The usual technique of deriving the asymptotic normality of a quantile of a sample in which the random variables are all independent and identically distributed [cf. Cramer (1946), pp. 367-369] fails to provide the same result for an $m$-dependent (and possibly non-stationary) process, where the successive observations are not independent and the (marginal) distributions are not necessarily all identical. For this reason, the derivation of the asymptotic normality is approached here indirectly. It is shown that under certain mild restrictions, the asymptotic almost sure equivalence of the standardized forms of a sample quantile and the empirical distribution function at the corresponding population quantile, studied by Bahadur (1966) [see also Kiefer (1967)] for a stationary independent process, extends to an $m$-dependent process, not necessarily stationary. Conclusions about the asymptotic normality of sample quantiles then follow by utilizing this equivalence in conjunction with the asymptotic normality of the empirical distribution function under suitable restrictions. For this purpose, the results of Hoeffding (1963) and Hoeffding and Robbins (1948) are extensively used. Useful applications of the derived results are also indicated.


Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can be transactivated by ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). GPCR signaling pathways often involve the formation of clathrin-coated endosomes, which interact with endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi complex to form recycling endosome and secretion vesicles containing EGFR pro-ligands such as pro-TGFα, which is proteolytically processed and released on the cell surface to activate EGFR in an autocrine manner. We showed previously that human rhomboid family-1 gene RHBDF1 is essential for GPCR-EGFR transactivation by assisting the secretion of TGFα, a ligand of EGFR. We show here silencing the RHBDF1 with shRNA leads to inhibition of EGFR ligand-dependent transactivation induced by GPCR ligands such as gastrin release peptide (GRP) and sphingosine-1-phosphate. However, RHBDF1 is not involved in EGFR ligand-independent GPCR-EGFR transactivation induced by isoproterenol. Inhibitors of endosome formation and membrane trafficking such as chlorpromazine, nocodazole, and cytochalasin-D also inhibit GRP-induced EGFR phosphorylation. Inhibitors of endosome acidification such as chloroquine and BFA lessen the inhibitory effect of RHBDF1 shRNA on GRP-induced EGFR phosphorylation. The RHBDF1 protein localizes mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum with pro-TGFα and GRASP55 in starved, quiescent cancer cells, but is phosphorylated and translocated to the cell surface upon GPCR ligands stimulation. GPCR ligands also activate the intracellular signaling molecule Src which then co-translocates with RHBDF1 and clathrin to the plasma membrane. Src-clathrin interaction and co-localization to the cell surface are RHBDF1-dependent. These findings are consistent with the view that, in response to GPCR activation, RHBDF1 assists pro-TGFα trafficking to the cell surface through clathrin coated trafficking. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1112. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1112


In Norway, the reindeer exists as both a wild and semi-domesticated species. The latter forms the basis of a livelihood and industry that is the clearest characteristic of Sámi culture, and it is protected by international law and the Norwegian Constitution. Nevertheless, reindeer herding is threatened by loss of land used for infrastructure and recreation facilities development, as well as human activities in the outfields (utmark). Reindeer are physically vulnerable, and society's institutions do not provide sufficient protection of land for grazing and herding of reindeer. Politicians and the general public are largely unaware of this. The chapter documents this by analyzing land-use challenges in two reindeer-herding districts. Besides loss of pastureland, the accumulated effect of former losses is a loss of flexibility, which makes adaptation to new challenges increasingly difficult. The authors suggest several practical measures (e.g. plans, maps, etc.), but also point to the need for general education in Sámi culture and affairs, for politicians as well as the public. This should be a part of necessary reconciliation processes in the context of historical assimilation policies. Furthermore, the Norwegian government should strengthen its efforts to realize the intentions of plan and building laws by strengthening local and regional government obligations.


Western manufacturing companies are facing a challenging environment fraught with strong competition from India, China and other emerging economies. In this context, the effectiveness of the traditional production concepts of leanness and agility is being challenged. Against this background, the need for new manufacturing paradigms is set to provide new knowledge, techniques, and concepts useful for managers to address the difficulties of today's business environment.
This work extends the concept of production management beyond the achievement of efficiency short-term goals into the realms of strategic thinking by creating both the framework and the indices for an integrated production system. This research presents fit manufacturing as a new production model for a holistic manufacturing strategy that links the short-term goals of manufacturing effectiveness and efficiency embodied in lean and agile production strategies with the long-term objective of sustainable enterprise management. The research extends the concept of integration beyond ordinary manufacturing functions into the realms of strategic thinking.
The thesis gives an operational definition for the concept of fit manufacturing by describing the structural and operational characteristics of the production philosophy. It proposes the central theme of fit
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manufacturing as a manufacturing strategy essential to creating an integrated view of the factory – inside out and vice-versa. The idea of an overall fitness index combining measures of leanness, agility and economic sustainability is put forward and justified and the necessary conditions for fitness are derived. A case study showing an application of these different measures and the overall production fitness index is presented.
This research has shown that the fit production model combines the strengths of lean and agile manufacturing, with the long-term sustainability and viability of the enterprise. The model can be used to assess the performance of the production process, to evaluate investment proposals such as adding a new product line or increasing the overall capacity of the factory, and to build the enterprise of the future.
Keywords: Fit Manufacturing, Agile, Lean, Economic Sustainability, Integration, Fitness


Purpose: This study was done to identify the effects of a Self-discovery Program for elementary school students. The study consisted of two phases: Developing the program and evaluating its effectiveness. Methods: Forty six students who were in elementary school in B city participated in a survey, which was carried out from May 25 to July 15, 2010. To test the effects of the Self-discovery Program, the participants were divided into two groups, an experimental group (n=23) and a control group (n=23). The research design used in this study was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest research design. Data were analyzed by using x 2 -test, t-test and ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. Results: Significant differences were found in scores for self-esteem (t=2.60, p=.006), stress (F=18.65, p<.001) and depression (F=23.88, p<.001) between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate that Self-discovery Program should be used with children to help them and to improve their mental health.


This paper outlines a new method for measuring multilayer tissue conductivity and structure by using divided electrodes, in which current electrodes are divided into several parts. Our purpose is to estimate the multilayer tissue structure and the conductivity distribution in a cross section of the local tissue by using bioresistance data measured noninvasively. The effect of the new method is assessed by computer simulations using a typical two-dimensional (2-D) model. In this paper, the conductivity distribution in the model is analyzed based on a finite difference method (FDM) and a steepest descent method (SDM). Simulation results show that the conductivity values of skin, fat, and muscle layers can be estimated with an error of less than 0.1%. When random noise at various levels is added to the measured resistance values, estimates of the conductivity values for skin, fat, and muscle layers are still reasonably precise: their root mean square errors are about 1.06%, 1.39%, and 1.61% for 10% noise. In a 2-D model, increasing the number of divided electrodes permits simultaneous estimates of tissue structure and conductivity distribution. Optimal configuration for divided electrodes is examined in terms of dividing pattern.


A new technique for the measurement of B diffusivity in B bearing alloy by particle tracking autoradiography after deboronization has been established with high sensitivity,good reproducibility and fair simplicity.Experimental results show that the Mo addition up to 3% into Ni may accelerate the B diffusion in the range of 900—1250℃ and reduce both the activation energy and the frequency factor of B diffusion but no more influential as the Mo added down to 0.5%.


