Intergenerational transcription taming Parents provide genetic information that guides the development of the offspring. Zenk et al. show that epigenetic information, in the form of the repressive mark H3K27me3, is also propagated to the offspring and regulates proper gene expression in the embryo. Preventing the propagation of maternally inherited H3K27me3 led to precocious gene activation and, ultimately, embryo lethality. Science, this issue p. 212 Inherited repressive epigenetic information controls transcriptional output in offspring. Gametes carry parental genetic material to the next generation. Stress-induced epigenetic changes in the germ line can be inherited and can have a profound impact on offspring development. However, the molecular mechanisms and consequences of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance are poorly understood. We found that Drosophila oocytes transmit the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 to their offspring. Maternal contribution of the histone methyltransferase Enhancer of zeste, the enzymatic component of Polycomb repressive complex 2, is required for active propagation of H3K27me3 during early embryogenesis. H3K27me3 in the early embryo prevents aberrant accumulation of the active histone mark H3K27ac at regulatory regions and precocious activation of lineage-specific genes at zygotic genome activation. Disruption of the germ line–inherited Polycomb epigenetic memory causes embryonic lethality that cannot be rescued by late zygotic reestablishment of H3K27me3. Thus, maternally inherited H3K27me3, propagated in the early embryo, regulates the activation of enhancers and lineage-specific genes during development.


Recent theoretical and technological developments redefine the discipline of architecture substantially. Current day approaches in design pedagogy focus on personal and bodily experiences of the subject and the need for investigating new ways and methods to enhance awareness of spatial experiences is inevitable. In order to establish a heuristic understanding of embodiment in space within design pedagogy, collaborative studies of dance and architecture are important supports. This article introduces 'Building Dancing', which is an approach to embodied learning. The project is specifically designed and developed for students of architectural design and aims to integrate the existing body of knowledge and hands-on exercises under a holistic framework. Within this study, the issue of embodiment is regarded not solely as a theoretical concept but a transforming method for achieving a conception of a reality and an understanding of architectural design processes.


In order to establish and analyze the categories and application status of energy-saving products of building envelope in northern China, especially in severe cold and cold climate zones, the categories and statistic data of building envelope in northern China is gained in the classes of wall, door and window, through the way of referencing from the relevant literatures and data, investigating and visiting companies. The comparison and analysis of the date shows that the building envelop in northern China can basically meet the design requirement of heat preservation and energy-saving in severe cold and cold climate zones. Traditional products of building envelop are suitable for the multiple requirements and energy-saving need of modern architecture. Further research and development of new materials and technologies is needed but the restrain and lack of standardization in existing market should also be taken into consideration. The categories and statistic data in this paper play a reference role to other scholars and designers for researching the building envelop in severe cold and cold climate zones.


A robust coded scheme for progressive multimedia transmission is proposed for additive white Gaussian noise, flat Rayleigh fading channels, and frequency-selective channels using different unequal error protection methods in combination. Hierarchical modulation is coupled with a packetization/combining strategy and an efficient channel encoder consisting of a cyclic redundancy check outer coder concatenated with an inner rate-compatible punctured convolutional coder. Distortion-optimal hierarchical parameters are jointly chosen with the set of channel coding parameters on a packet-switched wireless network with fixed length packets. A lower bound for the performance improvement of the proposed system is derived and shown to give significant gains at lower packet sizes and higher transmission rates. The proposed system is also shown to outperform several existing schemes for realistic wireless channels.


A new design of an intercept valve assembly of the intermediate-pressure turbine part of greater power output is investigated in terms of pressure losses and flow fluctuations by using measurement on an experimental valve model. In addition, numerical simulations are used to further clarify measured phenomena. For such valve assemblies, it is important to exactly predict pressure losses and avoid danger of vibrations, which are caused by undesirable flow fluctuations, in order to guarantee valve's efficiency and operational reliability. For this type of valve, it is especially important for turbine operations in partial loads (off-design conditions). Measurements were carried out in the Aerodynamic laboratory of the Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IT) in a modular aerodynamic tunnel. Numerical simulations were carried out in the Doosan Skoda Power Company (DSP) by using a package of ANSYS software tools. The experimental valve model is a scaled model of a real valve assembly. It consists of an inlet pipeline, a stop valve and a control valve including its diffuser and outlet pipeline. Measured regimes were defined by a mass flow rate and a control valve cone lift which can be precisely changed. In order to investigate pressure loses, total and static pressures at valve characteristic locations were measured by using Prandtl probes and wall static pressure taps. In order to measure pressure fluctuations, Kulite fast response pressure transducers were used. They were situated near the valve throat where the flow fluctuations, which are strongly related to a flow separation, are the most visible and influential. Measurement results are compared with numerical results and locations with a flow separation were found. In order to reduce this phenomenon, different valve seat angles were also tested. As a result, a valve design could be optimized and, for a pressure loss prediction, a pressure loss model for this new intercept valve assembly could be created. Therefore, pressure losses in similar valve assemblies can be predicted with required accuracy for each new turbine where modern intercept valves are used. This helps to increase steam turbine efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. Based on pressure fluctuations results, operating conditions at which dangerous flow instabilities occur were identified. It was concluded that there is an operating condition border where the flow field starts to be unstable. As a result, the areas of safe and dangerous operating conditions can be predicted so that the operational reliability of the valve can be guaranteed.


In this paper, we analyze an emerging economic form, called fans economy, in which a fan donates money to the host and gets allocated proportional to the amount of his donation (normalized by the overall amount of donation). Fans economy is the major way live streaming apps monetize and includes a number of popular economic forms ranging from crowdfunding to mutual fund. We propose an auction game, coined all-pay auctions with proportional allocation (APAPA), to model the fans economy and analyze the auction from the perspective of revenue. Comparing to the standard all-pay auction, which normally has no pure Nash-Equilibrium in the complete information setting, we solve the pure Nash-Equilibrium of the APAPA in closed form and prove its uniqueness. Motivated by practical concerns, we then analyze the case where APAPA is equipped with a reserve and show that there might be multiple equilibria in this case. We give an efficient algorithm to compute all equilibria in this case. For either case, with or without reserve, we show that APAPA always extracts revenue that 2-approximates the second-highest valuation. Furthermore, we conduct experiments to show how revenue changes with respect to different reserves.


Domestic wastewater treatment can be improved by reducing energy consumption and increasing carbon recovery, which can be achieved using anaerobic digestion of sludge with methane recovery at ambient temperature. Hydrolysis can be a limiting step in anaerobic digestion, and characterisation of hydrolysis rates and process models should improve design and operation of treatment systems. The hydrolysis of primary sludge and secondary sludge were examined using biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests, with the monitoring of volatile solids concentrations and pH values at 25oC and 37oC, and data analysis using MATLAB non-linear least squares curve fitting to a first order hydrolysis model. Low reduction of solids was observed at 25oC compared to 37oC, and higher hydrolysis rates at 25oC than at 37oC. A correlation was observed between the first order model, digestion time and the reduction of solids based on coefficients of determination (R2). Model predictions were close to observed values, and therefore, the model should be reliable in predicting hydrolysis of sludge at 25oC and 37oC.Keywords: hydrolysis; domestic wastewater; sludge; biochemical methane


This paper develops a DSGE model which explains variation in the nominal and real term structure along with inflation surveys and four macro variables in the UK economy. The model is estimated based on a third-order approximation to allow for time-varying term premia. We find a fall in nominal term premia during the 1990s which mainly is due to lower inflation risk premia. A structural decomposition further shows that this fall is driven by negative preference shocks, lower fixed production costs, and positive investment shocks.


In this article, a multilayer tissue engineering scaffold has been fabricated. The uppermost layer is consisted by the collagen and the downmost layer is consisted by the collagen/hydroxyapatide. Between the two layers, there have several continues changed collagen/HA layers at different ratio. These gradient scaffolds have been made by the freeze dried method. The morphology of the multiphase scaffold has been observed by the SEM. The chondrocytes from New Zealand rabbit knee joint were separated, harvested and cultured on the top layer of the scaffold. The histological and the immunohistochemical testing show that the chondrocytes keep its normal type in the 2 culture weeks.


Autonomous experimentation (AE) accelerates research by combining automation and machine learning to perform experiments intelligently and rapidly in a sequential fashion. While AE systems are most needed to study properties that cannot be predicted analytically or computationally, even imperfect predictions can in principle be useful. Here, we use a case study on the mechanics of additively manufactured polymer structures to investigate whether imperfect data from simulation can accelerate AE. Initially, we study resilience, a property that is well-predicted by finite element analysis (FEA), and find that FEA can be used to build a Bayesian prior, and that experimental data can be integrated using discrepancy modeling to reduce the number of needed experiments ten-fold. Next, we study toughness, which is not well predicted by FEA, and find that FEA can still improve learning by transforming experimental data and guiding experiment selection. These results highlight multiple ways in which simulation can improve AE through transfer learning.


