Mineral suspended solids are a strong source of ackscattered light within coastal shelf seas. Backscattered light has a direct relationship to remotely-sensed reflectance, measured by satellites. For four decades, remote-sensing algorithms have been used to estimate the concentration
of suspended particulate matter (SPM).
Present algorithms for SPMassume that the mass-specific backscattering coefficient (b⇤bp(667nm) = bbp(667nm)/SPM) is constant. Chapter III aimed to explore how observations of the influence of particle compositon upon backscattering could be incorporated into remote-sensing algorithms to improve our representation of b⇤bp(667nm). Field observations showed that bbp ⇤ (667nm) varies with the size, cross-sectional surface area and mineral content of particles, in addition to the total concentration of suspended solids. Observations showed that the increase in concentration related to an increase in the mineral content of the particles, presumed to be causing the relationship between concentration and b⇤bp(667nm). b⇤bp was
shown to vary by a factor of 4, therefore using the latter relationship, iterative estimation of b⇤bp(667nm) suggested that it could be possible to reduce the assumption made in future algorithms for the remotely-sensed SPM, by a similar factor.
Using the ocean colour satellite archive of remotely-sensed SPM concentration from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on the Aqua satellite, it is possible to
produce statistical models based upon dominant forcings of tides, wind-driven waves and chlorophyll-a. Chlorophyll-a is used as an estimation of phytoplankton biomass, with increases in concentration expected to relate to increased particle size and thus increases in the particle settling speed (ws) of suspended sediments. These have the potential to predict the concentration when atmospheric correction fails. Atmospheric correction failure is most commonly
due to the presence of cloud (in addition to cloud shadowing, land, high concentrations of coccoliths or coastal adjacency), which lead to a lack of data in a given pixel (Ardanuy et al., 1991). Rivier et al. (2012) used average observed values of SPM concentration, a tidal coefficient, the significant wave height and chlorophyll-a concentration to predict the SPM concentration in the English Channel. Chapter IV aimed to improve upon Rivier et
al. (2012), looking at a wider subject area and improving representation of tides and ws. Tidal inclusion was improved through the use of localised model predictions of tide for every pixel in comparison to a standardised single-location tidal coefficient based upon the tidal amplitude in Brest for the entire English Channel . This study expanded the region to the entire European shelf, included data from a global tidal model and used higher frequency wind speed observations to improve upon the results of Rivier et al. (2012). Furthermore, a crucial shortcoming of Rivier et al. (2012) is the use of single yearlong regression coefficients. The coefficients in this study were allowed to vary seasonally with a sinusoidal form, where the influence of forcings upon the subsequent concentrations varies seasonally. A sinusoidal coefficient was used upon the forcings to represent the e↵ect of flocculation and the influence upon ws. These improvements demonstrate a substantial improvement upon the framework of the present statistical model for suspended particulate matter concentration developed by Rivier et al. (2012).
Chapter V aimed to test the influence of ws upon SPM concentration and how well a simple model could be used to represent remotely-sensed observations of SPM. To examine the influence of ws upon the SPM concentration, a simple numerical turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) based resuspension model was used to predict the surface concentration on the northwest European shelf (Elliot & Clarke, 1991; Bowers, 2003). Using a seasonally-imposed ws, the model was shown to perform well when compared to satellite observations. The model identified the importance of ws on the influence of the hydrodynamic forcings of the wind and tides.
Bowers (2003) predicted that spring-neap variation in SPM would vary seasonally due to changes in ws. Chapter VI aimed to test this assumption using the remote-sensing archive and
examine whether it was possible to quantify ws using the spring-neap variability. Spring-neap variation in the remotely-sensed SPM concentration was shown to be modulated seasonally. In the winter, the range of concentration observed was greater than in the summer. Following results from the numerical model, this variability was proposed to be due to seasonal changes in ws. Quantifying this variation, the bulk ws was estimated through remote-sensing using a novel method. Remotely-sensed observations of the range of concentrations observed over the spring-neap tidal cycle were related to the seasonal variability in ws. Estimates of bulk ws were comparable in magnitude to field observations. ws was shown to peak in the summer, with some locations experiencing additional peaks in the spring and autumn, corresponding with localised blooms. This was proposed to be due to increased phytoplankton productivity,
which leads to increases in EPS (extracellular polymeric substances), promoting flocculation and therefore increasing the speed of particle settling.


Offshore activities elevate ambient sound levels at sea, which may affect marine fauna. We reviewed the literature about impact of airgun acoustic exposure on fish in terms of damage, disturbance and detection and explored the nature of impact assessment at population level. We provided a conceptual framework for how to address this interdisciplinary challenge, and we listed potential tools for investigation. We focused on limitations in data currently available, and we stressed the potential benefits from cross‐species comparisons. Well‐replicated and controlled studies do not exist for hearing thresholds and dose–response curves for airgun acoustic exposure. We especially lack insight into behavioural changes for free‐ranging fish to actual seismic surveys and on lasting effects of behavioural changes in terms of time and energy budgets, missed feeding or mating opportunities, decreased performance in predator‐prey interactions, and chronic stress effects on growth, development and reproduction. We also lack insight into whether any of these effects could have population‐level consequences. General "population consequences of acoustic disturbance" (PCAD) models have been developed for marine mammals, but there has been little progress so far in other taxa. The acoustic world of fishes is quite different from human perception and imagination as fish perceive particle motion and sound pressure. Progress is therefore also required in understanding the nature and extent to which fishes extract acoustic information from their environment. We addressed the challenges and opportunities for upscaling individual impact to the population, community and ecosystem level and provided a guide to critical gaps in our knowledge.


The countless use of antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine causes severe health risks to both humans and animals. In this context, monitoring of the antibiotic drug in the veterinary and human pathological system is important and provokes a universal challenge. Therefore, development of simple and sensitive inorganic materials with unique morphology is of great importance for the trace level monitoring of pharmaceutical content in the environment. Herein, we developed a novel peas-like strontium molybdate catalyst (SrMoO4; SrM) synthesized by a simple sonochemical approach and utilized as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (CPZ). The crystalline structure, surface morphology, elemental compositions and textural properties were systematically investigated by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. As an electrochemical sensor, inorganic binary SrM modified screen printed carbon electrode (SrM/SPCE) exhibited an enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards CPZ sensing with excellent analytical performance such as wide linear response ranges and lowest detection limit of 0.1–143 and 153–1683 μM and 0.028 μM respectively. Moreover, the as-prepared SrM/SPCE showed an excellent selectivity even in the existence of co-interfering drugs, biological compounds and common metal ions. In addition, the SrM/SPCE applied to the real samples analysis in commercially available CPZ drug and human urine samples and the observed recoveries are quite satisfactory.


Objective. To determine if the number of patient encounters during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) relates to student self-assessment of patient care skills using entrustable professional activities (EPAs). Methods. During 12-week acute care/institutional (AC/INST) APPEs, 15-week combined community pharmacy and ambulatory care (CPAC) APPEs, and three 5-week AC/INST or CPAC elective APPEs, fourth-year pharmacy students completed patient tracking surveys. Students documented the number of encounters, type of care provided, primary and secondary diagnoses, and special dosing/population considerations. Students completed self-assessment surveys for 12 EPAs. Students rated their ability to perform each EPA using a four-point scale (1=still developing this skill; 4=can do this independently) at the start and after each APPE semester. Results. Data were collected from May 2016 through April 2017. During this time, 165 students completed APPEs. Students reported 79,717 encounters. There was no significant correlation found between total number of encounters and EPA scores. The baseline EPA mean score was 3.1 and semester 3 EPA mean score was 3.7. The mean student-reported EPA scores did increase over time, some more quickly than others. Conclusion. Tracking student patient encounters provided insight into the quantity and variety of patients and conditions seen and level of care provided by students during APPEs. Mean scores on EPAs increased over time with increased exposure to patients. Patient tracking can be used to inform the curriculum by identifying potential gaps in both didactic and experiential education.


Traditional federated learning (FL) algorithms operate under the assumption that the data distributions at training (source domains) and testing (target domain) are the same. The fact that domain shifts often occur in practice necessitates equipping FL methods with a domain generalization (DG) capability. However, existing DG algorithms face fundamental challenges in FL setups due to the lack of samples/domains in each client's local dataset. In this paper, we propose StableFDG, a style and attention based learning strategy for accomplishing federated domain generalization, introducing two key contributions. The first is style-based learning, which enables each client to explore novel styles beyond the original source domains in its local dataset, improving domain diversity based on the proposed style sharing, shifting, and exploration strategies. Our second contribution is an attention-based feature highlighter, which captures the similarities between the features of data samples in the same class, and emphasizes the important/common characteristics to better learn the domain-invariant characteristics of each class in data-poor FL scenarios. Experimental results show that StableFDG outperforms existing baselines on various DG benchmark datasets, demonstrating its efficacy.


