This paper was written as a keynote address for a conference on Michael Walzer's Just and Unjust War on the 40th anniversary of its publication. It discusses the significance of the book, and examines the updating prefaces Walzer wrote to the five editions of the book and his methodological postscript to the fifth edition. The paper contrasts Walzer's philosophical method with that of analytic just war theory, arguing that Walzer's use of historical cases and the analytic use of imaginary "toy" cases serve different philosophical ends. Noting that Just and Unjust Wars appeared the same year as the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, I examine the parallels between Walzer's views and those in AP I, especially between Walzer's reformulation of the doctrine of double effect and AP I's requirement that militaries take all feasible steps to insure that attacks do not inflict excessive unintended harm on civilians. Next I examine the role that human rights plays in the course of Walzer's argument, including the awkward fit between individual human rights and his theory of jus ad bellum. The final sections compare the legalism of analytic philosophy's analysis of rights-forfeiture with Walzer's humanism, and warn that contemporary populism places that humanism in peril.


The Cotton Wizard is an implementation of a cotton variety selection model intended to assist decision-makers (including producers, farm managers, extension specialists, and breeders) in variety selection. The program uses objective cotton performance test data available from state agricultural experiment stations. The decision criteria for variety selection are based on expected economic return (mean net revenue) of a variety and the variability of returns (coefficient of variation). Total revenue is calculated from lint price and seed price, and lint and seed yields. Lint and seed prices are determined by their respective quality characteristics. Adjustments are made for costs that may differ among varieties, such as planting seed cost (seed and technology costs), harvest and ginning costs, and herbicide and insecticide costs in comparisons of transgenic and conventional varieties. Users are provided with information on varieties—such as mean net revenue (total revenue less costs), variability in net revenue, and agronomic characteristics—to aid in the decision process. The Cotton Wizard is available as a Web application.


Adequate access to reliable, quality and affordable power is crucial to standard of living globally. Therefore, this study discusses the present power accessibility level, the causes of power inadequacy and measures required to realise power adequacy and sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on secondary research information sources, this study reported that presently in the region, four out of five people depend on firewood (traditional biomass) for cooking; power sector is typified of inadequacies of power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure and emission of greenhouse gases. The effective amount of hydropower potential available in the region is 4,000,000 GWh/year and only 76,000 GWh/year of this potential that has been developed. The study attributes the low level of hydropower development to poor and inadequate manufacturing infrastructure. Further, the study sees the development of manufacturing infrastructure and other basic infrastructures as a panacea for power adequacy and sustainability in the region.


The distribution pattern of immunoreactive β‐endorphin neurons was studied in female guinea pigs that were ovariectomized, and one week later were injected with 25 μg estradiol benzoate or oil. The animals (5 from each group) were perfused after 24 hours with 4% paraformaldehyde. The locations of β‐endorphin cells and fibers were determined using avidin‐biotin immunohistochemistry on free‐floating vibratome sections. β‐endorphin‐immunoreactive fibers were distributed widely throughout specific regions of the rostral forebrain, similar to what has been described in other species. β‐endorphin cell bodies were found in the arcuate nucleus and in adjacent ventrolateral areas throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the basal hypothalamus. Cells immunoreactive to β‐endorphin were also present in the caudal part of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. The number of β‐endorphin neurons was quantified in anatomically matched sections through the rostral, medial and caudal basal hypothalamus of estradiol benzoate‐ and oil‐treated guinea pigs. Analysis of variance revealed that the number of immunoreactive β‐endorphin cells was significantly increased in all regions of the basal hypothalamus of estrogen‐treated guinea pigs as compared to vehicle‐treated animals (P < 0.01). These data indicate that in the guinea pig, the number of neurons expressing β‐endorphin is increased in the arcuate nucleus 24 hours after estrogen treatment.


Saccharum species are autopolyploids with ploidy level ranging from 59 to 16x, and are considered the most complex genomes among crop plants. In present study, the genome sizes of 28 Saccharum spontaneum accessions, 15 Saccharum officinarum accessions, 28 Saccharum robustum accessions, and 12 Saccharum hybrids spp. were analyzed using flow cytometry. The estimated genome sizes of S. officinarum accessions ranged from 7.50 to 8.55 Gb with an average size of 7.88 Gb. In S. robustum, the estimated genome sizes ranged from 7.65 to 11.78, reflecting the variation of ploidy level. In S. spontaneum, the estimated genome sizes varied widely, with a range from 3.36 to 12.64 Gb, also due to variation of ploidy level. The average monoploid genome size of S. officinarum was 985 Mb, and that of S. spontaneum was 843 Mb. The results also showed that genome sizes were correlated with chromosome numbers, and based which, that the unknown chro- mosome numbers of some accessions could be predicted. The estimated genome sizes of Saccharum germplasm also helped identify some mislabeled accessions and yielded information critical for sugar- cane breeding and genome sequencing programs.


Background: There is growing awareness surrounding the importance of wound pain, recognised by the publication of recent international studies (White, 2008). Wound pain has been identified as an outcome important to patients, in addition to physiological endpoints. It can be difficult to use randomised controlled trials to measure subjective outcomes such as pain, particularly with complex patients. An audit was therefore used to explore the effect of Actiform Cool on wound-related pain. Methods: Change in wound-related pain was assessed using a modified Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire pre- and post-application of Actiform Cool, and patients were asked to report on any changes in their pain experience, and the effects of this on their activities of daily living. Results: Results indicated that 12 patients reported an overall decrease in pain levels following use of the dressing. Four patients reduced their analgesia requirements with one discontinuing opiate analgesics. Five patients reported improvement in their sleep patterns and three reported improved mobility. Conclusion: The overall outcome reinforces that Actiform Cool has the potential to reduce pain in some patients when used as part of a pain management plan. Conflict of interest: This audit was funded by Activa Healthcare Ltd.


Several cases of natural triploidy have already been described in fish, however this is the first report of a surviving triploid that also carries two different supernumerary chromosomes. Cytogenetic analysis of an Astyanax scabripinnis population revealed a standard karyotype of 2n = 50, with a chromosome formula consisting of: 6 metacentric + 16 submetacentric + 14 subtelocentric + 14 acrocentric chromosomes. In addition, specimens showed a polymorphism for the presence of up to two supernumerary chromosomes. Among the specimens analyzed one was a natural triploid (with 75 chromosomes) that also carried a small sized and a macro- supernumerary chromosome. The co-occurrence of spontaneous triploidy and two supernumerary chromosome indicates the viability of this karyotype constitution as well as this fish capacity of tolerating extra chromosomes in large numbers.


Generally, adult children are perceived to have obligations to support their parents, but now that divorce and remarriage are common phenomena, the question arises to which parent-figures this norm applies. We derive hypotheses on normative obligations towards step-parents and biological parents and the role of co-residential history and divorce. From the perspective of remarriage as an 'incomplete institution', we argue that obligations towards step-parents are more ambiguous and therefore more conditional. We collected unique vignette data (N = 4,783) as part of a nationally representative Dutch panel study and predicted norms on adult children's obligations to provide socio-emotional and practical support using fixed-effects models. We found weaker norms to support step-parents. These are even weaker if there is no co-residential history and/or the step-parent divorced the child's biological parent, while only co-residence affects norms to support biological parents, and less so than for step-parents. The most 'disadvantaged' type of biological parent (divorced, non-residential) is still more advantaged than the most 'advantaged' step-parent (married, residential), emphasizing the importance of biology. Analysis of residual variance shows less consensus on obligations towards step-parents than biological parents. It seems that given the absence of clear norms of behaviour, normative obligations towards step-parents are more conditional.


Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) was first detected inJakartain 2003 in which since that time, the virus has become pandemic in the area and has resulted in poultry and human deaths. Based on these facts, the provincial government ofJakartahas launched two policies on biosecurity control measure, namely Governor Legislation No. 15/2007 and Provincial Government Legislation No. 4/2007 in order to control raising poultry and its distribution in this area. It was implemented through field inspection towards free-range poultry, depopulation, stamping out, and poultry certification as well as planned poultry collection point and slaughter facility relocations. Nevertheless, certain reactions occurred which particularly derived from poultry business actors. Incomprehensive campaign and lack of community socioeconomic consideration were among the issues perceived as detrimental about the adopted policy. It therefore seems necessary to carry out participatory approach towards rearrangement concept to arrive at a comprehensive and holistic biosecurity control measure policy feedback.


Scientist Franz Max Albert Kramer worked as a psychiatrist in Poland and the Netherlands in the early twentieth century and is known for his contributions to research on psychological conditions that experts call hyperkinetic syndromes. Children with hyperkinetic syndromes display inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. Along with scientist Hans Pollnow, Kramer defined a specific kind of hyperkinetic syndrome based on an initial case study of seventeen children, initially known as Kramer-Pollnow Syndrome. In 1980, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-III, renamed KramerPollnow syndrome to be attention deficit disorder, or ADD. A later revision, in 1987, renamed it attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Kramer advanced child psychiatry research by laying the groundwork for further research on and understanding of what experts call, as of 2021, ADHD.