Lichen planus is one of the most common dermatologic diseases involving the skin and oral mucous membranes. It may occur anywhere in the oral cavity. Erosive lichen planus has been reported to undergo malignant transformation, making definitive diagnosis, treatment, and followup essential. The purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness of griseofulvin therapy on erosive lichen planus and to provide an alternative to steroid therapy. The results of this study revealed that griseofulvin had little or no effect on pain, pigmentation, or disappearance of erosive lichen planus and did not protect the patient from further recurrences.


Ascites is a metabolic disorder which many predisposing factors contribute in its development. Increased mortality often occur in broilers with high rate of growth manifesting as ascites. The goal of this study is to simultaneously compare the effects of Barberry fruit and Aspirin on etiological parameters related to ascites syndrome in broilers. For this aim, a number of 130 one-day-old chicks were bought and maintained under equal conditions such as light, temperature, humidity and vaccination. On 7th day, they were classified into 5 groups with 2 replicates so that in each replicate there were 12 chickens. Then, in order to instigate ascites, a volume of 0.12 % sodium was added to drinking water of 4 group of chickens. On 14th day, two chickens were chosen from each replicate, necropsied and examined in terms of ascites. Afterwards, sodium amount in drinking water of chickens was increased to 0.24 % and treatment of groups with Aspirin and Barberry fruit was started simultaneously. Experiment groups were as follows: 1) Control, 2) 0.24 % sodium in drinking water, 3) 0.24 % sodium + 0.2 % Aspirin in drinking water, 4) 0.24 % sodium in drinking water + 1 % Barberry fruit in food, and 5) 0.24 % sodium + 0.2 % Aspirin in drinking water + 1 % Barberry fruit in food. On 21th day, 5 chickens of each replicate were randomly chosen and killed. In order to assess hematocrit volume blood samples were obtained in tubes containing anticoagulant. Then, carcass was necropsied to weigh the right ventricle (RV), total ventricles (TV), lung and bursa of Fabricius. Results of sampling in days 14 and 21 were statistically analyzed using SPSS® software. The hematocrit volume, RV/TV proportion as well as other factors in day 14 did not show significant difference (P>0.05), suggesting that 0.12 % sodium addition to drinking water has not influential impact on ascites development and higher amount of sodium are needed to induce ascites. But according to results of day 21, weight of RV in groups 2 and 3 demonstrated a remarkable difference comparing to control group (P 0.05), but it was improved in groups 3 and 5 compared with the group receiving sodium. Regarding lower mortality in Aspirin- and Barberry-treated groups and relatively improved hematocrit and RV/TV proportion, it is noteworthy that using Aspirin and Barberry are preventive for ascites to some extent.


Background: To determine frequency of thrombocytopenia in NICU and to find outcome of neonates receiving multiple platelet transfusion Methods: In this cross sectional study, neonates with thrombocytopenia , admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were included. Two milliliter of blood was collected in EDTA bottle and kept on a roller mixer for mixing until a platelet count done by automated haematology analyzer. Stained film was examined under light microscope to rule out platelet clumps and to ensure that platelets had been spread evenly before actual count was done. At least two platelet readings were taken during admission. Platelets were transfused to neonates at platelet count less than 50,000. Any mortality in neonates receiving platelet transfusion was recorded during hospital stay. Results:The mean age of neonates was 2.92±2.20 days, 63.2% were male and 36.8% were females. Thrombocytopenia was present in 41.4%, percentage of neonates. Platelet transfusions were administered to 12.7% and recorded mortality was 4.5%. Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia in neonates at NICU is higher while the outcome of neonates receiving platelet transfusion is appreciable. Key Word: Thrombocytopenia, NICU, Platelet transfusion


ABSTRACT: This paper presents two new RAIM methods that achieve higher availability using a weighting concept. Although a recently published method called NIORAIM likewise does this (by applying numerically derived weights to the range measurements), these two new methods use weights analytically derived in the position domain. The first one of these methods, named OWAS-1, works with a single constellation assuming a single fault at a time. The other method, named OWAS-2, works with two independent constellations (e.g., GPS and Galileo) and provides integrity monitoring even in the presence of a common mode fault affecting multiple satellites in either one of the two constellations. OWAS-2 has been motivated by recent interest in possibly providing vertically guided approaches using RAIM when both GPS and Galileo constellations become fully populated with new satellites. The analysis shows that both methods significantly improve availability compared to previously developed methods of their respective kinds.


Two different passive flow control strategies were investigated for a modified NACA 643-618 airfoil at a chord-based Reynolds number of Re 64;200 and an angle of attack of α 8.64 deg. For these conditions, the laminar boundary layer separates from the suction side, resulting in a loss of lift and a drag increase. Distributed roughness elements with roughness Reynolds numbers of Rek 136 and 446 that were mounted near the leading edge and scalloped leading edges with serration amplitudes of 5 and 0.5% of the chord were considered. The large roughness elements and the scalloped leading edge reduce the flow separation and enhance performance. The flow physics are, however, different. For Rek 446, the roughness elements result in high-frequency shedding. The shedding results in an accelerated transition of the separated boundary layer. For the scalloped leading edge with 5% serration amplitude, laminar separation bubbles are situated in the leading-edge troughs. The turbulent wedges that originate from these bubbles coalesce near midchord. For a serration amplitude of 0.5%, the separation line is deformed in the spanwise direction in a manner that is reminiscent of stall cells.


ABSTRACT Soil profiles exposed along the margins of Hutt and Leeman Lagoons contain a succession of calcrete horizons that exhibit oolitic-pisolitic grainstone, lithoclast breccia, and pelloidal wackestone-mudstone stone lithologies. The typical coastal profile consists of an upper laminar calcrete horizon which is usually overlain by a transitional pisolitic loose soil horizon. Underlying the laminar calcrete is breccia and/or massive calcrete. Downward gradation into the host is through a mottled calcrete horizon. Structure, textures, and fabrics are utilized to classify the following different calcrete types: Pisolitic loose soil is composed of sandy soils, calcrete ooids and pisolites, eolianite clasts, and shell fragments. Laminar calcrete is composed of parallel laminated sheets of micritic carbonate that develop by segregation processes. Massive calcrete is dense, relatively structureless calcrete with a "secondary" mudstone fabric, resulting from diagenetic alteration of primary constituents; calcrete mottles form in response to localized diagenesis in the host sediment. Breccia calcrete develops as a result of prolonged weathering, involving repeated episodes of calcretization, dissolution, and brecciation. Diminution of permeability of the host sediment by development of massive calcrete is a major process in genesis of the profile, and occurs in the lowermost part of the zone of alternate wetting and drying where the effect of water input overcomes the cumulative effects of evapotranspiration. Profile development is thereafter topographically controlled and restricted to horizons overlying the massive calcrete. Redevelopment of zones of alternate wetting and drying in older deposits may produce multiple soil profiles.


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To the Editor: A utoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a benign disease recognized as a distinctive type of pancreatitis with a presumed autoimmune etiology. The typical pancreatic imaging features of AIP include diffuse and irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) and enlargement of the pancreas. The presence of cystic lesions in AIP is rare. There are approximately 20 case reports of AIP presenting with pancreatic cysts. Among patients with available histology, 4 cases had immunoglobin G4 (IgG4) lymphoplasma cell infiltration in the pancreatic pseudocyst wall; however, 3 of them received corticosteroids, without any clinical or radiographic response. The pathomechanism of their formation is not clear because of limited data. Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) is a novel imaging technique, which enables real-time in vivo microscopic imaging of the cyst wall during endoscopy with a promising diagnostic yield. The nCLE examination may improve our understanding of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) in AIP patients. We included 2 cases with remarkably elevated serum IgG4 and multiple PCLs. The largest cystic lesions of both cases underwent endoscopic ultrasound–guided nCLE. During the procedure, nCLE preloaded 19-gauge fine-needle aspiration (FNA) needle was advanced into the cystic lesions under endoscopic ultrasound guidance. The data were stored digitally for postprocedural analysis. Endoscopic ultrasound-FNAwas performed immediately after from the same location. Videos of nCLE were reviewed by the endoscopists (Y.F. and A.Y.) and pathologists (Y.Z. and Z.M.), who were not blinded to the clinical or histopathologic features.


The majority of the cortical cholinergic innervation implicated in attention and memory originates in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus of the basal prosencephalon. Functional alterations in this system give rise to neuropsychiatric disorders as well as to the cognitive alterations described in Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases. Despite the functional importance of these basal forebrain cholinergic neurons very little is known about their origin and development. Previous studies suggest that they originate in the medial ganglionic eminence of the telencephalic subpallium; however, our results identified Tbr1-expressing, reelin-positive neurons migrating from the ventral pallium to the subpallium that differentiate into cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain nuclei projecting to the cortex. Experiments with Tbr1 knockout mice, which lack ventropallial structures, confirmed the pallial origin of cholinergic neurons in Meynert and horizontal diagonal band nuclei. Also, we demonstrate that Fgf8 signaling in the telencephalic midline attracts these neurons from the pallium to follow a tangential migratory route towards the basal forebrain.