In this we seek to address the resemblance between Islamic rules and Western systems in terms of the criminal protection of IPRs. The significance of tackling this issue at this particular time is that there have been increasing calls in Western societies for the implementation of the rules of Share'a in their own Western territories. This article aims to situate this argument within the course of the criminal protection of IPRs, so as to prove that IPRs are one aspect of Share'a which does not conflict with the Western principles of protection. The main theme in this article is to establish that criminal protection of IPRs shall not result in severe physical punishments, but rather, would generate adequate protection to owners of intellectual creations. It shall be argued that intellectual theft could not be considered as a conventional theft which could result in the amputation of hand. Therefore, criminal protection in Islam could be accommodated with protection in Western societies, and shall not amount to what may be considered –from a Western point of view– to be severe physical punishment.


RV travel is a growing market but remains largely under-studied. More and more visitors to National Parks choose to travel in an RV. The goal of the study presented in this paper was to investigate the environmental consciousness of RV visitors to National Parks and determine their awareness of the negative environmental impacts of RV traveling, as well as the actions they take to mitigate these impacts. A paper-based intercept survey of RV travelers was conducted in the summer of 2007 at three major campgrounds in the Mountain Parks: Whistlers (Jasper), Tunnel Mountain (Banff) and Lake Louise. The results reveal that less than half of the RV visitors are aware of their ecological footprint while traveling in an RV, and an even smaller number takes measures to reduce their ecological footprint while traveling in an RV. However, the study results also show that some RVers are more environmentally conscious than others. The paper concludes that with the growing number of RV travelers, National Parks are a perfect place to educate the visitors and raise the environmental awareness. These issues are further discussed in relation to the Parks Canada mandate.


Even though the risk of whiplash injury is the highest in rear-end impact, there is an increased focus on frontal and frontal-oblique impact during recent years. The amount of injuries in these directions may be larger than in rear-end impact. Therefore, a European project was initiated to investigate causes and countermeasures in this area, as was previously done for rear-end impact. Accident studies showed that the number of whiplash cases was generally higher in frontal impact compared to rear-end. In all impact directions, the injury risk for female occupants was about twice the risk of male occupants. Given these results, there is a need for occupant protection against whiplash in frontal impact as well. Since there is no omni-directional whiplash dummy on the market, one of the aims was also to develop such a device. As a start several existing dummies, like THOR, Hybrid III, BioRID and RID2 were evaluated for this purpose. So far none of these dummies seemed fit to handle all the directions wished. The first start of more detailed development was to obtain typical human responses with human volunteers and post mortem human subjects. These tests will then be used for the whiplash dummy evaluation. Future work will concentrate on dummy development and evaluation, test methods and evaluation of seats available on the European market and the definition of seat parameters, which could reduce whiplash injury risk. For the covering abstract see ITRD E825082.


A wide range of applications require or can benefit from collaborative behavior of a group of agents. The technical challenge addressed in this chapter is the development of a decentralized control strategy that enables each agent to independently navigate to ensure agents achieve a collective goal while maintaining network connectivity. Specifically, cooperative controllers are developed for networked agents with limited sensing and network connectivity constraints. By modeling the interaction among the agents as a graph, several different approaches to address the problems of preserving network connectivity are presented, with the focus on a method that utilizes navigation function frameworks. By modeling network connectivity constraints as artificial obstacles in navigation functions, a decentralized control strategy is presented in two particular applications, formation control and rendezvous for a system of autonomous agents, which ensures global convergence to the unique minimum of the potential field (i.e., desired formation or desired destination) while preserving network connectivity. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the developed strategy.


This paper presents a quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning dynamic connection-admission control (CAC) algorithm for multimedia wireless networks. A multimedia connection consists of several substreams (i.e., service classes), each of which presets a range of feasible QoS levels (e.g., data rates). The proposed algorithm is mainly devoted to finding the best possible QoS levels for all the connections (i.e., QoS vector) that maximize resource utilization by fairly distributing wireless resources among the connections while maximizing the statistical multiplexing gain (i.e., minimizing the blocking and dropping probabilities). In the case of congestion (overload), the algorithm uniformly degrades the QoS levels of the existing connections (but only slightly) in order to spare some resources for serving new or handoff connections, thereby naturally minimizing the blocking and dropping probabilities (it amounts to maximizing the statistical multiplexing gain). The algorithm employs a Hopfield neural network (HNN) for finding a QoS vector. The problem itself is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. Hardware-based HNN exhibits high (computational) speed that permits real time running of the CAC algorithm. Simulation results show that the algorithm can maximize resource utilization and maintain fairness in resource sharing, while maximizing the statistical multiplexing gain in providing acceptable service grades. Furthermore, the results are relatively insensitive to handoff rates.


Scalable heterogeneous computing (SHC) architectures are emerging as a response to new requirements for low cost, power efficiency, and high performance. For example, numerous contemporary HPC systems are using commodity Graphical Processing Units (GPU) to supplement traditional multicore processors. Yet scientists still face a number of challenges in utilizing SHC systems. First and foremost, they are forced to combine a number of programming models and then delicately optimize the data movement among these multiple programming systems on each architecture. In this paper, we investigate a new programming model for SHC systems that attempts to unify data access to the aggregate memory available in GPUs in the system. In particular, we extend the popular and easy to use Global Address Space (GAS) programming model to SHC systems. We explore multiple implementation options, and demonstrate our solution in the context of Global Arrays, a library based GAS model. We then evaluate these options in the context of kernels and applications, such as a scalable chemistry application: NWChem. Our results reveal that GA-GPU can offer considerable benefit to users in terms of programmability, and both our empirical results and performance model provide encouraging performance benefits for future systems that offer a tightly integrated memory system.


Sclerosing cholangitis represents a spectrum of cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and stricture of the bile ducts. A 67-year-old Caucasian female with a history of breast cancer in remission, presented with jaundice and an exophytic mass at the base of the tongue. Laboratory data revealed cholestasis with alkaline phosphatase 953 U/L, total bilirubin 7.7 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 6.4 mg/dL, and gamma-glutamyltransferase 3369 U/L. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed widespread lymphadenopathy in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis concerning for lymphoma, acute pancreatitis and biliary dilation with hyperenhancement of the common bile duct wall. Diffuse intrahepatic biliary ductal dilatation and narrowing with multifocal stenosis of the proximal and distal aspects of the common bile duct was seen on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Findings were consistent with sclerosing cholangitis. Pathology of the oral lesion revealed activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Chemotherapy was initiated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, adriamycin, vincristine, etoposide, and prednisone (CHOEP-14) regimen, which resulted in significant clinical improvement along with a remarkable decrease in the liver function tests. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has only rarely been reported in the literature as a cause of secondary sclerosing cholangitis, i.e., only 0.2% to 2.0% of patients with NHL present with biliary tract obstruction. It is essential for gastroenterologists, oncologists, and radiologists to recognize sclerosing cholangitis occurring secondary to a systemic disease because early initiation of treatment can improve clinical outcome, as manifested by our case.


The conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) to electrically benign threading edge dislocations in 4° off-axis 4H–SiC epilayers has been investigated using ultraviolet photoluminescence imaging. The conversion spontaneously occurred throughout the epitaxial layer for all substrates studied using similar epitaxial growth conditions. BPD conversion in highly doped epilayers was suppressed compared with lower n-type doped layers, suggesting that nitrogen concentration influences the conversion mechanism. However, it is technologically important for the conversion to occur in a heavily doped buffer layer. The densities of BPDs in low-doped (∼1014 cm–3) films having a thickness of 20 μm were significantly reduced when a ∼20 μm thick highly doped N+ buffer layer was grown between the low-doped layer and the substrate. Without the buffer layer, an average of ∼50 BPDs cm–2 was observed and with the buffer layer, an average of 1.5 BPDs cm–2 was detected; the best result was 0.2 BPD cm–2. A PiN structure consi...


