Under the competences of the European Union's intergovernmentally controlled Justice and Home Affairs policy, counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination of efforts have progressed at a rapid pace following the 11 September attacks on the USA. Given, however, that Europe has experienced entrenched terrorist campaigns for the past three decades, one could be forgiven for questioning, in light of the unique co-operative position of Western Europe, why it has taken so long for the membership of the EU to reach a common definition of terrorism. Also why is it that even now, the EU has failed to develop a common policy against terrorism? Political explanations are traditional responses to such questions, but there is a risk of underestimating the complexities of the European Project, and the effect which this has had on so many areas of transnational co-operation. By focusing therefore on the often-overlooked role played by European integration on counter-terrorist co-operation, in addition to empirical analysis of the efficiency of the co-operative structures, we place ourselves in a more beneficial position to understand the current situation. Intergovernmentalism, the controlling force of JHA co-operation, we find is not mutually exclusive to law-enforcement co-operation. Two theories tested for supranational influences - neo-functionalism and federalism - have also played their part, from the early 1960s onwards, in facilitating co-operation. The historical emphasis is important, because co-operation prior to the regulation of much of this area within the EU, following the Treaties of Economic Union, provides us with ample material for analysis and greater insight into the JHA process and counter-terrorism. Intergovernmentalism has helped push counter-terrorist co-operation along, but equally we find that it now serves as a hindrance in completing its development because of its in-built tendency to retain subsidiarity. Counter terrorist co-operation, we conclude, need not be restricted to intergovernmental control any longer.


Nowadays, our mobile provide varies of technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC). Currently, the printing system of UiTM Jasin did not have any best approach that are friendly between users and the system. This is hard for users as they need to go to library and use the system to check their credit balance in their account. Therefore, this project is aiming on developing a mobile application that works with NFC and able to provide sufficient information to the users. Furthermore, there are few phases that need to go in order to complete this development. This project is using System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) as a method to complete the development of this mobile application. This project was developed by using Android Studio that have NFC and Google Cloud Print coding in it. Based on the finding, this project is able to deliver information correctly by using proper user interface in both development which are mobile application and web-based system. Other than that, this project are replacing the system with NFC environment instead of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID). Not to forget the functional of this mobile application which will work in NFC environment. In conclusion, as mention earlier, this project is developing a mobile application in NFC environment and the limitation of this project is only compatible to read the file that is uploaded in the system in pdf format only.


Analytic information theory aims at studying problems of information theory using analytic techniques of computer science and combinatorics. Following Hadamard's and Knuth's precept, we tackle these problems by complex analysis methods such as generating functions, Mellin transform, Fourier series, saddle point method, analytic poissonization and de-poissonization, and singularity analysis. This approach lies at the crossroad of computer science and information theory. In this talk, we concentrate on one facet of information theory (i.e., source coding better known as data compression), namely the redundancy rate problem and types. The redundancy rate problem for a class of sources is the determination of how far the actual code length exceeds the optimal (ideal) code length. The method of types is a powerful technique in information theory, large deviations, and analysis of algorithms. It reduces calculations of the probability of rare events to a combinatorial analysis. Two sequences are of the same type if they have the same empirical distribution. We shall argue that counting types can be accomplished efficiently by enumerating Eulerian paths (Markov types) or binary trees with a given path length (universal types). On the other hand, analysis of the redundancy rate problem for memoryless and Markov sources leads us to tree generating functions (e.g., arising in counting labeled rooted trees) studied extensively in computer science.


This study investigates the relationships and impact of social competencies on job performance and the mediating role of cultural adjustment of expatriates engaged in the ICT sector in Malaysia. Based on a quantitative survey with a sample of 301 expatriates, the findings of this study revealed that social competencies have a positive relationship with job performance. The findings also support the role of cultural adjustment in mediating the relationship between social competencies and job performance. The findings of this study support the results from some earlier studies and also bring out several new ideas such as the importance of social competencies. The findings of this study will significantly contribute to the advancement of knowledge in job performance and cultural adjustment and it is evident that expatriate social competencies facilitate expatriates' job performance and cultural adjustment. The implications are in the areas of expatriate selection, training and support practices. It is recommended that organizations consider social competencies and cultural adjustment and implement suitable HR policies to select the right candidates, train and motivate them. The results of this study will add to the current body of knowledge as well as assist in creating foundational solutions to ensure success in expatriate global assignments in Malaysia.


BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Arsenic is present both naturally and from manmade sources like factory effluents. Contamination by arsenic of the groundwater is a major source of health detriment in south-east Asian countries. The aim of this study was to identify levels of arsenic in drinking water sources and factory effluents and to analyse arsenic levels in hair samples from factory workers and their families, along with morphological changes in hair in industrial workers in Peshawar. METHODOLOGY: Water and hair samples were collected by random sampling from a labor colony of 81 factory and non-factory household members living and working in the same industrial estate and analyzed for arsenic. Hair morphology was carried out in histomorphology laboratory at Khyber Medical University, Peshawar. The results obtained from both groups were compared with normal hair histomorphology. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The arsenic level in drinking water, colony tube wells and households was not within the permissible level of WHO (10µg/L). The arsenic level in factory effluent was 68µg/l (Pakistan Government's acceptable level is 50µg/L). The difference was statistically significant p≤0.001 between the two groups, the factory workers had a relatively higher level of arsenic, ~34ppb, in their scalp hair. Hair arsenic level also came out to be <1.00µg/g. There was a wide variation in the histomorphology of the hair samples in both groups. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of arsenic in factory effluent demonstrate improper decontamination. The arsenic levels were within permissible levels, long term effects cannot be ruled out.


Riser gas migration has been an area of interest since the last three decades due to its importance in gas handling in deepwater drilling operations. A previously conducted full-scale test at LSU Petroleum Engineering Research & Technology Transfer (PERTT) well facility indicates, as contrary to traditional belief, significant migration of dissolved gas taking place even when circulation had ceased. In order to understand whether a reduction in density of the underlying contaminated mud resulting from gas absorption is the contributing factor to the above-mentioned phenomenon, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to study the transport of the gas influx while in solution due to buoyancy induced convective mass transfer and simultaneous diffusion.
 Simulations performed in this study include the hydrodynamics of the upward moving gas cut mud and simultaneous mass transfer of natural gas into the under-saturated drilling fluid. The parameters studied here are the distance traveled of the gas cut mud and saturation levels in the drilling fluid along the length of the riser. The dense phase behavior was shown to have considerable effects on gas loading capacities which in turn affected the density of the gas cut mud, and at pressures upwards of 5,000 psi, the solubility of a natural gas influx can be seen to be infinite in certain synthetic and oil-based drilling fluids. The rate and extent of mass transfer are dependent on drilling fluid density gradients, which in turn are based on gas influx saturation level. Results obtained from this study can help better comprehend migration phenomena of a dissolved influx in oil-based muds in a riser with the BOP shut in and when circulation has ceased.


Background: There are known common adverse effects related to drugs that might lead to death. Pharmacovigilance systems are important for monitoring, safely using medicines, decreasing the number of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and increasing awareness for reporting ADRs in health care systems. Aim: This study sought to investigate attitudes and barriers among Erbil pharmacists, mainly those working at hospitals and pharmacists in private pharmacy sectors about ADR reporting and the Pharmacovigilance system. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective pilot study was done using previously modified and developed selfadministered questionnaires during a one month period from 15 February to 15 March 2017. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) version 20. Results: The majority of pharmacists (94%) said that reporting ADRs is a pharmacist's duty, with drug safety monitoring being very important (90.9%). More than 90% of pharmacists believed that it is very important to report ADRs that lead to life-threatening situations and those that lead to congenital abnormality. However, a majority were not familiar with the Iraqi Pharmacovigilance system, had never reported any ADRs, reporting forms were not available and they had insufficient clinical knowledge to detect ADRs. Conclusions: Under-reporting was the major problem detected by the study. However, necessary steps should be taken to design intervention programmes to increase knowledge and awareness of pharmacists concerning the ADR reporting process.


It has been established in previous works that corrosion kinetics in primary water of various zirconium alloys are periodic. Each period is associated with a layer of cracks parallel to the metal-oxide interface. These observations have been made either in autoclave or in pile. This indicates that corrosion processes in autoclave and under irradiation are of similar nature though their absolute kinetics might be different. Taking advantage of this correlation between cracks and corrosion kinetics, the present work aims at identifying the main microstructural parameters controlling cracks appearance in the oxide layer under well-controlled conditions. In order to achieve this, Zircaloy-4 was heat-treated to obtain various metallurgical states (stress-relieved versus recrystallised with different grain sizes) followed by corrosion tests in primary water. The key metallurgical parameters for the various conditions have been analysed (texture, precipitate sizes and grain sizes and distributions) using electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques. Corrosion kinetics of the various Zircaloy-4 microstructures are distinct as expected from the literature. Crack morphology in the oxide layer has been analysed and quantified using a dual beam scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam. Crack layers are evident even at small scale of observation. Three dimensional (3D) images of the oxide structure are presented. Cracks observed in this way are typically penny-shaped with a radius of about 100 nm. Near the metal-oxide interface, they are mainly found at the top of metal protrusions in the oxide. The roughness of the metal-oxide interface was measured. It does not exhibit any periodicity. The residual stresses in the oxide layers were measured by high energy (44 keV) synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode. Large compressive stresses (∼−1 GPa), changing with the metallurgical state and through the oxide scale thickness, were measured. The residual stresses in the oxide layers were measured by high energy (44 keV) synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode. Large compressive stresses (∼−1 GPa), changing with the metallurgical state and through the oxide scale thickness, were measured. A model of the oxide breaking at the point of transition has been developed. It is based on mechanical considerations and the existence of compressive stress in the oxide layer.


