Berberis vulgaris L. is currently widely studied for its antioxidant and chemopreventive properties, especially with regard to the beneficial properties of its fruits. Although the bark and roots have been well known and used in traditional medicine since ancient times, little is known about the other parts of this plant. The aim of the research was to determine the antioxidant and LOX inhibitory activity effects of extracts obtained from the leaves, fruits, and stems. Another aim of the work was to carry out the quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides. The extracts were obtained with the use of ASE (accelerated solvent extraction). The total content of polyphenols was determined and was found to vary depending on the organ, with the highest amount of polyphenols found in the leaf extracts. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically in relation to the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, with results ranging from 63.9 mgTE/g for the leaves to 65.2 mgTE/g for the stem. Antioxidant activity was also assessed using the ABTS test. The lowest value was recorded for the barberry fruit (117.9 mg TE/g), and the highest level was found for the barberry leaves (140.5 mgTE/g). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity test (ORAC) showed the lowest value for the stem (167.7 mgTE/g) and the highest level for the leaves (267.8 mgTE/g). The range of the percentage inhibition of LOX was determined as well. The percentage inhibition of the enzyme was positively correlated with the sum of the flavonoids, TPC, TFC, and the content of selected flavonoids. Phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides were determined qualitatively and quantitatively in individual parts of Berberis vulgaris L. The content of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides was determined with the LC-MS/MS method. The following phenolic acids were quantitatively and qualitatively identified in individual parts of Berberis vulgaris L.: gallic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, and caffeic acid. The flavonoid glycosides determined were: eleutheroside E, Eriodictyol-7-glucopyranoside, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitin, luteoloside, narcissoside, naringenin-7-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, afzeline, and quercitrin. Flavonoid aglycones such as catechin, luteolin, quercetin, and eriodictyol were also determined qualitatively and quantitatively.


The integration of multicore processors into wireless mobile devices is creating new opportunities to enhance the speed and scalability of message routing in ad hoc networks. In this paper we study the impact of multicore technology on routing speed and node efficiency, and draw conclusions regarding the measures that should be taken to conserve energy and prolong the lifetime of a network. We formally define three metrics and use them for performance evaluation: time-to-destination (T2D), average routing speedup (ARS), and average-node-efficiency (ANE). The T2D metric is the time a message takes to travel to its destination in a loaded traffic network. ARS measures the average routing speed gained by a multicore-based network over a single-core based network, and ANE measures the average efficiency of a node, or the number of active cores. These benchmarks show that routing speedup in networks with multicore nodes increases linearly with the number of cores and significantly decrease traffic bottlenecks, while allowing more routings to be executed simultaneously. The average node efficiency, however, decreases linearly with the number of cores per node. Power-aware protocols and energy management techniques should therefore be developed to turn off the unused cores.


The two-component pressure approach (TPA) is an alternative to the Preissman slot method (PSM) for modeling highly transient sewer flow, including transitions between free-surface and pressurized conditions. TPA and PSM resolve intralink wave action by discretizing sewers with numerous elements and solving one-dimensional flow equations in contrast to link-node models, such as the popular storm water management model, which resolve only interlink wave action. Here, improvements of TPA are reported to support storm sewer network modeling. These include a source term discretization to preserve stationarity, a wetting and drying scheme, and a local time-stepping scheme to coordinate solution updates across many links and enable coupling to a two-dimensional overland flow model. A unique variant of the Harten, Lax and van Leer (HLL) Riemann solver is also introduced, and a boundary solver is developed to accommodate the wide range of possible flow regimes and transitions. The boundary solver is explicit to facilitate the extension of TPA to large networks and coupling with an overland flow model. Promising results are obtained in a varied set of test problems involving simple sewer networks.


DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mark that is critical for gene regulation in multicellular eukaryotes. Although various human cell types may have the same genome, these cells have different methylomes. The systematic identification and characterization of methylation marks across cell types are crucial to understand the complex regulatory network for cell fate determination. In this study, we proposed an entropy-based framework termed SMART to integrate the whole genome bisulfite sequencing methylomes across 42 human tissues/cells and identified 757 887 genome segments. Nearly 75% of the segments showed uniform methylation across all cell types. From the remaining 25% of the segments, we identified cell type-specific hypo/hypermethylation marks that were specifically hypo/hypermethylated in a minority of cell types using a statistical approach and presented an atlas of the human methylation marks. Further analysis revealed that the cell type-specific hypomethylation marks were enriched through H3K27ac and transcription factor binding sites in cell type-specific manner. In particular, we observed that the cell type-specific hypomethylation marks are associated with the cell type-specific super-enhancers that drive the expression of cell identity genes. This framework provides a complementary, functional annotation of the human genome and helps to elucidate the critical features and functions of cell type-specific hypomethylation.


Given a zero-mean Gaussian random field with a covariance function that belongs to a parametric family of covariance functions, we introduce a new notion of likelihood approximations, termed truncated-likelihood functions. Truncated-likelihood functions are based on direct functional approximations of the presumed family of covariance functions. For compactly supported covariance functions, within an increasing-domain asymptotic framework, we provide sufficient conditions under which consistency and asymptotic normality of estimators based on truncated-likelihood functions are preserved. We apply our result to the family of generalized Wendland covariance functions and discuss several examples of Wendland approximations. For families of covariance functions that are not compactly supported, we combine our results with the covariance tapering approach and show that ML estimators, based on truncated-tapered likelihood functions, asymptotically minimize the Kullback-Leibler divergence, when the taper range is fixed.


The effects of the removal and replacement of divalent cations on the ultrastructure of 10 to 12 nm fibrillin-1-containing microfibrils have been studied, in order to investigate the conformation of fibrillin-1 calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like (cbEGF-like) domains within the microfibril. The NMR structure of a covalently linked pair of cbEGF-like domains from fibrillin-1 recently identified a rigid rod-like conformation for the domain pair stabilised by interdomain calcium binding. This suggested that tandem arrays of fibrillin-1 cbEGF-like domains may adopt an extended conformation within a microfibril. If correct, then removal of bound calcium from fibrillin-1 would be expected to increase the flexibility of each cbEGF-like interdomain linkage, resulting in a decrease in the length of the interbead region of the microfibril (and thus a decrease in bead to bead periodicity), a concomitant increase in its diameter, and an overall increase in the flexibility of the microfibril. Our results show that removal of calcium by treatment with EGTA causes a large alteration of the microfibril structure, resulting in microfibrils with a reduced beaded periodicity, a disrupted interbead region and an increased overall flexibility. These effects are readily reversible by the re-addition of calcium (in the form of CaCl2), but not by the addition of magnesium (MgCl2). This is consistent with conformational changes in cbEGF-like domains causing the major structural effects on the microfibril. These results provide the first direct experimental evidence to support an extended rod-like conformation for multiple tandem repeats of fibrillin-1 cbEGF-like domains within the microfibril, as predicted by the NMR structure of an isolated fibrillin-1 cbEGF-like domain pair.


Purpose: Hip replacements are one of the most common operations for individuals with hip osteoarthritis. There have been numerous quantitative studies investigating the recovery from joint replacement surgery and these show how effective and satisfied patients are. However, little qualitative work has been conducted to explore patients' actual experiences. Therefore, this study aimed to detail the experiences of individuals undergoing a total hip replacement (THR) to determine whether their expectations were met. Method: The qualitative study was nested within a longitudinal study (n = 215) that was investigating biomedical and psychosocial outcomes from THR. We interviewed a purposive sample of individuals (n = 25) 6 months after THR to explore their experiences of having a THR. Findings: Participants were aged 48–82 years. They felt disabled following the THR and some had unrealistic expectations of recovery. Most of them received minimal information and health professional support. Participants had to overcome a number of challenges such as diminished confidence, frustration over slow progress and reduced physical functioning. Conclusion: Individuals undergoing THR need to have the opportunity to discuss their expectations of THR, so there is no "false optimism". Support requirements, following THR, need to be reviewed as they were often underestimated by patients and health professionals. Implications for Rehabilitation Total hip replacements (THR) due to osteoarthritis are one of the most common operations. Patients' expectations of a THR are high. Recovery following a THR is challenging for patients and health professionals need to be aware of their support requirements.


This essay offers an urgent intervention from the global South in contribution to this special issue on the Anthropocene. Drawing from Rob Nixon's work on slow violence, the author offers sobering reflections on the everyday realities of what she writes as the "Philippine Anthropocene": not only is this defined by spectacular freak weather conditions, but also shaped by normalized and state-sanctioned forms of abandonment and terror. Written in the present political context of intensifying state attacks on civil society in the country, the author recasts the light on anthropogenic forces of violence which endanger lives at the front lines of daily disasters, more lethal than the strongest storm in recorded history.


For many years already, the thermic modification of wood has been employed in the wood industry. Numerous new or improved properties such as low equilibrium moisture content and thus lower swelling or improved durability and exotic colour tints characterise this material. Nevertheless, it is certainly open to further improvements, above all with regard to reproducibility and quality guarantees. Regulations for this relatively new material, for which only little experience values exist until now, are to be expected.