Introduction: Diaspora and the Complexity of African Identity No matter where you come from As long as you're a black man You're an African. (Peter Tosh, "African") Since I was born in the Antilles, my observations and my conclusions are valid only for the Antilles--at least concerning the black man at home. Another book could be dedicated to explaining the differences that separate the Negro of the Antilles and the Negro of Africa. Perhaps one day I shall write it. Perhaps too it will no longer be necessary--a fact for which we could only congratulate ourselves. (Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Mask) Its not where you're from, its where you're at. (Rakim, in Paul Gilroy, Small Acts) Just because the mangrove tree lives in the middle of a river, that does not make it a crocodile. (Nigerian proverb, in Ola Rotimi, The Gods Are Not to Blame) our voices rise, angled against the equator; we think Kew gardens and Browning, even that eve bitter so cold, and against St. Agnes; for, the seasons right, we go (one foot raised up against the navel) on pilgrimages. for, having believed, then men love to go on pilgrimages. (Lemuel Johnson, "A Dance of Pilgrims") In terms of my cultural and more specifically musical identifications, I'm as white, queer, English, and black as I am Pakistani. (Nabeel Zuberi, Sounds English: Transnational Popular Music) Each of the half dozen brief excerpts above could be read as saying something about Africans, either continental or diasporic or both. Read in the sequence in which they appear here, they are a series of statements about African identity and location, each of which serves to endorse, complicate or trouble the others. The lyrics from Jamaican Peter Tosh's (1976) reggae song, "African" identifies a collective African identity based on blackness as a fundamental unifying characteristic that unites (or ought to unite) all black people, irrespective of current location. The excerpt from Martiniquean Franz Fanon's (1967) Black Skin, White Masks portrays identity based on a similar underlying notion of racial unity but it complicates Tosh's portrayal by insisting there are significant differences between continental and diasporic Africans, due in part to their different experiences, which are in turn related to their different locations. The black English hip-hop artist Rakim's (in Paul Gilroy, 1993) postmodern assertion is unabashedly presentist and location centred, insisting that black identity is not about some master narrative of one's history or distant ancestral 'home' (Africa) but is being forged in the here and now (somewhere outside the continent and moment to moment) from the hodgepodge of cultural elements available to one and which one produces. The Nigerian proverb employed in Ola Rotimi's (1971) play goes against Rakim's presentist and hybrid notion of identity by insisting on the discreteness and permanence of identity and on difference as alterity, irrespective of supposedly shared cultural and physical environment. The excerpt from the Sierra Leonean Lemuel Johnson's (1995) poem, "A Dance of Pilgrims" troubles virtually all the previous depictions, going against the grain of both postmodern notions of identity and modernist portrayals of Africa and Africans by portraying continental Africans who refuse to be fixed in an African location and culture, who prefer to both wax nostalgic about the (former) colonizer's home and culture as partly theirs as well and to actually sojourn periodically in pilgrimage from their African margin to the(ir) European mother/promise land. Finally, the quote from Pakistani-English academic Nabeel Zuberi's (2001) book troubles a crucial and taken-for-granted idea underlying all of the previous depictions, namely that African diaspora and black diaspora are synonymous, by introducing a British, more comprehensive notion of blackness (that includes South Asianess), insisting on the importance of a multiplicity of identifications over a singular identity, troubling the heteronormativity of blackness by naming queer blackness, and identifying a reconceptualized blackness as part of the diaspora of the Indian sub-continent rather than Africa. …


Worldwide, the public sector plays a central role in any country's socio-economic development. The sector has however been affected by globalization, public sector reforms, regional and international partnerships, climate change, Information, Communication and Technology and Human Resource Development, among other factors. In an increasingly changing global environment, the mandate, structure and operations of public sector must be reshaped and productivity enhanced to make it more focused, efficient and responsive to the needs of those it serves. TIllSresearch seeks to examine the extent to which strategic human resource management practices influence performance of Parastatal organizations in Kenya. Its specific objectives are to establish the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and organizational performance, examine the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and human resource capabilities, determine the relationship between human resource capabilities and organizational performance and to assess the extent to which public sector culture influence on the relationship between strategic human resource management and organizational performance. The philosophical foundation of the study will be positivism while the research design will be descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. The study population will comprise all 185 Parastatals in Kenya as outlined by the report of the presidential taskforce on para statal reforms of 2013. Self administered questionnaires will be used to collect data from three senior managers in areas of human resource management, strategy/operations and finance in each of these parastatals as they are assumed to be knowledgeable in the areas under study. Descriptive statistics such as mean scores, standard deviations, percentages, and frequency distribution will be computed to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in the study while inferential statistics such as correlation, regression techniques will be used to establish the nature and magnitude of the relationships between the variables and to test the hypothesized relationships. Assessment of the model's underlying statistical assumptions will be conducted these will include tests for Normality, Homoscedasticity and Multicollinearity.


Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a forage and amenity grass species widely cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. As such, perennial ryegrass populations are exposed to a range of environmental conditions and stresses on a seasonal basis and from year to year. One source of potential stress is limitation on water availability. The ability of these perennial grasses to be able to withstand and recover after periods of water limitation or drought can be a key component of grassland performance. Thus, we were interested in looking at changes in patterns of gene expression associated with increasing water stress. Clones of a single genotype of perennial ryegrass were grown under non-flowering growth room conditions in vermiculite supplemented with nutrient solution. Leaf and root tissue was sampled at 4 times in quadruplicate relating to estimated water contents of 35%, 15%, 5% and 1%. RNA was extracted and RNAseq used to generate transcriptome profiles at each sampling point. Transcriptomes were assembled using the published reference genome sequence and differential gene expression analysed using 3 different programmes, DESeq2, edgeR and limma (with the voom transformation), individually and in combination, deriving Early, Middle and Late stage comparisons. Identified differentially expressed genes were then associated with enriched GO terms using BLAST2GO. For the leaf, up-regulated differentially expressed genes were strongly associated with GO terms only during the Early stage and the majority of GO terms were associated with only down-regulated genes at the Middle or Late stages. For the roots, few differentially expressed genes were identified at either Early or Middle stages. Only one replicate at 1% estimated water content produced high quality data for the root, however, this indicated a high level of differential expression. Again the majority of enriched GO terms were associated with down-regulated genes. The performance of the different analysis programmes and the annotations associated with identified differentially expressed genes is discussed.


To study whether cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia is a reliable marker of impending CMV disease and thus a guide for preemptive antiviral therapy, 126 consecutive liver transplant recipients were followed by routine CMV blood cultures in the absence of antiviral prophylaxis or treatment for viremia. Seventy-three patients (58%) developed CMV infections, and 36 (29%) had more than one infection episode: 29 patients (23%) had organ involvement and 45 (36%) had viremia. Within a same episode, CMV viremia was 90% sensitive and 80% specific for predicting concurrent organ involvement but preceded organ involvement in only 9 (31%) of 29 patients. In a separate analysis, untreated isolated CMV viremia in the first CMV infection episode was followed by organ involvement in a subsequent episode in 9 (33%) of 28 patients, mainly in the donor-positive, recipient-negative (D+/R-) population. The results indicate that CMV viremia is not an ideal marker to guide preemptive antiviral treatment in liver transplant recipients but is a good marker in D+/R- patients.


The accurate characterisation of the on-body performance of wearable antennas upcoming for future high-data-rate 60 GHz body area networks requires the development of experimental phantoms reproducing the dielectric properties of human skin. In this reported work, a low-cost and easy-to-fabricate semi-solid human skin phantom for body-centric antenna measurements has been manufactured and validated by measurements. It is demonstrated that the complex permittivity of the phantom equals that of human skin within the maximum error of 10 in the 57 64 GHz range. It is believed that this is the first skin-equivalent experimental model developed for on-body antenna characterisation at millimetre waves.


Twenty subjects who had been on Long Term Parenteral Nutrition outside hospital for varying periods were studied. The study dealt with examination of factors which determined success or problems in adaptation to the regimen. Two subgroups with distinctive coping styles were identified. The first was characterized by a high degree of dependence on the external environment. The second, in contrast, was characterized by a behavioural pattern of assumption of personal responsibility for gratification of needs, less dependence on the external environment and a need to have life well organized and under control. Males in middle age appeared to adapt more readily than those in the younger or older age group. Women experienced a more profound disturbance of body image than men. Individuals in stable relationships with supportive families adapted better and had fewer complications and readmissions to hospital. The presence of chronic illness before the institution of LTPN appeared to facilitate a better adaptation to the regimen than that found after sudden bowel loss due to intra-abdominal castrastrophe in previously healthy individuals.


Community landownership in Scotland is generally understood as ownership of title to land and/or assets by a community body, linked to a defined geographic community. It is a relatively distinct category of landownership, regarded as different to public ownership of land (e.g. by government agencies and non-departmental public bodies). In contrast, the interpretation of 'community' or 'communal' ownership of land varies in other countries and is often less clearly distinguished from public ownership. Municipal ownership –a form of state ownership where the land is owned by municipal bodies (e.g. communes) at different scales, is also relevant due to the high level of community control. Communal or municipal rights to land are relatively common globally and across much of Europe, with a growing, statutory recognition of rural communities as collective owners of land. This research was commissioned to provide an overview of relevant forms of community, communal and municipal landownership in other countries, and suggest how lessons from international experiences could be applicable in Scotland.