Recent reforms that aim at reducing the upcoming burdens of population ageing might seriously harm low income individuals. An increase in old-age poverty and disability will be the result. Under this prospect, the present paper quantitatively characterizes the optimal progressivity of unfunded pension systems in an overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic income, disability and longevity risk as well as endogenous labor supply at the intensive and extensive margin. Focusing on the German pension system, our model features the most recent demographic projections and distinguishes three skill classes with skill-dependent risk profiles. Starting from a baseline path that reflects a purely earnings related pension system, we increase the degree of progressivity and compute the resulting macroeconomic, welfare and efficiency effects. For our most preferred parametrization we find an optimal flat-rate pension share of 40 percent. This indicates that in Germany recent reforms that aim at raising retirement age and cutting benefit levels should be complemented by increases in pension progressivity, since improved insurance provision dominates higher labor supply distortions. In addition, we also find that reductions in the benefit level (i.e. privatization) will only reduce economic efficiency.


An elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported to be associated with the pathological response to neoadjuvant therapies in numerous types of cancer. The aim of the current study was to clarify the association between pre-treatment NLR and the pathological response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients. This retrospective analysis included data from 56 consecutive patients whose tumors were completely surgically resected. All patients received preoperative therapy, consisting of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy (alone or in combination with S-1) combined with 40 or 50.4 Gy irradiation, prior to surgery. Predictive factors, including NLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), modified Glasgow prognostic score and prognostic nutrition index, were measured prior to treatment. A comparison was made between those who responded well pathologically (good response group, Evans classification IIb/III) and those with a poor response (Evans I/IIa). NLR was determined to be significantly higher in the poor response group. Multivariate analysis identified an elevated NLR as an independent risk factor for the poor pathological response [odds ratio (OR), 5.35; P=0.0257]. The pre-treatment NLR (≥2.2/<2.2) was found to be a statistically significant predictive indicator of pathological response (P=0.00699). The results demonstrate that pre-treatment NLR may be a useful predictive marker for the pathological response to preoperative therapy in pancreatic cancer patients.


Boron nitride nanosheets are novel promising nanomaterials with a lower cytotoxicity than graphene making them a better candidate for biomedical applications. However, there is no systematic study on how they interact with cell membranes. Here we employed large scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to provide molecular details of the structure and properties of membranes after the insertion of boron nitride nanosheets. Our results reveal that the boron nitride nanosheet can extract phospholipids from the lipid bilayers and is enveloped by the membrane. Afterwards, the acyl chains of lipid molecules re-orient and become more ordered. As a result, a fluid to gel phase transition occurs in the 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayer. Consequently, the bending moduli of the bilayers increase, and the diffusivity of the individual lipid molecule decreases. These changes will affect relevant cellular activities, such as endocytosis and signal transduction. Our study provides novel insights into the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of boron nitride nanosheets, which may facilitate the design of safer nanocarriers, antibiotics and other bio-nanotechnology applications.

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Abstract The frequency of traumatic injuries to permanent teeth was studied in a Swiss population sample consisting of 262 children. The prevalence of injuries was 10.81 percent. The children (106 girls and 156 boys) ranged in age from 6-18 years; the boy/girl ratio was 1.47:1. The largest number of injuries for boys was found between the ages of 9 and 10 years. The teeth most commonly injured were the maxillary central incisors (80 percent), and the most frequent type of injury was an enamel-dentin fracture without pulp exposure (53 percent). After the emergency treatment, 42 percent of the patients were followed for study from as early as one month up to 9 years. The recall evaluations show that the prognosis was extremely favorable for enamel fractures only, while pulp necrosis developed in 11.8 percent of the enamel-dentin fractures. Fourteen percent of the traumatic injuries were luxation injuries and, of these, 46 percent required endodontic therapy.


A growing number of Universities and Colleges of Business are creating majors in Logistics and/or Supply Chain Management. The question becomes does this growing major present opportunities for Information System majors to better position themselves in the job market. Assuming this is true, how should IS faculty approach this opportunity at their specific university. This paper presents arguments for and against a Logistics minor and provides models to implement it based on a successful implementation at Georgia Southern University. In a sense, this paper provides an example model for IS Faculty to create a beneficial curriculum opportunity to meet a growing niche market to benefit multiple university stakeholders.


Over the past three decades, we have seen a dramatic increase in the incidence of temporary trade barriers such as antidumping duties and countervailing duties. China has been at the receiving end of a large number of such measures. In this paper, we study how China's exports to its major trade partners have been affected when its major trade partners have used these measures either against China or against other countries. We find that Chinese exports to the country that imposed an antidumping duty decreased by approximately 35 percent. At the same time, an antidumping duty used by the importing country that was directed towards other countries but not against China led to an approximate 30-percent increase in China's exports to the policy-imposing country. These results remain robust across various specifications. Our findings have important policy implications. In particular, the magnitude of these effects highlights why it is important to curb the recent widespread use of these barriers.


Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness affecting up to 70 million people worldwide. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma. Inefficient aqueous humor (AqH) outflow resulting from structural or functional alterations in ocular drainage tissues are well established to cause high IOP, but the genes and pathways involved are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease PRSS56 induces ocular angle-closure and high IOP in mice and identified reduced ocular axial length as a potential contributing factor. Here we show that Prss56 -/- mice also exhibits an abnormal iridocorneal angle configuration characterized by a posterior shift of ocular drainage structures relative to the ciliary body and iris. Notably, we show that retina-derived PRSS56 is required between postnatal days 13 and 18 for proper iridocorneal configuration and that abnormal positioning of the ocular drainage tissues is not dependent on ocular size reduction in Prss56-/- mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the genetic context modulates the severity of IOP elevation in Prss56 mutant mice and describe a progressive degeneration of ocular drainage tissues that likely contributes to the exacerbation of the high IOP phenotype observed on the C3H/HeJ genetic background. Finally, we identified five rare PRSS56 variants associated with human primary congenital glaucoma, a condition characterized by abnormal development of the ocular drainage structures. Collectively, our findings point to a role for PRSS56 in the development and maintenance of ocular drainage tissues and IOP homeostasis, and provide new insights into glaucoma pathogenesis.


Objective: The objective of this study was to create the Korean version of the Modified Practice Attitudes Scale (K-MPAS) to measure clinicians' attitudes toward evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in the Korean mental health system. Method: Using 189 U.S. therapists and 283 members from the Korean mental health system, we examined the reliability and validity of the MPAS scores. We also conducted the first exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis on the MPAS and compared EBT attitudes across U.S. and Korean therapists. Results: Results revealed that the inclusion of both "reversed-worded" and "non–reversed-worded" items introduced significant method effects that compromised the integrity of the one-factor MPAS model. Problems with the one-factor structure were resolved by eliminating the "non–reversed-worded" items. Reliability and validity were adequate among both Korean and U.S. therapists. Korean therapists also reported significantly more negative attitudes toward EBTs on the MPAS than U.S. therapists. Conclusions: The K-MPAS is the first questionnaire designed to measure Korean service providers' attitudes toward EBTs to help advance the dissemination of EBTs in Korea. The current study also demonstrated the negative impacts that can be introduced by incorporating oppositely worded items into a scale, particularly with respect to factor structure and detecting significant group differences.


Using data on 162 household beneficiaries of the Lalakas ang Katawang Sapat sa Sustansiya (LAKASS) program in Abra, we estimate an ordered probit model to explore the associations between the type of interventions received by these households and their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Our results show that the degree of LAKASS interventions received may be systematically identified by the ages of the wife and the undernourished child, the occupation of the husband, and the income class of the household. Moreover, analysis of the marginal effects of these variables suggests that poorer families as well as those with younger children and mothers, all of whom are likely to need more assistance, did tend to receive more from the LAKASS program.


Following the No Child Left Behind Act (2001), which mandates standards-based accountability for the academic progress of all students, much attention has been given to integrating language and content instruction for English learners (ELs) in K-12 classrooms in the US. Although TESOL and other state-approved language proficiency standards acknowledge that academic English requires progressive linguistic complexity to tackle progressively complex content, they give no indicators for this progression beyond some generalizations about increased sentential variety. An enlightening characterization of linguistic complexity comes from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), specifying how grammatical choices actually construct meaning, making a strong case for explicit, proactive instruction, and calling for a systematic analysis of the language our English learners need to master. This paper describes an ongoing project to answer this call by charting a developmental continuum of complexity for school-age English learners. Its preliminary analysis is based on some 90 compositions, collected over the course of a year from more than 30 students in a New England middle school classroom.


