpenFOAM shows agreement with the experimental flow patterns for most of the two-phase flows. Principal component analysis reduces the dimensionality of potential descriptors of flow patterns and, unlike prior work using two dimensionless numbers, determines six important features that describe >95% of the variance of the experimental flow patterns. These include the total flow rate, the flow rate ratio between the two phases, the capillary and Ohnesorge numbers of the aqueous phase, and the Weber number and velocity of the organic phase. We build a decision-tree model to further regress the data and identify the critical features and demonstrate an accuracy in predicting the flow patterns of up to 93%.


Background: Many studies conducted over the years have recognized the substantial epidemiologic evidence on the contribution of reproductive factors for the occurrence of breast carcinoma, including parity. However, most studies evaluated relatively homogeneous populations, with a small number of women with high fertility, and the association of very high parity with breast cancer remains poorly understood. Therefore, we addressed this topic in an African population characterized by high fertility rates. Methods: We conducted a case-control analysis among women that were attending the Taimako breast and cervical cancer-screening centre, which is located in Nasarawa state of North-Central Nigeria. results: Among cases, 34.5% of the women were 39 years or less. About a quarter had ever used oral contraceptives, nearly half had attained menopause, and nearly two thirds had parity higher than 4 (parity 5-6, 32.1%; parity 7-8, 25.0%, parity ≥9, 7.1%). Compared to women with parity 1-4 the risk of breast cancer tended to be higher among nulliparous women (OR=3.44, 95%CI: 0.68-17.54), though it was lower among those aged ≤45 years (OR=1.43, 95%CI: 0.11-18.22) and higher in participants aged >45 years (OR=12.07, 95%CI: 0.62-233.00). For women with higher parity, the OR estimates were similar for those with parity 5-6 (OR=2.54, 95%CI: 0.80-8.01) and 7-8 (OR=2.65, 95%CI: 0.74-9.48). conclusion: Our results suggest that future increase in incident breast cancer cases in this setting may result from an improvement of screening and diagnostic services, rather than from a dramatic but unlikely reduction in parity. Key-words: BReAsT NeOplAsMs, RIsk FACTORs, pARITy, NIgeRIA Musa Abubakar Kana1,2, Maikano Ari3, Poki Solomon4, Nuno Lunet2,5 dAtA de recepÇÃo / reception dAte: 06/01/2015 dAtA de AprovAÇÃo / ApprovAl dAte: 16/01/2015


We develop a climate-economy model with active learning. We consider three ways of active learning: improved observations, adding observations from the past and improved theory from climate research. From the model, we find that the decision maker invests a significant amount of money in climate research. Expenditures to increase the rate of learning are far greater than the current level of expenditure on climate research, as it helps in taking improved decisions. The optimal carbon tax for the active learning model is nontrivially lower than that for the uncertainty model and the passive learning model. JEL classification: Q54


In this paper, we propose a novel peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction algorithm for OFDM systems that employs a two-step approach for adjusting the subcarrier power levels. The first step redistributes the power level across all subcarriers, which slightly reduces the error robustness of the system, while the second step ensures the subcarrier power distribution obeys a subband power constraint. The resulting power levels satisfy spectrum regulatory requirements across the transmission spectrum while simultaneously reducing the PAPR and maintaining a degree of error robustness. Since no overhead information is required, the proposed algorithm does not incur a throughput penalty. Simulation results for a 256-subcarrier OFDM system employing QPSK symbols and the proposed algorithm show a PAPR reduction of 1.5 dB for a complementary cumulative distribution of 0.1%