Amyloid formation is a pathological process associated with a wide range of degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2. During disease progression, abnormal accumulation and deposition of proteinaceous material are accompanied by tissue degradation, inflammation, and dysfunction. Agents that can interfere with the process of amyloid formation or target already formed amyloid assemblies are consequently of therapeutic interest. In this context, a few endogenous proteins have been associated with an anti-amyloidogenic activity. Here, we review the properties of transthyretin, apolipoprotein E, clusterin, and BRICHOS protein domain which all effectively interfere with amyloid in vitro, as well as displaying a clinical impact in humans or animal models. Their involvement in the amyloid formation process is discussed, which may aid and inspire new strategies for therapeutic interventions.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a strategy for linking raters when there are large numbers of raters involved in a scoring session and the overlap among raters is minimal. In sparsely connected rating designs, the number of examinees any given pair of raters has scored in common is very limited. Connections between raters may be weak and tentative at best. The linking strategy we employed involved having all raters in a Test of Spoken English (TSE®) scoring session rate a small set of six benchmark audiotapes, in addition to those examinee tapes that each rater scored as part of his or her normal workload. Using output from Facets analyses of the rating data, we looked at the effects of embedding blocks of ratings from various smaller sets of these benchmark tapes on key indicators of rating quality. We found that all of our benchmark sets were effective for establishing at least the minimal connectivity needed in the rating design in order to allow placement of all raters and all examinees on a single scale. When benchmark sets were used, the highest scoring benchmarks (i.e., those examinees that scored 50s and 60s across the items) produced the highest quality linking (i.e., the most stable linking). The least consistent benchmark sets (i.e., those that were somewhat harder to rate because an examinee's performance varied across items) tended to provide fairly stable links. The most consistent benchmarks (i.e., those that were somewhat easier to rate because an examinee's performance was similar across items) and middle scoring benchmarks (i.e., those from examinees who scored 30s and 40s across the items) tended to provide less stable linking. Low scoring benchmark sets provided the least stable linking. When a single benchmark tape was used, the highest scoring single tape provided higher quality linking than either the least consistent or most consistent benchmark tape.


Recently, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has developed sidehaul system to cope with the explosively increasing mobile data traffic. The sidehaul system is based on single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FMDA) due to its low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Also, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) is designed to support multiple input multiple output (MIMO). In this paper, we propose the DFT-based channel estimation scheme for sidehaul system. The proposed scheme uses the 2-dimensional minimum mean square error (2-D MMSE) interpolation scheme for the user moving at a high speed. Simulation results show that the proposed channel estimation scheme can improve normalized mean square error (NMSE), error rate and throughput of conventional system.


Objective: To evaluate current practice and audit against international standards for various parameters relating to elective lower segment caesarean section in our
institution.
Design:
Retrospective cohort study for all elective caesarean sections in a 6 months period.
Methods
Medical records of 163 elective caesarean sections done from October 2018 till April 2019 were reviewed after taking approval from the office of the Medical
Director as per local policy for such an audit. The audit standards used as gold standards were from RCOG guidelines, NICE guidelines and from the Kuwait Ministry
of Health. The audit criteria were antiemetic and antacid prophylaxis, antibiotic prophylaxis, type of antibiotic used and time of administration, thromboprophylaxis,
documented consent and grade of lower segment caesarean section" and "type of anaesthesia and cord blood PH".
Results
We achieved the standard of 100% compliance for consent & grade of lower segment caesarean section, cord blood PH, antacid prophylaxis and antiemetic
prophylaxis. For the type of antibiotic, Cephalosporin was used in 73.6% of cases, timing of administration before skin incision was 44%, within 60 minutes of
incision was 52% , and thromboprophylaxis was given in 78% of cases .For all these criteria the recommended standard was 100%.
Regional anaesthesia was given in 53% against the recommended 95%, while general anaesthesia was given in 47% against the recommended 5%.
Conclusion
We are a large private hospital in Kuwait accredited by Joint Commission International and Accreditation Canada International with around 2000 deliveries per year.
In order to maintain standards of care as per the established guidelines, audit of key interventions like elective lower segment caesarean section is done as part of our
regular review cycle through New Mowasat Hospital Quality Systems Management Department.
These results are encouraging in many areas yet highlight the need for improvement in others. Improving the quality of obstetric and perinatal care is an urgent
priority worldwide and criteria-based clinical audits can play a key role in this process by critical analysis of current medical practice and identification of substandard
care factors. Keeping medical records is the safe, economic and simple way to analyze cesarean sections. A re-audit to be undertaken after 1 year is planned. A
multidisplinary approach with involvement of all stakeholders including the consumers, local audit department and obstetrics and gynecology department will be the
way forward to achieve the change.


B. Lakshmana Rao Assistant Professor K.I.T.S. DIVILI Abstract : Digital Signature schemes are commonly used as primitives in cryptographic protocols that provide other services including entity authentication, authenticated key transport, and authenticated key agreement. A VLSI implementation of the digital signature scheme is proposed in this paper, for efficient usage in any cryptographic protocol. This architecture is based on Secure Hash Function and the 512-bit RSA cryptographic algorithm. The whole design was captured by using VHDL language and a FPGA device was used for the hardware implementation of the architecture. A method to reduce the switching activity of the overall design is introduced. The proposed VLSI implementation of the Digital Signature scheme achieves a data throughput up to 32 Kbit/sec.


In this work we consider the communication of information in the presence of an online adversarial jammer. In the setting under study, a sender wishes to communicate a message to a receiver by transmitting a codeword x = (xi,…, xn) symbol-by-symbol over a communication channel. The adversarial jammer can view the transmitted symbols xt one at a time, and can change up to a p-fraction of them. However, for each symbol xt the jammer's decision on whether to corrupt it or not (and on how to change it) must depend only on Xj for j ≤ i. This is in contrast to the "classical" adversarial jammer which may base its decisions on its complete knowledge of x. More generally, for a delay parameter d e (0,1), we study the scenario in which the jammer's decision on the corruption of Xi must depend solely on xj for j ≤ i − dn. In this work, the transmitted symbols are assumed to be over a sufficiently large field F. We present a tight characterization of the amount of information one can transmit in both the 0-delay and, more generally, the d-delay online setting. We show that for 0-delay adversaries, the achievable rate asymptotically equals that of the classical adversarial model. For positive values of d, we consider two types of jamming, additive and overwrite. We also extend our results to a jam-or-listen online model, where the online adversary can either jam a symbol or eavesdrop on it.


Although the temptation is to focus on technological changes and their application to industry, the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century also influenced social life, political and economic institutions, and the physical landscape. The discoveries and changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries might seem minor when compared to the technological advances of recent decades, but those advances would not have been possible without the people and developments of the Industrial Revolution. In over 150 entries that cover all aspects of this historical transformation of industry and society, this encyclopedia describes the major people, events, and inventions that defined the Industrial Revolution in Britain, the United States, and elsewhere.Besides entries that describe the specific course of the Industrial Revolution in such places as Asia, Britain, Canada, France, Japan, Russia, Spain, and the U.S.,the encyclopedia offers entries on such important people as: Alexander Graham Bell, Matthew Bouldton, Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, Flora Tristan, James Watt. Other entries cover such important inventions as: Electric Dynamo, Repeating Rifles, Sewing Machines, Steam Turbine, Submarines, Typewriters. And still other entries cover such vital social issues as: Child Labor and Child Labor Laws, Ecological Impact of the Industrial Revolution, Slavery, Temperance Movement, Urbanization, Wealth and Poverty in the Industrial Revolution.


This thesis contains empirical studies of portfolio choice and asset prices. The first two chapters deal with incorporating labor supply into models traditionally only focusing on consumption. Can the risk premium on stocks be better understood when taking labor supply into account? This is the topic of the first chapter. Do possibilities of varying labor supply, and thus hedging stock market risk, help explain the stock ownership patterns of households? This question is what the second chapter tries to answer. If labor income moves with the stock market, an attempt should be made to hedge this with a lower share of stocks in the portfolio and, but do households act according to this rule? This is what the third chapter investigates. Chapter one, Labor Supply Flexibility and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from the PSID, examines the relationship between labor supply flexibility and portfolio choice. Theoretical articles have shown that, ceteris paribus, the optimal portfolio share of risky assets (stocks) increases with labor supply flexibility, due to increased possibilities of hedging financial risk by adjusting the labor supply. Using PSID household data, this hypothesis is tested using a direct measure of labor supply flexibility from survey questions. The results indicate that the total portfolio share is increased by labor supply flexibility. When separated, most of this effect seems to come from the increased probability of stock ownership due to flexible labor, rather than an increased portfolio share among stockholders. Chapter two, Can Leisure Explain the Equity Premium Puzzle? An Empirical Investigation, investigates the asset pricing properties of non-separable utility functions with consumption and leisure. The parameter restrictions needed to match the historical equity premium are explored using US data on consumption, hours and returns. Empirically, it is shown that to match the equity premium with a low level of risk aversion, consumption and leisure need to be strong complements, i.e. have a very low substitution elasticity. Chapter three, Income Risk and Stockholdings: Evidence from Swedish Microdata, examines the relationship between income risk and portfolio choice. It empirically investigates whether the stock market risk (the covariation with the stock market) in labor income is reflected by an offsetting lower share of stocks in financial portfolios, an effect that has been shown to exist in theoretical articles. Swedish microdata from HINK on households' income and wealth are used for this purpose. In repeated cross-sections, households are divided into "portfolio cohorts" corresponding to percentiles of the share of stocks in financial assets. Income risk, i.e. the regression beta of (log) income growth on aggregate stock returns, is compared for the different groups. As predicted by theory, the results provide some support for a negative relationship between income risk and the share of stocks.