THIS study presents four (possibly five) Koan Hellenistic silver issues, which form a tight group and must have been minted within a short period of time. In earlier literature they have not been connected, and were, for the most part, given widely different dates. In this paper I am primarily concerned with the dating of the four issues, but I am currently working on a larger text, including altogether twelve issues of Koan silver which end, run or begin in the period c.210 to c.180/70 BC. In that work the four issues discussed here will be analyzed in their historical context. The issues are the following: A) Rhodian hemidrachms, head of young Herakles/club, bow-in-case; B) 'Persic' weight drachms, head of Asklepios/coiled snake; C) 'Persic' weight hemidrachms, head of Asklepios/snake-staff; and D) reduced 'Persic' weight hemidrachms, head of Asklepios/coiled snake. Only a very few coins are known from each issue. To date the issues I have mainly relied on internal evidence. I have connected the silver, albeit indirectly, with a securely dated bronze issue, mainly through closely similar traits in the lettering of the coins and shared personal names. This places the silver issues in the period c.200 - early second century BC. The close relationship with some Kalymnian silver issues regarding weight standards, added to a shared style of lettering, narrows down the chronology for the Asklepios silver to around the time of the war against Philip V of Macedonia in 201 BC


The study draws on biographical and bibliographical data on laureates (who did their prize-winning research in the United States), and on detailed interviews with forty-one of the fifty-six laureates living in the United States at the time the study was done. Zuckerman finds laureates successively advantaged as time passes. These advantages are producing growing disparities between the elite and other scientists, both in performance and in rewards, which create and maintain a sharply graded stratification system.


We present an explicit combinatorial realization of the commutor in the category of crystals which was first studied by Henriques and Kamnitzer. Our realization is based on certain local moves defined by van Leeuwen.


: Along with the development of information and communication technology (ICT) has been influential for change on all fronts, including health sector especially in the process of medical record data storage which is called with the electronic medical record. Yet most hospitals in Indonesia at the moment still rely on the medical record using paper files including Siloam Hospitals in Bali and TB Simatupang where this hospital became the location of the study authors. So it could be said to get to the electronic medical record implementation is still far away. The existence of information and communication technologies in the medical record Department currently can be used to its full potential, it can be seen from the way of making the report, the provision of patient information, data management application which uses diagnosis worksheet by means of input data that is in the file to an excel document that is already in the prepare in advance. The impact of this is the duration of the provision of the information having to input and manipulate data that is already in the input it manually. Based on these problems, the authors tried to make a prototype module medical records by using a systems development method SCRUM is part of Agile Development where the focus point to the application's speed and user satisfaction. Scrum has its own characteristics that are looping at each milestone in its development other than that this methodology can adapt to any changes that occur. The results want to achieve from this research is the creation of a Prototype module Medical Record where functionally tested and complies with users needs and can support the performance of the Department of medical records in the hospital so that more effective in service to patients and also capable to passing the blackbox test which stressed to the standard dimensions of the quality of the Content web application, Function, Structure, Usability, Navigability, Performance, Compatibility, interoperability, and security.


The crystallochromy of the red and yellow solids of tetracenes was theoretically investigated using the transition-density-fragment interaction combined with transfer integral method [K. J. Fujimoto, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 034101 (2012)]. The calculated absorption and fluorescence energies were in good agreement with the experimental values for both solids. The spectral tuning mechanism was analyzed in terms of three contributions: side-chain conformational effect, electrostatic solid-state effect, and multimerization effect. This analysis provided an insight into the mechanism of the large spectral shift between the two solids. The multimerization effect was found to be primarily important for the large red-shift of the red solid. Further analysis also revealed the strong dependence of the excited state character on the molecular displacement. Such dependence was found to have a significant influence on the magnitudes of the absorption energy and oscillator strength. These results indicated that the present approach is useful for analyzing and understanding the mechanism of crystallochromy.


Introduction. It is common knowledge that bacteriophage is somewhat more resistant to heat and the usual antiseptics than the homologous bacteria on which the bacteriophage is produced. Also, just as bacteria may vary among themselves in resistance to heat and chemicals, different bacteriophages may be found to vary in the same way. Furthermore, the same strains, either of bacteria or bacteriophage, may show considerable variation in these properties in different subcultures during laboratory propagation. In a recent comprehensive study, using "raw" and "purified" bacteriophage, Kligler and Olitzki (1) found that the resistance of bacteriophage to antiseptics and heat depends to some extent on the associated proteins and other factors which may be present in different bacterial culture media. Adsorbed and eluted ("purified") bacteriophage was markedly more labile than bacteriophage as it exists just after production in broth culture media. This paper is referred to simply as an example of conditions sometimes ignored.


Purpose – This paper proposes enhancing libraries to act as knowledge management centers for small businesses, providing both knowledge management (KM) and competitive intelligence (CI) services. Design/methodology/approach – The requirements for a Library Knowledge Management Center (LKMC) are presented and briefly examined. KM, CI, ontologies, and the Semantic Web are all considered, and the steps needed to realize a LKMC are presented. Findings – An approach to developing a LKMC is provided, as is a rationale for the proposal. Future research issues for realization of this proposal are addressed. Research limitations/implications – This paper presents a conceptual overview of a project that is still in its early stages, and as such its practicality is difficult to evaluate. Practical implications – This proposal, if followed up with future research, will prove beneficial to both small business and to libraries. Small businesses are not always able to gather sufficient internal and external knowledge to assist in strategic planning and positioning, and thus are unable to compete with larger rivals whose resources allow them to develop sophisticated KM and CI systems. LKMCs hold promise to level the playing field. Libraries benefit because this reaffirms their relevance in a digital age in which so much information is freely available to patrons. Originality/value – This paper proposes a new service for libraries, one that will assist small businesses in competing more effectively with larger competitors.


Recent declines in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations are generally attributed to factors in their marine life-phase. However, it is postulated that factors affecting their freshwater life-phase might impact their marine survival, such as the influence of body size. While larger smolts are widely hypothesized to have higher marine survival rates, empirical support remains scant, in part due to inadequate data and ambiguous statistical analyses. Here, we test the influence of smolt body size on marine return rates, a proxy for marine survival, using a 12-year dataset of 3688 smolts tagged with passive integrated transponders in the River Frome, Southern England. State-space models describe the probability of smolts surviving their marine phase to return as 1 sea-winter (1SW) or multi-sea-winter adults as a function of their length, while accounting for imperfect detection and missing data. Models predicted that larger smolts had higher return rates; the most parsimonious model included the effect of length on 1SW return rate. This prediction is concerning, as freshwater juvenile salmon are decreasing in size on the River Frome, and elsewhere. Thus, to maximize adult returns, restoration efforts should focus on freshwater life-stages, and maximize both the number and the size of emigrating smolts.


Abstract To increase the intra-articular (IA) retention time of osteoarthritis drugs in the synovial cavity and slow down the burst release of microspheres (MPs), we prepared a novel drug delivery system named nanoparticles-in-microspheres (NiMs). The system was constructed by dispersing the brucine-loaded nanoparticle, which was prepared by an emulsification method in the MPs. The NiMs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectra and differential scanning calorimetry. After investigating the biocompatibility with synovium of NiMs in rats, the pharmacokinetics was studied and FX-imaging was used to visualize the transmission of nanoparticles after IA administration in rats. From the results, we know that the NiMs were spherical, there was no chemical bond between the drug and the polymer, and the drug was dispersed in the polymer in an amorphous form. Compared with MPs (41%), the burst release of NiMs could be slowed down to 9%. After that, the drug was released from NiMs by diffusion. The results of FX imaging in rats showed that the NiMs could stay in the articular cavity for over 11 d. The studies of pharmacokinetics revealed that the NiMs could slow down the burst release and improve retention in vivo. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using NiMs to slow down the burst release and increase the retention of therapeutic agents in articular joints.


Serous effusion is frequently encountered specimen type in (cyto)pathological assessment. However, this assessment is time-consuming and leads to variability among pathologists. The cell nuclei is seen as the corner stone for diagnostic purposes in automatic analysis of cytopathological images. In this paper, a stacked sparse autoencoder (SSAE) is proposed for nuclei detection in serous effusion cytology. SSAE is an unsupervised deep learning method which learns high-level features from just pixel intensities alone in order to identify distinguishing features of nuclei. High-level features, obtained via the autoencoder, are then subsequently fed to a softmax classifier which categorizes each patch as nuclei or non-nuclei. With a detection rate of 98.3% based on images of serous effusion cytology, proposed method shows good performance.


The proliferation of Social Media and Open Web data has provided researchers with a unique opportunity to better understand human behavior at different levels. In this paper, we show how data from Open Street Map and Twitter could be analyzed and used to portray detailed Human Emotions at a city wide level in two cities, San Francisco and London. Neural Network classifiers for fine-grained emotions were developed, tested and used to detect emotions from tweets in the two cites. The detected emotions were then matched to key locations extracted from Open Street Map. Through an analysis of the resulting data set, we highlight the effect different days, locations and POI neighborhoods have on the expression of human emotions in the cities.


Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is a widely used rocket propellant. Entering the environment or being stored in uncontrolled conditions, UDMH easily forms an enormous variety (at least many dozens) of transformation products. Environmental pollution by UDMH and its transformation products is a major problem in many countries and across the Arctic region. Unfortunately, previous works often use only electron ionization mass spectrometry with a library search, or they consider only the molecular formula to propose the structures of new products. This is quite an unreliable approach. It was demonstrated that a newly proposed artificial intelligence-based workflow allows for the proposal of structures of UDMH transformation products with a greater degree of certainty. The presented free and open-source software with a convenient graphical user interface facilitates the non-target analysis of industrial samples. It has bundled machine learning models for the prediction of retention indices and mass spectra. A critical analysis of whether a combination of several methods of chromatography and mass spectrometry allows us to elucidate the structure of an unknown UDMH transformation product was provided. It was demonstrated that the use of gas chromatographic retention indices for two stationary phases (polar and non-polar) allows for the rejection of false candidates in many cases when only one retention index is not enough. The structures of five previously unknown UDMH transformation products were proposed, and four previously proposed structures were refined.


We have studied the penetration of a labeled gastric carcinogen, N-(3H)methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (3H-MNNG), from the gastric lumen to proliferative cells in the gastric mucosa of Wistar rats. 3H-MNNG was dissolved in deionized water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and given intragastrically through a tube in the forestomach. Cells in the S-phase were labeled by incorporation of bromodeoxy-uridine. Penetration of the carcinogen was evaluated by light microscopy after immunohistochemistry and autoradiography. Cells in S-phase labeled with 3H-MNNG (double-labeled cells) are considered to represent the cell population at risk of MNNG-induced carcinogenesis. When deionized water was used as solvent for the carcinogen, the average percentage of double-labeled cells in the pylorus was 12.0, 22.4 and 32.5 respectively, after 10, 30 and 60 min of mucosal exposure to 3H-MNNG. The corresponding percentages for the fundus mucosa were 1.7, 3.1 and 3.4, which are significantly lower than the pylorus values. When DMSO was used as solvent for the carcinogen, the percentage of double-labeled cells was 0.3 and 1.1 in the pylorus and 0.1 and 1.3 in the fundus after 10 and 30 min exposure to 3H-MNNG. Dimethyl sulfoxide caused superficial mucosal damage to the gastric mucosa and increased secretion of fluid into the stomach. Our results strongly suggest that gastric cancer develops in the pylorus because the carcinogen penetrates more easily into pyloric than fundic mucosa. The results support the view that delayed gastric emptying is a risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis, and show that DMSO counteracts the penetration of MNNG into the mucosa.


Foreign matters in foods are important food safety issue of consumers, retailers, food manufacturers and food safety authorities in Korea. In order to provide information for development of risk management options and detection technology for foreign matters, multifactorial risk of foreign matters in foods was estimated based on various factors including detection rate, health adverse effect, economic and social aspects. For the each of five food items and foreign matters which were selected from previous study, factors including detection rates, health adverse effects, annual production amounts and willingness to additional pay to reduce foreign matters in foods were quantitatively estimated. The highest risk score was estimated for metal-noodle combination followed by insect-noodle and metal-beverage combinations. The multifactorial risk assessment on foreign matters in food could provide useful information to support risk managers and scientist in complex decision making when various factors should be concerned and different food-foreign matter combinations are compared.


R. Michael Fisher's Fearless Engagement of Four Arrows: The True Story of an Indigenous-Based Social Transformer recounts the life stories and praxis of Indigenous elder and scholar Four Arrows in order to elucidate how fear management can help us to achieve personal and planetary balance. To this end, the process of subliminal "normalized" fear induction is likened to mass hypnosis, and fear management is understood as a process of dehypnosis whereby we are able to use our entrancement by fear to access intuitive and primal knowledge, thus turning fear into a bridge to personal and planetary transformation. Four Arrows' systematic approach to fear management is framed in terms of a fear vaccine that he calls CAT-FAWN, which refers to making constructive use of fear-induced "concentration activated transformation" (CAT) by consciously orienting ourselves to the holistic interdependence of "fear, authority, words and nature" (FAWN).


Early experiments performed during 1980s and 1990s using carcinogen-induced rat intestinal tumor models demonstrated the inhibitory effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on intestinal tumorigenesis. Furthermore, epidemiological studies and clinical trials for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients supported the possibility that NSAIDs can be used as chemopreventive agents. The major target molecules of NSAIDs are cyclooxygenases (COX), which catalyze the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Two isoenzymes of COX have been identified; COX-1 and COX-2. Whereas COX-1 is expressed constitutively in most tissues and responsible for tissue homeostasis, COX-2 is inducible and plays an important role in inflammation and intestinal tumorigenesis. A genetic study using compound mutant mice of COX-2(-)/(-), and Apc(Delta716) which is a model for human familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), directly demonstrated that induction of COX-2 is critical for intestinal polyp formation. Numerous studies have also demonstrated that COX-2 selective inhibitors suppress intestinal polyp formation in Apc gene-mutant mice, and xenografted cancer cell growths. In addition, stimulation of angiogenesis is one of the major effects by COX-2 expression that is induced in the polyp stromal cells. On the other hand, another study indicated that COX-1 also plays an important role in the early stage of intestinal tumorigenesis. These data from animal model studies should be helpful in understanding the in vivo mechanism(s) of tumor suppression by NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors. Here, we review the animal studies that have been published as of August 2001, and reported to suppress intestinal tumor growths by NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors.


Liquid jetting and fragmentation are important in many industrial and medical applications. Here, we study the jetting from the surface of single liquid droplets undergoing internal volume oscillations. This is accomplished by an explosively expanding and collapsing vapour bubble within the droplet. We observe jets emerging from the droplet surface, which pinch off into finer secondary droplets. The jetting is excited by the spherical Rayleigh–Taylor instability where the radial acceleration is due to the oscillation of an internal bubble. We study this jetting and the effect of fluid viscosity experimentally and numerically. Experiments are carried out by levitating the droplet in an acoustic trap and generating a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the centre of the droplet. On the simulation side, the volume of fluid method (OpenFOAM) solves the compressible Navier–Stokes equations while accounting for surface tension and viscosity. Both two-dimensional (2-D) axisymmetric and 3-D simulations are performed and show good agreement with each other and the experimental observation. While the axisymmetric simulation reveals how the bubble dynamics results destabilizes the interface, only the 3-D simulation computes the geometrically correct slender jets. Overall, experiments and simulations show good agreement for the bubble dynamics, the onset of disturbances and the rapid ejection of filaments after bubble collapse. Additionally, an analytic model for the droplet surface perturbation growth is developed based on the spherical Rayleigh–Taylor instability analysis, which allows us to evaluate the surface stability over a large parameter space. The analytic model predicts correctly the onset of jetting as a function of Reynolds number and normalized internal bubble energy.


I am pleased to introduce Hospital & Medical Management (JHMM), Journal of Hospital & Medical Management is one of the best open access scientific journal in which the editorial office promises to peer review the submitted manuscripts to ensure quality. The journal aims to publish the most complete and reliable source of information on discoveries and current developments in the mode of a research, review, case study, short communication, perspective and commentary. Hospital Management or Healthcare management; Hospital Administration or Healthcare administration is the field relating to leadership, management, and administration of public health systems, health care systems, hospitals, and hospital networks. I am pleased to announce that, all issues of volume 5 were published online well within the time and the print issues were also brought out and dispatched within 30 days of publishing the issue online during the year of 2020.

The Journals aims to flourish and to maintain the standards in research and practice, provide platform and opportunity to present evidence based medicine and analytical assessment of research and probably it is much indeed for students, teachers and health care professionals to enhance the patient care.

During the calendar year of 2019, JHMM received a total of 30 manuscript, out of which 20 articles (70%) were rejected in the preliminary screening due to plagiarism or being out of the format and peer review process. During 2019 around 10 articles were subjected for publication after they are accepted in the peer review process. In the 3 issues of Volume 5 published during the year 2019, a total of 10 articles were published (at an average of 3 articles per issue) of which, articles were published from authors all around the world. Globally articles have been accessed by the research scientists and also cited.


Diets high in fat are associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, although the molecular mechanism is still unknown. We have previously reported that arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid common in the Western diet, stimulates proliferation of prostate cancer cells through production of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolite, 5-HETE (5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid). We now show that 5-HETE is also a potent survival factor for human prostate cancer cells. These cells constitutively produce 5-HETE in serum-free medium with no added stimulus. Exogenous arachidonate markedly increases the production of 5-HETE. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by MK886 completely blocks 5-HETE production and induces massive apoptosis in both hormone-responsive (LNCaP) and -nonresponsive (PC3) human prostate cancer cells. This cell death is very rapid: cells treated with MK886 showed mitochondrial permeability transition between 30 and 60 min, externalization of phosphatidylserine within 2 hr, and degradation of DNA to nucleosomal subunits beginning within 2-4 hr posttreatment. Cell death was effectively blocked by the thiol antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, but not by androgen, a powerful survival factor for prostate cancer cells. Apoptosis was specific for 5-lipoxygenase-programmed cell death was not observed with inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, or cytochrome P450 pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Exogenous 5-HETE protects these cells from apoptosis induced by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, confirming a critical role of 5-lipoxygenase activity in the survival of these cells. These findings provide a possible molecular mechanism by which dietary fat may influence the progression of prostate cancer.