Background The frequency of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is increasing among youth in AR, as evidenced by an increase in the frequency of MRSA among outpatient culture isolates of S. aureus (12% in 2002; 48% in 2004). Purpose To investigate microbial etiologies, treatment, and outcome of pediatric patients treated for septic arthritis during the recent era of increased CA-MRSA. Methods Retrospective reviews of medical records identified patients treated for septic arthritis in 2004; demographic and clinical data were gathered and reviewed. Results 68 patients have been identified; 50 chart reviews have been completed. Microbial cultures were positive in 3 of 15 patients (20%) with synovial fluid cell counts < 75,000/mL vs. 13 of 26 patients (50%) with counts > 75,000/mL. Joint isolates included 7 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, 5 group A streptococci, 2 K. kingae, 1 Actinomyces, and 1 E. coli. MRSA was isolated from the blood of two patients diagnosed with sacroiliac joint infection by MRI; neither had a joint aspirate performed. All patients had indwelling catheters placed for administration of parenteral antibiotics; 11 of 50 (22%) had catheter-related complications, which included 6 cases of premature line removal, 2 cases of fever and bacteremia, and 1 case of E. coli sepsis. Only 1 of 41 patients (2%) evaluated long-term exhibited residual joint dysfunction. Conclusion MRSA appears rare as a cause of pediatric septic arthritis of joints outside the pelvis and in the absence of coincident bacteremia. Outcome of pediatric septic arthritis is generally excellent; indwelling catheters impose a rare but real risk of secondary sepsis.


Acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs) are cationic channels activated by extracellular protons and widely distributed in the nervous system of mammals. It belongs to the ENaC/DEG family and has four coding genes: ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3, and ASIC4, which encode eight subunit proteins: ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC1b2, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, ASIC3, ASIC4, and ASIC5. Different subtypes of ASICs have different distributions in the central nervous system, and they play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system, including synaptic plasticity, anxiety disorders, fear conditioning, depression-related behavior, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, malignant Glioma, pain, and others. This paper reviewed the recent studies of ASICs on the central nervous system to improve the understanding of ASICs' physiological functions and pathological effects. This article also provides a reference for studying the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic measures of nervous system-related diseases.


As the essence of communication speech intelligibility, rather than more general speech quality, can be of paramount importance when communications systems operate in high noise environments. This paper considers applications where the acoustic signal is degraded by noise so as to be effectively lost and applications where it is simply not available. With such applications in mind we report experiments to assess the use of non-acoustic general electromagnetic motion sensors (GEMS). Whilst GEMS signals are essentially immune to background noise they are incomprehensible to the human listener. We show that GEMS signals nonetheless contain meaningful speech information within a usable bandwidth in the region of 1 to 2 kHz and report the first comparison of GEMS signals to acoustic signals in the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR). For a small, isolated digit ASR task in a speaker-dependent mode results show word accuracies of 77% are achieved using GEMS signals alone.


This paper proposes an orthogonal dual-feed microstrip patch antenna (MPA) that achieves multi-band resonance along with circular polarization at its primary band of 5G cellular communication. The proposed antenna is simpler than other designs to fulfill extreme data rates and minimum infrastructure requirements. This MPA is designed by taking most care for maintaining the isolation between ports with feasibility for physical fabrication. The HFSS based optimally designed proposed MPA resonates simultaneously at 3.48GHz (3.3GHz–3.7GHz) band, 6.24GHz (5.925GHz–6.425GHz) band, and 7.5GHz (7.11GHz–7.9GHz) bands. The modes achieved for these three bands are TM01, TM11, and TM12 for 3.48GHz, 6.24GHz, and 7.5GHz, respectively. The bandwidths achieved for the bands mentioned above are 160MHz (4.57%), 330MHz (5.27%), and 340MHz (4.53%), respectively. The corresponding gains achieved are 9.8 dB, 5.06 dB, and 7.58 dB. The proposed MPA structure prototype is fabricated, and its performances are measured. The measured S11 for fabricated MPA is close to the resonating frequency found using HFSS simulation. The proposed MPA structure is also modeled and simulated in a MATLAB simulation environment. Performance parameters of the proposed MPA obtained in MATLAB and HFSS are compared and matched reasonably. The proposed MPA structure and its arrays are used for 5G cellular sites as a real-time application in a MATLAB simulation environment. Different test scenarios are created in MATLAB. SINR is visualized for the entire cellular area, and signal strengths are also fetched at the receiver sites.


Preliminary results on thick-film wide-bore (0.53mm i.d.) columns for GC preparation of pure enantiomers are described. In particular the loading capacity for several racemates of a 3μm, 30% 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-Pentyl-β-CD/OV1701 column and of a 2 μm, 30% 2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-dimethyl-t-butylyl-β-CD/PS-086 collumn were determined. Consideration is also given to the relation-ship between resolution values of two enantiomers on anayltical columns and their loading capacity and scaling-up to the corresponding micropreparative columns.


Bi-decadal variability is known to be a major component in the inter-decadal ocean and climate variability over the Pacific. Variations in vertical mixing induced by 18.6-year period nodal tidal cycle (18.6-yr cycle) are suggested as one of the causes of this bi-decadal variation. Previous studies showed that the north Pacific mid-high latitude SSTs and air temperature, surface and intermediate water masses in the subarctic North Pacific, the Aleutian Low Pressure, PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) index etc. are synchronized with the 18.6-yr cycle (Yasuda et al., 2006; Osafune and Yasuda, 2006; 2010; Yasuda, 2009). Numerical climate model experiments with vertical mixing modulated with the period of 18.6 year near the Kuril Islands also suggested that the 18.6-yr cycle affects low-latitude Pacific and climate as PDO (Tanaka et al., 2012) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Hasumi, et al. 2008). Although climate impacts from tropical variability as ENSO is large, there has been only one observational study that suggested relationship between intense El Niño and the 18.6-yr cycle; however the result (Cerveny and Shaffer, 2001) is not reliable because the analysis method used was inadequate. In the present study, long-term time series of ENSO indices (Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), NINO3-index, Cold Tongue Index (CTI) etc.) reconstructed from tree rings, etc. are analyzed to clarify the relationship between tropical climate and the 18.6-yr cycle. Furthermore, on the basis of ocean and atmosphere datasets, spatial structures of the 18.6-yr variability are examined to discuss mechanisms how the 18.6-yr cycle affects the tropical ocean and climate. Variations synchronized with the 18.6-yr cycle are detected by using "calendar composite analysis" in which the mean and its confidence interval are evaluated at each tidal year from the maximum diurnal tide in the 18.6-yr cycle. We here found 3.72 (=18.6/5)-year period variability based on a proxy record of December-February Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) reconstructed from tree-rings (Stahle et al., 1997), and showed that El-Nino (La-Nina) tends to occur in the 1st, 10th, 13th and 17th (3rd, 7th and 16th) year after the maximum diurnal tide in the 18.6-year cycle. In the low-passed (5-year running mean) long-term time-series of ENSO indices during 1700s-1970s, statistically significant +SOI and –NINO3 is found to occur at the 4-5th tidal year from the maximum diurnal tide suggesting La Niña, and –SOI and +NINO3 at the 11-12th tidal year suggesting El Niño. These are consistent with the PDO-18.6yr cycle relationship (Yasuda, 2009). In the 10-30yr period band-passed SST/SLP during 1910-1997, low (high) SST in the tropical Pacific, high (low) SST in the mid-latitude central North Pacific, almost simultaneously weak (strong) Aleutian Low Pressure, high (low) SLP in the western tropics, and low (high) SLP in the eastern Pacific occurs at the 3-4th (12-13th) tidal year after the maximum diurnal tide in the 18.6-yr cycle.