Shortage of computing skills is a global concern as it affects national development and business success. Yet, despite high job availability and high salaries in computing professions, insufficient numbers of students are choosing to study the various computing disciplines. This South African study looks at the Information Systems (IS) major which is misunderstood by high school students. This retroductive case study identifies the events which lead students to change their major to IS. The study confirms the importance of interest in a major as well as the perceived high value of a major, which feature as dominant factors in the literature. Yet these are not the initial events that lead to students changing their major to IS. Events that initiate the process include losing passion for a previous major, experiencing difficulty in a previous major as well as enjoying the introductory IS course. The paper has practical advice for IS Departments and argues for a generic first year for students as well as a focus on enjoyment and skills aligned to IS professional practice in introductory IS courses. These findings can be generalised to other majors and, hence, the theoretical contribution adds to the literature on career choice in general.


Aims To determine if previously well infants (<1 year) admitted with undifferentiated febrile illness with a negative blood culture (BC) at 36 h could have antibiotics stopped and be safely discharged if clinically well. Current policy is to wait for a 48 h BC result to inform discharge, though our local neonatal unit has been stopping antibiotics at 36 h if BC -ve and well. Reduction in admission length and cost are estimated. Method Retrospective case-note review of infants on whom a BC was taken at A+E admission for an 18 month period from October 2012. Infants with any significant previous illness were excluded. Forty BC +ve infants (notes missing in 6) and 807 BC -ve infants were identified. Time BC became positive was recorded (BacTec). Clinical and laboratory features suggestive of bacteraemia were identified. Using a case control study design all 34 positive, and 68 BC negative infants were compared. Two paediatric trainees (AM, GH) using a proforma, independently assessed whether BC negative infants could have been safely discharged at 36 h. Discordant (n = 3) results were moderated (JB). Results No significant BC became positive after 30 h of culture. 29/68 (43%) BC -ve children were assessed as being able to be discharged after 36 h, and mean admission length for these was 57 h. Given children are not normally be discharged between 21.00 and 09.00, we estimate children could have been discharged 10 h earlier on average, and for many avoided an additional night in hospital. In this Trust this could have saved 96 bed days (£47,000) per year, assuming timely discharge, and our retrospective assessments correct regarding safe discharge. Conclusion Many previously well, febrile infants may be safely discharged home following a negative blood culture at 36 h with significant potential benefits for both hospital and family. The next step will be to use a negative 36 h blood culture result to stop antibiotics in well infants and audit safety of this policy, with a view to facilitate earlier discharge.


We study the task of semi-supervised learning on multilayer graphs by taking into account both labeled and unlabeled observations together with the information encoded by each individual graph layer. We propose a regularizer based on the generalized matrix mean, which is a one-parameter family of matrix means that includes the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means as particular cases. We analyze it in expectation under a Multilayer Stochastic Block Model and verify numerically that it outperforms state of the art methods. Moreover, we introduce a matrix-free numerical scheme based on contour integral quadratures and Krylov subspace solvers that scales to large sparse multilayer graphs.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In response to rising risk of infectious complications following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies, advocates of transperineal prostate biopsy purport a near-zero risk of infectious complications and decreased need of periprocedural antibiotics compared to traditional transrectal prostate biopsy. This study aimed to evaluate the population-level incidence of complications after transperineal prostate biopsy. METHODS: Using a database on employer-based private insurance claims, we identified men less than 65 years old who underwent transperineal prostate biopsy (CPT 55706) from 2009 - 2015. Procedure and diagnosis codes were used to identify infectious, bleeding, and urinary retention complications associated with claims for hospitalization, emergency department (ED) and clinic visits within 30 days after transperineal prostate biopsy. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess associations between outcomes of interest and pertinent patient covariates. RESULTS: We identified 2,206 claims for transperineal prostate biopsy episodes. 45.8% of patients were between 60-64 years old, 31.7% between 55-59, and 22.4% less than 55 years old. 50% of biopsies were performed in the Southern region of the United States. Within 30 days of biopsy, 4.9% of patients visited the ED and 1.1% of patients were hospitalized. Across all settings (hospital, ED, and clinic visits) infectious complications occurred in 4.7% of patients and urinary retention in 7.4% of patients. Overall, 2.3% of the episodes required cystoscopy with clot evacuation. After adjusting for other factors, age and prior diagnosis of diabetes were not significantly associated with any complication. Patients treated in a rural setting were more likely to have all forms of complications compared to patients treated in a metropolitan area (p value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite claims of minimal risk with transperineal prostate biopsy, complications of infection, urinary retention and bleeding occur. Future studies will assess the impact on biopsy approach and antibiotic management on these outcomes. Figure. No caption available. Source of Funding: American Cancer Society (MSRG-18-015-01-CPHPS for CPF)


Abstract Emergence of invasive vector species and the diseases they carry present a clear danger to the public as well as a challenge for scientists and experts to control effectively. Given the urgent need to address this phenomenon, we suggest that desired public action toward these invasive vectors can be motivated through intentional framing in science communication. In this paper, we sought to evaluate the effect of framing about ZIKV (Zika virus) on reported willingness to comply with mosquito prevention action. Post framing intervention, we found a significant increase (N = 26, p < 0.001) in individuals willing to take preventative action against mosquitoes. By methodically investigating best communication practices, this study and others can help practitioners mobilize communities to address large-scale ecological problems. Additionally, the principles outlined here may be transferrable to other communication efforts about ecological issues outside of ZIKV and mosquitoes.


The mathematics consultation represents a powerful opportunity for mathematics teachers to leverage the knowledge base of special education professionals to advance equity for students with special education needs. Yet, most teacher preparation programs do not specifically prepare prospective teachers to engage in mathematics consultations.  We designed this baseline study to understand the consequences of this lack of preparation. We provided an opportunity for prospective elementary teachers of mathematics and prospective special education teachers to engage in a consultation about the mathematics learning of a student with special education needs.  We analysed the characteristics of these consultations and found that the prospective teachers' questions and responses lacked mathematics context and ignored student engagement in mathematical practices. Given these findings, we provide recommendations for how mathematics teacher educators might better prepare prospective teachers for the questioning and answering stages of mathematics consultations.


Wearable devices are often used to record the user's biometric information. Among biometric data, pulse data has been used in methods such as heart rate monitoring and emotion estimation. The most common type of pulse sensor is the photoplethysmogram (PPG), which irradiates a green LED on the skin and measures pulse data from changes in the light reflected through the blood vessels. PPG sensors have been implemented in commercially available wearable devices such as smartwatches. When a smartwatch is worn on an artificial body such as a prosthetic hand or a robotic arm, correct data cannot be acquired because there is no blood flow. In this study, we propose a method that enables the PPG sensor to measure arbitrary pulse data using a display. If this method is successful, it will be possible to input pulse data measured at the junction of the live body and the prosthetic hand to the display, and have the smartwatch attached to the prosthetic hand read the same pulse data. In this paper, we focus on the heart rate and report the results of an experiment in which a target heart rate was input and the display was controlled to determine whether the target heart rate could be obtained by a smartwatch. We implemented a display drawing program and conducted the evaluation using five kinds of smartwatches and four kinds of displays. Results showed that the error between the target heart rate and the heart rate acquired by the smartwatch was within ± 3 beats per minute in many cases.


The article discusses holiness as a theme in the Gospel of Mark from the perspective of biblical spirituality. It first establishes the framework within which holiness is understood by discussing holiness in spirituality, in the early Christian context of Mark and in terms of Mark's focus on the identity of Jesus. The article then focuses on holiness in terms of the human pole in the divine– human relationship by investigating how holiness is about awe and fear before Jesus as the mystery of God's kingdom (Mk. 4:11). It then analyses holiness in terms of the divine pole in the divine–human relationship by investigating Jesus as the Holy One of God. It concludes with an analysis of Jesus' reaffirmation, interiorisation, radicalisation and embodiment of holiness and of Mark's mystagogical approach to holiness within the lived experience of his community.


Background: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome represents a rare familial condition caused by germline mutations of the tumorsuppressor gene VHL, which is located on the short arm of chromosome 3p25. Only 20% of the cases arise from de novo mutations, most patients having a positive family history with an autosomal dominant transmission. VHL is characterized by the presence of vascular tumors including hemangioblastomas of the cerebellum, spinal cord, brain stem and retina and the appearance of multiple cysts in different organs. Frequently, patients can associate clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC) and pheochromocytomas, or endolymphatic sac tumors.

Case reports: We present the cases of two sisters, diagnosed with VHL, with a positive family history (their father was diagnosed with VHL as well). The first patient, a 40 year old female, non-smoker, presented with multiple hemangioblastomas (right cerebellar, brainstem, right optic nerve, spinal cord), bilateral pheochromocytoma and multiple cysts (hepatic, renal and ovary) had a positive genetic analysis (VHL heterozygote mutation p.Arg167Gln) and underwent multiple surgical interventions. The second patient, her sister, 38 year old, presented with multiple emangioblastomas (cerebellar hemangioblastomas, right retinal hemangioblastoma), ovarian and breast cysts.

Conclusions: Patients with rare tumors characteristic of VHL (e.g. retinal or cerebellar hemangioblastomas) should be evaluated clinically and molecularly for VHL. This includes reviewing a detailed family history focused on characteristic tumors.