In this collection of 20 essays, scholars in a broad range of disciplines confront the claims made by Martin Bernal in "Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization". In that work, Bernal proposed a radical reinterpretation of the roots of classical civilization, contending that ancient Greek culture derived from Egypt and Phoenicia and that European scholars have been biased against the notion of Egyptian and Phoenician influence on Western civilization. The contributors to this volume argue that Bernal's claims are exaggerated and in many cases unjustified. Topics covered include: race and physical anthropology; the question of an Egyptian invasion of Greece; the origins of Greek language, philosophy and science; and racism and anti-Semitism in classical scholarship. In the conclusion to the volume, the editors propose a different scholarly framework for understanding the relationship between the cultures of the ancient Near East and Greece and the origins of Western civilization.


This paper aims to select the optimum inverter size for large-scale PV power plants grid-connected based on the optimum combination between PV array and inverter, among several possible combinations. Inverters used in this proposed methodology have high-efficiency conversion in the range of 98.5% which is largely used in real large-scale PV power plants to increase the financial benefits by injecting maximum energy into the grid. To investigate the PV array-inverter sizing ratio, many PV power plants rated power are considered. The proposed method is based on the modelling of several parts of the PV power plant taking into account many design variables and constraints. The objective function is the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the optimization is performed by a multi-verse algorithm. The optimization method results in an optimum inverter size that depends on the PV plant rated capacity by providing an optimum number of inverters required in the installation site. The optimum sizing ratio (Rs) between PV array and inverter were found equal to 0.928, 0.904, and 0.871 for 1 MW, 1.5 MW, and more than 2 MW, respectively, whereas the total power losses reached 8% of the total energy generation during the PV power plant operational lifetime.


Research using twins has found that much of the variability in externalizing phenotypes-including alcohol and drug use, impulsive personality traits, risky sex, and property crime-is explained by genetic factors. Nevertheless, identification of specific genes and variants associated with these traits has proven to be difficult, likely because individual differences in externalizing are explained by many genes of small individual effect. Moreover, twin research indicates that heritable variance in externalizing behaviors is mostly shared across the externalizing spectrum rather than specific to any behavior. We use a longitudinal, "deep phenotyping" approach to model a general externalizing factor reflecting persistent engagement in a variety of socially problematic behaviors measured at 11 assessment occasions spanning early adulthood (ages 18 to 28). In an ancestrally homogenous sample of non-Hispanic Whites (N = 337), we then tested for enrichment of associations between the persistent externalizing factor and a set of 3,281 polymorphisms within 104 genes that were previously identified as associated with alcohol-use behaviors. Next, we tested for enrichment among domain-specific factors (e.g., property crime) composed of residual variance not accounted for by the common factor. Significance was determined relative to bootstrapped empirical thresholds derived from permutations of phenotypic data. Results indicated significant enrichment of genetic associations for persistent externalizing, but not for domain-specific factors. Consistent with twin research findings, these results suggest that genetic variants are broadly associated with externalizing behaviors rather than unique to specific behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record


African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus were housed under continuous dim light (1 lx) or 12L:12D (350-0 lx) cycles. The number of skin lesions, as indicator of aggressive acts, and plasma cortisol levels, as indicator of stress-axis activity, were measured at baseline as well as following a stressor (given in the light or dark phase). Results showed that (1) baseline plasma cortisol levels were not different between photoperiods, (2) the number of baseline skin lesions was highest for C. gariepinus housed under continuous dim light, (3) stressor-induced peak levels of plasma cortisol were highest in the light phase and (4) the number of skin lesions following a stressor was highest in the dark phase. The higher number of stressor-related skin lesions in the dark (active) phase suggests increased stressor-induced aggression while in the active phase. In addition, the data suggest that housing under continuous dim light does not result in higher stress-axis activity, as measured by baseline levels of cortisol, but does result in more stressor-induced aggression, as measured by the higher number of skin lesions. The latter may be related to the fact that the continuous dim light photoperiod has twice the number of dark-phase (active) hours in which stressor-induced aggression is stronger compared to the 12L:12D photoperiod, which has a light phase in which stressor-induced aggression is lower.


Modern Westerners are supposed to embrace a notion of unfettered personal agency. An analysis of public commentary (interviews, editorials, and online message boards) in the United States about the Columbine school shootings shows that the voluntarist cultural model of persons as autonomous agents, while certainly very important, is just one of a number of cultural models Americans use to explain human action and has particular political and interpersonal uses. We might think that conceptions as basic as those of personhood and agency would be hegemonic: both singular and internalized as unexamined, taken‐for‐granted assumptions. In some contexts, voluntarist ideas about agency are taken for granted, but in others they are promoted quite deliberately. A particularly interesting phenomenon in the United States at this time is the presence of a discourse that may be called defensive voluntarism, an explicit, argumentative version of voluntarism invoked to combat other widely circulating views of behavior. The very need for emphatic pronouncement betrays speakers' awareness that voluntarism needs to be defended. These findings point to the need for a person‐and‐context‐centered approach to social discourses instead of one that assumes discourses to be constitutive.


This document describes a profile for optimizing TCP to adapt so that it handles paths including second (2.5G) and third (3G) generation wireless networks. It describes the relevant characteristics of 2.5G and 3G networks, and specific features of example deployments of such networks. It then recommends TCP algorithm choices for nodes known to be starting or ending on such paths, and it also discusses open issues. The configuration options recommended in this document are commonly found in modern TCP stacks, and are widely available standards-track mechanisms that the community considers safe for use on the general Internet. Inamura, et al. Best Current Practice [Page 1] RFC 3481 TCP over 2.5G/3G February 2003 Table of


An adult patient with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica underwent uneventful spinal anaesthesia. Insertion of a Quincke spinal needle proved easier and produced less skin distortion than insertion of a pencil-point spinal needle. Taping of intravenous lines is an alternative to the more usually recommended approach of suturing.


In flow cytometry using two detecting methods, we have found that amyloid-beta-protein(1-40) [Abeta(1-40)] has high affinity to IMR-32 neuroblastoma cell membrane when it is aggregated to form beta-sheet conformation, whereas random coil small Abeta-species has low affinity. The difference in the binding ability to the cell membranes well accounts for the cytotoxicity of Abeta(1-40); namely, aggregated beta-sheet Abeta(1-40) gives cytotoxicity higher than random coil Abeta(1-40). Specific binding between Abeta(1-40) and ganglioside GM1 of the raft-like domain in lipid membrane is suggested from a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiment.


Robert Schumann (1810-56) is one of the most important and representative composers of the Romantic era. Born in Zwickau, Germany, Schumann began piano instruction at age seven and immediately developed a passion for music. When a permanent injury to his hand prevented him from pursuing a career as a touring concert pianist, he turned his energies and talents to composing, writing hundreds of works for piano and voice, as well as four symphonies and two ballets. Here acclaimed biographer Martin Geck tells the fascinating story of this multifaceted genius, set in the context of the political and social revolutions of his time. The image of Schumann, the man and the artist, that emerges in Geck's book is complex. Geck shows Schumann to be not only a major composer and music critic-he cofounded and wrote articles for the controversial Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik-but also a political activist, the father of eight children, and an addict of mind-altering drugs. Through hard work and determination bordering on the obsessive, Schumann was able to control his demons and channel the tensions that seethed within him into music that mixes the popular and esoteric, resulting in compositions that require the creative engagement of reader and listener. The more we know about a composer, the more we hear his personality in his music, even if it is above all on the strength of his work that we love and admire him. Martin Geck's book on Schumann is not just another rehashing of Schumann's life and works, but an intelligent, personal interpretation of the composer as a musical, literary, and cultural personality.


ABSTRACT The arrival of digital native students and the omnipresence of Internet access and mobile devices have motivated professors to reflect on their teaching practices. The educational usage of Facebook includes communication, collaboration, and sharing. Different research designs and the lack of baseline data made it difficult to compare research findings and conclude students' perceptions of the educational usage of a Facebook group. The findings from this research showed even more positive attitudes towards the educational usage of a Facebook group after the experience. Specifically, positive significant differences were found in "improves communication between teacher and students", "provides rich multimedia resources and media support to improve the educational experience"; and a negative significant change in "encourages the creation of academic groups (communities) of people with the same interest and needs".


Research about infants' capacity to communicate using cries, smiles and sophisticated emotional strategies to connect with adults in their lives has predominantly emerged from the field of developmental psychology, with relatively limited attention to how babies enact such communicative practices with key adults in naturalistic settings. This article examines the emotional communicative practices infants use with educators in early childhood education and care contexts. Drawing on data from a study about educators' conceptions of infants' capabilities, the article frames babies' intentional use of emotionally evocative communication as 'emotional capital'. Transcripts of digital videos, pictures and written observations are used to illustrate how infants actively draw on reserves of emotional capital to guide the course of their relationship with educators, affording a view into how these efforts to communicate emotional messages are understood and met by their educators. Drawing on the theory of practice architectures, implications for the relationships that develop between infants and their primary carers/educators are discussed. Concluding thoughts acknowledge infants' agency and active contribution to the dynamics within those relationships.