Fetal wounds heal without inflammation and scar formation. This phenomenon may, in the future, be applicable to human cleft lip and palate repair. However, extensive experimental work must first be done to document the benefits of in utero repair. We developed a large animal model for creation and repair of a complete cleft lip and alveolus using fetal lambs. The cleft lip and alveolus deformity was created in eight 75-day-gestation fetuses (term = 145 days) and either repaired in three layers or left unrepaired. There were four sham-operated fetuses, and all animals were alive at harvest. Repaired, unrepaired, and control fetuses were harvested at 7, 14, 21, and 70 days following surgery. The unrepaired fetuses demonstrated a complete cleft lip and alveolus with an oronasal fistula. The maxilla was asymmetrical, with the greater segment deviated toward the cleft and with decreased anterior maxillary width. In contrast, repaired cleft lip and alveolus animals showed no scar, normal thickness of the lip, and a symmetrical maxilla. Histologic analysis of the repaired wounds showed evidence of tissue regeneration without scar formation. The results of this preliminary study indicate that the fetal lamb cleft lip and alveolus model is technically feasible with an excellent survival rate. Healing occurs without scar formation. In the repaired animals, the maxilla was symmetrical. This model will be used to document facial growth following in utero repair of a cleft lip and alveolus.


Heteroaromatic aldehydes have recently received a lot of attention as a scaffold for aminocatalytic functionalization as they allow for the construction of remote stereocenters and highly complex heterocyclic compounds. In this paper, we employ computational methods (M06-2X/cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-31 + G(d,p) and MP2/cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-31 + G(d,p)) to examine the abilities of secondary amines to activate several model heteroaromatic aldehydes by promoting loss of aromaticity and formation of the reactive trienamine intermediate. The hyperhomodesmotic equations used to assess the energy penalty for dearomatization show that the formation of the iminium ion decreases the energy cost for dearomatization, especially when X = O and S. Furthermore, we also investigated the role that the catalyst and heteroatom may have on the orbital coefficients of the various positions of the trienamine intermediary in order to better understand and/or predict the regioselectivity these systems may showcase. Synergistic effects between the catalyst and the heteroatom of the aromatic ring were observed to increase electron density at the most remote positions of several of the model systems studied.


Developments in the context of Open, Big, and Linked Data have led to an enormous growth of structured data on the Web. To keep up with the pace of efficient consumption and management of the data at this rate, many data Management solutions have been developed for specific tasks and applications. We present LITMUS, a framework for benchmarking data management solutions. LITMUS goes beyond classical storage benchmarking frameworks by allowing for analysing the performance of frameworks across query languages. In this position paper we present the conceptual architecture of LITMUS as well as the considerations that led to this architecture.


According to projected and modelled ambient air concentrations, large scale exceedances of PM10 limit values in Germany will continue despite implementation of current national and international legislation. Identification of the causes of these (current and projected) exceedances is crucial to develop successful mitigation options. Furthermore, it is necessary to examine in what way further national abatement measures are able to effectively ensure the PM10 limit values as well as the expected PM2.5 limit values in the near future. This paper presents a method that is suitable to determine the causes for exceedances of PM10 and to identify appropriate and cost efficient abatement measures to reduce the PM10 concentrations in Germany. The contribution from transboundary transported particle precursors as well as the influence of biogenic and natural emission sources are explicitly considered in this methodology. About 100 measures for all considered emission sources and pollutants will be assessed. Nearly 300 concentration scenarios will be calculated and evaluated. The progress of the work is being documented.


The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) and Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) on rats subjected to 5 h of stress, induced by water-floating followed by treadmill exercise. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity and c-Fos and Fos-related antigen 2 (Fra-2) mRNA expression levels in the hypothalamus of the rats were evaluated. Rats were distributed into four groups: S. chinensis (n=12), R. rosea (n=10), stress control (n=10) and quiet control (n=8). Following a training period of 6 consecutive days, the S. chinensis, R. rosea and stress control groups underwent a 3-h water-floating session in the presence of feline predators immediately followed by 2 h treadmill running to induce psychological and physical stress. Following compound stress induction, the serum levels of corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone and interleukin-1β and the mRNA expression levels of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), neuropeptide-Y, c-Fos and Fra-2 were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results indicated that S. chinensis and R. rosea markedly decreased the stress-induced elevation of CRH and peripheral CORT levels. The mRNA expression levels of c-Fos and Fra-2 in the hypothalamus were significantly increased after 5 h compound stress, and reduced levels of c-Fos expression were detected in rats treated with R. rosea. Thus, S. chinensis and R. rosea exert an anti-stress effect in rats subjected to stress by balancing the HPA axis, and possibly by reducing the expression of c-Fos in the hypothalamus.


Students of twentieth-century migration generally agree that in any analysis of human migration two essential questions must be answered: Who are the migrants? And why did they leave? The questions seem obvious, but as they relate to seventeenth-century emigration to the American colonies, they are difficult to answer with precision. The records cannot be expected to reveal much about the emigrants as persons because they were ordinary people. If they could write—and most could not—the seventeenth-century emigrants left few diaries or letters to aid those who would study their movements. In fact, it is a rather fortunate researcher who uncovers even the few basic facts of their lives in the parish registers of christenings, burials, and marriages. The task of identifying and reconstructing the thoughts and motives of such an anonymous body of people is therefore a formidable one. Those who have pursued the task, first in regard to the so-called "Puritan Hegira" of the 1630s to New England, have concerned themselves almost exclusively with the question of motivation, and have failed to consider who the emigrants were. Only in a recent study of East Anglian and Kentish emigration to Massachusetts Bay in 1637 has there been a systematic analysis of the ordinary settlers. Yet, no attempt has been made either to identify emigrants or to investigate motives behind several considerable movements to America from areas outside East Anglia and southeastern England, thereby to test the various emigration theses based exclusively on those models.


Introduction/Objective: Sleep apnea is one of the most common sleep-related breathing disorders that affects nearly a billion people across the world (Benjafield et al., 2019, The Lancet). Polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard test for apnea, is expensive and inconvenient. Thus, there is a strong impetus for alternate methods of diagnosis. We seek to validate the performance of a deep learning based apnea detection system using instantaneous heart rate (IHR) derived from single-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) (Z3Score®-HRV, Neurobit Technologies Pte Ltd) on the CINC open dataset (Goldberger et al., 2020). Methods: Single channel ECG was processed on the cloud using the Z3Score® System (https://www.z3score.com/). Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) estimation was based on total sleep-time derived from the IHR. Results: Estimated AHI from Z3score correlated very strongly (r=0.85) with true AHI from PSG (Figure 1A). Sensitivity, specificity and AUC of binary classification at various diagnostically relevant AHI thresholds are also presented in figure 1B. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the feasibility of apnea event detection using only IHR derived from ECG channel. This allows ECG-patch based devices (e.g. Z3Pulse,Neurobit Technologies Pte Ltd) to be used as a more convenient and affordable alternative for Sleep apnea screening.


Penman Monteith (FAO56-PMM), Modified Penman FAO-24 (MPM), Hargreaves-Samani (HSM), FAO-24 Pan Evaporation (FPEM), Blaney-Criddle (BCM) and FAO Radiation (FRM) methods were used for estimation of ETo for Rahuri region. The Penman Monteith method was considered as the standard of comparison for evaluating the other five methods. The ETo values estimated by PMM were correlated with ETo values estimated by other five methods. The good correlation was found between the ET o values estimated by MPM, HSM and FRM. The coefficient of determination was high for MPM (R 2=0.99), HSM (R2=0.97) and FRM (R2=0.93) and therefore found to be more suitable in the absence of adequate climate data for the use of PMM for this climatic region.


The current emphasis of biological research on schizophrenia has overlooked the importance of the environment in understanding fluctuations in symptoms of this devastating mental illness. One way of reconnecting the individual with his or her environment is by better understanding the subjective experience of the illness and what environmental factors lead to changes in the symptoms of schizophrenia. This study examines the nature of the subjective experience of schizophrenia during two symptom fluctuation episodes, what individuals perceived as the most important symptom fluctuations they experienced during those episodes, and what individuals perceived as causing the fluctuations in symptoms. During both episodes individuals reported primarily mood/affect and physical symptom changes and identified interpersonal interactions as the primary cause of the symptom changes. Mental health professionals should be more aware of and better assess the role of interpersonal interaction as it relates to changes and decompensation in people with schizophrenia.


Objective : The current wuiwan poses a challenge in understanding related disease because one term refers to many different parts. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review historical documents and define the areas of wuiwan revolving around the wuiwan-related disease.
Method : The Sikuquanshu database, Traditional Chinese Medical(TCM) books webdatabase were studied, and selections were made from the texts that discussed wuiwan.
Result & Conclusion : The term wuiwan is used to refer to stomach''s capacity. The word wuiwan is first discovered in Neijing. wuiwan-related disease as shown in Neijing does not move beyond the scope of stomach. The view of seeing wuiwan as part of esophagus is discovered in the text which explains dysphagia, and it is believed that this expression was used in the purpose of pointing the airway and the esphagus. Therefore, the reason wuiwan was viwed as esophagus has to be confined within the texts in documents that explain dysphagia or within the Four-Constitution Medicine. Generally, it is more reasonable to see wuiwan within the scope of stomach.


Purpose The aim was to underline changes in the motion perception for early glaucoma. Our hypothesis consisted in inquiring if the impairment of the magnocellular pathway may modify the motion perception.