The present study investigated the use of interactive metadiscourse resources (IMRs) in terms of appropriacy during a process- based writing course by applying qualitative and exploratory methods. Moreover, learners' perception was investigated to find out how confident they felt as they were writing and rewriting the drafts. 30 intermediate EFL learners were chosen to participate in this study based on their performance on the OPT. The participants wrote essays on argumentative topics during the period of one semester. Each participant submitted three drafts on a topic, the first draft, the draft after revising and the draft after editing.  Experts' appropriacy judgments showed a clear improvement in the appropriate use of IMRs from the participants' earlier drafts to their final drafts. Furthermore, analysis of the interviews' data showed that most of the interviewees had positive views towards this kind of writing and stated that their level of confidence in using IMRs increased through the stages and they felt more confident towards the end of the course. The results of this study seem to have some implications for teachers and practitioners in EFL contexts and could be of major significance for classroom application.


Single-cell mRNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a technique which enables unbiased, high throughput and high-resolution transcriptomic analysis of the heterogeneity of cells within a population. This recent technique has been described in humans, mice and other species in various conditions to cluster cells in populations and identify new subpopulations, as well as to study the gene expression of cells in various tissues, conditions and origins. In dogs, a species for which markers of cell populations are often limiting, scRNA-seq presents with elevated yet untested potential for the study of tissue composition. As a proof of principle, we used scRNA-seq to identify cellular populations of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in healthy dogs (n = 4). A total of 5,710 cells were obtained and analyzed by scRNA-seq. Fourteen distinct clusters of cells were identified, further identified as macrophages/monocytes (4 clusters), T cells (2 clusters) and B cells (1 cluster), neutrophils (1 cluster), mast cells (1 cluster), mature or immature dendritic cells (1 cluster each), ciliated or non-ciliated epithelial cells (1 cluster each) and cycling cells (1 cluster). We used for the first time in dogs the scRNA-seq to investigate cellular subpopulations of the BALF of dog. This study hence expands our knowledge on dog lung immune cell populations, paves the way for the investigation at single-cell level of lower respiratory diseases in dogs, and establishes that scRNA-seq is a powerful tool for the study of dog tissue composition.


We propose a new scheme for streaming media systems that combines adaptive media playout (AMP) with rate-distortion (R-D)optimized packet transmission. AMP, the client-controlled, adaptive modification of the media playout rate, allows us to flexibly adjust the playout deadlines of individual packets, and can therefore reduce reconstruction distortion. This added flexibility incurs a subjective cost, however. We introduce functions that assess the subjective cost of a schedule of playout rate modifications, and we show how to optimize the schedule with respect to these costs and distortion. Because the optimal playout rate schedule and the R-D optimal transmission schedule are interdependent, we solve the two problems jointly. In simulations that model a receiver-driven scenario, results for a short media clip show a more than 2 dB improvement in mean PSNR for R-D optimized transmission scheduling combined with a moderate amount of AMP, over R-D optimized transmission scheduling alone.


The genetic basis of many common, multi-factorial conditions is increasingly being understood but use of the knowledge created, raises major dilemmas for primary care. Identification of individuals that may be genetically predisposed to serious medical conditions provides the opportunity to offer screening or prophylactic treatment, for early detection or prevention and delay in disease onset in many complex conditions. We describe a new pilot service development to introduce genetic risk assessment for a wide range of conditions to primary care, and discuss the findings from its evaluation. The evaluation highlighted the issues about the incorporation of genetic risk assessment in primary care. The results of the evaluation along with findings from other studies, juxtaposed with the implications of developments in genetics suggest that changes are required to accommodate the integration of genetic risk assessment into primary care clinical practice. We discuss what these changes are, the benefits and drawbacks, and whether primary care can and is ready to make the changes required, further shifting the focus from disease treatment to disease prevention.


Indicators of forest site productivity may exhibit considerable spatial and temporal variability that should be considered in sustainable forest management. It is generally assumed that natural site conditions and, in turn, site productivity changes gradually and predictably. Our review illustrates many exceptions to this paradigm. Consequently, uni-dimensional productivity indicators such as the commonly used site index (estimated based on stand height) is not always sufficient to characterize site productivity for apparently homogeneous forest stands. To alleviate this problem, we suggest a hierarchical procedure for the estimation of forest site productivity including site mapping, unthinned reference stands (against which to measure growth performance) and adaptive modelling. The level and detail at which site mapping should be conducted (region, forest, management unit or subunit), depends on the objective (research vs. operational forestry), forest type and expected deviations in site productivity estimates compared with the cost of site mapping. Unthinned reference plots should preferably be maintained in the long term and the number of plots should increase with increasing site or stand heterogeneity (for homogeneous land we recommend one plot in 10 ha, two in 100 ha, etc.). With adaptive modelling site specific parameters can be updated at any time when new information has become available. Finally, the review indicates a need to re-define traditional measurement procedures to achieve a contemporary and rational statistical basis for the estimation of site productivity.


It has been shown that several factors such as feed source and breed might influence milk fat-soluble antioxidants (AOs). This study investigated pasture feeding effects and dairy cattle breed on the content of α-tocopherol and β-carotene in cows' milk by monitoring two grazing seasons (spring and fall) as well as a summer no-pasture season. Four dairy farms located in Sicily were selected: two with both Holstein and Brown Swiss cows and two with only a Modicana (M) local breed cows. Bulk milk samples of each breed per farm were collected. Milk α-tocopherol and β-carotene were highest during spring (16.2 and 9.7 μg.g−1 of fat, respectively), lowest during fall (11.2 and 0.8 μg.g−1 of fat, respectively) and intermediate during summer (13.3 and 2.5 μg.g−1 of fat, respectively). These results indicate that grazing pasture season has an important impact on milk fat-soluble antioxidant content. In particular, higher milk AO levels in spring compared to fall might be attributed to several factors such as differences in the quality and composition of pasture, differences in pasture intake and even the climate. Breed effect on milk AO contents was not so pronounced. Milk β-carotene levels did not differ significantly among breeds. Saturation of milk β-carotene may explain similar vitamin levels among breeds in spring despite different pasture intakes. It was interesting that significant levels of α-tocopherol were detected in milk from M cows during summer. The latter effect could be masked by the considerably higher pasture intake of M in spring compared to the other two breeds.


Managing master data as an organization-wide function enforces changes in responsibilities and established ways of working. These changes cause tensions in the organization and can result in conflicts. Understanding these tensions and mechanisms helps the organization to manage the change more effectively. The tensions and conflicts are studied through the theory of paradox. The object of this paper is to identify paradoxes in a Master Data Management (MDM) development process and the factors that contribute to the emergence of these conflicts. Altogether thirteen MDM specific paradoxes were identified and factors leading to them were presented. Paradoxes were grouped into categories that represent the organization's core activities to understand how tensions are embedded within the organization, and how they are experienced. Five paradoxes were observed more closely to illustrate the circumstances they appear. Working through the tensions also sheds light on the question of how these paradoxes should be managed. This example illustrates how problems emerge as dilemmas and evolve into paradoxes.


We propose the concept of a universal social ordering, defined on the set of pairs of an allocation and a preference profile of any finite population. It is meant to unify evaluations and comparisons of social states with populations of possibly different sizes with various characteristics. The universal social ordering not only evaluates policy options for a given population but also compares social welfare across populations, as in international or intertemporal comparisons of living standards. It also makes it possible to evaluate policy options which affect the size of the population or the preferences of its members. We study how to extend the theory of social choice in order to select such orderings on a rigorous axiomatic basis. Key ingredients in this analysis are attitudes with respect to population size and the bases of interpersonal comparisons.


This casebook is written as an aid to the teaching of theatre direction and is intended primarily for students working at undergraduate and postgraduate level. The book consists of 47 'cases', covering a wide range of directorial problems, such as the organization of large casts, arranging effective auditions, dealing with difficult actors, and resolving ethical dilemmas. The 'cases' are based on real difficulties, as encountered by students, lecturers, and professionals working in a variety of American contexts: high schools, colleges, semi-professional 'community theatres', and 'stock' companies readily transposed into British terms, of secondary schools, colleges, universities, and 'rep' and touring theatre. The author envisages an 'open learning' situation, in which students are expected to prepare notes on the directorial cases. In seminars, they will then consider open questions relating to the case and propose solutions. There are, of course, no 'right answers', and the casebook offers the chance for students to consider realistic problems, debate solutions, defend a position, and engage in problem-solving in a protected environment suitable for a theoretical approach to learning, second only, perhaps, to directing in practice.


Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is commonly used to prevent or treat keratoconus. Although changes in corneal stiffness induced by CXL surgery can be monitored with non-contact dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) by tracking mechanical wave propagation, depth dependent changes are still unclear if the cornea is not crosslinked through the whole depth. Here, phase-decorrelation measurements on optical coherence tomography (OCT) structural images are combined with acoustic micro-tapping (AμT) OCE to explore possible reconstruction of depth-dependent stiffness within crosslinked corneas in an ex vivo human cornea sample. Experimental OCT images are analyzed to define the penetration depth of CXL into the cornea. In a representative ex vivo human cornea sample, crosslinking depth varied from ~ 100 μm in the periphery to ~ 150 μm in the cornea center and exhibited a sharp in-depth transition between crosslinked and untreated areas. This information was used in an analytical two-layer guided wave propagation model to quantify the stiffness of the treated layer. We also discuss how the elastic moduli of partially CXL-treated cornea layers reflect the effective engineering stiffness of the entire cornea to properly quantify corneal deformation.


