This article aimed to determine the implications of the Exposure Drafts (ED) IFRS S1 and S2, especially for financial reporting. The novelty of these sustainability standards is the attempt to regulate sustainability and climate-related financial information. Therefore, the article first presents the key aspects of the ED IFRS S1 and S2, and their practical implications. As both EDs represent an ambitious proposal of standard-setters, the author attempted to determine whether companies in Poland are prepared for these changes. For this reason, the EDs were confronted with (1) Poland's legal and soft sustainability regulations, and (2) empirical research results. An empirical part was performed based on the selection of 177 companies, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). The evidence represents the collection of their responses to the selected ESG sections of "The Best Practice 2021" WSE Code. The study provides numerous conclusions and observations. ESG undoubtedly became a factor considered by multiple companies in their businesses. However, preparing for the ED IFRS S1 and S2 means a complete ESG integration into a business strategy, processes, and reporting. Only sixty companies (34%) in the examined sample declare ESG integration into a business strategy, and thirty-two companies (18%) claim they disclose the strategic data, including defined goals, measures, and progress (also ESG-related). Considering the progress of the ESG revolution, it will mean reporting transformation for most companies, i.e., building sustainability-related financial reporting from scratch. The biggest challenge will be quantifying the impact of sustainability and climate-related risks and opportunities on financial statements. Such quantification will require advanced risk management tools and the building of an integrated reporting system. The article, with its findings, may be of high interest to standard-setters, companies, and other researchers contributing to ESG and financial reporting.


A newly developed method of design for a shaped reflector antenna is described. A conventional quadratic reflector configuration is assumed; the reflectors are then modified to yield the desired aperture shape and field distribution by introducing shaping functions. This method is useful for designing antennas with an arbitrary shaped beam, such as an elliptical-beam antenna, and has been verified through a 4.7 m * 2.3 m (equivalent to 3.3 m diameter) dual-band (30-20 GHz) earth-station antenna for the Japanese domestic satellite system CS. The measured aperture efficiency is more than 76%, and the ratio of the major and minor axes of the elliptical beam is 2:1. >


Ontologies are becoming an important mechanism to build information systems. However, ontology construction is not a simple task. So, it is necessary to provide tools that support ontology development. This paper presents ODEd, an ontology editor that supports the definition of concepts, relations and properties, using graphic representations, besides promoting automatic inclusion of some classes of axioms and derivation of object infrastructures from ontologies. ODEd was built to support ontology development in ODE, a software engineering environment (SEE), so that ODE can be used as a domain-oriented SEE. Thus, ODEd aims to partially support an ontology-based domain engineering process.


The reported work is the design of a Fault Detection and Isolation system for permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). Two main faults occurring on these machine are identified as inter-turns short-circuit and rotor single pole demagnetization, and characterized. An analytical model of synchronous machines is developed and simulated using Matlab Simulink. This model allows simulating nominal and faulty motor behaviour. It is parameterizable and is able to simulate several stages of the two degradation. Specific indicators are proposed for each fault. They do not require additional material or sensors since they are based on the signals already monitored for the machine control. To illustrate the method an application is made on an innovative 12-slots 10-poles PMSM that becomes more and more popular in aeronautics, and on a 9-slots 8-poles PMSM used in critical application as braking.


Promoting collaboration between university researchers and practitioners from the business and public sectors has emerged as an important tool of science policy. This article examines the discourses that policy makers employ in promoting this strategy by analyzing the narratives about the social relevance of science and its role vis-à-vis the industrial sector in the context of strategic research funding in Sweden. Four dominant discourses on science are identified and discussed. It is argued that these policy frames construct a boundary between research and practice, which is in turn used as rhetorical justification for research funding policies that seek to increase business influence and input to university research at the expense of academic autonomy in this sphere.


Including complementarity constraints in energy storage system (ESS) models in optimization problems ensure an optimal solution will not produce a physically unrealizable control strategy where there is simultaneous charging and discharging. However, the current approaches to impose complementarity constraints require the use of non-convex optimization methods. In this paper, we propose a convex relaxation for a common ESS model that has terms for both charging and discharging based on a penalty reformulation for use in a model predictive control (MPC) based optimal power flow (DC OPF) problem. In this approach, the complementarity constraints are omitted and a penalty term is added to the optimization objective function. For the DC OPF problem, we provide analysis for the conditions under which the convex relaxation of the complementarity constraint ensures that a solution with simultaneous ESS charging and discharging operation is suboptimal. Simulation results demonstrating ESS behavior with and without the penalty reformulation are provided for an MPC-based DC OPF problem on multiple IEEE test systems.


Today, with the increasing proliferation of telecommuting in firms, information technology managers are confronted with yet another challenge of what telecommuting technologies and services to offer and to whom these technologies and services should be offered. This study intends to identify the telecommuters' patterns of usage of computer and communication technologies based on their background, employment, residential, and occupation characteristics. Based on a sample of 375 responses, this study finds that all of these factors can help to explain the usage of computer and communications technologies. The implications of the findings for researchers and technology managers are discussed.


Van der Sandt's algorithm for handling presupposition is based on a "presupposition as anaphora" paradigm and is expressed in the realm of Kamp's DRT. In recent years, we have proposed a type-theoretic rebuilding of DRT that allows Montague's semantics to be combined with discourse dynamics. Here we explore van der Sandt's theory along the line of this formal framework. It then results that presupposition handling may be expressed in a purely Montagovian setting, and that presupposition accommodation amounts to exception handling.


Early and accurate fault detection in electrical power grids is a very essential research area because of its positive influence on network stability and customer satisfaction. Although many electrical fault detection techniques have been introduced during the past decade, the existence of an effective and robust fault detection system is still rare in real-world applications. Moreover, one of the main challenges that delays the progress in this direction is the severe lack of reliable data for system validation. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel anomaly-based electrical fault detection system which is consistent with the concept of faults in the electrical power grids. It benefits from two phases prior to training phase, namely, data preprocessing and pretraining. While the data preprocessing phase executes all elementary operations on the raw data, the pretraining phase selects the optimal hyperparameters of the model using a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithm. Furthermore, the one-class support vector machines (OC-SVMs) and the principal component analysis (PCA) anomaly-based detection models are exploited to validate the proposed system on the VSB dataset which is a modern and realistic electrical fault detection dataset. Finally, the results are thoroughly discussed using several quantitative and statistical analyses. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system in improving the detection of electrical faults.


Optimizations are proposed for the original frequency domain analytic field propagator (AFP) to source plane waves in a 1D/2D/3D total-field scattered-field (TF/SF) FDTD formulation. The proposed technique essentially produces no field leakage error (limited by-300 dB machine precision error) with finite sampling points dictated by temporal aliasing constraints. By taking advantage of the inherent 1D nature of a plane wave, the memory requirements for the original AFP are reduced significantly. The proposed optimized solution (O-AFP) greatly reduces the computational complexity by calculating a number of spatial fields of O(N) rather than O(N 2), which then makes the technique practical enough to include fully 3D simulations.


Based on the communication literature, telepresence is defined as "a mediated experience that creates for the user a strong sense of presence and entails an illusion of non-mediation". The main body of previous studies serves industrial communication where technology is of vital concern. However, in the context of e-commerce, the appropriate focus of telepresence should be the human experience rather than the technology. Therefore, it is pertinent to discuss the impact of telepresence on consumer cognitive responses and activities. Consumer learning plays an important role in consumer purchase decision. Helping consumers learn has been proven to be an efficient marketing communication goal and lead to the long-term profit performance. Note that consumer information processing theory lies at the heart of a wide range of consumer cognitive activities including consumer learning. We intend to investigate the concept of telepresence in e-commerce context, and integrate consumer information processing theory around the concept of telepresence to explore its impact on consumer learning.


The incidence of shark induced scars on Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins caught in gill nets off Natal, on the south-east coast of southern Africa, was monitored between January 1983 and June 1987. The occurrence of dolphin remains in sharks caught in these nets between January 1980 and December 1985 was also recorded. Of the dolphins caught, 10,3% exhibited scars or wounds consistent with shark bites. Only 1,2% of over 6000 sharks caught contained cetacean remains. Four species of shark, the Zambesi (Carcharhinus leucas), the tiger (Galeocerdo cuvieri), the great white (Carcharodon carcharias) and the dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurvs) were implicated as dolphin predators. Estimates from the number of these four species caught annually and the frequency of occurrence of dolphin flukes and vertebrae in their stomachs suggest that a mininum of 20 bottlenose dolphins or 2,2% of the estimated population in southern Natal coastal waters are killed each year by sharks.


The Rapid Paediatric Sequencing (RaPS) study at GOSH offers trio genome sequencing (GS) for rapid diagnosis of critically ill children with a likely monogenic disorder. Main findings and medically actionable secondary findings are reported. Here we describe a qualitative study exploring parental and professional perceptions of RaPS, the psychosocial impact and potential for harm. Semi-structured interviews are being conducted with: (1) Parents of children undergoing RaPS and (2) Professionals (scientists, genetics clinicians and non-genetic clinicians). Interviews are recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. To date, 19 professionals and 6 parents had largely positive views about RaPS, describing clinical, practical and emotional benefits from the opportunity to obtain a rapid diagnosis. Parental stress surrounding their child's illness complicates decision-making for GS. Professionals note these parents are desperate, may say yes to any test and have high expectations of receiving a diagnosis. Parents want more information, particularly about limitations and secondary findings. The importance of multidisciplinary team working to triage patients, interpret results and deliver GS within a rapid timeframe has been highlighted. Our findings give insight into the perceived usefulness of rapid genome sequencing for critically ill children and highlights the challenges of facilitating informed decision making in critical care settings.