Methods We included 14 healthy subjects and 14 patients with early primary open angle glaucoma. A moving target was presented on a semicircular screen; participants were asked to localize the Ending Point (EP) of each motion. A stimulus consisted in a white dot moving horizontally. Two different laws of motion were displayed: a "biological" motion, consisting in a bell-shaped velocity profile, and a "non-biological" motion corresponding to a constant velocity profile. EP may be displayed in the peri-central or peripheral visual field. The experiment was constituted by 192 trials. We calculated the PCE (Position Constant Error) which was defined as the average difference between the estimation of the EP indicated by the participant versus the true location of the target. The PVE (Position Variable Error) was defined as the standard deviation of the responses of each participant.

Results All the participants overestimated the EP (13.23±8.87 mm for healthy subjects and 17.06±13.07 mm for glaucoma patients, p=0.2518). The PVE was 28.14±6.86 mm for healthy subjects and 40.95±9.83 mm for glaucoma patients (p=0.0004). There was a significant difference in the PVE for both groups when stimulus moved accordingly to the "non-biological" velocity profile (p=0.0001). Glaucoma patients had substantial PVE increase when the target image had a "non-biological" speed profile (p=0.0388).

Conclusion The unexpected lack of difference between normal subjects and patients in localizing a moving stimulus suggested that the visual deficiency could be partly compensated by endogenous informations.


: In this paper, the need for all countries to tackle mental health problems is emphasized. The development of mental health services in the Eastern Mediterranean Region is discussed and national mental health programmes in the Region are described.


SARS-CoV-2 the new strain of SARS corona virus is an RNA virus that inflicts acute respiratory distress syndrome due to infection of the alveolar epithelial cells, its primary target. No effective drug is currently available to treat this viral infection. Therefore, we focused on identifying inhibitors of the main viral protease domain (Mpro) which plays important role in the virus life cycle. Two tired computer-aided drug discovery approach were adopted for screening of novel inhibitors against Mpro, the target protein. First, based on their ADME/T properties, phytochemicals as well as synthetic drugs six compounds were selected from the available database. In second screening by molecular docking based on binding affinity and molecular interactions of these compounds with Mpro led to the identification of the best phytochemical and synthetic compound against Mpro. The result of docking complex showed that, interacting residues for myricetin are continuous while, in case of fosamprenavir, these are non-contiguous. Both molecules interact with the residues in the active site occupying the site for the catalytic activity indicate possible competitive inhibitors of the Mpro.


Summary form only given. Selective attention is used to reduce the number of inputs and to recognize input scenes containing multiple objects and distorted objects at any translation or orientation. Invariance to translation and orientation is achieved by developing appropriate input representations. A recurrent object recognition network was implemented, and the network was tested with the TC problem. Using a proper input representation and encoding scheme, the networks are trained with objects in a standard position and orientation. The trained network recognizes objects at any translation and orientation and generalizes to distorted objects.<<ETX>>


Biologicals are established treatment options that require pharmacovigilance adapted to their specific nature, including the need for products to be identifiable up to the specific manufacturer in reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study explored the identifiability of 10 classes of similar and related biologicals up to the level of the manufacturer in ADR reports received from European clinical practice between 2011 and June 2016. Adequate identifiers were reported for 96.7% of the suspected biologicals, ranging from 89.5% for filgrastim to 99.8% for interferon beta‐1a. The product identifiability remained consistently high over time for classes of biologicals for which biosimilars were introduced during follow‐up. The overall batch traceability was, however, only ensured for 20.5% of the suspected biologicals and needs further improvement. This study shows that the European system for identification of ADRs to the level of the manufacturer is robust, allowing for the timely detection of potential product‐specific safety signals for biologicals.


The aim of this study was to investigate the structure–properties relationship of ternary blends of polylactide/polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB)/organo-modified layered silicate (OMLS). Morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical characterizations were performed to understand the influence of OMLS on PLA/PHB (70/30 wt%) formulations optimized through modifications with an epoxy-based chain extender, the use of a plasticizer, as well as the influence of the type of processing route: injection molding or fused filament fabrication. The addition of OMLS allowed the blend compatibility to be improved, with the appearance of a single melting peak on DSC thermograms at 146 °C, as well as the reduction in the size of the nodules for the injected molded specimens. Concerning the printed samples, AFM analysis revealed a coalescence of the PHB minor phase due to its degradation. This phenomenon was dramatically enhanced in the presence of OMLS and has been ascribed to the degradation of both the organo-modifier and the PHB minor phase in the blend. Rheological and mechanical tests (17% decrease in Young's modulus and 13% decrease in elongation at break) confirmed this degradation that would have occurred during the manufacturing of the filaments and the printing of specimens due to additional thermal and cooling steps.


Reduction of power consumption is one of an important issue in wireless communications because most mobile devices are battery-driven. There are many power saving techniques for use in a wireless LAN (WLAN) environment at the hardware level and at the MAC protocol level. Their common strategy for power saving is to stay in sleep mode, which consumes very little energy, for as long as possible when no data is being transmitted or received. For effective power saving, therefore, it is important to understand the behaviors of the transport layer protocols used by upper-layer applications, since packet transmission and reception timing are mainly determined by those behaviors. In this paper, we propose a power consumption model based on a treatment of detailed TCP behaviors within a WLAN environment. Our model considers both the TCP-level and MAC-level behaviors of a wireless client. Comparing the model with and without ideal sleeping, we analyze the power consumption of a single wireless client as it sends data to a wired host by TCP. From the numerical results of our analysis, we show the lower-bound for power consumption in upstream TCP data transfer with ideal sleeping. We also discuss the tradeoff between power saving and network performance in TCP data transfer.


Aim: In the aim of this study is to examine the effects of 12-week boxing training once a week on some physical parameters. Material and Methods:  In the study, 13 recreation students (age 19.04±8.15 years, weight 66.75±6.85kg, height 175.46±4.44cm) were participated . First of all, the height and weight measurements were taken, and then biceps diameter measurements were done to participants. After anthropometrics measurements, a standard 15-minute warm-up protocol was applied before the measurements followed by tests. Lastly standard 30 seconds push-up test, passive bar hang, right and left hands reaction time were applied to participants. Basic boxing training was given to the volunteers for a total of 2 hours per day in a week for 12 weeks. After the 12-week boxing training program, the second measurements were made under the same conditions again and recorded.  Results: The result of the study is that it was found that there was a significant change in some parameters of the individuals who did boxing training 1 day a week. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found in the right biceps' diameter of the group and the reaction time of the right hands of the group. Only a significant difference in the right arm was seen, it can be caused the majority of the group was right-handed.  Conclusion: 12-week boxing training period was increased the number of push-ups and passive bar hanging times. As a result, one-day boxing training in a week for 12 weeks can improve individuals' abilities.


In this interview the Japanese avant-garde filmmaker and scholar, Toshio Matsumoto, discusses his creative practice, as well as his ideas about the complexities of representing reality, memory, and time. He has numerous short experimental works to his credit, and four feature-length narrative films including Bara no soretsu (Funeral Parade of Roses, 1969), Shura (Demons, 1971), Juroku-sai no senso (The War of the Sixteen-Year-Olds, 1973), and Dogura magura (Dogra Magra, 1988). He has contributed significantly to the critical study of film in Japan as well, writing among things Eizo no hakken (Discovery of the Image, 1963/2005), Hyogen no sekai (World of Expression, 1967), and Genshi no bigaku (Aesthetics of Illusion, 1976). Despite these many accomplishments, Matsumoto has gone largely unrecognized in US scholarship.The conception and representation of reality, memory, and time are significant tropes in Matsumoto's films. Bara no soretsu, for instance, set in the gay district of Tokyo, freely shifts between various points in time, mixes narrative fiction and documentary, and allows for the intermingling of the actors' own personal memories and the memories of the characters that they are playing. Each actor effectively plays a character that is modeled after his or her own life. The film is loosely adapted from Alain Resnais's 1959 film Hiroshima mon amour and appropriates many of the elements in it, including, most significantly, haunting flashbacks from a repressed traumatic memory. It is also a recasting of the Oedipus narrative, which to one degree or another is also about memory. In all of Matsumoto's feature films, a character suffers from some form of delusion and/or trauma that materializes in a surging pulse — the spectral return of the repressed — and this manifests not only as plot elements but also in cinematic form (e.g., flashbacks, nonlinear narrative structures, overlapping editing).Although certainly not the first to reconceptualize narrative temporality, Bara no soretsu confounded film critics at the time; many assumed that Matsumoto didn't even know how to tell a story or how to edit a film. Audiences today, however, are quick to accept the playful interventions in narrative form. This interview introduces this filmmaker/scholar who, in many respects, was far ahead of his time, to the English-speaking world.


In the restoration work from disasters, the remote control of construction machine is required to ensure the worker's safety. However, conventional remote-controlled construction machine is larger than ordinary ones and limited in types and numbers, so there is a problem that the transportation to the destructed sites takes time and is troublesome. We have been developing the pneumatic humanoid type robot arm, which can be installed in any models of construction machine. In consideration of portability, the lightweight fiber knitted type pneumatic artificial rubber muscle (FARM) was adopted as the actuator. In this paper, we developed the static and dynamic characteristic models of the FARM taking the effect of elasticity of rubber and frictional force into consideration. Then we realized the remote control of the construction machine using the pneumatic robot that has 6 degree of freedom using the FARM. Moreover, we did some experiments on the remote control of the construction machine. Experimental results show that the developed system is available in remote control of a construction machine.