It has been the clinical impression for many years that certain 'stressful' pregnancy complications appear to be associated with a generally improved neonatal outcome. The reason for this is unclear but is has been proposed that a hostile intrauterine environment may, perhaps as a result of relative hypoxia, promote the release of hormones such as cortisol and catecholamines. These hormones may facilitate the maturational processes, particularly in the lung, and so help to prepare the fetus for extrauterine life. Certainly, and despite advances in neonatal care, respiratory problems remain the most common cause of death in normally-formed live-born babies (Chamberlain et al 1975), being responsible for about 1500 deaths in England and Wales alone in 1980 (HMSO 1980). Even if the baby survives, however, the need for prolonged ventilatory support may lead to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and other causes of chronic respiratory insufficiency (Levine and Dubowitz 1982, Tarrow-Mordi and Wilkinson 1986). Other problems such as intraventricular haemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus and pneumothorax are also related to respiratory immaturity (Greenhough and Roberton 1985, Whittle et al 1986). The improvements in neonatal care have resulted in survival rates of over 88% for babies weighing greater than 1000 g in some units (Greenhough and Roberton 1985). In view of the excellent survival rates for the small baby, the obstetrician when faced with a difficult management problem not unnaturally has a low threshold for preterm delivery often, as is increasingly the trend, without prior assessment of fetal lung maturity. With more and more small babies receiving assisted ventilation, knowledge of the natural development of the respiratory system in the human fetus is essential. The aims of this thesis were: 1. To evaluate certain obstetric factors, considered to influence fetal lung maturity. 2. To investigate what controls respiratory maturity in the human fetus. 3. To evaluate human fetal adrenal cortisol and medullary activity from mid-trimester until term. The basis of the study centres on the concept of fetal stress in utero being the interlinking factor between the various obstetric problems and fetal lung maturity. However, many of the current ideas regarding human fetal lung development have been derived from animal experiments, the results of which may not be applicable to the human. A timetable of events can, however, be defined using a combination of animal and human data and a review of the current literature is contained in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 2 outlines what is currently known of the normal development of the human fetal lung. The anatomical, physiological and biochemical development are discussed and the evidence presented suggesting an important role for the fetal stress hormones cortisol and the catecholamines. A number of animal studies have suggested that corticosteroids can cause an induction of the enzymes involved in surfactant synthesis and that the catecholamines, especially adrenaline, facilitate the release of surfactant (the surface-active lung phospholipids) and the clearance of lung fluid at birth, all helping to optimise neonatal lung function. These animal expriments are supported by clinical studies suggesting a reduction in the incidence of respiratory problems following treatment of the pregnant mother with corticosteroids and various Beta sympathomimetic drugs. Various factors, both physiological and pathological, considered to influence fetal lung maturity in the human are discussed in Chapter 3, with regard to both clinical and biochemical lung maturity. In addition, the available evidence linking the obstetric factors with the human fetal adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal responses is presented. A total of 381 babies were investigated in this study, of which 189 were born at or prior to 35 weeks' gestation. Lung maturity was assessed clinically by the occurrence of the respiratory distress syndrome and the requirement for neonatal ventilation and biochemically by measurement of amniotic fluid phospholipids. The fetal stress responses were assessed by measuring, in blood sampled from the umbilical artery at birth, the cortisol, noradrenaline and adrenaline levels and pH. These measurements were also made in maternal venous blood at time of delivery. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).


In the standard crystallographic experiment, information about the phases of the reflections is lost. From the observed intensities alone, the electron density of the unit cell cannot be reconstructed and this problem is known as the crystallographic phase problem. At the resolution limits typically obtained in protein crystallography the phase problem is underdetermined and requires incorporation of additional information. Chapter 1 of this thesis describes existing, experimental and computational methods to determine and improve phases. The computational methods exploit prior knowledge about the content of the unit cell to supplement the limited experimental information. The quality of the available phase information typically determines how much prior knowledge can be expressed. In chapter 2 a novel refinement method is presented, called conditional optimization. The conditional formalism offers an N-particle solution for the assignment of topology to loose, unlabelled atoms. Thereby, conditional optimization allows expression of large amounts of geometrical knowledge about protein structures without the requirement of a molecular model, and thus potentially in the absence of phase information. Initial tests with a simplified structure and calculated data show that with this method, in principle, random atom distributions can be succesfully optimized and ab initio phasing of medium-resolution data can be achieved. Conventional methods for the estimation of phase probabilities fail for models of such low phase quality and a novel multiple-model procedure to estimate ?A-values was necessary for these optimizations. In chapter 3 a mean-force potential for conditional optimization of protein structures is presented, which expresses knowledge about common protein conformations like ?-helices, ?-strands and loops. Using this generally applicable parameter set, conditional optimization of three small protein structures against 2.0 A observed diffraction data shows a large radius of convergence, validating the presented force field and illustrating the feasibility of the approach. The application of conditional optimization to automated model building is explored in chapter 4. For three test cases with data to medium resolution and good experimental phases, conditional optimization yields models of comparable quality as obtained by the commonly used programs ARP/wARP and RESOLVE. Chapter 5 describes the application of conditional optimization to ab initio phasing of observed diffraction data. Low-resolution reflections and reliable phase probability estimates appear to be important for convergence. For the presented test case promising results are obtained, indicating that also with observed diffraction data succesful optimization of random atom distributions may be possible. Currently, excessive computational costs form a stumble block for common applicability of this method. Parallelization of the program may be a way of dealing with this problem and such a development is underway. From an optimistic point of view, and given the promising results described in this thesis, conditional optimization may then become a commonly applicable tool for protein structure determination


There is an analogy in general semantics that words and statements are like maps that describe territories. The purpose of the analogy is to remind us that words, like maps, only represent reality and are not reality itself (the map is not the territory). To find out how well words represent reality, general semantics suggests it is a good idea to check the map against the territory--carefully examine what is being labeled or described to see if the words that describe it are accurate. Let's do that with respect to ten commonly accepted verbal maps of American history. 1. The Map: Christopher Columbus Discovered America A review of the territory: A national American holiday and two centuries of school-history lessons have led many to believe as true that Christopher Columbus was the first to reach America. But most scholars think Columbus actually landed in Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and on an island in the Bahamas during his 1492 voyage from Spain to the New World. Archaeological evidence suggests that Norse sailors led by Leif Ericksson reached North America five hundred years before Columbus, establishing a colony in Newfoundland around 1000 AD. It is interesting to note that Columbus's bravery, persistence, and seamanship have earned him a prominent place in American history. But many school-books gloss over the fact that in his obsessive quest for gold he enslaved the local population. With other Spanish adventurers, as well as later European colonizers, Columbus opened an era of genocide that decimated the Native American population through warfare, forced labor, and European diseases to which the Indians, a name Columbus bestowed on Native Americans, had no natural immunities. Considering Columbus's prominence in our nation's history, one might ask, why don't we live in the United States of Columbus? The answer is that Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian who captained four voyages to the "New World" beginning in 1499, recognized that the New World, a term that he coined, was a landmass separate from Asia. To honor his revelation, Vespucci's given name was placed on the first map of the region. While Columbus may have found the new world first, Vespucci understood that it was a new world. Columbus went to his grave thinking he had reached Asia. 2. The Map: The Pilgrims Landed on Plymouth Rock A review of the territory: On December 16, 1620, the Pilgrims on the Mayflower reached their new home in America. Nearly all scholars put the Pilgrims' landing about 10 miles north of the lumpy scrap of stone known as Plymouth Rock. There is no mention in any historical account of that rock, a large boulder located in Plymouth, Massachusetts, into which, in 1880, the Pilgrim Society carved the year 1620. The legend of Plymouth Rock was started in 1741 by a 95-year-old man who said his father told him about it. Twenty-eight years later, celebrating the Pilgrims' landing at Plymouth Rock became an annual event in New England. By 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville reported pieces of the rock were being venerated in different American cities, and it was established as an American icon. Offers for chunks of Plymouth Rock have occasionally popped up on eBay, where asking prices have been as much as $900. However, while it is true that lots of souvenir hunters did carve off parts of the Rock during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there is no way to differentiate a real hunk of Plymouth Rock from a fake one. For those interested in seeing what is left of Plymouth Rock (it is estimated to be only about one-third to one-half of its original size), it is preserved today in a state park near the mouth of Plymouth harbor. 3. The Map: Betsy Ross Sewed the First American Flag A review of the territory: The legend of Betsy Ross as the first embroiderer of the American flag was originally brought to light in 1870, when one of her grandsons, William J. …


The ASME piping Code has long recognized the need to perform regular monitoring of pipe hangers at power plants. This is true not only of existing power plants but also of new power plants, including HRSGs and "conventional" steam generating plants. Pipe hanger condition is an external barometer of hidden problems with the piping and attached equipment. Recognizing pipe hanger distress can help prioritize pipe inspections and equipment maintenance. The first part of such a surveillance program is setting up the program. This should include: a.) defining the piping systems that will be monitored, b.) collecting survey documents, c.) setting up a schedule to perform the work, d.) training plant personnel who will be performing such a program and e.) obtaining a commitment by the plant/owners to maintain the program through the life of the plant. This paper discusses experiences and lessons learned setting up such programs at new "conventional" lignite and HRSG plants.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


