Is there a place for monotherapy? Yes, there is a place for monotherapy. According to the Seventh report of the Joint National Committee in 2003 (1) and the European guidelines from 2007 (2) and 2009 (3), the first step in hypertension control is changing lifestyle before initiating medical treatment. According to the baseline blood pressure and the presence or absence of target organ damage and risk factors, it appears reasonable to initiate therapy either with a low dose of a single agent or with a low-dose combination of two agents. If low-dose monotherapy is chosen and blood pressure control is not achieved, the next step is to switch to a low dose of a different agent, or to increase the previous agent to full dose. Combination therapy may be used according to the circumstances (Figure 1) if target blood pressure values are not achieved: systolic blood pressure < 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg in adults and <130/80 in special populations (patients with diabetes, equivalent diseases or chronic renal diseases). Non-pharmacological measures may suffice to normalize blood pressure in patients with grade 1 (mild) hypertension. Grade 2 hypertension may


We have developed a new wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with a broad-ring brim at the exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. The brimmed-diffuser shroud plays the role of a device for collecting and accelerating the approaching wind. Emphasis is placed on positioning the brim at the exit of the diffuser shroud. Namely, the brim generates a very low-pressure region in the exit neighborhood of the diffuser by strong vortex formation and draws more mass flow to the wind turbine inside the diffuser shroud. To obtain a higher power output of the shrouded wind turbine, we have examined the optimal form for the brimmed diffuser, such as the diffuser open angle, brim height, hub ratio, centerbody length, inlet shroud shape and so on. As a result, a shrouded wind turbine equipped with a brimmed diffuser has been developed, and demonstrated power augmentation for a given turbine diameter and wind speed by a factor of about five compared to a standard (bare) wind turbine.


17 Socio-Ecological Systems (SESs) are the systems in which our everyday lives are embedded, so understanding them is important. The complex properties of such systems make modelling an indispensable tool for their description and analysis. Human actors play a pivotal role in SESs, but their interactions with each other and their environment are often underrepresented in SES modelling. We argue that more attention should be given to social aspects in models of SESs, but this entails additional kinds of complexity. Modelling choices need to be as transparent as possible, and to be based on analysis of the purposes and limitations of modelling. We recommend thinking in terms of modelling projects rather than single models. Such a project may involve multiple models adopting di↵erent modelling methods. We argue that agent-based models (ABMs) are an essential tool in an SES modelling project, but their expressivity, which is their major advantage, also produces problems with model transparency and validation. We propose the use of formal ontologies to make the structure and meaning of models as explicit as possible, facilitating model design, implementation, assessment, comparison and extension. Keywords— Socio-ecological system; Agent-based model; Complexity; Ontology 18


Polyurethane products were subjected to chamber testing to determine their emission rates of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The polyurethane (PU) products included carpet padding, furniture cushions, sheet foam, varnishes, and sealants, as well as a commercially-applied water sealant product for concrete that contained up to 4 percent TDI by weight. The PU products were screened in a 9-L glass chamber, under elevated temperature and chamber loading conditions, using both a time-integrated sampling and analysis method specific for TDI and a continuous but non-specific real-time monitor for isocyanates. None of the products normally found in residences showed a positive response in the screening tests, indicating that TDI emissions and consequently toxic effects from such products are negligible. However, the commercially-applied water sealant gave a positive response in the screening test. Further testing of that product at realistic temperatures showed initial TDI emission rates of about 300,000 micrograms/m2/hr, with emissions lasting only one hour or less. At 21 and 27 degrees C, about 1 percent and 5 percent, respectively, of the TDI content of the product was released to the air. The emitted TDI was predominantly the 2,6-isomer, although the TDI originally present in the product was predominantly the 2,4-isomer.


abstract:This essay aims to provide a conceptualization of monstrosity in the case of Anne Rice's vampire archetype, not as effaced or eroded by humanity but performed under the pressure of a so-called morality compass. Through the treatment of agency in contrast with a determinist compulsive thirst, we can understand the vampire as a social creature that needs humanity both as an antithetical point of reference for its otherness, and as a goal in order to achieve reaggregation in the mortal world. By relying on Judith Butler's model of agency presented in her theories of gender identity as performative, on Sigmund Freud's theories regarding the compulsion to repeat, and finally on Brooke Kroeger's concept of passing, I propose an analysis of Rice's vampires as creatures endowed with an agentic power that stems from the struggle of performing the compulsive monstrous acts in a way that would somehow appease their guilty consciousness. I will explore the various modes in which vampires present their agentic power, namely the alternative modes of feeding, the choice of humans to transform, or the vampires' struggle to pass for humans as acts that, although monstrous, bypass the vampires' moral compass.


The present research was carried out on the Sugar Agroindustrial Complex "Manuel Fajardo", Mayabeque Province. In this work was researched the technological process of sugar cane preparation having as objective to evaluate his efficiency and find the principals problems in this process. As results was obtained that the Preparation Index value (IP) was not superior to 72,8%, is below to the national and international standards, the Cane Potencial Yield mean (RPC) was 13,22, it is a positive value showing that the sugar production don't depend of the variety and quality of sugar cane, also is important consider the use, maintenance and reparation in the technology use to the sugar cane preparation and was determined that for strange material the total sugar losses was 743,61 t, showing an economical losses of $446 166.00 USD.


It holds the forest resources that 70% of the country that mountainous regions. However, it is difficult accessibility of the mountains in winter, so low utilization of tourism resources. In the case of upland metropolitan public transport services are also stopped by the weather. Currently there is a mountain railway propulsion system studies in the promotion of the wheel and rack and pinion railway in general is in progress. This paper is available to secure the safety of the vehicle traveling in the performance and specifications based on the slope 180 ‰, a minimum curve radius of 10m in the development of vehicle conditions, we propose embedded track panel track utilizing the existing road.


Abdus Salam was a true master of 20th Century Theoretical Physics. Not only was he a pioneer of the Standard Model (for which he shared the Nobel Prize with S. Glashow and S.Weinberg), but he also (co)authored many other outstanding contributions to the field of Fundamental Interactions and their unification. In particular, he was a major contributor to the development of supersymmetric theories, where he also coined the word "Supersymmetry" (replacing the earlier "Supergauges" drawn from String Theory). He also introduced the basic concept of "Superspace" and the notion of "Goldstone Fermion"(Goldstino). These concepts proved instrumental for the exploration of the ultraviolet properties and for the study of spontaneously broken phases of super Yang-Mills theories and Supergravity. They continue to play a key role in current developments in Early-Universe Cosmology. In this contribution we review models of inflation based on Supergravity with spontaneously broken local supersymmetry, with emphasis on the role of nilpotent superfields to describe a de Sitter phase of our Universe.


Purpose - The multicultural society is a society where a variety of ethnic groups and cultures co-exist. Regarding Korean multicultural society, the public interest in the multicultural society and its problems are on a growing trend due to the increasing number of the multicultural families by international marriage and the foreign immigrant workers. Research design, data, and methodology - Models of the multicultural society policies have been divided into those of assimilation and multiculturalism, while they have been materialized into the models of discriminative exclusivism, assimilation and multiculturalism. Most countries are aiming at the model of either the multiculturalism or the assimilation focused on national managerial situations. Results - In the case of Europe where the multicultural society had been formed earlier than Korea, Islamic immigrants have been politically accepted in order for Europe to overcome the problem of population decrease caused by its low birth-rate. Also, in the case of the United States. Conclusions - Korean multicultural society policies are characterized mostly by supporting the multicultural families of international marriage. In this study, it is intended to present the characteristics of diversified immigrants and the possible directions of the polices on immigrant youth in accordance with each country's managerial policy.


Purpose
This paper aims to develop a framework for switching a service supplier in a supply network.

Design/methodology/approach
The study builds on existing literature in the field of purchasing and supply management, public procurement (PP) and the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing approach, as well as on an illustrative example case, from the PP context, of a supplier switch in a service delivery process.

Findings
During a switching process, the buyer must simultaneously manage the ending of a relationship with the incumbent supplier and the beginning of a relationship with a new supplier. Collaboration with the focal suppliers to develop a service process with standardized components prevents disruptions in the service processes and reduces the impact of the switch on the wider network.

Research limitations/implications
The conceptualization suggested in this paper needs to be further explored in different empirical contexts to assess its practical adequacy.

Practical implications
Practitioners responsible for service procurement can use the findings to develop collaboration with suppliers, both when it comes to service process development and to the switching process. Furthermore, the authors highlight the importance of ending competencies and the development of an exit plan to conduct a "beautiful exit."

Originality/value
The paper integrates relationship initiation and ending studies, as well as procurement process models to develop a refined switching process framework. Many PPs rely on short-term relationships due to the legal obligation to frequently invite suppliers to tender, thus understanding the supplier switching process is important both for private and public sector actors.


Matthew Chrisman's new book, The Meaning of 'Ought': Beyond Descriptivism and Expressivism in Metaethics, presents a semantic treatment of the deontic modal operator Ought designed to address the problem of subject-sensitivity: why, for example, "I  ought to dance with you" might be true, while "You ought to dance with me" is false. Such sentence-pairs challenge the view that Ought is an operator on propositions—an assumption which is common ground amongst both classical and much contemporary work. Chrisman argues that rather than propositions, the operator Ought takes as its argument a non-propositional formal object called a practition. In this review, I discuss the inspiration and formal features of this treatment. While I argue that the distinction between practitions and propositions is not adequately characterized in Chrisman's compositional semantics, subject-sensitivity raises interesting questions about the metaethical assumptions at play in the formal semantics—including the worry that treating Ought as a propositional operator illicitly begs the question in favor of broadly consequentialist views.