In this paper we show how combining fuzzy sets and reinforcement learning a winning agent can be created for the popular Pac-man game. Key elements are the classification of the state into a few fuzzy classes that makes the problem manageable. Pac-man policy is defined in terms of fuzzy actions that are defuzzified to produce the actual Pac-man move. A few heuristics allow making the Pac-man strategy very similar to the Human one. Ghosts agents, on their side, are endowed also with fuzzy behavior inspired by original design strategy. Performance of this Pac-man is shown to be superior to those of other AI-based Pac-man described in the literature.


Between 1974 and 1984, 25 patients with pancreatic trauma were seen at three Regina hospitals. Eighteen had blunt injuries and 7 penetrating injuries. The mean injury severity score was 37 and the mean age 24.5 years. Management was nonoperative in six patients. Of the 19 treated surgically, 14 underwent laparotomy and drainage, 2 laparotomy without drainage and 3 pancreatic resection. Complications related to pancreatic injury occurred in 11 patients. One patient died. The results of this series suggest that the majority of patients with pancreatic injuries can be treated by laparotomy and drainage with a low mortality, but the complication rate is high. In select patients, visualization of the pancreatic duct may allow the surgeon to perform definitive surgical management at the initial procedure.


This paper presents a hierarchical parallel execution model for Prolog programs, the execution model is based on Or-parallelism/And-parallelism as coarse-grain parallelism, and parallel unification as fine-grain parallelism. At the coarse-grain parallelism level we propose an extended And-Or tree. Consequently, the tree can exploit high degree of parallelism from Prolog programs. Exploiting parallelism of Prolog programs is based an the binding-arrays method for Or-parallelism and the restricted And-parallelism (RAP) method for And-parallelism. At the fine-grain parallelism level, parallel unification is performed. In general, the parallel unification consists of parallel argument matching and consistency checking. However, since the RAP method does not need consistency checking, consistency checking at the fine-grain parallelism level is also removed. The measurements of the parallelism degree of this model are also to be presented in this paper.<<ETX>>


In this article, I revisit a widely used measure of legislative professionalism that I developed over a decade ago (Squire 1992a). I argue that professionalism has different implications for legislators than for legislatures and that the concept is distinct from careerism. I then discuss the mechanics of compiling the measure, its reliability and validity, and potential criticism of the measure. Finally, I provide scores on the measure for 1979, 1986, 1996, and 2003, as well as scores for 1979 and 2003 for a revised measure that is theoretically appropriate for use in dynamic analyses.


Previous work concerning the structure of chrysotile is first reviewed, to provide a basis for discussion of the natures of two of the less common varieties of chrysotile andndash; Povlen-type chrysotile and para-chrysotile. The results of x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and electron-optical experiments on Povlen-type chrysotile are presented. On the basis of these observations a lath-like model for this material is rejected. In the course of discussion of the diffraction effects arising from Povlen-type chrysotile, the earlier theoretical treatment of the diffuse reflections of chrysotile is extended. In particular, the effects on the profiles of these reflections of a variety of distributions of fibril diameters within a fibre bundle have been investigated. The character of the reflections to be expected from chrysotile, based upon a high-order helical structure are described in the course of the evaluation of a possible helical model for Povlen-type chrysotile. This model is, however, rejected in favour of a polygonal model, which accounts satisfactorily for the observed diffraction effects. An explanation is offered for the "lumpiness" of the diffuse reflections apparent in some x-ray fibre photographs of chrysotile. After a review of the few previous observations of para-chrysotile the results of electron-optical and electron diffraction studies are presented. An attempt is made to interpret these results in terms of a possible structural model for para-chrysotile. As in the case of Povlen-type chrysotile a lath-like model is rejected. Computations of the profiles of some of the diffuse reflections of para-chrysotile (based upon a cylindrical structure), which have not previously been published, are reported. In the light of the results of these calculations, which were carried out both for fibres consisting of bundles of fibrils exhibiting various distributions of diameters (applicable to x-ray diffraction) and for the case of single fibrils of various diameters (applicable to electron diffraction), a cylindrical model is considered to be inadequate to explain the present diffraction results. It is suggested that a polygonal model, similar to that proposed for Povlen-type chrysotile, might be more appropriate. Computer programs have been written to carry out the computation of the reflection profiles discussed in these two chapters, and are given in an Appendix. In the succeeding chapters observations concerning several commonly occurring accessory minerals of serpentinites are reported. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction studies of fibrous brucite are described. The intergrowth of brucite with chrysotile, particularly with para-chrysotile, is discussed in the light of the present observations in the electron microscope. The nature of 'nemalite' is discussed and a model, based upon intergrowth with chrysotile, is proposed to account for the published accounts of this material. The structural and chemical characteristics of some of the hydroxycarbonate minerals are reviewed. The stability of brucite in the weathering environment and some chemical and crystallographic aspects of its alteration to various hydroxycarbonate-type minerals are considered. Observations on the textural development of magnetite in serpentinites are reported. Some chemical data are presented, together with the results of an x-ray investigation into the structural orientation of fibrous magnetite intergrown with other minerals in cross-cutting veins. Finally, an attempt is made to relate some of the observations reported in the present study to recent discussion of the processes involved in serpentinisation.


Image classification poses challenges to retrieval technology. Though the Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been successfully applied to pattern recognition, its performance is limited by the feature space and parameters in the training process. Our work thus has two central themes. Construct the optimum feature space for training SVM from image features extraction by nonlinear dimensionality reduction based on manifold learning, and meanwhile establish the RBF kernel based SVM classifier by training with the best parameters with a global search capacity of the Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO). Experiments show that our model not only improves the learning ability, but also significantly enhances the accuracy of image classification.


To see the effectiveness and optimization of the routing algorithm in MSS network with the minimum delay and to improve the performance of the QoS via satellite, a new routing algorithm using genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. The bit strings of the chromosome (individuals) structure in the genetic algorithm are determined as the number of links in networks and provide the availability of the link. The format of the bit string will be changed for every traffic intensity condition at each time interval. The individuals are evaluated and correspond to the link allocated at the update time, thus, the routing is guaranteed to be successful. The fitness function is defined to minimize the link requirement to obtain QoS performance. The interpolation between the best and the worst Pareto rank is then examined for each fitness value. For a simulation model, a system is designed for network topology that consists of satellite network and terrestrial network. The satellite network is assumed to be Iridium constellation with 66 satellites and the terrestrial network consist of 28 earth stations. The sending data is generated by transport agent and its supported by the higher application layer as a traffic generator. The performance evaluation of the genetic routing algorithm is proposed for throughput of the system. The results show that the throughput for the genetic routing algorithm is higher than the conventional algorithm.


Daniels and Skyrme (1985) derived the joint distribution of the maximum, and the time at which it is attained, of a Brownian path superimposed on a parabolic curve near its maximum. In the present paper the results are extended to include Gaussian processes which behave locally like Brownian motion, or a process transformable to it, near the maximum of the mean path. This enables a wider class of practical problems to be dealt with. The results are used to obtain the asymptotic distribution of breaking load and extension of a bundle of fibres which can admit random slack or plastic yield, as suggested by Phoenix and Taylor (1973). Simulations confirm the approximations reasonably well. The method requires consideration not only of a Brownian bridge but also of an analogous process with covariance function tl(1 + t2),


Stochastic environmental modelling, and structure response calculation are two major steps in determining fatigue damage for offshore wind turbines. However, there are challenges ahead of each step. First, site-specific or highquality met-ocean data that contain joint measurements of wind and wave are not always available. To generate joint met-ocean data, copula was used. Copula is a function that can capture autocorrelation and dependence of two random variables. The copula was calculated for a specific location in the North Sea for pairs of random met-ocean variables (wave height, wind speed) and (wave height, wave period). This joint function was transferred to another location where only marginals were known. New data were generated by combining these data sets. Second, even though integrated time-domain analysis of offshore wind turbines can capture the dynamic response of a structure, such simulations are time-consuming. Lumping is a way to reduce a full sea-state to some load cases by weighting environmental parameters by a certain criterion. A simple lumping method was applied to generate lumped sea-state representing pairs of random variables. This lumping method is applied on both real data and copula-generated data. In addition, the difference between fatigue damage caused by real data and copula generateddata were calculated using a formula based on the quasi-static response of a wind turbine. The results show using copula together with simple lumping method can provide a very good estimation of lumped wind and wave height, and fatigue damage. The average difference measured was less than 15%. The copula accuracy reduces in predicting lumped wave height and period, and fatigue damage due to less correlation of wave height and wave period.


Abstract The Laytonville Quarry exotic block contains a series of deep-ocean sediments of varying Fe: Mn, Fe:Al and Fe2+ : Fe3+ contents, but all enriched in Fe-Mn carbonates. These sediments have a complex metamorphic history that has involved the early development of aegirine and garnet, followed by various phases of 'secondary' mineral growth, all of which required the addition of water to the metamorphic assemblages under high-P, low-T conditions. During the course of an early hydration episode deerite formed within most of the ironstones, and zussmanite in certain Fe-rich, Mn-poor pelites. At a later, and apparently lower pressure period in the metamorphic history, howieite, riebeckite, stilpnomelane, and a more manganous variety of zussmanite (ZU2) have overtaken much of the earlier mineralogy. Subsequent to this, and contemporaneous with the development of the tremolite-talc exotic block rind assemblage, there is a minor development of minnesotaite and ekmanite. During the course of the metamorphism the ironstones have become enriched in K and Na, necessary to form the blueschist meta-ironstone mineralogy. Such rocks therefore have the potential to reveal details of fluid expulsion within the subduction zone.