The A'(1)Pi-X(1)Sigma(+) near-infrared system of CaO was observed for the first time at high resolution using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The A'(1)Pi-X(1)Sigma(+) chemiluminescence was excited in a Ca + N(2)O flame produced in a Broida-type oven. More than 3000 rotational lines, classified into 19 bands involving the A'(1)Pi 0 </= v' </= 3 and the X(1)Sigma(+) 1 </= v" </= 7 vibrational levels were measured in the 4000-10 000 cm(-1) region with a precision of 0.005 cm(-1). The X(1)Sigma(+) (v = 0, 1) millimeter-wave and X(1)Sigma(+) (v = 0-3) infrared data available in the literature were merged with our new electronic data in order to obtain improved Dunham constants for the ground state of CaO. Very peculiar perturbations are observed in the higher vibrational levels of the A'(1)Pi state, so the upper levels of transitions with v' = 2 and 3 were represented by term values in our least-squares analysis. The interaction of the A'(1)Pi (v >/= 2) levels with the nearby b(3)Sigma(+) (v-2) levels has been detected. An extended set of A'(1)Pi (v = 0-3) data has been obtained which is suitable for use in a future multistate deperturbation analysis of the a(3)Pi approximately A'(1)Pi approximately b(3)Sigma(+) approximately A(1)Sigma(+) complex of excited states. The new near-infrared spectra of the A'(1)Pi-X(1)Sigma(+) transition of CaO also permits the first direct high-resolution linkage between the orange and green systems and the near-infrared bands. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.


The International Criminal Court Pre-Trial Chamber's decision that the Rohingya situation falls within the Rome Statute and can therefore be investigated by the Prosecutor may – on the face of it – not appear to be a significant milestone in achieving accountability against the government of Myanmar and its military, the Tatmadaw. While the Prosecutor has now confirmed that a preliminary examination will be opened examining the deportation of the Rohingya (International Criminal Court 2018c), this will be a slow process. The likelihood of any member of the Myanmar government actually being tried and convicted is low. We suggest, however, that its effects will be broader than just the Rohingya situation for two reasons. The first is that it in effect creates a new referral mechanism for situations of forced deportation. The second is because it helps to both clarify and highlight the international crimes of forced deportation and forcible transfer, which may lead to their prosecution on a more routine basis.


This work investigates the possibility of using plasmas to treat high boiling point and viscous liquids (HBPVL) and cokes resulting as secondary streams from the refining of oil. For their revalorisation, the use of microwave (MW) induced plasmas of water is proposed, as an alternative to more conventional processes (i.e., catalysis, pyrolysis, combustion, etc.). As a main result, this type of energetic cold plasma facilitates the conversion at room temperature of the heavy aromatic oils and cokes into linear hydrocarbons and synthesis gas, commonly defined as syngas (CO + H2 gas mixture). The exposure of the coke to this plasma also facilitates the removal of the sulfur present in the samples and leads to the formation on their surface of a sort of carbon fibers and rods network and new porous structures. Besides, optical emission measurements have provided direct evidence of the intermediates resulting from the fragmentation of the heavy oils and cokes during their exposure to the water plasma. Furthermore, the analysis of the mass spectra patterns suggests a major easiness to break the aromatic bonds mainly contained in the heavy oils. Therefore, an innovative method for the conversion of low value residues from oil-refining processes is addressed.


BACKGROUND
Quality improvement (QI) initiatives reduce medical errors and are an important aspect of resident physician training. Many institutions have limited funding and few QI experts, making it essential to develop effective programs that require only modest resources. We describe a resident-led, hospitalist-facilitated limited root cause analysis (RCA) QI program developed to meet training needs and institutional constraints.

METHODS
We initiated a monthly quality improvement conference (QIC) at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, New York. Before each conference, a third-year resident investigated a patient care issue and completed a limited RCA. At the QIC, the findings were presented to the Internal Medicine residents, followed by a chief resident and hospitalist-facilitated group discussion. All proposed interventions were recorded, and selected interventions were later implemented. The success of these interventions in achieving permanent system-wide change or resident behavior change was tracked. Residents' views on the conferences were solicited via an anonymous questionnaire.

RESULTS
Twenty conferences were held over the first 22 months of the program. Twenty-five (54%) of the 46 suggested interventions were initiated. Eighteen (72%) attempted interventions resulted in system-wide change or resident behavior change. Fifty-three residents evaluated the quality of the conferences. The majority believed the conferences were high quality (98%) and led to patient care improvements (96%).

CONCLUSIONS
Resident-led modified RCAs are an effective method of integrating QI efforts into resident training. As front line providers, residents are uniquely positioned to identify and implement system changes that benefit patients. Conferences were implemented without overburdening facilitators or participants.


As an increasing number of people gained access to social network services (SNS), organizations started to use SNS as a channel for marketing and promotional purposes. The online advertising market has significant growth potential. Brand engagement is a key motive for online advertising, but how SNS users engage with brands, particularly in terms of the promotion of organizations, is poorly understood. This study uses customer value theory to examine brand engagement of users in terms of promoting companies in the context of Korean SNS marketing. This study identifies the antecedents of brand engagement based on customer value theory. Our findings show the significance of three factors of SNS marketing, namely, price discount, relationship support, and convenience, on brand engagement. We further show the consequences of brand engagement, namely, purchase decisions and word-of-mouth activities. These findings help advance customer value theory and offer practical insights into the use of information systems and marketing in the context of SNS.


Units of Physical Quantities, A.G. Chertov Periodic Table of Elements, K.A. Kikoin Mechanical Properties of Materials, N.V. Kadobnova and A.M. Bratkovski Compressibility, B.V. Vinogradov Density of Substances, A.P. Babichev Friction, I.I. Karasik Acoustics, L.K. Zarembo Thermometry, A.V. Inyushkin Heat Capacity, M.N. Khlopkin Temperature Coefficients of Expansion, E.B. Gel 'man Saturated Vapor Pressure, V.V. Ignatiev, V.A. Krivoruchko and A.I. Migachev Melting and Boiling, E.B. Gel 'man Equation of State and Critical Parameters of Substances, E.B. Gel 'man Surface Tension, B.D. Summ Heat Conduction, A.V. Inyushkin Viscosity, A.V. Eletskii Diffusion, A.V. Eletskii Elementary Processes in Gases and Plasma, A.V. Eletskii Ionization of Atoms and Molecules, A.A. Radzig and V.M. Shustryakov Transport Phenomena in Weakly Ionized Plasma, A.V. Eletskii Electric Characteristics of Metals and Alloys, V.S. Egorov and I.N. Khlyustikov Electrophysical Properties of Semiconductors, E.Z. Meilikhov, S.D. Lazarev, and B.A. Aronzon Insulators, A.P. Geppe Thermoelectric Phenomena, N.A. Babushkina Electron and Ion Emission, T.M. Lifshits and A.L. Musatov Magnetic Properties of DIA-and Paramagnetics, V.Yu. Ivanov and L.I. Vinokurova Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys, K.G. Gurtovoi Antiferromagnets, V.I. Ozhogin and V.G. Shapiro Ferrites and Other Magnetic Dielectrics, M.V. Bystrov, V.L. Ivashintseva, S.A. Mironov, and R.V. Pisarev Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Phenomena, N.A. Babushkina and V.S. Egorov Optical Properties of Substances, L.A. Novitskii Atomic and Molecular Spectra, A.A. Radzig Electro-, Magneto-, and Piezooptical and Nonlinear Optical Effects, A.A. Malyutin, M.E. Brodov, and V.P. Yanovskii Lasers, A.A. Malyutin , E. Brodov, and V.P. Yanovskii X-Ray Radiation, R.M. Imamov Fundamental Particles, V.A.P. Nikitin Nuclear Properties of Nuclides, V.M. Kulakov Mossbauer Nuclei, S.S. Yakimov and V.M. Cherepanov Nuclear Reactions, V.P. Rudakov Nuclear Fission, A.I. Obukhov and I.S. Grigoriev Neutron Penetration Through Matter, S.V. Marin Passage of Ionizing Radiation Through Matter, V.P. Rudakov Cosmic Rays, V.S. Ptuskin Geophysics, I.A. Maslov Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yu. E. Lyubarskii and R.A. Syunyaev