The development of distributed smart homes is accelerating with the approach of the Pervasive Computing era. Heterogeneous devices and network is a significant feature in these smart homes. However, the realization of a real environment is difficult and always takes a long time. It is unrealistic to verify the availability of the entire system and make sure that all devices and applications can work together after finishing the development. In this paper we present a configurable context-aware simulator for distributed smart homes. XML configuration files are used to save information for constructing the home environment, virtual devices and services, simulating context information and testing the OSGi event interaction between devices. This makes the simulator can work under different smart home environment which based on the OSGi framework without modifying any code. And the simulated virtual devices can work with real devices with the help of the simulator. It is easier to provide a complete simulation environment for a device to test and verify during the development process.


Article is devoted to the research of the problem of interethnic tolerance, activity of ethnocultural associations, directed to formation of interethnic tolerance among youth in the conditions of the multicultural environment. There were analyzed the theoretical and methodological approaches to the problem of interethnic tolerance in foreign practice, the regularities and principles of functioning of ethnocultural associations as forms of social and cultural activity of youth in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus, the mechanisms of educative impact of the multicultural environment on process of formation of interethnic tolerance among youth on the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the study of new educational strategies and approaches on formation of interethnic tolerance among youth in the sphere of culture where the specificity of the Kazakhstan-Belarusian experience of the organization of this socially important segment of educational services can be useful to other countries as well. The materials of scientific publications and applied researches of authors in the field of education were used for achievement of the purpose of work. Based on the conducted research, the article proposes scientifically based conclusions and recommendations on the organization of process of formation of interethnic tolerance among youth in the conditions of the multicultural environment.


Sexual harassment is a recurring decimal in tertiary institutions. The paper therefore investigates the effects of sexual harassment on the academic performance of female students, using Delta State University, Abraka, as case study. The participants were randomly selected 200level – 500level students from various faculties of the University. The instrument for data collection was a twenty (20) item questionnaire. Though 340questionnaires were distributed through class representatives but 320 were eventually retrieved. The study been a descriptive survey design adopted the use of mean and standard deviation to analyze data. The data however revealed a summated mean of means (3.585) lower than the mean of fourteen (14) items of the questionnaire. That is, each of the fourteen (14) items had means higher than the summated mean of means (see table 1). On this premise the only null hypothesis of the study was rejected. This indicated that sexual harassment has significant effect on the academic performance of female students. It was also noted that students enjoy being sexually harassed due to the benefits. Consequent upon the findings, it was recommended that students should be made to realize that education is not a slogan but a key to sustainable development. Therefore, management of higher institutions should introduce dress code that would abolish seductive and provocative dressing.


Evaluating underground environmental safety is not an easy task as it involves many variable evaluation indexes which are immeasurable, vague and uncertain. Also, the available information for evaluation may be incomplete due to the difficulty of underground data acquisition and complexity of the influence factors. Considering the different effect of various evaluation indexes on underground environmental safety in different conditions, a dynamical weight algorithm of various indexes is presented. The fuzzy evaluation method with dynamic weight is applied in evaluating underground environmental safety at one of the coal mines in YangQuan coal industry. Findings conclude that the proposed dynamic weight method is better than the traditional method, which gives a promising prospect in underground environmental safety evaluation. And it provides a more reasonable and intelligent evaluation with accurate results.


Learning new vocabulary words in a second language is a challenge for the adult learner, especially when the second language writing system differs from the first language writing system. According to the lexical quality hypothesis (Perfetti & Hart, 2001), there are three constituents to word-level knowledge: orthographic, phonological, and semantic. A set of studies investigated the nature of orthographic knowledge in advanced learners of English as a second language. In a data mining study, students' spelling errors were analyzed. Results showed that first language background and second language proficiency have an effect on the rates and types of spelling errors made. In two training interventions, students showed learning gains from two different types of spelling instruction: a form focus condition and a form-meaning integration condition (Norris & Ortega, 2000). In a separate audio dictation task, non-native English speakers were shown to be sensitive to word frequency and age of acquisition but not regularity. In a cross-modal matching task, the same students were most susceptible to transposition foils that preserved target letters but in an incorrect order, and least susceptible to phonological foils that preserved phonological but not orthographic form of the target word. In a spell checking task, students had more difficulty rejecting misspelled words that maintained the phonological form of the target word than misspelled words that did not preserve phonology of the target. Overall, findings suggest that intermediate to advanced learners of English as a second language still show difficulty with the language's deep orthography, but that they can benefit from minimal amounts of instruction. Furthermore, these students appear to be acquiring orthographic knowledge via exemplar-based rather than rule-based strategies. This research expands upon the lexical quality hypothesis and finds support for the arbitrary mapping hypothesis.


Studies were performed to elucidate factors involved in the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rat brain synaptosomes during membrane depolarization. Addition of 24 mM-KCl to synaptosomes resulted in increases in rates of O2 consumption (90%) and [1-(14)C]pyruvate decarboxylation (85%) and in the active/total ratio of extractable pyruvate dehydrogenase (90--100%) within 10 s. Neither pyruvate (10 mM) nor dichloroacetate (10 mM) affected the activation state of the enzyme complex. Also, the activation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase was unaffected by addition of 1 mM-octanoate, L-(--)-carnitine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glutamate, citrate, lactate, L-malate, acetate, acetaldehyde or ethanol. Removal of Ca2+ by using EGTA lowered the active/total ratio to about 70%, although the rate of O2 consumption and pyruvate decarboxylation was unaffected. Rates of pyruvate decarboxylation in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone in the presence and absence of NaF and EGTA demonstrated a linear correlation with changes in the activity of the enzyme complex. This observation indicated that a change in the activation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase from 90 to 100% active could result in a 27% increase in the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation. It is suggested that the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an important site for the regulation of substrate utilization in rat brain synaptosomes. Further, the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation system and direct feedback-inhibitory effects on the enzyme complex both play a significant role in rapidly adapting pyruvate decarboxylation to changes in the requirements for mitochondrial energy production.


Religion permeated all aspects of New England Puritans' lives, but it was curiously absent from their marriage ceremonies. In response to political changes brought about by the Dominion of New England, however, colonists increasingly shunned secular weddings, now performed by Crown appointees rather than elected Bay officers, and embraced religious ceremonies performed by local ministers.


Complete sacral denervation resulted in loss of anal sphincter, detrusor and urethral skeletal muscular activity, but resting urethral smooth muscular sphincter tone was unaffected. The Crede and Valsalva maneuvers in the patients studied did not produce voiding. Spinal anesthesia, however, resulted in a loss of urethral smooth muscular activity. These results affirm the importance of an intact sympathetic nerve supply in maintaining urinary continence.


Significant and precipitous declines in the quantity and quality of wetland prairie habitat in the Willamette Valley have led land managers to reintroduce prescribed fire as a tool of habitat restoration. It is believed that anthropogenic fires influenced the structure and function of prairies and that modern fire repression has contributed to their degradation. This paper provides initial observations of a study intended to evaluate the impacts of prescribed fires on vegetation at the Fern Ridge Research Natural Area (RNA) in Eugene, Oregon. The objective of this study is to compare species frequency data collected in 1998, with data collected in 1988, 1989, and 1990 as part of another study. Final results are pending, but initial observations suggest that species responses to burns vary widely. Explicit restoration goals and inclusion of other biotic and abiotic factors will be necessary for effective use of prescribed burns in wet prairie restoration.


Some time ago the Leyden Museum received from Mr. Jackson Demery, the Liberian correspondent of Dr. Buttikofer, a small consignment of beetles collected at Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount (Western Liberia). Among these beetles I found a certain number of specimens (males and females) of a Cetoniid which was not yet represented in previous consignments received from that country 1). This species proved to be Coenochilus maurus Fabr., of which a description with figures and synonymy 2) is given by Westwood in his splendid »Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis" (p. 34, pl. XI, figs. 5 and 5a). As, however, Westwood has derived the description from a single specimen (the Fabrician type) and the figure drawn from an other (Gory's typical specimen) whereas I myself have several males and females before me, I can state that Westwood is wrong in supposing the small notch in the lateral margins of the prothorax (see fig. 5) to be due to an injury: it is very distinct in almost all our specimens; the minute circular impressions on the disc before the middle, however, are much less constant: in several of my specimens they are wanting, in others they are four in number and irregularly arranged. As to the legs Westwood says: »the posterior margin of the four hind legs is clothed with luteous hairs", but this is not correct: the posterior margin (under side) of the fore- and middle legs (femora) is clothed with luteous hairs, which are much more densely set (feltlike) in the male than in the female. — The middle of the abdomen is flattened in the male, convex in the female, the pygidium transverse in the male, more triangular in the female, and the calcaria of the hind tibiae are more slender and acute in the male, broader and more obtuse in the female.


