Recent work using a dual-economy approach to labor markets has documented heterogeneities in descriptive profiles of workers and returns to human capital by core-periphery sector of the economy. However, an important need that has gone relatively uninformed is an understanding of movement across sectors of the economy as a dimension of individual careers. This study explores how sex is related to core-periphery placement and mobility from labor force entry to almost midcareer. The results support the existing literature that suggests women enter the labor force in peripheral industries. Moreover, not only are women more likely to work in the periphery during this important initial phase of their careers but they are twice as likely to be located there at midcareer regardless of where they began. Further analysis of the intersectoral mobility process shows that many human capital variables do not serve as "sorting-and-selection" devices by the capitalistic economy but there are sex differences in the effects of these variables on the mobility process. Limitations and issues pertaining to future studies using both individualistic and structural approaches are discussed.


Glial cells surround neuronal endings to create enclosed compartments required for neuronal function. This architecture is seen at excitatory synapses and at sensory neuron receptive endings. Despite the prevalence and importance of these compartments, how they form is not known. We used the main sensory organ of C. elegans, the amphid, to investigate this issue. daf-6/Patched-related is a glia-expressed gene previously implicated in amphid sensory compartment morphogenesis. By comparing time series of electron-microscopy (EM) reconstructions of wild-type and daf-6 mutant embryos, we show that daf-6 acts to restrict compartment size. From a genetic screen, we found that mutations in the gene lit-1/Nemo-like kinase (NLK) suppress daf-6. EM and genetic studies demonstrate that lit-1 acts within glia, in counterbalance to daf-6, to promote sensory compartment expansion. Although LIT-1 has been shown to regulate Wnt signaling, our genetic studies demonstrate a novel, Wnt-independent role for LIT-1 in sensory compartment size control. The LIT-1 activator MOM-4/TAK1 is also important for compartment morphogenesis and both proteins line the glial sensory compartment. LIT-1 compartment localization is important for its function and requires neuronal signals. Furthermore, the conserved LIT-1 C-terminus is necessary and sufficient for this localization. Two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that the LIT-1 C-terminus binds both actin and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), an actin regulator. We use fluorescence light microscopy and fluorescence EM methodology to show that actin is highly enriched around the amphid sensory compartment. Finally, our genetic studies demonstrate that WASP is important for compartment expansion and functions in the same pathway as LIT-1. The studies presented here uncover a novel, Wnt-independent role for the conserved Nemo-like kinase LIT-1 in controlling cell morphogenesis in conjunction with the actin cytoskeleton. Our results suggest that the opposing daf-6 and lit-1 glial pathways act together to control sensory compartment size.


Prior to commencing this PhD project, my research into community media revealed that Aboriginal people were mostly absent from Perth community television. In spite of participating in a consortium to establish community television in Perth, the Aboriginal community had not broadcast a single program by 2006 when this PhD project commenced. In this same year, the only Aboriginal community radio station in the south-west lost its licence and the local Noongar community were working towards reestablishing their radio presence. Thus, while Aboriginal community media in other parts of Australia were experiencing considerable success, Perth Aboriginal media appeared to be struggling. This prompted a series of questions that this research set out to investigate. How did the Perth Aboriginal community feel about community media? How strongly if at all did they want their voices to be part of the public sphere? Were there circumstances, particular to Perth, that were impeding the establishment of Aboriginal community media? What were the ingredients needed to establish successful Aboriginal community media in an urban environment like Perth?

The answers to these questions were sought through the production of an Aboriginal magazine-style television program series called Noongar Dandjoo, named after the Noongar tribal group who are the traditional custodians of the land in the south-west of Western Australia. Dandjoo is the Noongar word for 'gathering'.

This project used an action research approach to investigate not only the creative outcome, Noongar Dandjoo, but also the all-important process of its production. The broadcast content provides evidence of the power of community media to support culture, contribute to a sense of community identity, and challenge mainstream media stereotypes and misrepresentation. The participatory process of production enables Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants to create a 'third space' which delivers benefits for all, and which emerges as a model for cross-cultural collaboration. For Indigenous participants, the program contributes to a sense of empowerment as well as developing communication and production skills. Non-Indigenous media students participating in the program develop their cultural awareness and empathy for Indigenous issues, which in turn impacts on mainstream media representation as these same students are employed as media professionals.

The Noongar Dandjoo project is described within the context of Noongar history and culture, and community media theory and practice. The action research method is adapted to align with Indigenous ethical protocols and third space theory.

This thesis is accompanied by DVD copies of three series of Noongar Dandjoo which illustrate the action research process.


Introduction Brugada Syndrome (BrS), first described by 2 Spanish brothers, is a genetic arrhythmogenic disease characterised by appearance of coved-shaped STelevation on electrocardiogram (ECG) in precordial leads V1–V3 in the absence of structural heart disease, electrolyte imbalance or ischemia. It is associated with syncope and sudden death, typically at rest or during sleep. Methods We used our CRYP database to identify individuals as having probable BrS based on clinical presentation, family history and result of provocation test using ajmaline. Ajmaline, a short-acting sodium channel blocker, unmasks these dynamic, and often concealed, BrS ECG changes. Ajmaline dosed at 1 mg/kg body weight was infused at a rate of 10 mg/min with continuous ECG monitoring, with modified lead placement as per protocol (1). The test was deemed positive with the development of abnormal coved-type ECG changes in precordial leads V1–V3. Results Of 207 patients (85 families) selected for ajmaline testing, 193 underwent provocation testing. The most common indication for referral was family history of sudden cardiac death (161), followed by symptoms of syncope (11), patients with a known family history of BrS (8), patients who suffered cardiac arrest/non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (5), patients with borderline ECG that did not fit the criteria for BrS (4), patients presenting with palpitations (2) and seizures (2). (Figure 1) 10 patients (6 males, 4 females) developed Type 1 ECG changes, 2 developed Type 2 changes and 2 developed QRS prolongation. Of the 10 who were positive, 6 patients belonged to 2 families and 4 were unrelated. 2 patients subsequently underwent ICD placement. The rest of the patients remain well and are routinely followed up for development of symptoms.Abstract 35 Figure 1 Indication for referral Conclusion Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) is defined as a sudden, unexpected death in a person with no known prior cardiac disease, last seen well within 12 hours of the death and within 1 hour of the onset of symptoms (if any) in whom a full post-mortem examination including toxicology investigations could not identify the cause of death (2). In Ireland SADS has reported incidence of 0.76 per 100,000 compared to 0.16 per 100,000 in the United Kingdom (3). In our study, out of 85 families screened through ajmaline test for BrS, 6 families were found to have evidence of BrS (7%). A similar study by McGorrian et al, in which 73 families were screened for SADS in Ireland, the results were very similar. They identified 22 families with a potential inheritable cause of SADS, of which 5 families were found to have evidence of BrS (7%). These identical results suggest that Brugada syndrome is a relatively rare but definite cause of sudden cardiac death in the Irish population. Ajmaline testing should considered and routinely performed in patients screened for SADS.


BACKGROUND
 Social media offers promise for communicating the risks and health effects of harmful products and behaviors to larger and hard-to-reach segments of the population. Nearly 70% of US adults use some social media. However, rigorous research across different social media is vital to establish successful evidence-based health communication strategies that meet the requirements of the evolving digital landscape and the needs of diverse populations.

 OBJECTIVE
 The aim of this study was to expand and test a software tool (Trial Promoter) to support health promotion and education research by automating aspects of the generation, distribution, and assessment of large numbers of social media health messages and user comments.

 METHODS
 The tool supports 6 functions (1) data import, (2) message generation deploying randomization techniques, (3) message distribution, (4) import and analysis of message comments, (5) collection and display of message performance data, and (6) reporting based on a predetermined data dictionary. The tool was built using 3 open-source software products: PostgreSQL, Ruby on Rails, and Semantic UI. To test the tool's utility and reliability, we developed parameterized message templates (N=102) based upon 2 government-sponsored health education campaigns, extracted images from these campaigns and a free stock photo platform (N=315), and topic-related hashtags (N=4) from Twitter. We conducted a functional correctness analysis of the generated social media messages to assess the algorithm's ability to produce the expected output for each input. We defined 100% correctness as use of the message template text and substitution of 3 message parameters (ie, image, hashtag, and destination URL) without any error. The percent correct was calculated to determine the probability with which the tool generates accurate messages.

 RESULTS
 The tool generated, distributed, and assessed 1275 social media health messages over 85 days (April 19 to July 12, 2017). It correctly used the message template text and substituted the message parameters 100% (1275/1275) of the time as verified by human reviewers and a custom algorithm using text search and attribute-matching techniques.

 CONCLUSIONS
 A software tool can effectively support the generation, distribution, and assessment of hundreds of health promotion messages and user comments across different social media with the highest degree of functional correctness and minimal human interaction. The tool has the potential to support social media–enabled health promotion research and practice: first, by enabling the assessment of large numbers of messages to develop evidence-based health communication, and second, by providing public health organizations with a tool to increase their output of health education messages and manage user comments. We call on readers to use and develop the tool and to contribute to evidence-based communication methods in the digital age.


In this paper critical reading is considered as the key method for the construction of knowledge. Its characteristics are analyzed in detail and some implications in medical education are emphasized. The outstanding characteristics of critical reading is the ability of the reader to selectively assimilate the information in the text. Criticism is contrary to the reductionist approaches in which the real world is atomized in disjointed compartments. We emphasize the main components of critical reading: a) a passion for knowledge; b) an autocritical attitude; c) a transdisciplinary vision; d) the development of a personal point of view; e) an aperture towards new knowledge; and f) an adequate social environment.