Abstract Since its declaration of independence Kosovo has clearly postured itself towards Euro-Atlantic integration with NATO, keeping its door open towards Western Balkan states. This integration process faces major challenges stemming from different dimensions: NATO's internal unity and its stance towards Kosovo's political status having direct impact in consensual decision making processes; current geopolitical tensions from a global perspective, particularly between the West and Russia; and Kosovo's ability to fulfil NATO's standards and criteria. These challenges might prove very difficult to overcome at least in the current global political and security environment. The objective of this paper is to discuss from legal and geopolitical perspectives the relations between Kosovo and NATO and the challenges, dynamics and perspective of NATO opening a formal integration process for Kosovo.


In Quintana Roo, Mexico, an area once controlled by Maya descendants of the mid�19th-century Caste Wars of the Yucatan, the global tourist economy has led to radical changes. This study analyzes relations between local Mayas and Yucatec and Mexican immigrants in Tulum Pueblo, located south of Cancun and just outside a popular archeological site. Struggles between Mayas and immigrants have centered on cultural, marital and religious practices and physical control of the town's central church and plaza, eventually resulting in the establishment of dual, competing town centers. Questions of cultural politics and the control of space continue to be central to contemporary political movements around the world. This research shows that the fashioning, of cultural places and practices is inherently tied to materially based differences in power and inequality differences are minimized when few disparities in power exist, but conflicts over places and identities are maximized when power differentials increase


Abstract.
 The expression and inheritance of several qualitative traits was examined in four cultivated × wild hybrid populations involving each of two mungbean (Vigna radiata ssp. radiata) cultivars, cvv. Berken and Kiloga, and each of two Australian accessions of the wild subspecies (V. radiata ssp. sublobata). One of the wild accessions, ACC 1, was representative of a prostrate, fine-stemmed, gracile type and the other, ACC 87, was representative of a more robust perennial form endemic in north-eastern Australia. For each of the four cultivated × wild populations, trait expression was observed in plants from the parent, F1, F2, and the two F1–parental backcross generations, when grown under favourable conditions in large pots on benches in the field at CSIRO Davies Laboratory, Townsville, Australia. Models of inheritance were inferred based on the segregation patterns in the different generations of the cultivated v. wild phenotypes. For most traits, the model of inheritance depended more on the wild than the cultivated parent, with more traits in the crosses involving ACC 1 being digenic than in those involving ACC 87. For all the observed morphological and seed traits, the wild phenotype was dominant, consistent with the cultivated phenotype having arisen through mutations that inhibited expression of the wild type. In contrast, the apparent resistance of the wild parents to field strains of powdery mildew disease was recessive to the strong susceptibility of the two cultivars. The segregation patterns for presence or absence of tuberous roots were remarkably similar in the two crosses involving the perennial accession ACC 87, and were consistent with the formation of tuberous roots being conditioned by two complementary, dominant genes. The fact that an apparently complex trait like perenniality might be conditioned by so few genes suggested that perenniality may also be an ancestral wild trait, disruption of which has led to the now more common, annual form. Linkage analyses suggested that perenniality was associated with the wild-type seed traits, black speckled testa and pigmented hilum, which previous molecular studies have indicated are both located on mungbean linkage group 2.


When integrating the radiative transfer equation for polarized light, the necessity of high-order numerical methods is well known. In fact, well-performing high-order formal solvers enable higher accuracy and the use of coarser spatial grids. Aiming to provide a clear comparison between formal solvers, this work presents different high-order numerical schemes and applies the systematic analysis proposed by Janett et al., emphasizing their advantages and drawbacks in terms of order of accuracy, stability, and computational cost.


Natural environments have been shown to facilitate recovery of a psychological stressor over an urban environment. This investigation explored what impact the natural and urban audio has on a stress recovery. The aim of this study is to investigate if natural environments have stress recovery properties that can be used in the treatment of stress. 8 male participants were exposed to a cross over design of three conditions; a neutral environment, natural audio environment and an urban audio environment. During testing, two physiological measures were taken, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure (BP) along with a psychological measure of Rate of Perceived Stress (RPS) which a visual analogue scale from 1-10, 1 being not stressed at all and 10 being extremely stressed. The test involved three phases. The first being a resting phase that allowed for Heart rate and BP to level out to the individuals resting value, 10 minutes in duration. The second phase was a psychological stressor, the use of a bespoke cognitive math task was determined adequate after research, 2 minutes in duration. The third and final phase was a recovery phase, this was when participants were exposed to the three auditory environment conditions, 10 minutes in duration. BP and RPS were taken at 5 minutes into the resting period, BP was taken two questions into the math task whilst RPS was taken at the end of it, and BP and RPS were taken 5 minutes into the recovery phase. Heart rate was retrieved post testing using MATLAB® Kubios HRV 2.0 software. Data analysis of heart rate, Systolic BP, Diastolic BP and RPS were performed using IBM® SPSS Statistics 20, with a significance value of p = <.05, however,data falling short of .05 will be investigated further if under .07. Results indicated significant differences in the physiological measures of heart rate overtime (FLI7= 5.028, P=.060) within the neutral (R7=3.142, p=.016) and urban audio conditions (t7=3.767, p=.007), as well as within diastolic BP (Fli7=8.974, P=0.02) for the neutral (F7=3.284, P=0.13). Whilst the psychological measure of RPS exposed a significant difference within time (FLI7=33.923, P=.001) and the interaction (F2,14=7.255, p=.007) for neutral (F7=6.148, P=<0.0005) and natural conditions (f7=5.401, P=.001). In conclusion, exposure to natural audio recordings following a psychological stressor decreased heart rate significantly within an urban condition whereas diastolic BP decreased significantly within the neutral condition. No significant effects were indicated during post analysis for systolic BP, (F,.7= 3.839, P=.091) for time, within conditions (F2i14=.073, p=.930) and the interaction (F2i14=.001, p=.999). Results support findings that natural environments aid psychologically in stress recovery post stressor, whilst analysis indicated a physical decrease in participant's recovery was significant for the urban condition for heart rate. This means that research can be used for individuals who are suffering from stress disorders such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) along with the NHS who could incorporate natural audio recordings in waiting rooms and possibly post-operation wards.


Recent USDA surveys point out several shortcomings in children's diets. The share of calories from total and saturated fat averaged 4 and 3 percentage points above the recommendations. The sodium intake averaged 23 percent above the 2,400 milligrams recommended by some authorities. These dietary problems start early in childhood and continue into adulthood. Additionally, only a small fraction of female adolescents met the recommended intakes for calcium, fiber, and iron. Compared with home foods, away-from-home foods were higher in total and saturated fat and lower in cholesterol, fiber, calcium, iron, and sodium. With increasing popularity in dining out, efforts to improve children's diets may need strengthening.


This paper explores the possibility of using multispectral iris information to enhance the recognition performance of an iris biometric system. Commercial iris recognition systems typically sense the iridal reflection pertaining to the near-infrared (IR) range of the electromagnetic spectrum. This work examines the iris information represented in the visible and IR portion of the spectrum. It is hypothesized that, based on the color of the eye, different components of the iris are highlighted at multiple wavelengths. To this end, an acquisition procedure for obtaining co-registered multispectral iris images associated with the IR, Red, Green and Blue wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, is first discussed. The components of the iris that are revealed in multiple spectral channels/wavelengths based on the color of the eye are studied. An adaptive histogram equalization scheme is invoked to enhance the iris structure. The performance of iris recognition across multiple wavelengths is next evaluated. Experiments indicate the potential of using multispectral information to enhance the performance of iris recognition systems.


Incheon international airport has been successful, that is, the winner of Airport Service Quality (ASQ) evaluation performed by ACI(Airport Council International) for nine consecutive years. It goes without saying that such an outstanding performance was made not only by airport authority itself but by the collaboration among subcontractors at Incheon international airport. Since Incheon airport is showing more than 80% of outsourcing rate, it is important to mention and study the roles and functions of subcontractors who has made a major contribution to ASQ performance. According to empirical research in this paper, it was found out service attitude, communication skill and interdependence between airport authority and subcontractors were important factors affecting the ASQ score. It is also analyzed that those independent factors have an impact on ASQ performance through the intermediate factor of trust. As a result, service attitude and interdependence between airport authority and subcontractors have statistically a significant effect to the relational satisfaction and ASQ performance. It could be concluded that trust is significant factor determining the causal relationship among service attitude, communication skill, relational satisfaction and ASQ score.