The target of the research is to employ the autoresonant control technique in order to maintain the nonlinear oscillation mode at resonance (i.e. ultrasonic vibration at the tip of a drill bit at a constant level) during vibro-impact process. Numerical simulations and experiments have been executed. A simplified Matlab-Simulink model which simulates the ultrasonically assisted machining process consists of two parts. The first part represents an ultrasonic transducer that contains a piezoelectric transducer and a 2-step concentrator (waveguide). The second part reflects the applied load to the ultrasonic transducer due to the vibro-impact process. Parameters of the numerical models have been established based on experimental measurements and the model validity has been confirmed through experiments performed on an electromechanical ultrasonic transducer. The model of the ultrasonic transducer together with the model of the applied load was supplemented with a model of the autoresonant control system. The autoresonant control intends to provide the possibility of self-tuning and self-adaptation mechanism for an ultrasonic transducer to maintain its resonant regime of oscillations automatically by means of positive feedback. This is done through a signal to be controlled (please refer to Figure 7.2 and Figure 7.3) transformation and amplification. In order to examine the effectiveness and the efficiency of the autoresonant control system, three control strategies have been employed depending on the attributes of the signals to be controlled . Mechanical feedback control uses a displacement signal at the end of the 2nd step of the ultrasonic transducer. The other two control strategies are current feedback control and power feedback control. Current feedback control employs the electrical current flowing through the piezoceramic rings (piezoelectric transducer) as the signal to be controlled while power feedback control takes into account both the electrical current and the power of the ultrasonic transducer. Comparison of the results of the ultrasonic vibrating system excitation with different control strategies is presented. It should be noted that during numerical simulation the tool effect is not considered due to the complexity of a drill bit creates during the Ultrasonically Assisted Drilling (UAD) process. An effective autoresonant control system was developed and manufactured for machining experiments. Experiments on Ultrasonically Assisted Drilling (UAD) have been performed to validate and compare with the numerical results. Two sizes of drill bits with diameters 3mm and 6mm were applied in combination with three autoresonant control strategies. These were executed during drilling aluminium alloys with one fixed rotational speed associated with several different feed rates. Vibration levels, control efforts, feed force reduction were monitored during experiments. Holes quality and surface finish examinations supplement analysis of the autoresonant control results. In addition, another interesting research on the investigation of the universal matchbox (transformer) has been carried out. Introducing a varying air gap between two ferrite cores allows the optimization of the ultrasonic vibrating system, in terms of the vibration level, effective matchbox inductance, voltage and current level, phase difference between voltage and current, supplied active power etc (more details please refer to Appendix I).


The chemical modification of titanium alkoxides by alkoxy- and aminoalcohols, s-diketones, s-ketoesters, carboxylic and phosphonic acids, and related compounds, and the hydrolysis behavior of the organically modified precursors are reviewed. Special focus is put on structural aspects and on the possibility to introduce functional organic groups. Such precursors have a high potential for innovative materials syntheses because they permit control of the precursor reactivity in sol–gel processes and the preparation of titania-based inorganic–organic hybrid materials. Coordination, solvation, aggregation and redistribution equilibria play an important role in the chemistry of the modified titanium alkoxides, and organic side reactions have to be taken into account.


A high-throughput axial MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer utilizing a laser with a 2-kHz pulse repetition-rate was constructed and tested. This fast mass spectrometer provided a data acquisition rate 10 times faster than a commercially available (200 Hz) axial mass spectrometer, while maintaining comparable limits of detection (200 amol of Glu fib peptide). Mass resolution, only slightly less than the commercial instrument (10 000 vs 14 000), was sufficient for baseline resolution of isotopic clusters of peptides with m/z <2700. A new method of mass calibration, which combined a limited number of internal and external standards, provided the same 15 ppm mass accuracy over the entire sample plate on either instrument. Implementing the 2-kHz laser required a faster data acquisition system and high-voltage pulse electronics, together with a novel strategy for rapid sample plate movements during acquisition, to achieve a sample analysis rate of up to 2 spots/s (with 800 shots/spot). The overall performance of the fast MALDI-TOF MS instrument was demonstrated by the acquisition, in 12 min, of an LC-MS data set from a plate of 625 fractions collected during LC separation of an 16O/18O differentially labeled proteomic sample of a tryptic digest of an E. coli lysate.