In only a few decades, A. brllennichi has colonized vast areas of continental Europe. This was most likely achieved by the ballooning of young spiderlings. Its original distribution was largely restricted to the Meditenanean. This makes A. brllennichi an interesting object for studying the proximate factors, behavioural and micrometeorologicaL which lead to this rapid mode of dispersal. After eclosion fi'om their cocoons on sunny days in spring. the spiderlings climb into the top of vegetation. Two modes of take-off can be observed. The most common method is by stal1ing tl'om the top of a grass haulm. However, if many spiderlings have emerged ti'om their cocoons, they will start from a "trapeze", a diffuse construct of silken threads connecting grass blades. In both cases they initiate ballooning by dropping on its dragl ine. As no aggregations of orb webs were detected in the direct proximity of the cocoons jj'om which spiderlings eclosed, and their first orb web was only constructed after a ballooning trip, we consider aeronautic behaviour to be an obligatory dement of A. bruennichls life cycle in southern Germany. With respect to the micrometeorological conditions, it appeared that ballooning activity correlated highly significantly with weather conditions causing thennals, which A. bruennichi is apparently able to perceive. The factors which could ultimately be responsible tor the rapid invasion of large pat1S of Europe are discussed briefly.


We hypothesize that prestigious golf courses attract golfers and visitors from across the country, providing greater opportunities for nearby investors to build social connections. Our evidence suggests that institutional investors located near prestigious golf courses earn significantly better benchmarkand risk-adjusted returns. This reflects the benefits of sociability as our findings are stronger for golf courses with reciprocal guest policies that allow wider participation and increase when major golf championships rotate to the state. Their portfolios reveal hallmarks of active trading – higher concentration, greater selectivity, more frequent turnover – and include more distant stocks. To establish a causal link, we exploit the fact that golf is a weather-dependent outdoor activity. We find that their outperformance occurs during times of low precipitation around golf courses, evaporating when bad weather keeps golfers off the greens.


This paper examined smallholder cassava processors' involvement in post-harvest activities for ensuring households'food provision in Imo State, Nigeria. A  multi-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting one hundred and eighty (180) respondents across the three agricultural zones of the State. Data collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Result showed that Majority (82.2%) of the processors were married females. Also, a large population of the  respondents (28.5% and 30.6%) belonged to the age bracket of 41 – 50 and 51 – 60 respectively. Most of the processors  (52.8%) had secondary education and majority (65.0%) of them had contact with extension services every fortnight. More than one-third (35.6%) of the processors earned less than N2, 000 monthly from cassava processing. Out of the 5 cassava  post-harvest livelihood activities listed, only process and market garri (3.16), process and market odourless fufu (2.52) recorded moderate level of involvement of the respondents. From results of the study the respondents also showed that their involvement in cassava post-harvest livelihood activities enabled them to make moderate/modest (3.31) provision of food for their  households. Also, a chi-square goodness of fit = 386.55 at P<0.05 showed a significant association between household food provision status and livelihood activities such as; owning/operating processing center (t-ratio=-1.986), processing/marketing fufu (t-ratio=2.967), processing/marketing flour (t-ratio=2.413), processing/marketing starch (t-ratio=-2.458). This is an  indication that the respondents combine lots of livelihood strategies in addressing the challenges of hunger and household food insecurity. The paper therefore recommended the re-structuring of the extension service system to provide the needed services to the processors in terms of technical advice which will help them maximize the benefits of post-harvest technologies. Also, policies that will encourage the rural processors in diversification is recommended. Keywords : Cassava, Small scale, Processors, Livelihood activities and Household foods


Objective Because of the lack of an effective early detection test, ovarian cancer (OVCA) in most cases is detected at late stages and remains a fatal gynecological malignancy. Molecular imaging provides information on the changes associated with the development of a disease at molecular levels. Because angiogenesis is an early event in tumor development, increased expression of &agr;vβ3 integrins by ovarian tumor–associated angiogenic microvessels provides a target for noninvasive ultrasound imaging to detect early-stage OVCA. The goal of this study was to examine the feasibility of &agr;vβ3 integrin–targeted molecular imaging agent in enhancing the detection of spontaneous ovarian tumor in laying hens, a preclinical model of OVCA. Methods The study was conducted in 2 phases, including a cross-sectional exploratory followed by a prospective monitoring of hens for 45 weeks with targeted ultrasound imaging. Changes in ultrasound signal intensity were determined before and after the injection of &agr;vβ3 integrin–targeted imaging agent in hens with spontaneous OVCA. All images were digitally stored. After scanning, ovarian tissues from all hens were collected and processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies. Results Ultrasound signal intensity was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in hens with early-stage OVCA than in normal hens and increased further in late-stage OVCA. Compared with that in normal cases, ultrasound signal intensities increased approximately 19-fold in early stage and 26-fold in late-stage OVCA. Differences in signal enhancement were not observed among different histologic subtypes of OVCA. Higher signal intensities from targeted imaging of ovarian tumors were associated with increased number of &agr;vβ3 integrin–expressing ovarian microvessels. Prospective monitoring of hens with &agr;vβ3 integrin–targeted imaging agent detected OVCA at early stage. Conclusions These results suggest that &agr;vβ3 integrin–targeted imaging agent enhanced the visualization of ovarian tumor–associated angiogenic microvessels in hens with early-stage OVCA and may form a foundation for clinical studies.


It was demonstrated in experiments with cats, who survived a 5-minute clinical death caused by a prolongated blood loss, that the determination of lipid-peroxidation dynamic indices, made in incubated homogenates, reveals the altering ratios between the pro- and anti-oxidant activities as well as those ratios leveled by rapid shifts in hemodynamic parameters; it also displays the quantitative, qualitative and temporal differences of such ratios in the brain, liver and kidneys at dying and immediately after reanimation, which can not be detected by determining the content of lipid-peroxidation products in tissues in vivo.


A mother and her six-week-old infant began attending group therapy sessions designed to raise awareness of developmental events. The mother consistently displayed a high degree of responsiveness and sensitivity to the infant's needs; in fact, her behavior served as a model of adaptive interaction for the entire group. After six months of sessions, when the infant manifested full-blown weaning patterns, the mother reported symptoms indicating a major depressive episode, such as pervasive dejection and rejection, listlessness, and anxiety attacks. After several individual sessions, during which discussion focused on the etiology of these emotions, the depression remitted and the mother was able to resume previous adaptive interaction designed to promote the infant's development. This case study reveals that highly adaptive parents may be susceptible to depression when developmental events that signify imminent separation from their infants or a similar dramatic change in their relationship occur.


ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to investigate the nocturnal secretion of growth hormone and prolactin in a particular model where nutrients are delivered continuously. Six children with severe intestinal diseases undergoing total constant rate enteral nutrition for 1.5 to 8 months have been studied; all children had a normal nutritional status at the time of the recording. Sleep patterns were studied by the usual polygraphic methods from 10 p. m. to 8 a. m. Blood samples were taken every 20 min through an indwelling catheter for growth hormone and prolactin plasma level determination. Several growth hormone peaks were observed with a peak always secreted in connection with stage III‐IV of the first cycle. This early peak was significantly higher than the following ones. Nocturnal patterns of prolactin secretion showed individual differences characterized by a series of episodic releases which consisted of a few long rises (4 patients) and several small fluctuations; no correlation was found with the sleep patterns; no increase in the level throughout the night was observed. Loss of the rhythmicity of alimentation does not alter the secretion of growth hormone during sleep.


With the popularization of information and the establishment of the databases in great number, and how to extract data from the useful information is the urgent problem to be solved. Machine learning is the core issue of artificial intelligence research, this paper introduces the definition of machine learning and its basic structure, and describes a variety of machine learning methods, including rote learning, inductive learning, analogy learning , explained learning, learning based on neural network and knowledge discovery and so on. This paper also brings foreword the objectives of machine learning, and points out the development trend of machine learning. Keywords-machine learning; intelligence; methods; application


In a time of increasing urbanization the human tenure effects on the land has lead to a decrease and fragmentation of areas that are valuable to urban wildlife. These actions have had a detrimental effect on the species and habitats that exist in cities and towns.

This paper investigates, through the study of relevant literature and the undertaking of interviews and field visits, the role that biodiversity plays in our society. The current attitude towards urban biodiversity and the responsibility for its promotion within the landscape architect profession has been explored.

This paper includes three English case studies and a design proposal investigating how one can work to promote biodiversity on a smaller scale.
This paper concludes that urban biodiversity is multi-functional – being of ecological, social and cultural significance. The landscape architecture profession must be aware of the need to combine a variety of different factors such as economical, social and environmental aspects. The English case studies provide an insight into how these factors can be integrated to achieve an overall synergy.
Landscape architects, in cooperation with other professions, have a crucial part to play in the creation of places that function for both humans and the urban wildlife. They also play an important pedagogy role for the public and all tiers of government in creating greater awareness of the issues explored in this paper.