This Safety Evaluation for Packaging (SEP) provides authorization for the use of Container Products Corporation (CPC) metal boxes, as described in this document, for the interarea shipment of radioactive contaminated equipment and debris for storage in the Central Waste Complex (CWC) or T Plant located in the 200 West Area. Authorization is granted until November 30, 1995. The CPC boxes included in this SEP were originally procured as US Department of Transportation (DOT) Specification 7A Type A boxes. A review of the documentation provided by the manufacturer revealed the documentation did not adequately demonstrate compliance to the 4 ft drop test requirement of 49 CFR 173.465(c). Preparation of a SEP is necessary to document the equivalent safety of the onsite shipment in lieu of meeting DOT packaging requirements until adequate documentation is received. The equivalent safety of the shipment is based on the fact that the radioactive contents consist of contaminated equipment and debris which are not dispersible. Each piece is wrapped in two layers of no less than 4 mil plastic prior to being placed in the box which has an additional 10 mil liner. Pointed objects and sharp edges are padded to prevent puncture of the plastic linermore » and wrapping.« less


In this report, we described a case of lentigo maligna, which had originally appeared on the sun-exposed area and then gradually extended into non-sun-exposed mucosal area. A 65-year-old woman had developed a pigmented skin lesion on the right ala of her nose. This lesion was gradually enlarged and extended into the mucosal part of her nasal cavity. The skin lesion, histologically diagnosed as a lentigo maligna, was excised and resulting skin defects were reconstructed by free skin grafts.This case was unique in the respect that the lentigo maligna extended into the non-sun exposed mucosal area.


This research developed a model for the creative industry of wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. It established factors influencing the success of wayang kulit shows. The study questioned whether (1) nature increases innovative behavior; (2) personality improves innovative behavior; (3) the ability to adopt innovative behavior increases business success; (4) age increases entrepreneurial success. A sample of 75 respondents from wayang kulit shows in three locations in Indonesia was used. The Partial Least Square (PLS) technique with WarpPLS 5.0 software was employed for data analysis. The results show that (a) individual traits influence innovative behavior; (b) an individual's personality has no impact on innovative behavior; (c) innovative behavior influences the success of the show; and (d) old age lowers the success rate. This study provides empirical evidence that characteristics and behavior are factors that drive the success of wayang kulit shows. Additional testing was conducted to determine the level of audience satisfaction with the shows. Questionnaire results were obtained from 63 respondents. Testing focused on information, identity, interaction and entertainment.


Employers that must provide medical benefits for employees in Russia and other Eastern European countries cannot try to match the coverage they provide in the United States. This article, which focuses on the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia, summarizes the medical benefits provided by each government's social security system, describes other means of accessing medical care in these countries and outlines the insured supplemental benefit plans that may be available to employers in the local market.


The aim of this study was to determine the contamination of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and microplastic (MP)-like particles in bivalves and estimate the exposure of the Thai population to these contaminants due to bivalve consumption. Clams, mussels and cockles were purchased from five wholesale seafood markets located on the upper Gulf of Thailand during the period 2017–2019. Determinations of Cd and Pb in the bivalves were conducted using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Visualization was conducted using a stereomicroscope to investigate the morphology and content of MP-like particles in the bivalve samples. The average Pb contents in clams, mussels and cockles were 112, 64 and 151 µg/kg wet wt., respectively. The average Cd contents were 126, 107 and 457 µg/kg wet wt. for clams, mussels and cockles, respectively. The average number of MP-like particles in bivalve samples varied from not detected to 1.2 items/g wet wt. and not detected to 4.3 items/individual. The exposure to Pb, Cd and MP-like particles due to bivalve consumption varied between 0.005 and 0.29 µg/kg bw/day, 0.017 and 28.9 µg/kg bw/month and 0.015 and 27.5 items/person/day, respectively. There was no potential health risk of exposure to Pb and Cd due to bivalve consumption in any age group. However, a high consumption of cockles with high Cd levels (the worst-case scenario) in children may be of concern.


Many machine tools have unwanted error motions, either due to their design or due to applied loads or thermal distortions. There are various standard methods to calibrate the machine and to compensate for some of these errors, and static measurement tests have been used for many years for machine tool acceptance. Static tests capture data at a number of target positions along the axis while dynamic tests can now capture thousands of data points while the machine is in motion. This paper reports on dynamic calibration tests performed on machine tools and reveals some previously undetected problems with machine tool accuracy which static tests were unable to detect. The machines that were tested included a large travelling gantry universal machining centre and a travelling column machining centre located in the north of England.


Type1 in-band relaying is supported by Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced). Based on the frame structure defined in 3GPP LTE, a down link radio frame is partitioned into access and backhaul sub-frames. In the access sub-frames, the direct link and access link transmissions can take place simultaneously with full frequency reuse. In the backhaul sub-frames, the DeNB (Donor evolved Node B) allocates orthogonal resources for different DeNB->;RN transmission as well as co-scheduled DeNB->;UE transmissions. Macro UE scheduled during the backhaul sub-frames will avoid the interference from RN in downlink, enjoying improved SINR. However, this will decrease the efficiency of radio resource reuse, and potentially reduce cell throughput. In this paper, the performance of relay enhanced networks with partial macro UEs scheduled during the backhaul sub-frames is investigated through system level simulation. A simplified resource allocation algorithm (SRA) which aims to maximize the throughput of worst UEs in relay enhanced networks is proposed to calculate the resource allocation among DeNB->;RN transmission, RN-UE transmissions, as well as DeNB->;UE transmissions in backhaul sub-frames and access sub-frames. Average cell throughput gain and 5%-tile user throughput gain of proposed resource allocation algorithm (SRA) is compared with an exhaustive search algorithm.


Performance of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) as a solid-state process is approved in several engineering applications, especially aluminum industries. Identification of mechanical behavior of the associated welded zone is necessary due to these extensive applications of FSW. In this study, considering the effect of rotational and forward speed of welding tool on the mechanical properties of welded region, a hybrid optimization method based on combination of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Response Surface Method (RSM) named here as GA-RSM is proposed to achieve maximum tensile and ultimate strength. The results of GA-RSM are validated by per-forming necessary experimental tests on two wide-used 2024 and 5050 aluminum alloys. The results show that GA-RSM could be an effective approach to achieve optimized process for FSW with minimum cost.


Complement component C4 is an important protein of the classical, or antibody-mediated pathway of complement activation. Human C4 is located within the central region of the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. Partial C4 deficiency has been associated with an increased susceptibility to immune complex disease. The strongest association with partial C4 deficiency is with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has been shown in most racial groups studied. Interestingly, Caucasian population studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of C4A null alleles in SLE patients, in particular in association with the haplotype HLA-A1, B8, BfS, C4AQ0, C4B1, DR3. To investigate whether the C4 gene on this haplotype had any structural irregularities which may explain disease association, we sequenced the entire C4B gene from this haplotype. The results revealed that the gene encoded on the disease-associated haplotype carried major structural differences (when compared to C4A3) at the exonic level only in the C4d region. A high degree of conservation in both the 5' and 3' untranslated regions imply that disease associations will not be due to differential C4 expression as a result of regulatory differences between C4 genes. It appears likely that protein clearance mechanisms may account for the altered levels of C4 seen between different isotypes.


Abstract
An increasingly crucial role is played by nonprofit organizations (NPOs) as actors of collaborative governance arrangements for both the prioritization and direct provision of public interest services. Ever since the seminal study by Salamon and Anheier (1996), the drivers behind the rise in dimension and relevance of the third sector have been analyzed from different standpoints. It is now relevant to also analyze nonprofits not only as substitutes or complements to "classical" economic sectors such as government, but also the private for-profit sector. The types of relationships between socio-economic actors can be recognized as preconditions for explaining structural developments in knowledge-based economies, with a transformative impact on production modes and specifically on innovation ecosystems. With specific reference to analyses suiting the knowledge society, it is particularly interesting to consider the roles of outcome-oriented organizations as key actors for social innovation.

A relevant explanatory framework, which has gained recognition in recent years, is the triple helix model (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 2000). This approach was originally employed in analyzing the existing dynamics between key actors (government, businesses, and universities) in fostering innovation and knowledge transfer. The model is rising to be a key reference also for social innovation processes.

In this chapter, we enquire to what extent the triple helix approach to social innovation is diffused in the Italian context, and whether this affects the financial sustainability, collaborative orientation, accountability and readiness for innovation of Italian NPOs. To pursue these research objectives, we employ recent data produced by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) – specifically, the Nationwide Census of Industry and Services carried out in 2011 and published in July 2013. We intersect this secondary data with a nationwide survey of Italian NPOs conducted in 2013, specifically designed in order to gain deeper understanding of the revenue structures, organizational characteristics and features of collaborative relationships of such organizations – that is, highly contingent aspects at the meso- and micro-level which the ISTAT census does not cover.

Our results highlight significant differences in the behavior and outcomes for those NPOs who adopt a systemic collaboration approach with other actors in the socio-economic system. Based on this exploratory evidence, we propose reflections and indications for future research in the discussion section.


We employ a neoclassical growth model to assess the impact of financial liberalization in a developing country on capital owners' and workers' consumption and welfare. We find for an average non-OECD country that capital owners suffer a 42% reduction in permanent consumption because capital inflows reduce their return to capital while workers gain 8% of permanent consumption because capital inflows increase wages. These huge gross impacts contrast with the small positive net effect found in a neoclassical representative agent model by Gourinchas and Jeanne (2006). Our findings provide an estimate of the amount of redistribution needed to overcome capitalists' opposition to capital inflows.


Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) proposed objectification theory as an integrative framework for understanding how women's socialization and experiences of sexual objectification are translated into mental health problems. This article reviews the past decade of research grounded in objectification theory and highlights needed directions for future scholarship in this area. Specifically, this article reviews research organized according to the following themes: (a) self-objectification and its proposed consequences, (b) sexual objectification experiences as a proposed precursor, and (c) disconnections from bodily functions. An overview of emerging objectification theory research with men is also provided. The review concludes with needed directions for future theoretical and research efforts aimed to advance the psychology of women.