Here Be Dragons: A Fantastic Bestiary. By Ariane and Christian Delacampagne. Translated by Ariane Delacampagne. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. 200 pp. 186 color plates. This lavishly illustrated, multicultural study of fantastic animals depicted in art spanning over five thousand years covers an ambitious territory. In their introduction, the authors identify three large themes: the symbolic or religious function of fantastic animals; their genesis and their formal transformations; and the ambiguous relationship between man and animal. Beginning with the depiction of animals in sacred art, the work moves to a study of the medieval bestiary and then to a historical overview of various creatures organized by type. From there it offers a discussion of the relationship between diffusion and independent genesis of types, citing certain cultural circumstances that tend to lead to the proliferation of fabulous animals, and concludes with a discussion of modern creations. It purports to be "the first book to explore this subject with such cross-cultural and chronological range" (book jacket), although emphasis leans heavily toward Western art, with solid attention to Middle Eastern traditions and some Asian. Pre-Columbian, Native American, and African art are briefly represented, but only brief, passing references are made to Pacific Island art. The first chapter ("Symbols, Dreams, Religions") discusses fantastic animals as "embodiments of the sacred, or ... intermediaries whose function is to help humanity communicate with the sacred" (18). The discussion, largely focused on ancient cultures and medieval Christianity, of the way these creatures function in "the endless conversation between religion and the sacred" (21), lays a solid foundation. The overview that follows then distinguishes between those animals that have an educational function and those that have a magical function, as repositories of "supernatural energy" (36). I would like to have seen these crucial distinctions developed in more depth in subsequent chapters, but in chapter 2 ("Inventing a Bestiary") the authors turn to a historical overview of the medieval bestiary as a way of illustrating "the Aristotelian postulate that all works of art result from some type of imitation" (45). The authors argue that medieval bestiaries of the Christian West result from the "imitation" of erroneous perceptions or misleading descriptions, going back as far as Ctesias of Cnidus (fourth century BC), although the main source for the Middle Ages was the Hellenistic compilation the Physiologus (second century AD). Throughout the Middle Ages, symbolic interpretations of fantastic creatures served as a "basis for Christian moralization while also providing believers with a lexicon that could help them find meaning in the slightest details of daily life" (60). The discussion of bestiaries and the section on medieval travelogues provide a useful introduction to these genres. The two following chapters ("Unicorns and Human Hybrids" and "Flying Quadrupeds and Dragons") turn to a sustained discussion of fantastic creatures by type. Although they do not provide an exhaustive list, the authors focus on five "structures": the unicorn, the animal-headed human (e.g., the Minotaur and Egyptian deities of pharaonic Egypt), the human-headed animal (e.g., the sphinx, the centaur, the siren), the flying quadruped (e.g., Pegasus and the griffin), and the dragon. The discussions are largely structured as chronological catalogs of the various creatures, with special attention given to diffusion. The territory is tantalizing, the limitations being twofold. First, one would like to see more application of the foundational discussion in chapter 1 of the role of the sacred and the way fantastic creatures negotiate between the natural and the supernatural. Second, the brief discussions would be considerably enriched by more specific discussions of the illustrations as a way to draw implications from the large framing ideas. …


A year-round study of nutrients in fresh water bodies indicates a large variations for the following nutrients: for N-NH/: 0 - 266,417 umol/1; N-NO,' : 0.452-250.533 umol/1; P043 :0.009-64.7 umol/1; SiO,4": 8.668-2336.6 umol/1. Large spatial variability and dependence on proximity of penguin rookeries, ornithogenic soils, and sea shore was found. The increase of nutrient concentration seemed to follow atmospheric precipitation, increases in air temperature, and melt down.


Public Law 92-210, the Economic Stabilization Act Amendments of 1971, requires that the Economic Report of the President include a section "describing the actions taken under this title during the preceding year and giving an assessment of the progress attained in achieving the purposes of this title." This chapter is intended to fulfill that requirement. There is, however, no intent to represent the description of the control regulations contained herein as legally binding interpretations.


SUMMARY The Ottotomo Forest Reserve in the Central Province of Cameroon is one of the protected areas in the country where several management strategies have been tested with varying degrees of success (e.g., the Tropical Shelterwood System (TSS) silvicultural technique was piloted in this forest more than 30 years ago). From 1994 with the enactment of the new forestry legislation in Cameroon, the management strategy shifted considerably, moving away from the classical 'fences and fines' to a collaborative approach whereby the aspirations of the local communities are taken into consideration. This paper attempts to provide an account of a collaborative management efforts facilitated by CIFOR in the reserve. Using a series of Participatory Action Research (PAR) tools, this paper identifies specific management problems, attempts to analyse those problems and establishes collaborative arrangements for future management inputs into the reserve. The paper ends with a series of lessons learned from this exercise.


In an industry focused on reducing attrition, lead generation represents a critical stage in drug discovery wherein a considered choice of lead series can significantly reduce the time and resources committed to unpromising chemical series. To aid identification and selection of series with a specific mechanism of action, within property space suitable for the intended mode of administration, many modalities are brought into play and are discussed in this chapter. Aspects covered include the approaches used to find chemical start points, as well as some of the blind alleys that the investigator should avoid, and the need to consider lead-like properties in context of a line-of-sight to the final drug candidate. By way of help, examples are given of both successful and unsuccessful lead generation.


"Lightly we passed on Earth" is the title of a novel by Sergio Atzeni, published in 1996, one year after his untimely death by drowning in the Tyrrhenian sea. The author is referring to the levity of water. «Lightly we passed on Earth"…. "like the water that flows, jumps from the hollow spring, winds between mosses and ferns up to the roots of almond and cork trees or rolls over the stones from mountains and hills toward the plain, from stream to river, slowing down on the way to the swamps and the sea, transmuted by the sun in steam, in clouds moved by the wind, and in blissful rain…"


Abstract: Recent events such as natural catastrophes or terrorism attacks have highlighted the necessity to ensure the structural integrity of buildings under exceptional events. For more than 10 years, the University of Liege is strongly involved in researches further investigating the response of structures to such exceptional events [1, 2]. The present paper gives a global overview on recent or on-going developments performed at the University of Liege in the field of robustness of steel building structures subjected to impact loading leading to the loss of a column. The conducted studies are founded on a combination of experimental, numerical and analytical approaches with the final aim to propose simplified procedures useful for practitioners and allowing ensuring an appropriate level of robustness to structures for the considered scenario.


Low survival and slow growth rate of multipurpose trees and shrubs as a result of poor quality tree seedlings hamper efforts by small-scale farmers in development of effective agroforestry systems. These may be attributed to the chemical and physical properties of the soil growing media used. With the current high and growing demand for quality agroforestry trees and shrubs, farmers are increasingly raising planting stock on their farms. However, insufficient technical knowledge has often hindered success. Such growing media contribute to physical and chemical conditions that may be inappropriate for quality seedling development. Slow growth and survival rate lead to extra costs in replacement planting as well as delayed benefits. This study assessed the effect of chemical and physical properties of-farm tree nursery growing medium on Tamarindus indica seedling quality and growth rate. Compost based growing medium gave higher seed germination percentage as compared to sand and farm medium. Compost based growing medium also gave higher seedlings survival rate and height growth than sand and farm soil. It also gave seedlings with higher sturdiness quotient. The physical and chemical properties of on-farm tree nursery growing media that had the greatest influence on T. indica seedling quality were the aeration pore volume, total pore volume, wet bulk density, total nitrogen, organic carbon, magnesium and calcium.


Males of the bushcricket Poecilimon veluchianus pass a large spermatophore to the female during mating. The spermatophore is eaten by the female after copulation. Because females mate with several males during their reproductive life, the competition between spermatozoa of different males affects a male's reproductive success. In order to determine the outcome of sperm competition, the paternity of the progeny of double–mated females was established by DNA fingerprinting with the oligonucleotide (GATA)4. Typical P. veluchianus DNA fingerprints consisted of 15 scoreable fragments per individual. The proportion of bands shared between presumably unrelated bushcrickets was 17%. After the second copulation the second mating male clearly predominated at fertilization. The mean proportion of eggs fertilized by the second male was 90.1%. There was no significant relationship between the level of sperm precedence and the time of ovipositions after the second mating. If female P. veluchianus increase the fitness of their offspring by the incorporation of spermatophore–derived substances in developing eggs, there is little chance for the feeding male to fertilize eggs containing his nutrients, because of the very short mating intervals of females and the observed high level of last–male sperm precedence in this species. Under such conditions the last mating male would fertilize many eggs containing nutrients from a prior male. Because nuptial gifts, like the tettigoniid spermatophore, function only as paternal investment if the donating male's progeny benefit from the gift, a paternal investment function of the P. veluchianus spermatophore seems to be unlikely.


