Tourism villages are projected as an alternative to the new normal era tourist destinations. The tourism segment changes along with the new normal era, so tourists will choose private destinations such as nature-based tourism. The existence of a tourist village that implements CHSE (Cleanliness, Health, Safety and Environment Sustainability) assures tourists to travel safely in tourist villages. The research method uses descriptive qualitative analysis with a case study approach. The SWOT analysis shows that the potential of a tourist village can be developed into a developed tourism village, currently, there are 16 certified tourist villages and other tourist villages


Researchers working in the field of nanofluid have done many studies on
the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Among these studies, the number of studies on specific
heat is rather limited. In the study of the heat transfer performance of nanofluids, it is essential to
raise the number of specific heat studies, whose subject is one of the important thermophysical properties.

The authors aimed to measure the specific heat values of Al2O3/water, Cu/water nanofluids
and Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids using the DTA procedure, and compare the results with
those frequently used in the literature. In addition, this study focuses on the effect of temperature and
volume concentration on specific heat.

 The two-step method was tried to have nanofluids. The pure water selected as the base
fluid was mixed with the Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles and Arabic Gum as the surfactant, firstly mixed
in the magnetic stirrer for half an hour. It was then homogenized for 6 hours in the ultrasonic homogenizer.

 After the experiments, the specific heat of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid were compared
and the temperature and volume concentration of specific heat were investigated. Then, the experimental
results obtained for all three fluids were compared with the two frequently used correlations
in the literature.

 Specific heat capacity increased with increasing temperature, and decreased with increasing
volume concentration for three tested nanofluids. Cu/water has the lowest specific heat capacity
among all tested fluids. Experimental specific heat capacity measurement results are compared
by using the models developed by Pak and Cho and Xuan and Roetzel. According to experimental
results, these correlations can predict experimental results within the range of ±1%.


Most organisms live in changing environments or do not use the same resources at different stages of their lives or in different seasons. As a result, density dependence will affect populations differently at different times. Such sequential density dependence generates markedly different population responses compared to the unrealistic assumption that all events occur simultaneously. Various field studies have also shown that the conditions that individuals experience during one period can influence success and per capita vital rates during the following period. These carry-over effects further complicate any general principles and increase the diversity of possible population dynamics. In this review, we describe how studies of sequential density dependence have diverged in directions that are both taxon-specific and have non-overlapping terminology, despite very similar underlying problems. By exploring and highlighting these similarities, we aim to improve communication between fields, clarify common misunderstandings, and provide a framework for improving conservation and management practices, including sustainable harvesting theory.


Objective: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a new adjunctive therapy for chronic periodontitis. The study hypothesis was that aPDT applied as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) would improve 12-week clinical outcomes in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis, compared to SRP alone. Methods: 34 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were recruited into a randomized, examiner-blinded, parallel-group study with two equal cohorts (SRP alone and SRP + aPDT). Both cohorts were treated with SRP at all probing sites ≥ 5 mm that exhibited bleeding on probing (BOP). In the intervention group a single aPDT treatment was deployed following SRP. Results: Combination therapy (aPDT + SRP) produced significant gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) (0.53 mm, p=0.0017) and probing depth reductions (PD) (0.73 mm, p=0.0002) when averaged across all regions of the mouth, versus the SRP-only arm at 3 months. Treatment with adjunctive aPDT increased by 8-fold the number of patients experiencing >1.5 mm gain in CAL, versus the control arm (5.9% in the SRP arm, 47.1% in the aPDT arm, p=0.022) at 3 months. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that adjunctive aPDT provided significant gain in CAL and PD reduction, compared to SRP alone in the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis.


The aim of this study was to assess if sea surface temperature does affect cetacean distribution in the western Ligurian Sea. Relationships with temperature were investigated for: striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) data were studied. A series of 20 monthly images (i.e. June to September monthly images from 1996 to 2000) was considered. Concurrently, distribution data collected during shipboard summer surveys, and covering an area of about 20,000 km 2 in the western Ligurian Sea, were analysed. The relationship between the three species presence and SST was investigated by using a grid of 3 � 3 nautical mile cell units. For every cell the SST mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and the deviation from the monthly average were calculated. Finally, binary logistic regression functions allowed to assess significant (P , 0.05) relationships with temperature in these species. These logistic models, were able to predict 60 –78% of the species presence(1)/absence(0) cells, and suggest the need for further investigations spanning longer time periods to assess how the global climate change has been changing and will change in the future cetacean distribution in the western Ligurian Sea.


In this paper we develop a novel mathematical formalism for the modeling of neural information networks endowed with additional structure in the form of assignments of resources, either computational or metabolic or informational. The starting point for this construction is the notion of summing functors and of Segal's Gamma-spaces in homotopy theory. The main results in this paper include functorial assignments of concurrent/distributed computing architectures and associated binary codes to networks and their subsystems, a categorical form of the Hopfield network dynamics, which recovers the usual Hopfield equations when applied to a suitable category of weighted codes, a functorial assignment to networks of corresponding information structures and information cohomology, and a cohomological version of integrated information.


Genetic engineering of plants has revolutionized agriculture and has had a significant impact on our everyday life. It has allowed for the production of crops with longer shelf lives, enhanced yields and resistance to pests and disease. The application of nanomaterials in plant genetic engineering has further augmented these programs with higher delivery efficiencies, biocompatibility and the potential for plant regeneration. In particular, subcellular targeting using nanomaterials has recently become possible with the cutting-edge developments within nanomaterials, but remains challenging despite the promise in organellar engineering for the introduction of useful traits and the elucidation of subcellular interactions. This feature article provides an overview of nanomaterial delivery within plants and highlights the application of recent progress in nanomaterials for subcellular organelle-targeted delivery.


A significant epidemiologic feature of HIV/AIDS disease is the presence of an unsually long period of inapparent infection of 10-15 year during which the virus can be transmitted from person to person (1). During this phase infection is detectable only by HIV screening. An effective control program should include a strong screening component. Voluntary, self-referral for HIV screening should be available particularly to high-risk group at little or no cost. Most Nigerians would want to know their HIV status. However HIV screening is for practical purposes unavailable and inaccessible to those who need them most – the adolescents and youths who are at greatest risk of the disease and cannot afford the present high cost of screening. Effective antiretroviral drugs are presently available and at lower costs than at the beginning of the epidemic in Nigeria. At the International level there is political will to make these drugs freely available to developing countries. The Nigerian government and its implementing agency must also find the political will and financial resources required to make drugs and HIV counseling and screening freely available to all pregnant women and youths (15-24 yrs) at no cost. This approach should rapidly reduce aim to establish HIV transmission. In order to implement this strategy Nigeria should aim to establish HIV screening and treatment centers in every community. Key words: HIV Screening, Transmission. Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol.46(5-6) 2004: 100-102


Two new types of conserved quantities directly deduced by Mei symmetry of holonomic mechanical system are studied. The definition and criterion of Mei symmetry for holonomic system are given. A coordination function is introduced, the conditions under which the Mei symmetry can directly lead to the two types of conserved quantities and the forms of the two types of conserved quantities are obtained. An illustrative example is given. The result indicates that the coordination function can be selected properly according to the demand of the gauge function, thereby the gauge function can be found out more easily. Furthermore, since the choice of the coordination function has multiformity, much more conserved quantity of Mei symmetry for holonomic mechanical system can be obtained.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate how changes in the distribution of pre retirement labour earnings affect post-retirement income in the UK. Design/methodology/approach - The authors estimate a PROBIT model and perform a counterfactual simulation to assess the effects of changes in the earnings distributions on pensions in the UK. The paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Findings - The distribution of labour earnings before retirement plays a considerable role in the pension distribution of current retirees, particularly for low and medium incomes in the period 1991-2007 for the UK. Improvements in Social Security have lifted many out of poverty; however there is still a gender gap as it is found that the current system of public and private schemes has not substantially improved pension income dispersion among women. On the other hand, changes in labour earning distributions have benefited more poor female pensioners than male. Originality/value - The paper uses BHPS data, which is a longitudinal panel of survey questions made to UK households between 1991 and 2007. The level of detail of such data allows the study of the complete distributions of pre and post retirement income rather than focussing only on some measures of dispersion.


Advanced prostate cancer will claim nearly 30,000 lives among men in the USA in the year 2013. Most of these will be castration-resistant prostate cancers that are not responsive to traditional therapeutic modalities, and there is no available regimen that fully eradicates metastatic disease. This poses a significant clinical challenge for practitioners and has stimulated the development of novel agents that target these castration-resistant tumor cells. Development of metastatic prostate cancer is orchestrated by multiple signaling pathways that regulate cell survival, apoptosis, anoikis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, the androgen signaling axis and angiogenesis. Disruption of the mechanisms underlying these processes is critical for development of agents that can target otherwise resistant tumor cells. Insights into the mechanisms by which rounds of EMT/mesenchymal–epithelial transition conversions facilitate the progression of localized prostate carcinomas to advanced metastatic and castration-resistant disease emerge as attractive targets for drug development. In this review, the authors discuss the current understanding of therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer with focus on the androgen receptor signaling axis and EMT. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting critical players of both pathways as well as the results from ongoing clinical trials will be discussed in this review.


OBJECTIVES
Differences were investigated between general practitioners providing women's health care (4 women) and general practitioners providing regular health care (8 women and 8 men). Expectations were formulated on the basis of the principles of women's health care and literature about gender differences.