The von Kries coefficient law of chromatic adaptation—that there is linear proportionality between stimulus and response for each of three types of visual receptor—results in systematic discrepancies between prediction and experiment. A hypothesis that the responses of the receptors are nonlinear was fairly successful when applied to three sets of experimental data obtained independently by quite different methods. Analysis of additional data confirms the earlier conclusions that (1) discrepancies of predictions of corresponding colors by the linear hypothesis are significantly large and systematic; (2) the discrepancies are less systematic and are significantly reduced by the nonlinear hypothesis; (3) the most successful forms of the mathematical relations expressing the nonlinearities are systematically dependent on the chromaticities of the adaptations. These forms are substantially the same as those for the three sets of experimental data previously studied.


Met-enkephalin concentrations in the anterior pituitary gland were shown to decline dramatically within the first 24 h after reserpine treatment, with effects apparent as early as 6 h. This was followed by subsequent repletion and late augmentation of Met-enkephalin levels 3 weeks following reserpine. Treatment with the alpha-1-adrenergic agonist methoxamine had no effect, whereas the alpha-1-antagonist prazosin lowered Met-enkephalin concentrations. Treatment with the dopamine agonists bromocriptine or apomorphine had no effect, but haloperidol treatment increased anterior pituitary Met-enkephalin which was reversed by concomitant bromocriptine administration. We postulate that the changes in anterior pituitary Met-enkephalin following reserpine were related to alterations in the monoamine neurotransmitters. Adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms may have opposing roles in the maintenance of Met-enkephalin concentrations in the anterior pituitary gland.


The correct behavior of spacecraft components is the foundation of unhindered mission operation. However, no technical system is free of wear and degradation. A malfunction of one single component might significantly alter the behavior of the whole spacecraft and may even lead to a complete mission failure. Therefore, abnormal component behavior must be detected early in order to be able to perform counter measures. A dedicated fault detection system can be employed, as opposed to classical health monitoring, performed by human operators, to decrease the response time to a malfunction. In this paper, we present a generic model-based diagnosis system, which detects faults by analyzing the spacecraft's housekeeping data. The observed behavior of the spacecraft components, given by the housekeeping data is compared to their expected behavior, obtained through simulation. Each discrepancy between the observed and the expected behavior of a component generates a so-called symptom. Given the symptoms, the diagnoses are derived by computing sets of components whose malfunction might cause the observed discrepancies. We demonstrate the applicability of the diagnosis system by using modified housekeeping data of the qualification model of an actual spacecraft and outline the advantages and drawbacks of our approach.


For the safe operation of nuclear power plants (NPPs), it is significant to promptly and correctly identify malfunctions/transients, which is difficult for the operators by monitoring the variation of important parameters. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the transient identification in NPPs. It directly models the transients in a linear space that is represented by a matrix instead of a training process. Then a transient can be represented via a linear combination of the columns of the modeling matrix, and the coefficient vector encodes the identity of the transient. To obtain the coefficient vector, the smoothed ℓ0 -norm optimization (SL0) algorithm is adopted, where the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) method is combined to improve the stability. Then the identification of a transient can be accomplished by examining the property of the solution using three quantities. The proposed method can correctly classify the transients and successfully reject "unknown" types, and it is applicable under a wide range of operational conditions. It is verified by simulator data of pebble-bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant (HTR-PM) developed by Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology with Tsinghua University.