Dusun Bundu and Tindal sub-ethnics practice the local beliefs and knowledge inherited from one to another generation to start a plantation, especially rice plantation. For the purpose of this research, nine informants were interviewed during the fieldwork at three villages in the district of Ranau, Tuaran and Kota Belud. This research focuses on the relevance of local beliefs and knowledge while farming and is analyzed based on qualitative interpretation. The findings of the analysis show that Dusun Bundu and Tindal believe that 'patod' (the ritual of opening a new land for agriculture), 'gawoi' (cleaning a small agricultural site), 'pobobor do boros' (to recite words), 'moginipi' (dreaming), 'manalud' (prayers for rice in booting stage), 'momuhau' (chasing the birds) and 'pasalakoibambarayon' ( inviting the rice spirit) during farming will be able to sustain the nature. In addition, the findings also revealed that this sub-ethnic are well versed in burning the fields without spreading the fire into the forest, a way to keep the soil fertile and avoid soil erosion as well as a landslide for conserving the nature. This research is essential to be brought forward and retained as it has a relevance to sustainable conservation and environmental management which focuses on local knowledge as a key to achieving conservation development in the 21st century.  In conclusion, the unification of local beliefs and knowledge of Dusun Bundu and Tindal are the alternative for nature conservation.


A direct rate assay for plasminogen activator has been developed using a synthetic fluorogenic peptide substrate, 7-(N-Cbz-glycylglycylargininamido)-4-methylcoumarin trifluoroacetate. The assay correlates well with the standard 125I-labeled fibrin plate assay using highly purified urokinase, culture fluids from WI-38, Chinese hamster vary or HeLa cells, or Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick fibroblasts as the source of plasminogen activator. The assay is sensitive, rapid, and linear throughout a wide range of enzyme concentrations. With this substrate it is possible to determine inhibitor profiles for the various plasminogen activators, independently of the interfering potential of plasmin. All of the enzymes tested are inhibited by leupeptin and antipain but not by the related aldehydes, elastatinal and chymostatin. The macromolecular inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and trasylol have little or no effect on the plasminogen activators tested. This substrate should be useful for the study of the effect of various agents on functional changes in cells secreting this enzyme and also should allow kinetic measurements of potential inhibitors.


Direct decomposition of nitrous oxide (N2O) was studied in a non-thermal plasma (NTP) dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor operated under ambient conditions. Influence of various parameters like discharge gap, input power, residence time, and N2O concentration were studied to achieve high conversions. The conversion decreased with increasing flow rate and N2O concentration. Typical results indicated that N2O decomposition may be efficient at high residence time and low concentrations. The degree of N2O decomposition varied between 30 and 100% with the power variation between 0.5 and 2.7 W. Interesting observation is that packing the discharge volume with dielectric materials (ceramic, glass, and Al2O3 beads) improved the conversion. Under the same experimental conditions, the effect of the dielectric materials followed the order: ceramic beads > glass beads > Al2O3 beads > no packing. It was concluded that packed bed plasma reactor may be an efficient way for the reduction of N2O emissions.


System-on-Chip (SOC) design is an integration of multi million transistors in a single chip for alleviating time to market and reducing the cost of the design. Design reuse — the use of pre-designed and pre-verified cores is now the cornerstone of SOC design. It uses reusable Intellectual property (IP) blocks that supports plug and play integration and in turn allows huge chips to be designed at an acceptable cost, and quality. Hence to increase the productivity with reduction in design time a standard interface bus protocol is required to perform the plug and play integration. Open core SOC design methodology utilizes WISHBONE bus interface to foster design reuse by alleviating system-on-chip integration problems. In this paper we present the various features of WISHBONE bus interface. Two types of systems have been designed which utilizes DMA master cores and memory slave cores using WISHBONE point-to-point and shared bus interconnection schemes and the final implementations have been done in XILINX FPGA platform. The functionality of the system is verified using Xilinx simulation results as well as board level ChipScope Pro results.


For the sustainable development of nuclear energy, the handling of used nuclear fuel is a key issue. Innovative fuel cycles are being developed for the transmutation of minor actinides and long-lived fission products. In view of these developments, accurate knowledge of the fuel inventory is necessary. The IGISOL facility with JYFLTRAP, at the accelerator laboratory of the University of Jyväskylä, will be used to measure independent fission yield distributions from neutron-induced fission on different actinides. In this paper, an analysis tool is developed, using the CERN-based ROOT Data Analysis Framework, with the objective of performing full data analysis within the same code. The analysis tool is currently being tested on the data from measurements with 25 MeV protons on a 232Th target, and some preliminary results are presented.


AIMS
We explore the mechanisms by which 'partnership-level' variables--the mix of characteristics of individuals who inject drugs together--affect the incidence of HIV risk behaviors, including receptive syringe sharing, and facilitate or impede the spread of HIV.

DESIGN
We apply multivariate analysis techniques to data on injection partnerships (pairs of individuals who inject drugs together) collected using a network sample of 401 African-American IDUs in Washington, DC.

FINDINGS
Drug injectors tended to select injection partners of the same gender and similar age, but risk behaviors were most common in partnerships between individuals who are dissimilar in both gender and age. Partners who had a sexual relationship, injected drugs frequently together, smoked crack-cocaine regularly, injected speedball (heroin mixed with cocaine) regularly and/or had close social ties were more likely to engage in risky injection practices than otherwise similar partners. These factors account largely for the association between the gender-age mix of the partnership and injection risk behavior.

CONCLUSIONS
Among African-American IDUs in Washington DC, partnership-level variables appear critical in the transmission of HIV.


Fifteen strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5 were characteriized for carbohydrate utilization, enzymic reactions, and other differential criteria. Hemolytic patterns were tested on ovine, bovine, equine, human and lapine blood agars. Results were compared with those of previously reported strains of L. monocytogens serotype 5.


In this short review paper we essentially focus on the high energy spectroscopies which involve second order quantum processes, i.e., resonance photoemission, Auger and X-ray emission spectroscopies, denoted respectively by RXPS, AES and XES. First, we summarize the main 3P-RXPS and AES results obtained in Cu and Ni metals; especially we recall that the satellite near the 3P-threshold in the spectra, which arises from a d-hole pair bound state, needs a careful treatment of the electron-electron correlation. Then we analyze the RXPS spectra in a few Ce compounds (Ce02, Ce20a and CeFa) involving 3d or 4d core levels and we interpret the spectra consistently with the other spectroscopies, such as core XPS and XAS which are first order quantum processes. Finally within the same one-impurity model and basically with the same sets of parameters, we review a theory for the Ce 5p-+ 3d XES, as well as for the corresponding RXES, where (1) the incident X-ray is tuned to resonate with the 3d -+4! transition and (2) the X-ray emission due to the 5p-+3d transition is actually observed. The paper ends with a general discussion.


In this paper it was examined the influence of margin regulation on stock market volatility in EU 1993 – 2014. Regulating margin requirements or haircuts for securities financing transactions has for a long time been considered as a potential tool to limit the build-up of leverage and dampen volatility in financial markets. The margin requirement dictates how much investors can borrow against these securities. Margin can be an important part of investment. Using daily and monthly stock returns and there is no convincing evidence that EU Regulation margin requirements have served to dampen stock market volatility. In this paper was detected the expected negative relation between margin requirements and the amount of margin credit outstanding. Also, it confirmed that changes in margin requirements by the EU regulation have tended to follow than lead changes in market volatility. For the analysis have been used the modified Levene statistics to test whether the standard deviation of stock returns in the 25, 50 and 100 days preceding margin changes is the same as that in the succeeding 25, 50 and 100 days. The analysis started in May 1993 when it was first empowered to set the initial margin requirement and the last sample was in May 2014. To test whether margin requirements influence stock market volatility over the long term, the sample of stock returns was divided into 14 periods, according to the 14 changes in margin requirements. Keywords—Levene statistic, Margin Regulation, Stock Market, Volatility.


This article investigates the technological knowledge pattern underlying the recent evolution in ocean energy technology (OET) trajectories, especially tidal and wave energy, ocean thermal energy, salinity gradient energy and offshore wind energy. Examination of the relational properties among the knowledge elements in the OET knowledge base, in particular, their substitutability and complementarity, allows a better understanding of the coherence of this knowledge base and the technological trajectories within the sector. We use patent data extracted from the Questel ORBIT database. The various technical options related to OETs are identified by Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) codes and enable the construction of a dataset of OET patents granted between 2000 and 2015. We analyze the main trends emerging from the patent statistics and we construct a network of citations among OET patents and apply to it a main path algorithm. This allows a mapping of all possible streams of cumulative growth of technological knowledge and identification of the most important ones. We show that the knowledge base of OETs is split into two main families and technology patterns depending on whether the harnessing of ocean power and its conversion to renewable low-carbon electricity derive from physical or chemical science. OET trajectories are somewhat compartmentalized with few connections amongst them; however, there are links between some pivotal tidal and wave energy and offshore wind energy patents which have become the foundations to an OET knowledge base. By focusing specifically on the physics-based family of OETs, we can investigate the structural aspects of this knowledge base and analyze the aggregate level of complementarity and substitutability of its knowledge constituent. Our analysis partly confirms the increased coherence of the OET knowledge base over time but also highlights its fluctuating nature which in some ways mirrors the intermittent nature of ocean energy funding, further slowing consensus over designs which is key to commercialization.