Elasmobranch mortality in pelagic longline fisheries poses a risk to some populations, alters the distribution of abundance between sympatric competitors, changing ecosystem structure, processes and stability. Individual and synergistic effects on elasmobranch catch and survival from pelagic longline gear factors, including methods prescribed to mitigate bycatch of other vulnerable taxa, were determined. Overall relative risk of higher circle vs. J-shaped hook shark catch rates conditioned on potentially informative moderators, from 30 studies, was estimated using an inverse-precision weighted mixed-effects meta-regression modelling approach. Sharks had a 1.20 times (95% CI: 1.03–1.39) significantly higher pooled relative risk of capture on circle hooks, with two significant moderators. The pooled relative risk estimate of ray circle hook catch from 15 studies was not significant (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89–1.66) with no significant moderators. From a literature review, wire leaders had higher shark catch and haulback mortality than monofilament. Interacting effects of hook, bait and leader affect shark catch rates: hook shape and width and bait type determine hooking position and ability to sever monofilament leaders. Circle hooks increased elasmobranch catch, but reduced haulback mortality and deep hooking relative to J-shaped hooks of the same or narrower width. Using fish vs. squid for bait increased shark catch and deep hooking. Pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) catch and mortality were lower on wider hooks. Using circle instead of J-shaped hooks and fish instead of squid for bait, while benefitting sea turtles, odontocetes and possibly seabirds, exacerbates elasmobranch catch and injury, therefore warranting fishery-specific assessments to determine relative risks.


The responses of 441 drivers who traveled through a construction zone on I-57 were collected and analyzed. The drivers were surveyed for their understanding, interpretation, and reaction to work zone traffic control signs and messages. They were also asked for suggestions to improve work zone safety. The analysis indicated that 77% of the drivers paid more attention to work zone signs. About 83% said they saw the flagger and 88% of them correctly understood the flagger's message, while only 92% reduced their speed. Speed limit signs were noticed by 87%, but correctly remembered by only 90% of them. About 90% of the drivers reduced their speed after seeing speed limit signs but 6% did not. One-third of the drivers reported their speed being greater than the speed limit. About 94% of the speeding drivers felt that their speed was safe enough for the work zone conditions. Over three-fourths of the drivers said the posted speed limit in the work zone was was about right, but 17% said it was too low. Even though 79% of the drivers said the posted speed limit was about right, only 59% said they drove at or below this speed limit. The work zone signs conveyed a clear enough message such that a majority of the drivers were guided comfortably through the work zone. However, about 5% replied that one or more signs were confusing to them. While there was not an agreement on the "confusing" signs, the posted speed limit signs were cited by several drivers. The motorists did not perceive the driving conditions in the work zone to be hazardous; only 54% of the drivers said that going through the work zone was more hazardous than a non-work zone. The driving conditions in the work zone were described as comfortable by 3/4 of the drivers and uncomfortable by 22%. The report contains an analysis of the responses and drivers' suggestions.


Background: Because obesity is associated with the risk of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), the precise estimation of visceral fat mass before transplantation may be helpful. Herein, we addressed whether a deep-learning based volumetric fat quantification on pretransplant computed tomographic images predicted the risk of PTDM more precisely than body mass index (BMI). Methods: We retrospectively included a total of 718 nondiabetic kidney recipients who underwent pretransplant abdominal computed tomography. The 2D (waist) and 3D (waist or abdominal) volumes of visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat masses were automatically quantified using the deep neural network. The predictability of the PTDM risk was estimated using a multivariate Cox model and compared among the fat parameters using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs). Results: PTDM occurred in 179 patients (24.9%) during the median follow-up period of 5 years (interquartile range, 2.5–8.6 years). All the fat parameters predicted the risk of PTDM, but the visceral and total fat volumes from 2D and 3D evaluations had higher AUROC values than BMI did, and the best predictor of PTDM was the 3D abdominal visceral fat volumes [AUROC, 0.688 (0.636–0.741)]. The addition of the 3D abdominal VF volume to the model with clinical risk factors increased the predictability of PTDM, but BMI did not. Conclusions: A deep-learning based quantification of visceral fat volumes on computed tomographic images better predicts the risk of PTDM after kidney transplantation than BMI.


Abstract Objective: To investigate and control a nosocomial outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia lower respiratory tract infection. Design: Outbreak investigation and case-control study. Setting: A 260-bed community hospital. Patients: Participants were mechanically ventilated intensive care patients without cystic fibrosis. A case was defined as a hospitalized patient with a sputum culture positive for B cepacia between January 1 and November 6, 1998. Methods: Respiratory therapy infection control policies and practices were reviewed; laboratory and environmental studies and a retrospective case-control study were conducted. Case-patients were matched with control-patients on age, gender, diagnosis, and type of intensive care unit. Results: Nine case-patients were identified; B cepacia likely caused pneumonia in seven and colonization in two. Two respiratory therapy practices probably contributed to the transmission of B cepacia: multidose albuterol vials were used among several patients, and nebulizer assemblies often were not dried between uses. B cepacia was grown from cultures of three previously opened multidose vials; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of B cepacia from seven case-patients and two multidose vials were indistinguishable. Case-patients had longer durations of heated humidified mechanical ventilation (mean, 9.8 days vs 4.4 days; P=.03) and were more likely to have exposure to one particular respiratory therapist than controls (odds ratio, undefined; 95% confidence interval, 4.7-∞ P=.001). The association with the respiratory therapist, a temporary employee, persisted after controlling for duration of heated humidified ventilation. No new B cepacia infections were identified after control measures were implemented. Conclusions: B cepacia probably was transmitted among patients through use of extrinsically contaminated multidose albuterol vials. Respiratory therapy departments must pay close attention to infection control practices, particularly among new or temporary staff.


Lactoferrin is a major component of biologically important mucosal fluids and of the specific granules of neutrophils. Understanding its biological function is essential for understanding neutrophil- and mucosal-mediated immunity. In this review, we reevaluate the in vivo functions of human lactoferrin (hLF) emphasizing in vivo studies and in vitro studies performed in biologically relevant fluids. We discuss the evidence in the literature that supports (or does not support) proposed roles for hLF in mucosal immunity and in neutrophil function. We argue that the current literature supports a microbiostatic role, but not a microbicidal role, for hLF in vivo. The literature also supports a role for hLF in inhibiting colonization and infection of epithelial surfaces by microorganisms and in protecting tissues from neutrophil-mediated damage. Using this information, we briefly discuss hLF in the context of the complex biological fluids in which it is found.


The time-resolved electron beam envelope parameters, including cross sectional distribution and beam centroid position, are very important for the study of beam transmission characteristics in a magnetic field and for verifying the rationality of the magnetic field parameters employed. One kind of high time-resolved beam envelope measurement system has recently been developed, constituted of a high-speed framing camera and a streak camera. It can obtain three panoramic images of the beam and time continuous information along the given beam profile simultaneously. Recently obtained data has proved that several fast vibrations of the beam envelope along the diameter direction occur during the front and the tail parts of the electron beam. The vibration period is several nanoseconds. The effect of magnetic field on the electron beam is also observed and verified. Beam debugging experiments have proved that the existing beam transmission design is reasonable and viable. This beam envelope measurement system will establish a good foundation for beam physics research.


Abstract. With the majority of the world population residing in urban areas, attempts to monitor and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions must necessarily center on cities. However, existing carbon dioxide observation networks are ill-equipped to resolve the specific intra-city emission phenomena targeted by regulation. Here we describe the design and implementation of the BErkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observation Network (BEACO2N), a distributed CO2 monitoring instrument that utilizes low-cost technology to achieve unprecedented spatial density throughout and around the city of Oakland, California. We characterize the network in terms of four performance parameters – cost, reliability, precision, and systematic uncertainty – and find the BEACO2N approach to be sufficiently cost-effective and reliable while nonetheless providing high-quality atmospheric observations. First results from the initial installation successfully capture hourly, daily, and seasonal CO2 signals relevant to urban environments on spatial scales that cannot be accurately represented by atmospheric transport models alone, demonstrating the utility of high-resolution surface networks in urban greenhouse gas monitoring efforts.


The late noughties have seen an influx of work in different scientific disciplines, all addressing the question of 'design' and 'architecture'. It is a battle between those advocating the theory of 'emergent properties' and others who strive for a 'theory for 'architecture'. We provide a particular insight into this battle, represented in the form of a story that focuses on the role of a possibly unusual protagonist and his influence on computer science, the Internet, architecture and beyond. We show his relation to one of the great achievements of system engineering, the Internet, and the possible future as it might unfold.
 Note from the writer: The tale is placed in a mixture of reality and fiction, while postulating a certain likelihood for this fiction. There is no proof for the assertions made in this tale, leaving the space for a sequel to be told.


This study aims to exemplify how language teaching can benefit from learner corpus research (LCR). To this end, this study determines how L1 and L2 English speakers with diverse L1 backgrounds differ with respect to adjective amplification, based on the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) and the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). The study confirms trends reported in previous research, in that L1 speakers amplify adjectives more frequently than L2 English speakers. In addition, the analysis shows that L1 and L2 English speakers differ substantially with respect to the collocational profiles of specific amplifier types and with respect to awareness of genre-specific constraints on amplifier use, and that even advanced L2 speakers tend to be unaware of stylistic constraints on adjective amplification because they model their academic output based on patterns generalized from informal conversation. These findings are useful for language teaching in that the data can be used to target L1-specific difficulties experienced by L2 English speakers.