Abstract Objective Dietary protein plays a role in counteracting age-related muscle loss. However, limited long-term data exist on protein intake and markers of cardiometabolic health, which tend to deteriorate with age. Design Prospective cohort study. FFQ-derived protein intake (g/d) and cardiometabolic markers were assessed up to five times across 20 years. Markers included systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, circulating lipids (total, HDL and LDL cholesterol; TAG), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), fasting glucose (FG), weight and waist circumference (WC). Mixed models accounting for repeated measures were used to estimate adjusted mean annualized changes in outcomes per quartile category of protein. Setting Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort, USA. Subjects Participants (n 3066) with 12 333 unique observations, baseline (mean (sd)) age=54·0 (9·7) years, BMI=27·4 (4·9) kg/m2, 53·5 % female. Results In fully adjusted models, there were favourable associations (mean (se)) of total protein with annualized changes in SBP (lowest v. highest intake: 0·34 (0·06) v. 0·04 (0·06) mmHg, P trend=0·001) and eGFR (−1·03 (0·06) v. −0·87 (0·05) ml/min per 1·73 m2, P trend=0·046), unfavourable associations with changes in FG (0·013 (0·004) v. 0·028 (0·004) mmol/l, P trend=0·004) and no associations with weight, WC, DBP or lipids. Animal protein was favourably associated with SBP and unfavourably with FG and WC; plant protein was favourably associated with FG and WC. Conclusions The present study provides evidence that protein intake may influence changes in cardiometabolic health independent of change in weight in healthy adults and that protein's role in cardiometabolic health may depend on the protein source.


OBJECTIVES
This paper reviews cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder (BD). Data on the poor outcome of about 50% of patients diagnosed with BD supports the addition of a psychosocial intervention for the treatment of this recurring disorder. The psychoeducational nature of CBT, the effectiveness of CBT in increasing compliance to pharmacological treatment, and the ability of CBT to prevent relapse in unipolar depression (UD) are well suited to the treatment of BD.

METHOD
Psychosocial interventions for BD will be briefly reviewed. Individual and group CBT interventions (published and unpublished) will also be reviewed. The significance of comorbid anxiety disorders regarding response to treatment will also be discussed. A review of the treatment protocol with the specific cognitive-behavioral interventions as applied to BD will be presented. Finally, a case example will be presented to illustrate the application of CBT to BD.

RESULTS
Preliminary results indicate that CBT may be an effective adjunctive, intervention for the treatment of BD. Specifically CBT may be helpful in increasing compliance, improving quality of life and functioning, help early symptom recognition, decrease relapse and decrease depressive symptomatology.

CONCLUSIONS
Preliminary data on CBT for BD are promising but more rigorous randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of CBT for BD. An other area of research should be to pursue the understanding of cognitive processes in BD which would allow us to refine and develop CBT interventions unique to this disorder.


Abstract Background: Oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs) constitute a significant and increasing proportion of head and neck carcinomas and are an important global cause of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine trends in incidence and survival in OPC in the Danish population from 1980 to 2014. Methods: This study included all patients registered in the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry over the period 1980–2014. The age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) per 100,000, annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) were evaluated. Five-year relative survival (RS) was calculated with Cox regression analyses in relation to gender, anatomical location and histology. Results: A total of 6555 patients (69% male) were included, with a median age at diagnosis of 60 years. The AAIR of patients with OPC increased from 0.815 per 100,000 in 1980 to 4.51 per 100,000 in 2014 with an AAPC of 5.3. The 5-year RS increased significantly from 33.1% over the period 1980–1984 to 58.5% (25.4% points) over the period 2010–2014. With no significant difference stratified for gender. Tumors located at the palatine tonsils (n = 3333) and salivary gland OPC (n = 90) had significantly better survival compared with other sub-locations and histology subtypes. In the APC model the birth cohort effect rate ratio increased until 1925 and then decreased until 1935 from which point it increased in the last cohorts. Conclusions: In this population-based study, we observed a significant increase in the incidence of OPCs and in the RS for OPC. We also identified a profound birth cohort effect on the incidence.


Although various courses of treatment for paedophilia have been tried, there is little evidence of their effectiveness. Important factors that mitigate against success are the inability of paedophiles to see their sexual activity as warranting treatment and their reluctance to change their behaviour.


The paper details the use of acoustic emission generated by active waveguide subsurface instrumentation to monitor the stability of a rail soil cutting slope failure. Operation of the active waveguide, unitary battery-operated acoustic emission sensor and warning communication system are described. Previous field trials reported by the authors demonstrate that acoustic emission rates generated by active waveguides are proportional to the velocity of slope movement, and can therefore be used to detect changes in rates of movement in response to destabilising and stabilising effects, such as rainfall and remediation, respectively. The paper presents a field trial of the acoustic emission monitoring system at a reactivated rail-cutting slope failure at Players Crescent, Totton, Southampton, UK. The results of the monitoring are compared with both periodic and continuous deformation measurements. The study demonstrated that acoustic emission monitoring can provide continuous information on displacement rates, with high temporal resolution. The ability of the monitoring system to detect slope movements and disseminate warnings by way of text messages is presented. The monitoring approach is shown to provide real-time information that could be used by operators to make decisions on traffic safety.


We are in the midst of a revolution in our understanding of planets in the Universe. In the last 20 years, 200-times more planets have been discovered beyond our solar system than reside within it. Astronomers are determining their properties, are finding correlations between a star's type and its planet population, and have begun to probe exoplanetary atmospheres. One idea to emerge is that the planets of the solar system are not representative in type, mix, or orbit. Another is that comparative planetology has become a palpable reality. A third is that we are merely on the cusp of a transformation in our conceptions of planet birth and evolution. With all this progress, textbooks are being rewritten yearly. To communicate a sense of the pace and excitement of this new subject, we have assembled a collection of articles by some of the leading researchers in their subfields that summarizes the current state of play across the broadening spectrum of topics relevant to the study of exoplanets.

In "Spectra as windows into exoplanet atmospheres," Adam Burrows (1) provides a perspective on exoplanet theory and remote sensing via photometry and spectroscopy. He highlights the need for better spectra and the limitations—despite recent progress—in our current knowledge of exoplanet atmospheres. Importantly, Burrows emphasizes that the true function of the recent past of exoplanet research has been to train the next generation of scientists who will ensure that the foundations of comparative exoplanetolgy in the future will be robust.

Yoram Lithwick and Yanqin Wu (2) explore the organization of planetary orbits and systems resulting from chaos in their gravitational dynamics and mutual evolution. Eric Ford (3) also reviews ideas concerning the architectures of exoplanetary systems, and addresses some implications for their formation. In particular, Ford focuses on the creation of multiple planet systems in tight orbits, the excitation of orbital eccentricities, and the usefulness of transit timing variation caused by mutual gravitational interactions in providing constraints on the formation and orbital evolution of planetary systems with low-mass planets.

David Spiegel, Jonathan Fortney, and Christophe Sotin (4) delve into the physical structure of exoplanets. Emphasizing that the emerging data suggest that our solar system is in no way typical, these authors review the diversity of possible planet interior structures, from super-Jupiters to planets half the mass of the Earth. Along the way, they discuss the variety of material properties—from those of compressed solids to those of dilute gases—that determine the size and profiles of planets in the galaxy. The relevant equations of state are explored and the possible role of the radius-mass distribution function in informing our understanding of planet formation and evolution is investigated.

Christopher McKay (5) reviews the requirements and limits for life and habitability in the context of exoplanets. Using the variety of life on Earth as a guide, McKay emphasizes that temperature is a key and that low light levels, high UV fluxes, and low oxygen levels need not be existential problems for various possible forms of alien life, although the biological availability of nitrogen may be an issue.

Sara Seager (6) reviews the likely means by which life could be inferred on rocky exoplanets—the identification of atmospheric biosignatures in the planet's spectrum—and the many obstacles to the robust identification of those biomolecules. Seager summarizes lessons learned to date through the study of scores of giant and sub-Neptune exoplanet atmospheres and the inherent limitations of remote sensing from the Earth, and posits a way forward to reliably ascertain the presence of life beyond the solar system. Along the way, Seager suggests an expansion of the concept of habitable zone. Continuing on this theme, James Kasting et al. (7) investigate the exact thermodynamic and radiative conditions necessary to maintain liquid water. These authors then go on to argue that liquid water is necessary for carbon-based, photosynthetic life to proliferate on a rocky planet to a degree sufficient to modify its atmosphere enough to enable spectroscopic detection by us. Kasting et al. also argue that conservative habitable-zone definitions should be used for designing future space-based telescopes, but that optimistic definitions will be necessary to interpret data from such missions. Interestingly, Kasting et al. go on to estimate that the frequency of Earth-like planets around stars smaller than the Sun might be as high as 40–50%.

Natalie Batalha (8) summarizes the demographics of planetary systems that have emerged from the Kepler space mission. With more than 3,500 planet candidates and a reliability rate of 85–90%, Batalha presents the revealed distributions in planet radius and orbital period as a function of primary star. Designed to determine the prevalence of planets like the Earth, such distributions and statistics are the major products of the Kepler mission. Batalha also reviews the role of the methods of transit timing, radial-velocity measurement, and statistical validation in determining reliable planet occurrence rates, and shows that planets—in particular small planets and multiple planet systems—abound in our galaxy.