Littoral zones in oligotrophic lakes play an essential role in supporting animal consumers and in the exchange of matter between the water body and the terrestrial sources, but are easily altered by changes in water level. We studied Qinghai Lake, a deep oligotrophic lake in northwest China, where lake water level has increased rapidly in recent years, altering the character of the littoral zones. We sampled common organisms and used stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses to compare how contributions of different sources (allochthonous and autochthonous) to the diets of consumers differed between sand (original habitat, OH) and submerged grassland (new habitat, NH) substrate habitat conditions. Our results showed that allochthonous resources (i.e., terrestrial detritus) constituted the largest diet proportion of consumers in OH due to poor nutrient conditions, while consumers in NH utilized more autochthonous resources (i.e., Cladophora and phytoplankton). We also found that terrestrial nutrient subsidies from soil and decomposed grass led to increased biomasses of Cladophora, phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos in NH compared to those in OH, accounting for autochthonous replacement of part of the allochthonous resources in NH. Therefore, hydrological conditions may alter the trophic interactions within littoral food webs, contributing to a more complex and interconnected food web. Overall, our results suggest that the littoral food webs of Qinghai Lake are vulnerable to changes in hydrological conditions, which may be enhanced by climate change. Graphical Abstract The dynamic changes in littoral food web interaction strengths and energy pathways under the two different habitat status.


This study examines the morphodynamic response of a deltaic system to extreme weather events. The Wax Lake Delta (WLD) in Louisiana, USA, is used to illustrate the impact of extreme events (hurricanes) on a river-dominated deltaic system. Simulations using the open source Delft3D model reveal that Hurricane Rita, which made landfall 120 km to the west of WLD as a Category 3 storm in 2005, caused erosion on the right side and deposition on the left side of the hurricane eye track on the continental shelf line (water depth 10 m to 50 m). Erosion over a wide area occurred both on the continental shelf line and in coastal areas when the hurricane moved onshore, while deposition occurred along the Gulf coastline (water depth < 5 m) when storm surge water moved back offshore. The numerical model estimated that Hurricane Rita's storm surge reached 2.5 m, with maximum currents of 2.0 m s–1, and wave heights of 1.4 m on the WLD. The northwestern-directed flow and waves induced shear stresses, caused erosion on the eastern banks of the deltaic islands and deposition in channels located west of these islands. In total, Hurricane Rita eroded more than 500,000 m3 of sediments on the WLD area. Including waves in the analysis resulted in doubling the amount of erosion in the study area, comparing to the wave-excluding scenario. The exclusion of fluvial input caused minor changes in deltaic morphology during the event. Vegetation cover was represented as rigid rods in the model which add extra source terms for drag and turbulence to influence the momentum and turbulence equations. Vegetation slowed down the floodwater propagation and decreased flow velocity on the islands, leading to a 47% reduction in the total amount of erosion. Morphodynamic impact of the hurricane track relative to the delta was explored. Simulations indicate that the original track of Hurricane Rita (landfall 120 km west of the WLD) produced twice as much erosion and deposition at the delta compared to a hurricane of a similar intensity that made landfall directly on the delta. This demonstrates that the wetlands located on the right side of a hurricane track experience more significant morphological changes than areas located directly on the hurricane track.


My research project is the case study of a Master of Education course called Debates in Education and Leadership as told through the accounts of six international postgraduate students. Most were undertaking study in Australia for the first time. The study is a detailed investigation of the students' representations of and participation in course practices. It is a discourse analysis with a focus on social practice, power relations and knowledge. The study describes academic activities within the course and the lecturer's and students' ways of interacting and acting, of representing knowledge and the social world, and of being. The analysis draws out the students' 'readings' of preferred ways of doing academic work and identifies the programs of strategic action that they undertook as a result. The genesis of this study lies in my experiences with students in academic English programs. My aim in the study is to build a comprehensive understanding of student practice with a view to challenging the reductive images in the research literature and circulating in popular discourse. Utilising ethnographic perspectives, an extensive corpus of the students' representations of the course was collected, with triangulation provided by the lecturer and a body of written materials. The data includes interviews, videoed classroom sessions, a written archive of course documents including the course outline, teaching evaluation forms, student assignments and lecturer feedback, email communication between the lecturer and students, and field notes. The students' representations of the course emphasise English and particular academic activities such as writing assignments and voicing ideas in class which require new skills, new identities, new ways of viewing the world, and new interaction patterns. The other prevalent themes are the teaching and issues related to the self. Contrary to previous work which has tended to represent students as fixed entities challenged by cultural and academic change, the students in this study are found to be engaged in a project of change and the uptake of practices that is characterised by a gradual coming to 'do' and 'be'. The analysis finds that the lecturer's teaching approach is significant in facilitating both of these efforts. English is a salient factor and the students respond strategically to the discourse that draws together English and academic practice in a formidable regime of expectations and requirements. The analysis details the students' recognition of and response to this discourse and its associated practices. Above all, the students' undertakings and engagement in the course are found to be part of a larger project of personal transformation as they harvest opportunities made available in the prevailing context of internationalised higher education. The implications for the provision of international education by Australian universities are discussed.


Citation for published version (APA): Brorson, H., & Damstra, R. (2012). The role of circumferential suction assisted lipectomy (liposuction) and compression in limb lymphoedema. In C. Moffat (Ed.), Lymphedema Framework: Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. Surgical Intervention. A Position Document on Surgery for Lymphedema (2 ed., pp. 22-33). Saint Étienne: The International Lymphoedema Framework and World Alliance for Wound and Lymphedema Care.


Summary 1. Assessments of ecosystem services (ES) and biodiversity (hereafter ecological parameters) provide a comprehensive view of the links between landscapes, ecosystem functioning and human well-being. The investigation of consistent associations between ecological parameters, called bundles, and of their links to landscape composition and structure is essential to inform management and policy, yet it is still in its infancy. 2. We mapped over the French Alps an unprecedented array of 18 ecological parameters (16 ES and two biodiversity parameters) and explored their co-occurrence patterns underpinning the supply of multiple ecosystem services in landscapes. We followed a three-step analytical framework to i) detect the ES and biodiversity associations relevant at regional scale, ii) identify the clusters supplying consistent bundles of ES at subregional scale and iii) explore the links between landscape heterogeneity and ecological parameter associations at landscape scale. 3. We used successive correlation coefficients, overlap values and self-organizing maps to characterize ecological bundles specific to given land cover types and geographical areas of varying biophysical characteristics and human uses at nested scales from regional to local. 4. The joint analysis of land cover richness and ES gamma diversity demonstrated that local landscape heterogeneity alone did not imply compatibility across multiple ecosystem services, as some homogeneous landscape could supply multiple ecosystem services. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bundles of ecosystem services and biodiversity parameters are shaped by the joint effects of biophysical characteristics and of human history. Due to spatial congruence and to underlying functional interdependencies, ecological parameters should be managed as bundles even when management targets specific objectives. Moreover, depending on the abiotic context, the supply of multiple ecosystem services can arise either from deliberate management in homogeneous landscapes or from spatial heterogeneity.