We present a probabilistic rotor life prediction framework that combines the forging flaw crack nucleation process and the subsequent crack growth to failure. Experimental fatigue tests of specimens including forging flaws show that the life cycle of a forging flaw can be described by a nucleation phase followed by a fatigue crack growth phase. These results demonstrate that the nucleation phase is a significant fraction of the whole life cycle to failure. However, as there is no engineering method available that describes reliably the nucleation phase, this portion is oftentimes neglected in engineering life prediction frameworks, therefore resulting in a conservative life quantification. In order to improve probabilistic life quantification methods, we introduce a rigorous scheme that convolutes the local crack nucleation probabilities and the local crack growth failure probabilities in order to provide a local failure probability. Integration over the whole component then yields the total probability of failure for the engineering part under a specific load spectrum. A specific direct simulation Monte Carlo numerical implementation is demonstrated. It is applied to fatigue crack nucleation from large gas turbine rotor disk forging flaws followed by crack growth to component failure. For different regions of the analyzed rotor components, the results show the probabilistic interplay of the different temperature and stress dependences of the applied empirical nucleation models and the fatigue crack growth models.
 The presented probabilistic approach is generic and not restricted to the discussed fatigue nucleation and subsequent crack growth process in large rotor forgings. The framework can be applied to a variety of sequential failure processes including static and fatigue loading phenomena, as well as a multiplicity of failure modes and sequences relevant for engineering components.


Abstract The present study described the relationship between growth and soil physico-chemical properties in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) and Pinus caribaea (Pinaceae), two important species in Nigerian forest recovery programs. The study sites were located in a 17-year-old plantation in a Northern Nigeria forest reserve. The soils at the study sites were nutrient poor compared with other plantations. Growth of E. camaldulensis was positively correlated with exchangeable K content in soils 0–20 cm deep, and negatively correlated with total N and exchangeable Na in soils 20–150 cm deep. Growth of P. caribaea was positively correlated with available P in soils 0–20 cm deep, and volumetric water content in soils 20–150 cm deep. Soils in the top layers were very hard and plinthite layers were well developed at shallow soil depths at most sites. E. camaldulensis exhibited a comparatively high survival rate, and its growth was comparable to that in other plantations. However, the survival rates of P. caribaea were low and its growth was lower than that in other plantations. The survival rate of E. camaldulensis was lower at sites where plinthite layers were found within 50.8 cm of the surface. These results indicated that E. camaldulensis is suitable for afforestation in Northern Nigeria. However, it is not recommended for sites where the plinthite layer occurs at shallow soil depths.


Global Researchers Advancing Catholic Education (G.R.A.C.E) is a unique Community of Practice (CoP). The CoP methodology was applied within G.R.A.C.E for its capacity to connect multi-disciplinary and international academics and practitioners within Catholic Education. This paper presents key insights gathered from the G.R.A.C.E steering committee regarding their perspectives on the journey of initiating this unique CoP. A small qualitative research project framed within a phenomenological interpretivist theoretical perspective was employed to ascertain the participants' hopes, experiences, impact as well as challenges and opportunities. A Qualtrics questionnaire was the selected data collection method. Findings suggest that the experience of G.R.A.C.E has been a positive one, affirming the CoP methodology adopted was effective in ensuring the hopes that members held for the CoP were actualised. Challenges and opportunities identified in the findings provide insight into the future direction of this truly global initiative.


The impact of human settlement on heavy metal concentrations was assessed in the surface waters of Lower Cross River, Nigeria. Samples were collected from January to August, 2011 from three stations: Station 2 (Itu in Akwa Ibom State with intense human activities), station 1 (its upstream at Cross River State without human settlement) and station 3 (the downstream).  The range of these heavy  metals  in the river  were 1.0027 – 4.1225 mg/l for Mg, 0.0001 – 2.3703 mg/l for Fe, 0.0001 – 0.4118 mg/l for Zn, 0.0855 – 3.5701 mg/l for Pb, 0.0011 – 1.2582 mg/l for Cd, 0.0249 – 2.4856 mg/l for Cr, and 0.0001 – 0.9117 mg/l for Ni. The rank profile of metals according to their mean values was Mg > Pb > Fe > Cr > Cd > Ni > Zn in the study stations. The statistical analysis using the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there was significant difference (P<0.01) in the concentrations of heavy metals at the study, except for Zn and Ni.  Tukey's pairwise comparism indicated that Station 1 was basically responsible for the observed significant differences in the study stations. Except for Zinc, all the other heavy metals exceeded the WHO and SON maximum permitted levels for drinking water indicating pollution. This could be attributed to anthropogenic inputs from upstream and run-off during wet season. The wet season concentrations were higher than those for dry season.


Introduction Cognitive difficulties have been reported to have the greatest effect on function and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis, affecting 50–60% of people. To date, few interventions have been developed to treat cognitive issues in multiple sclerosis. Here we report on a Cognitive Occupation-Based programme (COB-MS) for people with Multiple Sclerosis an evidence-based intervention to address everyday problems encountered due to cognitive difficulties. The aim of this research was to explore the views of people with multiple sclerosis and occupational therapists on the programme and its potential implementation in practice. Methods Data were elicited from a purposive sample of 12 people from two stakeholder groups, people with multiple sclerosis (n = 5) and occupational therapists (n = 7), through focus groups and interviews. The programme and related materials were presented, and contributions recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Results Two main themes were identified from analysis of the data: response to the intervention and challenges to implementing the programme. Occupational therapists agreed that the COB-MS is client-centred. People with multiple sclerosis thought that it was a validating intervention. The overall format was viewed to be useful and feasible. Conclusion The COB-MS for people with Multiple Sclerosis is the first known cognitive intervention using an occupation frame of reference to address difficulties faced among persons with multiple sclerosis and was found to be timely and relevant to the needs of the population.


The development of automotive technology to date is very fast. In the city, it is almost rare to find conventional cars. Most are already using modern technology. The hallmark of modern cars is that they are not fully mechanical. Already combined with several electric and pneumatic tools. Until now the development in the field of chassis is endless. Its initial development began with the discovery of ABS (Anti Lock Brake System) brakes. Basically, ABS is followed by supporting components such as EBD, ESP, and so on.All of this is actually inseparable from the main function of braking. Namely so that the car can run well,, deceleration and stop as desired appropriately. The parts of the brakes that are most influential are the brake shoes and discs and the compressed air from the brakes. Also the most influential accuracy is the distance of the brake shroud. Therefore, in this study the aims of 1. To find the effect of pressure and brake shroud distance. 2. What is the minimum air pressure and brake shroud for the brakes to work properly (grip). This research uses experimental design method. The data is processed with the Minitab program. Data processing shows that: 1. The braking speed is influenced by the amount of compressed air pressure. Partially the distance of the brake shroud does not affect the braking speed. But the interaction of pressure and shroud distance has an effect on braking speed. 2. Air pressure that can be used as a fast ABS braking process is 3.75 – 4.25 (bar) with a shroud distance of 5 (mm).


The paper deals with personal coaching as one of the modern and effective managerial techniques used in a sphere of human resources management. To achieve better harmony and sustainable consistence between the interests of employees, managers and owners, coaching facilitate to a better economic performance of a company. Personal coaching has a significant potential as a vehicle for effective improving management and learning procedures. This paper presents an introduction to personal coaching practice. It also demonstrates the learning value inherent within the coaching framework.


The article deals of the path of programs of federal government dedicated to administrative and fiscal modernization of Brazilian cities since the 30s. The focus in this text, however, is the programs implemented during Fernando Henrique's government (1995-2002) and Lula's government (2003-10) aimed at to increase the administrative and fiscal capacities in the cities. The central argument is about these programs having always been designed and implemented by federal bureaucracies proposing solutions for municipalities that represent the "modernizing" vision of the central government to management problems of local governments. These initiatives have duplicated efforts and don't help to envisage the municipal administrative failures, which limited its reach and generated few results since their return in the agenda of the federal government from 1997.


The digital images are corrupted by impulse noise due to errors generated in camera sensors, analog-to-digital conversion and communication channels. Therefore it is necessary to remove impulse noise in-order to provide further processing such as edge detection, segmentation, pattern recognition etc. Filtering a noisy image, while preserving the image details is one of the most important issues in image processing. In this paper, introduces an image fusion technique for impulse noise reduction, where the fused image will combine the uncorrupted pixels of the noisy images obtained from different sensors. The image captured by different sensors undergoes iterative filtering algorithm, search for the noise-free pixels within a small neighborhood. The noisy pixel is then replaced with the value estimated from the noise-free pixels. The process continues iteratively until all noisy-pixels of the noisy image are filtered. The filtered images are fused in to a single image using a fusion algorithm by the Bi-dimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition (BEMD). The experimental results show the proposed algorithm can perform significantly better in terms of noise suppression and detail preservation in images than a number of existing nonlinear techniques.


The aim of this review is to present aspects of the plant immunity, discussing forms of plant response against the pathogen attack. The efficient recognition of invading microorganisms and rapid induction of defense responses are essential for the development of plant disease resistance. The basal defense system of plants is activated by recognition system that identifies some specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), also called general elicitors such as flagellin and lipopolysaccharides. Animals and plants can recognize invariant PAMPs that are characteristic of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), located in the plasma membrane. In turn, pathogens produce effector molecules that suppress the defense response. However, the plants make use of proteins produced from genes of resistance, which bind to these effectors by regions rich in leucine. This intense activity of defense is known as gene-by-gene resistance. Thus, it is concluded that plants possess a number of highly specific surface receptors that monitor the bacterial communities according to their molecular patterns, controlling the process of infection by the pathogen.