Geoffrey Marcy et al. (9) continue this theme to show that planets one- to four-times the radius of Earth, a population missing in the solar system, are common. These authors reiterate that the smallest planets are the most common and determine distributions in planet radius and orbital period. Marcy et al. supplement the Kepler data for radii with mass measurements from radial velocity techniques to reveal roughly two populations of exoplanets smaller than four-times the radius of the Earth: those with the lowest masses, whose radii imply thin atmospheres, and those with larger radii that can be explained only by the presence of thick gaseous envelopes. Although noisy, this rough systematic must reflect modes of planet formation and subsequent envelope evaporation. Marcy et al. note that rocky planets occur around stars having a range of heavy element abundances, whereas gas giant exoplanets are more common around stars rich in heavy elements. This finding leads the authors to speculate that the fast formation of rocky cores in protoplanetary disks enriched in heavy elements might permit the accumulation of gas from the protoplanetary disk before it vanishes, forming the giant planets.

Finally, Bruce Macintosh et al. (10) present the first-light observations from the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), designed to discover and characterize extrasolar giant planets, brown dwarfs, and ice giants by direct imaging from under the glare of nearby parent stars. GPI is the first of a new generation of high-performance imaging systems that combines adaptive optics with a coronagraph and an integral field spectrograph to achieve maximum sensitivity to detect dim planets in wide orbits next to their bright primaries. MacIntosh et al. present here the first of what are expected to be many planet detections at wide separation that can be accomplished by no other means. In the process, the authors demonstrate the great discovery potential of high-contrast imaging to explore hitherto unreachable planetary realms.

Together, the articles of this Special Feature encapsulate both the energy of this new subject and its great variety. Touching upon most of astronomy, the science of exoplanets is likely to engage and amaze both astronomers and the public at large for years to come as it matures into a core discipline at the interface between astronomy and traditional planetary science. With this collection, we hope to convey to the reader the excitement of the recent past, as well as the anticipated excitement of the journey ahead.


This paper sets out a System that enables a teacher to get a real time feedback from a large group of students' understanding. A teacher can quickly set up a question and submit this question to his students. The server implements a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) architecture. We propose different types of clients that are targeting most of equipments available today: computers, mobile phone, smartphone... Thus, any student may easily find a tool to answer to any question. This System implements various types of technologies: databases, web technologies, object oriented programming... a easily real


Computer-mediated television brings new requirements for user interface design and evaluation, since interactive television applications are deployed in a relaxed domestic setting and aim to gratify the need for entertainment. Digital video recorders, the generation of custom computer graphics on each digital set-top box, and the introduction of new advertising formats are important issues for research and practice. We explore the employment of an animated character and the dynamic insertion of advertising in the design of an intuitive user interface for interactive music-video television. We found that the animated character and the skippable videoclip feature seamlessly enhanced consumer satisfaction, as shown by affective usability questionnaires.


In 1984 Spain started the experimentation that culminated in 1990 in the law of new educational system. One of the main characteristics of the new system, together with the creation of compulsory secondary education (12-16), is the introduction of Technology as a compulsory subject in secondary schools. The autonomous region of Catalonia issued and implemented its own curriculum. This paper describes the experience of designing the curriculum, developing suitable workshops, providing equipment and, globally, changing mentality of the teachers, parents and society in general on this new subject. Achievements, lacks and future challenges are discussed.


This thesis uses a discursive approach to examine how 'government', Chief Officer 'police realities' and 'feminisms' are accomplished as 'doings' in domestic violence policy activities across the decade 1990-2000. The main reasons for undertaking this research were absences in the governmentality literature around domestic violence, gender, analyses of power and changes in political government; unease about 'police culture' having slipped from currency in academic debate about the policing of domestic violence; and concern about what happens to feminisms in the government policy-making context.

Drawing on domestic violence policy documents, produced in the period 1990-2000, my main arguments are that 'doing' government is largely demonstrable in the activities of problem formulation, constituting victims and forwarding 'working together'; and that much government truth-telling is founded on the claim of 'the already responsible government'. Chief Officers of police also self-present as already fulfilling their responsibilities; constituting their versions of reality through identity-work, boundary-work and the mobilisation of gender as an occasional resource. In contrast, 'doing' feminism seems less robust. It appears in organisational naming, forwarding causes of domestic violence which are not permissive of women blaming and formulating subjects of representation. But none of these activities are named as or bounded to 'feminism' per se.

Changes in political government appear to impact differently on these various 'doings'. New Labour attempts to extend more control than the Conservatives over policy community members, gender(ed) understandings of domestic violence and local 'crime' matters. Chief Officers attune to shifts in government guidance but appear to use these truths in the service of their own transactional business. By comparison, shifts in the positions from which feminists speak appear to effect changes in their warranting strategies and exercisings of power. Thus there is a sense that 'feminisms' are perhaps the more malleable versions of reality in this context.


A novel real-space approach to dimerization in a half-filled band is developed to investigate effects of electron-electron interactions on the Peierls instability. Dimerization is shown to be a result of imperfect resonance between pairs of electron configurations related to each other by a mirror-plane symmetry passing through the longest diagonal of the infinite ring, and the kinetic- and potential-energy contributions to the barrier to resonance are identified separately. The effects of including the on-site, nearest-neighbor, and next-nearest-neighbor interactions are investigated, and in each case it is shown that the enhancement or reduction in dimerization can be predicted from elementary physical arguments. These predictions are then substantiated by exact numerical calculations on a ten-site ring, and finite-size effects are shown to be small. The principal results that are obtained are the following: (i) The on-site correlation $U$ strongly enhances the dimerization, the enhancement being strongest for $U\ensuremath{\sim}4{t}_{0}$, where $4{t}_{0}$ is the bandwidth of the uniform chain; (ii) the nearest-neighbor interaction ${V}_{1}$ further enhances the dimerization until ${V}_{1}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{1}{2}U$, while ${V}_{1}g\frac{1}{2}U$ favors a uniform chain with a different broken-symmetry ground state, an on-site charge-density wave; (iii) for ${V}_{1}\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{1}{2}U$, the second-neighbor interaction ${V}_{2}$ reduces the dimerization slightly, although the dimerization is still stronger than that with an effective nearest-neighbor interaction ${V}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{V}_{2}$; (iv) for ${V}_{1}g\frac{1}{2}U$, ${V}_{2}$ destroys the on-site charge-density wave and the ground state is strongly dimerized again. The complete Parisier-Parr-Pople (PPP) Hamiltonian is discussed, and it is pointed out that the above results, together with the excited-state orderings in the PPP Hamiltonian, strongly indicate that the ground state of the PPP Hamiltonian is the dimerized state. The excited-state orderings in finite polyenes, spin-density distributions in polyacetylene, and our theoretical results all indicate then that explicit inclusion of Coulomb interactions may be necessary for an accurate description of the ground and excited states in polyacetylene.


Abstract Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis form a rare but severe disease spectrum characterized by widespread epidermal detachment. Gastrointestinal manifestations of the disease, however, are rarely described in the pediatric literature and have a high mortality among adults. There are limited data on the treatment of these cases, with conflicting evidence regarding the benefit of steroids, IVIG, or other immunosuppressive agents. We review previous instances of gastrointestinal involvement in children and report the case of a previously healthy 13-year-old who presented with the typical ocular and skin findings of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, subsequently developed severe life-threatening diarrhea, and was found to have severe esophagitis, duodenitis, and colitis on endoscopic evaluation. Treatment was initiated with an immediate, short course of steroids along with early introduction of an enteral diet via nasogastric tube, and resulted in full gastrointestinal recovery. This case highlights successful medical treatment of the first reported pediatric case of SJS/TEN with both upper and lower gastrointestinal tract involvement.


Evidence has accumulated that some genes originate directly from previously non-genic sequences, or de novo, rather than by the duplication or fusion of existing genes. However, how de novo genes emerge and eventually become functional is largely unknown. Here we perform the first study on de novo genes that uses transcriptomics data from eleven different yeast species, all grown identically in both rich media and in oxidative stress conditions. The genomes of these species are densely-packed with functional elements, leaving little room for the co-option of genomic sequences into new transcribed loci. Despite this, we find that at least 213 transcripts (~5%) have arisen de novo in the past 20 million years of evolution of baker's yeast-or approximately 10 new transcripts every million years. Nearly half of the total newly expressed sequences are generated from regions in which both DNA strands are used as templates for transcription, explaining the apparent contradiction between the limited 'empty' genomic space and high rate of de novo gene birth. In addition, we find that 40% of these de novo transcripts are actively translated and that at least a fraction of the encoded proteins are likely to be under purifying selection. This study shows that even in very highly compact genomes, de novo transcripts are continuously generated and can give rise to new functional protein-coding genes.


In January 2022, we published the paper "A Stronghold of Climate Change Denialism in Germany: Case Study of the Output and Press Representation of the Think Tank EIKE." Europäisches Institut für Klima und Energie's (EIKE's) spokesperson has produced a rejoinder to our study, based on unfounded accusations through a misinterpretation of Gleick's toolbox on "Deceitful Tactics and Abuse of the Scientific Process." Here, we respond to those accusations by reviewing new evidence available on EIKE and provide further clarification of our conclusions based on the response received and the latest literature. We conclude that EIKE constitutes a clear example of an organization that masquerades as a think tank but whose work does not conform to the academic standards characteristic of such entities. Holding a key role in the German climate countermovement, its goal is not to promote scientific integrity, but rather to distort climate debates and obstruct climate action.