The ratio of area of foot print to area of foot outline for each foot was studied in 50 normal and 70 diabetic subjects. The diabetic group was divided into 2 groups: 44 patients without and 26 patients with sole ulcers. The chief aim was to find a ratio that could predict ulcer formation. One hundred feet in the normal subjects had a mean ratio of 0.621 with a range of 0.51-0.72. The 88 non-ulcerated feet in the diabetic patients had a mean ratio of 0.611 with a range of 0.49-0.70. The difference was statistically not significant (p > 0.05). Thirty-two ulcerated feet in the 26 diabetic patients had a mean ratio of 0.580 with a range of 0.47-0.68. The difference between the ulcer and the non-ulcer group was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Twenty non-ulcerated feet in 20 diabetic patients with unilateral involvement had a mean ratio of 0.60 with a range of 0.50-0.69. The difference between the ulcerated and non ulcerated feet in these 20 unilateral involved patients was also statistically significant (p < 0.01). The sole ulcers in our study were distributed mainly beneath the metatarsal heads and calcaneum. Analysis of the foot prints revealed multiple dark print areas. They were at the locations corresponding to the above bony prominences. As these bony prominences were high pressure points, the dark print areas could serve as crude indicators of excessive pressure. The diabetic ulcer group had smaller mean ratio and the reduction of the contact area could contribute to the formation of sole ulcers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


NEITHER Lucan nor Caesar (bell. ciu. i 16) definitely states that the bridge over the river on the road to Corfinium was secured and used by the invading army, but this is clearly the intention of both accounts. The expression ingreditur fluuium therefore becomes difficult, or at any rate in need of explanation. It seems at first sight possible to avoid the difficulty by understanding fluuium in a comprehensive sense ; the problem in Caesar's path consists in fact of river, bridge and bridge-guard. Thus Mr. Duff translates 'driving back the guard, Caesar occupies the undefended stream.' If the poet intended this he would perhaps have done better to use some such word as occupat; since the casual reader is only too likely to understand ingreditur in its literal sense, especially if he has the account of the passage of the Rubicon (i 220) fresh in his memory. It has been suggested to me that Lucan may have had in mind the juristic use of the words ingredior and uacans, meaning them tq be taken closely together; so that Caesar would be regarded as ' stepping into vacant property'. This appears rather to increase the difficulty, for it would imply that Caesar had a more than passing interest in the occupation of the rivercrossing. It seems better, too, to avoid anything that would produce the effect of a check in the sequence of events in a passage where Lucan appears to be imitating the rapidity of his model. Thus the description of the enemy's withdrawal into the fortress (504), which is three miles distant from the bridge (Caesar loc. cit.), conveys the impression that it takes place under the immediate pressure of Caesar's action. It should be remembered in this connection that the defence is placed on the further bank (502 trans ripam). The situation would be simplified if it could be clearly stated that Caesar crosses the river, leaving the method of crossing to be understood, as it is in his own account. For ingreditur, therefore, we may perhaps read egreditur. The word would have to be justified in the sense which is proper to it in its transitive construction, that of ' fines certos transgredi'; some support for this may be found in 487 hoc limite and 497 stabit iamflumine . . . in ullo. Lucan uses the word elsewhere'in this construction: v 510 tentoria . .. egressus, vii sg^iuris . . . humani columen . . . egressus. Compare the somewhat similar use of euado: Tac. ann. 12, 35 amnem . . . hand difficulter euadit (a situation very like the present); Verg. aen. 6, 425 euadit . . . ripam. Textually it is a fairly easy correction; one need only suppose obliteration or misreading (t for e) of the first letter of the line ; and even apart from this possibility egreditur might offer some temptation to an interpolator. W. M. EDWARDS. University of Leeds.


Due to mass constraints, composite materials are possible candidates to replace metal alloys for electromagnetic shielding applications. The design of standard metallic shielding enclosures often relies on finite-element calculations. But in the case of composite materials, the strong dependence on the shielding properties to the microstructure makes the finite-element approach almost impossible. Indeed meshing the microstructure would imply a huge number of elements, incompatible with usual computational resources. We propose in this paper to develop homogenization tools to define the effective electromagnetic properties of composite materials at microwave frequencies. The ratio between the characteristic size of the microstructure and the wavelength is shown to be a key parameter in the homogenization process. The effective properties can then be used as an input for electromagnetic compatibility standard tools, designed for homogeneous media.


Numerical results from a study of boson stars under nonspherical perturbations using a fully general relativistic 3D code are presented together with the analysis of emitted gravitational radiation. We have constructed a simulation code suitable for the study of scalar fields in space-times of general symmetry by bringing together components for addressing the initial value problem, the full evolution system and the detection and analysis of gravitational waves. Within a series of numerical simulations, we explicitly extract the Zerilli and Newman–Penrose scalar Ψ4 gravitational waveforms when the stars are subjected to different types of perturbations. Boson star systems have rapidly decaying nonradial quasinormal modes and thus the complete gravitational waveform could be extracted for all configurations studied. The gravitational waves emitted from stable, critical and unstable boson star configurations are analysed and the numerically observed quasinormal mode frequencies are compared with known linear perturbation results. The superposition of the high frequency nonspherical modes on the lower frequency spherical modes was observed in the metric oscillations when perturbations with radial and nonradial components were applied. The collapse of unstable boson stars to black holes was simulated. The apparent horizons were observed to be slightly nonspherical when initially detected and became spherical as the system evolved. The application of nonradial perturbations proportional to spherical harmonics is observed not to affect the collapse time. An unstable star subjected to a large perturbation was observed to migrate to a stable configuration.


Metabolomics with chromatography-mass spectrometry is often challenging and relies on statistical tools to discern changes in a metabolome. A pooled sample strategy was proposed, consisting of (1) identification of potential marker candidates by detecting changes of metabolites in a few pooled samples between treated and control groups and (2) validation of markers of statistically significant changes with a large set of individual samples. This strategy was enabled by applying a thorough background subtraction approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. In a proof-of-principle study, plasma samples were generated and pooled in a 6-week investigational study to identify potential toxicological markers for an observed muscle toxicity associated with the treatment of ibipinabant in dogs. With pooled control samples as backgrounds, potential marker candidates were revealed in the background-subtracted profiles of the pooled ibipinabant-treated samples. After further cleaning with the use of mass defect filtering to exclude drug metabolites and the comparison of profiles between pooled treated samples to eliminate inconsistent peaks, the major biomarker candidates in the profiles were identified to be 19 acylcarnitines. A total of 3 of the 19 acylcarnitines were measured on the set of individual samples to allow for statistical analysis. The results confirmed the significance of acylcarnitine elevations in ibipinabant-treated dogs and indicated that the acylcarnitines could be early markers for the dog-specific toxicity. The advantages of the pooled sample strategy and its potential limitations for metabolomics are discussed.


We tested the hypothesis that endothelium‐dependent relaxation in the chicken ductus arteriosus (DA) is developmentally regulated. Isolated DA rings from 15‐, 19‐ and 21‐day‐old chicken embryos relaxed to acetylcholine (ACh). This relaxation was unaffected by indomethacin but impaired by endothelium removal, by the NO synthase inhibitor L‐NAME, and by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ, suggesting the involvement of NO. This NO production was confirmed with the fluorescent probe DAF‐2DA. The combination of apamin and charybdotoxin with L‐NAME produced a further inhibition of ACh‐induced relaxation, suggesting the participation of a putative EDHF. In the 21‐day DA, the relaxations induced by ACh and sodium nitroprusside SNP were markedly reduced and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated an irregular endothelial lining with protrusion and detachment of endothelial cells. The relaxations induced by BAY 41‐2272 and 8‐Br cGMP were not affected by age. In summary, we found that ACh induces endothelium‐dependent relaxation of the chicken DA and that NO and EDHF are involved in this response. During chicken DA closure, endothelial cells undergo morphologic and functional alterations that result in the lack of endothelium‐dependent relaxation.