In analysing panel data in which the dependent variable is a binary choice variable taking values 1 or 0 for success or failure respectively, it is feasible to consider the conditional probabilities of the dependent variable. Under strict exogeneity, this conditional probability equals the expected value of the dependent variable. This treatment calls for a nonlinear function which will ensure that the conditional probability lies between 0 and 1, and such functions yield the probit model and the logit model. This paper discusses an estimation of nonlinear logit panel data model with fixed effects. There are two main estimators for such models: 'unconditional maximum likelihood' and 'conditional maximum likelihood'. Application study was designed to determine the most important factors affecting delayed completion of adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with breast cancer and adjuvant chemotherapy improvement outcomes of patients with breast cancer to determine the relationship between time to chemotherapy and outcome according to breast cancer. The optimal timing from beginning to the end of chemotherapy is known (three months). We hypothesized that prolonged time to chemotherapy would be associated with adverse outcomes. Delayed time to chemotherapy was defined as more three months from the first dose and the last dose of chemotherapy. The study results show that the conditional fixed effects logit estimator is efficient and better than the unconditional pooling and unconditional fixed effects logit estimators. And we find that the most important factors affecting delayed completion of adjuvant chemotherapy among patients are haemoglobin, platelets, and alanine transaminase.


Functional MRI at ultra-high field (UHF, ≥7T) provides significant increases in BOLD contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) compared with conventional field strength (3T), and has been exploited for reduced field-of-view, high spatial resolution mapping of primary sensory areas. Applying these high spatial resolution methods to investigate whole brain functional responses to higher-order cognitive tasks leads to a number of challenges, in particular how to perform robust group-level statistical analyses. This study addresses these challenges using an inter-sensory cognitive task which modulates top-down attention at graded levels between the visual and somatosensory domains. At the individual level, highly focal functional activation to the task and task difficulty (modulated by attention levels) were detectable due to the high CNR at UHF. However, to assess group level effects, both anatomical and functional variability must be considered during analysis. We demonstrate the importance of surface over volume normalization and the requirement of no spatial smoothing when assessing highly focal activity. Using novel group analysis on anatomically parcellated brain regions, we show that in higher cognitive areas (parietal and dorsal-lateral-prefrontal cortex) fMRI responses to graded attention levels were modulated quadratically, whilst in visual cortex and VIP, responses were modulated linearly. These group fMRI responses were not seen clearly using conventional second-level GLM analyses, illustrating the limitations of a conventional approach when investigating such focal responses in higher cognitive regions which are more anatomically variable. The approaches demonstrated here complement other advanced analysis methods such as multi-variate pattern analysis, allowing UHF to be fully exploited in cognitive neuroscience.


We describe a new species of Ranitomeya (family Dendrobatidae) which we discovered on a recent expedition to the Rio Apaporis region in southeastern Colombia. This species had previously been referred to as Dendrobates quinquevittatus sensu Silverstone, based on a single specimen collected in the 1950s from the mouth of Rio Apaporis. We found additional specimens from two sites in this region; near the town of La Pedrera (Departamento Amazonas), and on the lower Apaporis (Departamento Vaupes). We also found several R. ventrimaculata, and the two species are likely sympatric throughout much of this region. Although the new species and R. ventrimaculata have similar life-history attributes (such as using similar bromeliads for tadpole deposition), the two species clearly differ in color pattern and advertisement call parameters. Ongoing molecular studies indicate that the new species is not closely related to the sympatric R. ventrimaculata, but rather is sister to an apparently undescribed species of Ranitomeya from the upper Brazilian Amazon.


This paper evaluates performance of max-type detectors introduced in earlier work as a special case of generalized fusion. The max-type detectors combine several base detectors, e.g., matched filters (MF), based on information from identified background segments. For identification of background segments, we use a method that we call Flexible Spectral Clustering (FSC) since this turns out to be a flexible algorithm particularly suited for spectral data. For our numerical results, we use an AVIRIS urban scene with a wide range of natural and man-made materials. Our technique of target implantation to each image pixel allows taking into account various realistic combinations of the background materials present in the pixel being tested for the target. We evaluate performance of several max-type detectors in order to understand the impact of the number of background segments being used. We also make a comparison to the base detector, which is the global MF (GMF) in this case. In most cases considered in this paper, the max-type detectors were at least as good as the GMF, and they were often much better than the GMF. The difficulty of a given detection scenario was described by the size of the target and the strength of its spectral signal. In very difficult detection scenarios (small targets that are not very different from the background), the GMF performs much worse than the max-type detectors. In medium-difficulty scenarios, the detection capability of the GMF gets closer to that of the max-type detectors. In the scenarios with easy detection (large targets that are very different from the background), all detectors considered here perform very well and their performance is almost identical to each other. Similar results are also obtained for detection of a real target known to be present in the image. This paper also provides some valuable evaluation tools for re- searchers to investigate performance of other detectors. By using our tools, one can understand how the detectors' performance depends on the target size and the strength of its spectral signal.


The proper time path integral representation is derived explicitly for Green's functions in QCD. After an introductory analysis of perturbative properties, the total gluonic field is separated in a rigorous way into a nonperturbative background and valence gluon part. For nonperturbative contributions the background perturbation theory is used systematically, yielding two types of expansions,illustrated by direct physical applications. As an application, we discuss the collinear singularities in the Feynman-Schwinger representation formalism. Moreover, the generalization to nonzero temperature is made and expressions for partition functions in perturbation theory and nonperturbative background are explicitly written down. Preprint submitted to Elsevier Science 15 May 2002


Reliable and valid instruments are essential when examining the role of self-efficacy and locus of control in the self-care context. The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Self-Efficacy Scale in Self-Care (SESSC) and the Swedish version of the Recovery Locus of Control scale (RLoC) in the context of minor illness. A descriptive correlational design was used to assess the psychometric characteristics of the scales. The study population was 317 randomly selected Swedish inhabitants aged 18-80. The results from this study showed that the RLoC has limitations in reliability and validity and should not be applied in the context of self-care of minor illness. The SESSC proved to be a reliable and valid instrument in assessing self-efficacy in self-care for minor illness.


Record-high U.S. strawberry production in 1993 and another large crop anticipated in 1994 continue the growth trend that began in the 1970's. California produced nearly 80 percent of the U.S. crop on less than half of the strawberry acreage due to higher output per acre than other States. Grower and retail prices for fresh strawberries usually follow strong seasonal patterns and are below average in April, May, and June. Retail prices for fresh strawberries have kept pace with inflation since 1980, while grower prices have not. Americans are eating more strawberries grown in the United States, and per capita consumption has grown from 3 to 5 pounds since 1970.


Abstract This study aimed to compare the performance of Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) with that of Derived FRAX (DeFRA) in estimating fracture risk in a cohort of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) postmenopausal women. One hundred nineteen T2DM postmenopausal women and 118 consecutive healthy postmenopausal women were enrolled. Fracture risk was assessed with FRAX (adjusted or non- for trabecular bone score, TBS) and DeFRA. Bone mineral density (BMD) and TBS were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The outcome was the presence of vertebral/non-vertebral fragility fractures (FFs). T2DM women showed higher spinal BMD T-score (p < .05), but lower TBS (p < .05), than controls. Diabetic patients had higher prevalence of FFs compared to controls (p < .05), but no significant difference were found in the scores of any of the predictor tools. Differently, in the T2DM group, the scores of DeFRA, FRAX and adjusted-FRAX were significantly (p < .01 for all) higher in fractured compared with non-fractured women. DeFRA showed the best discriminative power among all fracture risk predictor tools (area under curves: DeFra: 0.89; adjusted FRAX: 0.80; non-adjusted FRAX: 0.73). In summary, all fracture risk assessment tools appeared to be effective in predicting bone fractures in T2DM postmenopausal women, with DeFRA showing a slightly better diagnostic accuracy.