Of all stroke patients 5% has a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH); a bleed in the space between the brain and the skull that contains blood vessels that supply the brain. Every year 9 per 100.000 patients have an SAH and half the patients are younger than 55 years old. In most instances (80%) the cause of the bleeding is a ruptured aneurysm and in 10% a perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal haemorrhage (PMH). Patients with a PMH have a good short term outcome. The cause of a PMH is probably a venous source. Aneurysmal SAH has a poor outcome: 35% dies in the first 4 weeks after the haemorrhage and 20% remains dependent for activities of daily life. Life expectancy is reduced after aneurysmal SAH, probably from an excess of other heart and vessel diseases. Chapter 2 describes the supplemental value of scrutinising the history of relatives to detect SAH and heart and vessel diseases in 1290 first degree and 3588 second degree relatives of a consecutively collected cohort of 163 patients with SAH. Almost half of the families with a positive history for SAH in a first or second degree relative would have been gone undetected without the information provided by scrutinising all individual relatives. In Chapter 3 we studied the feasibility of follow-up through e-mail in patients discharged after SAH. E-mail follow-up was easy to perform, comfortable for the patient or relative and less time-consuming than follow-up by telephone. However, only 60% of all included patients had an e-mail address and 21% of those patients changed once or more the e-mail address. In Chapter 4 we describe a long-term follow-up study to assess life expectancy in 160 patients with a PMH with a total number of patients-years of 1213. At time of follow-up (range 1 – 23 years) 149 patients were still alive. Patients with PMH have no excess in mortality compared with the general population. In Chapter 5 we studied anosmia after PMH. The presumed causes of anosmia after a ruptured aneurysmal SAH are the sudden intracranial arterial pressure or the presence of blood in itself. It is unknown whether anosmia can develop after a PMH. Nine of 148 included patients had noticed a loss of smell already during the clinical course. Two patients reported a complete recovery after 8 to 12 weeks. We found no relation between anosmia and risk factors such as age, sex or hydrocephalus. Chapter 6 describes long-term outcome of 92 patients discharged to a nursing home after SAH. After 2 years 28 (30%) of these patients were discharged home or to another facility and forty-four patients (43%) lived longer than 5 years. Chapter 7 is a continuation of a former study of quality of life 4 and 18 months after SAH. In that cohort of patients there was improvement of functional outcome measured in modified Rankin scale and quality of life measured in SF-36 and a VAS score. Overall there was still an improvement in quality of life, while functional outcome worsened between 5 and 12.5 years.


With the widespread use of machine learning, concerns over its security and reliability have become prevalent. As such, many have developed defenses to harden neural networks against adversarial examples, imperceptibly perturbed inputs that are reliably misclassified. Adversarial training in which adversarial examples are generated and used during training is one of the few known defenses able to reliably withstand such attacks against neural networks. However, adversarial training imposes a significant training overhead and scales poorly with model complexity and input dimension. In this paper, we propose Robust Representation Matching (RRM), a low-cost method to transfer the robustness of an adversarially trained model to a new model being trained for the same task irrespective of architectural differences. Inspired by student-teacher learning, our method introduces a novel training loss that encourages the student to learn the teacher's robust representations. Compared to prior works, RRM is superior with respect to both model performance and adversarial training time. On CIFAR-10, RRM trains a robust model $\sim 1.8\times$ faster than the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, RRM remains effective on higher-dimensional datasets. On Restricted-ImageNet, RRM trains a ResNet50 model $\sim 18\times$ faster than standard adversarial training.


This paper investigates how accessibility to knowledge is related to the new firm formation in Sweden. Utilizing municipal level data, the paper examines how and to what extent geographic proximity to establish-ments that are specialized in formal knowledge creation plays a role for the overall entrepreneurial milieu in a city region. While measuring accessibility to knowledge at intra-municipal, intra-regional and extra-regional levels, the paper maps out the clustering patterns of new firms and ranks the municipalities by their perfor-mance in creating an entrepreneurial milieu. The clustering patterns of new firms highlight critical factors in new firm formation and entrepreneurial performance of regions.


This study takes its departure in the difficulties to recruit and retain qualified senior seafarers in the Swedish shipping sector. The study focus is on seafarers' motivation at work for the specific shipping company (organizational commitment), and seafarers' motivation towards their occupation (occupational commitment), in times of flagging out. It was hypothesized that the youngest seafarers and the oldest may be most sensitive to foreign registration of ships. Statistical analyses were employed, using a survey material of 1,309 Swedish seafarers randomly collected in 2010 from a national register of seafarers. The results of the analyses show that flagging-out imposes a significant decline in organizational commitment for all seafarers. This decline is related to the perception of the social composition of crew. In addition, the oldest seafarers (age 55+) demonstrate diminished occupational commitment under a foreign flag. This decline is related to the degree of satisfaction with the social security structure. Occupational commitment among the youngest seafarers (age 19-30) is not affected by the nationality of flag. However, this type of commitment is decreasing by the time served on the same ship. This effect is partly related to a decline in satisfaction with the work content. In the concluding discussion, the findings are discussed in more details and recommendations are put forward.


Materials integration in semiconductors, wafer fabrication process development, and device packaging have seemingly evolved at an exponential pace over the last decade. While microprocessor and memory chip manufacturers are the leading drivers of innovation, several other technology sectors benefit from the technologies that enable Moore's law scaling. Image sensor manufacturers, in particular, have realized many advancements from the selective use of advanced wafer fabrication and packaging developments. The motivations for the imaging industry to pursue advanced technology generation scaling are comparable to that of the broader semiconductor industry. In addition, image sensor companies seek a reduction of the camera module form factor, an increase in camera resolution, and an increase in pixel array performance. The pixel size of recent camera phone sensors has shrunk to 1.12 μm. This is about half the pixel size of leading edge devices of six years prior, and yet mobile imaging sensors have dramatically increased in performance. Design innovation continues to have an increasing contribution to the performance of leading edge pixels; however, to date, it has been fabrication process development that has substantially enabled the continuous breakthroughs in digital imaging. Current image sensor fabrication process flows mark a significant departure from conventional CMOS logic processes. Beyond silicon foundry processes, digital imaging companies must also concern themselves with the optical systems, packaging solutions, and image processing chips required to integrate their silicon devices with the consumer electronics supply chain. Chipworks, as a supplier of competitive intelligence to the semiconductor and electronics industries, monitors the evolution of image sensor technologies as they come into production. Chipworks has obtained charge-coupled devices and CMOS image sensor chips from leading manufacturers and performed structural, compositional, and design analyses to benchmark the successful technologies employed by the market leaders.


Energy load monitoring via smart plugs or smart sockets has become more and more popular. Various studies have been undertaken to monitor energy consumption of household appliances and analyze the collected power data to obtain useful insights on consumers' behaviors. The main challenge in load monitoring is to automatically recognize appliances in real time since the existing energy disaggregation process is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Although several deep learning models can achieve high accuracy on appliance classification, they usually consume large memory, hence not suitable for resources-constrained IoT devices. To resolve the issue, we demonstrate in this paper, for the first time, a novel framework named Smart Intrusive Load Monitoring based on a compact network (CompactNet), which is able to determine appliance types in real time. Specifically, our method distills the knowledge of an ensemble of large deep networks to a much more compact network. Our CompactNet accurately classifies various types of appliances, but its size is reduced by approximately eight times, making it possible to be deployed on edge IoT sensors for appliance recognition.


Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if there is a significant difference in the risk of developing Wilms tumour between patients with submicroscopic and those with visible deletions of the WT1 tumour suppressor gene. Methods: To determine which subjects had WT1 deletions, high-resolution chromosomal deletion analysis of the 11p13 region was carried out in 193 people with aniridia. The rationale for this was that aniridia is caused by loss of function of one copy of the PAX6 gene, and although most patients with aniridia have intragenic mutations, a proportion has deletions that also include the nearby WT1 gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis of patients with aniridia identifies people with WT1 deletions regardless of whether they have Wilms tumour, allowing the deletion size to be correlated with clinical outcome. Results: Wilms tumour was not observed in any case without a WT1 deletion. Of subjects in whom WT1 was deleted, 77% with submicroscopic deletions (detectable only by high-resolution FISH analysis) presented with Wilms tumour compared with 42.5% with visible deletions (detectable by microscopy). This difference was significant. Conclusions: High-resolution deletion analysis is a useful tool for assessing the risk of Wilms tumour in neonates with aniridia. People with submicroscopic WT1 deletions have a significantly increased risk of Wilms tumour, and a high level of vigilance should be maintained in such cases.


If we want to go back to history of accounting, we have to consider the socio-economic arrangements that Kosovo has undergone. Without pretending to make subjective conclusions on any socioeconomic system in this paper we have tried to consider the characteristics of accounting through different time periods in Kosovo. By separating the time periods, we pretend to evaluate and analyze the role of accounting. The first period includes the role of accounting up until 1990, the second period includes the role of accounting from 1990 until 1999, and the third period includes the role of accounting from 1999 until 2016. The research paper concludes that the trend of fair presentation of financial statements in a transparent and legal manner is growing even though there is a negative climate in relation to this trend. The main problem is lack of education in the financial sector in terms of reporting income and assets owing to a social economic system that did not promote awareness on good governance in the past. In that regard, the publically owned entities (POEs) demonstrate lack of financial transparency and accountability of not reporting their financial position and performance. Concerning the state of accounting we found a detrimental situation in the sense that the financial reporting was not done in regular basis. This was more emphasized in the transitory time period after the war from 1999 until 2009. The same issues with lack of transparency in POEs were prevalent also in the business or corporate community. POEs, however, were more sensitive for having endured the privatization process.