The construction of antibacterial and antitumor coatings could offer effective routes to improve the therapeutic effects of non-vascular stents for unresectable obstructions caused by malignant tumours. Herein, polyelectrolyte multilayers have been explored as bactericidal coatings with controlled antitumor drug release. To solve the challenges of loading and controlled release of small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs in polyelectrolyte multilayers, the antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) was chemically conjugated onto polyethylenimine via cis aconitic anhydride (pH-sensitive linker), thus obtaining the polycation prodrug PEI-CA-DOX. Alginate sodium was oxidized (O-Alg) and mixed with DOX to prepare the O-Alg-DOX complex as a polyanion. QCM-D and contact angle tests were used to monitor and verify the progressive build-up of the PEI-CA-DOX/O-Alg-DOX multilayer films, which show a linear growth. The in vitro antibacterial tests indicated that the PEI-CA-DOX-terminated PEI-CA-DOX/O-Alg-DOX multilayers could kill the bacteria effectively. As-such multilayers also presented a long-term sustained DOX release behaviour in PBS due to the combination of slow release in PEI-CA-DOX and fast release in the O-Alg-DOX complex. The as-designed PEI-CA-DOX/O-Alg-DOX multilayers with combined antibacterial and antitumor properties may have great potential for applications in non-vascular stent coatings for palliative treatment of obstruction caused by malignant tumours.


This work studies the problem of batch off-policy evaluation for Reinforcement Learning in partially observable environments. Off-policy evaluation under partial observability is inherently prone to bias, with risk of arbitrarily large errors. We define the problem of off-policy evaluation for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) and establish what we believe is the first off-policy evaluation result for POMDPs. In addition, we formulate a model in which observed and unobserved variables are decoupled into two dynamic processes, called a Decoupled POMDP. We show how off-policy evaluation can be performed under this new model, mitigating estimation errors inherent to general POMDPs. We demonstrate the pitfalls of off-policy evaluation in POMDPs using a well-known off-policy method, Importance Sampling, and compare it with our result on synthetic medical data.


Drawing on a database of more than one hundred anti-poverty interventions in 47 countries, Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries provides a general review of experiences with methods used to target interventions in transition and developing countries. Written for policymakers and program managers in developing countries, in donor agencies, and in NGOs who have responsibility for designing interventions that reach the poor, it conveys what targeting options are available, what results can be expected as well as information that will assist in choosing among them and in their implementation.


Background: sclerocalcific aortic valve is a common condition. Risk stratification and decision making are particularly complex in adults with aortic stenosis (AS), because the disease mainly affects elderly patients who represent a heterogeneous population and require balanced and individualized analysis using a multidisciplinary collaboration. Further research is needed to provide better evidence in particular on spontaneous risk, earlier detection of LV dysfunction, and the results of transcatheter treatment and medical therapy.
 Objectives: to study the clinical short term outcome of the severe untreated severe sclerocalcific aortic valve stenosis and also to evaluate the correlation between echocardiography assessment of aortic stenosis and clinical history and examination.
 Methods: in our study of 50 patients with severe sclerocalcific aortic stenosis, were subjected to full history taking along with full clinical examination and transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and follow up. The TTE criteria for diagnosis of severe Sclerocalcific aortic stenosis are increased echogenicity and thickening of the aortic valve leaflets with mean gradient greater than 40 mm Hg, and maximum jet velocity greater than 4 m per second, valve area less than 1.0 cm2.
 Results: at short term follow up of our patients (2 years), there were significant increase in the number of patients who developed symptoms of angina and heart failure (p<0.01) but there was no statistically significant increase in those who develop syncope (P=0.106). There were very evident echocardiographic findings in the form of highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in the EF & valve area and increase in the MPG, PPG, Max. Jet velocity.
 Conclusion: 41.2% of previously asymptomatic patient developed symptoms at follow up. There were very evident and significant changes in the echocardiographic findings related to significant decrease in the EF & vave area and increase in the MPG, PPG, Max. jet velocity and intracardiac dimensions that is reflected in the clinical symptoms progression throughout the follow up period.


Leishmaniasis, a globally prevalent parasitic disease, occurs in three forms, viz, visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous. It is transmitted by female Phlebotomus sandflies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is increasing worldwide and several reports indicate a rising trend of VL / HIV co-infection, modifying the traditional anthroponotic pattern of VL transmission. India is one of the countries having the largest burden of leishmaniasis; nevertheless, there are very few HIV / leishmania co-infection cases reported so far. We report a 35-year-old homemaker infected with the human immunodeficiency virus; she presented with an oral ulcer. The investigations carried out on her revealed that she was afflicted by visceral leishmaniasis and the oral ulceration was a part of the same. This is only the second such case from the Indian subcontinent and more significantly from a non-endemic area.


A 60-year-old woman transferred with suspected cauda equina syndrome lacked lower extremity pulses on arrival. She rapidly developed visceral malperfusion due to underlying type B aortic dissection, necessitating aortic fenestration with thrombectomy. Despite misdiagnosis and delayed treatment, she could ambulate 1 year postoperatively. Aortic dissection remains integral to the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with acute paraparesis.


INTRODUCTION
Heart failure occurs in 3-4% of adults aged over 65 years, usually as a consequence of coronary artery disease or hypertension, and causes breathlessness, effort intolerance, fluid retention, and increased mortality. The 5-year mortality in people with systolic heart failure ranges from 25-75%, often due to sudden death following ventricular arrhythmia. Risks of cardiovascular events are increased in people with LVSD or heart failure.

METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-drug treatments, and of drug and invasive treatments for heart failure? What are the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in people at high risk of heart failure? What are the effects of treatments for diastolic heart failure? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to January 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).

RESULTS
We found 72 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.

CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: amiodarone, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cardiac resynchronisation therapy, digoxin (in people already receiving diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), eplerenone, exercise, implantable cardiac defibrillators, multidisciplinary interventions, non-amiodarone antiarrhythmic drugs, positive inotropes (other than digoxin), and spironolactone.


The pattern of educating children or the method of educating children from before birth to school age is a necessity for a mother. Mother is the first and main geographical teacher in pre-school children's education. The age of toddlers to pre-school for children is golden age. Learning while playing is a certainty, playing is the first education for children under five. The age of a toddler is like a blank cassette that can store and record something that is accustomed to and experienced in the development of a child's life. For parents, if they expect their children to become children who are good enough to have to have insight and knowledge of management of pre-school children's education. Among the many models and patterns of education management, the easiest way to deliver children to become good and noble children is quran-based management. Al-Qur'an is a holy book from the most holy God, it will be easily digested and accepted by the core of the teachings to children who are still pure. In terms of management of the pre-school education based on the Qur'an, it is intended for parents to plan for their children to always listen to the chants of the Qur'an. Then group them into playing the verses in the form of per juz al-Qur'an in one month. Then the parents evaluate the child who has been refreshed by the Qur'an, if the chanting is paused, what will happen to the child's reaction. If you cry, it means that the spirit of the Qur'an has entered your heart and soul. The situation is valid for 30 juz, so the child for 30 months has listened to and recorded 30 juz verses of the Qur'an, God willing, the age of pre-school children has been memorized and will be smart with the waslah verse of the Qur'an. This is a Qur'ani-based management that gives birth to children who love and love to read the Qur'an and the hafidz of the Qur'an.


Federated learning has been deployed to train machine learning models from decentralized client data on mobile devices in practice. The clients available for training are observed to have periodically shifting distributions changing with the time of day, which can cause instability in training and degrade the model performance. In this paper, instead of modeling the distribution shift with a block-cyclic pattern as previous works, we model it with a mixture of distributions that gradually shifts between daytime and nighttime modes, and find this intuitive model to better match the observations in practical federated learning systems. Further-more, we propose to jointly train a clustering model and a multi-branch network to allocate lightweight specialized branches to clients from different modes. A temporal prior is used to significantly boost the training performance. Experiments for image classification on EMNIST and CIFAR datasets, and next word prediction on the Stack Overflow dataset show that the proposed algorithm can counter the effects of the distribution shift and significantly improve the final model performance.


To increase the success rate of face recognition, a local entropy-based adaptive-weight Local Binary Patterns (LBP) for face recognition is proposed in this paper. The entropies of different facial regions are adopted to define the contributions of different facial regions for face recognition adaptively, and then, weight-based method is adopted for face recognition in this paper. Simulation results show that this method has a high success rate of face recognition.


The purpose of the studies was to estimate efficiency of delivering nebulised drugs into the lower respiratory tract through endotracheal tubes (ET tubes) which are commonly used in the treatment of uncooperative patients. Water solution of Disodium Cromoglycate (DSCG) was nebulised with a constant air flow (25 l/min). Experimental studies were done for eight ET tubes with varying sizes (internal diameter, length) and made of two different materials. Size distribution of aerosol leaving ET tubes was determined with the use of aerosol spectrometer. Fine Particle Fraction (FPF) and Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) were calculated for the aerosol leaving each tube. Additionally, mass of the Disodium Cromoglycate deposited into each endotracheal tube was determined. ET tubes can significantly influence the parameters of delivered aerosol depending on their diameter. FPF of aerosol delivered in to the respiratory tract is lower if small endotracheal tubes are used. However, MMAD and FPF for large endotracheal tubes are almost identical with MMAD and FPF from nebuliser. The results indicate that a substantial fraction of large droplets is eliminated from the aerosol stream in long endotracheal tubes (270 mm). In this case the mass of drug delivered through ET tubes is reduced but the content of small droplets increases (high value of FPF).