Hafnium oxide (HfOx)‐based memristive devices have tremendous potential as nonvolatile resistive random access memory (RRAM) and in neuromorphic electronics. Despite its seemingly simple two‐terminal structure, a myriad of RRAM devices reported in the rapidly growing literature exhibit rather complex resistive switching behaviors. Using Pt/HfOx/TiN‐based metal–insulator–metal structures as model systems, it is shown that a well‐controlled oxygen stoichiometry governs the filament formation and the occurrence of multiple switching modes. The oxygen vacancy concentration is found to be the key factor in manipulating the balance between electric field and Joule heating during formation, rupture (reset), and reformation (set) of the conductive filaments in the dielectric. In addition, the engineering of oxygen vacancies stabilizes atomic size filament constrictions exhibiting integer and half‐integer conductance quantization at room temperature during set and reset. Identifying the materials conditions of different switching modes and conductance quantization contributes to a unified switching model correlating structural and functional properties of RRAM materials. The possibility to engineer the oxygen stoichiometry in HfOx will allow creating quantum point contacts with multiple conductance quanta as a first step toward multilevel memristive quantum devices.


It is widely acknowledged that a strong relationship exists between environment and human physical condition, with living conditions in particular contributing to the health and well being of particular population groups. More specifically, various research conducted throughout Australia and elsewhere has concluded that there are strong linkages between housing and health. For example, Currie and Carapetis (2000) infer that poor health is directly linked to poor housing and housing infrastructure. People with unmet housing needs tend to be socio-economically disadvantaged, and experience higher death rates, poor health, and are more likely to have serious chronic illnesses. Evidence suggests strong linkages between poor housing and infrastructure, and subsequent impact on health. However, whilst much of the research conducted has found statistical associations existing between housing aspects (tenure, dwelling quality and type, home and location) and health outcomes, there has been little investigation into determining how the various aspects relate to one another for particular population groups. Further, commonalities that may exist between both indigenous and non-indigenous communities have implications for improved planning especially in the area of public housing assistance. This paper provides an in depth commentary on the literature and in particular the key health issues related to housing. More importantly, it endeavours to research specifically in an Australian context enabling a comparison and determination of the real drivers and relationships that exist between several groups – the indigenous community, and selected sectors of the non-indigenous population. It will therefore cut across several disciplines including property economics, town planning, engineering and medicine.


The article revolves around the genre and stylistic dominants of the novels in the genre of dystopia and the problems of their reproduction in Ukrainian translations. The comparative analysis is based on the three most famous dystopian novels "We" by Eugene Zamiatin, "Brave New World" by Aldous Huxley and "1984" by George Orwell and is carried out through the lens of translation studies. The dystopian genre and stylistic peculiarities are mainly represented in the authentic texts by means of quazirealia, which are subdivided in this article into various categories denoting the objects of the fantastic world. Thus, attention is paid to the problem of the identification and interpretation of these lexical units in the Ukrainian translations.


Water quality can be evaluated through a set of physical, chemical and environmental variables that characterize the water body under study. These variables, along with the climate impact, hydrological regime and land use, determine the diversity of organisms. Santa Barbara Stream is a low-order stream and is located in the Gualeguaychu Departament, Entre Rios, in the Pampean Ecorregion. In order to study the water quality, benthonic macroinvertebrates and physical chemical variables were studied, between March and October 2012. Sixteen orders, 1 suborder and 27 invertebrates families were found. The most abundant families were Cochliopidae, Paleomonidae, Caenidae, and Sphaeriidae. BMWP, IBF, IMRP and IBPamp biotic indices and diversity index of Shannon-Weaver were applied. These showed different results suggesting the need for further studies of water bodies of the Pampas Ecorregion and adjustment of indices for the region. The combined application of different rates indicates that the stream shows signs of seasonal organic pollution associated with land use in the basin.


The dominance of Western social work discourse is slowly being challenged as voices from indigenous cultures are expressed. This paper examines the Moanan-Tongan concept of fatongia and considers how it might contribute to a re-examination of the English language concept of obligation in order to develop a more socially progressive perspective on social policy and social work. In countries with a neoliberal welfare state the concept of obligation has become a vexed issue between citizenry and the state. The neoliberal requirement to demonstrate certain behaviours in order to gain access to benefits has challenged the consensus of social rights that imbued traditional notions of state welfare. We argue that rights and obligations have became separated as the Western welfare state discourse has shifted from a rights agenda to an agenda of obligation. Fatongia is about obligation that is entered into freely: it involves the giving of a gift that is enjoyed and reinforces mutual obligations. It is reciprocal and symmetrical and leads to stronger sense of community. By comparison, obligation in Western discourse is asymmetrical, coercive, compulsory and oppressive. For social work practice, the concept of fatongia offers a new direction in which rights are broadened into duties, and responsibilities into gifts. The duality of obligation and rights under fatongia implies a web of relationships between people, families and communities. This offers social work practitioners a constructive and progressive narrative for relationship-based work with clients/service users, and a celebration of rights through doing duty.