This work addresses the observability properties of linear time-invariant systems that are monitored by a sensor network that provides access only to relative measurements and partial absolute observations of the state-space variables. Graph-theoretical tools are deployed to represent the information sharing links between the sensors of the network. The results are extended to multi-agent coordinated systems that are independently controlled or execute distributed control protocols. Explicit analytical conditions are derived that determine the system's observability with respect to the spectral characteristics of the information-sharing network. The system's observability is further investigated for multi-agent systems governed by the agreement dynamics where only a singleton measurement is available. The analysis is disseminated to the design of distributed observers where the agents have only available their relative displacement measurement from their neighbors. The distributed observer's estimation error is rendered globally asymptotically stable by the addition of an anchor node that has access to the absolute motion of a single agent (node). The theoretical analysis is validated through numerical simulations.


The major part of soil petroleum hydrocarbon pollution is derived from the spillages related to the use and transportation of petroleum products. It is known that the main microorganisms consuming petroleum hydrocarbons are bacteria, so in this paper are presented the results obtained in a bioremediation laboratory experiment. A natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum was used for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from an artificial polluted soil. Soil polluted with 50000 mg/kg of TPH was treated with 50 g (0.25%), respective 100 g ECOSOL/20 kg polluted soil (0.5%) and/or bacterial inoculum to increase the biodegradability rate. Also, the soil contaminated with 100000 mg/kg of TPH was treated with 100 g (0.5%), respective 200 g ECOSOL/20 kg polluted soil (1%) and/or bacterial inoculum. The highest TPH removal was obtained with a treatment consisting in 100 g ECOSOL/20 kg polluted soil (0.5%) and bacterial inoculum in case of 5% TPH and 200 g ECOSOL/20 kg polluted soil (1%) and bacterial inoculum in case of 10% TPH, corresponding with the highest rates of microbial respiration and the greatest increases in bacterial counts. At each phase of the study, the natural biodegradable product was found to significantly enhance the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.


Focusing on the critical case of the mobile phone footage of Gaddafi's death in the context of Swedish television news and its audiences, this article considers how the nature of 'media witnessing' is being transformed through the employment of user-generated footage. On the basis of a combined text/audience analysis study, it shows that citizen video encodes an extraordinary sense of presence and participation. Critically, however, its facilitation of 'pseudo-eyewitnessing' is not enough in itself to sustain practices of bearing witness. Rather, the author shows that moral responsibility is fundamentally conditioned by the symbolic management of distance – which, audiences stress, is most efficiently provided by professional news packages. Importantly, then, this empirical study corroborates the so far mainly theoretical claim in literature on media witnessing which advocates that media representations need to maintain a 'proper distance' in order to construct scenes of suffering and violence as a moral cause to spectators.


In this chapter and the next we will explore a range of real utopian proposals that try to satisfy three main criteria: First, the institutional designs are desirable in terms of radical democratic egalitarian emancipatory ideals. Second, the institutional designs constitute viable alternatives to existing arrangements. They are consistent with what we know about how institutions work and, if implemented, they would not generate perverse unintended consequences that would either negate the desirable properties of the institution or make it unsustainable. Third, the proposals should contribute in some way to movement along the pathways of social empowerment outlined in the previous chapter. While social empowerment may not be a necessary condition for an institutional change to be worth pursuing, these are the kinds of institutional changes that have the potential cumulatively of transforming the system as whole. A fourth criterion of considerable political importance will not be of central concern here: the achievability of the proposal. Some of the institutional proposals we will consider are certainly achievable in some form in the world today: some have been implemented in limited ways already and others are actively on the political agenda in certain places. Other ideas do not seem immediately achievable, but nevertheless it is not difficult to imagine circumstances in which they could become achievable if sufficient social forces mobilized around them. But at least some of the proposals discussed in this chapter and the next seem fairly far-fetched politically and are quite unlikely to be achievable in the form discussed. This is the case, for example, for the proposal formulated by John Roemer for equal-ownership market socialism discussed in chapter 7. Nevertheless, I believe that it is worth thinking about such apparently unachievable possibilities both because it is so difficult to predict what the circumstances of political possibilities will be decades hence and because exploring the logic of viable but (apparently) not achievable institutional designs can contribute to the future formulation of achievable innovations. There are two strategies we will adopt for exploring real utopian designs and proposals. The first is empirical, focusing on concrete cases around the world which embody in different ways the principles of social empowerment elaborated in chapter 5. A full analysis of such empirical cases involves a number of tasks: first, establishing that indeed the case does embody processes of social empowerment; second, analyzing in as fine-grained a way as possible precisely how the …


Local nonlinear regression fits are applied to mean sea level pressure data from \(24\) member ensemble forecasts of three recent tropical cyclones in the Australian region. Cyclone track estimates derived from the fits are subjected to verification calculations in the form of error-spread diagrams, demonstrating consistency with a recent global ensemble study, with attention also given to cross and along track error components.

 References R. E. Benestad and D. Chen, The use of a calculus-based cyclone identification method for generating storm statistics, Tellus A 58(4):473–486 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00191.x R. Fletcher, Practical Methods of Optimization , Wiley (1987). T. M. Hamill, J. S. Whitaker, M. Fiorino and S. G. Benjamin, Global Ensemble Predictions of 2009's Tropical Cyclones Initialized with an Ensemble Kalman Filter, Mon. Wea. Rev. 139:668–688 (2011). doi:10.1175/2010MWR3456.1 G. J. Holland, An Analytic Model of the Wind and Pressure Profiles in Hurricanes, Mon. Wea. Rev. 108:1212–1218 (1980). 2.0.CO;2">doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108 2.0.CO;2 J. D. Kepert, Objective Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Location and Motion from High-Density Observations, Mon. Wea. Rev. 133:2406–2421 (2005). doi:10.1175/MWR2980.1 R. J. Murray and I. Simmonds, A numerical scheme for tracking cyclone centres from digital data Part I: development and operation of the scheme, Australian Meteorological Magazine 39:155–166 (1991). http://www.bom.gov.au/amoj/docs/1991/murray1.pdf D. H. Smith, M. Naughton and A. Sulaiman, Multiscale verification calculations for regional ensemble forecasts, ANZIAM J. 52:C882–C898 (2011). http://journal.austms.org.au/ojs/index.php/ANZIAMJ/article/view/3936 M. R. Sinclair, Objective Identification of Cyclones and Their Circulation Intensity, and Climatology, Weather and Forecasting 12:595–612 (1997). 2.0.CO;2">doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012 2.0.CO;2 J. Heming, Tropical cyclone forecast verification method, UK Met Office, (2012). http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/method See also 2.0.CO;2">doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126 2.0.CO;2


These studies were undertaken to determine the distribution of insulin between the intravascular and interstitial compartments in 19 nondiabetic and 16 high-dose (60 mg/kg) STZ-induced diabetic rats. Anesthetized male rats underwent cannulation of the thoracic lymph duct with continuous collection of lymph by passive drainage; 90-min hyperinsulinemic (0, 14, 28, or 42 pmol · kg−1 · min−1) glucose clamps were performed with serum glucose held at the preinfusion level. Integrated lymph samples were collected, with serum collection at the midpoint. Before insulin infusion, insulin levels in lymph as a percentage of levels in serum were higher in the diabetic rats (lymph = 103 ± 8% of 52 matched serum values, mean ± SE) compared with nondiabetic rats (lymph = 83 ± 3% of serum; n = 84, P < 0.008). Under steady-state conditions during insulin infusion (66-90 min), lymph insulin as a percentage of serum insulin decreased significantly in nondiabetic animals (range 53-62% in all insulin-infused groups, vs. 94% in the absence of insulin infusion, P < 0.0001). However, in the diabetic animals, the proportion was similar in the presence or absence of infused insulin (range 57–63% in insulin-infused groups vs. 70% in the absence of infused insulin, P = NS). Lymph flow rate was significantly higher in diabetic than nondiabetic rats (37.7 ± 7.2 vs. 17.9 ± 1.5 microliters/min [mean ± SE], P < 0.02). Distribution of [14C]inulin was uniform between the two compartments in all animals. In nondiabetic rats, correlation of lymph and serum levels of insulin with hepatic glucose output was equal(r = −0.86 and −0.85 for serum and lymph insulin, respectively) and as was the case for peripheral glucose disposal, r = 0.75 for serum, and r = 0.72 for lymph. Estimated clearance of insulin from serum to lymph was 100% higher in the diabetic rats (22.9 vs.12.7 µl/min). The mechanism is unclear but may represent increased transcapillary transport of insulin, adaptive to insulin deficiency.


Construction projects do not require a large capital outlay but a large working capital to start up the project. Unfortunately, for small contractors there are very limited options available from the banks or other lending institutions to cover this large working capital requirement in the absence of sufficient collateral. The "Project Finance" method presented in this paper is recommended as the most effective method for small contractors in the United States. The problems of small and start up contractors in funding their projects have been little addressed in the literature. The current financing practices were observed through both the literature review and interviews with contractors and bankers in the western Michigan area and subsequently a system has been proposed which could help a small start-up company seeking higher growth. The growth rates that can be achieved using the project finance system in contrast to the traditional "line of credit" arrangements as illustrated in this paper show that the project finance model is beneficial.