METHODS
Data were used from 405 videotaped consultations of female patients (over 15 years). Roter's Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) was used to measure the verbal affective and instrumental behavior of the doctors and their patients. These data were supplemented by various nonverbal measures. The data were analyzed by means of multilevel analysis.

RESULTS
Doctors in the women's health care practice (called Aletta) look at their patients and talk with them more than other doctors. The general practitioners have approximately the same affective behavior, but the Aletta doctors show more verbal attentiveness and warmth. They also give more medical information and advice. Most of the characteristics of Aletta doctors fit female doctors providing regular health care too. Male doctors show a less communicative behavior in most respects. The differences between general practitioners are reflected in their patients' communication style.

CONCLUSIONS
The integration into regular care of some aspects of doctor-patient communication that were found in women's health care might be desirable in the light of the further improvement of the quality of care for women and men.


Down-regulation of host immune response to Toxoplasma gondii is associated with the expression of specific cytokines, in particular IL-10, and the induction of CD4+ T cell anergy. In the present study we report that the expression of both CD4 and CD2 antigen is down-regulated during the acute phase of infection. A decrease in the expression of CD2 was apparent during the acute phase of T. gondii infection in three genetically distinct strains of mice, CBA/J, C57BL/6, and BALB/c. The lymphoproliferative response induced by cross-linked anti-CD3 mAb or by Con A was markedly depressed. This suppressed response was associated with a reduction in the influx of Ca2+. We have examined whether lymphocytes from T. gondii mice maintain NF-AT transcription factors in the nucleus where they participate in the Ca2+-dependent induction of genes required for lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy using an Ab to NF-ATc demonstrates a decrease in translocation of NF-ATc in T lymphocytes from acutely infected mice. Together, these results suggest that the defect in T cell expansion that occurs during acute murine toxoplasmosis is related to reduced activity of NF-AT, a calcium-dependent transcription factor required for T cell proliferation.


Digital technology is changing society and industry, but how big is the change and how fast will it come? Can we speak of a digital revolution comparable to the industrial revolution? Does it make sense to speak of data as the new oil? Will av world with Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data be so different as to warrant the talk of a digital revolution? What are the important challenges facing us, and how do we make the most of the new technologies?


The world in which our reality is to be set up, needs to be organized. Knowledge of this world is not acquired just by experience but by complex relation between what was lived, and discourses, whether preceding or ensuing experience, that render it both signifying and articulate. In other words, knowledge is not possible in the absence of a discourse that warrants and organizes perception. And, it is the institutive discourse of another human by which the mode of relation with the world that implies organizations and valuations is made possible. A discourse is called into play that not only organizes and marks the limits but also institutes identities, which can only be accomplished by means of differentiation. The other human, however, does not only transmit the adaptative, but also the "unadapted" of the species: the neurotic inscriptions of the lived reality, the generational experiences that account for the constitution of those that took the child into their care, the judgements and prejudices that appear as irreducible, operating as limited blocks that experience is unable to dissolve, and can even transform the prejudiced object in that that was previously imposed as its dominant trait. The present work endeavours to make a distinction between belief and prejudice, by addressing the question both from the epistemological and the psychodynamic angles, with due attention to the ethical and moral implications of such distinction.


Large scale projects are important drivers of social change. Even when operations follow best practices there are serious challenges, which all too often lead to failure in large scale projects. However, while large scale project success and failure have been widely studied there is no comparison of project success in large scale projects across different types of projects. This study reveals project success factors in the context of large scale projects by analysing 30 articles. This review systematically identifies and compares project success factors in three types of large scale projects: construction/infrastructure, aerospace/defence, and information technology. The paper offers practitioners and researchers a more comprehensive understanding of success in managing large scale projects and useful recommendations for future research.


As part of a University of Rhode Island Ocean Technology program promoting university/industry cooperation, graduate students in ocean engineering undertook the preliminary design and implementation of an inexpensive data collection and real-time mosaicing system for use with dual frequency side-scan sonar tow fish. Objectives for the design included replacing high-cost deck units and mini-computer acquisition systems with a receiver integrated into a personal computer using a single printed circuit board with an external high voltage power supply box. Hardware features on the new system are described. Software features include: (1) real-time scrolling of side-scan data, (2) display of navigation and control data (3) real-time bottom detect and mosaicing of data, and (4) data logging. The hardware system used for initial development consists of a 33 MHz 386 PC/AT bus computer, a SVGA display card and monitor with resolution up to 1024/spl times/768/spl times/256 colors, and a SCSI disk and tape. A 16-bit AT prototype board contains all the necessary digital and analog components for data acquisition. An external 750 volt power supply provides system compatibility with EG&G and Klein tow fish. Digitized sonar returns are acquired via 4096 byte FIFO data buffers and Direct Memory Access (DMA) for data rates of 40 kilobytes per second. Standard I/O port addressing is used for input from control knobs and communications to the board. A preliminary bottom detect and mosaicing system for display has been prototyped using software in the PC and a Spectrum TMS320C30 DSP card in the 386 computer.<<ETX>>


Using a thermodynamic integration scheme, we compute the free energy cost per unit area, γ, of forming an interface between a crystal and a frozen structured wall, formed by particles frozen into the same equilibrium structure as the crystal. Even though the structure and potential energy of the crystalline phase in the vicinity of the wall is the same as in the bulk, γ has a nonzero value and increases with increasing density of the crystal and the wall. Investigating the effect of several interaction potentials between the particles, we observe a positive γ at all crystalline densities if the potential is purely repulsive. For models with attractive interactions, such as the Lennard-Jones potential, a negative value for γ is obtained at low densities. A qualitative explanation for the change of sign of γ when going from repulsive to attractive interactions, at low crystal densities, is suggested.


For equation-error autoregressive (EEAR) systems, this paper proposes an identification algorithm by means of the model equivalence transformation. The basic idea is to eliminate the autoregressive term in the model using the model transformation, to estimate the parameters of the converted system and further to compute the parameter estimates of the original system using the comparative coefficient way and the model equivalence principle. For comparison, the recursive generalized least squares algorithm is given simply. The simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm is effective and can produce more accurate parameter estimates.


The paper describes a new method to reduce the positioning error of 3-degree-of-freedom (3Dof) mobile robots. The 3Dof robot uses 3 omni-wheels as the motion system. A combination of a modified odometry system and a vision-based self-localization algorithm and a two-channel complementary filtering algorithm is used. The low frequency stability of the vision sensors with the high frequency tracking of the odometry sensor leads us to achieve both dynamic and static stability of positioning. Two new algorithms are introduced in order to calculate the position and orientation of the robot using the results from the odometry sensors. An omni-directional camera provides vision data for the self-localization algorithm, which calculates the robot position according to the angles under which the known obstacles around the robot are viewed. In order to check the improvement of the proposed positioning system compared to existing systems, a test condition is suggested to measure the position and orientation errors. The results of this test show that an improvement of 80% in position error and 86% in orientation error is achieved.


The goal of this research was to norm the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) on a juvenile offender population for use as a pre-screening tool to be used to match individual's needs with services offered in the juvenile corrections setting. Presently, the BSI has been normed against four populations: (a) adult psychiatric outpatients, (b) adult nonpatients, (c) adult psychiatric inpatients, and (d) adolescent nonpatients. The BSI was administered to 506 Juvenile Offenders (JO) between the ages of 12 and 18. Youth were recruited form five youth centers in Kansas. The BSI is a 53-item, self-report, protocol that measures psychological symptom patterns. The BSI was administered to the youth shortly after their arrival at the centers. Differences were discovered between the normative adolescent population and the test population. All of the nine BSI subscales: Somatization, Obsessive Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Hostility, Depression, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism and three global indices showed significant differences at the .05 level or lower from the adolescent norm group. The global indices including the Positive Symptom Index and the Global Severity Index were also significantly higher at the p<.001 level.


Ultrasonic burnishing is usually applied to make machined surface modification. The acoustic softening effect caused by ultrasonic vibration is beneficial to the machining of difficult-to-cut materials. In the present work, a burnishing force prediction model was proposed for rotary ultrasonic burnishing of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V, whose surface had been machined with the face milling process. Firstly, the contact between the burnishing roller and one single milling mark was analyzed with plane strain assumption based on the Boussinesq–Flamant contact problem. Then, the effect of ultrasonic softening on the yield stress of Ti–6Al–4V was investigated. The critical contact width and contact load that the burnishing roller crushed on one single milling mark were examined to confirm the feasibility of the proposed ultrasonic burnishing force prediction model. The experimental verifications were carried out at various ultrasonic powers. The burnishing forces from experiment measurements were consistent with the calculated results from the proposed model. The mean deviations between theoretical and experimental results of the ultrasonic burnishing force were 10.4%, 12.2%, and 15.2%, corresponding to the ultrasonic power at the level of 41 W, 158 W, and 354 W, respectively.


our patient sustained two respiratory arrests related to the use of narcotics. Therefore, avoidance of hypnotics and narcotics in this group of patients is strongly recommended. Recognition of the fact that adult-onset nemaline myopathy may present with pulmonary symptoms due to diaphragmatic paralysis rather than muscle weakness is of utmost importance to the clinician, since these patients, otherwise, might be subjected to unnecessary and often invasive investigations or inappropriate therapy.