BACKGROUND
In 2008, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) implemented the use of safety planning for suicide prevention. A safety plan is a list of strategies, developed collaboratively with a provider, for a patient to use when suicide risk is elevated. Despite the use of safety plans in VHA, little is known about implementation fidelity, the extent to which safety plans are delivered as intended, or patient-level outcomes of safety planning.

AIMS
This study aimed to explore the implementation fidelity of safety planning in a regional VHA hospital and examine the associations between safety plan quality and completeness with patient outcomes.

METHOD
A comprehensive chart review was conducted for patients who were flagged as high risk for suicide (N = 200). Completeness and quality were coded, as well as information about patient and provider interactions regarding safety plan use.

RESULTS
Safety plans were mostly complete and of moderate quality, although variability existed, particularly in quality. Limited evidence of follow-up regarding safety planning was found in the medical charts. Higher quality was associated with fewer subsequent psychiatric hospitalizations.

CONCLUSION
Variability in implementation fidelity and infrequent follow-up suggest a need for additional training and support regarding the use of safety plans for suicide prevention.


There is no doubt that Carl Menger and Ludwig von Mises can be considered as two of the most representative and influential members of the Austrian school of economics. However, given the fact that this school is well known for being a methodological school, it might be surprizing to note how far these two prominent economists apparently stand on methodological questions. While Menger frequently insisted that "no essential differences between the ethical and the natural sciences exists, but at most only one of degree"1, Mises emphasizes the alleged gulf between social and natural sciences to the point of adopting what he called a "methodological dualism". As a consequence of this dualism, Mises did not hesitate when it comes to the analysis of human action to refer to laws "derived a priori" that "permit of no exception" because they belong to "an aprioristic and universally valid theory" 2. Such an uncompromising apriorism was so contrary to the empiricist mood of


Middle fossa eustachian tuboplasty is a practical procedure for dealing with boney or fibrous tissue closure of the osseous segment of the tube. Preoperative evaluation consists of using one of the clinical tests available for eustachian tube function. The three most dependable are the Miller gas transducer, the Madsen impedance bridge, and the Compere x-ray clearance study. If the site of lesion can be pinpointed in the osseous tube, the middle fossa procedure allows the surgeon to reconstruct the tube and stimulate regrowth of normal mucous membrane from the cartilagenous tube. Results in a small series of patients have been rewarding. Morbidity is low with minimal discomfort to the patients.


This paper describes the use of microtubules (MTs) as nanoscale templates for the biologically directed growth and assembly of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanotubes. CdS is a wide bandgap semiconductor with valuable optical, electronic, and chemical properties, and the organization of CdS nanostructures is critical to their widespread utility. The present work explores a bioinspired, biomediated approach to the formation and assembly of CdS nanotubes. In particular, a biomimetic synthetic strategy is used to control the uniform growth of cubic zinc blende CdS nanocrystals on MT templates, replicating the MTs' tubular morphology with dense CdS only a single nanocrystal thick. Furthermore, specific interactions between MTs and functional microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) are exploited to manipulate the secondary organization of these MT templates. The subsequent directed growth of CdS nanotubes on these structures produces specific biomediated architectures including linear arrays, 3D asters, and rings. Finally, cathodoluminescence from MT‐templated CdS structures verifies that the valuable semiconducting character of these materials is exhibited. These demonstrations of nanoscale materials synthesis and assembly illustrate a new level of complexity and control over materials synthesis that may be achieved using such biological tools and processes.


A ring $R$ is uniquely (strongly) clean provided that for any $a\in R$ there exists a unique idempotent $e\in R$ \big($e\in comm(a)$\big) such that $a-e\in U(R)$. We prove, in this note, that a ring $R$ is uniquely clean and uniquely bleached if and only if $R$ is abelian, ${\mathbb{T}}_{n}(R)$ is uniquely strongly clean for all $n\geq 1$, i.e. every $n\times n$ triangular matrix over $R$ is uniquely strongly clean, if and only if $R$ is abelian, and ${\mathbb{T}}_{n}(R)$ is uniquely strongly clean for some $n\geq 1$. In the commutative case, more explicit results are obtained.


The work carried out within the framework of the German-Kazakh project "GeKaVoс – Transfer of dual training in logistics, mechatronics and sustainable energy supply to Kazakhstan" can be considered as one of the crucial aspects of the contribution to improving the quality of system of technical and vocational education (TVET), the achievement of high rates of employment of graduates of the TVET system, improve the ratio of supply and demand in the labor market.As the analysis of the TVET system in Kazakhstan presented in the article shows, different forms of cooperation between participants of the educational process in the country (corporate partnership, industrial clusters, patronage of large and medium-sized enterprises over educational institutions, etc.) contribute to the development of a market-oriented education system. Monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of technical and vocational education, as well as identifying opportunities to improve its quality and scope require understanding of its nature, its functions, goals and key characteristics, the application of effective scientific tools to assess vocational technical education and training of trainers (tutors) (TVET).The paper shows that the success of the transfer of educational programs depends primarily on the willingness to work together of all the stakeholders, the creation of systematic structures of interaction in the development of educational programs of different levels, improving methods of forecasting demand not only for certain professions, but also for professional and pre-professional competencies. The purpose of scientific evaluation of the dual system and workplace training is to prove its effectiveness as an educational strategy that provides students with real work experience, where they can apply social and technical skills and develop them.


We report the complex pseudodielectric function < ε > = < ε1 > + i < ε2 > of an oxide-free AlSb film for energies from 0.7 to 5.0 eV and temperatures from 300 to 803 K. The 1.5-μm-thick film was grown on a (001) GaAs substrate by using molecular beam epitaxy. We maintained the film in an ultrahigh vacuum to prevent oxidation artifacts and used a rotating-compensator ellipsometer to obtain the optical properties. Critical-point (CP) energies were obtained by numerically calculating second energy derivatives of the data. Blue shifts of the CP energies and sharper structures were observed with decreasing temperature. The calculated CP energies were fit to a linear equation.


In this case series, 3 unique cases of severe immune-mediated pathologies (primary ocular lymphoma, toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis, and syphilitic retinitis) following dropless cataract surgery with intraocular steroid injection are reportd. Patient immune status and subsequent local immunosuppression following dropless cataract surgery played roles in the worsening of these pathologies. This report demonstrates the need for vigilance when administering immunosuppressive agents locally during cataract surgery.


This article makes a case, in the study of Korea's colonial modern transition, for supplementing the examination of writings with attention to historical modalities of writing itself considered as a material inscriptive practice, and thus also for the interdisciplinary engagement of Korean history or art history with material culture studies, science studies, and the phenomenological anthropology of landscape. My focus is Sǒkkuram, surely among the most extensively discussed of all Korean historic sites. Initially, I unveil a record of the temple in the unpublished papers of the anthropologist Frederick Starr stemming from his 1911 visit, in the window between Sǒkkuram's 1907 "rediscovery" and its first rebuilding of 1913. This record illuminates long- forgotten aspects of Sǒkkuram's materiality — such as how it was painted. Yet my purpose is not antiquarian; rather, it is to examine two historically significant non- representational orderings of words and things. In the first, what I call "writing in," a form given phenomenologically by the relation of the figures on Sǒkkuram's walls contained multiple shifts in its meaningful content. Sǒkkuram became a privileged locus for considering Korea's "multiracial" pasts for a generation of Western authors, a commitment that superseded the overall assignment of meaning to the temple within histories of race, religion, or nation. Meanwhile, Starr's 1911 photographs show the practice of some Korean visitors to the temple of literally "writing on" its surfaces using ink or charcoal. I read "writing on" as a spatio- material practice of placing words, in which significance was not mainly an effect of content.