The response to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) in Staphylococcus aureus relies on a two-component system (TCS), GraSR, an auxiliary protein GraX and an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, VraF/G. To understand the signal transduction mechanism by GraSR, we investigated the kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of histidine kinase GraS and the interaction with its cognate response regulator GraR. We also investigated interactions among the auxiliary protein GraX, GraS/R and the ATPase protein of the ABC transporter, VraF. We found that GraS lacks autophosphorylation activity, unlike a similar histidine kinase, BceS, of Bacillus subtilis. In addition, the interaction between GraS and GraR is very weak in comparison to the stronger interaction observed between BceS and its conjugated response regulator, BceR, suggesting that CAMP signaling may not flow directly from GraS to GraR. We found that the auxiliary protein GraX interacts with VraF and GraR, and requires the histidine phosphotransfer and dimerization domain of GraS to interact with this protein. Further, VraF requires the GraS region that connects the membrane-bound domain with the cytoplasmic domain of this protein for interaction with GraS. The interactions of GraX with GraS/R and VraF indicate that GraX may serve as a scaffold to bring these proteins in close proximity to GraS, plausibly to facilitate activation of GraS to ultimately transduce the signal to GraR.


Although thermal conductivity in crustal rocks does not vary much, there may be . Because exceptions near some ore deposits boreholes that areused in heat flow density studies as well as in paleoclimatic reconstructions are generally drilled for mineral exploration, it is worth understanding the effects of heat refraction at depth, near these thermal conductors.At the surface, the constant temperature condition tends to smooth refraction effects related to narrow conductive bodies, whereas at depth, wherethis condition has less effect, lateral heat transfer could significantly distort the temperature field. When several boreholes are used to estimate the heat flow values, there the chances of a biased determination are small. On the other hand, when a single borehole is used, the heat flow estimate might be in error. Synthetic examples of thermal refraction show that perturbations can be recorded away from the conductor. Perturbations are shown to be higher above the inclined sides of the orebody. Examples of inversion of ground surface temperature history from synthetic temperature profiles disturbed by a thermal conductor show that heat refraction effects can also lead to apparent warming or cooling signatures depending on the position of the borehole.


Arafura Sea consists of shallow waters and located in the Southern of Papua to the north coast of Australia. The waters is vegetated by shallow-water ecosytems such as mangrove, seagrass bed, and coral reefs. The Arafura continental shelf is predominated by sediment from late Paleozoic, Mesozoic to Cenozoic and underlain by granitic basement. Foraminifera is a single cell microorgainsm, has pseudopodia with high level of diversity. Foraminifera dwells in every level of sea depth, from estuary to the deep sea. However, a certain species commonly dwells in the specific profundity. The aim of the study was to recognize the distribution of benthic foraminifera in the waters of Arafura Sea and it relation with the environmental characteristics. As many as 11 sediment samples was collected in May 2010 from the water of Arafura Sea using a box core with capcity of 0,3 m3. Laboratory analyses on the colleted samples were performed to determine the type of sediments and identify the benthic foraminifera, and to determine the abundance of each samples. The number of species found from the collected sediments were 37 species consisting of 29 genera of which most of them were member of Suborder Rotaliina and many of them belong to Suborder Miliolina and Textulariina. The most common species of the sampling sites were Ammonia beccarii and Pseudorotalia schroeteriana. The Arafura Sea commonly recognized as shallow waters, open seas, with current speed of midium to high. The predominant sediment type of the waters is sandy mud and little of clay.Keywords: distribution, benthic foraminifera, sediment and Arafura


The term "granular material flow" is applied in the literature to particulate flows such as the flow of coal down an inclined chute, the discharge of grains from a hopper or the motion of debris in a landslide. In these flows, the material has an overall bulk motion; however, individual particles may collide, roll or slide against each other, and may interact with the bounding surfaces. Hence, the individual particle motions are composed of a mean velocity component and a fluctuating, or random, velocity component. An analogy is drawn between this random motion and the random motion of molecules. As a result, much of the theoretical analysis of these flows has developed from concepts derived from dense-gas kinetic theory. Although this random velocity component is a key property in analytical studies, there have been few attempts to measure its magnitude in experimental studies. In the current work, measurements were made of two components of the average and fluctuating velocities in the flow of granular material in a vertical chute for flows with different particle and boundary properties. The fluctuation velocities were highly anisotropic, with the streamwise components being 2 to 2.5 times the magnitude of the transverse components. Increasing the surface roughness of the particles reduced the fluctuation velocities significantly.

Another area of considerable industrial interest is particle mixing in monodisperse and polydisperse particle flows. Because of the random component of particle motion, the particles can exhibit a diffusive motion similar to that found in gases and liquids. In the second part of this work, local self diffusion coefficients were measured in the granular flow using image processing techniques to track individual particles. The influence of flow shear rates and fluctuation velocities on the self diffusion coefficients was investigated. The self-diffusion coeffecients were found to increase with the shear rate and the fluctuation velocity, with the coefficients in the streamwise direction being an order-of-magnitude higher than those for the transverse direction. The surface roughness of the particles led to a decrease in the self-diffusion coefficients.

The effect of shearing on the convective heat transfer from a heater immersed in a granular flow was investigated experimentally. Comparisons were made with previous experiments and with results obtained for unsheared plug flows. The results indicated that the medium density close to the wall played a critical role in determining the overall heat transfer.

Finally, theoretical solutions, based on a combination of the dense-gas kinetic theory and an empirical friction model, were generated to study and compare experimental and theoretical results for velocity profiles and heat transfer characteristics in vertical, fully developed granular flows. The results indicated good agreement between theoretical and experimentally measured mean velocity proflies but the fluctuation velocity magnitudes were usually underpredicted by the theoretical solutions. There was qualitative agreement between experimental and theoretical results for convective heat transfer.


Polishing is usually the last working procedure of making die surface. The roughness of die surface affects using performance of die directly; therefore, surface roughness is a key factor to scale quality of die surface. The paper focuses on affecting factors of polishing surface roughness, including the rotation speed of polishing head, floating force on polishing head, pass of polishing head movement, feeding rate of polishing head, and size of abrasive particles. Then, establish the parameters database in order to select appropriate technological parameters expediently. These results are used as operating guides for applications of die polisher.


Abstract Epiphytic Memory is an ongoing project motivated by the symbiotic homing relations of plants. The artist 3D-printed porcelain LIDAR scans of ancient trees from Aotearoa New Zealand's southern rainforests, situating them in hybrid environments in Ōtepoti Dunedin as scientific interventions. These site-specific sculptures function both as memories and as potential bioscaffolds for new life. The project uses augmented reality to help viewers understand the depth of time involved within the work through an interactive gallery installation that simulates plant growth. In this article, the artist contextualizes the project through scientific research and Indigenous Māori thought on plant relations and intelligence. Multiple forms of sentience connect within the project, and the artist uses philosopher N. Katherine Hayles's ideas of planetary cognitive ecology and cognitive assemblages to understand the ecological value of this connected sentience and how these connections might facilitate plant-human dialogues.


BACKGROUND
The significance of a positive margin in resected non-invasive pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine recurrence rates when dysplasia was present at the final surgical margin.

METHODS
A prospectively maintained database identified 192 patients undergoing resection of non-invasive IPMN. Pathological, peri-operative and recurrence data were analysed.

RESULTS
Ductal dysplasia was identified at the final surgical margin in 86 patients (45%) and defined as IPMN or Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia PanIN in 38 (20%) and 54 (28%) patients, respectively. At a median follow-up of 46 months, 40 (21%) patients recurred with 31 developing radiographical evidence of new cysts, 6 re-resected for IPMN and 3 diagnosed with pancreatic cancer within the remnant. Of those with margin dysplasia, 31% developed recurrent disease compared with 13% in those without dysplasia (P = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, margin dysplasia was associated with a three-fold increased risk of recurrence (P = 0.02). No relationship between dysplasia and development of pancreatic cancer was found.

DISCUSSION
In this study, dysplasia at the margin after a pancreatectomy for non-invasive IPMN was associated with recurrence in the remnant gland, but not at the resection margin. While this finding may warrant closer follow-up, it does not identify a gland at higher risk for the subsequent development of invasive disease.


We report the observation of the ejection of electrons caused by collisions of excited atoms with ions, rather than neutrals, leading to the production of doubly charged ions. Doping superfluid He droplets with methyl iodide and exposing them to electrons enhances the formation of doubly charged iodine atoms at the threshold for the production of two metastable He atoms. These observations point toward a novel ionization process where doubly charged ions are produced by sequential Penning ionization. In some cases, depending on the neutral target, the process also leads to a subsequent Coulomb explosion of the dopant.


This paper describes the application of eddy current and ultrasonic velocity technique for the study of cold rolled duplex steel. Samples are cold rolled up to 80 percent and then tested for X-Ray diffractrometeric analysis, hardness testing, ultrasonic longitudinal velocity and for eddy-current testing. It was observed that eddy current impedance and longitudinal velocity is affected due to variation in micro-structure induced by cold working. It is suggested that eddy current and ultrasonic velocity techniques are useful tools for the characterization of duplex steel during cold working operation.


: Experience with retroperitoneal approach to the abdominal aorta for aortic reconstruction in 30 cases is reported. The authors' interest in this exposure stemmed from observations made at the time of scoliosis surgery. The technique was modified and used in poor risk patients and resulted in a significant decrease in operative morbidity and hospitalization. A literature review revealed that several modifications have been described dating back as far as 1836. The authors emphasize technical features and advantages and disadvantages of this approach.