Franco Moretti and Pascale Casanova's accounts of world literature are coded in metaphors. The former employs a core-periphery system to examine the unequal relationships between national literatures; the latter sees world literature as a 'world literature of letters', wherein the exchanges between literary traditions take place following economic patterns. This essay discusses to what extent these metaphors are inadequate to analyse the current trends of world literature as they portray the so-called central literatures as unidirectional forces that inform the canon, thereby shaping the literary production. This perspective privileges an economical jargon which constitutes an ideological bias resulting in the homogenisation of the literary value. This article takes a different approach by offering an alternative metaphor to explain world literature and its dynamics. This metaphor is a decentred sphere without a circumference. In order to illustrate this point, William Ospina's El año del verano que nunca llegó (2015) is analysed, focusing on its worldly elements.


OBJECTIVE
Aims were to examine associations (1) between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and obesity, (2) between CAD and NAFLD with aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamiltransferase (GGT) levels.

METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, the study group consisted of 355 patients (mean age: 57.5+/-11.4 years), that comply with inclusion criteria and selected of 414 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiographies. Coronary artery disease was defined as a stenosis at least 50% in at least one major coronary artery. Modified Gensini scoring was used to determine the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Fatty liver was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography (4 stages: Grades 0, 1, 2 and 3). Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) >or=30 kg/m2. Statistical evaluations were performed using Student's t test, ANOVA, Chi- square, kappa tests and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS
There were significant differences among Grades 0, 1 and 2-3 according to presence of CAD and Gensini score. In univariate analysis, age (OR=1.03, p=0.004), gender (OR=3.05, p<0.0001), dyslipidemia (OR=4.40, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.15, p=0.048), smoking (OR=3.19, p<0.0001), AST (OR=1.01, p=0.042), GGT (OR=1.04, p<0.0001), NAFLD (OR=1.87, p=0.036) and obesity+NAFLD (OR: 2.1, p=0.018) have effects on presence of CAD. In multivariate model, age (OR=1.04, p<0.001), AST (OR=1.01, p<0.05), GGT (OR=1.04, p<0.001), NAFLD (OR=2.58, p<0.01) have independent effects on CAD; however BMI and obesity were ineffective. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has an independent effect on Gensini score (OR=2.02, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION
Ultrasonographic fatty liver have independent effects on both the presence of CAD and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. In addition, increased serum AST and GGT levels may be independently associated with CAD.


This study uses C4.5 algorithm to classify potentially large-profit businesses in the city of Surakarta. The data used are street vendors who are divided into 4 types of merchandise namely snacks, snacks, heavy foods and drinks. The locations that are targeted for classification are Car Free Day. The division of the Car Free Day zone was carried out to find out which areas had more influence on certain foods to get big profits. Car free day zone is divided into 4 parts, namely purwosari area - rumah makan diamond, rumah makan diamond - toko buku gramedia, toko buku gramedia - ngarsopuro and the last one is ngarsopuro – bundaran gladag. Based on the results of the study, the most profitable area to sell is the toko buku gramedia - ngarsopuro. Besides this research also classifies based on the ability of the production of raw materials, namely medium and large. The best business category that requires this type of medium-sized raw material is selling at the toko buku Gramedia - Ngarsopuro area, while for the best raw material the best area is the same among Purwosari - Rumah makan diamonds, Gramedia toko buku - Ngarsopuro and Ngarsopuro – bundaran gladak


ABSTRACT Founded in support of Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1952 presidential candidacy, Citizens for Eisenhower took on an ambitious mission to revitalize the Republican party by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting the moderation of its conservative policy agenda. The organization proved unable to sustain the impressive momentum that it achieved during the 1952 campaign, however, instead helping to fuel factional opposition that informed the intraparty upsurge of conservatism during the 1950s and afterwards. The Eisenhower administration's efforts to encourage Citizens activists to join the party were flawed, and existing Republican activists often viewed such newcomers with hostility. More significantly, despite recruitment initiatives, in most cases activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party cause. The history of Citizens for Eisenhower therefore demonstrates the seriousness of Eisenhower's interests as president in boosting the Republican party's fortunes, but also the shortcomings of 'amateur' political activity in support of the party cause. It also sheds light on goals and activities of this era's moderate Republicans, together with their role in fostering the conservative resurgence that characterized the post-Eisenhower Republican party.


The UV-visible Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument onboard Envisat performs nighttime measurements of ozone, NO 2 , NO 3 and of the aerosol extinction, using the stellar occultation method. We have conducted a validation exercise using various balloon-borne instruments in different geophysical conditions from 2002 to 2006, using GOMOS measurements performed with stars of different magnitudes. GOMOS and balloon-borne vertical columns in the middle stratosphere are in excellent agreement for ozone and NO 2 . Some discrepancies can appear between GOMOS and balloon-borne vertical profiles for the altitude and the amplitude of the concentration maximum. These discrepancies are randomly distributed, and no bias is detected. The accuracy of individual profiles in the middle stratosphere is 10 % for ozone and 25 % for NO 2 . On the other hand, the GOMOS NO 3 retrieval is difficult and no direct validation can be conducted. The GOMOS aerosol content is also well estimated, but the wavelength dependence can be better estimated if the aerosol retrieval is performed only in the visible domain. We can conclude that the GOMOS operational retrieval algorithm works well and that GOMOS has fully respected its primary objective for the study of the trends of species in the middle stratosphere, using the profiles in a statistical manner. Some individual profiles can be partly inaccurate, in particular in the lower stratosphere. Improvements could be obtained by reprocessing some GOMOS transmissions in case of specific studies in the middle and lower stratosphere when using the individual profiles.


Abstract.  Variance stabilization is a simple device for normalizing a statistic. Even though its large sample properties are similar to those of studentizing, many simulation studies of confidence interval procedures show that variance stabilization works better for small samples. We investigated this question in the context of testing a null hypothesis involving a single parameter. We provide support for a measure of evidence for an alternative hypothesis that is simple to compute, calibrate and interpret. It has applications in most routine problems in statistics, and leads to more accurate confidence intervals, estimated power and hence sample size calculations than standard asymptotic methods. Such evidence is readily combined when obtained from different studies. Connections to other approaches to statistical evidence are described, with a notable link to Kullback–Leibler symmetrized divergence.


The concept of a collaborative human-computer interchange was pro- posed almost thirty years ago. The goal of this paradigm is to design human-computer decision-making systems that think and process information at a level exceeding that of either the human or the computer alone. Technological and conceptual develop- ments have made this holistic partnership increasingly possible. Moreover, recent discussions of human-computer collaborative work have highlighted the system performance advantages of this interchange. In this paper, the notion of human-computer interchange protocols is developed and the importance of these protocols to human-computer collaboration and system performance is argued. Based on data collected in a laboratory setting, empirical support for the proposed holistic effect of human-computer interchange protocols on system performance is provided. Decision performance is significantly improved by interchange protocols that encourage human-computer interaction during the prob- lem-solving process.


Adrenaline plays a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension through excessive stimulation of adrenomedullary hormonal system. Pharmacological inhibition of adrenomedullary hormonal system should result in chronic, sustained blood pressure(BP) reduction. We propose the use of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQ) as a phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitor in young spontaneously hypertensive rats will result in sustained BP reduction.
14 young male and female SHRs weighing between 160 and 270g were studied. Eight study rats administered with daily THIQ (Treated) and 6 age-matched controls (Control) were included. Indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by tail cuff method prior to drug study (baseline), 2-hours post-administration on D1, D3 (subchronic), D7 and D14.
The mean baseline SBP in Treated and Control SHRs were 163.15 + 16.26 vs 171.69 + 17.27 mmHg respectively (p=1.00). The mean SBP at D7 were 128.31 + 19.36 vs 173.06 + 19.62 mmHg respectively (p=0.035). The mean SBP at D14 were 129.00 + 13.34 vs 180.08 + 14.59 mmHg respectively (p=0.041). There was no significant difference in the mean weight and age of the two groups throughout the study duration.
Chronic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines administration is an effective inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase, the enzyme that catalyzes the terminal step in the biosynthesis of adrenaline, thereby resulting in sustained BP reduction in young spontaneously hypertensive rats.


This paper investigates some of the ways in which composers and sound artists have used recordings of speech, especially in works mediated by technology. It will consider this within a wider context of spoken word, text composition and performance-based genres such as sound poetry. It will attempt to categorise some of the compositional techniques that may be used to work with speech, make specific reference to archive and oral history material and attempt to draw some conclusions.


The data in this report were developed from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which annually collects information on nonfatal victimizations reported and not reported to the police against persons age 12 or older from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. This special report examines trends in nonfatal intimate partner violence which includes rape, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault committed by an offender who was the victim s current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend.