BACKGROUND
Oils enriched in gammalinolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, reduce joint pain and swelling in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha appear to contribute directly to joint tissue damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Agents designed to interfere with the actions of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are being used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

METHODS
We examined the influence of gammalinolenic acid added to cells in vitro and administered orally in vivo on interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from activated human peripheral blood monocytes. Secretion of both cytokines was reduced by gammalinolenic acid. Administration of safflower oil as a polyunsaturated fatty acid control devoid of gammalinolenic acid did not change secretion of either cytokine.

CONCLUSION
Suppression of IL-beta and TNF-alpha secretion by activated cells may be one mechanism whereby gammalinolenic acid suppresses synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.


Aircraft Landing Scheduling (ALS) problem is a typical hard multi-constraint optimization problem. In real applications, it is not most important to find the best solution but to provide a feasible landing schedule in an acceptable time. Scheduling aircraft landing is a complex task encountered by most of the control towers. In this paper, we study the aircraft landing problem (ALP) in the multiple runway case. This paper proposes a method based on neural network which can effectively solve the ALS while satisfying the real-time need.


We present a spin-(1/2) bilayer model for the quantum order-disorder transition which i) can be solved by mean-field theory for bulk quantities, ii) becomes critical at the transition, and iii) allows to include intra-layer frustration. We present numerical data (for systems with up to 240 sites) and analytical results for the critical coupling strength, ground-state energy, order parameter and for the gap. We show that the critical coupling decreases linearly with frustration.


The complementary strengths and weaknesses of passive and active noise control (ANC) methods have motivated many researchers to develop hybrid noise absorbers that integrate both control strategies. The impedance matching technique (IMT) is the most effective for such a purpose. An unsolved problem with available IMT schemes is the a priori reference signal that limits IMT applications. This study proposes the use of the forward wave, available by the two-microphone method, as the reference signal. Due to inevitable errors in wave separation and inlet reflection of the control signal, the absorber becomes a feedback system. A simple and stable ANC is developed for impedance matching without the a priori reference signal. The proposed absorber has an absorption coefficient of 0.9 or above in a frequency range of 60-850 Hz. It is stable in the presence of sensor mismatch and robust with respect to significant variation of inlet boundary conditions.


This article due to economic conditions of the School of Higher Sciences in Yaroslavl in the first third of the 19 th century. It analyzed the complex of historical sources of the economic activities the School, Technical-Material Base, the staff salaries, scholarship grants. It considered the main problems of the budgeting and financial expenses. It was P.G. Demidov who laid the material basis of the School of Higher Sciences in Yaroslavl in 1803 and sponsored it till his death in 1821. Demidov started the formation of the library funds of the School of Higher Sciences in Yaroslavl by presenting hundreds of books on different languages to it. The budget of the School of Higher Sciences in Yaroslavl was about 55 thousands roubles in the year1836 and income was about 49 thousands roubles. The main financial sources of the School of Higher Sciences in Yaroslavl were: quit-rents from the peasants, investments of the ministry of public education, interest rate from the school''s 100-thousand budget, private investments and charity, fees for the studying and lodging.


ABSTRACT Suicide is a serious public health issue worldwide. In China, suicide is the fifth leading cause of death and the second leading cause of death among 15- to 34-year-olds. Research has shown that the suicide rate among college students is higher than their non-college peers. This study aims to review the literature on the risk factors of Chinese college students' suicide and suicidal behaviours (i.e. suicidal ideation, attempt and plan). Existing literature identifies four kinds of factors that are related to suicide among Chinese college students, namely, psychological factors (e.g. hopelessness and depression), family factors (e.g. low-income family environment and unsuccessful family education), negative life events (e.g. frustrated interpersonal communication, and pressure from academics and employment) and social factors (e.g. neglect of the psychological curriculum and status of psychological counselling in China). Moreover, there are complicated relationships among these factors. Finally, the implications for future studies are discussed.


Trend-surface analysis was carried out on data from morphometric parameters isobase and hydraulic gradient. The study area, located in the eastern border of Quadrilátero Ferrífero, southeastern Brazil, presents four main geomorphological units, one characterized by fluvial dissection, two of mountainous relief, with a scarp of hundreds of meters of fall between them, and a flat plateau in the central portion of the fluvially-dissected terrains. Morphometric maps were evaluated in GRASS-GIS and statistics were made on R statistical language, using the spatial package. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was made to test the significance of each surface and the significance of increasing polynomial degree. The best results were achieved with 6th-order surface for isobase and 2nd-order surface for hydraulic gradient. Shape and orientation of residuals maps contours for selected trends were compared with structures inferred from several morphometric maps, and a good correlation is present.


This article examines some of the tensions inherent in conservation and reconstruction work taking place on Sikh religious monuments in northen India, particularly at those monuments that mark important events in Sikh history or in the lives of the Sikh Gurus and their families. Juxtaposing the divergent practices of enthusiastic lay worshippers with those of more professionally trained heritage conservationists, the author argues that both groups engage simultaneously with protocols of objectivist "history" and subjective notions of "heritage," albeit in differing ways. The analysis focuses on a handful of sites undergoing renovation in Anandpur Sahib, India, to explore the material, cultural, and rhetorical strategies through which different groups secure their appropriation of the sites' historical and affective qualities. Two museums located in the town—one dedicated to the life history of Guru Tegh Bahadur, and the other intended to be an internationally prominent center for Sikh heritage—add further complexity to a town landscape replete with meaningful objects.


Following removal of its stem cell niche, the root meristem can regenerate by recruitment of remnant cells from the stump. Regeneration is initiated by rapid accumulation of auxin near the injury site but the source of this auxin is unknown. Here, we show that auxin accumulation arises from the activity of multiple auxin biosynthetic sources that are newly specified near the cut site and that their continuous activity is required for the regeneration process. Auxin synthesis is highly localized and PIN-mediate transport is dispensable for auxin accumulation and tip regeneration. Roots lacking the activity of the regeneration competence factor ERF115, or that are dissected at a zone of low-regeneration potential, fail to activate local auxin sources. Remarkably, restoring auxin supply is sufficient to confer regeneration capacity to these recalcitrant tissues. We suggest that regeneration competence relies on the ability to specify new local auxin sources in a precise spatio-temporal pattern.


Three new bromophenols coupled with pyroglutamic acid derivatives and one bromophenol coupled with deoxyguanosine were obtained from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. By spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis their structures were elucidated as N-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)methyl pyroglutamate (1), N-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)pyroglutamic acid (2), N-[3-bromo-2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl]methyl pyroglutamate (3), and 2-N-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzylamino)deoxyguanosine (4), respectively. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated against several microorganisms and human cancer cell lines, but found inactive. To our knowledge this is the first report of bromophenols coupled with amino acid or nucleoside derivatives through the C-N bond.


OBJECTIVE
To discover the characteristics of the patient consuming cerebral and peripheral vasodilators and the factors contributing to their consumption.

DESIGN
A descriptive non-random study of a crossover type.

SETTING
Primary Care.

PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS
All the patients on four General medical lists who consumed cerebral and peripheral vasodilators.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
204 patients took the drugs under study. In 58.8% of cases the prescription came from a General Practitioner; 65.2% had taken them for over two years. The main reason for prescription was "feeling sick." In 19.9% of cases there were clinical notes or a specialist's report about the diagnosis that gave rise to the prescription. 80% of patients were receiving more than one medication; 18% took a prepared multi-component medication. 20.6% considered that the drug was ineffective and 53.9% took it at an infratherapeutic dosage. The most commonly consumed pharmacological group was the Ergotamins.

CONCLUSIONS
The majority of vasodilators are prescribed to treat non-specific symptoms in elderly patients taking several medicines. The use of these drugs should be tailored to the individual, implying an attempt to reach the most concrete diagnosis possible and to evaluate the risk/benefit relationship of the prescription. The performance of well-designed clinical trials to demonstrate conclusively the efficacy of vasodilators would be desirable.


A large3He and tritium data base collected in the Northeast Atlantic since 1977 allows construction of extensive tracer distributions on isopycnal surfaces in the main thermocline. A distinct southward increase in tritium—3He age is observed that depicts the outcrop boundaries and allows one to quantify the interior transport. This transport is directed towards the south.


Acute leukaemia is not as uncommon in equatorial East Africa as has until recently been believed. The acute myelogenous variety is disproportionately common in children and has an unusually frequent chloromatous presentation. Although the reasons for this are not entirely clear, the effect of environmental factors is considered. The possible inter-relationship of malaria, Burkitt's lymphoma and acute leukaemia remains an enigma. Poor therapeutic results demand greater attention to the problem.


Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a major source of morbidity in Hamlet, NC; in 2011, there were 58 emergency room visits resulting from MRSA infections, leading to 31 admissions to Sandhills Regional Medical Center (Hamlet, NC). The situation is complicated by illegal tattoo artists offering less-expensive artwork, as their bargain prices often involve stinting on sterile technique. Three patients with infected tattoos were seen at Sandhills Center for Wound Healing and Hyperbaric Medicine (Hamlet, NC) with a range of tissue damage requiring different treatment plans. Closer scrutiny of tattoo ink and use of preservatives could prevent accidental or deliberate contamination, and reduce the risk of tattoo infection. .