Experiments to determine the effect of furnishing an ample supply of sodium chloride on the toxemia of pyloric and intestinal obstruction are reported. A fall in chlorides is the first and seemingly most significant change to take place in the blood after pyloric and intestinal obstruction. The chloride is apparently utilized by the body as a protective measure against the primary toxic substance. Two dogs with pyloric obstruction were given 50 cc. of 10 per cent NaCl subcutaneously daily. One lived 3 days, the other 4. The blood showed little change, except a marked terminal rise in chlorides. Animals given a like amount of distilled water or 25 per cent glucose showed the changes typical of untreated animals. The obstruction of the pylorus was released in six dogs 48 to 72 hours after the initial operation. Two died within 24 hours after the second operation with a high non-protein nitrogen in the blood. Two survived but showed a high level of non-protein nitrogen in the blood and a high nitrogen excretion in the urine, low blood chlorides, and a marked alkalosis. One dog in such a state died on the 13th day from peritonitis, arising in a wound infection. The other showed a marked fall in non-protein nitrogen in the blood following the administration of 10 gm. of sodium chloride by mouth, but died following the intravenous injection of 25 per cent sodium chloride. Two animals were given 50 cc. of 10 per cent NaCl subcutaneously, at the time of the second operation. The blood rapidly returned to normal and complete recovery followed. Two dogs with the duodenum obstructed by section and inversion of the cut ends were treated with 10 per cent sodium chloride after the obstruction had existed for 48 hours and the characteristic blood changes had developed. The non-protein nitrogen returned to normal within 48 hours after treatment was begun. One dog died following a lateral anastomosis for relief of the obstruction. A second operation was not attempted in the other animal. Two dogs in which the duodenum was obstructed by section and inversion of the cut ends were given 500 cc. of 0.85 per cent NaCl subcutaneously on the day of operation and each day thereafter until death. One dog lived 21 days, the other 28. Both dogs showed a marked alkalosis, but never any rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood. The animals at autopsy showed intussusception of the ileum with extensive ulceration. In one there was a perforation and terminal peritonitis. The operation wounds healed normally. Three dogs with section of the duodenum were given 500 cc. of distilled water every day. One died in 24 hours, one in 48 hours, and the third in 72 hours. Autopsy showed no cause for death other than toxemia. One dog with section of the duodenum was given 500 cc. of 2 per cent glucose every day. The blood showed a rapid rise in non-protein nitrogen and carbon dioxide-combining power, and a fall in chlorides. The animal died 72 hours after operation. Three dogs with section of the duodenum were given 500 cc. of 1 per cent sodium bicarbonate every day. One dog died in 72 hours, one lived 7 days, and the third lived 9 days. All developed a high non-protein nitrogen in the blood and two showed marked clinical symptoms of an alkalosis. These results demonstrate that solutions of sodium chloride have a marked effect in preventing and controlling the toxemia of pyloric and intestinal obstruction as shown in clinical symptoms and in chemical changes in the blood. Dogs given an abundant supply of distilled water died more quickly than untreated control animals. Solutions of glucose have no specific value, and sodium bicarbonate solutions prolong life only a short while. Good therapeutic results have been obtained with very concentrated sodium chloride solutions, and with dry sodium chloride given by mouth. It seems evident that sodium chloride has a specific action in preventing and possibly in controlling the changes produced by the toxic body. Sodium chloride is a valuable therapeutic agent in pyloric and high intestinal obstruction.


The Krakatau islands Rakata, Sertung and Panjang, have been colonized by plants, animals and microorganisms over about a century, since the area was probably sterilized by the eruptions of August 1883. In 1930 the island of Anak Krakatau appeared and has since grown subaerially by periodic volcanic eruptions. Parts of this island may have been sterilized by ash eruptions in 1952 and 1953, and since 1962 lava flows have added new land surfaces to the island, the most recent being in 1980. At the northern end of Sertung Island, a long, narrow, sand spit built of eroded volcanic debris provides a land surface that is only a few decades old. These very new land habitats on Anak Krakatau and the Sertung spit, when examined for antibiotic-resistance patterns (resistotypes) of soil bacteria (Gramnegative rods, GNR), were shown to contain GNR much less antibiotic-resistant than those from the older habitats of Sertung on which over 100 years of post-eruptive colonization and succession has been possible. The concentration of soil microorganisms was also considerably less in these very young land habitats; only where vegetation had become established were soil GNR significantly resistant to antibiotics and soil microbial concentrations similar to those in the older habitats of the archipelago.


Nursing care to the human being in psychical suffering is the theme of this investigation, developed in a psychiatric hospital, in the west region of the Parana State. This is a qualitative research with the aim of finding out nurses' understanding about their work in psychiatric nursing. Authors used open interview to all the nurses of the institution. Then, data were grouped in thematic unities and analysed through the analysis of the content.


A 48-year-old male with complete tetraplegia C6 presented with sweating and flushing of the right half of the face and neck that recurred when lying in supine and left lateral positions. The symptoms subsided immediately upon sitting upright or lying in a right lateral position. The symptoms were associated with occasional mild head discomfort rather than headache and were accompanied by marked elevation of blood pressure, which was 190-200/120-130 mmHg compared to his previous baseline blood pressure of 80-90/50-70 mmHg, and he had a heart rate of 60-70 beats per minute. We believe that post-traumatic syringomyelia, found upon further investigation, was the cause of the Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) in this patient. He was advised to avoid the positions causing the symptoms and the progression of symptoms was monitored regularly. AD might not have been diagnosed in this patient because of the atypical and unusual presentations. Therefore, knowledge and a heightened level of awareness of this possible complication are important when treating individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).


We consider close-packed dimers, or perfect matchings, on two-dimensional regular lattices. We review known results and derive new expressions for the free energy, entropy, and the molecular freedom of dimers for a number of lattices including the simple-quartic (4 4), Archimedean tilings. The occurrence and nature of phase transitions are also discussed.


Bridge financing raises needed capital between rounds of venture finance. In some cases, bridge finance, usually issued as convertible debt, is seen simply as prepaid equity in the next round of finance. In the heady days of the roaring '90s, this worked well and required minimal documentation. As times have changed, so must our practices. This article notes a series of trends in bridge finance terms, such as: longer timelines; more complex documentation; certain conditions precedent; maturity; pledge of collateral; restrictions of the use of proceeds; conversion upon acquisition or financing; and warrant coverage.


This paper addresses the problem of time-delay estimation and proposes an effective time-delay estimator for spread-spectrum communications. The main contribution of our work is twofold: first, we define a new objective function that analytically expresses the performance of different estimation criteria. Second, we introduce a new estimator that outperforms the conventional approaches. In particular, we develop a unified approach, deriving the performance trends of several time-delay estimators by one parametric closed form expression. Furthermore, we propose a new estimator that exploits a fast interpolation, running on few samples in the neighborhood of the coarse estimate, i.e. the (abscissa of the) estimated maximum of the ambiguity function. Mathematical expressions for bias and variance of the estimation error are derived and numerically evaluated by reduced Taylor's expansions up to the second order. The theoretical results, substantiated by computer simulations, have evidenced that the devised method is well suited for spread-spectrum satellite communications.


Beginning in 1949 a remedial summer school session was held in the Ellinwood Elementary School to help the pupils who had failed to advance with their groups or whose achievement was low. This investigation was designed to study the summer school program for the purpose of justifying its continuance or to show the effort to be of insignificant educational value and , therefore, no more than a keep -them-off-the-street plan . Although the summer school -included only the subjects of reading, arithmetic, and spelling, the study was limited to the remedial reading division of the summer of 1949 during which there were thirty-four pupils enrolled in this department. Whatever the findings are, the results shown are applicable to a local situation only and are derived from such a limited study that there is no attempt to generalize.


Pemphigus refers to a group of autoantibody-mediated intra-epidermal blistering diseases characterized by loss of cohesion between epidermal cells (a process termed acantholysis). Applying pressure to the skin of these patients may elicit the separation of the epidermis which is known as Nikolsky's sign. Pemphigus vulgaris can be compared with Agnivisarpa based on similar manifestation. The mainstay of treatment is systemic glucocorticoids in allopathy science. The current mortality is around 5% with glucocorticoids treatment. Case History: This case report is of 40 years old male patient who presented with blisters formation on whole over body, perspiration, itching and burning since last 6 months. He was treated in indoor department with Snehana Cikitsa mainly along with oral glucocorticoids for 25 days. The dose of oral glucocorticoids was tapered with improvement in patient's condition. Result: At the time discharge, patient was prescribed 10mg prednisolone and oral Ayurvedic medicines. After 25 days of treatment patient had more than 90% relief and glucorticoids was stopped. On the 2nd follow of treatment patient was kept only on Ayurvedic medicines. During first two follow-ups, patient had significant relief.


Water shortage is increasingly limiting the luxury use of water in rice cultivation. In this study, non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice only consumed a fraction of the water that was needed for traditional flooded cultivation and largely maintained the grain yield. We also investigated the growth and development of rice plants and examined grain yield formation when rice was subjected to non-flooded mulching cultivation. One indica hybrid rice combination was grown in a field experiment and three cultivation methods, traditional flooding (TF), non-flooded straw mulching cultivation (SM) and non-flooded plastic mulching cultivation (PM), were conducted during the whole season. Grain yield showed that there was no significant difference between SM and TF rice, but the grain yield of SM cultivation was significantly higher than that of PM. The tiller numbers were inhibited in the early stage under non-flooded mulching cultivation, but the situation was reversed at the later period. Both SM and PM rice reduced dry matter accumulation of shoot, but increased root dry weight, enhanced the remobilization of assimilates from stems to grains and increased the harvest index. During the middle and later grain filling period, mulched plants showed a faster decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic rates of flag leaves and root activity than TF rice, indicating that non-flooded mulching cultivation enhanced plant senescence. In comparison, SM treatment produced higher grain yield and, more dry matter accumulation and panicle numbers than the PM treatment. The overall results suggest that high yield of non-flooded mulching cultivation of rice can be achieved with much improved irrigational water use efficiency.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to investigate the side-to-side differences of the upper and lower limbs in chronic stroke patients by means of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT).

METHODS
Twenty-three subjects (12 males and 11 females) who had previously suffered a stroke were recruited. Bone parameters and muscle cross-sectional areas were measured by pQCT in the forearm and the lower leg on the paretic and non-paretic side. Muscle function tests included hand grip dynamometry and sit-to-stand on force plates.

RESULTS
Relative side-to-side differences in bone parameters at the radius were twice to three times the relative differences at the tibia. At the forearm the muscle-bone relationship was stronger on the non-paretic than the paretic side, while at the lower leg the muscle-bone relationship was similar on both sides.

CONCLUSIONS
Side-to-side differences in bone parameters were much smaller than differences between individuals, and bone mass deficits on the paretic side were greater at the radius than at the tibia. Therapies to restore muscle force and function, which may also help to decrease the risk of falls, are recommended.