Background and objectives: The treatment of pathologies of the aortic arch is a complex field of cardiovascular surgery that has witnessed enormous progress recently. Such treatment is mainly performed in high-volume centres, and surgeons gain great experience in mastering potential difficulties even under emergency circumstances, thereby ensuring the effective therapy of more complex pathologies with lower complication rates. As the numbers of patients rise, so does the need for well-trained surgeons in aortic arch surgery. But how is it possible to learn surgical procedures in a responsible way that, in addition to surgical techniques, also places particular demands on the overall surgical management such as perfusion strategy and neuro-protection? This is why a good training programme teaching young surgeons without increasing the risk for patients is indispensable. Our intention was to highlight the most challenging aspects of aortic arch surgery teaching and how young surgeons can master them. Materials and Methods: We analysed the literature to find out which methods are most suitable for such teaching goals and what result they reveal when serving as teaching procedures. Results: Several studies were found comparing the surgical outcome of young trainees with that of specialists. It was found that the results were comparable whether the procedure was performed by a specialist or by a trainee assisted by the specialist. Conclusions: We thus came to the conclusion that even for such a complex type of intervention, the responsible training of young surgeons by experienced specialists is possible. However, it requires a clear strategy and team approach to ensure a safe outcome for the patient.


It is usually taken for granted that romantic relationships will be sexual, but it seems that there is no necessary reason for this, as it is possible for romantic relationships to not include sex. Indeed, sometimes sex is a part of a romantic relationship for only a relatively short period of it. Furthermore, scientific explanations of the link between sex and love don't seem fully satisfying because they tell us only about the mechanics of sex, rather than its meaning or phenomenology. Therefore, the question of why it is that the archetypal romantic relationship includes sex, calls for philosophical analysis, yet it has been under-explored in philosophy. In this paper, I attempt to remedy this. I argue that sex is important to romantic love because it partly constitutes, builds, and expresses four of the central goods of a romantic relationship: 1) pleasure, 2) union, 3) intimacy, and 4) vulnerability and care. Thus, sex can be, and often is, an important vehicle for romantic love, though it is not essential for it.


Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis (CSS) or Küttner tumor is an under-recognized, benign fibroinflammatory disease most commonly seen in the submandibular gland of older adult males. Sialolithiasis or bacterial infection was first suspected as an etiology, but CSS is now considered an immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). IgG4-RD can affect almost every organ in the body, characterized by organ fibrosis with IgG4-positive plasmacytes. Numerous autoimmune-related diseases have been unified under IgG4-RD, including Mikulicz disease (MD), autoimmune pancreatitis, Reidel's thyroiditis, and others. In any organ, IgG4-RD can present similar to malignancy. Due to the ability to mimic malignancy, it is crucial to be aware of this under-recognized clinical entity. CSS is currently of broad and high clinical interest due to increased understanding, multiorgan involvement, and more clearly defined criteria. To increase awareness of this disease, we describe a rare presentation of CSS with a literature review.


Two damage indicators for ductile failure, as proposed by Hancock-Mackenzie-Gunawardena and Atkins, are compared with experimental results from literature for the upsetting process of cylindrical specimens. It is shown, for this specific example, that quite similar results can be obtained from highly different damage indicators as long as they allow for the accumulation of damage proportional both to the equivalent strain and to the stress triaxiality; the specific mathematical structure of the indicator seems to be of minor importance. These findings give some guidelines for the practical choice of a damage indicator for the simulation of industrial forming processes, and suggest the use of the void growth based Hancock-Mackenzie-Gunawardena indicator even for a certain class of bulk forming processes. In addition, a slight geometry dependence of the failure lines obtained by the Hancock-Mackenzie-Gunawardena indicator is obtained that has so far neither been reported by experimentalists, nor can it be reproduced in a comparable manner by the Atkins indicator, A surprising correlation is found between these results and those obtained from an entirely different micromechanical analysis proposed recently by one of the authors.


LEADERSHIP IN MULTITEAM SYSTEMS 2 WOP Working Paper No. 2016 / 1 Work is more and more structured in teams and so-called Multiteam Systems (MTS). We address the question what constitutes effective leadership in MTS by conducting a qualitative and a quantitative study. The results highlight MTS-specific leadership behaviors above and beyond common leadership concepts.


The clinical manifestations of ventricular preexcitation, generally considered benign, may sometimes show the most unpredictable and severe evolution. Although ventricular tachyarrhythmias (those of ventricular aspect excepted) are extremely uncommon in ventricular preexcitation, cases of sudden death were nevertheless reported, their mechanism being the ventricular fibrillation. The authors have followed up the evolution of 12 patients (11 males, age between 38 and 72 years with a mean of 56 years) with acute myocardial infarction and coexistent ventricular preexcitation, previously depressed or newly detected, admitted during the last 10 years at the Coronary Unit of Iaşi. It is concluded that the association ventricular preexcitation--acute myocardial infarction represents a severe risk factor by sensibly increasing the arrhythmogenic potential.


In southeastern Bangladesh, where water quality in the upper aquifers is a serious constraint, future development will likely be confined to deep fresh groundwater. Owing to the importance and pervasive use of deep groundwater, the sustainability of water use has received extensive attention. However, excessive extraction from deep aquifers may pose a threat to the storage as well as the quality of water due to the high susceptibility to salinization and arsenic contamination from upper aquifers. Hence, determining the extension of aquifer units and the characterizing aquifer sediments are very important to ensure sustainable development and management of limited fresh groundwater resources. The study area extends over six districts of the southeastern coastal region of Bangladesh. In order to assess and monitor deep fresh groundwater potential in the study area, aquifer pumping tests were performed at six locations with up to 72 h of constant-discharge prior to recovery. Different methods were used to analyze the drawdown and recovery data considering aquifers as confined or leaky-confined. Based on transmissivity values it was found that the studied deep aquifers have moderate to high potential for potable water supply. However, this deep fresh groundwater may not be safe for a longer period where upper aquifer units contain saline groundwater and where there is no significant aquitard encountered above or below the deep aquifer. Irrigation extraction of the deep groundwater is not recommended.


This article argues that dynamics among rivals can affect how host states respond to refugees. Particularly, refugees from rival states can motivate host countries to promote inclusive action because they are exiled from an adversary. By treating refugees well and openly respecting their human rights, host states can, in effect, shame their rival, thereby undermining the adversary's legitimacy and discrediting the opposing government in the eyes of the international community. In the absence of a strategic rivalry, host governments do not have this incentive to support refugee human rights. Using statistical analyses, I find support for these hypotheses. In particular, the arrival of refugees from a neighboring rival state are associated with the strongest increase in respect for human rights within the host country, whereas refugees from a noncontiguous, nonrival state are related to a decrease in respect for human rights.


Musculoskeletal disorders are an important occupational health problem in dentistry. Few studies have compared these disorders in dentists with other occupational groups. We assessed musculoskeletal disorders in female dentists in comparison with female pharmacists. A cross-sectional study by means of Musculoskeletal Nordic Questionnaire was performed among 191 female general dentists and 211 female general pharmacists who were at least one year in clinical practice and selected using the random sampling method. Those with a history of a traumatic event causing fracture in spinal column or extremities and connective tissue diseases excluded. The data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. 91.6% of the female dentists and 87.7% of the female pharmacists reported having at least one musculoskeletal symptom in the previous 12 months. 12-month period prevalence symptoms of neck (OR=3.17), upper back (OR=2.19) and upper extremity (OR=1.99) had the most ORs in comparison of dentists to pharmacists. In summary, female dentists are at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders particularly in the neck, upper back and upper extremities.


Abstract Problems of instability and disequilibrium in U.S. agriculture are synthesized within a single conceptual framework. Agricultural and non-agricultural sector offer curves are used to illustrate why it may not be feasible to achieve and maintain equilibrium and price stability in U.S. agriculture. Empirical evidence on resource disequilibrium and instability in the ratio of prices paid and received by farmers is presented.


The recent elections in Swaziland were held under the auspices of King Mswati II's autocratic rule and effectively brought traditional political institutions and the modern democratic state to a crossroads. In a country where the king is supreme, the Swazi people are now questioning the effectiveness of one man's policies to combat immediate developmental issues and are starting to seek a popularly elected body to voice their concerns. It seems that change is inevitable in this struggle between old and new political systems. Swaziland gained independence from British colonial rule in 1968, after the charismatic King Sobhuza II successfully steered the nation to full international sovereignty with surprisingly little bloodshed. As a result, political power was transferred under a democratic consensus to the Dlamini royal lineage, Swaziland's traditional rulers in pre-colonial times. Sobhuza, however, suspended the new democratic Swazi constitution soon after coming to power, calling for a system of constitutional monarchy more closely aligned with Swazi "traditional" culture. Since then, members of Parliament in Swaziland have become mere puppets of the King, strict laws have been enacted prohibiting unauthorized public meetings, and potential political opponents have been held in detention. Sobhuza and the Dlamini royal line has relied on superstitious causal relations and heavy traditional symbolism to justify their powerful position to the Swazi people. Ironically, it is the abuse of symbolic royal power which has precipitated a public outcry against the royal house. In November 2002, a heartbroken mother filed a lawsuit to prevent Mswati from marrying her 17-year-old daughter, whom he had spotted at a performance of the ceremonial Reed Dance and subsequently ordered his guards to abduct. In response, Mswati, who is Sobhuza's son and successor, retorted that the mother had "no respect for tradition," since Swazi custom allows the King to choose wives among 10,000 to 20,000 scantily-clad young women at the dance. The royal rejection of the lawsuit severely undermined the independence of the judiciary, and Mswati was denounced by Amnesty International and other international watch-dogs for his disregard of human rights and women's rights. The Swazi King's choice of a young bride also came under fire because it was made immediately after he imposed a rule banning all girls under 18 from participating in sexual intercourse. …


Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the current state of small-leaved lime stands under climate change, as well as to identify optimal conditions for the occurrence and further growth of natural lime regeneration under the stand canopy to grow productive and sustainable mixed stands. The areas of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) stands in plain Ukrainian forests and mixed stands with English oak (Quercus robur L.) were defined according to reference materials (as of 2016). Growth and liveability peculiarities of natural regeneration of lime under the canopy of oak-lime stands in climate change were identified. The main stand characteristics contributing to maximal appearance and further development of advance growth of lime, such as composition, age and relative density of stocking, were determined. It was found that the lime stands of vegetative origin occupy the largest part of the lime forests' area, being less resilient and productive than those originated from seeds. Small-leaved lime is the best associated species in mixed oak stands. The presence of lime improves health, assortment composition, and productivity of oak stands and increases their resistance against pests and diseases. In the future, lime can play an important role in the adaptation of forests to climate change due to its biological and forest properties and adaptability to a sustainable existence in a relatively wide range of environmental conditions. A summary of the studies complements a system of knowledge about the current state of lime stands as well as peculiarities of their regeneration and growth. The data obtained can be used as a theoretical base for forest management to promote natural regeneration and maintain the sustainability of these forests.


Despite the very good consideration regarding organic products, studies have shown that leafy vegetables can harbour various human pathogens. Preventive methods are the best way to reduce such risks and protect the quality and image of organic agricultural production. The aim of this study was to suppress important human pathogens, bacteria, and yeasts, by using selected plant beneficial endophytes. Results have showed that among 23 bacterial endophytes isolated from different plant species, some isolates revealed antimicrobial activity. Reference strains of Bacillus cereus and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited by 34.8% of the isolated endophytes, while the methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus was inhibited by 30.4% of the tested endophytes. Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella typhimurium were more reticent, and only 8.7% of the isolated endophytes were able to inhibit their growth. The pathogenic reference yeasts, Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were inhibited by 17.4% and 21.7%, respectively of the isolated endophytes. In vitro results revealed certain strains of endophytic bacteria as potential inoculants, to provide not only plant growth promotion but also protection against important pathogenic contaminants.


Melia azedarach L. is a multipurpose timber tree that is important in forestry plantations. Genetic modification to improve the growth rate and wood quality is important to produce new cultivars of M. azedarach. In this study, the effects of AtGA20ox gene expression on plant growth, wood formation, and biomass production in transgenic M. azedarach plants were investigated. AtGA20ox was inserted into the binary vector pBI101 under the control of the xylem specific promoter CAD4 and transferred to M. azedarach via Agrobacterium-mediated method. The integration and expression of the transgenes were confirmed using PCR, RT-PCR, and Southern blotting. The specificity of CAD4 in the xylem was indicated by the higher expression of the AtGA20ox gene in the stem tissues compared to the leaves. The larger stem diameter resulted from higher xylem cell numbers and a wider xylem zone in all the transgenic plants. In addition, the transgenic plants also grew more quickly. Consequently, transgenic M. azedarach increased its biomass production 2- to 4-fold compared to the wild-type plants at 90 days under greenhouse conditions. Our results suggest that the expression of ectopic AtGA20ox under the control of a xylem-specific promoter is an appropriate method to improve plant growth, biomass production, and wood formation in M. azedarach and other forestry plants.


Hilly chickens were characterized from January 2015 to September 2016 considering climate factors (light and heat). The experimental birds were divided into three groups (heat stress; light and control). The heat was generated in the chicken's shelter by a black shaded light (Lantern) for two to three hours more after sunset. A lighting device (Lantern) was kept in the chicken's shelter for the same period for increasing daylight duration. The individual chicken's egg production, egg weight and mature live weight were studied from onset of egg production. It was observed that reddish brown hilly type chicken produced more (100.80 no/year/chicken) and larger sized (43.21g) eggs than spotted chicken (83.4 no/year/chicken and 40.46g). Among the three treatments, the lighting group produced 7.71 and 5.60 more eggs than the control and heat stress group, and one hour lighting lengths increased egg production 4 to 5.8%. Fifty-five blood samples were collected, and DNA was isolated from whole blood. For genetic characterization, 10 microsatellites markers from FAO recommendation list were used in this study. PCR amplification was performed in an MJ PTC-200 Peltier Thermal Cycler. The gene flow among breeds and genetic differentiation was assessed by computing between-breed genetic parameters: molecular co-ancestry (fij). It was found that genetic diversity of these two types of chickens was moderate. Results indicated that they were originated from the same ancestor. Therefore, priority should be given for implementation of appropriate breeding programme and strategies are necessary to avoid loss of genetic diversity.


PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to assess maximum voluntary forefoot ground reaction force during multiple one-legged hopping (F m1LH) and to determine the correlation between tibial volumetric bone mineral content (vBMC, a valid surrogate of bone strength) and F m1LH.

METHODS
One hundred eighty-five females (8-82 yr old) and 138 males (8-71 yr old) performed multiple one-legged hopping to measure F m1LH acting on the forefoot during landing. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans were obtained to assess vBMC at 4%, 14%, 38%, and 66% of tibia length and calf muscle cross-sectional area at the 66% site.

RESULTS
In all 323 participants, F m1LH corresponded to 3-3.5 times body weight, and F m1LH predicted vBMC 14% by 84.0% (P < 0.001). vBMC 14% was better correlated with F m1LH than with the calf muscle cross-sectional area in both males (R2 = 0.841 vs R2 = 0.724) and females (R2 = 0.765 vs R2 = 0.597). F m1LH and vBMC14% both increased during growth and afterward remained constant or decreased with age but never increased above the values reached at the end of puberty. F m1LH decreased by 23.6% between 21-30 and 61-82 yr in females and by 14.0% between 31-40 and 51-71 yr in males. vBMC 14% decreased by 13.7% in females between 21-30 and 61-82 yr but remained unchanged in adult males.

CONCLUSIONS
Multiple one-legged hopping yields the highest (i.e., maximum) ground reaction force relative to other jumping maneuvers. Because bone strength is strongly governed by maximum muscle force, the concurrent assessment of peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived bone strength and F m1LH might represent a new approach for the operational evaluation of musculoskeletal health.


One of the major challenges in the drilling industry is the quick detection of problems that can occur during drilling a deep well due to high cost implications. These problems can occur for various reasons and can exhibit varying symptoms, which make them difficult to identify or prevent automatically. Visual Analytics has emerged as an alternative approach for data analysis. It combines both the computational power of computers and the experience of domain experts to analyze and gain insights into large data. This paper describes a procedure for analyzing and identifying drilling problem using Visual Analytics techniques. It provides results of an elaborated analysis of sensor measurement datasets that contain "Stuck Pipes" situations - one of the most common drilling problems. Statistical features are calculated from the dataset using the sliding window method. We show how visual analysis by means of linked scatter plots enable relating the problem patterns to the computed features and can hence help in identifying "Stuck Pipes" problems.


In recent years, the research community has witnessed a growing interest in immersive representations of the real world, such as light field. However, due to the increased volume of data generated in the acquisition, new and efficient compression algorithms are needed to store and deliver light field contents. A Grand Challenge on light field image coding was organised during ICIP 2017 to collect and evaluate new compression algorithms for lenslet-based light field images. This paper reports the results of the objective and subjective evaluation campaign conducted to assess the responses to the grand challenge. An adjectival categorical rating methodology with 7-point grading scale was selected to perform subjective assessments, whereas the objective assessment was conducted using popular image quality metrics. Results show that two proposals have comparable performance and outperform the others across all bitrates.


Large-scale information processing often relies on subset matching for data classification and routing. Examples are publish/subscribe and stream processing systems, database systems, social media, and information-centric networking. For instance, an advanced Twitter-like messaging service where users might follow specific publishers as well as specific topics encoded as tag sets must join a stream of published messages with the users and their preferred tag sets so that the user tag set is a subset of the message tags. Subset matching is an old but also notoriously difficult problem. We present TagMatch, a system that solves this problem by taking advantage of a hybrid CPU/GPU stream processing architecture. TagMatch targets large-scale applications with thousands of matching operations per seconds against hundreds of millions of tag sets. We evaluate TagMatch on an advanced message streaming application, with very positive results both in absolute terms and in comparison with existing systems. As a notable example, our experiments demonstrate that TagMatch running on a single, commodity machine with two GPUs can easily sustain the traffic throughput of Twitter even augmented with expressive tag-based selection.