A prominent goal of neuroimaging studies is mapping the human brain, in order to identify and delineate functionally-meaningful regions and elucidate their roles in cognitive behaviors. These brain regions are typically represented by atlases that capture general trends over large populations. Despite being indispensable to neuroimaging experts, population-level atlases do not capture individual differences in functional organization. In this work, we present an interactive visualization method, PRAGMA, that allows domain experts to derive scan-specific parcellations from established atlases. PRAGMA features a user-driven, hierarchical clustering scheme for defining temporally correlated parcels in varying granularity. The visualization design supports the user in making decisions on how to perform clustering, namely when to expand, collapse, or merge parcels. This is accomplished through a set of linked and coordinated views for understanding the user's current hierarchy, assessing intra-cluster variation, and relating parcellations to an established atlas. We assess the effectiveness of PRAGMA through a user study with four neuroimaging domain experts, where our results show that PRAGMA shows the potential to enable exploration of individualized and state-specific brain parcellations and to offer interesting insights into functional brain networks.


Impact is among the important loading scenario which is required to be addressed for fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) materials in ground or space vehicle applications. The failure behaviour of FRP materials under impact loading is a complex process and a detailed analysis of various mode of failure is necessary. In this paper the failure behaviour of laminated carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite structures under impact loading is investigated by conducting numerical simulations using the explicit finite element analysis ANSYS LS-DYNA software [1]. The impact responses and failure behaviours are being investigated by performing a parametric study and sensitivity analysis in which impact velocity, number of plies, incident angle, friction between contacted surfaces, impactor mass and the geometry are varied in separate cases. The FE model is validated by comparing the numerical results with other published results and good correlations are achieved.


Exploring life writing from a variety of cultural contexts, Haunted Narratives provides new insights into how individuals and communities across time and space deal with traumatic experiences and haunting memories. From the perspectives of trauma theory, memory studies, gender studies, literary studies, philosophy, and post-colonial studies, the volume stresses the lingering, haunting presence of the past in the present. The contributors focus on the psychological, ethical, and representational difficulties involved in narrative negotiations of traumatic memories.
Haunted Narratives focuses on life writing in the broadest sense of the term: biographies and autobiographies that deal with traumatic experiences, autobiographically inspired fictions on loss and trauma, and limit-cases that transcend clear-cut distinctions between the factual and the fictional. In discussing texts as diverse as Toni Morrison's Beloved, Vikram Seth's Two Lives, deportation narratives of Baltic women, Christa Wolf's Kindheitsmuster, Joy Kogawa's Obasan, and Ene Mihkelson's Ahasveeruse uni, the contributors add significantly to current debates on life writing, trauma, and memory; the contested notion of "cultural trauma"; and the transferability of clinical-psychological notions to the study of literature and culture.


Today the understanding of mathematics is critical in an increasingly technological age. Teachers must play an important role to ensure that all students display confidence in their ability to do mathematics. Often gifted students of mathematics can be made to feel bad by their peers just because they know mathematics and things come easily to them. Children's and adolescent literature has now been recognised as a means of teaching mathematics to students through the use of stories to make the mathematics concepts relevant and meaningful. Literature can also be used as a form of therapy to reach students who may be frustrated with children picking on them for being good at mathematics. Story and picture books such as Counting on Frank , Math Curse and A Gebra Named Al are now available to use in the classroom as forms of bibliotherapy in helping students come to terms with issues relating to mathematics that haunt them. In this article we discuss the phenomenon of dumbing down by the gifted population to fit in with their peers. We propose using reading and discussion (bibliotherapy) to aid in preventing de-geniusing of mathematically gifted students.


Over the past few years, the rapid growth of air traffic and the associated increase in emissions have created a need for sustainable aviation. Motivated by these challenges, this paper explores how a 50-passenger regional aircraft can be hybridized to fly with the lowest possible emissions in 2040. In particular, the use of liquid hydrogen in this aircraft is an innovative power source that promises to reduce CO2 and NOx emissions to zero. Combined with a fuel-cell system, the energy obtained from the liquid hydrogen can be used efficiently. To realize a feasible concept in the near future considering the aspects of performance and security, the system must be hybridized. In terms of maximized aircraft sustainability, this paper analyses the flight phases and ground phases, resulting in an aircraft design with a significant reduction in operating costs. Promising technologies, such as a wingtip propeller and electric green taxiing, are discussed in this paper, and their potential impacts on the future of aviation are highlighted. In essence, the hybridization of regional aircraft is promising and feasible by 2040; however, more research is needed in the areas of fuel-cell technology, thermal management and hydrogen production and storage.


Abstract: As part of the innovation process, clinical research generates valuable data to assess technological solutions in healthcare, linking scientific research and knowledge transfer to provide beneficial innovations for society. However, the generated clinical data do not appear to be adequately available to the scientific community and society. The present study seeks to analyze the effectiveness of databases of clinical records as a source of relevant information for scientific research. We conducted a comparative analysis of 27 correlations of clinical trials between three different technologies and their scientific articles by consulting two information sources. Making connections between the data from these sources proved to be challenging. In addition, a considerable time lag (40 months on average) was observed between the end of the study and the publication of the results. Among the completed studies, 56% had not published their results in any of the channels studied. In addition to the paucity of reported results, the poor publication record of clinical trials is further evident in the lack of information on these studies in scientific publications. Thus, databases of clinical records are a potential source of information and may come to represent a central tool in the search for new technological solutions in healthcare.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Allograft rejection remains to be one of the crucial impediments in successful renal transplantation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in immune-mediated tissue destruction of the allograft by allowing influx of leucocytes and mononuclear cells into the graft and it appears that, the study of the role of MMPs in transplant rejection process may also lead to novel approaches in the therapy of rejection processes. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate the association of functional polymorphisms in MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), (-519 A/G); MMP-3(5356 A/G), (1161 A/G) and MMP-9 (1721G/C), (Q279R A/G), (R668Q G/A) genes with risk of allograft rejection in renal transplant recipients of North India. METHODS: One hundred fifty live related renal transplant donors and recipients were genotyped for MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 gene polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. Only sixty eight recipient samples were categorized into 57 non-rejecters and 11 rejecters and were analyzed further. RESULTS: The analysis showed that genotype frequencies of MMP1 (-1607 1G/2G) [2G/2G; OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.55-5.68, P = 0.001] and MMP9 (P574R) [CG; OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.62-4.32, P = 0.00 & GG; OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.10-8.63, P = 0.03] were significantly associated with allograft rejection. MMP1, 3 & 9 gene polymorphisms between rejecters and non-rejecters showed no significant difference. On comparison between non-rejecters and donors significantly reduced risk for allograft rejection was demonstrated in MMP-1 (-519 A/G) [AG; OR = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.003-0.182, P = 0.00], MMP-3(5356 A/G) [AG; OR = 0.228, 95% CI = 0.109-0.480, P = 0.00] and MMP-9(Q279R A/G) [AG; OR = 0.145, 95% CI = 0.064-0.329, P = 0.00] & (P574R G/C), [CG; OR = 0.183, 95% CI = 0.062-0.539, P = 0.002] while comparing for rejecters and donors a significant association was observed MMP9 (Q279R A/G) [AG; odds ratio (OR) = 0.089, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = 0.011-0.714, P = 0.023] CONCLUSIONS: Mutant genotypes for MMP-1 (-519 A/G), MMP-3(5356 A/G) and MMP-9(Q279R A/G) & (P574R G/C) are associated with reduced risk for allograft rejection and improved allograft survival in North Indian transplant recipients and could serve as an ideal marker to predict pre-transplant allograft outcome. Source of Funding: UPCST, Lucknow


The use of carbon dioxide as a raw material for chemical syntheses is an ecologically and economically valuable extension to the carbon sources used at the present time. In order to convert the thermodynamically stable and comparatively unreactive CO2 molecule into the desired product in an efficient manner, suitable reaction conditions and activation mechanisms must be found. The catalytic reduction of CO2 to formic acid and its derivatives has been intensively studied in recent years. A number of new approaches to the synthesis of formic acid from CO2 have reached such a state of knowledge that continuing development may well lead to industrial-scale operation in the near future. This can to a large extent be attributed to the fruitful interaction between investigative work into reaction mechanisms and the development of new catalytic systems.


Background Singapore's front-of-pack (FOP) Healthier Choice Symbol (HCS) label is an easy to understand signal to consumers of how they can make a healthier choice within a given food category. We assess its effectiveness at influencing food purchases and diet quality.Methods Randomized controlled trial using a 3×3 within-subject crossover design with adult Singapore residents recruited online. Each participant shopped once in three conditions on an experimental online grocery store in random order: 1) no FOP control; 2) Similar to Arm 1 except select products displayed HCSs, as would occur in stores in Singapore; 3) Similar to Arm 2 with additional information displaying Physical Activity Equivalents (PAEs) per serving of each product. Participants with minimum of one control and one intervention condition shop were analyzed. First-differenced regressions on calories per serving (primary) and other measures of diet quality were used to compare purchasing behavior across conditions. Results From January 2019 to April 2019, 117 participants were randomized: 10 (8·5%) completed one shop; 2 completed two shops (1.7%); and 105 (89·7%) completed all three, resulting in 317 unique shops. The HCS, without PAEs, led to a statistically significant five-percentage point increase in the proportion of HCS products purchased. However, we could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference in calories per serving in either HCS (95% CI, -10·63: 20·01) or when combined with PAEs (95% CI, -5·25: 21·54) or differences in any of the diet quality measures assessed.Conclusions The HCS influences purchasing patterns, but does not, either alone or in combination with a PAE label, appear to reduce caloric intake or improve overall diet quality. These findings suggest that the HCS label, as currently applied, may be the wrong label for addressing rising rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases in Singapore.