Community woodland groups are growing, and there are now over 650 groups in England, Scotland and Wales. The rise is the result of both social pressure and changes in policy. Groups are keen to learn from each other's experiences, and policy stakeholders seek evidence of the effectiveness of past and current policy. While some experiences have been documented, many others have not, and evidence is available in a variety of forms that are difficult to compare. There is therefore a need for a consistent approach to describing the dimensions of a community woodland model that supports the documentation of case studies. This will provide the basis for a robust and comparable body of evidence, to enable comparisons between case studies, and between different points in time within a single case study. This rigorous approach to description will also help with evaluation and impact assessment of different approaches to community-delivered forestry. For some uses, such as national counts of community woodland groups, it will be important to carefully define a 'community woodland group'; for others it is more important to leave the definition open, so that the method can document case studies of interest to a wide range of users. With the publication of this method, we invite fellow researchers and practitioners to join us in producing a robust shared evidence base. Research Note


Lidar observations of the tropospheric aerosols were carried out at the island of Lampedusa (35.5°N, 12.6°E) in the Mediterranean during May-June 1999, within the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation II experiment. The measurements indicate that the troposphere is often loaded with large amounts of aerosol particles, producing relatively large values of the depolarization ratio. The aerosol content below and above 2 km shows a somewhat different behavior. In the upper region, large aerosol concentrations last for a few days; during these events aerosol is often detected up to 7 or 8 km. Large amounts were detected in mid-May and were very often observed in June. By using meteorological analyses and isentropic backward trajectories, the aerosol behavior above Lampedusa has been related to the large-scale transport patterns and to the source regions. Large aerosol loads are clearly due to dust transport from Africa, occurring through two main paths: from central Sahara, when a high-pressure system was centered over northern Libya, and following the northwestern African coast, often along the Atlas Mountains, when the anticyclone is over Algeria or Libya, at latitudes lower than 30°N. Large aerosol loads are observed even when the air mass trajectories marginally overpass Africa, often up to 5–6 km. According to the isentropic trajectories, large vertical motions occur when the air masses travel over Africa. Significant differences in the aerosol profiles are found, depending on the origin of the air masses, and on the strength of the vertical motion. All the air masses that have traveled over Africa show an enhanced aerosol concentration, indicating that in this period the conditions were always favorable to dust mobilization and vertical propagation. The identified transport patterns appear to mainly affect the southern Mediterranean; in rare cases, forward trajectories reached southern Italy, Greece, Turkey, and the eastern Mediterranean.


The "Risk Assessment of genetically engineered organisms in the EU and Switzerland" (RAGES) project (2016-2019) evaluated the risk assessment of genetically modified plants (GMPs) as performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and its Swiss counterpart. RAGES claims shortcomings in several areas of the European risk assessment of GMPs, in particular: (1) the risk posed by herbicide tolerant GMPs on animal and human health; (2) the risk assessment approach of GMPs producing insecticidal proteins; (3) the risk assessment of nutritionally altered GMPs; (4) the assessment of GMPs combining different traits; (5) the environmental risk assessment of GMPs that can persist and spontaneously propagate in the environment; and (6) genetically modified organisms (GMOs) produced using new genetic engineering technologies. Following a request of the European Commission, EFSA reviewed the main scientific arguments raised by RAGES, and assessed whether the reports published by RAGES contain elements that could lead the GMO Panel to reconsider the outcome of its previous scientific opinions on GMPs. EFSA confirms that its risk assessment approach and data requirements are adequate and sufficient for the risk assessment of current GMPs, and that they are consistent with the applicable EU legislation and internationally agreed standards. Moreover, EFSA has gained more than 20 years of experience in the risk assessment of GMPs, and conducts a continued scientific review of all relevant evidence by following the scientific and technical developments in the GMO area. Overall, EFSA concludes that the final RAGES reports do not contain elements that would lead the GMO Panel to reconsider the outcome of its previous scientific opinions on GMPs. Therefore, EFSA considers that the previous GMO Panel risk assessment conclusions remain valid.


Abstract Objective To evaluate brexpiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant therapies (ADTs) as maintenance treatment in patients with major depressive disorder with inadequate response to ADT, utilising a novel study design. Methods The study comprised an 8-week prospective treatment period with open-label ADT with double-blind placebo treatment and a 24-week randomised treatment period. Investigators and patients were blinded to treatment periods, randomisation criteria, and timing of randomisation. Patients with early response to open-label ADT were withdrawn at Week 6. Patients fulfilling criteria for inadequate response were randomised to ADT+brexpiprazole 1–3 mg/day, or ADT+placebo. The primary endpoint was full remission: Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score ≤10 and ≥50% decrease from randomisation (i.e. baseline) in MADRS total score for at least 8 consecutive weeks. Results The primary efficacy analysis failed to show a statistically significant difference between the proportions of patients on ADT+brexpiprazole (21.4%) and ADT+placebo (24.9%) achieving full remission; odds ratio: 0.83; p=0.2641. The secondary endpoint of change from baseline to Week 6 in MADRS total score showed no difference between ADT+brexpiprazole and ADT+placebo (−0.4; p=0.3259). The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) in patients receiving ADT+brexpiprazole was weight increased (9.5% vs. 5.0% in ADT+placebo). The incidence of TEAEs leading to withdrawal in the randomised treatment period was 6.3% in the ADT+brexpiprazole group and 3.4% in the ADT+placebo group. Conclusion Adjunctive brexpiprazole did not differentiate from ADT+placebo on the primary endpoint of full remission. A number of design elements in this previously untried study design may have contributed to the study result. Brexpiprazole was well tolerated.


Disclosed is a technique which is applicable to a resin substrate typically used as a substrate and can improve the adherability between the substrate and a metal-plated layer, that is, a resin substrate for general use which has an improved adherability against a metal-plated layer. A resin substrate comprising, for example, an epoxy resin, prepared by treating its surface which has swellabilitywith a solution containing imidazolesilane and a compound of a noble metal (e.g., palladium) which has a catalytic effect on electroless plating. A substrate for an electronic component, comprising the resin substrate having electroless plating applied thereon.


Markov chain based analysis of GSPNs suffers from the state space explosion problem. In this paper we combine ideas from two different other approaches to analyze systems with very large state spaces. First, we represent the generator matrix as a sum of Kronecker products of small component matrices. Second, we use an extension of probabilistic decision graphs to represent probability vectors. The combination of these two concepts is the base for an iterative solution technique with the potential to handle extremely large Markov chains resulting from Superposed GSPNs or related model types.


Studies of the Dutch-Iranian diaspora are rare, but all indicate features that set it apart from other migrant communities in the Netherlands. It appears from these surveys that Dutch-Iranians have low levels of communal organization and sparsely knit networks. This article maintains that the pattern also holds for online Dutch-Iranian community structures, and builds its case on an examination of hyperlinks between websites of Iranians in the Netherlands. Second, the article examines sectors and their mutual relations in online Dutch-Iranian networks. It is argued, against what may be deduced from established theory and observations of Iranian diasporas, that networks organized around cultural content are the most inclusive and central and those which centre upon politics, the most exclusive and isolated. Linking patterns as well as website content serve to lay bare this structure of hyperlinked Dutch-Iranian cyberspace.


A marine, magnetotactic bacterium, designated strain MMS-1(T), was isolated from mud and water from a salt marsh in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, after enrichment in defined oxygen-concentration/redox-gradient medium. Strain MMS-1(T) is an obligate microaerophile capable of chemoorganoheterotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic growth. Optimal growth occurred at pH 7.0 and 24-26 °C. Chemolithoautotrophic growth occurred with thiosulfate as the electron donor and autotrophic carbon fixation was via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. The G+C content of the DNA of strain MMS-1(T) was 47.2 mol%. Cells were Gram-negative and morphologically variable, with shapes that ranged from that of a lima bean to fully helical. Cells were motile by means of a single flagellum at each end of the cell (amphitrichous). Regardless of whether grown in liquid or semi-solid cultures, strain MMS-1(T) displayed only polar magnetotaxis and possessed a single chain of magnetosomes containing elongated octahedral crystals of magnetite, positioned along the long axis of the cell. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MMS-1(T) belongs to the family Rhodospirillaceae within the Alphaproteobacteria, and is distantly related to species of the genus Magnetospirillum. Strain MMS-1(T) is therefore considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Magnetospira thiophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Magnetospira thiophila is MMS-1(T) ( = ATCC BAA-1438(T) = JCM 17960(T)).