This study tried to answer the problem formulation is What position and Function of Notary in using the State symbol? What if Notaries do malpractices in the using of State Symbol and how sanctions against malpractice Notary Public who use the State Symbol? The purpose of this study to determine the position and Function of Notary in using the State Symbol, and determine sanctions against notaries who do mal practice in the using of State Symbol.This research was conducted using the normative method, means testing and reviewing secondary data, using literature data in the form of positive law relating to Legislation relating to the issues discussed.The results of this study concluded that a Notary Public in the office using the Symbol State under Article 16 paragraph (1) letter k of Notary law) and use of the State symbol of Notary's Stamp or Head Letter Position as stipulated in Article 54 paragraph (1) letter j Act No. 24 of 2009 and as Stamp of Department Office as stipulated in Article 54 paragraph (2) letter j Act No. 24 of 2009, while the Notary malpractice in the using of State symbol is not necessarily directly given to criminal sanctions as a form of application of the law ultimum remidium. because there are several steps that must be passed given the Notary has its own rules in the Law on Notary. Notary of the behavior is also governed by a special organization that Indonesian Notary Association (INI), but still asked the criminal responsibility under Act No. 24 of 2009 and Article 154 of the Criminal Code letter if indeed Notary proven legally and convincingly to have malpractice against the using of State Symbol.Keywords: Notary Authority; Notary Position; Sanctions Against Notary.


To determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infecti ons in AIDS patients, 500 AIDS patients and 500 non-AIDS p atients (served as control) each on admission were recruited into the study between 2007 and 2008 in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Urine samples were collected with sterile universal bottles and analysed with appropriate laboratory methods and antibiotic susceptibility test was carr ied out by disk diffusion technique in accordance with CLSI (formerly, NCCLS) criteria, 2006. The res ults were analyzed using SPSS 11.0 statistical software, p-value <0.05 were considered significant at 95% confident limit. Escherichia coli were the most common isolate in the both groups. A wider spe ctrum of micro-organisms were isolated from AIDS group patients compared to control group. Most of the urinary bacterial isolates (n=350) from bot h groups were highly sensitive to ceftazidime (95%) an d ciprofloxacin (88%). There was generally low sensitivity of bacterial isolates to most antibioti cs in common use such as co-trimoxazole (40%), tetracycline (25%), chloramphenicol (33%) and ampic illin (40%) with no significant difference between the AIDS and control group. There was no significan t difference in the antibiotic susceptibility patte rn between the AIDS group and the control group in the study. Rational use of antibiotics with regular antibiotics susceptibility surveillance studies is recommended to maintain high antibiotic therapeutic profile


This graduation project aims at creating liveability (in terms of well-functioning control on social relationship and sustainable green in direct home environment) in Xiongan New Town to hosting residents who cannot find a suitable place in Beijing. The great majority of them are young professionals. They are facing the problem that their ideal housing type, which provides quality of affordability (affordable rental housing), assessibility (connectivity to work place through public transportation) and liveable living condition (proper privacy, neither social cage or anonymous community without green) does not exist. Thus this project is in motion to create a more friendly neighbourhood for the young professionals through designing a liveable neighbourhood in terms of control of social interaction, sustainalbe green, affordable rental housing and a seamless public transportation system. Xiongan New Town is a proper location as it provides a larger range of possibilities for this neighbourhood spatially. However, Chinese New Towns are until now built with-out a out relation to their historical and ecological context. This leads to a proposal for an new town that relates to the local ecological and urban context and with references to the history of dwelling in the area. Therefore the objective is to design a infrastructure framework for a New Town and a fully designed liveable neighbourhood as a illustrative example of alternative design approach. Therefore the strategy is composed by two parts. Firstly, based on typology analysis, scenario analysis, case study, mapping, etc., I put forward a series of approaches for Xiongan new town in multiple scales (regional, city, district, neighbourhood) to provide a framework as precondition for a liveable neighbourhood. These approaches aim to achieve a balanced harmony between landscape and city, history and future development as context for neighbourhood design. Secondly, a spatial design focus on the qualities of control on social interaction, historical continuity and sustainable green. Spatial design in neighbourhood scale includes an integral framework and smaller interventions. A blue and green network based on water and topographic condition will be introduced. Accessible network and density hypothesis will be created on top of this landscape layer. Smaller interventions will be embedded into this framework, to show the possibilities of balancing density, creating legible territory, preserving historical continuity, achieving spatial integrality. Specifically, the neighbourhood will be composed of housing types of various density (matching potential density); it will be divided into multiple legible territories of various levels of privacy; historical connection will be provided through preserving parcellation patterns and existing buildings. Houses will be constructed by the method of layer construction to leave space for future development. Green space helps to combine all spatial elements. Finally, the liveable neighbourhood will be a synthesis of all those interventions.


Earlier studies have shown the diverse evaluative parameters for performance evaluation of a joint venture. These parameters include qualitative factors. However, there profoundly exists a lack of empirical evidence regarding the role of partner trust in the performance evaluation of a joint venture project. The present study is, therefore, an attempt to explore the relationship between mutual trust and joint venture performance. The meta-analysis has been performed on the selective dataset to check for homogenous view emerging from available literature. Systematic literature review of previous studies of journals having more than 1.0 impact factor score was considered and the studies were compared and contrasted to provide a research direction. A homogenous view emerges from this study, bridging the gap between its perceived roles as the evaluative parameter for the joint venture performance. There is no comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) on mutual trust affecting the performance of a joint venture.


One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, UEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of the physical and rehabilitation medicine interventions. Inflammatory arthritis is a major cause of disability with an important economic burden in society. The goals in the management of inflammatory arthritis are to control pain and disease activity, prevent joint damage, protect and enhance function and improve quality of life. This paper aims to define the role of PRM physicians in people with inflammatory arthritis. PRM interventions imply non-pharmacological treatments which include patient education for joint protection, energy conservation and self-management techniques, exercise therapy, physical modalities, orthoses/assistive devices and balneotherapy. Therapeutic patient education and exercises are the cornerstones of therapy with strong evidence of their effectiveness to improve function. Physical modalities are primarily used to decrease pain and stiffness whereas orthoses/assistive devices are usually prescribed to enhance activities and participation. PRM physicians have distinct roles in the management of people with inflammatory arthritis such that they effectively organise and supervise the PRM program in the context of interdisciplinary team work. Their role starts with a comprehensive assessment of patient's functioning based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) as the framework. In the light of this assessment, appropriate PRM interventions individualised for the patient are administered. Future research and actions regarding the role of PRM in inflammatory arthritis should target access to care, updates on the use and effectiveness of physical modalities, orthoses/assistive devices, and standardization of therapeutic patient education programs.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the differential impact of Chinese citizens' use of traditional media and Internet sources on their political views about the country's territorial dispute with Japan over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Chinese citizens can utilize a variety of conduits of information that allow varying degrees of government control over the way foreign affairs and other controversies are presented. Those who rely on mainstream, state-controlled television, radio, and printed media for information on the disputes, and those who turn to less-prescriptive sources on the Internet, can be expected to have distinctive political attitudes. We use original 2013 Chinese survey data to explore patterns of media consumption and citizens' attention levels towards the Sino-Japanese island dispute, and views regarding the government's performance in handling the issue and appropriate policy responses. Those who derive their information from traditional media tend to view the government's performance more positively, and are more likely both to favour compromise and to oppose the use of military force. By comparison, information from Internet sources, which is more user selfselective, sustains a wider range of attitudes about the Sino-Japanese island dispute and the appropriate policies for dealing with it, including both militaristic and moderate stances. All told, we find that Chinese citizens bring distinctive predispositions to their consumption of media information on this issue, but our results also clearly reflect an ongoing, pervasive influence for China's state-run traditional media. These findings have important implications for considering the resilience of authoritarian systems in the Internet era.


This thesis studies subsemigroups of groups from three perspectives: automatic structures, ordinary semigroup presentations, and Malcev presentaions. [A Malcev presentation is a presentation of a special type for a semigroup that can be embedded into a group. A group-embeddable semigroup is Malcev coherent if all of its finitely generated subsemigroups admit finite Malcev presentations.] The theory of synchronous and asynchronous automatic structures for semigroups is expounded, particularly for group-embeddable semigroups. In particular, automatic semigroups embeddable into groups are shown to inherit many of the pleasant geometric properties of automatic groups. It is proved that groupembeddable automatic semigroups admit finite Malcev presentations, and such presentations can be found effectively. An algorithm is exhibited to test whether an automatic semigroup is a free semigroup. Cancellativity of automatic semigroups is proved to be undecidable. Study is made of several classes of groups: virtually free groups; groups that satisfy semigroup laws (in particular [virtually] nilpotent and [virtually] abelian groups); polycyclic groups; free and direct products of certain groups; and one-relator groups. For each of these classes, the question of Malcev coherence is considered, together with the problems of whether finitely generated subsemigroups are finitely presented or automatic. This study yields closure and containment results regarding the class of Malcev coherent groups. The property of having a finite Malcev presentation is shown to be preserved under finite Rees index extensions and subsemigroups. Other concepts of index are also studied.


At the dawn of the 13th century the male monasticism was living a new era, marked by the advent of St. Francis and St. Dominic and characterized by a return to the poorest and humble roots of Christianity as well as by greater openness towards the believers, more than the closed dimension of the monastery. A new female religious movement, known as 'the Poor Ladies', was born in Central Italy in the same years, under the guidance of St. Clare of Assisi. The movement did not join any of the existing monastic rules at the beginning, even though it was strictly bound to the Franciscan experience and had total poverty as its highest and exclusive aspiration. The Church of Rome saw a possible critical issue in the movement and in its lack of control. It tried to regulate it at the Council of Lateran IV in 1215, especially with the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia Ugolino dei Segni (the future Pope Gregory IX), an essential figure for the history and evolution of the female monasticism who imposed the cloistered life on all female monastic orders. The analysis of the architecture of the so-called 'PoorLadies' is, therefore, fundamental in order to understand the consequences of this imposition. New liturgical spaces for females only, in fact, started to be created in both the existing convents and in the newly built ones with the aim of protecting the daily life of the nuns. The arrangement of the preexisting spaces in St. Damianoin Assisi — the cradle of the order of St. Clare — was purely random but led anyway to the creation of proper architectural models, later exported in other convents of the same order. The nuns' choir in St. Damiano, infact, is located outside the ecclesiastical perimeter in order to preserve the cloistered dimension. However, this peculiar position of the choir made it quite difficult for the nuns to assist to the liturgical functions from the beginning, but the issue was solved only during the 14th century with the 'migration' of this liturgical space to a new position, after a series of different solutions.


Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study (consecutive case series). Objectives: The aim of this study was to define a criterion for achieving successful decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) using intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) and to investigate the pathogenesis of redundant nerve roots (RNRs) based on the ultrasonographic findings. Methods: A total of 100 LSS patients (71 males, 29 females, mean age, 71 ± 8 years) with RNRs were enrolled as subjects in this study. IOUS was performed to evaluate pulsatile motion of the cauda equina (PMCE) just before and after decompressive laminectomy. To determine the decompression status of the cauda equina, the ultrasonographic findings were classified into 3 types on the basis of the presence or absence of PMCE: type 1, predecompression PMCE (−) to postdecompression PMCE (+); type 2, pre- and postdecompression PMCE (+); and type 3, pre- and postdecompression PMCE (−). The pathogenesis of RNRs was also investigated based on the ultrasonographic findings. Results: Around the stenosis, PMCE was almost always absent before decompression and appeared after decompression (type 1 in 94 patients, type 2 in 6, type 3 in 0). IOUS showed that, before decompression, the cauda equina was held at the stenosis and could not pulsate beyond the stenotic site, and after decompression, PMCE recovered in the craniocaudal direction, leading to the resolution of RNRs. Conclusions: The emergence of PMCE can be a sign of successful decompression for LSS. Ultrasonographic findings support the notion that disturbance of PMCE around the stenosis is a basic component of the pathogenesis of RNRs.


Zimbabwe has a dual or plural legal system. This is a system whereby there is the application of two or more systems of law in a single country at any given time. This dualism is characterized by the co-existence of general law and customary law in Zimbabwe. This pluralism in the legal system came as a result of the colonization of the country. The white settlers came with the Roman Dutch law whilst the African inhabitants of the country were using the traditional systems to manage their day-to-day life. The formal legislation that governs the management of archaeological heritage is fragmented and there are many pieces of legislations that have been looked into in order to consolidate the pieces of legislation. The terms archaeological heritage and cultural are used in the study to mean different heritage altogether. Cultural heritage is as defined by UNESCO and includes archaeological heritage.


Luminous blue variables (LBVs) are rare massive stars with very high
luminosity. They are characterized by strong photo-metric and spectroscopic
variability related to transient eruptions. The mechanisms at the origin of
these eruptions is not well known. In addition, their formation is still
problematic and the presence of a companion could help to explain how they
form. Aims. This article presents a study of seven LBVs (about 20% of the known
Galactic population), some Wolf-Rayet stars, and massive binaries. We probe the
environments that surround these massive stars with near-, mid-, and
far-infrared images, investigating potential nebula/shells and the companion
stars. Methods. To investigate large spatial scales, we used seeing-limited and
near diffraction-limited adaptive optics images to obtain a differential
diagnostic on the presence of circumstellar matter and to determine their
extent. From those images, we also looked for the presence of binary companions
on a wide orbit. Once a companion was detected, its gravitational binding to
the central star was tested. Tests include the chance projection probability,
the proper motion estimates with multi-epoch observations, flux ratio, and star
separations. Results. We find that two out of seven of LBVs may have a wide
orbit companion. Most of the LBVs display a large circumstellar envelope or
several shells. In particular, HD168625, known for its rings, possesses several
shells with possibly a large cold shell at the edge of which the rings are
formed. For the first time, we have directly imaged the companion of LBV stars.


NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase [isocitrate:NADP(sup+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating); EC 220.127.116.11] was purified from Cephalosporium acremonium as a single species. The enzyme is a dimer of 140 kDa with identical subunits of 75 kDa. The existence of a monomer-dimer equilibrium is apparent as revealed by an enzyme dilution approach. The chelate complex of the tribasic form of isocitrate and Mg(sup2+) is the true substrate. The V(infmax) depends on a basic form of an ionizable group of the enzyme-substrate complex with a pK(infes) (pK of the enzyme-substrate complex) of 6.9 and a (Delta)H(infion) (activation enthalpy) of -2 (plusmn) 0.4 kcal mol(sup-1) (ca. 8 (plusmn) 2 kJ mol(sup-1)). The enzyme showed maximum activity at 60(deg)C, an unusually high temperature for a nonthermophilic fungus. The thermodynamic parameters for isocitrate oxidative decarboxylation and for the binding of isocitrate and NADP(sup+) were calculated. We analyzed the kinetic thermal stability of the enzyme at pH 6.5 and 7.6. It was inactivated above 40(deg)C following a first-order kinetics. The presence of 12 mM Mg(sup2+) plus 10 mM dl-isocitrate led to 100% protection of enzyme activity against inactivation at 60(deg)C for 120 min. Removal of either or both compounds led to activity loss. A greater stabilizing role for Mg(sup2+) was seen at pH 6.5 than at pH 7.6, whereas the stabilizing effect of isocitrate was not dependent on pH.


This work investigated the photophysical pathways for light absorption, charge generation, and charge separation in donor–acceptor nanoparticle blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and indene-C_60-bisadduct. Optical modeling combined with steady-state and time-resolved optoelectronic characterization revealed that the nanoparticle blends experience a photocurrent limited to 60% of a bulk solution mixture. This discrepancy resulted from imperfect free charge generation inside the nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and chemically resolved X-ray mapping showed that enhanced miscibility of materials did improve the donor–acceptor blending at the center of the nanoparticles; however, a residual shell of almost pure donor still restricted energy generation from these nanoparticles.


Cobalt was electrodeposited on copper substrate from sulfate, sulfate plus boric acid, sulfamate and chloride baths with a pH of 20-50. Deposits were prepared over a temperature range of 20-80°C. Crystalline orientation was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. The cobalt deposits from the sulfate plus boric acid and chloride baths exhibited strong (100) preferred orientation at the low overpotentials and strong (110) preferred orientation at the high overpotentials. This preferred orientation of the deposits from the sulfate plus boric acid and chloride baths is not consistent with the crystalline orientations predicted by Pangarov using the two dimensional platelets model. However, the deposits from the sulfate, sulfamate and part sulfate plus boric acid baths exhibited (002) preferred orientation over a wide range of plating conditions. The case in forming a direction of magnetization perpendicular to the substrate may possibly facilitate preparation of perpendicular magnetic recording media. The (002) preferred orientation affinity was related to the appearance of a shoulder in the polarization curves in the vicinity of the immersion potential and a subsequent abrupt increase in current, which are attributable to facile crystal formation and growth.


Twelve Angus crossbred cattle (eight heifers and four steers; average initial BW = 594 +/- 44.4 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and fed restricted amounts of forage plus a ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) supplement were used in a triplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment to determine intestinal supply of essential AA. Cattle were fed four different levels of chopped (2.54 cm) bromegrass hay (11.4% CP, 57% NDF; OM basis): 30, 55, 80, or 105% of the forage intake required for maintenance. Cattle fed below maintenance were given specified quantities of a RUP supplement (6.8% porcine blood meal, 24.5% hydrolyzed feather meal, and 68.7% menhaden fish meal; DM basis) designed to provide duodenal essential AA flow equal to that of cattle fed forage at 105% of maintenance. Experimental periods lasted 21 d (17 d of adaptation and 4 d of sampling). Total OM intake and duodenal OM flow increased linearly (P < 0.001) as cattle consumed more forage; however, OM truly digested in the rumen (% of intake) did not change (P = 0.43) as intake increased. True ruminal N degradation (% of intake) tended (P = 0.07) to increase linearly, and true ruminal N degradation (g/d) decreased quadratically (P = 0.02) as intake increased from 30 to 105%. Duodenal N flow was equal (P = 0.33) across intake levels, even though microbial N flow increased linearly (P < 0.001) as forage OM intake increased. Total and individual essential AA intake decreased (cubic; P < 0.001) as forage intake increased because the supply of nonammonia, nonmicrobial N flow from RUP was decreased (linear; P < 0.001) by design. Total duodenal flow of essential AA did not differ (P = 0.39) across these levels of forage intake. Although the profile of essential AA reaching the duodenum differed (P < or = 0.02) for all 10 essential AA, the range of each essential AA as a proportion of total essential AA was low (11.1 to 11.2% of total essential AA for phenylalanine to 12.3 to 14.3% of total essential AA for lysine). Duodenal essential AA flow did not differ (P = 0.10 to 0.65) with forage intake level for eight of the 10 essential AA. Duodenal flow of arginine decreased linearly (P = 0.01), whereas duodenal flow of tryptophan increased linearly (P = 0.002) as forage intake increased from 30 to 105% of maintenance. Balancing intestinal essential AA supply in beef cattle can be accomplished by varying intake of a RUP supplement.