A three-component magnetometer was carried on Explorer 12, launched on August 16, 1961. The boundary of the geomagnetic field on the sunlit side of the earth was observed. During magnetically quiet periods the boundary, near the earth-sun line, was at approximately 10 earth radii distance. During the period of observation a field of magnitude 30 to 40 gammas existed outside the boundary; it was usually directed downward, or southward, from the ecliptic plane. The boundary was stable, and magnetic fluctuations inside the geomagnetic field were relatively small although often large outside.


Abstract The "Romano Carratelli Code" is a late sixteenth century manuscript comprising 99 watercoloured pages (non-contemporary numbering from 1 to 90 in folio), contemporary binding in rigid parchment, handwritten titles on spine, spine with one missing part. It is a splendid fresh watercolour folio depicting the defence system of the coastal areas of Calabria Ultra with illustrations of its garrison towns, castles, watchtowers and surroundings. It includes a detailed description of the various types and features of existing towers and towers under construction as well as an indication of other sites where new watchtowers are necessary. The strategic choice to construct a complete system of watchtowers was a political one made by Charles V and Philip II and the task of drawing up the report was given on the orders of the Viceroy Juan de Zuniga (1586-1595). This document is the most ancient iconography available to historiographers of coastal of Calabria Ultra. Keywords : Fortifications of Calabria – Collection of 99 watercolors – Dated late '500 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1662


In this paper the authors explore performance measurement practices in pharmaceutical companies with particular reference to the inscribing (or 'tracing') of pharmaceutical representatives ('drug reps') responsible for the promotion of prescription medications to general practitioners and other healthcare professionals. They draw upon Latour's sociology of translation to explore the qualities of the inscriptions practiced in French pharmaceutical companies to control drug reps at a distance. Within the context of regulatory constraints upon drug representatives' activities and the reporting of pharmaceutical prescriptions in France, the authors analyze the inscriptions devices and explore problems of interessement and instability of 'performance measurement' inscriptions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the concept of stability and how processes of ambiguity, uncertainty and professional identity may contribute to stabilizing inscriptions and tackling problems of action at a distance.


Landsat (TM) of 1986 and 1990 and Landsat (ETM+) of 2000 and 2004 for Nakasongola district were obtained and analyzed using the ILWIS 3.6 software using unsupervised classification. An overlay analysis of satellite images was conducted in order to understand the patterns of land use and cover change. Cultivation, coniferous plantations, bush and woody encroachment were the most pervasive land use and cover types encroaching on grasslands. The area covered by grassland decreased by 13.1% between 1986 and 2004. Between 1986 and 1990, much of the grasslands were converted to bushland (38,608 ha), woodland (19,659 ha) and cropland (9,159 ha) while between 1990 and 2000 were converted to woodland (21,838 ha), cropland (5,912 ha) and bushland (4,506 ha) and between 2000 and 2004, 33,354, ha were converted to woodland, 12,029 ha to bushland and 6,114 ha to cropland. Bush and woody encroachment engulfed 65%, 50% and 54% of grasslands in the periods of 1986 – 1990, 1990 – 2000 and 2000 – 2004 respectively. The rate at which grassland is lost to other land use/cover types is greater than the rate of grassland expansion meaning that grasslands are at the verge of disappearing if no conservation measures are instated to protect them.


Despite current differences over a certain war in the Middle East, France and the United States share a common heritage of personal liberty that infuses the legal culture in both countries. Americans may not be quite as enthusiastic as their French brethren about the collectivist ideal of fraternitý, but the more individualistic principles of libertý and ýgalitý form the core of American conceptions of personal freedom and provide the central justification for constitutional limits on the exercise of governmental power. One particularly striking manifestation of the similarity between French and American conceptions of personal liberty is the approach to the relationship between government and religion adopted by both countries. Separation of church and state is the ostensible constitutional norm in both countries. In the United States, this approach is codified in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which the U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted as requiring all government actions to reflect both a secular purpose and a secular effect.4 In France, this principle is codified in the constitutional declaration that "France shall be an indivisible, secular, democratic and social Republic."


Summary: Physiological studies recently led to the development of a technique for obtaining synchronous nuclear division in Salmonella typhimurium. By using this method we have attempted to identify the morphological changes characteristic of nuclear division. The picture obtained is that of a gradual shift from a round nuclear body via 'wedge'- and 'bar'- to 'dumbbell'-like configurations. Mitotic patterns were not observed in these small cells. An indication was obtained that at an early stage of nuclear division the nucleus has already doubled with respect to at least one of its physiological functions. It is discussed to what extent the present studies by selective staining may be used to identify the state of the nucleus as observed by electron microscopy.


— The principle underlying expression basically involves the separation of a solid from the liquid in which it is suspended by passing the mixture through a porous medium with pore sizes too small to allow the passage of the solid particles at an applied pressure. The analytical method of the finite element method has been used to determine pressure, displacement and concentration distribution along sludge cake height in a filter press expression process. The ranges of displacement in a sludge cake height with increase time of expression increases with a decrease in sludge depth. The displacement increases continuously with increase time of expression. The finite element formulation basically involves the properties of the sludge in question as distinguished from other solution. The solution domain was idealized as a one-dimensional quadratic shape function for the purpose of this analysis and the displacement function formulation method were employed in solving the pressure distribution. The results of the finite element solution further showed that concentration increases with decreasing height of sludge cake interface during sludge dewatering. There is however an increasing tendency to uniformity of concentration with increment in the time of expression.


Most historiographical discourses about electroacoustic music have been written following technological criteria and focussing mainly on the geocultural centres in which the Western musical canon was formulated. In this context, the presence of electroacoustic music of Latin American origin is silenced or reduced to a peripherical reference. In this paper, I propose a model for the construction of a historical narrative of electroacoustic music using the concept of medialized cultural memory. The goal of this model is to decentre historical discourses using a multiperspectivistic historiographical approach which integrates different voices equally. In this sense it will be shown, how some electroacoustic music of Latin American origin can be analytically interrelated with features of Karlheinz Stockhausen ́s Telemusik (1966) and Hymnen (1966–1967).


This essay attempts to show how a particular view of the self and the mind has ignored its Other-related, world-related and thus embodied character. This view, whose origins in the history of ideas can be traced back to René Descartes, has led to important theories of mind and language. It has also generated a certain hegemony of binaries, such as the inner and the outer, the mind and the world, the self and the other, the subjective and the objective, or the intrinsic and the extrinsic. This picture of the self and the mind thus portrayed as epistemologically insulated entities has begotten serious problems in the philosophies of mind and language as well as in the cognitive sciences. It is a view that has pervaded many recent developments in these fields and bears the name of Representationalism.
The essay therefore starts with a critique of the Cartesian conception of the mind and the ensuing inner/outer or self/other dualities that it creates, then turns to Representationalism as found in the analytical philosophical tradition.


Thirty-seven feet in 25 children (12 girls, 13 boys) treated surgically with medial cuneiform opening wedge osteotomy to correct forefoot adduction were assessed. Thirteen patients had unilateral deformity. Primary diagnoses were congenital clubfoot (33 feet), congenital forefoot adduction (3 feet), and skewfoot (1 foot). All children underwent operation before age 4 years. The age at operation ranged from 21 to 47 months (mean 35). In 18 feet, allografts were used. In 5 feet, autograft was used. In 14 feet, ceramic material was inserted as opening wedge. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 8 years (mean 4). In four feet, the ossification center of the medial cuneiform was invisible. The correction of the deformity was assessed clinically and radiographically. The first ray angle and talo–first metatarsal angle were evaluated on anteroposterior radiographs, the latter was evaluated on lateral radiographs, also. In 26 feet, normal position of the forefoot was achieved. In five feet, overgrowth of the medial cuneiform in comparison with the normal side was observed. Forefoot adduction persisted in six feet. The ossification center was often divided into two parts by bone graft, and subsequent independent growth of both parts was observed. This technique is safe and useful for correction of forefoot adduction in young children. It can be performed even in cartilaginous bone. The osteotomy causes overgrowth of the medial cuneiform and the medial ray.


When a public health emergency occurs, a potential sanitation threat will directly change local residents' behavior patterns, especially in high-density urban areas. Their behavior pattern is typically transformed from demand-oriented to security-oriented. This is directly manifested as a differentiation in the population distribution. This study based on a typical area of high-density urban area in central Tianjin, China. We used Baidu heat map (BHM) data to calculate full-day and daytime/nighttime state population aggregation and employed a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model and Moran's I to analyze pre-epidemic/epidemic population aggregation patterns and pre-epidemic/epidemic population flow features. We found that during the COVID-19 epidemic, the population distribution of the study area tended to be homogenous clearly and the density decreased obviously. Compared with the pre-epidemic period: residents' demand for indoor activities increased (average correlation coefficient of the floor area ratio increased by 40.060%); traffic demand decreased (average correlation coefficient of the distance to a main road decreased by 272%); the intensity of the day-and-night population flow declined significantly (its extreme difference decreased by 53.608%); and the large-living-circle pattern of population distribution transformed to multiple small-living circles. This study identified different space utilization mechanisms during the pre-epidemic and epidemic periods. It conducted the minimum living security state of an epidemic-affected city to maintain the operation of a healthy city in the future.