Parenting daily hassles are viewed as the recurring demands associated with raising a young child (Crnic & Greenberg, 1990) and contribute to parental well-being and parenting relationships (Crnic, Gaze, & Hoffman, 2005). The goal of this study was to examine differences in the daily hassles reported by parents of half-day and full-day kindergarten students following the phased-in implementation of full-day kindergarten in Ontario. Based on results from a previous demonstration project of integrated kindergarten and childcare, it was hypothesized that parents of full-day kindergarten children would experience fewer daily hassles related to education and childcare. Four hundred and forty-nine parents participating in a longitudinal study tracking Ontario's transition from half-day to full-day kindergarten were asked to complete a survey of their experiences with early childhood parenting daily hassles, as well as ademographic questionnaire as part of the larger study. We investigated whether parents of children enrolled in full-day programs experienced reductions in parenting daily hassles as compared to parents of children in half-day programs. Overall, parents of children enrolled in full-day kindergarten reported similar levels of daily hassles to parents of children in half-day programs. Additional analyses of demographic factors indicated that full-day kindergarten was related to lower levels of daily hassles for parents who worked full-time. Policy implications regarding integrated full-day kindergarten and childcare are discussed.


The problem of modeling equivalent circuits for interpreting Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data in monitoring osseointegration level of metallic implants in bone is faced by means of an evolutionary programming approach based on cultural algorithms. With respect to state-of-the-art gene expression programming, the information on search advance acquired by most promising individuals during the evolution is shared with the entire population of potential solutions and stored also for next generations. Experimental results of the application such cultural programming-based analytical modeling to in-vitro EIS measurements of bone in-growth around metallic implants during prosthesis osseointegration are presented.


Sudan is the largest African country (2.5 million km2) situated in the northeast corner of Africa, (latitude ◦4' 23 North, longitude ◦22' 38 East). Sudan shares common borders with nine African countries. Sudan has a tropical climate. From the north to the south, the climatically determined vegetation zones are: desert, semi-desert rainfall woodland savannah on clay soil, low rainfall woodland savannah on sand, high rainfall woodland savannah, special forests and the montane forests. Insects and pathogens are integral components of forest ecosystems and normally are present at a relatively low density, causing little damage and having negligible impact on tree growth and vigour. From time to time, however, some species may quickly reach damaging densities, spatial distribution may increase and the outbreak may persist for a variable time before subsiding. Such large populations may have adverse effects on many aspects of forests, such as tree growth, survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood forest products, and soil and water conservation. Pest outbreaks are costly to control and may cause considerable damage, compromise national economies, local livelihoods and food security. A. senegal tree is drought resistant, dominates the vegetation cover and exists in the wild as well as on cultivated land. It grows mainly on sandy hills, but also well on cotton soil. Gum arabic produces revenues for the farming communities of gum belt, and contributes significantly to Sudan exports. Besides gum Arabic production A. senegal is a multifunctional tree, which has been used for desertification control, reestablishment of a vegetative cover in degraded areas, sand dune fixation and wind erosion control. The tree faced many problems including pests and diseases. It is e.g. vulnerable to the attack of termites, locusts (Anacridium melanorhodon), grasshoppers, longhorned beetles and borers, as well as goats and camels. Fires kill off seedlings and damage the trees. A good deal of damage is caused through cutting off large branches. Moreover, A. senegal is also attacked by fungi. The study focus on pest control strategies, agroforestry systems, crop rotation and tree management, as important instruments to contribute to the conservation of the tree


Handover during mobile communications is becoming the general task in heterogeneous wireless networks. To make handover efficient and faster without leaking data with less delay is prime objective. Since from last two decades, many on-going research studies presented to achieve these goals. Still many research works going on to claim more robust performance. In this paper presenting new method for vertical handover in heterogeneous wireless networks. Taking vertical handoff decision plays significance role. In this paper the extensive simulation studies and performance evaluation for proposed work and comparing it against existing work. Here introduced the fuzzy rule based HMM (FR-HMM) technique for VHD. In addition to this, we further extended FR-HMM method in order to reduce latency and handover delay using concept of automatic authentication auditor (AAA). AAA helps FR-HMM to take speed decision about network selection to perform handover based on logs and history maintained at AAA. Core task of AAA is to minimize the time required for authentication in order to switch to another network using the scores computed for each network. The performance evaluation in done by considering different types of networks to form heterogeneous network such as WIFI, WIMAX, WLAN, UMTS etc. Two different network scenarios are considered one by varying mobility speed and another by varying packet size.


: The paper demonstrates the results of the application of laser dopplerometry supplemented with respiratory, thermal and occlusive functional tests, as a new non-invasive method of microcirculation evaluation. Initially the majority of patients have spastic or hyperemic microcirculation disturbances in the skin of the fingers. Functional tests allow specification of the mechanisms of these disturbances, such as microhemodynamic inertness and the suppression of slow circulatory rhythms, which demonstrate the presence of myogenic tonus disorder and prove that vibration has direct influence on vascular wall cells. The manifestation of neurogenic component is the dominance of sympatic vasomotor reflex. The paper also demonstrates the dominance of vasoconstrictor effect over vasodilatatory one.


We give an overview of the "German model" of industrial relations. We organize our review by focusing on the two pillars of the model: sectoral collective bargaining and firm-level codetermination. Relative to the United States, Germany outsources collective bargaining to the sectoral level, resulting in higher coverage and the avoidance of firm-level distributional conflict. Relative to other European countries, Germany makes it easy for employers to avoid coverage or use flexibility provisions to deviate downwards from collective agreements. The greater flexibility of the German system may reduce unemployment, but may also erode bargaining coverage and increase inequality. Meanwhile, firm-level codetermination through worker board representation and works councils creates cooperative dialogue between employers and workers. Board representation has few direct impacts owing to worker representatives' minority vote share, but works councils, which hold a range of substantive powers, may be more impactful. Overall, the German model highlights tensions between efficiency-enhancing flexibility and equity-enhancing collective action.


Summary form only given. We discuss the growth and optical properties of InGaAs/GaAs self assembled quantum posts (QPs). The MBE grown QP is formed of a seed quantum dot (QD) connected to a short quantum wire and is capped by another QD. The QP length along the growth direction can be adjusted between 10 and 60 nm. We briefly discuss the QP structural and chemical composition. Their optical properties measured by micro-photoluminescence (micro-PL) are compared to an 8-bands strain-dependent k.p model incorporating the detailed structure and alloy composition. The calculations for QPs larger than 20 nm show full electron delocalization in the quantum wire part of the quantum post and the hole localization in the strain-induced quantum dots at the ends of the QP. By embedding the QPs inside an n-i-p structure, measurements of the bias dependent micro-PL spectra show strongly tunable exciton transitions due to the quantum confined Stark effect. In addition, we find anti-crossings, which are consistent with delocalized electron and localized holes states. Thus, QP offers the possibility of controlling the strength of the electric dipole moment and the oscillator strength in the structure. We have measured dipole moments 40 times larger than those of isolated QDs. This opens up new possibilities for the studies of light matter interactions in the strong coupling regime.


Machine learning and deep learning-based decision making has become part of today's software. The goal of this work is to ensure that machine learning and deep learning-based systems are as trusted as traditional software. Traditional software is made dependable by following rigorous practice like static analysis, testing, debugging, verifying, and repairing throughout the development and maintenance life-cycle. Similarly for machine learning systems, we need to keep these models up to date so that their performance is not compromised. For this, current systems rely on scheduled re-training of these models as new data kicks in. In this work, we propose DetAIL, a tool to measure the data drift that takes place when new data kicks in so that one can adaptively re-train the models whenever re-training is actually required irrespective of schedules. In addition to that, we generate various explanations at sentence level and dataset level to capture why a given payload text has drifted.


The problems and progress made .in the development of automated methods for the recognition and extraction of urban land use features from LANDSAT digital data of the UK are described. In the data examined so far density slicing in one waveband appears to be almost as effective as multiwaveband classification in selecting the urban areas. While absolute boundaries may be difficult to delineate, new developments may be recognisable which would be adequate for monitoring needs. It appears important to include the effects of seasonal change and make use of texural analysis in the classification process.


Abstract Ediacara-type fossils are rare in the southwestern United States, and Cambrian occurrences of soft-bodied Ediacaran-type fossils are extremely rare. We report both discoidal and frondlike fossils comparable to Ediacaran taxa from the western edge of the Great Basin. We describe one specimen of a discoidal fossil, referred to the form species ?Tirasiana disciformis, from the upper member of the Lower Cambrian Wood Canyon Formation from the Salt Spring Hills, California. Two fragmentary specimens of frond-like soft-bodied fossils are described from the middle member of the Lower Cambrian Poleta Formation in the White Mountains, California, and the upper member of the Wood Canyon Formation in the southern Kelso Mountains, California. On the basis of similarities with fossils from the lower member of the Wood Canyon Formation and from the Spitzkopf Member of the Urusis Formation of Namibia, these specimens are interpreted as cf. Swartpuntia. All fossils were collected from strata containing diagnostic Early Cambrian body and trace fossils, and thus add to previous reports of complex Ediacaran forms in Cambrian marine environments. In this region, Swartpuntia persists through several hundred meters of section, spanning at least two trilobite zones.