Abstract The mineral, total amino acid, and sterol compositions of pollen collected by Apis mellifera L. were compared with the pollen of a plant consumed by Bombus terrestris (L.): Arbutus unedo L. This plant provides the predominant food resource for the main autumn generation of B. terrestris in southern France. Honey bees also forage on this plant, although only for nectar. The mineral composition of 30 pollen samples collected by honey bees is close to the presently known requirements of A. mellifera, except for Cu and Mn, which are substantially lower. The total amino acid mean composition of a set of 54 pollen samples fits the basic requirements of honey bees except for valine, isoleucine, and methionine, which are present in lower concentrations in all the samples. For pollen of A. unedo, the amino acid balance is not very different from that of the survey. The main sterolic component in pollen of A. unedo, β-sitosterol, is known to have antifeedant effects on A. mellifera. Honey bees cannot dealkylate C29 sterols like β-sitosterol or δ5-avenasterol to obtain C27 cholesterol and ecdysteroids. Because these phytosterols as well as cholesterol are nearly absent from pollen of A. unedo, the metabolic capabilities of Apis seem unadapted to this plant. On the contrary, pollen of A. unedo is freely consumed by B. terrestris, which develops huge autumn populations solely on this food. These data indicate that the sterolic metabolisms of B. terrestris and A. mellifera differ, allowing separation in foraging activity.


type="main" xml:id="ajar12049-abs-0001"> We examine environmental auctions on working agricultural lands. We organized a discriminatory auction where farmers were asked to make bids on spreading gypsum on their fields to reduce phosphorus loads to surface waters. The parcel-specific bids were ranked based on their load reduction–compensation ratios. To assess load reductions, we built an environmental benefit index (EBI) based on three factors: P-status of the soil (phosphorus available for crops), field slope and location with respect to waterways. As the per tonne price of gypsum delivery from the factory was higher for small quantities, the auction format allowed bundling of field parcels to reduce transportation costs. We evaluate auction's ability to target the environmental (or abatement) measures to field parcels with the highest load reduction potential and analyse the economic efficiency of the auction by comparing the pilot auction with simulated bidding behaviour and with hypothetical flat rate payment schemes. The pilot auction targeted the environmental measures effectively. It was also more efficient than a flat rate payment, even when the flat rate scheme was combined with an EBI eligibility criterion.


Excerpt] Through labor-management policy, the management is responsible for establishing mutually beneficial relations between workers and employers. Establishing proper relations from the perspective of the worker refers to protecting workers' rights by guaranteeing their quality of life. Areas of labor-management policy set by management include those that appropriate wages and labor conditions; stipulate and settle collective relations between management and workers; and establish industrial safety and workers' compensation. Management also sets employment policies related to labor welfare, vocational training, employment security, maintenance of employment agencies, and other policies that push forward human resource development. When setting these policies, management seeks to find a solution that is mutually beneficial for workers and employers. However, in the case of downsizing, there are not sufficient guidelines specific or objective enough for both workers and employers to agree on. Therefore, it is difficult to resolve differences when it comes to labor settlements. The following case study hypothetically illustrates ways in which the management could resolve labor settlements that are jointly accepted by workers and employers.


 Abstract — Sounding rockets are aerospace vehicles that were developed in the mid-20th century, and since then numerous investigations have been executed with the aim of innovate in this type of technology. However, the costs associated to the production of this type of technology are usually quite high, and therefore the challenge that exists today is to be able to reduce them. In this way, the main objective of this document is to present the design process of a Colombian aerospace mission capable to reach the thermosphere using low-cost "Candy" type solid fuel engines. This mission is the latest development of the Uniandes Aerospace Project (PUA for its Spanish acronym), which is an undergraduate and postgraduate research group at Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia), dedicated to incurring in this type of technology. In this way, the investigations that have been carried out on Candy-type solid fuel, which is a compound of potassium nitrate and sorbitol, have allowed the production of engines powerful enough to reach space, and which represents a unique technological advance in Latin America and an important development in experimental rocketry. In this way, following the engineering iterative design methodology was possible to design a 2-stage sounding rocket with 1 solid fuel engine in each one, which was then simulated in RockSim V9.0 software and reached an apogee of approximately 150 km above sea level. Similarly, a speed equal to 5 Mach was obtained, which after performing a finite element analysis, it was shown that the rocket is strong enough to be able to withstand such speeds. Under these premises, it was demonstrated that it is possible to build a high-power aerospace mission at low cost, using Candy-type solid fuel engines. For this reason, the feasibility of carrying out similar missions clearly depends on the ability to replicate the engines in the best way, since as mentioned above, the design of the rocket is adequate to reach supersonic speeds and reach space. Consequently, with a team of at least 3 members, the mission can be obtained in less than 3 months. Therefore, when publishing this project, it is intended to be a reference for future research in this field and benefit the industry.


This paper analyzes the implications of different interpretations of additionality for the market mechanisms under Article 6 and reflects on options how to anchor further additionality provisions in the negotiation text. The authors find that several quality criteria of mitigation outcomes are often discussed under the term additionality, but they need to be differentiated from one another. In the context of Article 6.2, additionality can be anchored through stringent international oversight, e.g. through the review of additionality by the A6TER. Particpating Parties can ensure additionality by applying stringent additionality test and controlling the quality of acquired ITMOs. In the context of Article 6.4, reliable additionality tests under the CDM can continue, with the addition of new tests for sectoral activities. Furthermore, options for additionality can be secured in the governance and responsibilities of the Article 6.4 Supervisory Body.


BACKGROUND
Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE) (Gore-Tex soft-tissue patch) has received favorable clinical reports for use in facial augmentation procedures. We evaluated the EPTFE soft-tissue patch in short-term (3-week), intermediate-term (6-month), and long-term (12-month) animal models.

METHODS
Nine pathogen-free male and female New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2 to 4 kg were used. After implantation of the EPTFE soft-tissue patch, the animals were carefully observed on a daily basis for signs of wound infection, seroma, or hematoma formation. The stability of the implant was evaluated and graded after the animals were killed. Tissue specimens, including skin, implant, and underlying bone, were removed en bloc. These blocks were sectioned and stained for histologic evaluation. A portion of these blocks were used for scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS
The material increased in stability over time and showed minimal inflammatory cell response and only a delicate fibrous capsule, even in long-term implants. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated close apposition of the material to tissue, suggesting good interface bioactivity.

CONCLUSIONS
The EPTFE soft-tissue patch appears to be safe and reliable material for augmentation, demonstrating high biocompatibility, low tissue reactivity, and increasing stability over time.


A good number of mathematical relations found between the obtained speeds on clean swimming but equally on non-swim areas (starts, turns, underwater part) can be a source of potential help to the individual swimmers if they can be computed. Looking to take the spontaneous frequency of swimming to take advantage of it in an applied way of better learning (for the swimmer) and better coaching has been a method we developed from 1991 in the national sport institute of Paris (INSEP) since it appeared to be the most effective in terms of swim economy. The stroke rate/velocity relationship is very interesting since its mastering has a lot of consequences on energy cost, delay of fatigue and better learning of the best stroke at any moment in training sessions or competitions. The stroke rate/velocity test is incremental and carried though the observation of 15 meters of clean swimming where 3 full cycles are measured considering the time and the spontaneous stroke rate of the swimmer, during 8 progressive steps. These starting points guided the development of several types of software beneficial to swimming training including NATAVIT (1995-2000) and AQUACYCLE (since 2000) but equally a concept of measurement automated in training (CHRONOCYCLE) and at last a federal video-electronic system which is used in competition by the French Swimming Federation).


Approximately one in every two patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy will not be rendered completely seizure-free after temporal lobe surgery. The reasons for this are unknown and are likely to be multifactorial. Quantitative volumetric magnetic resonance imaging techniques have provided limited insight into the causes of persistent postoperative seizures in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The relationship between postoperative outcome and preoperative pathology of white matter tracts, which constitute crucial components of epileptogenic networks, is unknown. We investigated regional tissue characteristics of preoperative temporal lobe white matter tracts known to be important in the generation and propagation of temporal lobe seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy, using diffusion tensor imaging and automated fibre quantification. We studied 43 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis and 44 healthy controls. Patients underwent preoperative imaging, amygdalohippocampectomy and postoperative assessment using the International League Against Epilepsy seizure outcome scale. From preoperative imaging, the fimbria-fornix, parahippocampal white matter bundle and uncinate fasciculus were reconstructed, and scalar diffusion metrics were calculated along the length of each tract. Altogether, 51.2% of patients were rendered completely seizure-free and 48.8% continued to experience postoperative seizure symptoms. Relative to controls, both patient groups exhibited strong and significant diffusion abnormalities along the length of the uncinate bilaterally, the ipsilateral parahippocampal white matter bundle, and the ipsilateral fimbria-fornix in regions located within the medial temporal lobe. However, only patients with persistent postoperative seizures showed evidence of significant pathology of tract sections located in the ipsilateral dorsal fornix and in the contralateral parahippocampal white matter bundle. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, diffusion characteristics of these regions could classify individual patients according to outcome with 84% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Pathological changes in the dorsal fornix were beyond the margins of resection, and contralateral parahippocampal changes may suggest a bitemporal disorder in some patients. Furthermore, diffusion characteristics of the ipsilateral uncinate could classify patients from controls with a sensitivity of 98%; importantly, by co-registering the preoperative fibre maps to postoperative surgical lacuna maps, we observed that the extent of uncinate resection was significantly greater in patients who were rendered seizure-free, suggesting that a smaller resection of the uncinate may represent insufficient disconnection of an anterior temporal epileptogenic network. These results may have the potential to be developed into imaging prognostic markers of postoperative outcome and provide new insights for why some patients with temporal lobe epilepsy continue to experience postoperative seizures.