Objectives. To determine student perceptions regarding online lectures and quizzes during an introductory drug information course for first-year professional doctor of pharmacy students. Design. Formal and online lectures, online quizzes, written semester projects, a practice-based examination, a careers in pharmacy exercise, and a final examination were used to deliver the course content and assess performance. A multiple-choice survey instrument was used to evaluate student perceptions of WebCT and online lectures. Assessment. More than 47% of students reported that online lectures helped them learn the material better, 77% reported that lectures would be used to study for the final examination, and 59% reported that they would use WebCT lectures for future classes. Approximately 40% of students agreed that online lectures should be used in future courses. Conclusion. Students reported that WebCT was easy to use; however, the majority of students preferred in-class lectures compared to online lectures. A positive correlation was observed for those students who performed well on the online quizzes and those who performed well on the final examination.


Trials in approximately 3,900 adults were conducted with influenza A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and B/Hong Kong/72 virus vaccines. Subjects were observed following a standard protocol, and serologic testing was performed in a single laboratory. The data indicate that prior experience of the population with earlier influenza viruses ("priming") is a determinant in response to vaccination. Thus, participants older than 25 years showed good serologic response following a single inoculation of A/New Jersey/76 virus, while younger persons responded poorly. Serological responses to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were, in contrast, equally good in the younger and older adults. Whole-virus vaccines were measurably more reactive than split-virus vaccines, a finding more easily discernined in unprimed populations. In the unprimed persons, a single dose of split-virus vaccine was less immunogenic than a single dose of whole-virus vaccine. The presence of preexisting antibodies appeared to reduce systemic reactivity. For adequate immunization of a totally unprimed population, a single relatively large and reactive dose of whole-virus vaccine or two, properly spaced, smaller nonreactive doses of either whole-virus vaccine or split-virus vaccine would be required.


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent danger ubiquitous environmental pollutants. A lot of them have toxic and carcinogenic potential. Presented work summarises most of available data describing properties, origin and occupational and non-occupational sources of PAHs. Contamination of environment is described separately for air, water, soil, sediments and food. Possibilities of occupational and non-occupational exposure of persons are discussed and populations with potentially high exposures to PAHs are defined. The work is concluded by digest of regulations and guidelines regarding environmental contamination of PAHs.


Eighty-four squamous cell proliferative lesions of the oral cavity and six examples of normal oral squamous mucosa were investigated for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers and type specific probes. Human papillomavirus was identified in 1 of 6 histologically normal biopsy specimens, 2 of 4 hyperplasias, 2 of 5 inflammatory lesions, 9 of 36 cases of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, and 7 of 39 carcinomas. All of the specimens found positive for HPV using the PCR were confirmed using slot blot hybridizations. All HPV-positive cases contained HPV 16. In addition, 2 were co-infected with HPV 11 and 1 was co-infected with HPV 18. Types 6 and 33 were not found. The same genotypes that infect the uterine cervix also were found in the oral cavity. This is the first time universal primers that allow for the detection of HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51-59, and at least 25 other novel types have been used on oral tumors, and represents the largest number of oral samples analyzed by the PCR at this time. Due to lack of clear correlation between HPV infection and histologic findings, however, the role of this virus in oral carcinogenesis remains uncertain.


A generalized microplane model, which was previously developed to describe tensile cracking and nonlinear triaxial response of brittle-plastic materials in compression and shear, is implemented in a finite element code. To limit localization instabilities due to strain softening and the consequent spurious mesh-sensitivity, the recently proposed concept of nonlocal continuum with local strain (nonlocal damage) is adopted and combined with the microplane model. An effective numerical algorithm permitting large loading steps is developed by applying the idea of exponential algorithms previously used for creep. Problems due to nonsymmetry of the tangential stiffness matrix are avoided by using the initial elastic stiffness matrix in the incremental force-displacement relations. Numerical results demonstrate that the microplane model, which previously has allowed an excellent description of the test data on nonlinear triaxial behavior of concrete as well as unidirectional and multidirectional crack or crack shear, is endowed (in its nonlocal generalization) with the capability of also modeling tensile fracture. The model yields the correct transitional size effect observed in concrete and agrees with the recently proposed size effect law. The formulation is applicable to brittle-plastic materials in general.


This research concerns the study of the effects of ionising space radiation on the oxygen-evolving activity of algae and cyanobacteria, focusing our attention on Photosystem II (PS-II), the oxygen-evolving complex. These microorganisms as higher plants, can use light energy to split water molecules and evolve oxygen in a process that produce storable energy-rich products from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Algae and cyanobacteria which can grow in the presence of nutrients and carbonate are expected to be utilised to maintain an oxygen-atmosphere and to constitute biomass in space shuttles. Irradiation was performed in gamma 60Co-sources of different activities; fluorescence techniques in vivo and SDS-PAGE analysis in vitro were used to determine PS-II efficiency during radiation stress. We determined the radiation target on PS-II by immunoblot. We built a miniaturised growth box that preserves constant pressure and temperature to measure automatically photosynthetic activity by a fluorescence sensor, directly in space during a mission in an ASI balloon.


Background Canada is one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries, with over 7 million individuals out of a population of 38 million being born in a foreign country. Immigrant adolescents (aged 10 to 19 years) make up a substantial proportion of newcomers to Canada. Religious and cultural practices can influence adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors, as well as the uptake of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among this population. Adolescence is a time to establish lifelong healthy behaviors. Research indicates an alarming gap in adolescents' SRH knowledge, yet there is limited research on the SRH needs of immigrant adolescents in Canada. Objective The purpose of this study is to actively engage with immigrant adolescents to develop, implement, and evaluate a mobile health (mHealth) intervention (ie, mobile app). The interactive mobile app will aim to deliver accurate and evidence-based SRH information to adolescents. Methods We will use community-based participatory action research to guide our study. This research project will be conducted in 4 stages based on user-centered co-design principles. In Stage 1 (Empathize), we will recruit and convene 3 adolescent advisory groups in Edmonton, Toronto, and Vancouver. Members will be engaged as coresearchers and receive training in qualitative and quantitative methodologies, sexual health, and the social determinants of health. In Stage 2 (Define and Ideate), we will explore SRH information and service needs through focus group discussions with immigrant adolescents. In Stage 3 (Prototype), we will collaborate with mobile developers to build and iteratively design the app with support from the adolescent advisory groups. Finally, in Stage 4 (Test), we will return to focus group settings to share the app prototype, gather feedback on usability, and refine and release the app. Results Recruitment and data collection will be completed by February 2023, and mobile app development will begin in March 2023. The mHealth app will be our core output and is expected to be released in the spring of 2024. Conclusions Our study will advance the limited knowledge base on SRH and the information needs of immigrant adolescents in Canada as well as the science underpinning participatory action research methods with immigrant adolescents. This study will address gaps by exploring SRH priorities, health information needs, and innovative strategies to improve the SRH of immigrant adolescents. Engaging adolescents throughout the study will increase their involvement in SRH care decision-making, expand efficiencies in SRH care utilization, and ultimately improve adolescents' SRH outcomes. The app we develop will be transferable to all adolescent groups, is scalable in international contexts, and simultaneously leverages significant economies of scale. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/45389


We calculate generalized symmetrized Wannier functions for the eight-dimensional valence and conduction band complex of zinc-blende-type semiconductors, by Fourier transformation of Bloch functions. A precondition for the success of the procedure is a precise parametrization of the band structure in terms of a Slater - Koster interpolation scheme. The second crucial point is the choice of the phase of the Bloch functions, for which we found a solution even for the case without inversion symmetry. For the materials with diamond structure we obtain s functions whose degree of localization at their respective atomic positions is 60%, and p functions whose degree of localization is 30%. For the materials with zinc-blende structure, the contributions from the four neighbouring atomic spheres have to be added to achieve the same degree of localization. As an application, we use the Wannier functions as a numerical basis when a homogeneous external electric field is applied.


Using the measurement-based quantum computation model, we construct interactive proofs with non-communicating quantum provers and a classical verifier. Our construction gives interactive proofs for all languages in BQP with a polynomial number of quantum provers, each of which, in the honest case, performs only a single measurement.
Our techniques use self-tested graph states. In this regard we introduce two important improvements over previous work. Specifically, we derive new error bounds which scale polynomially with the size of the graph compared with exponential dependence on the size of the graph in previous work. We also extend the self-testing error bounds on measurements to a very general set which includes the adaptive measurements used for measurement-based quantum computation as a special case.


We show experimental and numerical evidence of spontaneous self-symmetrization of focused laser beams experiencing multi-filamentation in air. The symmetrization effect is observed as the multiple filaments generated prior to focus approach the focal volume. This phenomenon is attributed to the nonlinear interactions amongst the different parts of the beam mediated by the optical Kerr effect, which leads to a symmetric redistribution of the wave vectors even when the beam consists of a bundle of many filaments.


In this work, we have reported CeO2, ZrO2, physically mixed (PH)-CeO2/ZrO2 and fluorite CeZrO4−δ oxides and their catalytic activities for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethyl benzene (EB) to styrene (ST) using molecular oxygen, air and carbon dioxide as oxidants. The catalysts were prepared by a gel-combustion method followed by calcination at 600 °C for 6 h and subjected to catalytic activity measurements. All the catalysts were characterized and studied by various physicochemical methods. The reaction parameters were varied systematically such as different catalysts, oxidants, temperatures, EB flow and oxidant flow. CeZrO4−δ accounted for a 47% styrene yield for 72 h without any significant deactivation under optimized reaction conditions. A thorough analysis of the spent catalysts demonstrated the robustness of the catalyst for this reaction under different oxidants and reaction conditions. Pristine CeO2 deactivated easily and the activity decreased with time on stream of the reaction.