This paper attempts to explore the feasibility of classifying relaxed and stressful mental states based on two-channel prefrontal EEG signal from 35 healthy human subjects. Specific objective of this paper is to explore the best choice of features and compare the performance of various feature classification algorithms suitable for this purpose. Here, we included different bivariate features in time domain and frequency domain and compared the classification performance of artificial neural network, linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), K nearest neighbour and support vector machine algorithms. Common spatial patterns (CSP) algorithm was used successfully for feature reduction. Best classification performance (99.69%) was observed with the QDA classifier taking cross-correlation estimate as feature. We also explored the effect of combining different kinds of features, effect of varying the number of features on classifier performance, robustness of the chosen methods against in inter-individual variability and the feasibility of developing subject-independent classifiers.


Pouched amphistomes from ruminants in the Philippines were collected and examined. These were fixed and stored in 70% ethyl alcohol. Specimens were hand-sectioned in the sagittal plane, stained in aceto-alum-carmine, cleared in oil of cloves and mounted in Canada balsam. Representative specimens were sectioned by the paraffin method, in the cross and sagittal planes, stained in Delafield's hematoxylin and eosin, cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam. Among four other previously known species (Gastrothylax crumenifer, G. boyangensis, Carmyerius synethes and Fischoederius cobboldi), a new species Fischoederius upiensis from Bubalus bubalis and Bos taurus is identified, described and illustrated. F. upiensis is characterized by its small and almost oval size, ceca in median field with length of about 48% of the body length, anterior testis forming a bulge at the bottom of the ventral pouch and anterior to acetabulum, and ventral pouch nearly rounded in cross section. In median sagittal section, its pharynx is of the paramphistomum type, acetabulum of the fischoederius type and terminal genitalium of the leydeni type. It is differentiated from closely related species of the genus. On account of insufficient descriptions which are based on flattened specimens and lack of information on the features of the muscular organs, the following are considered species inquirendae: Fischoederius ovatus, F. boyangensis, F. compresus, F. explanatus, F. sichuanensis, F. ovis and F. bubalis. The taxonomic value of the pharynx, acetabulum and terminal genitalium as seen in median sagittal section for the family Gastrothylacidae is discussed. Keywords: Fischoederius spp., Fischoederius upiensis, Gastrothylacidae, Philippines, pouched amphistomes, ruminants


Background : Pregnancy induced hypertension, including preeclampsia and eclampsia are the major health problem and the main cause of the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and myths about preeclampsia and eclampsia and its influence in Antenatal Clinics (ANC) utilization among pregnant women and their male partiners in Mtwara region. Method : A community based cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Mtwara Region, a random sampling procedure was employed to obtain a sample size of 384 pregnant women and their male partners a total of 768 participants (male=384 and female =384). Interviewer structured questionnaire was used for data collection and Statistical package for social science (SPSS v.20) software was used for data entry and analysis. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulation, Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted and inferential statistics were used to test association between variables obtained. Results: Among 768 participants, male partners 167(43.5%) and pregnant women 171 (44.5%) had adequate knowledge about preeclampsia and eclampsia. More than a half 396(51.6%) of study respondents had weak myths while 372(48.4%) had strong myths on pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Furthermore, pregnant women 244 (64%) had adequate antenatal care utilization. Study participants who had adequate knowledge on pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were almost 3 times more likely to utilize antenatal care services (AOR = 2.827; CI = 1.719 – 4.651; p<0.001). Study participants who had weak myth on pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were less likely to have adequate antenatal care attendance (AOR= 0.370; CI= 0.229; p< 0.001) Conclusion : The overall knowledge of preeclampsia and eclampsia was low. Majority of the female had adequate antenatal service utilization. Majority of respondents had weak myths. Government and stakeholders should ensure that community is equipped with knowledge about preeclampsia and eclampsia and the available Myths should be dispelled.


We evaluate neutralino–nucleon scattering rates in several well-motivated supersymmetric models, and compare against constraints on the neutralino relic density, BF(b→sγ) as well as the muon anomalous magnetic moment aμ. In the mSUGRA model, the indirect constraints favour the hyperbolic branch/focus point (HB/FP) region of parameter space, and in fact this region is just where neutralino–nucleon scattering rates are high enough to be detected in direct dark matter search experiments! In Yukawa unified SUSY SO(10) models with scalar mass non-universality, the relic density of neutralinos is almost always above experimental bounds, while the corresponding direct detection rates are below experimental levels. Conversely, in five-dimensional SO(10) models where gauge symmetry breaking is the result of compactification of the extra dimension, and supersymmetry breaking is communicated via gaugino mediation, the relic density is quite low, while direct detection rates can be substantial.


This paper describes the contribution to speech perception given by animations of intra-oral articulations. 18 subjects were asked to identify the words in acoustically degraded sentences in three different presentation modes: acoustic signal only, audiovisual with a front view of a synthetic face and an audiovisual with both front face view and a side view, where tongue movements were visible by making parts of the cheek transparent. The augmented reality side-view did not help subjects perform better overall than with the front view only, but it seems to have been beneficial for the perception of palatal plosives, liquids and rhotics, especially in clusters. The results indicate that it cannot be expected that intra-oral animations support speech perception in general, but that information on some articulatory features can be extracted. Animations of tongue movements have hence more potential for use in computer-assisted pronunciation and perception training than as a communication aid for the hearing-impaired.


This paper is an attempt to explicit Nietzsche's concept of formation (Bildung) as it appears in the text of the conferences entitled On the future of our educational institutions at the University of Basel, in 1872. The following issues were focused: the authority coming from teachers and the classics as directive principles of education; the conflicting relation between education and institutional bureaucracy; cultural and technical education; the crucial role of mother tongues in the rise of culture; and the upbringing of a genius. The final part is a statement of today's appropriateness of Nietzsche's reflections.


The study of the effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) on the structure of surfactant phases is of great interest due to its many aplications. In this study we focus on the effect of this solvent on lamellar phases of surfactant which are often used as models of the biological cell membrane. In this work several concentrations of DMSO/water solutions (6, 8 and 10% w/w in respect to water) were used to analyze the effect of this solvent on Tetradecyl dimethyl aminoxide (C14DMAO) lamellar phases at different concentrations of membrane (5, 10 y 20%). The samples were analyzed by macroscopic visual observation, Polarized Light Microscopy and Freeze Fracture Electron Microscopy. The results given by all three techniques were that the variation of DMSO does in fact affect the structure of C14DMAO lamellar phases and apparently the effect given by this solvent is the spontaneus curvature of the bilayers to give the formation of structure much like large multilamellar vesicles.


In this paper, we discuss the benefits and limitations of Machine Learning (ML) for Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) in domains where the cases are text documents. In textual CBR, the bottleneck is often indexing new cases. While ML has the potential to help build large case-bases from a small start-up collection by learning to classify texts under the index-terms, we found in experiments with a real CBR system, that the problem is often beyond the power of purely inductive ML. CBR indices are very complex and the number of training instances in a typical case base is too small reliably to generalize from. We argue that adding domain knowledge can help overcome these problems and give illustrating examples.