Given graphs with millions or billions of vertices and edges, how can we efficiently make inferences based on partial knowledge? Loopy Belief Propagation(LBP) is a graph inference algorithm widely used in various applications including social network analysis, malware detection, recommendation, and image restoration. The algorithm calculates approximate marginal probabilities of vertices in a graph within a linear running time proportional to the number of edges. However, when it comes to real-world graphs with millions or billions of vertices and edges, this cost overwhelms the computing power of a single machine. Moreover, this kind of large-scale graphs does not fit into the memory of a single machine. Although several distributed LBP methods have been proposed, previous works do not consider the properties of real-world graphs, especially the effect of power-law degree distribution on LBP. Therefore, our work focuses on developing a fast and scalable LBP for such large real-world graphs on distributed environment. In this paper, we propose DLBP, a Distributed Loopy Belief Propagation algorithm which efficiently computes LBP in a distributed manner across multiple machines. By setting the correct convergence criterion and carefully scheduling the computations, DLBP provides up to 10.7x speed up compared to standard distributed LBP. We show that DLBP demonstrates near-linear scalability with respect to the number of machines as well as the number of edges.


One of the greatest challenges for student teachers and then
for novice teachers is the classroom management. The teacher's
ability to perceive the current state of the class climate and
the specific setting of individual students is an essential
requirement to complete didactic aims in order to be able to
teach in the class. Our research was focused on student
teachers from Faculty of Education, who have gained one of
their first school reality experience in their teaching
practice. At the same time, this experience was thematised by
the concept of power in a school class. Power can be defined as
a potential to affect attitudes and acts of others (McCroskey,
2006) and as such it presents a core area of the teaching
process to a considerable extent. To deal with this complex
phenomenon, a design of mixed methods research was applied. The
main research question was: How does a process of power
negotiation take place between student teachers and their
students in classes in Czech lower secondary schools during
their longterm teaching practice? The qualitative part was
based on videostudies of eight student teachers' teaching in
the course of one semester (48 lessons were videotaped), on
semistructured interviews with these student teachers, and on
reflective diaries that were written by these student teachers
during their teaching practice. Quantitative data bring results
of the Power Bases: Version for Student Teachers (Vlckova,
Mares, & Ježek, 2015) questionnaire into our study. The
questionnaire is an adaptation of one of the latest and most
used instruments measuring perceived power of university
teacher – Teacher Power Use Scale (Schrodt, Witt, & Turman,
2007) which is based on the most influential typology of power
as a relational phenomenon by French and Raven (1959). This
typology distinguishes teacher's power in relation to a (by
students perceived) principle on which it is based on, i.e.
coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert power.


A power distribution system reconfiguration methodology considering the reliability and the power loss is developed in this paper. Probabilistic reliability models are used in order to evaluate the reliability at the load points. An algorithm for finding the minimal cut sets is utilized to find the minimal set of components appearing between the feeder and any particular load point. The optimal status of the switches in order to maximize the reliability and minimize the real power loss is found by a binary particle swarm optimization-based search algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on a 33-bus and a 123-bus radial distribution system.


Commonly, road bumps are used to reduce vehicle speeds thus improving safety for pedestrians. Recently, there is an increased interest to exploit road bumps in developing energy harvesting. This paper compares the vehicle suspension dynamics when pass over conventional and energy harvesting speed bumps with different speeds. Numerical simulations are based on various types of vehicles including passenger cars, buses, and trucks. Results show that at lower speeds, vehicles give better performance in case of energy harvesting speed bumps than conventional bumps and this performance is more improved for heavy duty vehicles. Additionally, the sensitivities of suspension performance and harvestable power to the speed bump energy harvester, [SBEH], parameters are investigated and addressed. This parameter sensitivity study demonstrates that SBEH mass, SBEH equivalent damping, and the maximum allowable displacement of the bump have significant effect on the suspension performance and the harvestable power. So we use also Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on multi-objective optimization techniques to search the optimal values of these significant parameters of the SBEH considering the trade-off between ride comfort, road handling, and harvested energy.


We summarize recent nonperturbative results obtained for the thermodynamics of an SU(2) and an SU(3) Yang-Mills theory being in its deconfining (electric) phase. Emphasis is put on an explanation of the concepts involved. The presentation of technical details is avoided.


AbstractActivated carbon adsorption and biological degradation are two important methods used in the treatment of industrial wastewater among others. The objective of this study is to investigate the biodegradation of anionic dye orange II and cationic dye methylene blue by anaerobic microbes immobilized on spent granular activated carbon through attachment and under packed column operation. The maximum biodegradation rate of orange II and methylene blue was 0.38 g/h and 0.56 g/h, respectively, with initial dye concentration of 1150 mg/l. Results revealed that the difference in the biodegradation rate of methylene blue and orange II was influenced by the molecular structure of the dye. Adsorption study showed that methylene blue was adsorbed more readily by biofilm than orange II and subsequently contributed to higher removal rate of methylene blue than orange II in GAC-biofilm packed column operation.


Patients suffering from headache complain of the appearance of cognitive symptoms, although there is not much research in this regard, so the objective of the study was to analyze the deterioration in executive functions in patients with different types of headaches. The executive functions are processes related to the planning of the behaviour oriented to the achievement of a goal. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 48 participants; 18 with vascular headache, 14 with tension headache, 16 with migraine. Significant differences have been found in the capacity for abstraction, which has discriminated between patients with vascular headache and tension headache, as well as between these and patients with migraine. Similarly, overall cognitive performance is different in patients with migraine compared with patients with vascular headache and tension headache. The type of headache and global cognitive impairment moderately affect the variability of abstraction capacity. Finally, the existence of a directly proportional relation of positive nature that indicates a dependent between the variables has been evidenced. It can be concluded that global cognitive deterioration affects the performance of abstraction capacity.


Background and Purpose— Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor &ggr; coactivator 1&agr; (PGC-1&agr;, PPARGC1A) integrates the transcriptional program of mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondria are the main source of cellular reactive oxygen species implicated in atherogenesis. We therefore ascertained associations of PPARGC1A polymorphisms with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Methods— Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging two haplotype blocks within PPARGC1A were studied in 1379 participants of the Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk. Early atherosclerosis was assessed by intima-media thickness and extent of plaques (B-score) of the carotid arteries. Results— No associations of carotid artery intima-media thickness measurements with block 1 or 2 haplotype distributions or individual haplotypes were observed. However, the block 1 haplotype carrying the variant C nucleotide at −3974 relative to the transcription start site was associated with disease status defined by the presence of more than one minimal lesion and the −3974 C allele was associated with decreased risk (odds ratio=0.60, P=0.007) after adjustment for linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusions— These result are consistent with the concept that risk factors for distinct carotid phenotypes may vary and suggest, but do not prove, that PGC-1&agr; may contribute to the regulation of atherogenic pathways.


A recent article by Mayer and Kozlow introduces a time series experiment to science education researchers. This article examines in greater detail design considerations and reanalyzes their data using time series analysis.

The first applications of time series experimental methodology to science education research were reported by Mayer and Lewis (1979) and by Mayer and Kozlow (1980). This article discusses Mayer and Kozlow's work and presents a reanalysis of their data which is intended to be heuristic, not critical. (All data were supplied by Dr. Mayer and permission was granted to use the data.) Both design and analysis will be examined. It is important to distinguish time series experimental design from time series analysis. The former, as presented by Campbell and Stanley (1966) and detailed by Glass, Willson, and Gottman (1975), is concerned with structuring treatment conditions and observations over time to make causal inferences. Time series analysis is a set of statistical techniques from which an appropriate technique can be selected to analyze collected data in the framework of a time series design. Just as data from in a randomized experiment might be analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance or a Kruskal- Wallis H-test, data from a time series design may be subjected to several alternative analysis techniques.


This paper presents a finite element model for idealisation of reinforced concrete hollow beams using 2D plane elements. The method of ensuring compatibility between the plates using two-dimensional model to analyze this type of structures is discussed. Cross-sectional distortion was minimised by incorporating end diaphragms in the FE model. Experimental results from eight reinforced concrete hollow beams are compared with the non-linear predictions produced by a 2D in-house FE program. The beam dimensions were 300x300 mm cross section with 200x200 mm hollow core and 3800 mm long. The beam ends were filled with concrete to form solid end diaphragms to prevent local distortion. The beams were subjected to combined bending, torsion and shear. It was found that the two-dimensional idealisation of hollow beams is adequate provided that compatibility of displacements between adjoining plates along the line of intersection is maintained and the cross-sectional distortion is reduced to minimum. The results from the 2D in-house finite element program showed a good agreement with experimental results.


The authors consider that the development of immunopathological reactions in SLE, AIDS depends on the reduction in normal gamma-globulin level in the patient's serum. The sera with anti-DNA, anti-HIV antibodies show a decreased binding of corresponding antigens and decreased concentrations of gamma-globulin with normal features.


Previously, we demonstrated neuroprotection with 2-iminobiotin (2-IB) after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in female, but not in male P7 rats. Given the different patterns of brain injury in more immature rats, we examined whether these gender differences could also be observed in P3 rats. HI was induced by unilateral carotid ligation and FiO2 reduction, followed by 2-IB administration. HSP70 protein expression and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, markers of short-term outcome, were induced by HI to the same extent in male and female animals. However, reduction in HSP70 production and cytochrome c release by 2-IB was seen in female rats only. Long-term cerebral injury after HI, assessed with histology, was similar in male and female P3 rats, but long-term neuroprotection by 2-IB was observed in female rats only. In conclusion, 2-IB provides neuroprotection after cerebral HI in female, but not in male immature P3 rats.