Assimilation of new entrants into the legal profession has been a signature strain of Carrie Menkel-Meadow's research. Even if the empirical particularities have since evolved, her pathbreaking research on women lawyers and gendered lawyering processes remain prime examples of socio-legal work on lawyers with important theoretical extensions. For example, in Portia in a Different Voice, her now classic piece from 1985, Menkel-Meadow analyzes how numbers alone are insufficient indicia of feminization within the legal profession. Beyond the description of the state of the legal profession at the time of writing, her argument that we should pay attention to what lawyers do rather than how many of them there are changed a line of scholarship about lawyer demography and demanded that it pay more attention to experience and nuance in what could seem like a critical mass. Similarly, in 1987, while analyzing the assimilation of minority groups, she asks, in productive provocation, "Is assimilation a desirable goal?" to suggest that excluded voices might—even when seemingly included— suffer from everyday exclusion because they do not have access to the kinds of social and economic capital necessary for true inclusion. In another line of research focused on legal institutions and decision-making metrics rather than systems and experiences of lawyers, Menkel-Meadow discusses her now-eminent theory of "process pluralism": the idea that a range of embedded processes need to merge in client-forward ways to offer meaningful justice. Although Menkel-Meadow's work on the empirical legal profession has been what has most directly influenced my own scholarly inquiry, this theoretical kernel from her dispute resolution research inspires extending the analyses to new kinds of diversity in the legal profession.

Following the spirit of her research focused on bespoke hybridization, this Article merges these two lines of significant theory across interrelated fields to consider "pluralistic professionalisms"—pluralism in professional values and identity—by focusing on the experience of Muslim actors in contemporary legal landscapes. Although scholarship has reinforced the myriad ways in which identity capital within the legal profession is built and valorized, religion complicates the analysis because it involves the performance of not just an individual's identity, but also its additional interaction with law's neutrality and its presumptions—despite enough evidence to the contrary—of secularity. Islam further exposes cleavages in these intersectionalities because of the way this particular religious identity is gendered, racialized, and read, especially in the Global North, often under the violent pretense of "liberal" progress.

In contending with this complicated juxtaposition, this Article argues for paying attention to a particular kind of process pluralism in the creation of professional identity. Part II outlines the ways in which Menkel-Meadow's scholarship on diversity and identity in the legal profession creates what I refer to as a "toolkit for the periphery" that allows us to consider new kinds of professional entrants and navigations. Part III unpacks the ways in which religious identity and performance complicates the analysis of identity alterity and uses Menkel-Meadow's process pluralism as a way to consider these conjunctions. Part IV uses data from an ongoing Navigating Identities in Legal Education ("NILE") project, as well as case law on Islamophobic workplace discrimination, to reveal the ways in which "ideal" or "good" identities of the Muslim lawyer are constructed in post-September 11, 2001 ("9/11") America. The concluding Part V employs the concept of pluralistic professionalisms to make sense of the data in the previous section and to extend these two seemingly under-connected strains in Menkel-Meadow's research centering on process pluralism and professional identity. Although the Islamic identity and the experiences of Muslim lawyers are the focal points of this Essay, the argument for professional pluralism—much like Menkel-Meadow's research—extends beyond the particularities of this specific case.


We recently proposed Acceleration Driven Clause Learning (ADCL), a novel calculus to analyze satisfiability of Constrained Horn Clauses (CHCs). Here, we adapt ADCL to transition systems and introduce ADCL-NT, a variant for disproving termination. We implemented ADCL-NT in our tool LoAT and evaluate it against the state of the art.


Calibration measurements play a crucial role in improving the accuracy of both qualitative and quantitative microwave imaging. Ideally, in 3-D near-field imaging, a calibration measurement should be performed at each desired range (or depth) position, which can be very time-consuming. An analytical prediction of the range behavior of the resolvent kernel of scattering can reduce the calibration effort to a single measurement at a reference range position. Range-translation (or range-migration) analytical expressions are already widely used in far-zone radar and acoustic imaging; however, their accuracy deteriorates significantly in near-field scenarios. Here, we propose a range-migration technique for near-field microwave imaging with monostatic and bistatic measurement configurations. From a single measurement of the system point-spread function (PSF), the PSF magnitude and phase are accurately predicted at any desired range position. The proposed migration is performed in real space; however, it can also be applied with Fourier-domain (or $k$ -space) inversion methods. Here, it is applied with quantitative microwave holography in simulation-based and experimental examples, which validate its performance and illustrate its limitations.


Astrocytomas are one of the most common primary tumours of central nervous system seen in paediatric population. Although it is treatable and has a good prognosis, some individuals suffer from motor dysfunction following brain tumour resection which could result in decreased mobility, difficulty with daily tasks, increased risk of immobility-related problems, falls, pain, anxiety/depression. Thus, having a negative impact on overall quality of life and functional independence. Comprehensive neurophysiotherapy in such cases play a critical role in preventing and alleviating motor dysfunction, and its effects, and improve functional independence. This is the report of a 10-year-old female with astrocytoma in the right frontoparietal lobe, which was diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemistry. She underwent craniotomy for the same. But after tumour resection, she developed left hemiplegia wherein involvement of upper limb was more as compared to lower limb. She was given neurophysiotherapy and Accelerated Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP) which aided in improving upper extremity motor function and functional independence.


In this paper, memory optimization and architectural level modifications are introduced for realizing the low power residue number system (RNS) with improved flexibility for electroencephalograph (EEG) signal classification. The proposed RNS framework is intended to maximize the reconfigurability of RNS for high-performance finite impulse response (FIR) filter design. By replacing the existing power-hungry RAM-based reverse conversion model with a highly decomposed lookup table (LUT) model which can produce the results without using any post accumulation process. The reverse conversion block is modified with an appropriate functional unit to accommodate FIR convolution results. The proposed approach is established to develop and execute pre-calculated inverters for various module sets. Therefore, the proposed LUT-decomposition with RNS multiplication-based post-accumulation technology provides a high-performance FIR filter architecture that allows different frequency response configuration elements. Experimental results shows the superior performance of decomposing LUT-based direct reverse conversion over other existing reverse conversion techniques adopted for energy-efficient RNS FIR implementations. When compared with the conventional RNS FIR design with the proposed FSM based decomposed RNS FIR, the logic elements (LEs) were reduced by 4.57%, the frequency component is increased by 31.79%, number of LUTs is reduced by 42.85%, and the power dissipation was reduced by 13.83%.


Abstract Do speakers gesture to benefit their listeners? This study examined whether speakers use gestures differently when those gestures have the potential to communicate and when they do not. Participants watched an animated cartoon and narrated the cartoon story to a listener in two parts: one part in normal face-to-face interaction and one part with visibility between speaker and listener blocked by a screen. The session was videotaped with a hidden camera. Gestures were identified and classified into two categories: representational gestures, which are gestures that depict semantic content related to speech by virtue of handshape, placement, or motion, and beat gestures, which are simple, rhythmic gestures that do not convey semantic content. Speakers produced representational gestures at a higher rate in the face-to-face condition; however, they continued to produce some representational gestures in the screen condition, when their listeners could not see the gestures. Speakers produced beat gestures at comparable rates under both conditions. The findings suggest that gestures serve both speaker-internal and communicative functions.


A new and very efficient one-pot synthesis, in water, of 6 pi + 6 pi electron zwitterionic benzoquinonemonoimines involves the first examples of transamination reactions in quinonoid chemistry and allows the introduction of functionalities to, and the fine-tuning of the properties of, a large family of molecules with interesting potential, both in supramolecular chemistry and as multidentate ligands in coordination chemistry.


Expression of P53 protein was determined in the process and the end of induction of malignant transformation in human fetal lung cells, with organic extract from tap water in a river of City G, to study its molecular mechanism. Results showed that the water sample of experimental doses could induce formation of cell malignant transformation foci to different extent and had certain toxicity to cells. High expression of P53 protein was observed in cell nuclei 15 days after exposure and before formation of cell transformation foci, or 30 days after exposure and formation of them. It suggests that changes of P53 protein may relate to cell malignant transformation to certain extent, and play some roles in the process of it.


We develop sharp upper bounds for energy levels of the magnetic Laplacian on starlike plane domains, under either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions and assuming a constant magnetic field in the transverse direction. Our main result says that $\sum_{j=1}^n \Phi \big( \lambda_j A/G \big)$ is maximal for a disk whenever $\Phi$ is concave increasing, $n \geq 1$, the domain has area $A$, and $\lambda_j$ is the $j$-th Dirichlet eigenvalue of the magnetic Laplacian $\big( i\nabla+ \frac{\beta}{2A}(-x_2,x_1) \big)^2$. Here the flux $\beta$ is constant, and the scale invariant factor $G$ penalizes deviations from roundness, meaning $G \geq 1$ for all domains and $G=1$ for disks.