The weathering performance of rice husk-filled high-density polyethylene (RHPE) and natural wood was investigated in this study. The injection molded RHPE, in column end-cap (CECap) shapes, was exposed to both natural and accelerated weathering attacks. The durability of RHPE was compared to Kempas wood (Koompassia malaccensis) and neat polyethylene. Wood underwent the greatest losses in properties among the specimens. Four months of outdoor weathering turned the color of RHPE CECap into silvery grey. When the exposure time increased, the color of RHPE composite faded faster than neat polyethylene. The wood surface darkened and RHPE surface flaked off after being exposed to accelerated weathering conditions. Prolonged weathering exposure caused loss of impact strength of the RHPE composites. In general, RHPE is more resistible to weathering attacks as compared to Kempas wood.


In this paper,the Noether-Lie symmetry and conserved quantities of generalized classical mechanical system are studied.The definition and the criterion of the Noether-Lie symmetry for the system under the general infinitesimal transformations of groups are given.The Noether conserved quantity and the Hojman conserved quantity deduced from the Noether-Lie symmetry are obtained.An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.


Potassium channels govern duration and frequency of excitable membrane events and may regulate signals that are important in neuronal development. This study assesses the developmental expression of the large conductance Cadependent K channel in vivo and in vitro in rat cerebellum. In vivo, transcript levels for the Ca-dependent K channel (KCa ) were shown by Northern analysis to increase during development, whereas transcript levels for the voltage-gated K channel Kv3.1, a delayed rectifier (KD), remained relatively constant. A comparable pattern was demonstrated by expression in Xenopus oocytes of poly(A)-enriched RNA isolated from postnatal rat cerebella. In cerebellar cultures, increased external K provided a simple manipulation of cell excitability that influenced KCa transcript levels during development. With low external K (5.3 mM), the levels of KCa channel transcript (assessed by semiquantitative PCR) remained constant throughout development. However, in culture medium that supported significant dendritic outgrowth (10 mM extracellular K), an upregulation of KCa transcript level was observed similar to that seen in vivo. Tetraethylammonium (TEA; 1 mM) similarly enhanced KCa expression, suggesting that depolarizing stimuli increased KCa expression. The stimulatory effects of increased K or TEA on KCa expression required extracellular Ca 21 and were abolished in low external calcium (0.1 mM, buffered with EGTA), although morphological development and survival were not impaired. The regulation of KCa channel expression by depolarization and Ca entry provides evidence of a logical feedback mechanism governing Ca signals that may be significant in cerebellar development.


Aimed to wheel flange partial wear problem, the heavy haul train dynamic model was setup, and the coupler and buffer system was setup in detail. The dynamic performance of the train under the longitudinal coupler press force was simulated. The wheel/rail lateral force and wheel flange wear were analyses. Simulation results shown that the front locomotive will suffer a big longitudinal press force for the delay of the brake force transfer; this will lead the rotation of the coupler. The lateral force will apply to the car body at the position of coupler, which was caused by the longitudinal coupler force and the rotation angle of the coupler, then the wheel flange partial wear were induced as a result.


Generalized solutions play an important role in the modern theory of partial differential equations. The mathematical model of interdiffusion in the bounded mixture (i.e. layer) showing constant concentration (e.g. in solid or liquid solutions) and variable diffusivity of the components is presented. Using the idea of generalized solution, we will show an exact expression for the evolution of components distribution. The experimental results for ternary Co-Ni-Fe alloy are presented. We present the practical solution of the interdiffusion in multi layer materials and uphill diffusion (diffusional structures) in ternary diffusional couples of finite thickness. Presented model allows for many conclusions to be derived. The key massage is a great potential of generalized Darken model of interdiffusion in describing the mass transport in solid solutions. We show that modern mathematics now-days allows for the modelling, practical calculation and the better understanding of the real transport problems.


Sentences with plural expressions are compatible with distributive and collective interpretations. Adults generally prefer collective interpretations, whereas children do not. Dotlačil (2010) argues that the adult collective preference arises via an implicature. Adults can reason about alternative utterances with the distributive marker each, thereby ruling out distributive interpretations in favor of collective interpretations. Experiment 1 used the covered-box paradigm to investigate whether adults and children make the comparisons predicted by Dotlačil's implicature account.1 Adults' responses suggest that they made comparisons with internally generated alternatives, supporting the implicature account. Moreover, children seem to do so from around 11 years old onwards, after they have learned the distributive character of each. Experiment 2 excluded the possibility that our results in Experiment 1 were influenced by participants' exposure to both collective and distributive pictures, making the collective interpretation more salient. Both experiments thus point towards an implicature underlying the adult collective preference. 1 Please note that this chapter refers to the pragmatic account as the implicature account.


By introducing sinusoidal chirping into a periodic nonlinear optical susceptibility, we propose that the Cerenkov radiative second-harmonic generation is greatly enhanced in theoretical calculations, and this is demonstrated with an organic copolymer. The use of nonlinear optical chirping with an average χ(2) period of 20 μm, a modulation period 200 μm (modulation index ≃9), and a total length of 2 mm with the VDCN/VAc copolymer film yields enhanced second-harmonic generation by a factor of ~7. This enhancement is much greater than that with a uniform periodic χ(2) film with a period of 60 μm, which is consistent with the theoretical estimates.


The agro-climatic zoning classifies the southern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as being suitable for bean farming, especially in the dry season, where there are appropriate climatic conditions for growing. In this area, determining the optimum sowing dates is controlled by the climatic conditions and the adaptability of different cultivars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of some common bean cultivars submitted to different seeding times in the dry season in the South of Minas Gerais. The beans cultivars were used (Perola, TAA Bola Cheia and IAPAR 81) submitted to four sowing date (January 18, February 26, March 08 and March 20). The experimental was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RBD) with three replications in a factorial 4 × 3, corresponding to the four sowing dates and three bean cultivars and results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and when there was a significant, means were compared by Tukey test at 5% and regression analysis. The water deficit was the weather element most influencing bean yield. There was interaction between cultivars and seeding times only on bean yield. The first sowing (January 18) provides the highest yield (30% more in relation the other) and the best agronomic characteristics, regardless of the cultivar. Cultivars Bola Cheia and Perola are the most productive.

 Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, crop yield, water stress, main components.


Microstrip antenna has become more populer in the field of communication due to its verstality & uniqueness.The purpose of this paper is to design a low profile, conformal, small size antenna with high bandwidth along with good compromise in other factors like gain, directivity, efficiency etc. A E-shape patch antenna with suitable geometry is taken to provide good response of bandwidth about 59.09 % at centre frequency 2.28 GHz. Using FR-4 glass epoxy material, on insertion of EBG structure, creating deformities at ground plane side, the band width of the antenna is improved tremendously. The new design of antenna is found suitable for various wireless communications for 1.55-2.85 GHz band. The design approach & Simulation results are shown with the help of MOM based full wave simulator IE3D.


OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between the behavioral, biopsychological, and socioeconomic factors in overweight and obese students. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample involved 393 students from state and private schools in Florianopolis/SC, mean age of 9.9 ± 1.7, with 41% male subjects. A questionnaire adapted from Oliveira e cols. was applied in the interview; anthropometric information (body mass and height) was used to calculate the BMI, and individuals were classified in overweight and obese according to Conde and Monteiro. RESULTS: As for the distribution of obesity and overweight by gender, girls showed a similar degree, while among boys, overweight individuals represented 77% of the sample. There were associations between female gender, economic status, ethnicity, school, and type of food with p ranging from < 0.001 to 0.003. CONCLUSION: It was found that the behavioral, biopsychological, and socioeconomic factors seem to interfere with overweight and obesity in students of Florianopolis.


For reliable transmission across a noisy communication channel, classical results from information theory show that it is asymptotically optimal to separate out the source and channel coding processes. However, this decomposition can fall short in the finite bit-length regime, as it requires non-trivial tuning of hand-crafted codes and assumes infinite computational power for decoding. In this work, we propose to jointly learn the encoding and decoding processes using a new discrete variational autoencoder model. By adding noise into the latent codes to simulate the channel during training, we learn to both compress and error-correct given a fixed bit-length and computational budget. We obtain codes that are not only competitive against several separation schemes, but also learn useful robust representations of the data for downstream tasks such as classification. Finally, inference amortization yields an extremely fast neural decoder, almost an order of magnitude faster compared to standard decoding methods based on iterative belief propagation.


This thesis addresses the critical problem of pitting corrosion in reinforced concrete by deploying the guided waves that are generated and sensed by piezoelectric wafer transducers. The damages in the composite system of reinforced concrete are studied by implementing numerical and experimental methods. The numerical models include the co-simulation of stress wave propagation in the reinforced concrete and the piezoelectric behaviour of the transducers. Several damage scenarios such as debonding, diameter reduction and their combination are simulated in these studies. These numerical models are validated with extensive experimental studies on pitting corrosion in rebars embedded in concrete. Damage identification strategies are proposed by examining the ultrasonic guided wave characteristics in undamaged and corroded reinforced concrete beams.


A maturity matrix (MM) is a tool used by managers to address limitations and perform a gap analysis to align processes to strategic goals. An MM can be designed to directly assess performance levels throughout an organisation or focus upon a process. The direction that the manager takes relies upon the knowledge of the tool and how it relates to the desired improvements. A quality maturity matrix (QMM) analyses the quality tools, methodologies, and approaches to benchmark and compare current levels to desired outputs. While the MM is commonplace, a challenge with the nomenclature exists when addressing quality holistically because of the limited literature regarding a QMM. This paper provides a review of the literature on the use of a QMM. The objective of this paper is to detail how a QMM is employed and integrated into an organisation. It is evident from the systematic review that quality maturity matrices are utilised in various business environments by different facets of quality. Further, there are no discernable research trends or consistent strategies.


CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) activity is known to be influenced by electrode materials. In this study, we report the fabrication of a copper-nickel-modified boron-doped diamond (CuNi-BDD) electrode using wet chemical seeding and electrodeposition. Annealing was performed to improve the stability of the modified electrode during electrolysis. Characterization of the modified BDD electrodes shows successful deposition without damage to the surface of the BDD support material. CO2ER was conducted with the CuNi-BDD electrode, which produces various important products including methanol, formic acid, CO, and CH4. Additionally, a different applied potential affected the product distribution. CO2ER was also conducted on the surfaces of Cu-BDD and Ni-BDD electrodes for comparison.


For the improvement of usability of mobile internet services for mobile handsets based on the semantic web technology, one of promising ways is to realize task-oriented menu system which enables users search for mobile internet services by "what they want to do", not by "name of the category". To realize such task-oriented menu system, this paper proposes a task ontology-based modeling method which supports the description of users' activity and related knowledge such as how to solve problems that occurs on the users, prevention method for accidents, and so on. Models described by our method contribute to checking, designing and improving mobile internet services for mobile handsets.


We present the redshift distribution of a complete, unbiased sample of 24 μm sources down to fν(24 μ m) = 300 μ Jy (5 σ). The sample consists of 591 sources detected in the Boötes field of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey. We have obtained optical spectroscopic redshifts for 421 sources (71%). These have a redshift distribution peaking at z ∼ 0.3, with a possible additional peak at z ∼ 0.9, and objects detected out to z = 4.5. The spectra of the remaining 170 (29%) exhibit no strong emission lines from which to determine a redshift. We develop an algorithm to estimate the redshift distribution of these sources, based on the assumption that they have emission lines but that these lines are not observable due to the limited wavelength coverage of our spectroscopic observations. The redshift distribution derived from all 591 sources exhibits an additional peak of extremely luminous (L8–1000 μ m > 3 × 1012 L☉) objects at z ∼ 2, consisting primarily of sources without observable emission lines. We use optical line diagnostics and IRAC colors to estimate that 55% of the sources within this peak are AGN-dominated. We compare our results to published models of the evolution of infrared-luminous galaxies. The models which best reproduce our observations predict a large population of star-formation-dominated ULIRGs at z > 1.5 rather than the AGN-dominated sources we observe.


Dr. Richard Chiou is Associate Professor within the Engineering Technology Department at Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA. He received his Ph.D. degree in the G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. His educational background is in manufacturing with an emphasis on mechatronics. In addition to his many years of industrial experience, he has taught many different engineering and technology courses at undergraduate and graduate levels. His tremendous research experience in manufacturing includes environmentally conscious manufacturing, Internet based robotics, and Web based quality. In the past years, he has been involved in sustainable manufacturing for maximizing energy and material recovery while minimizing environmental impact.


Building performance is governed by physical processes, which are dynamically coupled in time and space, and whose degrees of interactions are often difficult to measure and appreciate. As a result, suboptimal performance and failures often occur. The goal of high-performance buildings is to optimize major aspects such as energy efficiency, life-cycle costs, and lighting, which are tightly coupled by the underlying physical processes. The premise behind this research project is that building integration/optimization can only be achieved when grounded on a shared understanding and communication of the underlying physical principles governing building performance, which can then enable the transformation of these principles into meaningful performance metrics. This paper proposes a methodology for building systems integration through building science principles. At the core of the methodology, a vocabulary of building science concepts, principles, and metrics enables using existing knowledge to increase understanding and gain insights on the systems involved in a particular design (including degrees of coupling, redundancies, and behaviours), which in turn facilitates the creation of new knowledge that may be needed to integrate new systems and technologies. A set of generic building science rules implemented using systems theory will enable such knowledge creation while preserving systems integrity at all times. The goal of this research is not to create a knowledge-base to replace building science professionals but to leverage an explicit vocabulary to increase understanding, learning, and communication of building performance for improved building integration. Furthermore, it is envisioned that the knowledge-base will serve as a bridge between building simulation, decision analysis, and optimization. This paper presents the initial attempt to organize a wealth of building science knowledge into a structured vocabulary. The power of generality and usability of the methodology will be tested with a case study. The expected benefits of the approach are three-fold: 1) to promote a more systematic approach to optimize building systems, 2) to facilitate the integration of new systems and technologies in buildings, and 3) to improve the education and dissemination of building science knowledge for improved building integration.


Background Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is impaired in untreated patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In the absence of an objective marker such as erosions, assessment of treatment efficacy can be based on symptoms and HRQoL. Objective To evaluate changes in HRQoL during treatment with pantoprazole or nizatidine in patients with GERD. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, double blind Canadian multicenter study. Patients with GERD, characterized by heartburn that had occurred 4 or more times per week for at least 6 months, were treated for 28 days with either pantoprazole 40 mg once daily or nizatidine 150 mg twice daily. HRQoL assessment was performed before endoscopy (baseline) and on days 7 and 28 after treatment. HRQoL was assessed using 4 domains of the SF-36, the SF-12 summary scales and the gastrointestinal system rating scale (GSRS). Results A total of 208 patients (n = 106 pantoprazole treatment group, n = 102 nizatidine treatment group) was available for intention-to-treat analysis. Baseline HRQoL scores were comparable between the 2 treatment groups. After 7 days, treatment with pantoprazole led to a statistically significant greater improvement in HRQoL in 2 SF-36 domains: bodily pain (pantoprazole versus nizatidine, P = 0.0088) and vitality (pantoprazole versus nizatidine, P = 0.0137), and in the GSRS reflux score (pantoprazole versus nizatidine, P = 0.0078). After 28 days of treatment, the changes in scores relative to baseline were still greater with pantoprazole than with nizatidine. The improvement in the 4 SF-36 domains and the GSRS reflux score achieved by pantoprazole after 7 days were also significantly greater than those achieved by nizatidine after 28 days. Conclusions HRQoL improves more rapidly and to a greater degree following treatment with pantoprazole than nizatidine. Control of heartburn strongly predicts HRQoL improvement during the acute treatment of GERD. Our data support the approach to use pantoprazole instead of nizatidine as the initial therapy for patients with heartburn in a primary care practice setting.


IMPORTANCE
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is characterized by recurrent thunderclap headaches and evidence of vasoconstriction with subsequent resolution. The clinical course of RCVS is traditionally considered monophasic and benign. However, recurrent episodes of focal neurological symptoms have been described after initial presentation.

OBJECTIVE
To define the frequency, timing, and consequences of clinical worsening in patients with diagnosis of RCVS.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Retrospective observational study of consecutive patients with RCVS at 2 referral institutions for neurological disease.

MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE
Clinical worsening after diagnosis of RCVS. We defined clinical worsening as new permanent or transient neurological deficits (compared with presenting signs and symptoms) or new onset of seizures. We performed a logistic regression analysis to assess associations between patient characteristics and clinical worsening. Functional outcome was assessed at 1 to 3 months using the modified Rankin score.

RESULTS
We identified 59 patients (median age, 47 years; interquartile range, 32-54 years) with RCVS. Twenty patients (34%) experienced clinical worsening after a median of 2.5 days (range, several hours to 14 days). Eight of the 20 patients who worsened had permanent deficits, including 4 who died. We did not find an association between age, sex, smoking, migraine, acute or chronic hypertension, peripartum state, or use of serotonergic drugs with clinical worsening. Clinical worsening was associated with radiological infarction (P = .001) and worse functional outcome (P < .004). Functional outcome was favorable (modified Rankin score 0-2) in 51 patients (86.4%).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Clinical worsening after diagnosis is common in patients with RCVS. Thus, RCVS is self-limited but not strictly monophasic. Most patients have a very favorable outcome, but clinical worsening may result in permanent deficits.


In 1979, Giovannini [1] formulated multiparticle production as a manifestation of four QCD processes: A : g → gg (gluon bremsstrahlung), Ã : q → qg (quark bremsstrahlung), B : g → qq (quark pair creation) and C : g → ggg (four-gluon vertex). At present, only approximate solutions exist, such as the Generalized Multiplicity Distribution (GMD) which excludes processes B and C [2, 3]. These approximate solutions have been very successful in describing charged particle multiplicities at lower energies, at least until the appearance of a shoulder-like structure at √ s ≈ 200 GeV and 900 GeV first reported by the UA5 collaboration [4], also known as "KNO-scaling violation". Here, we extend the work of Sakai [5] and attempt a numerical solution that incorporates all four QCD processes, and see if the addition of processes B and C can explain the shoulder-like structure.


Recent applications of neural language models have led to an increased interest in the automatic generation of natural language. However impressive, the evaluation of neurally generated text has so far remained rather informal and anecdotal. Here, we present an attempt at the systematic assessment of one aspect of the quality of neurally generated text. We focus on a specific aspect of neural language generation: its ability to reproduce authorial writing styles. Using established models for authorship attribution, we empirically assess the stylistic qualities of neurally generated text. In comparison to conventional language models, neural models generate fuzzier text, that is relatively harder to attribute correctly. Nevertheless, our results also suggest that neurally generated text offers more valuable perspectives for the augmentation of training data.