The area surrounding the Hillcrest building suffers from an ongoing problem of flooding and erosion during moderate to heavy rain events. Not only does the building itself succumb to flooding, but the gardens around it are constantly washed out. The stormwater runoff causes surface erosion and limits plant survival opportunities. The first objective of this project is to provide infiltration of stormwater runoff near the Hillcrest building by installing a rain garden. The rain garden will reduce erosion, flooding, and revitalize the aesthetic value of the area while providing an education component to incorporate learning opportunities. Currently, stormwater enters the garden along Hillcrest Avenue near the Hillcrest building and moves over the pavilion driveway and down the hill washing out the garden beds along the way. Erosion and flood control are the main objectives that will be met by this project. Cleanup from floods calls for many hours of work by maintenance and horticulture staff in addition to outside contractors. Diverting some of this stormwater runoff to a rain garden would reduce impact and damage, thereby decreasing the amount of time spent cleaning up after large rain events. The second aspect of this project is improving the aesthetic value of the area near the Hillcrest building. Revitalizing the garden beds and installing a rain garden will bring new interest to this vicinity. I plan to use low maintenance native plants appropriate for the ephemeral waves of flooding. Furthermore, I will repeat the plantings in the surrounding beds to create a node of unified plants. Finally, I would like to tie in an educational component highlighting the rain garden's capacity to reduce runoff and demonstrate a passive technique for addressing stormwater runoff. This will include interpretive signage and an educational lesson to be used by the volunteer guides. Disciplines Horticulture Comments An independent study project report by The Alice and J. Liddon Pennock, Jr. Endowed Horticulture Intern (2011-2012) This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/morrisarboretum_internreports/56 1 Title: Building a Rain Garden to Address Stormwater Management in the English Park Section of the Morris Arboretum Author: Lauren Fine The Alice & Liddon Pennock Endowed Horticulture Intern


The main purpose of this paper is to show that photogrammetric bundle adjustment computations can be sequentially organized into modules. Furthermore, the chain rule can be used to simplify the computation of the analytical Jacobians needed by the adjustment. Novel projection models can be flexibly evaluated by inserting, modifying, or swapping the order of selected modules. As a proof of concept, two variants of the pin-hole projection model with Brown lens distortion were implemented in the open-source Damped Bundle Adjustment Toolbox (DBAT) and applied to simulated and calibration data for a non-conventional lens system. The results show a significant difference for the simulated, error-free, data but not for the real calibration data. The current flexible implementation incurs a performance loss. However, in cases where flexibility is more important, the modular formulation should be a useful tool to investigate novel sensors, data processing techniques, and refractive models.


Background Physical activity improves health, exercise tolerance and quality of life in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), and exercise training is in most patients a high-benefit low risk intervention. However, factors that influence the confidence to perform exercise training, i.e. exercise self-efficacy (ESE), in CHD patients are virtually unknown. We aimed to identify factors related to low ESE in adults with CHD, and potential strategies for being physically active. Methods Seventy-nine adults with CHD; 38 with simple lesions (16 women) and 41 with complex lesions (17 women) with mean age 36.7 +/14.6 years and 42 matched controls were recruited. All participants completed questionnaires on ESE and quality of life, carried an activity monitor (Actiheart) during four consecutive days and performed muscle endurance tests. Results ESE in patients was categorised into low, based on the lowest quartile within controls, (<= 29 points, n = 34) and high (> 29 points, n = 45). Patients with low ESE were older (42.9 +/15.1 vs. 32.0 +/12.4 years, p = 0.001), had more complex lesions (65% vs. 42%, p = 0.05) more often had New York Heart Association functional class III (24% vs. 4%, p = 0.01) and performed fewer shoulder flexions (32.5 +/15.5 vs. 47.7 +/25.0, p = 0.001) compared with those with high ESE. In a logistic multivariate model age (OR; 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.10), and number of shoulder flexions (OR; 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99) were associated with ESE. Conclusion In this study we show that many adults with CHD have low ESE. Age is an important predictor of low ESE and should, therefore, be considered in counselling patients with CHD. In addition, muscle endurance training may improve ESE, and thus enhance the potential for being physically active in this population.


Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen causing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in humans, has evolved to delay Th1 immunity in the lung. Although conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are known to be critical to the initiation of T cell immunity, the differential roles and molecular mechanisms of migratory CD11b+ and CD103+ cDC subsets in anti–M. tuberculosis Th1 activation remain unclear. Using a murine model of pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection, we found that slow arrival of M. tuberculosis–bearing migratory CD11b+ and CD103+ cDCs at the draining lymph nodes preceded the much-delayed Th1 immunity and protection in the lung. Contrary to their previously described general roles in Th polarization, CD11b+ cDCs, but not CD103+ cDCs, were critically required for Th1 activation in draining lymph nodes following M. tuberculosis infection. CD103+ cDCs counterregulated CD11b+ cDC–mediated Th1 activation directly by producing the immune-suppressive cytokine IL-10. Thus, our study provides new mechanistic insights into differential Th immune regulation by migratory cDC subsets and helps to develop novel vaccines and therapies.


In the present paper an investigation is made of two stages of a multistage turboblower having a vaneless diffuser behind the impeller and guide vanes at the inlet to the nest stage. The method employed was that of investigating the performance of the successive elements of the blower (the impeller, vaneless diffuser, ets.) whereby the kinematics of the flow through the blower could be followed and the pressure at the different points computed. The character of the flow and the physical significance of the loss coefficients could thereby be determined so as to secure the best agreement of the computed with the actual performance of the blower. Since the tests were carried out for various delivery volumes, the dependence of the coefficients on a number of factors (angle of attack, velocities, etc.) could be obtained. The distribution of the losses that occur during the transformation of dynamic pressure at the impeller exit into static pressure could be found and likewise the range within which the friction coefficient varies in the vaneless diffuser. With the aid of factors having a certain physical significance, the centrifugal blower could be computed on the basis of a more or less schematical consideration of the phenomena occuring during the air flow through it, and the use of arbitrary factors and recourse to the geometrical similtude law thus avoided. The present investigation largely summarizes all the previous work af the CHI Blower Section on the different elements of a centrifugal blower. Some considerations on the analysis of model test data for application to full-scale are presented in the appendix.


Medicago sativa is perennial forage with high yield and good quality. Plants growing in arid and semi-arid regions are often subjected to soil and atmospheric water deficit as well as high soil salinity during their life cycles. Plant transpiration increases at elevated atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD), C3 species are reported to have a breakpoint (BP), above which stomatal conductance declines and limits transpiration rate to a maximum. Soil salinity is likely to be involved in transpiration response by affecting root hydraulic resistance, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance in salt-treated plants. The objective of this study was to compare the transpiration response of Medicago sativa over a range of VPD at various salt concentrations to identify the tolerance mechanisms to confront atmospheric water vapour deficit and salinity. Seeds of Medicago sativa were cultivated in a greenhouse till 8 weeks old and subjected to five salt treatments of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mM (NaCl :Na2SO4 = 1:1) for 14 days. Then plants were exposed to increasing VPD (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 kPa) in a controlled environment chamber. Leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) significantly decreased at 80 mM and higher salt treatment, meaning Medicago sativa developed leaf thickness with increasing salinity at the expense of leaf area per plant. Total biomass was significantly reduced by salt stress but slightly changed when salt concentration exceeded 80 mM. Transpiration rate (TR) in control plants increased linearly with VPD up to 1.0 kPa, above which TR declined markedly. Salt treatment increased BP along the salt concentration gradient to 2.0 kPa at 160 mM, reflecting a compromised sensitivity in stomatal regulation. Increasing salt levels resulted in stomatal closure and consistent decrease of whole-plant transpiration rate. The results suggest that Medicago sativa down-regulates transpiration rate to conserve soil water, while reduction of SLA is assumed to compensate for decreased CO2 diffusion. Medicago sativa can effectively counteract negative effects of salinity and varying VPD in a semi-arid environment.


: Trauma to the patient with an implanted cardiac pacemaker can result in serious damage to the device. We have described a case in which the lead was fractured after accidental electric shock. Recognition that trauma is a possible cause of pacemaker malfunction is critical to proper evaluation and prompt treatment of this potentially lethal complication.


Nowadays, over 300 tons of Au are used in electronic equipment each year with other precious and strategic metals such as Ag, Pt, Pd, Cu, Nb, Ta, etc.. After the use-phase, the electronic devices become electronic waste (e-waste); consequently it is important to consider e-waste as a secondary supply for the recovery of these metals. This paper presents the recovery of Au, Ag, Cu and Nb from PCBs (printed circuit boards) of discarded computers using leaching column technique. The PCBs were crushed with a hammer mill until reaching a particle size between 3.33 mm to 0.43 mm. Then, it was leached with a sodium cyanide solution in a glass column using the following conditions: sodium cyanide concentration 4 g/L, flux 20 L/d kg PCBs day, pH between 10.5 to 11 and leaching time 15 days. Every day, after leaching, the pregnant solutions passed through a column with activated carbon to complete the closed loop system. The following recoveries were obtained: Au 46.6%, Ag 51.3%, Nb 47.2% and Cu 62.3%. A preliminary technical-economic study shows the feasibility to create a small-scale PCBs recycling plant. The initial investment is on the order of US$155,639, considering the recovered metals from the loaded carbon. The internal rate of return for a 10 years period IRR (internal rate of return) and NPV (net present value) estimated are 27% and US$105,926 respectively.