In Japan, the per capita arable land area is small, the natural resources are short, and agricultural production has the typical characteristics of the peasant economy. Even if there are many unfavorable conditions, the level of agricultural modernization of Japan has exceeded that of many developed countries. We conduct comparative analysis on the development characteristics of China's agriculture and Japan's agriculture, and summarize the realization path of Japan's agricultural modernization. Based on the reality of China, we can draw on the following experience from Japan: establishing and improving the agricultural legislation for agriculture; improving the rural cooperative economic organizations; deepening the reform of the agricultural land property right system; increasing the government's direct funds input of into agriculture; improving the agricultural technology extension system.


Southern California shrublands are threatened by nonnative European annual grasses, which contribute to substantial fragmentation and loss of these ecologically important communities. Both natural and anthropogenic disturbances provide opportunities for competitive exotic herbaceous species to colonize in gaps in shrublands and overtake native grasses and shrubs. Remote sensing using moderate resolution imagery can provide a spatially comprehensive, cost-effective, and repeatable approach to monitor the establishment and expansion of nonnative herbaceous cover into sensitive habitats, and provide the potential for detecting native herbaceous cover where it occurs in high fractions. The underlying goal of this study is to better understand the temporal, spectral, and spatial characteristics of herbaceous vegetation in California shrublands in the context of effectively mapping and monitoring herbaceous vegetation cover using remote sensing methods.
Chapter 2 provides the details of the phenological response and spectral properties of native and nonnative herbaceous cover, based on plot-based fieldwork conducted in CSS habitat in the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge (SDNWR). High temporal resolution field spectroscopic data were shown to be useful for determining when native and nonnative herbaceous vegetation in CSS are most spectrally separable in the course of a growing season. In Chapter 3, intraannual remote sensing methods are explored to map herbaceous cover fraction in shrublands. Optimal discernment of herbaceous cover was found using single-date imagery timed in the early summer months (early June in 2010); fractional cover of growth forms was mapped with errors of 0.08 or less. Chapter 4 investigates the stability and reliability of cover fractions modeled using a multitemporal remote sensing approach. MESMA applied to three dates (2008, 2010, and 2011) of SPOT imagery was used successfully to model growth form fractions over a large extent of shrubland vegetation with low individual and overall error. Findings from this study indicate that MESMA applied to moderate resolution imagery timed to maximize spectral differences between growth forms is an effective approach for quantifying changes in fractional cover that exceeds ten percent, providing a way to delineate and quantify herbaceous invasions and expansions following disturbance or succession.


The operation of an efficient and integrated site management
system is one of the problems that still requires a considerable
amount of attention in most of the construction companies in U.K.
This thesis describes the research I have undertaken on this
problem and how a computer-aided construction management
system can assist in solving the problem.
The thesis has been divided into three sections according to the
research. The first section describes the research I have
undertaken as surveys on; the literature as an existing knowledge of efficient
and integrated site management systems; what systems are applied on site and the degree of
satisfaction from them; the facilities that can be provided by the available
site management software.
From the above surveys, the problem has been identified and the
objectives established for the research.
The second section of the thesis describes my development of a
software model to facilitate collecting, processing and analyzing
data from the site for producing control data and reports. The section also describes the integration of the model to the other
construction management systems (i. e. estimating, planning,
cashflow forecasting and valuation), as well as being
self-contained.
The last section of the thesis describes my research in
investigating how well the model achieved the research
objectives. This section described a number of case studies based
as a demonstration of the model, its functions and mechanism,
using slides and on-computer seminars. From this evaluation I
have established a list of comments, some of them were used to
modify the model or as conclusions and recommendations for any
future research in this field.


Chronic pain is reportedly associated with the transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) gene. The present study examined the genetic associations between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TRPC3 gene and chronic pain. The genomic samples from 194 patients underwent linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses of 29 SNPs within and around the vicinity of the TRPC3 gene. We examined the associations between the SNPs and the susceptibility to chronic pain by comparing the genotype distribution of 194 patients with 282 control subjects. All SNP genotype data were extracted from our previous whole-genome genotyping results. Twenty-nine SNPs were extracted, and a total of four LD blocks with 15 tag SNPs were observed within and around the TRPC3 gene. We further analyzed the associations between these tag SNPs and chronic pain. The rs11726196 SNP genotype distribution of patients was significantly different from the control subjects even after multiple-testing correction with the number of SNPs. The TT + TG genotype of rs11726196 is often carried by chronic pain patients, suggesting a causal role for the T allele. These results contribute to our understanding of the genetic risk factors for chronic pain.


How should the geographic boundaries of democratic participation be set? This has been a notoriously difficult theoretical question, beset by paradoxes around determining democratic participants democratically. It also is seen as increasingly important in practical terms, amid deepening interdependence between states, immigration tensions, and suprastate regional integration. Numerous recent accounts have called for extending participation beyond the state. The case is generally made on intrinsic grounds: democracy demands it. Respect for individual autonomy is said to be violated when outsiders are deeply affected by decision processes, or subject to coercion from them, without being able to participate in them. Yet, familiar problems around restrictions on the autonomy of persistent democratic minorities remain in such accounts, and they could be magnified with expanded boundaries. An alternative approach is offered here, grounded in a rights-based instrumental justification for democracy. It sees participation as foundationally – though not solely – valuable as a means of promoting and protecting fundamental rights. It recommends extending participation boundaries to reinforce protections within regional and ultimately global institutions. Democratic participation would remain crucial at all levels, not principally as an expression of autonomy but to provide checks on power and promote accountability to individuals in multilevel polities.


In CDMA mobile cellular networks, wireless quality is improved by soft handoff techniques. However it requires one to hold multiple channels of cells, which is likely to increase call blocking at wired channels. It is therefore necessary to consider the entire system including the wired and wireless portions of CDMA mobile cellular systems for investigating the effectiveness of the soft handoff. For this, we develop an analytical method to derive the blocking and forced termination probabilities as performance measures for wired channels, and outage probability for wireless ones. Through numerical examples, we evaluate the effects of the size of the soft handoff region. The effect of call control is also shown to reduce the total interference on wireless channels.


A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter pharmacokinetics study was conducted to compare the clinical safety and tolerability of cyclosporine capsules and oral solution for microemulsion and cyclosporine in 101 primary renal transplant recipients Cyclosporine emulsion has more complete absorption and improved bioavailability compared with cyclosporine, and dosing of both cyclosporine formulations was adjusted to achieve comparable whole-blood trough levels. Mean serum creatinine values were higher in the cyclosporine emulsion group at baseline, 8, and 12 weeks (P<0.05). The incidence of acute rejection was similar in both treatment groups although fewer patients required monoclonal antibody therapy in the cyclosporine group (31% vs. 82%, respectively). Despite the increased bioavailability of cyclosporine emulsion, no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events were observed; the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of cyclosporine emulsion and cyclosporine were comparable.


Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs used mainly as sedatives, hypnotics, antiepileptics, and muscle relaxants. Consumption is recommended for 2 to 4 weeks only, due to fast onset of dependency and potentially distressing withdrawal symptoms. Few peer-review studies have drawn on the user experiences and language to appreciate firsthand experiences of benzodiazepine withdrawal or discontinuation syndrome. We looked extensively at patient stories of benzodiazepine withdrawal and recovery on Internet support sites and YouTube. Our analysis indicated that users employ rich metaphors to portray the psychologically disturbing and protracted nature of their suffering. We identified seven major themes: hell and isolation, anxiety and depression, alienation, physical distress, anger and remorse, waves and windows, and healing and renewal. By posting success stories, ex-users make known that "healing" can be a long, unpredictable process, but distress does lessen, and recovery can happen.


A study was conducted to explore variations in auditory temporal summation in listeners with normal hearing, and impairment due to otosclerosis, sensori-neural hearing loss and acoustic neuroma. Using a two-interval forced-choice procedure the detection threshold was measured for one-third octave noise bands centered at either 1000 or 4000 Hz, in combination with eight signal durations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 640 ms). The results indicated that for normal listeners: (1) the slope of the function relating the detection threshold and the signal duration varied inversely with the frequency tested, and (2) the variability in the detection threshold was greater for 4000 Hz than for 1000 Hz. A comparison of performance across groups showed that the magnitude of the slope of the temporal integration function decreased as the site of lesion moved from middle ear to eighth nerve. For listeners with normal hearing and those with otosclerosis, temporal integration appeared to be incomplete at 640 ms.