Most laboratory studies of mate choice use affiliation as a surrogate measure for actual choice of a partner for copulation. In a series of recent studies using affiliation as a dependent variable, we showed that the tendency of both male and female Japanese quail to affiliate with members of the opposite sex is profoundly affected by seeing them mate with others: female quails show an increased tendency to affiliate with males that they have seen mating; and male quails show a decreased tendency to affiliate with females that they have seen mating. In the present experiments, we examined: (1) the consistency of affiliative preferences of male and female quail for individuals of both the same and opposite sex; and (2) the validity of measures of affiliation as predictors of choice of an individual with whom to mate. We found that: (1) both male and female quail display consistency from trial to trial in their affiliative preferences for members of the opposite but not the same sex, and (2) affiliative preference is a powerful predictor of choice of a partner for copulation in both male and female quail. In Japanese quail, affiliative behaviour is consistent over time and predicts mate choice. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.


This paper presents a proposed energy saving system for street lamps based on single-chip microcomputer. In this case, light control timer, smart sensor, wireless transceiver, microcontroller smart regulator and other related techniques are utilized to fullfil a 'green lighting project'. It can not only automatically turn on or off the master switch according to the local sunrise and sunset, and sooner or later, sunny day, rainy days or the actual brightness of the different lamps, but also control each single lamp intelligently. The system can be widely used in road and tunnel lighting, building lighting, and other fields as well as a variety of energy-saving control dimming voltage based intelligent control areas.


It is an extraordinary privilege to be able to introduce a previously unpublished essay by H. L. A. Hart, one of the most distinguished figures in twentieth-century legal philosophy, alongside a fine commentary by Geoffrey Shaw, the scholar whose intellectual imagination and meticulous archival research has brought the essay to light. It is particularly apt that H. L. A. Hart's essay should be published by this Review, appearing fifty-seven years after it was written in the early months of his visit to Harvard, thus joining a distinguished tradition of posthumously published scholarship of the 1950s, most notably Lon Fuller's The Forms and Limits of Adjudication,1 and Henry Hart and Albert Sacks's The Legal Process.2 Its publication is also timely, albeit long delayed, in that it comes hard on the heels of a period in which the intellectual history of legal thought has been the subject of wide interest and some very powerful scholarship.3 Hart's year at Harvard significantly shaped the course of his subsequent work.4 The essay now being published, entitled Discretion,5


Interfaces in metal and ceramic composites differ from interfaces in polymer matrix composites inasmuch as: (i) fiber degradation due to chemical reaction with the matrix at processing temperatures is frequent and (ii) bonding at the interface is generally chemical in nature (i.e. features primary chemical bond formation across the interface). Elementary analysis of requirements placed on the interface for mechanical property optimization indicate that, for toughening by fiber debonding and pull-out, very weakly bonded interfaces are needed. Sufficiently weak interfaces can be obtained by using interfacial layers of materials such as graphite or boron nitride which feature strongly anisotropic chemical bonding. Several tough inorganic composite utilize such interfaces. With large fibers in ductile matrices, however, strong interfaces are desirable if the matrix can provide sufficient resistance to crack propagation.


At autopsy, 13 nonstenotic human left anterior descending coronary arteries [71.5 +/- 7.3 (mean +/- SD) yr old] were harvested, and related anamnesis was documented. Preconditioned prepared strips (n = 78) of segments from the midregion of the left anterior descending coronary artery from the individual layers in axial and circumferential directions were subjected to cyclic quasi-static uniaxial tension tests, and ultimate tensile stresses and stretches were documented. The ratio of outer diameter to total wall thickness was 0.189 +/- 0.014; ratios of adventitia, media, and intima thickness to total wall thickness were 0.4 +/- 0.03, 0.36 +/- 0.03, and 0.27 +/- 0.02, respectively; axial in situ stretch of 1.044 +/- 0.06 decreased with age. Stress-stretch responses for the individual tissues showed pronounced mechanical heterogeneity. The intima is the stiffest layer over the whole deformation domain, whereas the media in the longitudinal direction is the softest. All specimens exhibited small hysteresis and anisotropic and strong nonlinear behavior in both loading directions. The media and intima showed similar ultimate tensile stresses, which are on average three times smaller than ultimate tensile stresses in the adventitia (1,430 +/- 604 kPa circumferential and 1,300 +/- 692 kPa longitudinal). The ultimate tensile stretches are similar for all tissue layers. A recently proposed constitutive model was extended and used to represent the deformation behavior for each tissue type over the entire loading range. The study showed the need to model nonstenotic human coronary arteries with nonatherosclerotic intimal thickening as a composite structure composed of three solid mechanically relevant layers with different mechanical properties. The intima showed significant thickness, load-bearing capacity, and mechanical strength compared with the media and adventitia.


Thin and ultra thin liquid films driven by a forced gas/vapor flow (stratified or annular flows), i.e. shear-driven liquid films in a narrow channel, is one of the promising candidate for the thermal management of advanced semiconductor devices with high local heat release. In experiments performed in this paper with locally heated shear-driven liquid films of water the effect of various conditions, such as flow rates of liquid and gas and channel height, on critical heat flux (CHF) was investigated. In experiments the record value of CHF as high as 540 W/cm2 has been achieved. The heat spreading into the substrate and the heat loses into the atmosphere in total don't exceed 30% at heat fluxes higher than 200 W/cm2. Comparison of shear-driven liquid films and gravity-driven liquid films showed that CHF in shear-driven films up to 10 times higher than in gravity-driven liquid films. Thus, prospect of using shear- driven films of water in modern cooling systems of semiconductor devices was confirmed.


Background In order to optimize screening and support of living kidney donors, we examined which factors predict changes in donors' mental health after living kidney donation. Methods Living kidney donors (N=137) completed validated questionnaires and participated in interviews a median of 2 months before and 3 months after donation. Using multilevel linear models we examined whether psychological complaints and wellbeing were predicted by sociodemographic characteristics, medical outcomes for donor and recipient, and psychological factors based on stress models of Lazarus (1999) and Ursin & Eriksen (2004). Findings There was no main effect of time on psychological complaints while wellbeing increased over time (p<.01). Donors' home situation, greater stress, appraising donation as an uncontrollable or negative event, expectations of negative personal consequences, coping, social support, and more negative life events predicted negative changes in donors' mental health. Medical outcomes were not related to changes in donors' mental health. Discussion We recommend negative appraisals of donation and individual resources as targets for improved donor screening and support.


The question of how one goes about teaching students to be translators is a central area of concern for translation teachers. As a reflective practitioner, I have a hunch about how to solve my problem. This paper is therefore in itself part of a reflective practicum, part of my reflection-in-action. I am in the process of restructuring the translator education at the University of the Free State, on the one hand to be in line with the new requirements for higher education and, on the other hand, to try to address some of the problems currently under discussion in translator education. In a typical reflective manner, I take my point of departure from a particular problem which needs solving. It is a real-life problem which needs to be solved because it has to do with the quality of students' lives, the quality of the profession and my own student numbers. For those with a disciplinary nose, I am operating at the interface of translation studies, curriculum studies in higher education, theories of teaching and learning, and reflective practice. For those with a methodological inclination, I am using my own experience as a case study to reflect on issues of translator education.


Civilian JTF; the transformational protest in Borno State tried to cover that Nigeria as giant African nation experienced security problems and overcome all and therefore Bokoharam crises is not exceptional. Bokoharam sect is an idealistic fanatical group confirming Marxian position that religion is heart of the heartless sigh of the oppressed creature and opium of the people. Corruption fueled Bokoharam insurgency by influencing already existing marginalized youth created by corrupt governance over the years in the state. The CJTF is a reaction to the unwelcomed boasting and undue projection for illusionist realization of utopia shariah state Shakau. The body must be cautious in the operation to avoid killing of lawful ones. That the CJTF is a dangerous time bomb if not automatically recruited as security agents and monitored. There must be death penalty for corruption. Practice of religion must be purely private and all forms of coercion must be treated as terrorism. Preachers of any religion in Nigeria must have certificate in Sociology to be enlightened on idealism and materialism. All preachers must be check mated by security intelligent and call to order at any point of deviation to constitutional legitimacy.


Achieving the promised business benefits of an IT system is intimately tied to the continued incorporation of the system into the work practices it is intended to support. While much is known about different social, cognitive, and technical factors that influence initial adoption and use, less is known about the role of emotional factors in users' behaviors. Through an in-depth field study conducted in two North American universities, we examine the role of emotions in how specific IT use patterns emerge. We find that there are five different characteristics of an IT stimulus event (cues) that, when interacting in a reinforcing manner, elicit a single class of emotions (uniform affective responses) and, when interacting in an oppositional manner, elicit mixed emotions (ambivalent affective responses). While users respond to uniform emotions with clear adaptation strategies, they deal with ambivalent emotions by combining different adaptation behaviors, a vacillating strategy between emphasizing positive and negative aspects of the stimulus. Surprisingly, these ambivalent emotions and vacillating strategies can lead to active and positive user engagement, exhibited in task and tool adaptation behaviors and improvisational use patterns that, despite their nonconformity to terms of use, can have positive organizational implications.