Abstract. This study developed a new Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System version2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) Earth system model (ESM) using a state-of-the-art climate model as the physical core. This model embeds a terrestrial biogeochemical component with explicit carbon–nitrogen interaction to account for soil nutrient control on plant growth and the land carbon sink. The model's ocean biogeochemical component is largely updated to simulate biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and oxygen such that oceanic primary productivity can be controlled by multiple nutrient limitations. The ocean nitrogen cycle is coupled with the land component via river discharge processes, and external inputs of iron from pyrogenic and lithogenic sources are considered. Comparison of a historical simulation with observation studies showed the model could reproduce reasonable historical changes in climate, the carbon cycle, and other biogeochemical variables together with reasonable spatial patterns of distribution of the present-day condition. The model demonstrated historical human perturbation of the nitrogen cycle through land use and agriculture, and it simulated the resultant impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Sensitivity analyses in preindustrial conditions revealed modeled ocean biogeochemistry could be changed regionally (but substantially) by nutrient inputs from the atmosphere and rivers. Through an idealized experiment of a 1 %CO2 increase scenario, we found the transient climate response (TCR) in the model is 1.5 K, i.e., approximately 70 % that of our previous model. The cumulative airborne fraction (AF) is also reduced by 15 % because of the intensified land carbon sink, resulting in an AF close to the multimodel mean of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ESMs. The transient climate response to cumulative carbon emission (TCRE) is 1.3 K EgC−1, i.e., slightly smaller than the average of the CMIP5 ESMs, suggesting optimistic model performance in future climate projections. This model and the simulation results are contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The ESM could help further understanding of climate–biogeochemical interaction mechanisms, projections of future environmental changes, and exploration of our future options regarding sustainable development by evolving the processes of climate, biogeochemistry, and human activities in a holistic and interactive manner.


The characteristics of the submicrometer mode of ash and mercury speciation on combustion of coal in an oxygen−carbon dioxide and air (conventional) system were compared. The experiments were conducted at different O2:CO2 and O2:N2:CO2 mixing ratios. On replacing the nitrogen in air with carbon dioxide, the total mass of the particles in the submicrometer mode (<0.5 μm) of ash was smaller. Correspondingly, the geometric mean size (dpg) of the submicrometer aerosol was smaller by approximately 28%. When the O2:CO2 ratio was increased from 1:4 to 4:4, the geometric mean size of the submicrometer mode increased from 29 to 54 nm because of a faster vaporization rate as a result of a higher coal particle temperature. An increase in the geometric mean size was observed on increasing the N2:CO2 ratio at a fixed O2 concentration because of the same reasons. The shape of the primary particles was spherical in all the tests, indicating that a vapor to particle transformation pathway was prevalent. The ratios of ele...


The Use of Maltodextrin from Wheat Starch as an Exipient in Formula Tablet and Niosom dosage form. Wheat starch normally can be used as a tablet filler only, because the flow rate and binding capacity are not good enough. The wheat starch should be treated as follows : protein and amine free Bogasari wheat flour starch were hydrolyzed by AŽÂ±-amylase enzyme (Liquezym EXA'®) at variable temperature and time incubation to produce maltodextrin with different Dextrose Equivalent (DE) value. The maltodextrin could be used as tablet binder on wet granulation, tablet filler and binder on direct compress, a proniosom carrier to prepare niosom, a tablet filler, binder and disintegrator on direct compress tablet, a sugar coated tablet material. All of the product used active compound as amodel and the quality were evaluated according to the 4thed. of Indonesian Pharmacopeae and other valid references. The result shows that maltodextrin DE 1A¢Â€Â"5 could be used as a tablet binder which was processed by wet granulation on 2-5% concentration, as a tablet binder and filler which was processed by direct compress on 30-35%; maltodextrin DE 10-15 could be used as a proniosom carrier then continued to niosom preparation with surfactant composition of 2 mmol (1 mmol for span 60 and 1 mmol for cholesterol). The surfactant and drug concentration of 100 mmol/lt and 5 mmol/lt subsequently was proved to loading the drug as much as 81.28%. Maltodextrin DE 15-20 could be used as a tablet filler, binder and disintegrator at 84%, and starch hydrolyzed of DE 35-40 as a sugar coating which was more economical than sugar.


Purpose
The paper aims to explore the impact of institutional factors on non-financial reporting in the Baltic countries. The vast majority of research in the scientific literature references practices of sustainable disclosures in developed countries with a focus on legal factors and their effect on corporate reporting. Meanwhile, there is a lack of in-depth empirical data for identifying correlations between institutional (mandatory, normative and company-specific) factors and non-financial reporting in developing countries.

Design/methodology/approach
The theoretical framework of neo-institutional theory was applied to explore how the external environment affects practices of non-financial reporting in developing countries. The approach used in the paper is quantitative.

Findings
The research results reveal that if companies are likely to disclose voluntarily one of non-economic aspects in their reports, they are also likely to disclose more about the other non-economic issues. However, no significant correlations were detected between the disclosure of voluntary (non-economic) and mandatory (economic) aspects. Mandatory factors promote both – economic and non-economic reporting – while normative and company-specific factors promote non-economic reporting more.

Practical implications
The authors contribute to the foreign investors and practitioners by helping to better understand corporate non-financial reporting practices in post-communistic countries.

Originality/value
The research adds to the growing body of research on non-financial reporting practices with particular reference to the developing Baltic context. This study also contributes to scientific literature by exploring the impact of different institutional factors to non-financial reporting in developing countries.


The necessity for refinement of airscrew balance in order to eliminate destructive vibration from this source is due largely to the continuously improving standards of passenger comfort of modern aeroplanes and to the operator's desire to extend the normal service life of the power plant and its accessories as well as that of the aeroplane structure. Power plant vibration already has been reduced to a degree where, in standard aeroplanes, there is no longer danger of major structural failure due to vibration originating from this source. Efforts to refine further the balance of engines and airscrews are directed mainly at increasing passenger comfort and extending the service life of aeroplane equipment.


We present the deep and wide V and I-c photometry of the Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) taken by the Suprime-Cam imager on the Subaru Telescope, which extends out to the tidal radius. The colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) reaches two magnitudes below the main-sequence (MS) turn-off, showing a steep red giant branch, a blue and a red horizontal branch (BHB and RHB, respectively), a sub-giant branch (SGB), an MS and blue stragglers (BSs). We construct the radial profile of each evolutionary phase and demonstrate that blue HB stars are more spatially extended, while red HB stars are more centrally concentrated than the other components. The colour distribution of SGB stars also varies with the galactocentric distance; the inner SGB stars shift bluer than those in the outskirts. The radial differences in the CMD morphology indicate the existence of the age gradient. The relatively younger stars (similar to 10 Gyr) are more centrally concentrated than the older ones (similar to 13 Gyr). The spatial contour maps of stars in different age bins also show that the younger population has a higher concentration and higher ellipticity than the older one. We also detect the centrally concentrated bright BS stars, the number of which is consistent with the idea that a part of these stars belongs to the remnant of a disrupted star cluster discovered in the previous spectroscopic studies.


The impact of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton residues on soil microorganism communities was investigated. Leaves of three different varieties of transgenic Bt cotton and their near-isogenic lines were placed in soil and the numbers of indigenous soil microorganisms were measured with cultivation-dependent approaches under laboratory conditions. The soil samples were collected after 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 84 days of incubation. Numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the soil were measured by counting colony forming units after incubation on appropriate medium. Overall, although there were differences in bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi popula tion between soil amended with Bt and non-Bt cotton throughout the whole incubation in three experiments, these differences were transient and not persistent from one sampling stage to the next. These results suggest that Bt-transgenic cotton tissues have no apparent impact on soil microorganism population.


OBJECTIVE
To examine for one year which psychiatric services are involved in involuntary hospitalisations according to PsychKG (German law concerning psychiatric practice) in the City of Hannover.

METHOD
All available data within the health administration of the former city and former county of Hannover of compulsory admissions in the year 2000 were evaluated.

RESULTS
In 2000, 524 patients were involuntary admitted to psychiatric hospitals according to the data of the health administration of the city of Hannover. The two major diagnoses were schizophrenia or substance addiction of involuntarily admitted patients, most hospitalisation were documented for Fridays, the most frequent time was between 9 and 1 hour p. m. The services in Hannover which dealt most with involuntary admissions were the either physicians of "KV" (Kassenarztliche Vereinigung, the German physicians organisation who is in charge of the treatment of all patients for non-private health insurances) or the physicians of the psychiatric departments of the Hannover Medical School.

CONCLUSIONS
The major provider of psychiatric assistence for compulsory admissions within the City of Hannover are the physicians of the KV and the psychiatric departments of the Hannover Medical School.


Group-foraging is common in many animal taxa and is thought to offer protection against predators and greater foraging efficiency. Such benefits may have driven evolutionary transitions from solitary to group-foraging. Greater protection against predators and greater access to resources should reduce extrinsic sources of mortality and thus select for higher longevity according to life-history theory. I assessed the association between group-foraging and longevity in a sample of 421 North American birds. Taking into account known correlates of longevity, such as age at first reproduction and body mass, foraging group size was not correlated with maximum longevity, with and without phylogenetic correction. However, longevity increased with body mass in non-passerine birds. The results suggest that the hypothesized changes in predation risk with group size may not correlate with mortality rate in foraging birds.