The proangiogenic activity of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor has been closely associated with its ability to stimulate endothelial cell chemotaxis, migration, proliferation, and capillary formation. However, the potential of HGF as a paracrine factor in regulating the expression of angiogenesis factors by tumor cells is not widely appreciated. We observed that increased HGF was correlated with higher levels of angiogenesis factors interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as compared with that in normal volunteers and hypothesized that HGF may regulate angiogenesis factor production by tumor cells through the activation of its receptor c-Met, which is expressed by HNSCC cells. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of HGF treatment on IL-8 and VEGF expression by a panel of primary keratinocytes and HNSCC lines. HGF induced a significant dose-dependent increase in IL-8 and/or VEGF cytokine production in eight HNSCC lines tested, which is not observed in normal keratinocytes. In addition, HGF increased mRNA expression of IL-8 in 3 of 6 and VEGF in 5 of 6 HNSCC lines. The increase in induction of these factors by HGF corresponded to an increase in phosphorylation of c-Met in HNSCC. HGF-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) pathway substrate p42/p44(erk) and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathway substrate Akt provided evidence for downstream activation of MEK and PI3K pathways in HNSCC. Inhibitors of MEK (U0126) and PI3K (LY294002) blocked p42/p44(erk) and Akt, respectively, and partially blocked HGF-induced production of IL-8 and VEGF, whereas the combination of U0126 and LY294002 completely inhibited expression of IL-8 and VEGF by UMSCC-11A. Our results demonstrate that HGF can promote expression of angiogenesis factors in tumor cells through both MEK- and PI3K-dependent pathways. Understanding HGF/Met paracrine regulatory mechanisms between tumor and host cells may provide critical information for targeting of therapies against angiogenesis.


This project deals with E-health web application framework, cloud platform and responsive web design which aim to adjust the presentation on mobile devices. This work presents the whole development process of the self-care management web-app framework which provides instructive supports for future other E-health field application. The report consists of the following main parts: analysis, design and implementation, and evaluation. Literature review and internet search are main methods for making an investigation on existing systems and related works. A prototype is developed by using .Net, CSS3, Java script and HTML5 technologies. The system test and evaluation is made to show the system's usability.


We investigate the problem of automatically labelling appearances of characters in TV or film material. This is tremendously challenging due to the huge variation in imaged appearance of each character and the weakness and ambiguity of available annotation. However, we demonstrate that high precision can be achieved by combining multiple sources of information, both visual and textual. The principal novelties that we introduce are: (i) automatic generation of time stamped character annotation by aligning subtitles and transcripts; (ii) strengthening the supervisory information by identifying when characters are speaking; (iii) using complementary cues of face matching and clothing matching to propose common annotations for face tracks. Results are presented on episodes of the TV series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".


The aim of the present study was the analysis of all ADRs reported to the spontaneous reporting system of the German Pharmacovigilance Database. One main focus was on the detection of so far unknown, rare or serious events. In addition, statistical analysis was used to reveal potential risk factors for the respective ADRs. In a final step all ADRs reported to the PhV-database were compared to the real incidences of a control group. The German Pharmacovigilance database contained 294 case reports of CyA-related ADRs during a 6 year period after the introduction of Atopica® into veterinary medicine that were compared to 54 cases observed at the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine of the University of Munich, Germany. The survey showed that during this time period CyA/Atopica® was used for a number of off-label indications and at a wide dosing range. The incidence rates of commonly known CyA-associated ADRs in the medical database were as follows: emesis (54%), diarrhoea (48%), verruciform lesions of the skin (22%), anorexia (22 %), and gingival hyperplasia (7%). The pharmacovigilance database revealed the existence of a broad spectrum of rare drug events not stated in the package leaflet of Atopica®, including abnormal test results (39%), neoplasms (23%), cardiovascular disorders (14%), haematological disorders (13%), diabetes mellitus (10%), weight loss (7%), allergic diseases (7%), lethargy/hyperactivity (5%), and muscle disorders (3%). The statistical analysis revealed a significant influence of the co-medication of ketoconazole and the development of tumours possibly due to an increase of the blood level of cyclosporine. Furthermore, an increased risk for disorders in glucose metabolism or even for the development of diabetes mellitus was observed when glucocorticoids were administered concurrently to the patient. These results suggest that despite its availability as a licensed drug, long-term use of CyA in routine veterinary practice is associated with a high frequency of common ADRs and a remarkable number of less frequently observed drug events that requires careful prescription and continued surveillance of the patients


Anomalous volcanism and tectonics between near‐ridge mantle plumes and mid‐ocean ridges provide important insights into the mechanics of plume‐lithosphere interaction. We present new observations and analysis of multibeam, side scan sonar, sub‐bottom chirp, and total magnetic field data collected during the R/V Melville FLAMINGO cruise (MV1007; May–June, 2010) to the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province (NGVP), the region between the Galápagos Archipelago and the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) on the Nazca Plate, and to the region east of the Galápagos Transform Fault (GTF) on the Cocos Plate. The NGVP exhibits pervasive off‐axis volcanism related to the nearby Galápagos hot spot, which has dominated the tectonic evolution of the region. Observations indicate that ∼94% of the excess volcanism in our survey area occurs on the Nazca Plate in three volcanic lineaments. Identified faults in the NGVP are consistent with normal ridge spreading except for those within a ∼60 km wide swath of transform‐oblique faults centered on the GTF. These transform‐oblique faults are sub‐parallel to the elongation direction of larger lineament volcanoes, suggesting that lineament formation is influenced by the lithospheric stress field. We evaluate current models for lineament formation using existing and new observations as well as numerical models of mantle upwelling and melting. The data support a model where the lithospheric stress field controls the location of volcanism along the lineaments while several processes likely supply melt to these eruptions. Synthetic magnetic models and an inversion for crustal magnetization are used to determine the tectonic history of the study area. Results are consistent with creation of the GTF by two southward ridge jumps, part of a series of jumps that have maintained a plume‐ridge separation distance of 145 km to 215 km since ∼5 Ma.


Epidermoid cyst of the kidney is a rare entity. In the case here presented, epidermoid cyst was an incidental finding at urography performed in a 67-year-old man in connexion with splenectomy for polycythaemia. The cyst was interpreted as an old tuberculous focus. Two years later partial nephrectomy was performed because of repeated attacks of renal colic and signs of recurrent pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of epidermoid cyst was not made preoperatively in this case, or in the cases described in the literature.


An original ultrasonic reverse warning system is a new system that can assist drivers while car is braking. It is includes ultrasonic emitter and receiver that can producing and receiving the ultrasonic waves to determine the distance between car and obstacle. But it is not good enough for the safety of cars, in this paper, we are meant to design a system that can help drivers stop the car automatically, an electronic circuit was constructed. According to this circuit we design, a signal was produced to the braking system of car based on the distance between car and obstacle for a safe braking purpose. Error is also discussed and during the experiment, the improvement for the original system has also achieved.


There is an argument that the palpable ease with which e-tailers can change menu prices on-line has lead to the emergence of irrational pricing. This paper focuses upon on-line pricing practices, their potential relationship with e-consumer trust and perceived reputation of e-tailers. Whilst online pricing practices and e-trust has been the subject of much erudite research, there has been little or no research that explicitly juxtaposes the two areas. The data is obtained from responses to questionnaires completed by business undergraduate students. The questionnaire rationale is to gather data concerning a range of on-line shopping preferences and questions posed investigate the respondents' perceptions and attitudes towards various on-line pricing practices, including price discrimination. To improve the richness of the study, follow-up semi-structured (themed) interviews have been administered. The managerial implications relating to on-line pricing practices and e-trust are rich and varied. For example, there is evidence that some on-line pricing practices, such as first degree price discrimination, can negatively impact facets of e-trust i.e. benevolence and integrity and hence, upon an organisation's reputation. Interestingly, many e-consumers, whilst believing privacy to be an important shopping factor, do not understand how organisations collect and use personal information. Additionally, negative feelings assigned to price comparison sites can be transferred to specific e-tailers listed upon the site. Conversely, organisations can enhance the consumer perception of benevolence and integrity by becoming members of cash back co-operative schemes. There is evidence that econsumers find price differences based upon product configuration and delivery to be acceptable.


A series of 30 myxofibrosarcomas is described. These malignant soft tissue tumours are characterized by a mucoid and nodular appearance, a coarse plexiform capillary pattern, and they are mostly seen subcutaneously (26 out of 30) in the extremities (24 out of 30) and trunk (4 out of 30) elderly people. Histochemical studies, comprising staining with Alcian blue and toluidine blue at different pH's with and without preceding digestion with testicular hyaluronidase and with the Scott technique, indicated the presence of hyaluronic acid but not sulphated glycosaminoglycans as chondroitinsulphates. Myxofibrosarcoma is believed to belong to the general category of fibroblastic and histiocytic malignant soft tissue tumours. The median diameter of the tumours was 7 cm. They were divided into 4 grades according to cellularity, cell atypia and mitotic activity. The grade III and IV tumours showed pronounced atypia, often with the bi- and multinucleated giant tumour cells and occasionally with giant cells of Touton's type, suggesting a relationship to malignant fibroxanthoma. All of the patients were treated surgically and one received also pre- and post-operative irradiation. None of the 2 grade I myxofibrosarcomas recurred, while 2 out of 7 grade II tumours, 6 out of 10 grade III tumours, and 7 out of 11 grade IV tumours recurred once and up to 9 times. Metastasis appeared in 7 out of 30 patients; grade I tumours were not seen in any of these cases. By the time of follow-up after intervals ranging from 1 month up to 27 years, 14 patients had died; 6 of these had died post-operatively or of intercurrent disease. The differential diagnosis between myxofibrosarcoma and other myxoid soft tissue tumours is discussed.