FPGAs support the implementation of a wide range of functionalities,
 from general-purpose processors (Softcores) to dedicated hardware
 accelerators (Intellectual Properties). This blurs the traditional line
 between software and hardware, since in many cases a functionality can
 be achieved either by executing code on a softcore or by running an
 IP. In this paper we focus on programming parallel architectures where
 IPs are interconnected using softcores.

 We propose a programming language, called HiHope, which exploits this
 kind of architecture. HiHope includes constructs for
 switching at runtime between hardware functions (implemented by
 IPs) and software functions in a transparent way. It
 also contains constructs for executing parallel functions (either
 hardware or software ones) and for redefining functions dynamically.

 We show how HiHope programs can be compiled for execution on master-slave parallel
 architectures based on the HoMade processor, a softcore processor designed as
 an IP integrator.


In this paper we evaluate the performance of the Chapel programming language from the perspective of its language primitives and features, where the microbenchmarks are synthesized from our lessons learned in developing molecular dynamics simulation programs in Chapel. Experimental results show that most language building blocks have comparable performance to corresponding hand-written C code, while the complex applications can achieve up to 70% of the performance of C implementation. We identify several causes of overhead that can be further optimized by Chapel compiler. This work not only helps Chapel users understand the performance implication of using Chapel, but also provides useful feedbacks for Chapel developers to make a better compiler.


Deltahedral nine-atom tetrel element Zintl clusters are promising building blocks for the straightforward solution-based synthesis of intermetalloid clusters through the reaction with organometallic compounds. Herein we report on novel coordination sites of metal-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes to [Ge9] clusters and unexpected cluster isomerization. We present the synthesis of a series of coinage metal-NHC complexes of silylated [Ge9] clusters [NHCiPrCu(η4-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3)] (1; TMS = trimethylsilyl) and [NHCRM(η4-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2)]- (2a, M = Cu, R = iPr; 3a, M = Cu, R = Mes; 4a, M = Cu, R = Dipp; 5a, M = Ag, R = Dipp; 6a, M = Au, R = Dipp), in which the coinage metals coordinate to open rectangular cluster faces and act as additional cluster vertex atoms. Besides representing promising intermediates on the way to larger intermetalloid clusters, the formation of compound 1 shows that Cu-NHC fragments also coordinate to the open-square Ge faces of the tris-silylated [Ge9] clusters, contrasting the typical interactions with triangular faces of tris-silylated [Ge9] clusters. In compounds 3a and 4a bearing bulky NHC moieties, an unusual silyl group substitution pattern is observed in contrast to 2a, which corresponds to the silyl group arrangement of other metal complexes of bis-silylated [Ge9] clusters. In this context, potential silyl group migration mechanisms are discussed.


The optimal condition of preparation of mumps vaccine with 15 L rolling bottle is reported.The mean titers were 6.25 LogCCID 50 /ml when the cells and virus were simutaneously inoculated and incubated at 33℃ for five days.After the cell monolayer were formed,which were infected by the virus,the mean titer were 4.85 LogCCID 50 /ml.The chick embryo cells were infected with the virus at multiplicity of infection(MOI)of 2.3×10 -4 the virus titer may reach to 6.5 LogCCID 50 /ml.The virus suspension were harvested two times at 100 h and 120 h at the peak of virus titers,the titer of them were 6.00 and 6.50 LogCCID 50 /ml respectively.The yield of the vaccine were 4500 ml and 9000 ml per bottle without significant changes in their titers.The vaccine in liquid state were stored at 2 10℃ for 14 days and the titer had dropped from 5.75 to 4.75 LogCCID 50 /ml.While the vaccine was stored at -18℃ and the titer had slowly declined from 6.38 to 5.00 LogCCID 50 /ml.


Similar to device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD), semi-device-independent quantum key distribution (SDI-QKD) provides secure key distribution without any assumptions about the internal workings of the QKD devices. The only assumption is that the dimension of the Hilbert space is bounded. But SDI-QKD can be implemented in a one-way prepare-and-measure configuration without entanglement compared with DI-QKD. We propose a practical SDI-QKD protocol with four preparation states and three measurement bases by considering the maximal violation of dimension witnesses and specific processes of a QKD protocol. Moreover, we prove the security of the SDI-QKD protocol against collective attacks based on the min-entropy and dimension witnesses. We also show a comparison of the secret key rate between the SDI-QKD protocol and the standard QKD.


This paper describes a design method on the spray-strake parameters of a planing hull (patrol vessel) based on manoeuvring performance in calm water condition. The method set a spray-strake mathematical model which has been developed using experimental data from towing tank. The model selects such a spray-strake parameter which has the effects on manoeuvrability characteristics. In showing these effects, some IMO manoeuvring (for turning circle and zigzag manoeuvre) have been simulated for a planing hull with the designated spray-strake parameter. The results indicate that the spray-strakes attached to the planing vessel have effects on its manoeuvring performance.


This paper presents a practical case study of a methodology for the systematic creation of an IT strategy, as developed at the University of Pretoria, a large South African research university. The methodology is pragmatic rather than academic and was developed for implementation in a university environment. The resulting strategy takes into account strategic alignment, business drivers and external influences. The current IT organisation and infrastructure is assessed and contextualised. IT risks, as aligned with the corporate risk management process, are identified, as are current and planned IT projects. The key results of the application of the methodology are a set of aligned and interlinked documents describing the IT strategy, enterprise architecture, IT governance and information technology planning.


The urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to 2 g of metyrapone given orally at 10 PM was compared with that following the standard test in which 750 mg of metyrapone was given at 4 hourly intervals for 6 doses. Both tests were performed on four occasions in 3 patients with Cushing's disease. Increments in urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion during the modified test were 7.0, 7.5, 8.4 and 23.3 mg/day, whereas with the standard test, increments ranged from 29.5 to 56.8 mg/day. The urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid response to the 2 g dose of metyrapone at 10 PM was marginal in 3 of the 4 studies. Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion with the modified metyrapone test varied from 10.7 to 44% of that found with the standard test. Since urinary steroid excretion may vary considerably in patients with Cushing's syndrome as was evident in 2 of the 3 patients studied, the data suggest that the modified metyrapone test should not be used in preference to the standard test in evaluating Cushing's syndrome. It appears that the modified test could lead to erroneous conclusions.


Older adults who fall recurrently have sub-optimal physical performance especially  muscle strength, mobility and balance. Recurrent falls lead to a heightened fear of falls. However, there is limited information regarding other domains of physical performance, namely, flexibility and endurance. In addition there is still limited knowledge pertaining fear of falls and physical activity levels among Malaysian community-dwelling older adults who are recurrent fallers. The aim of our study was to compare fear of falls, physical performance and physical activity levels among older adults with falls and recurrent falls . This cross- sectional study was carried out in two Malaysian urban districts. Physical performance was examined using Functional Fitness MOT (FFMOT). Modified Baecke Questionnaire and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC-6) Scale were administered to evaluate the level of daily physical activity and fear of falls respectively. A total 35 older adults participated in this study, 20 fallers (mean age :71.95±8.22)  and 15 recurrent fallers (mean age: 76.73±8.82) respectively. Our study results showed that older adults with recurrent fallers had significantly reduced lower extremity strength, dynamic balance, endurance, balance confidence in ADL and physical activity levels compared to faller group (p<0.05). Although flexibility and upper limb strength were not significantly different among fallers and recurrent fallers, overall improvement in physical performance should be targetted in falls prevention and management. This is vital to prevent further deterioration in physical performance among older adults with recurrent falls. DOI : http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2019-1702-09


The emergence of Web 2.0 and the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have fostered e-education to be more interactive, challenging, and situated. As a result, learners felt empowered when they are engaged in collaborative learning activities and self-directed learning. New forms of integrated assessment to support students when it comes to use complex-learning resources (CLR) within learning activities have become highly required. This paper discusses an empirical study about emerging forms of assessment such as, automated assessment, peer-assessment, and group-assessment integrated with CLRs in self-directed and collaborative learning. The first findings show that students were intrinsically motivated towards this approach. Moreover, automatic and peer-assessment supported the students to achieve their learning goals.


This paper has a threefold purpose. First, we offer a literature review on alliance capability based on strategic and competence-based management literature. Second, we extend existing literature on alliance capability by breaking this concept down into five subcapabilities, each of which is linked to a stage of the alliance life cycle. Finally, we suggest how firms can support these capabilities through structural, technological, and people-related tools and techniques. We argue that current literature has focused mainly on organization-wide characteristics, the general alliance function, and alliance experience to explain the level of alliance capability. Although we acknowledge the importance of these elements, we stress that more attention needs to be given to the various stage-specific components, actions, and supportive mechanisms that can result in an improved alliance capability.


Precipitation data, one of the most important input required in hydrological modeling and forecasting, are usually recorded using raingauges which are classical and fundamental tools able to provide an estimate of rainfall at a point. The consistency of precipitation monitoring network in terms of spatial scale (network density and location of raingauges) and time resolution has to be capable to reproduce, with acceptable accuracy, the characteristics of the flood phenomenon. In this context, over the last thirty years, several studies concerning the influence of point measurement of rainfall for the estimation of total runoff volume have been carried out. Aim of this paper is using a physically based and distributed-parameter hydrologic model in order to investigate the influence of the raingauges network configuration, in terms of number and spatial distribution, on the estimation of hydrograph peak discharge considering also the spatial distribution of soil types in the basin. The hydrologic model has been applied to the catchment of Baron Fork located in Oklahoma. The radar measurements, available in the area, have been assumed as representative of the "real" distribution of precipitation. Its hydrological response is compared with that obtained from interpolated precipitation fields, which, in turn, are obtained by varying the distribution of the raingauges network. The analysis has been first carried out assuming a simplified spatial distribution of soil characteristics and then considering the real spatial distribution of soil types.