Differentiated instruction becomes more and more important in primary education, because students of the same age differ in the extent to which they need instruction and support during learning. Providing differentiated instruction means adapting instruction to the needs of students. It is assumed that differentiated instruction leads to more student achievement, but that is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent differentiated instruction has effect on student mathematics achievement in primary school classrooms.
 Twenty-four primary school teachers in the Netherlands were observed three times by three observers with the purpose of determining the extent of differentiated instruction to explore what effect this has on mathematics achievement. The participants were selected on the basis of non-random sampling. The instrument used for the observations was developed for this study, partly based on the theoretical framework and partly based on the ICALT observation instrument from Van de Grift. Student mathematics achievement was measured through CITO mathematics test results. Multi-level analyses were performed to identify the effect of differentiated instruction on student mathematics achievement.
 Results showed that differentiated instruction has no statistically significant effect on student mathematics achievement, which was against expectations. The relationship between differentiated instruction and mathematics achievement was positive, which means that the more the teacher differentiates, the higher the mathematics achievement of the students is. However, this can also be due to chance. This result may be due to the low variation between the extent of differentiated instruction provided by the teachers. The low variation may have been influenced by the way the data was collected. The conducted evaluations of teacher behavior were quite strict, making it difficult for teachers to obtain sufficient scores on providing differentiated instruction. Another reason for the low variation between teachers may have been the selection of the schools that was made by Focus staff. Focus staff selected strong, average and weak achievement-oriented approach schools to promote variation between the schools. However, this selection tells nothing about individual teachers within schools. If schools are selected as weak achievement-oriented schools, there is still much variation possible in the abilities of teachers within those schools. Results also showed that below-average students received statically significant more differentiated instruction than above-average student from teachers. Furthermore, results showed that providing above-average students extra challenge and evaluating the learning of students during the processing of the learning content, have the strongest positive influence on student mathematics achievement. This means that the more the teachers challenges above-average students, and the more the teachers evaluates the learning of the students, the higher the student mathematics achievement is. However, no statistically significant effect was found for that, so these results can also be due to chance.
 In future research, to increase variation between teachers on providing differentiated instruction, the scoring system of the observation instrument has to be changed, making it more easy for teachers to achieve sufficient scores on providing differentiated instruction. This can be done by creating more variation in the scoring system. Because the internal consistency of the instrument was just below the appropriate level, the instrument should be adjusted for future research in order to ensure that all the items of the observation instrument actually measure the amount of differentiated instruction provided by teachers. Further research should also investigate how teachers actually understand, engage with, and respond to diversity in the classroom, because it turned out to be that many teachers still face problems in providing differentiated instruction. When thoughts of teachers are identified, it is possible to determine why teachers do not provide differentiation or make certain decisions regarding differentiation in their classroom, which is useful to remove the problems the teachers face in providing differentiated instruction.


Relationship between corporation and local community in mining and oil industry in Indonesia has changed significantly since political reform (1998) and the enactment of regional autonomy (1999 and 2004). Social conflicts arouse as main symptom of such changes, that almost all corporations had common problems in their relationship with local communities. Based on previous studies, the anatomy of conflicts can be elaborated into three dimensions: causes, dynamics and resolution of conflict. Cause of conflict includes variables of political reform, inequality, exploitation, domination, empowerment, demographic and economic pressure; dimension of dynamics includes variables of fluctuation, escalation and type of conflict, role of actor and institution, and local cultural characteristics; and dimension of resolution consist of variables of old and new social contracts. With this framework this study analyses empirically the conflict between corporation and local community in Kecamatan Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung, West Java. The results indicate that there is a pattern of significance of causes, dynamics and resolution of conflicts, which is in general reveals a relation among dimensions of conflict. Keywords: cause of conflict, conflict dynamics, conflict resolution, social conflict


The concept of participation can be an influencing factor when deciding to use a GSS as a process to support group problem solving or gathering information. This paper will explore the issue of domination, participation and verbal communication by examining the GSS environment. The case study considered in this paper involved a project review of a Call Center implemented within the Tasmania Police. It was found that the GSS systems provided a level playing field, allowing each participant to contribute prior to any dialogue with other participants and all meaningful dialogue was captured during the automated session. GSS provided an environment in which domination was eliminated and participants were operating with a level playing field.


Background Small GTPase Rap1 has been implicated in a number of basic cellular functions, including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, proliferation and regulation of polarity. Evolutionarily conserved, Rap1 has been studied in model organisms: yeast, Drosophila and mice. Mouse in vivo studies implicate Rap1 in the control of multiple stem cell, leukocyte and vascular cell functions. In vitro, several Rap1 effectors and regulatory mechanisms have been proposed. In particular, Rap1 has been implicated in maintaining epithelial and endothelial cell junction integrity and linked with cerebral cavernous malformations. Rationale How Rap1 signaling network controls mammalian development is not clear. As a first step in addressing this question, we present phenotypes of murine total and vascular-specific Rap1a, Rap1b and double Rap1a and Rap1b (Rap1) knockout (KO) mice. Results and Conclusions The majority of total Rap1 KO mice die before E10.5, consistent with the critical role of Rap1 in epithelial morphogenesis. At that time point, about 50% of Tie2-double Rap1 KOs appear grossly normal and develop normal vasculature, while the remaining 50% suffer tissue degeneration and show vascular abnormalities, including hemorrhages and engorgement of perineural vessels, albeit with normal branchial arches. However, no Tie2-double Rap1 KO embryos are present at E15.5, with hemorrhages a likely cause of death. Therefore, at least one Rap1 allele is required for development prior to the formation of the vascular system; and in endothelium–for the life-supporting function of the vasculature.


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Osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK) is a common form of arthritis that can lead to substantial pain and disability. This commentary highlights key aspects of the recently published phase 3 A Efficacy and Safety Study of Two Doses of Intra-Articular Injection of Ampion™ in Adults With Pain Due to Osteoarthritis of the Knee (SPRING) study. SPRING (NCT01839331) was a multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind trial that evaluated the safety and efficacy of the low-molecular-weight fraction of 5% human serum albumin (LMWF-5A) for treatment of pain, measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) pain scale, in patients with symptomatic OAK (N=329). Patients in this study reflected many characteristics of "real-world" individuals with OAK, with a broad range of disease severity and disability. The most important finding from this study was that treatment with a single intra-articular injection of LMWF-5A led to significant pain reduction in the patients with objective radiographic evidence of severe disease and joint deterioration (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 3; P=0.04 and Kellgren-Lawrence grade 4; P=0.02). The magnitude of pain reduction in the entire cohort treated with LMWF-5A was 42% from baseline and the treatment effect compared with vehicle control (estimated difference in WOMAC pain, −0.25; P=0.004) was also notable, especially relative to a previously reported study of hyaluronic acid, in which only a marginally significant treatment effect was observed (mean difference in WOMAC pain compared with control, −0.15; P=0.047). Significant improvement in physical function observed with LMWF-5A (P=0.04) was also noted and suggests that LMWF-5A may provide therapeutic benefit for those who are limited in the activities of daily living. Intra-articular injection of LMWF-5A was well tolerated, and the adverse event profile was similar to that of control. These results demonstrate significant benefit of LMWF-5A for patients with greatest disability (Kellgren-Lawrence grades 3 and 4) and highest therapeutic need who have limited pharmacologic options for relief of pain associated with OAK.


AlF3-based aerogels, a new class of inorganic aerogels, are prepared in a novel direct process that combines fluoride sol-gel synthesis with high temperature supercritical drying. The bulk structure of the solid products depends decisively on the applied solvent(s); very voluminous bulk aerogels are obtained only with MeOH that is used either alone or in combination with some other polar solvents. MeOH acts as a methoxylation agent; and formed methoxy (MeO) species are remarkably stable and deactivate the surface acidic sites. Removal of MeO species under moderate conditions results in catalytically active fluorides with a preserved nanostructure. In preparations with MeOH, preferential growth of anisotropic nanoparticles (nanorods) is the key step that leads to the formation of very open aerogel structures. Another process, dehydration of alcohols, results in some hydroxylation and hydration that lead to the formation of distinctive surface and bulk OH/H2O species. The structure of AlF3-based aerogels is consistent with the hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB) β-AlF3 although their composition corresponds to a formula AlF3-x(OH, OMe)x·yH2O (x = 0.1 ± 0.05). Some other characteristics of the fluoride nanoparticles, like crystallinity, particle size, and uniformity, can be effectively controlled by the temperature of the solvothermal process. The described methodology allows a controllable preparation of catalytically active fluorides in the form of regularly shaped and uniformly sized nanoparticles.