Magnetic response image plane nonuniformity and stochastic noise are properties that greatly influence the outcome of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations such as gel dosimetry measurements using MRI. To study these properties, robust and accurate image analysis methods are required. New nonuniformity level assessment methods were designed, since previous methods were found to be insufficiently robust and accurate. The new and previously reported nonuniformity level assessment methods were analyzed with respect to, for example, insensitivity to stochastic noise; and previously reported stochastic noise level assessment methods with respect to insensitivity to nonuniformity. Using the same image data, different methods were found to assess significantly different levels of nonuniformity. Nonuniformity levels obtained using methods that count pixels in an intensity interval, and obtained using methods that use only intensity values, were found not to be comparable. The latter were found preferable, since they assess the quantity intrinsically sought. A new method which calculates a deviation image, with every pixel representing the deviation from a reference intensity, was least sensitive to stochastic noise. Furthermore, unlike any other analyzed method, it includes all intensity variations across the phantom area and allows for studies of nonuniformity shapes. This new method was designed for accurate studies of nonuniformities in gel dosimetry measurements, but could also be used with benefit in quality assurance and acceptance testing of MRI, scintillation camera, and computer tomography systems. The stochastic noise level was found to be greatly method dependent. Two methods were found to be insensitive to nonuniformity and also simple to use in practice. One method assesses the stochastic noise level as the average of the levels at five different positions within the phantom area, and the other assesses the stochastic noise in a region outside the phantom area.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore non-violent pornography within secure hospital settings.

Design/methodology/approach
It includes a systematic review (n = 40 papers), followed by a qualitative study comprising semi-structured interviews (n = 24, 6 patients and 18 staff) and staff focus groups (n = 22 staff).

Findings
The systematic review identified six themes, as follows: pornography is inconsistently defined, pornography exposure can increase general aggression, pornography exposure may increase the risk for sexual aggression, pornography exposure can increase aggression supportive beliefs, pornography exposure impacts negatively on those with a violent predisposition and pornography is educational for men not identifying as heterosexual. The semi-structured interviews and focus groups revealed four themes as follows: staff members hold diverse beliefs about pornographic material, pornography is difficult to obtain and use for patients who do not identify as heterosexual, pornography is used for specific functions, and frequent exposure to pornography can have negative effects for staff members.

Practical implications
Trying to obtain consensus on the impacts of pornography on forensic patients is not possible; material access decisions should be on a case-by-case basis. Policy decisions should be based on fully represented views, including the LGBTI community. The impacts on staff of their occupational exposure to such material should be recognised and support provided. Clinical decision-making in this area should consider not only if access should be allowed but also how it can be managed safely, if at all. This includes for all those who could be exposed to such material, inadvertently or otherwise.

Originality/value
It addresses the under-researched area of patient access to pornography, capturing a poorly considered sample, namely, high secure psychiatric.


This thesis deals with a medieval material from Rounala in Karesuando parish, Norrbotten county, Lapland. The aim is to reconstruct the diet and mobility patterns. It is through carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes and radiocarbon that both pastoralist traits and whether which part Christianity played in the burial traditions of these human remains is being studied. Another aim is to discuss the repatriation issue as these remains are subjected to. The results mainly show that all individuals had a mixed diet and no pastoral way of living has been established. Furthermore, individual 3 is suffering from pathological changes. With radiocarbon dates ranging from 1300 to 1720 AD, two groups can be distinguished as to whom had been buried before and after the construction of the church. And repatriation is being discussed as an issue to who have ownership over ancient remains.


A hybrid correlation system incorporates an optical correlator, spatial light modulators(SLM), digital cameras and a computer. Spatial light modulators and cameras are used to dynamically update the input and the spatial filter. The hybrid correlation system integrates the parallel processing capability of the optical correlator and the flexibility of the digital system. It can be used as a high-speed multi-function information processor. This paper focuses on the design and fabrication of a hybrid optical correlator and how it is used as an intelligent instrument. We address the issues of rigorous requirements for filter registration and matched filtering by proposing practical approaches. We include the analysis and use of intensity filters based on commercial SLMs for real-time pattern recognition. We present the engineering details of a specific hybrid optical correlator for applications to the real-time identification of an aircraft.


Growing New Missional Communities: Changing Church Culture and Becoming a Missional Sending Church Kyle B. Erickson Doctor of Ministry School of Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary 2015 The goal of this project was two-fold, to engineer culture change within an established, existing congregation seeking to move a programmatic and institutional church away from an attractional ministry paradigm and towards a more missional paradigm and, secondly, to embed a new commitment within a local congregation to plant churches. A core conviction of this project is that planting churches is the most effective way to grow the Kingdom of God. The Kingdom grows when new church plants minister on the front lines of culture more effectively than an established congregation can, but also as the established congregation is refreshed and renewed in its own commitment to the Missio Dei and thus experiences its own awakening. Thus, the Kingdom of God grows as both the new church plant and the established church grow in their own unique ministries to their own unique contexts and the tribes to whom they minister. There is a great need to re-imagine ecclesiology and re-narrate a concept of "church." Church is not simply a place where people go, but the way the people of God in Christ live as a community. A fresher and flatter concept of church as a missional community must begin to anchor in people's imaginations. Similarly, just as the concept of church must broaden so too must the practice of planting churches. Planting models can no longer rely on a core to crowd model that focuses on beautiful buildings in fast growing suburbs with large ministry budgets that emphasized worship and programmatic attendance. Instead, planting must look to the Book of Acts for a new paradigm of church that highlights a network of communities gathered in smaller groups across a city in the homes, coffee shops, bars, parks, or other gathering places of a given city. Content Read: Kurt Fredrickson, PhD


An important characteristic of developing countries is the demand for secondary education. After independence, the Kenyan government has tried to eliminate ignorance, poverty and diseases. The Kenyan Ministry of Education has made a specific effort to put more secondary schools both in rural and urban areas. She has also tried to reduce the school fees so that education can be accessible to both poor and rich people alike. She has also provided schools with teachers and sometimes bursary to the poor. This effort has been paralleled by a remarkable drive from the people of Kenya to build local secondary schools without government financial assistance. Some of these schools are private run on commercial basis, but the most significant schools are the Harambee Schools funded by self help groups in many parts-of the country. Development of Arid and Semi-arid lands (ASALS) has been the priority in the Economic Recovery strategy for wealth and Employment creation (ERS) in recognition of the important contribution these areas can make to national development . This is because ASALs form 80% of the country's landmass and are occupied by 25% of the country population. They also contribute 10% of the country's GDP , 70% of our livestock and account for more than 80% of eco-tourism interests in the country . Several programmes and project have already been identified and given priority for implementation in the above region during the year 2004 -2007 . Education is one of the project communities in ASALs districts have lagged behind in education and training due to a number of factors , in particular limited facilities such as quality institutions, water and other infrastructure . The ASALs have the lowest gross enrolment (GER) and net enrolment (NER) ratios in Kenya. Northeastern province has a GER of 15.9 and NER of 13.7 which means that more than 80 of school age children and youth are not in school . Only 60,817 pupils were in primary schools by the end of 2003 out of the targeted 381,328. Access, quality and relevant are further constrained by vast distances and the migratory nomadic lifestyles of the Pastoralist ASAL communities. It is therefore. critical to expand and improve the provision of education and training in these areas in order to reduce the historical and current inequalities. This is done though innovative integrated and localized interventions.


Detection of early malignant tumors remains clinically difficult; developing ultrasensitive imaging agents is therefore highly demanded. Owing to the unusual magnetic and optical properties associated with f-electrons, rare-earth elements are very suitable for creating functional materials potentially useful for tumor imaging. Nanometer-sized particles offer such a platform with which versatile unique properties of the rare-earth elements can be integrated. Yet the development of rare-earth nanoparticle-based tumor probes suitable for imaging tiny tumors in vivo remains difficult, which challenges not only the physical properties of the nanoparticles but also the rationality of the probe design. Here we report new approaches for size control synthesis of magnetic/upconversion fluorescent NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals and their applications for imaging tiny tumors in vivo. By independently varying F(-):Ln(3+) and Na(+):Ln(3+) ratios, the size and shape regulation mechanisms were investigated. By replacing the oleic acid ligand with PEG2000 bearing a maleimide group at one end and two phosphate groups at the other end, PEGylated NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles with optimized size and upconversion fluorescence were obtained. Accordingly, a dual-modality molecular tumor probe was prepared, as a proof of concept, by covalently attaching antitumor antibody to PEGylated NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles through a "click" reaction. Systematic investigations on tumor detections, through magnetic resonance imaging and upconversion fluorescence imaging, were carried out to image intraperitoneal tumors and subcutaneous tumors in vivo. Owing to the excellent properties of the molecular probes, tumors smaller than 2 mm was successfully imaged in vivo. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies on differently sized particles were performed to disclose the particle size dependent biodistributions and elimination pathways.