The key themes of this book are agility, alignment, and change management. By relying on a number of different authors for the chapters, the book has tried to capture the variety of knowledge and skills necessary to make a successful transition to agile manufacturing. Here are some of the main perspectives editors have tried to capture: (1) organizational and business management, (2) industrial and mechanical engineering, and (3) production and inventory management. Most books on manufacturing focus on just one of these perspectives. This book has combined them to transform and manage a successful manufacturing firm along the path to agility. Given the intended audience for this book editors have tried to


The recycling of magnesium chloride brines via a multi-step chemical reaction and precipitation process has been studied in waste bittern from a salt purification plant. In this study, the rates of particle (magnesium hydroxide) growth, the effects of initial concentration of reactants and optimum condition of reaction to make high purity magnesium hydroxide were investigated. Produced magnesium hydroxide was separated and washed using carboxy methyl cellulose as sedimentation agent, and used sodium stearate to prevent particle from aggregating. The mean particle size of obtained high quality magnesium hydroxide are 5 μm and concentration is 99.5%.


Traditional accounts of the transmission of compositions in Indian classical vocal music picture them being passed virtually unchanged from generation to generation. Comparison of the renditions of recent Gwalior gharana artists, however, shows that in reality extensive transformations can occur. In this study the transmission and performance of khyal compositions are examined with reference to the Gwalior tradition, taking into account both the views of gharana members and the evidence of recorded performances and notated compositions. Part 1 deals with the historical and theoretical background. It introduces the oral and written modes of transmission and explores Gwalior singers' attitudes to change. Such attitudes are illustrated with reference to V.N. Bhatkhande's celebrated Kramik pustak-malika collection and the controversy surrounding the 'authenticity' of its notations. In Part 2 the processes of transformation are examined in depth. The discussion centres on two comparative analyses. The first compares 24 versions of a single composition, 16 transcribed from performances, and 8 more derived from notated collections. Spanning the period from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, these examples enable successive versions of the composition to be traced through various lines of transmission for up to three generations of Gwalior artists. The second analysis compares selected features of a large sample of notated compositions found in various published collections. Each of the main performance parameters - texts, rhythm and structure, and melody - is discussed in turn. A concluding chapter draws together the findings of the previous analyses.


ABSTRACT Fungal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins localize to the plasma membrane (PM), cell wall (CW), or both. To study signals that regulate PM versus CW targeting in Candida albicans, we (i) fused the N and/or C termini of the GPI CW protein Hwp1p and the GPI PM protein Ecm331p to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and (ii) expressed and localized the resulting fusions. Forty-seven amino acids from the C terminus of Hwp1p were sufficient to target GFP to the CW, and 66 amino acids from the C terminus of Ecm331p were sufficient to target GFP to the PM. Truncation and mutagenesis studies showed that G390 was the ω cleavage site in Ecm331p. Domain exchange and mutagenesis studies showed that (i) the 5 amino acids immediately N-terminal to the ω sites (the ω − 5 to ω − 1 amino acids) played key roles in targeting to the PM or CW; (ii) KK and FE residues at positions ω − 1 and ω − 2, respectively, targeted to the PM and CW; and (iii) a loss of I at position ω − 5 increased PM retention. Small fluorescent reporters can be used to study the peptide signals that regulate PM versus CW targeting of GPI proteins and may be useful for identifying proteins that interact with key targeting signals.