The study was
 conducted to Develop and Validate Module in English at Secondary
 level in Pakistan. Therefore, the researcher developed a Module
 consisting of six units on the first five lessons of the textbook of
 9th class. The components of this module were Title, Introduction,
 Pre-requisite knowledge, Method of study, General objectives,
 Specific Objectives, Content (Input), Learning activities, Pre-test,
 Post-test and Feedback.
 The contents of the module were taken from the first five lessons of
 the English textbook of class IX. The basic language skills were
 focused for designing the activities and self-assessment tests of
 the units.
 otivate and brief the students about the task they had to
 do. General objectives were given at the start of a module and
 specific objectives were placed at the beginning of each unit of the
 module. The main objectives of the study were: (a) To develop a
 sample module from the textbook of English for the 9th class. (b) To
 validate a module determining their effectiveness by teaching in the
 classroom. (c) To validate module determining their effectiveness
 from the performance of low and high achievers in the classroom.
 The module was validated by conducting lessons in the classroom with
 its help.
 Therefore, the Pre-test Posttest were used as the instruments of the
 study. The Pre-test was used to find out the competencies of the
 students to deal with the material presented in the module. The
 validation of the module was checked by administering the same
 pretest as a post-test to the subjects of both experimental and
 control groups by changing the arrangement of the items on the
 pattern of Even Odd Numbers The module consisting of six units
 were taught in 14 weeks and it consumed 80 hours of the students for
 solving the activities given at the end of the module. The students
 of secondary classes studying in Government public secondary schools
 were the population of study. The control group as well as the
 experimental group was of equal size, each having 30 students of 9th
 class. The scores of pre-test and post-test were the data of study.
 The significance of difference between the scores of groups at 0.05
 levels was tested by applying t-test and analysis of variance.
 The study proved that the material designed as a module promoted
 independent learning habits in the learner, provided opportunity to
 proceed at his own pace, ensured active participation, useful for
 slow as well as of bright students, enabled the students to
 comprehend difficult concepts, and kept them on the track. For this
 purpose, it was recommended that the policy makers should take steps
 for the development and validation of modules at secondary school
 level and the teacher training institutions should take steps for
 the training of the teachers for the development and validation of
 modules in different subjects. Textbook board may arrange workshops
 for writing of the books on modular pattern and the school libraries
 should be enriched with the books on the topics of development and
 validation of modules. The subject specialists and senior teachers
 should be trained to revise and update the modules in the light of
 modern researches on continuous basis. In spite of the fact that the
 material developed as a module under this study proved valid as a
 result of better performance of the students in the experimental
 group. However, there is also need of further studies on this topic
 by controlling some other variables such as attitude of the
 students, level of intelligence, timing of work that may influence
 the performance of the students


The development of the real estate sector depends on the business environment and economic development of the country. In the last several years Slovakia has undergone the serious structural changes which augmented FDI inflow and induced the growth of industrial clusters. This inflow had the serious implication in the real estate development. The whole business environment has been changed, flat income tax introduced, the pension reform started, some competencies situated at the central government were shifted to the local level, the government is trying to find the path toward the knowledge based society. Joining the European Union brought the new impulses for the development of real estate at the transborder regions. The proposed paper deals with above mentioned factors, shows their impact on the development of the real estate ( housing, administrative and logistic premises etc), in Slovakia, and particularly in capital city Bratislava, where the changes are most visible. At the same time it analyses the institutional impediments for the development of the sector and sketches the future perspectives.


By continuing to form an "Other" in postcolonial period, Orientalism, which becomes a tool for colonialism, has been impeding the process of living together in multicultural structures. Multiculturalism, which emphasises the relationships among "Me" and "Other", becomes one of the characteristics of European societies after colonialism and migration. In multicultural Europe, approach to "Other" and living together with "Other" sometimes get stuck. Muslims whose relationships with Europe can be traced back to old times are currently considered as a threat for European societies. The share of media in recognizing Muslims as a danger is very high. Media plays a crucial role on the formation of negative Muslim image by bringing the visibility of Muslims to its agenda. This study will attempt to analyse how Le Vif magazine questions living together by othering Muslim population living in Belgium through its covers.


Gangliogliomas of the spinal cord are rare disease entities that occur in early childhood. Their occurrence in association with neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) has not been described. The authors describe the unique case of a 2-year-old child with stigmata of NF2 who harbored a spinal cord ganglioglioma that presented as a rapidly growing, exophytic intramedullary mass lesion at the cervicomedullary junction. Treatment consisted of complete surgical resection. Histopathological analysis of the lesion demonstrated a mixed population of neoplastic cells, of both neuronal and glial lineage, that supported the diagnosis of ganglioglioma.


The use of agents to prevent the onset of and/or the progression to breast cancer has the potential to lower breast cancer risk. We have previously shown that the tumor-suppressor gene p53 is a potential mediator of hormone (estrogen/progesterone)induced protection against chemical carcinogen–induced mammary carcinogenesis in animal models. Here, we show for the first time a breast cancer–protective effect of chloroquine in an animal model. Chloroquine significantly reduced the incidence of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea–induced mammary tumors in our animal model similar to estrogen/progesterone treatment. No protection was seen in our BALB/c p53-null mammary epithelium model, indicating a p53 dependency for the chloroquine effect. Using a human nontumorigenic mammary gland epithelial cell line, MCF10A, we confirm that in the absence of detectable DNA damage, chloroquine activates the tumor-suppressor p53 and the p53 downstream target gene p21 , resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest. p53 activation occurs at a posttranslational level via chloroquine-dependent phosphorylation of the checkpoint protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), leading to ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53. In primary mammary gland epithelial cells isolated from p53-null mice, chloroquine does not induce G1 cell cycle arrest compared with cells isolated from wildtype mice, also indicating a p53 dependency. Our results indicate that a short prior exposure to chloroquine may have a preventative application for mammary carcinogenesis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(24):12026–33]


This paper examines research about Wikipedia that has been undertaken using big data approaches. The aim is to gauge the coherence as against the disparateness of studies from different disciplines, how these studies relate to each other, and to research about Wikipedia and new social media in general. The paper is partly based on interviews with big data researchers, and discusses a number of themes and implications of Wikipedia research, including about the workings of online collaboration, the way that contributions mirror (or not) aspects of real-world geographies, and how contributions can be used to predict offline social and economic trends. Among the findings is that in some areas of research, studies build on and extend each other's results. However, most of the studies stay within disciplinary silos and could be better integrated with other research on Wikipedia and with research about new media. Wikipedia is among few sources in big data research where the data are openly available, unlike many studies where data are proprietary. Thus, it has lent itself to a burgeoning and promising body of research. The paper concludes that in order to fulfil this promise, this research must pay more attention to theories and research from other disciplines, and also go beyond questions based narrowly on the availability of data and towards a more powerful analytical grasp of the phenomenon being investigated.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the outcome and 3-year mortality rate among patients discharged from a coronary care unit (CCU) with a diagnosis of "chest pain not yet diagnosed."

DESIGN
Prospective observational cohort study.

SETTING
CCU in a university teaching hospital.

PATIENTS
All 158 eligible patients discharged from the CCU between August 1986 and December 1988. Of them, 27 refused to participate and 31 did not meet the inclusion criteria because of significant co-morbidity or transportation difficulties.

INTERVENTIONS
Evaluation with maximal and thallium exercise stress testing and four major gastrointestinal (GI) investigations: 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring, upper GI endoscopy with biopsy, esophageal motility studies and an upper GI barium series.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Results of investigations and incidence of recurrent chest pain, CCU readmission, coronary angiography, coronary artery bypass surgery, myocardial infarction and death at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after the index visit.

RESULTS
Of the patients enrolled in the study 79% (79/100) had a normal exercise thallium stress test result, 74% (68/92) had an abnormal result from the 24-hour pH monitoring, 87% (82/94) had abnormal endoscopic results, 90% (84/93) had abnormal manometric results, and 89% (83/93) had signs of reflux with the barium series. At 3 years 50 patients had recurrent chest pain and 3 underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. Three patients died over the 3 years, all of noncardiac causes.

CONCLUSION
Many patients discharged from the CCU with a diagnosis of chest pain not yet diagnosed have a high incidence of esophageal disorders and a very low 3-year mortality rate. More research into the early and effective identification and management of patients with such a diagnosis is needed.


This work has studied the relation between human memory (central executive) and
calculus performance, taking 94 Spanish students aged 7 and 8. Our results show that the relation
between the central executive and arithmetic performance is important and consistent, so that
children with less memory capacity will also have lower performance in areas of calculus. This
data leads to the conclusion that the reeducation of children with calculus difficulties should
neither rest on repetition, nor on meaningless practice, but in the activation of those psychological
processes implicated in learning and, more concretely, in memory.