According to the Global Terrorism Database, Asia was the continent that suffers the highest number of terrorist attacks and the highest number of casualties during the period 1998-2007. One of the numerous terrorist organizations operating on its territory is Lashkar e Taiba (LeT) that was created in 1999. From its inception to 2007, it has staged ninety attacks generating 1,945 casualties. This paper presents a system dynamics model to try to reproduce the number of monthly incidents of that organization. The construction is carried out adapting to the organization those feedback processes that explain the survival over time of a terrorist organization. Comparing the data series and the data obtained by simulation, the paper examines the degree in which the model reproduces the incidents of the organization. After checking the usefulness of the model, different counter terrorist measures are tested in order to assess their effectiveness.


tions of g« , min, and +. In the first note the author defines the relation £,. If an and bn are one-one functions from the non-negative integers into the non-negative integers then an ,*. b" if there exists a partial recursive function p(x) such that for all n, a" is in the domain of p and p(an) = bn or bn is in the domain of;? and/>(£>") = an . If an and bn are regressive functions then this notion can be naturally extended to the isols A and B that an and bn represent. We then write A .*. B. The following three theorems are proved. If A and B are infinite regressive isols then (i) A §;» B implies A .*, B, but not conversely, (ii) A + B is a regressive isol implies A •*, B, but not conversely, and (iii) there exist regressive isols which are not .*. related. The proof of (iii) is a variation of Cantor's diagonalization technique. It is also stated that if A + B is a regressive isol then min(/4, B) ^ A + B, but not conversely. In the second note the author proves that for regressive isols A, B, A ^« B is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for A + B to be regressive. That A <:« B is not sufficient follows from the degree-of-unsolvability results studied in Dekker's paper reviewed above. That A g» B is not necessary is proved by constructing two isols which are incomparable under sj» , yet whose sum is regressive. This proof is also a diagonalization. Erratum: On page 414, line 26, "regressive" should be changed


The creative, non-fiction approach of 'lyric essay' is used to flesh out my heuristic experience. My essay builds on some earlier heuristic research conducted about my experience, over a lifetime, of musculoskeletal pain. That research questioned whether suffering is a conscious choice, even if pain is inevitable. This lyric essay – utilizing a mosaic of critical review, description, metaphor and montage - is a phenomenological reflection on my process of writing the pain which strives to better convey a palpable sense of my embodied experience of pain and bodily alienation. Following a literature review and an exploration of the nature of lyric essays, a personal narrative and critical discussion evaluates how my experience of the writing process, and the use of lyric essays, may contribute to the field of psychotherapy. As a raw, impromptu, reflective account of pain across the life span, the essay contains a detailed snapshot of my lived experience. It contrasts how a child relates to negative experiences, and how an adult, trained in psychotherapy, might choose to process her emotions. The approach of lyric essays is offered as an in-depth way to explore therapists' own experience and that of their clients.


The literature on the Danish and Norwegian labor market systems emphasizes the commonalities of the two systems. We challenge this perception by investigating how employers in multinational companies in Denmark and Norway communicate with employees on staffing changes. We argue that the development of 'flexicurity' in Denmark grants Danish employers considerably greater latitude in engaging in staffing changes than its Nordic counterpart, Norway. Institutional theory leads us to suppose that large firms located in the Danish setting will be less likely to engage in employer–employee communication on staffing plans than their Norwegian counterparts. In addition, we argue that in the Danish context indigenous firms will have a better insight into the normative and cognitive aspects to flexicurity than foreign-owned firms, meaning that they are more likely to engage in institutional entrepreneurialism than their foreign-owned counterparts. We supplement institutional theory with an actor perspective in order to take into account the role of labor unions. Our analysis is based on a survey of 203 firms in Norway and Denmark which are either indigenous multinational companies or the subsidiaries of foreign multinational companies. The differences we observe cause us to conclude that the notion of a common Nordic model is problematic.


The construction, maintenance, and defense of the Panama Canal brought Panamanians, U.S. soldiers and civilians, West Indians, Asians, and Latin Americans into close, even intimate, contact. In this lively and provocative social history, Michael E. Donoghue positions the Panama Canal Zone as an imperial borderland where U.S. power, culture, and ideology were projected and contested. Highlighting race as both an overt and underlying force that shaped life in and beyond the Zone, Donoghue details how local traditions and colonial policies interacted and frequently clashed. Panamanians responded to U.S. occupation with proclamations, protests, and everyday forms of resistance and acquiescence. Although U.S. "Zonians" and military personnel stigmatized Panamanians as racial inferiors, they also sought them out for service labor, contraband, sexual pleasure, and marriage. The Canal Zone, he concludes, reproduced classic colonial hierarchies of race, national identity, and gender, establishing a model for other U.S. bases and imperial outposts around the globe.


Current wireless communications enable people to easily exchange information directly, while web services provide loosely coupled and platform-independent ways of linking applications across the Internet or Intranet. This paper represents an integration of wireless communication technologies and web services technologies to realize a food ordering system. With the help of both desktop PCs and mobile devices such as PDAs, it implements wired and wireless data access to the servers and food ordering functions over a wired/wireless integrated local area network in this system. To ensure the security of the system, the secure web service architecture and some security strategies to ensure mobile communication security are discussed. Web services-based wireless applications on mobile devices provide a means of simplicity, improving efficiency and accuracy for restaurants by saving time, reducing human errors and efforts etc.


An improved hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based wavelet neural network (WNN) for modeling the development of fluid dispensing for electronic packaging (MFD-EP) is presented in this paper. In modeling the fluid dispensing process, it is important to understand the process behavior as well as determine the optimum operating conditions of the process for a high-yield, low-cost, and robust operation. Modeling the fluid dispensing process is a complex nonlinear problem. This kind of problem is suitable to be solved by applying a neural network. Among the different kinds of neural networks, the WNN is a good choice to solve the problem. In the proposed WNN, the translation parameters are variables depending on the network inputs. Due to the variable translation parameters, the network becomes an adaptive one that provides better performance and increased learning ability than conventional WNNs. An improved hybrid PSO is applied to train the parameters of the proposed WNN. The proposed hybrid PSO incorporates a wavelet-theory-based mutation operation. It applies the wavelet theory to enhance the PSO in more effectively exploring the solution space to reach a better solution. A case study of MFD-EP is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Two dihydropyridine receptor mRNA isoforms (cardiac and skeletal) are expressed in rat skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. The progressive changes in excitation-contraction coupling mode from dual mode ('skeletal' and 'cardiac') to predominant 'skeletal' one during in vitro myogenesis are thought to be linked to the developmental changes in the relative expression of the two types of molecular entity previously observed in this preparation. In order to test this hypothesis, myotube cultures (5- to 7-day-old) were treated with antisense phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotides against cardiac or skeletal alpha1 subunit of L-type calcium channel. The oligodeoxynucleotide uptake by cells was checked by means of imaging of fluorescent oligodeoxynucleotide derivatives within the cells. Optimum concentration used (10 microM in the extracellular medium) and incubation time (70 hours) were empirically determined. Antisense directed against the cardiac type led to a 54% decrease in the averaged L-type calcium current peak density at -10 mV. The same type of experiment was performed with antisense against the skeletal isoform and led to a same order of inhibition (46%). This result clearly shows that the two isoforms can work as a calcium channel. Conversely, analysis of the shape of T-V (relative contractile amplitude versus membrane potential) curves shows that the treatment with 'skeletal' antisense depressed the contractile response in the medium membrane potential range whereas treatment with 'cardiac' antisense had no effect. This and other results taken together suggest that the skeletal isoform of dihydropyridine receptor is involved in both 'cardiac' and 'skeletal' types of EC coupling mechanisms at work in early stages of myotubes in vitro development. The type of coupling probably depends on the proximity of the skeletal dihydropyridine receptor and the ryanodine receptor.


Background In patients with infected nonunion the primary goal is eradication of infection, before achieving union. Release of antibiotics from bone cement at a higher concentration prevents bacterial growth and formation of biofilm by bacteria. Penetration of antibiotics to the surrounding tissue, including cortical and cancellous bone, prompted the use of antibiotic cement in the control of bone infection. Patients and methods This was a prospective study of 12 patients with infected nonunions managed with antibiotic-impregnated bone cement who were followed up for an average period of 1.2 years, with encouraging results. The infected fracture site was exposed and thorough debridement done. The implant was replaced with vancomycin and clindamycin-impregnated cement following adequate debridement. Culture and sensitivity was done for the debrided tissues to identify the pathogen and sensitive antimicrobial agent. Follow-up was performed clinically, radiologically, and using laboratory investigations (by complete blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein). Results Infection was eradicated in all patients except one after an average period of 9 weeks (range: 6–14 weeks). Culture revealed no growth and discharge disappeared at the end of this period. Cement was removed after an interval of 6–12 weeks after control of infection and was replaced with definitive fixation with or without bone grafting. Conclusion Management of infected nonunions using antibiotic-impregnated cement is a simple and very effective method that allows infection control and promotes bone union. This simple procedure is encouraging, cost effective, and less cumbersome.


The fictional narratives that have been developed for the support of the Transformers brand, with their underlying emphasis on the sale of action figures, have been
dismissed as a somewhat juvenile and uninteresting text. Little to no serious academic analysis of any of the various iterations of the franchise has been undertaken. With this thesis, I endeavour to begin that analysis and thus broaden and problematize the currently limited understanding of Transformers fictions. Due to the franchise's vast nature, I focus on the original animation (1984-1987) and the recent live-action movies (2007-2011) with their attempts to offer a representation of the contemporaneous sociopolitical
environment in America at the time of their production. In order to undertake this study, I combine my background in political analysis with film and media studies to seek out and explore the political themes and commentaries present in the key areas of political philosophy, technological change, the depiction of politicians, gender and sexuality, and America's international role. Through this analysis of the franchise I shall construct an argument that Transformers is a complex narrative, replete with
socio-political allegory that offers a representation of the United States and a view of itself in the arenas of domestic and global politics.