Exposure to new and unfamiliar environments is a necessary part of nearly everyone's life. Effective communication of location-based information through various locationbased service interfaces (LBSIs) became a key concern for cartographers, geographers, human-computer interaction (HCI) and professional designers alike. Much attention is directed towards Augmented Reality (AR) interfaces. Smartphone AR browsers deliver information about physical objects through spatially registered virtual annotations and can function as an interface to (geo)spatial and attribute data. Such applications have considerable potential for tourism. Recently, the number of studies discussing the optimal placement and layout of AR content increased. Results, however, do not scale well to the domain of urban tourism, because: 1) in any urban destination, many objects can be augmented with information; 2) each object can be a source of a substantial amount of information; 3) the incoming video feed is visually heterogeneous and complex; 4) the target user group is in an unfamiliar environment; 5) tourists have different information needs from urban residents. Adopting a User-Centred Design (UCD) approach, the main aim of this research project was to make a theoretical contribution to design knowledge relevant to effective support for (geo)spatial knowledge acquisition in unfamiliar urban environments. The research activities were divided in four (iterative) stages: (1) theoretical, (2) requirements analysis, (3) design and (4) evaluation. After critical analysis of existing literature on design of AR, the theoretical stage involved development of a theoretical user-centred design framework, capturing current knowledge in several relevant disciplines. In the second stage, user requirements gathering was carried out through a field quasi experiment where tourists were asked to use AR browsers in an unfamiliar for them environment. Qualitative and quantitative data were used to identify key relationships, extend the user-centred design framework and generate hypotheses about effective and efficient design. In the third stage, several design alternatives were developed and used to test the hypotheses through a laboratory-based quantitative study with 90 users. The results indicate that information acquisition through AR browsers is more effective and efficient if at least one element within the AR annotation matches the perceived visual characteristics or inferred non-visual attributes of target physical objects. Finally, in order to ensure that all major constructs and relationships are identified, qualitative evaluation of AR annotations was carried out by HCI and GIS domain-expert users in an unfamiliar urban tourism context. The results show that effective information acquisition in urban tourism context will depend on the visual design and delivered content through AR annotations for both visible and non-visible points of interest. All results were later positioned within existing theory in order to develop a final conceptual user-centred design framework that shifts the perspective towards a more thorough understanding of the overall design space for mobile AR interfaces. The dissertation has theoretical, methodological and practical implications. The main theoretical contribution of this thesis is to Information Systems Design Theory. The developed framework provides knowledge regarding the design of mobile AR. It can be used for hypotheses generation and further empirical evaluations of AR interfaces that facilitate knowledge acquisition in different types of environments and for different user groups. From a methodological point of view, the described userbased studies showcase how a UCD approach could be applied to design and evaluation of novel smartphone interfaces within the travel and tourism domain. Within industry the proposed framework could be used as a frame of reference by designers and developers who are not familiar with knowledge acquisition in urban environments and/or mobile AR interfaces.


Abstract Ferroelectric capacitive devices for memory and MEMS applications require patterned ferroelectric thin films with high anisotropic etched features. In this paper, physical and chemical parameters during etching of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) by a dual frequency ECR/RF reactor have been investigated. The removal characteristics of blanket films and films with a patterned mask were investigated as a function of gas chemistry (Ar, halogen gases), substrate bias RF power and working pressure (from 5 × 10−4 Pa to 1Pa). The etch processes were characterized in terms of etch rate, selectivity and mask stability. High etching rate processes (up to 70 nm/min with removable photoresist mask) were obtained and micron scale patterns were demonstrated. The impact of the etch process on the PZT surface layer modification was characterized by AFM, SEM, TEM and XPS. A strong influence of process chemistry and RF bias power on etching selectivity and surface topography (roughness, involatile residues) was observed. No surface damage layer was detected by Transmission Electron Microscopy. However, XPS revealed fluorine (up to 34%) and chlorine radicals (below 10%) in a 10nm thick surface layer.


The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the appeal of anthropomorphism to marketers. This is done through reference to three relevant advertising models, the Symbolic Communications Model, the Symbolic Transfer Device Model, and the VisCAP Presenter Model, and one critical case study involving an anthropomorphized sheep presenter for a Swedish mobile telecommunications company. The advertising models are found to support the effectiveness of the symbolic presenter, Frank the Sheep, particularly explaining how meaning is transferred from the presenter to the brand, and the effects the presenter has on advertising communication effects such as brand awareness and brand attitude. We extend previous research on how linking anthropomorphic associations to brands can be employed to increase effectiveness of these common marketing communication tactics. We show that anthropomorphized animals can work effectively and quickly when presenting a new brand to the market, but also offer several cautions for managers. Summary statement of contributionWe contribute to theory by drawing together three different but related strands of advertising to explicate how the anthropomorphic brand presenter can increase advertising effectiveness, particularly in quickly positioning or repositioning a brand and developing brand equity. We contribute to managerial practice by demonstrating, through the use of one critical case study, how the choice of anthropomorphic brand presenter must be a considered process, but is one that can add to advertising effectiveness if managed appropriately.


AIM
The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the improvements of muscle strength and power induced by a 16-week resistive programme in a population of 16 older men aged 65-81 years.

METHODS
Training was performed three times per week at an intensity of 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM) and consisted of both calf raise and leg press exercises. Before-, during- and after-training, maximum isometric and isokinetic torques, maximum power, 1RM, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and electromyographic activity (EMG) of the plantar flexors (PF) and knee extensors (KE) were examined.

RESULTS
For the KE and PF, respectively, training resulted in a 29.9 +/- 4.4% (mean +/- SE) and 21.6 +/- 5.4% increase in 1RM (P < 0.001-0.01), a 19.4 +/- 4.3 and 12.4 +/- 4.7% (P < 0.001-0.05) increase in maximum isometric torque, and a 24.1 +/- 6.3 and 33.1 +/- 10.9% (P < 0.05) increase in maximum muscle power, calculated from torque-angular velocity curves. The large increase in torque and power was partly accounted by a significant increase in the CSA of the PF (5.0 +/- 0.7%) and KE (7.4 +/- 0.7%), while no significant changes in integrated EMG activity of vastus lateralis and soleus muscles, and in extrapolated maximum shortening velocity were found. After training, a significant increase in torque/CSA (10.3 +/- 4%, P < 0.05) was found for the KE but not for the PF.

CONCLUSION
Hence, hypertrophy cannot alone justify the increase in torque, and other factors, such as an increase in individual fibre-specific tension (in the case of KE), a decrease in antagonist muscles' coactivation, an improved co-ordination and an increased neural drive of the other heads of quadriceps may have contributed to the increments in strength. The significant increase in muscle power seems particularly noteworthy with respect to daily activities involving the displacement of the body over time, namely, the generation of muscle power.


This guide will provide students with an introduction to action research and the research process within the field of education.


Contents: Part I Special Section: 'European Shakespeares', Edited by Ton Hoenselaars and Clara Calvo: Introduction: European Shakespeare - quo vadis?, Ton Hoenselaars and Clara Calvo The chore and the passion: Shakespeare and graduation in mid-20th century Portugal, Rui Carvalho Homem Henry V and the Anglo-Greek alliance in World War II, Tina Krontiris Asian Shakespeares in Europe: from the unfamiliar to the defamiliarised, Alexander C.Y. Huang Rearticulating a culture of links: Peter Brook's European Shakespeare, Fran Rayner Shakespeare uprooted: the BBC and ShakespeareRe-Told (2005), Clara Calvo and Ton Hoenselaars The anti-Americanism of EU Shakespeare, Douglas Bruster Shakespeare and France in the European mirror, Jean-Christophe Mayer. Part II Shapes of Character: Man's chief good: the Shakespearean character as evaluator, Mustapha Fahmi 'I have no other but a woman's reason': folly, femininity and sexuality in Renaissance discourses and Shakespeare's plays, Paromita Chakravarti. Part III Shapes of Romance: Shipwreck and ecology: towards a structural theory of Shakespeare and romance, Steve Mentz Great miracle or lying wonder: Janus-faced romance in Pericles, Tiffany J. Werth 'Better days': cultural memory in As You Like It, Indira Ghose. Part IV Review Essays: (Re)presenting Shakespeare's co-authors: lessons from the Oxford Shakespeare, Tom Rooney Inventing the human: brontosaurus Bloom and 'the Shakespeare in us', Laurence Wright Bibliography Index.


The amino acid L-arginine serves as substrate for the nitric oxide synthase which is crucial in vascular function and disease. Derivatives of arginine, such as asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), are regarded as markers of endothelial dysfunction and have been implicated in vascular disorders. While there is a variety of studies consolidating ADMA as biomarker of cerebrovascular risk, morbidity and mortality, SDMA is currently emerging as an interesting metabolite with distinct characteristics in ischemic stroke. In contrast to dimethylarginines, homoarginine is inversely associated with adverse events and mortality in cerebrovascular diseases and might constitute a modifiable protective risk factor. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence for the pathophysiological role of arginine derivatives in cerebrovascular ischemic diseases. We discuss the complex mechanisms of arginine metabolism in health and disease and its potential clinical implications in diverse aspects of ischemic stroke.