Gratitude or shukr is one of the most central of Islamic virtues, the importance of which is underscored by the fact that the defining notions of "faith" and "disbelief" revolve around the pivots of shukr and kufr (= ingratitude). The article focuses on treatments of the virtue within the Sufi tradition, and even here, with a concentration specifically on the importance attached to its cultivation within the inner life of the spiritual aspirant. This is accomplished through an analysis of authors ranging from al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī (d. 905–10) and Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī (d. 996) to Ibn al-ʿArabī (d. 1240) and Aḥmad Zarrūq (d. 1493). In the process the article examines the semantics of shukr in Arabic as defined in the lexicographical tradition, its use in the Qur'an, definitions of the virtue in Sufi literature, the various strategies devised by a wide range of authorities on how to go about integrating the virtue within one's life, and finally, what are believed to be the consequences or "karmic effects" of both gratitude and ingratitude for blessings ( shukr al-niʿma and kufr al-niʿma ).


The amino acid gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) prevails in the CNS as an inhibitory neurotransmitter that mediates most of its effects through fast GABA-gated Cl(-)-channels (GABAAR). Molecular biology uncovered the complex subunit architecture of this receptor channel, in which a pentameric assembly derived from five of at least 17 mammalian subunits, grouped in the six classes alpha, beta, gamma, delta, sigma and epsilon, permits a vast number of putative receptor isoforms. The subunit composition of a particular receptor determines the specific effects of allosterical modulators of the GABAARs like benzodiazepines (BZs), barbiturates, steroids, some convulsants, polyvalent cations, and ethanol. To understand the physiology and diversity of GABAARs, the native isoforms have to be identified by their localization in the brain and by their pharmacology. In heterologous expression systems, channels require the presence of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits in order to mimic the full repertoire of native receptor responses to drugs, with the BZ pharmacology being determined by the particular alpha and gamma subunit variants. Little is known about the functional properties of the beta, delta, and epsilon subunit classes and only a few receptor subtype-specific substances like loreclezole and furosemide are known that enable the identification of defined receptor subtypes. We will summarize the pharmacology of putative receptor isoforms and emphasize the characteristics of functional channels. Knowledge of the complex pharmacology of GABAARs might eventually enable site-directed drug design to further our understanding of GABA-related disorders and of the complex interaction of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in neuronal processing.


We report a case in which the patient's quadriparesis progressed rapidly secondary to pyogenic spondylitis with an epidural abscess of the cervical spine. The patient had type II Klippel-Feil congenital fusion at C3-C4 that may have obscured clinical symptoms, resulting in a slight delay in the diagnosis of spondylitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilitated the determination of the precise location of the epidural abscess, and anterior debridement of the involved vertebrae followed by iliac strut bone grafting led successfully to the patient's full neurological recovery. The case presented is instructive in illustrating the importance of an early diagnosis followed by the appropriate treatment.


A recent Chinese supplementation study, in which obese middle-aged women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome received 12 weeks of supplemental histidine (2 g, twice daily) or matching placebo, achieved remarkable findings.1 Insulin sensitivity improved significantly in the histidine-supplemented subjects, and this may have been partially attributable to loss of body fat. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body fat declined in the histidine-supplemented group relative to the placebo group; the average fat loss in the histidine group was a robust 2.71 kg. Markers of systemic inflammation such as serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, non-esterified fatty acids and oxidative stress also decreased in the histidine group. Subsequently, precisely parallel findings were reported in female rats rendered obese with a high-fat diet.2

These intriguing findings were not altogether unexpected, as earlier rodent studies had shown that supplemental histidine tends to inhibit food intake, via an impact on the hypothalamus that is mediated by the neurotransmitter histamine.3–6 Acting via H1 receptors in the ventromedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, histamine suppresses feeding behaviour, promotes adipocyte lipolysis via sympathetic activation and raises metabolic rate.3 7 8 These effects are analogous to those of leptin on the brain, and indeed histamine has been shown to be a key mediator of leptin signalling in the hypothalamus.4 9 Leptin triggers histamine release in the hypothalamus, and histamine in turn prevents the downregulation of leptin receptors which mediates leptin resistance. Crucially, whether administered intraperitoneally or intraventricularly, histidine dose dependently increases hypothalamic levels of histamine as well as hypothalamic activity of histidine decarboxylase, the enzyme which converts histidine to histamine.10 Such administration also inhibits food consumption—an effect that is blocked in animals pretreated with an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase.

Neuronal histamine release in the …


The migmatitic areas of the Alsatian flank of the central Vosges massif have been mapped geologically. The Kaysersberg facies consists of banded gneisses and gneissic granites, with occasional basic inclusions. The more acid facies of the Trois-Epis, Alspach, and Ribeauville migmatites are described; these appear to be younger.


— Grid support in the form of ancillary services will need to be supplied to an increasing extent by variable renewables, as these are replacing non-variable conventional generation. Opportunities and boundary conditions for cost-efficient provision are determined by many factors, including technology as well as operational and economical aspects that depend on energy market design. Wind and solar PV energy include a broad range of power plants, from small distributed PV to large concentrated offshore wind farm clusters. There are specific issues for transmission and distribution systems, and also how to coordinate system service provision from distribution systems to transmission system. The paper summarizes the assessment of the above issues within the EU project REserviceS, finalised in September 2014. It also presents REserviceS recommendations for enabling market mechanisms for provision of grid support services in European power systems.


Abstract Methods are presented for the numerical integration of several rather general approximations to the quasi-geostrophic equations of motion. The choice of the vertical grid interval involved in these approximations is justified by scale considerations. Three of the approximations involve the integration of non-linear partial differential equations of elliptic type, and the method of solution used is described in some detail because of its quite general applicability. The results of the integrations for each version are presented and compared with those obtained earlier from simple versions. The principle conclusion is that the prediction error is not eliminated by a more refined treatment of the quasi-geostrophic equations, but is at least partly inherent in the geostrophic formulation itself. The retention of terms that are neglected in the first-order geostrophic approximation changes the aspect of the error but does not eliminate it.


Historians of Victorian Britain have focused on the reclamation of prostitutes as an area which illustrates the tensions between middle class ideology, as exhibited by the rescue workers and their organisations, and the experiences of working class women. However, no rescue society has been studied in depth, and consequently the relationship between theory and practice has not been documented. This thesis examines the Salvation Army's Social Services for Women, one of the largest and most prominent rescue work agencies active in late-Victorian London. The first chapter analyses the historiography of rescue work. The principle themes identified are the appropriateness of viewing rescue work as a form of social control, or as an inspiration for feminism. Chapter 2 discusses the formative experiences of the founders of the Salvation Army, William and Catherine Booth, and it is argued that their personal experiences and religious beliefs formed the basis of their later philanthropic activities. Following from this, Chapter 3 examines the development of the Booths' ideas into a model for society which placed greatest emphasis on the responsibility of the individual. This involved a social critique which redefined gender and class relationships in terms of moral 'children' and moral 'adults'. Chapter 4 traces the organisational development of the Army's Social Services for Women, during which theory was modified by practice. Chapter 5 deals with the problematic relationship between rescue work and social purity, as evidenced in the 'Maiden Tribute' agitation of 1885, in which the Salvation Army was prominently involved. Chapter 6 investigates the rescued, their social and economic support networks, and their progress in the rescue homes, through an analysis of 1500 case histories drawn from three different periods. Chapter 7 concludes with a discussion of the contrast between the lirniations of the religious perspective and the practical context of the social programme which the Booths embarked upon, and assesses its role and value in late-Victorian Britain. * * * * * * * * * * * * *


This study presents the influence of macro trauma also known as a large-scale injury on the psychology of a sportsman, which may have been happening over some time going before the certified affirmation that injury is obvious. By macro trauma sports injury, individual, and social qualities, may compellingly affect the harmed sportsmen. Wounds, while ideally rare, are regularly an unavoidable piece of game support. While most macro-trauma injury wounds can be dealt with practically zero disturbance in-game support and different exercises of everyday living, some force a significant physical and mental weight. An idiopathic etiology where the purpose behind brokenness is dark may extend vibes of disappointment, shock, and distress, especially if the hurt contender cannot promptly the point of convergence of recuperation, besides, set conspicuous destinations. For the study of the cases, convenience sampling is applied for selecting focus-group participants and for interviews 40 were approached and asked for their participation according to their availability. The findings of the study stated that, for the sportspersons, the mental reaction to a macro trauma injury could trigger or expose genuine psychological wellness issues like melancholy, uneasiness, confused eating, and substance use or misuse. At the point when a sportsman is harmed, a typical passionate response incorporates preparing the clinical data about the injury given by the clinical group, just as adapting sincerely to the macro trauma injury.


Based on Transcarpathian zeolite the catalysts in calcium-lanthanum-ammonium form were synthesized and modified by steaming and dealumination with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The samples were characterized by using nitrogen adsorption/desorption, XRD, XRF, and FTIR-spectroscopy. The yield of 5 hydroxymethylfurfural over modified samples at 433 K was found to be 50 and 83% at a practically full conversion of fructose.