Abstract The Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia is a 700 km wide belt of deformed, Palaeozoic deep and shallow marine sedimentary rocks, cherts, and mafic volcanic rocks. Characterized by large areas of chevron-folded turbidite sequences, linked contractional and strike-slip faults, and superposed thrust-belts of different age and vergence, it has large volumes of granite and low pressure/high temperature metamorphic rocks. Surface structural elements suggest that it formed by massive telescoping and strike-slip translation within a continental margin sediment prism along the former margin of Gondwanaland during the mid-Palaeozoic. Migrating, sporadic compressional and extensional events over the 100 Ma deformational history of the belt produced a crustally thickened, high geothermal gradient orogen, involving non-craton directed thrusting in an inferred convergent margin setting. Compressional periods were marked by eastward-migrating deformation zones involving detachment-related folding and reverse faulting in the largely turbidite dominated sequences. High-grade metamorphic rocks are not part of a metamorphic hinterland, but are largely confined to a shear zone-bounded crustal wedge in the central part of the fold-belt. Extension was marked by localized development of rift basins and half grabens accompanied by extensive granitic magmatism and silicic volcanism. Subsequent basin collapse was by reactivation/inversion of the extensional faults and folding of the basinal sequence. Magmatic activity and high temperature/low pressure metamorphism are linked to a convergent margin setting over much of the Middle Palaeozoic, but with major convergence in the Silurian.


INTRODUCTION
The PIA2 allele is present in about 20-30% of European population. This allele has been associated with resistance to the antithrombotic action of aspirin in healthy PIA2 carriers.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the functional association of the PIA1/A2 polymorphism of beta3 intergrins with increased thrombin generation and platelet activation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), treated with low-dose aspirin and whether the effect of this polymorphism is modulated by statin administration.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In 31 patients (25 M, 6 F) with CAD, aged 47 to 76 years, the thrombin-antithrombin complex generation (TAT) and the soluble form of CD40 ligand level (sCD40L) in blood collected every 60 seconds at sites of standardized microvascular injury were determined.

RESULTS
Coronary angiography revealed > or = 1 major epicardial artery stenosis (> or = 50%) in all patients. Genotyping determined 18 subjects homozygous for PIA1 and 13 PIA2 heterozygous carriers. Homozygous PIA1 subjects exhibited increased fibrinogen levels compared with PIA2 carriers (4.2 [IQ 2.39] g/l vs. 2.5 [0.73] g/l, p <0.05). Maximal TAT level observed 6 min after microvascular injury was higher in PIA2 carriers (p = 0.01). Maximal sCD40L did not differ between PIA1/A1 subjects and PIA2 carriers. The PIA2 allele did not alter the velocity of TAT production and sCD40L release. The analysis of the area under the concentration vs. time curve for TAT revealed that PIA2 carriers exhibited increased thrombin generation compared with PIA1A1 subjects (by 17.5%, p <0.05). Subjects treated with statins (n = 12) had lower TAT generation and sCD40L release than non-treated (by 20%, p <0.005 and 23%, p <0.005, respectively). This effect was not altered by the PIA2 presence.

CONCLUSIONS
In a model of microvascular injury the PIA1/A2 polymorphism influenced thrombin formation but not platelet activation in CAD patients treated with low-dose aspirin. The PIA2 allele did not alter the beneficial effect of statins on blood coagulation.


In order to make full use of the information provided in the physical reservoirs, including the production history and environmental conditions, the whole life cycle of reservoir discovery and recovery should be considered when mapping in the virtual space. A new concept of reservoir digital twin and the exploratory multi-scale framework is proposed in this paper, covering a wide range of engineering processes related with the reservoirs, including the drainage, sorption and phase change in the reservoirs, as well as extended processes like injection, transportation and on-field processing. The mathematical tool package for constructing the numerical description in the digital space for various engineering processes in the physical space is equipped with certain advanced models and algorithms developed by ourselves. For a macroscopic flow problem, we can model it either in the Navier-Stokes scheme, suitable for the injection, transportation and oil-water separation processes, or in the Darcy scheme, suitable for the drainage and sorption processes. Lattice Boltzmann method can also be developed as a special discretization of the Navier-Stokes scheme, which is easy to be coupled with multiple distributions, for example, temperature field, and a rigorous Chapman-Enskog expansion is performed to show the equivalence between the lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook formulation and the corresponding Navier-Stokes equations and other macroscopic models. Based on the mathematical toolpackage, for various practical applications in petroleum engineering related with reservoirs, we can always find the suitable numerical tools to construct a digital twin to simulate the operations, design the facilities and optimize the processes. Cited as:  Zhang, T., Sun, S. An exploratory multi-scale framework to reservoir digital twin. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2021, 5(3): 239-251, doi: 10.46690/ager.2021.03.02


This paper assesses the effects of school desegregation on its intended beneficiaries: black students. In Louisiana, substantial reductions in segregation between 1965 and 1970 were accompanied by large increases in per-pupil funding, which allowed funding in integrated schools to be "leveled up" to the level previously experienced only in white schools. Desegregation also brought increased exposure of blacks to whites. Analysis of new data on levels of segregation, resources and educational attainment from 1960–75 suggests that the increase in funding associated with desegregation improved educational attainment for blacks. A 42 percent increase in funding led to a 15 percent increase in high school graduation rates, and the estimated present value of the additional education exceeded the additional cost.


Extracts of cinnamon have long been used medicinally and recent research has solidified its use for controlling blood glucose levels. The correlation between type 2 diabetes and obesity make research in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism essential. We utilized the 3T3‐L1 cells as a model to examine degrees of differentiation to mature adipocytes by examining lipid droplet accumulation at various time points post treatment. Lipids from micro‐droplets were exchanged with oil red O as a marker of adipogenesis, and where appropriate the lipid volume was estimated and assayed. Culture periods were extended up to two weeks to reach mature adipocytes. A reduction in cell size was observed in both monolayer and three‐dimensional culture, but the size changes appear more significant when grown in three‐dimensional culture. A comparison was also made between a monolayer 3T3‐L1 culture and an agarose 3D culture, neither of which was treated to cinnamon. Using western blot analysis, adipogenesis markers were used to determine if growth in 3D culture is inducing differentiation into adipocytes. Cinnamon treated cells appear to have more lipid droplet accumulation, yet the lipid volume did not correlate directly with the reduction in cell size, suggesting a true change in metabolic signaling rather than an osmotic contraction. In three‐dimensional culture, there was an obvious cluster of lipid droplets, yet in monolayer this was not as obvious due to the single layer of cells. Monolayer cells were counted in each quadrant of the culture to determine the percent of cells that had rounded morphology compared to those that remained flat and fibroblast‐like. Of the rounded cells, the portion containing at least 50% space fill with lipid droplets were considered adipogenic. In monolayer, an estimate of lipid droplet volume was not reliable and a quantitation of extracted dye was necessary.


This study carefully explores how the established relationship among environmental performance, environmental strategy, and financial performance matters across heterogeneously performing groups. For this purpose, we employ a sample of companies operating in heavy polluting industries in the United States from 1991 to 2005. The result showed that the relationship between these variables definitely varies across different levels of environmentally performing groups, such as best, moderate, and worst performing, suggesting that strategic decision makers and public policymakers alike need to be careful not to make easy conclusions: proactive (reactive) environmental strategy leads to better (poorer) environmental performance, and doing well necessarily results in doing good.


Neurologic dysfunction and neuropathology are common findings in patients infected with HIV and in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The pathogenesis of lentivirus-associated alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) is multifactorial. Because seizures, alterations in memory, and behavioral changes are clinical manifestations in adults and children infected with HIV, we explored the possibility that changes in neuronal structure may occur in the hippocampus. To do this, we examined the dentate gyrus of FIV-infected cats, an animal model of HIV infection. Neuropathologic findings included gliosis within the hilus of the dentate gyrus and granule cell axonal sprouting. Using the Timm's method, which labels axons of dentate gyrus granule cells, abnormally high amounts of staining were observed in the inner one third of the molecular layer in 45% of FIV-infected cats (n = 11) and in none of the controls (n = 19). Prominent axonal sprouting was seen in three FIV-infected cats that were infected as kittens, suggesting that younger cats may be more susceptible. Axon reorganization of the dentate granule cells has been hypothesized to underlie complex partial seizure activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy. These results suggest that FIV infection causes granule cell axon reorganization in the hippocampus of cats. A similar neuropathogenetic mechanism may contribute to neurologic dysfunction in HIV-infected patients.


SYNOPSIS. Our knowledge of ascidian genetics is reviewed. The paper is primarily concerned with the author's past and current work on the colonial species Bolryllus schlosseri . Five Mendelian loci account for most of its impressive polychromatism. Breeding experiments have substantiated the hypothesis of a single multiallelic locus for each of three enzymes (MDH, SOD, PGI) suggested by electrophoretic patterns. The nuclei of three linkage groups have been revealed. Self—fertilization entails a severe inbreeding depression. A specific self, nonself recognition, expressed by fusion or repulsion of contacting colonies, occurs in this species also. At variance with Botryllus primigenus , fusible colonies of B. schlosseri are completely interfertile. This has allowed a more direct genetic analysis of the phenomenon, confirming the alleged control by a single multiallelic locus. In order to fuse, the confronted colonies must share at least one allele. Young buds grafted in the tunic after removal of all the zooids develop a new colony at the host's expense only if donor and host are fusible. This means that fusibility and histocompatibility are strictly correlated. Chimerical colonies, obtained either in this way or following the resorption of one of two fused colonies, are now being investigated for their recognition specificity and electrophoretic pattern. Preliminary data indicate that both can be durably altered, suggesting that the allogeneic cell populations are persistent and renewing.