This paper describes the Super Stream Collider (SSC) platform and tools, which provide a web-based interface and tools for building sophisticated mashups combining seamnitcally annotated Linked Stream and Linked Data sources into easy to use resources for applications. The system includes drag&drop con- struction tools along with a visual SPARQL/CQELS editor and visualization tools for novice users while supporting full access and control for expert users at the same time. Tied in with this development platform is a cloud deployment archi- tecture which enables the user to deploy the generated mashups into a cloud, thus supporting both the design and deployment of stream-based web applications in a very simple and intuitive way.


This Article employs a content and statistical analysis of 329 terms of use (TOU) of social networking sites (SNS) to report findings from this first empirical study of these online "contracts." Social media terms of use present two primary challenges to the law of contracts; first, they are excessively one-sided in favor of the SNS and second, the key clauses are well beyond the reading comprehension level of the average social media user. Part I provides a systematic overview of the characteristics of our sample of the world's largest social network providers, a diverse group of websites that are headquartered in forty different countries on four continents. Part II assesses the overall readability of these social networks' TOU, finding that they are written at an average reading level of grade 11.7, significantly above the eighth to ninth grade reading level of the typical U.S. high school graduate. More importantly, the minimum reading level required to comprehend what we call the rights-foreclosure clauses — the mandatory arbitration, limitation of liability, and disclaimer of warranty provisions — is much higher. Social network providers draft rights-foreclosure clauses slightly below the reading level of the average college graduate; grade 15.5. This statistical finding casts doubt on a fundamental premise of the law of online contract formation, that an opportunity to review is sufficient to indicate contractual consent.Part III provides a content analysis of the qualities of the ninety-four arbitration clauses deployed by the 329 social media sites. Twenty-nine percent of all SNS (U.S. and foreign) require consumers to accede to arbitration, often in distant forums, where the cost of filing and travel far exceeds the capped damages and limited remedies afforded to the consumer. Forty-two percent of the U.S. headquartered sites mandate arbitration, while only thirteen percent of the foreign social media sites have any arbitration option. The mean arbitration clause required a reading comprehension level of grade 15. Our research shows that while hundreds of millions of consumers are subject to arbitration clauses in social media TOU, consumers filed less than ten arbitration cases in the past two years with the American Arbitration Association or JAMS, the two leading arbitration providers. This miniscule rate of arbitration filings is strong unobtrusive evidence that arbitration in SNS cases is neither cost-efficient nor a practical remedy for injured consumers. The cryptic arbitration clauses deployed by social media providers are consistently one-sided and fail to give users ample warning that they foreclose all realistic remedies for breach of contract, torts, intellectual property infringement or other causes of action.Part IV uses the statistical findings presented in the earlier Parts to demonstrate that social networks' TOU frequently violate nine standard provisions of the European Union's (EU) Unfair Contract Terms Directive (UCTD) by including terms that are black listed in the EU as fundamentally unfair. We recommend that Congress enact EU-style procedural and substantive mandatory terms to address the fundamental unfairness of TOU rights-foreclosure clauses such as forced arbitration, total warranty disclaimers, and damages capped to a nominal amount. To address the problem of impenetrable TOU, providers should be required to draft TOU with a minimum readability level coupled with standardized disclosures. We also propose that Congress enact black lists of prohibited clauses and grey lists of suspect provisions modeled on the European Union's Unfair Contract Terms Directive. Harmonizing or localizing social network consumer protections will ultimately lead to greater certainty for providers as well as protect the basic rights of global social media users.


Background— Double-stranded RNA–dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a eukaryotic initiation factor 2&agr; kinase that inhibits mRNA translation under stress conditions. PKR also mediates inflammatory and apoptotic signaling independently of translational regulation. Congestive heart failure is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and apoptosis, but the role of PKR in left ventricular hypertrophy and the development of congestive heart failure has not been examined. Methods and Results— We observed increased myocardial PKR expression and translocation of PKR into the nucleus in humans and mice with congestive heart failure. To determine the impact of PKR on the development of congestive heart failure, PKR knockout and wild-type mice were exposed to pressure overload produced by transverse aortic constriction. Although heart size increased similarly in wild-type and PKR knockout mice after transverse aortic constriction, PKR knockout mice exhibited very little pulmonary congestion, well-preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and contractility, and significantly less myocardial fibrosis compared with wild-type mice. Bone marrow–derived cells from wild-type mice did not abolish the cardiac protective effect observed in PKR knockout mice, whereas bone marrow–derived cells from PKR knockout mice had no cardiac protective effect in wild-type mice. Mechanistically, PKR knockout attenuated transverse aortic constriction–induced tumor necrosis factor-&agr; expression and leukocyte infiltration and lowered cardiac expression of proapoptotic factors (Bax and caspase-3), so that PKR knockout hearts were more resistant to transverse aortic constriction–induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. PKR depletion in isolated cardiomyocytes also conferred protection against tumor necrosis factor-&agr;– or lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis. Conclusion— PKR is a maladaptive factor upregulated in hemodynamic overload that contributes to myocardial inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and the development of congestive heart failure.


Problems related to the random approximation of convex bodies fall into the field of integral geometry and geometric probabilities. The aim of this paper is to give a survey of known results about the stochastic model that has received special attention in the literature and that can be described as follows:
Let K be a d-dimensional convex body in Eucliden space Rd, d = 2. Denote by Hn the convex hull of n independent random points X1, ..., Xn distributed identically and uniformly in the interior of K. If f is a random variable on d-dimensional polytopes on Rd, we define the random variable fn by:

fn = f (conv {X1, ..., Xn}),

where conv denotes the convex hull. Typical random variables studied in the literature are numbers of vertices and facets, volume, surface area and mean width. Our main interest concerns the study of the mathematical expectation E(fn) of fn.
Some further stochastic models and other problems related to random points studied in the literature will be presented.


Marketing variables for research cannot detached from every business activity, especially business oriented and have big influence to consumer behaviour on buying activity. On decide to buy, consumer need information about the identity of the product. Understanding of consumer can be done by research on consumer behaviour. Aim of this research is to know and to analize the influence of marketing mix for consumer's decision of buying the product of Pupuk Kaltim in Mojokerto city. Theory that used in this research are marketing communication and marketing that shows the relation of marketing mix and buying decision. The research is survey, that take sample from a population. The population is Sumber Rejeki farmer group in kecamatan Prajurit Kulon, Mojokerto city. Kind of this research is explanatory research, that explain the variables correlation with hypothetical test. Based on the research, Pupuk Kaltim's marketing mix values at 4,23 (Good). There is a positive preception from consumer about the product of Pupuk Kaltim. Based on the product, price, distribution, and promotion of the product. Decision of buying from consumer values at 4,42 (Strong). Quality of the product, kind of the product, and price of the product, influence the decision of buying. Contribution of marketing mix to influence the decision of buying values at 0,647. It can explain that 64,7% of buying decision comes from marketing mix. Marketing mix is significantly influence to buying decision. Coefficient regression values at 0,703 and t-count values is 10,658 bigger than t-table value 2,000. This is show that stronger marketing mix will made stronger consumer decision to buying Pupuk Kaltim's product. Keyword : Bauran pemasaran; keputusan pembelian Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/301/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-yudhaistan-15008-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


The crystallinity of the photoactive layer in organic solar cells is a key parameter for improving charge carrier transport. To form a highly crystalline photoactive layer of poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl] thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7:PCBM), we developed a multi-temperature solvent annealing method with a two-step annealing process with the first annealing process performed at a relatively low temperature of 0 °C to induce the stable crystal growth of the conductive PTB7 polymer without interruption by the active diffusion of the PCBM molecules. The residual solvent was then removed by the second annealing process at a high temperature of 70 °C to prevent further diffusion of PCBM. The solar cells fabricated by this method showed a 36% improvement in crystallinity and a significantly higher electrical conductivity than those fabricated by the conventional annealing method. These solar cells resulted in the improvement of power conversion efficiency up to 5.36% owing to the enhancement of only the fill factor as indicated by the high electrical conductivity of the photoactive layer.


In the present study, the diversity of medicinal plants (MPs) and associated traditional knowledge of rural community herbalists to treat human and animals' diseases were assessed in two districts in the Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Study participants were randomly selected for survey and focus group discussions, while key informant traditional healers were identified through snowball/chain-referral sampling. The informant consensus factor (FIC) by ailment category and fidelity level (FL) for some MPs were determined. About 97 MP species were identified. Leaves, roots, and seeds are the parts predominantly used for phytomedication preparation to treat 30 human and 5 animal diseases. Diseases, such as epilepsy, arthritis, otitis media, and fever, are treated with a combination of 2–4 MPs. The FIC value ranged from 0.29–1.00, with most human diseases showing an FIC value of above 0.7. The FL value for the MPs ranged from 53–100%, with plants used to treat more than one disease tending to have lower FL values. Higher values of FIC and FL indicate high levels of traditional knowledge used to identify and administer medicinal preparations. Despite the frequent use of MPs, the four-cell analysis showed that most of them risk extinction due anthropogenic and climate factors. We recommend botanical gardens as a solution to sustainable conservation, study, education and a source for these declining MP species.