Our world is incredibly diverse and beautiful, everything we do has an impact on the environment, and our actions are intertwined. Recognizing how our actions affect the Earth on a global scale means, we need to change the way we do things. We must ensure that the value society derives from our actions comes at a low cost to the environment. A sustainable strategy to establish a resilient food system is to ensure that human demand for the Earth's resources for food is kept within the supply of these resources. While more than 800 million people worldwide suffer from chronic malnutrition, our food systems emit roughly a third of all greenhouse emissions. Also, over 80% of our biodiversity gets lost. Hence, scaling up food system is simply not an option to feed nine to ten billion people by 2050 as we will need to produce more food in the next four decades than all of history's farmers have harvested in the last eight thousand years. Therefore, rather than upscaling, the global food systems require transformation. Four critical aspects of this transformation include: "Boosting the small; Transforming the Big; Losing Less; and Eating Smarter." Examining these four areas more deeply, it becomes evident that, while new technology will be critical to the transformation, government involvement, as well as better financial and behavioral change from residents and consumers, will be required. This chapter focuses on these four pillars that make up the global food system transformation for resilience.


BACKGROUND
Accurate diagnosis of retroflexed uterus in daily practice is essential because this condition is related to pelvic pain and deep endometriosis. Uterine flexion can be measured by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS), a cost-effective primary test, but the accuracy required for diagnosing retroflexed uterus is unclear. This study assessed the accuracy of TVUS for diagnosis of retroflexed uterus in patients with endometriosis and compared it with that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -the gold standard for measuring the uterine axis.

METHODS
The study included 123 patients who underwent endometriosis surgery in our department between 2012 and 2017. Uterine flexion angles were measured by retrospectively examining TVUS and MRI images, and the correlation was analyzed. Analysis of anteverted and retroverted uterine subgroups identified aspects of diagnosing uterine flexion with TVUS.

RESULTS
Uterine flexion angles on TVUS were strongly positively correlated (r = 0.86) with MRI results. Additionally, TVUS yielded no false-positive diagnoses and 28 false-negative diagnoses of retroflexion. All false-negative diagnoses occurred in patients with anteverted retroflexed uteruses.

CONCLUSIONS
TVUS was generally accurate for measuring uterine flexion angle, as indicated by its strong correlation with MRI. Misdiagnosis of anteverted retroflexed uterus was a limitation of using TVUS for retroflexion diagnosis.


Procurement and design of system architectures capable of network centric operations demand for an assessment scheme in order to compare different alternative realizations. In this contribution an assessment method for system architectures targeted at the C4ISR domain is presented. The method addresses the integration capability of software systems from a complex and distributed software system perspective focusing communication, interfaces and software. The aim is to evaluate the capability to integrate a system or its functions within a system-of-systems network. This method uses approaches from software architecture quality assessment and applies them on the system architecture level. It features a specific goal tree of several dimensions that are relevant for enterprise integration. These dimensions have to be weighed against each other and totalized using methods from the normative decision theory in order to reflect the intention of the particular enterprise integration effort. The indicators and measurements for many of the considered quality features rely on a model based view on systems, networks, and the enterprise. That means it is applicable to System-of-System specifications based on enterprise architectural frameworks relying on defined meta-models or domain ontologies for defining views and viewpoints. In the defense context we use the NATO Architecture Framework (NAF) to ground respective system models. The proposed assessment method allows evaluating and comparing competing system designs regarding their future integration potential. It is a contribution to the system-of-systems engineering methodology.


In this letter, the fast one-dimensional (1-D) algorithms and their sharing design for 1-D inverse integer transforms of H.264/AVC and VC-1 are proposed by using the matrix decompositions with the sparse matrices and the matrix offset computations. The computational complexities of the proposed fast 1-D 4 times 4 and 8 times 8 inverse integer transforms for H.264/AVC are the same as those of the previous fast methods. Then the shift operations of the proposed fast 1-D inverse integer transform for VC-1 are equivalent to those of the previous fast method. For playback environments, the video decoder can support the multiple modes, which include H.264/AVC and VC-1 video standards. The proposed hardware sharing architecture requires lower hardware cost than the individual and separate design for the VLSI realization.


Many arid countries use an administrative water allocation mechanism. Quotas, price discrimination, and increasing block tariffs are set and enforced by prohibiting the resale of water. Critics of this mechanism argue that allocation is politicized, subjective and slow to respond, and therefore misallocates water compared to a market mechanism. However, an administrative mechanism also promotes social goals that are not valued economically. In this paper, both positive and negative impacts of the administrative allocation are explored, using a general equilibrium model and with Israel as a case study. The model concludes that from 1995 to 2006, potable water misallocation in Israel was relatively small, on average of 5.5 percent of the potable water supply. The value of agricultural amenities is imputed at approximately 2.3 times agricultural output. At the margin, introducing a water market in Israel is not recommended, i.e., net-social welfare would fall. JEL classification: C68 ; Q15 ; Q25 ; Q28 ; O21


A new channel estimation approach for orthogonally coded multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system is proposed. The main idea of our technique is, using specific properties of the orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) in the estimation based on the second order statistic (SOS), to estimate the channel matrix after applying singular value decomposition (SVD). This modified solution brings the simple parameters in comparison with the the conventional estimation from channel matrix directly. In this investigation, we try to reduce effect of the ambiguity which can be seen in most of the traditional blind algorithms. Because we still use the training-based least square (LS) for a part of the channel matrix and hence, our scheme can be described as the semi-blind algorithm which has strongly attracted more and more researchers in the wireless field. Our detailed analysis validates the performance and computational advantages of the proposed method. Simulation results confirm our modified scheme and illustrate that the new semi-blind channel estimation is capable of improving the quality of the overall system.


Successful supply chain management calls for robust supply chain design and evaluation tools. In adition, a set of performance and reliability measurement tools are strongly needed to evaluate the overall supply chain effectiveness. Simulation is a widely used technique for modelling manufacturing and other types of complex systems. A literature review reveals that there are only few studies on determining the bottleneck in supply chain and in particular, product components like doorsets. The objective of this ongoing research is to determine the impact of various operating conditions on the performance of the doorsets manufacturing system in order to capture some Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) and bottlenecks within the production cycle. A case study is implemented in the doorsets manufacturing industry. The ultimate objective of this research is to develop a doorsets simulation model to evaluate the production performance and reliability of the manufacturing processes. Process mapping methodology (IDEF0) has been used as an effective tool for process modelling purposes. A detailed level simulation model of the doorsets manufacturing (DOORSSIM) is developed to answer questions related to effects of the various operating conditions on the productivity performance of the job-shop. This simulation model, provide details about the dynamic of the operations and functioned as a convenient "what if" evaluator of proposed operational changes.


BACKGROUND
Healthcare workers constitute a population at high risk for HBV infection. Efficient vaccination options are available; however, the individual response to HBV vaccination may vary widely between subjects, potentially due to cytokine profiles and genetic variations. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between IL-17 and IL-22 gene polymorphisms versus non- and low-responsiveness to HBV vaccination in healthcare workers.

METHODS
We selected the following IL-17 and IL-22 polymorphisms: rs4711998 (A/G) from IL-17 and rs2227501 (A/T), rs2227503 (A/G), rs1026786 (A/G) from IL-22 sequences genes. These were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

RESULTS
The IL-17 rs4711998 GG genotype had a significantly lower frequency in non-responders compared to low-responders (p=0.025). However, we did not identify a relationship between IL-22 rs1026780, rs2227501 and rs2227503 genotypes and the anti-HBs response following HBV vaccination.

CONCLUSION
These data suggest that genetic variation in rs4711998 polymorphisms in the IL-17 cytokine may influence vaccine-induced immune responses to HBV vaccine in healthcare workers.


As the push for a diversified use of information technologies in higher education teaching continues, a growing number of colleges and universities have come to adopt blended learning which combines traditional face-to-face lectures with online instruction to create flexible approaches of delivering content that are consistent with the requirements of new digital economy. At the same time, university students are required to have continuous growth in literacy skills. Metaliteracy is a comprehensive model for information literacy that can enhance blended learning experience. Embedding metaliteracy learning in a blended course is considered as a feasible approach to empower students in blended learning. Combining an analysis of data gathered through a survey administered at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, a Sino-UK institution located in China, this paper reports the results of an investigation into the pedagogical issues including the metaliteracy learning experience of using an interactive communication environment and the benefits and challenges of integrating practices of metaliteracy with blended learning.


Libraries serve communities. This role begins with the choice and organization of collections, and continues through the choice of services offered. However, the relationship that modern research libraries have with their user community is primarily organized in terms of providing collections and services to individuals as members of communities, rather than to the communities themselves. This session will describe a more expansive model for this relationship and some of the research that will need to be done to realize that model.

The research program to design and build the right tools involves consideration of social epistemology, the sociology and anthropology of communities, semantics and knowledge management, user modelling, human-computer interaction and web-based collaboration infrastructure. The impact, however, could go well beyond the walls of the library and the academy, potentially affecting patterns of work in any organization that depends on the effective exploitation of the knowledge of its members.

 Bio
Lee Iverson is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of British Columbia. His main areas of research cover computer vision, computer graphics, geographical visualization, GIS systems, networked information systems, and systems for human-centered collaboration.