Coronaviruses (CoVs) are characterized by high recombination frequencies, resulting in sudden outbreak of newly evolved viruses with different pathogenicity, tissue tropism and high genome sequence variability. Recently, an outbreak of CoVs was evolved in the Arabian Pennsylvania, which is known as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Full genome sequence analysis of MERS-CoV isolates and its comparison with other CoV full genome sequences revealed a low to medium sequence identity. Furthermore, it showed more sequence identity and phylogenetic relations with bat-derived CoVs and lower values with animal-derived CoVs, indicating low possibility of zoonotic origin and possible incrimination of bats in the spread of MERS-CoV. The higher neighbor homology was evident with BetaCoV and their associated SARS-CoV. The spike protein, which is a highly variable part of CoV genome and responsible for difference in tissue tropism and virus entry to the cell, showed more or less similar profile of the whole genome analysis. Furthermore, the highest identity was with those in bats with Asian origin of CoV and there was lower homology with isolates from other continents. With low human-to-human transmission and low homology with CoV of animal origin, bats are thought to be the source of MERS-CoV, especially those bearing the Asian isolates of CoV.


Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a proven, nondestructive method for the measurement of the permittivity and electrical conductivity of soils, using electromagnetic (EM) waves. Standard interpretation of TDR data leads to the estimation of the soil's equivalent electromagnetic properties since the wavelengths associated with the source signal are considerably greater than the microstructure of the soil. The aforementioned approximation tends to hide an important issue: the influence of the microstructure and phase configuration in the generation of a polarized electric field, which is complicated because of the presence of numerous length scales. In this paper, the influence of the microstructural distribution of each phase on the TDR signal has been studied. We propose a two‐step EM modeling technique at a microscale range (): first, we define an equivalent grain including a thin shell of free water, and second, we solve Maxwell's equations over the discretized, statistically distributed triphasic porous medium. Modeling of the TDR probe with the soil sample was performed using a three‐dimensional finite difference time domain scheme. The effectiveness of this hybrid homogenization approach is tested on unsaturated Nemours sand with narrow granulometric fractions. The comparisons made between numerical and experimental results are promising, despite significant assumptions concerning (1) the TDR probe head and the coaxial cable and (2) the assumed effective medium theory homogenization associated with the electromagnetic processes arising locally between the liquid and solid phases at the grain scale.


In this paper, the unedited race-control algorithm (RCA) for the full-bridge passive resonant commutated poles (FB-PRCP) converter is presented and implemented with a field-programmable gate-array technique. It compensates the drawbacks of that topology that are related to the slow dynamics of the auxiliary poles which are necessary to obtain zero-voltage transitions both at turn-on and turn-off conditions and makes possible its use in more general welding applications, such as manual metal arc welding, in which very fast responses are required. The proposed RCA is a simple variation of the traditional phase-shift technique, which leads to significant efficiency improvements. The guiding idea is to apply the phase-shift technique to both legs of the converter, contrarily to what has been done to date. Leg B is delayed when phase shift must be increased, whereas leg A is delayed when a phase-shift reduction is needed, contrarily to the traditional phase-shift technique, where Leg B is delayed or anticipated and Leg A is held at a fixed phase. In this way, the limitation in dynamics of the converter is completely eliminated and it gains much more readiness. The effectiveness of the RCA has been experimentally tested on a true converter.


High penetration of converter-interfaced renewable energy resources will significantly change the swing dynamics between synchronous generators (SGs) in future power systems. This article examines the impact of high converter penetration on wave-like disturbance propagation arising from sudden generator and load losses in radial (1-D) and meshed (2-D) power systems. To keep the uniformity assumption as converters are introduced, the rating of each SG is decreased with a converter resource making up for the reduction. Numerical simulations demonstrate that as the penetration level of constant-power grid-following (GFL) converters increases, the speed of disturbance propagation increases due to the reduced system inertia. Naturally, converters with the capabilities to positively respond to disturbances would in turn reduce the propagation speed. Analytical studies based on continuum models are presented for the 2-D system with SGs and constant-power GFL converters in order to visualize the disturbance propagation and validate numerical simulations based on differential-algebraic equations. In addition, fast active power control of converters can slow down the electromechanical wave (EMW) propagation and even contain it. These concepts are illustrated on the idealized radial and meshed systems and a reduced model of the U.S. eastern interconnection.


Fluid dynamical interactions between liquid and a solid particle have been experimentally clarified in isotropic turbulence generated by a grid in a gravitational flow. Particles with mean diameters of 180 μm and 476 μm were loaded into the flow with Up0=0.4 m/s, 0.7 m/s and 1.5 m/s at the center point of the test section well downstream of the grid so that the turbulence was steady and locally isotropic. A laser-Doppler velocimeter capable of particle size discrimination was employed for detailed measurement of particle and liquid velocities and particle number density. The results show that particle motions become nonisotropic due to gravity. Momentum transport between particles and turbulent motion is absent due to the nonisotropic particle motion and the relative velocity between particle and fluid. The eddy diffusivity ratios between particle and fluid are well correlated by the Stokes number which is calculated from the Kolmogorov time scale at the inlet position and the particle relaxation time. It is pointed out from the results that the interaction between particle and turbulence motion at the initial point governs the particle dispersion in the grid turbulence. In the grid turbulence, overshoot phenomena do not occur, and therefore, the maximum value of the diffusivity ratio is approximately equal to unity.


Experimental results indicate that conformational changes of organic molecules occurring in the gaseous and in the liquid phase are hindered or lowered in constrained environments like zeolite pores. A successful understanding of the processes occurring in this type of materials requires a good description of the equilibrium properties, which can be calculated by the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo method. In particular, in the present work conformational changes, such as boat → chair for cyclohexane, are studied by molecular dynamics simulation, as a function of pore size and temperature.


The attapulgite / natural rubber (NR) micro-nano composites were prepared by co-coagulating rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension. The vulcanization behavior, mechanical properties and microcosmic structure of the composites were investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrographs of the composites showed that the attapulgite stick particles inserted into the rubber. The interaction between the attapulgite and natural rubber could be improved by using the attapulgite pre-modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The properties of the composites filled with CTAB-modified attapulgite are better than that of the composites filled with carbon black N330. The best properties, which the tensile strength, the 300% tensile modulus and the tear strength increase by 46.9%, 269.7%, 102.0%, respectively, compared with the composites with the unmodified attapulgite, can be obtained, when 20 phr CTAB-modified attapulgite was added.


Understanding the genomic basis of evolutionary adaptation requires insight into the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation. However, even changes in molecular pathways associated with extreme variation, gains and losses of specific phenotypes, remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigate the large interspecific differences in the ability to survive infection by parasitoids across 11 Drosophila species and identify genomic changes associated with gains and losses of parasitoid resistance. We show that a cellular immune defense, encapsulation, and the production of a specialized blood cell, lamellocytes, are restricted to a sublineage of Drosophila, but that encapsulation is absent in one species of this sublineage, Drosophila sechellia. Our comparative analyses of hemopoiesis pathway genes and of genes differentially expressed during the encapsulation response revealed that hemopoiesis-associated genes are highly conserved and present in all species independently of their resistance. In contrast, 11 genes that are differentially expressed during the response to parasitoids are novel genes, specific to the Drosophila sublineage capable of lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation. These novel genes, which are predominantly expressed in hemocytes, arose via duplications, whereby five of them also showed signatures of positive selection, as expected if they were recruited for new functions. Three of these novel genes further showed large-scale and presumably loss-of-function sequence changes in D. sechellia, consistent with the loss of resistance in this species. In combination, these convergent lines of evidence suggest that co-option of duplicated genes in existing pathways and subsequent neofunctionalization are likely to have contributed to the evolution of the lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation in Drosophila.


This review presents a perspective on recent trends in glacial geomorphological research, which has seen an increasing engagement with investigating glaciation over larger and longer timescales facilitated by advances in remote sensing and numerical modelling. Remote sensing has enabled the visualization of deglaciated landscapes and glacial landform assemblages across continental scales, from which hypotheses of millennial-scale glacial landscape evolution and associations of landforms with palaeo-ice streams have been developed. To test these ideas rigorously, the related goal of imaging comparable subglacial landscapes and landforms beneath contemporary ice masses is being addressed through the application of radar and seismic technologies. Focusing on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, we review progress to date in achieving this goal, and the use of radar and seismic imaging to assess: (1) subglacial bed morphology and roughness; (2) subglacial bed reflectivity; and (3) subglacial sediment properties. Numerical modelling, now the primary modus operandi of 'glaciologists' investigating the dynamics of modern ice sheets, offers significant potential for testing 'glacial geomorphological' hypotheses of continental glacial landscape evolution and smaller-scale landform development, and some recent examples of such an approach are presented. We close by identifying some future challenges in glacial geomorphology, which include: (1) embracing numerical modelling as a framework for testing hypotheses of glacial landform and landscape development; (2) identifying analogues beneath modern ice sheets for landscapes and landforms observed across deglaciated terrains; (3) repeat-surveying dynamic subglacial landforms to assess scales of formation and evolution; and (4) applying glacial geomorphological expertise more fully to extraterrestrial cryospheres.