Investigating the wave field near structures in coastal and offshore engineering is of increasing significance. In the present study, simulation is done of the wave profile and flow field for waves propagating over submerged bars, using PLIC-VOF (Piecewise Linear Interface Construction) to trace the free surface of wave and finite difference method to solve vertical 2D Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. A comparison of the numerical results for two kinds of submerged bars with the experimental ones shows that the PLIC-VOF model used in this study is effective and can compute the wave field precisely.


The socioeconomic transformation process in post-apartheid South Africa has generated research on a wide range of economic issues, in particular, inequality and poverty. Surprisingly, there is limited empirical analysis on financial inclusion. This paper fills this void in the literature by answering two questions: (i) Does financial inclusion improve welfare? (ii) Is the benefit from using formal financial services greater than from using non-formal financial services? The paper uses a unique cross-sectional dataset on use of financial products over the period 2006–2011. Two measures of welfare are constructed – a well-being index and a wealth index. The sample is divided into users of formal financial services and users of non-formal financial services. The focus is on the differences in the welfare of the two groups. This difference in welfare is then decomposed through the Recentered Influence Function (RIF) approach. Finally, an OLS regression of the recentered welfare is estimated across quantiles for each group. Results show that: (i) overall, using formal financial products is associated with higher welfare; (ii) regardless of the measure of welfare used, the results are qualitatively similar: the wealth index picks up differences in the top quantiles, while the well-being index picks the differences in the lower quantiles; (iii) welfare disparities are accounted for by the unexplained factors related to income and education; and (iv) there are welfare gains from using non-formal credit and insurance products for individuals in the lower quantiles. The results suggest that the pursuit of financial inclusion should be complemented with policies that improve education and incomes, especially for the marginalised. Key words:Financial Inclusion; Recentered Influence Function; South Africa


An analytical method using two solid phase extractions and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the identification and quantification of 14 mycotoxins (patulin, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and ochratoxin A) in domestic and imported wines. Mycotoxins were purified with an Oasis HLB cartridge, followed by a MultiSepTM #229 Ochra. As a result, sufficient removal of the pigments and highly polar matrices from the red wines was achieved. UHPLC conditions were optimized, and 14 mycotoxins were separated in a total of 13 min. Determinations performed using this method produced high correlation coefficients for the 14 mycotoxins (R > 0.990) and recovery rates ranging from 76 to 105% with good repeatability (relative standard deviation RSD < 12%). Twenty-seven samples of domestic and imported wines were analyzed using this method. Although ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins (FMs) were detected in several samples, the FM levels were less than limits of quantification (LOQs) (1 μg/L), and even the largest of the OTA levels was below the EU regulatory level (2 μg/L). These results suggest that the health risk posed to consumers from the wines available in Japan is relatively low.


Even as the Australian economy recovers, continuing organisational and industry restructuring will make career change a reality for many people. Your career change action kit is a practical resource designed to assist individuals through the major steps associated with career change. The authors indicate that the kit will be useful to adults and school leavers. However, much of the content presupposes some work experience and associated skill development. The kit is therefore likely to be most valuable to adults considering career change. It will also be useful to career advisers, trainers, and human resource professionals. The kit takes the form of a workbook which assists the user through a series of self-awareness and planning tasks. The five chapters are arranged as follows: 1 Considering change helps the user identify the reasons for considering change and the common barriers which prevent people from making career changes 2 Targeting change is aimed at assisting the user to clarify career goals and consider a range of alternative options 3 Identifying your skills discusses the different types of skills and helps users identify and describe their own skills 4 Presenting your skills builds on the previous chapter with a view to constructing a skills-based resume. Guidelines for writing a covering letter, interview preparation and presentation are also included 5 Finding the job you want presents a range of practical job search strategies. The beginning and ending chapters of the book appear to be particularly relevant to the needs of many adult career changers. Chapter 1 helps the user identify and understand some of the broader contextual factors which influence decision making. The final


It is well known that a voltage is induced in a wire exposed to an alternating magnetic field. The present contribution is guided by the question whether a similar phenomenon can be predicted and observed for a wire in a magnetostatic field. A classical and a semi-classical models describing a valence electron in a metal imply that the electron would not acquire kinetic energy from the field. A computer-supported evaluation of a quantum model suggests, however, that the the second moment of the velocity operator for the electron increases if a stronger magnetostatic field is applied, which motivates an empirical experiment whose outcome seems to confirm the computational quantum phenomenon.


In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the condensation of combustion products in narrow gaps between planar plates is performed. The investigation is motivated by the empirical results shown by Veiga-Lopez ["Flame propagation in narrow channels," Ph.D. thesis (Carlos III University of Madrid, 2020)] and the lack of a theoretical description directly applicable to them. In these experiments, he describes how discontinuous condensed water films appeared on the walls of the combustion chamber, forming dry/wet stripes parallel to the flame front at the products region. The formulation developed here is derived from a general approach for condensation, which is simplified considering the conditions of high-temperature combustion products. Notably, the liquid phase disappears from the system of equations, which exclusively contains the gaseous phase. The expressions resulting are analytical, simple, and easy to interpret. They allow us to understand qualitatively the effects of the main physical phenomena of the process, which is described by the interaction between heat exchange, mass transfer, the thermodynamic conditions, and the velocity of the combustion products. The construct is subsequently utilized to perform the numerical parametric studies, to analyze the influence of two main parameters of the problem: gap thickness and flame velocity. Despite the relative simplicity of the model, it predicts similar condensation–vaporization–condensation cycles to those observed at the laboratory.


Background Rabies is a highly fatal infectious disease that poses a significant threat to human health in developing countries. In vitro study-based understanding of pathogenesis and tropism of different strains of rabies virus (RABV) in the central nervous system (CNS) is limited due to the lack of suitable culture models that recapitulate the complex communication pathways among host cells, extracellular matrices, and viruses. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture that mimics cell-matrix interactions, resembling in vivo microenvironment, is necessary to discover relevant underlying mechanisms of RABV infection and host responses. Methods The 3D collagen-Matrigel hydrogel encapsulating hiPSC-derived neurons for RABV infection was developed and characterized based on cell viability, morphology, and gene expression analysis of neuronal markers. The replication kinetics of two different strains of RABV [wild-type Thai (TH) and Challenge Virus Standard (CVS)-11 strains] in both 2D and 3D neuronal cultures were examined. Differential gene expression analysis (DEG) of the neuropathological pathway of RABV-infected 2D and 3D models was also investigated via NanoString analysis. Results The 3D hiPSC-derived neurons revealed a more physiologically interconnected neuronal network as well as more robust and prolonged maturation and differentiation than the conventional 2D monolayer model. TH and CVS-11 exhibited distinct growth kinetics in 3D neuronal model. Additionally, gene expression analysis of the neuropathological pathway observed during RABV infection demonstrated a vast number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 3D model. Unlike 2D neuronal model, 3D model displayed more pronounced cellular responses upon infection with CVS-11 when compared to the TH-infected group, highlighting the influence of the cell environment on RABV-host interactions. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of DEGs in the infected 3D neuronal culture showed alterations of genes associated with the inflammatory response, apoptotic signaling pathway, glutamatergic synapse, and trans-synaptic signaling which did not significantly change in 2D culture. Conclusion We demonstrated the use of a hydrogel-based 3D hiPSC-derived neuronal model, a highly promising technology, to study RABV infection in a more physiological environment, which will broaden our understanding of RABV-host interactions in the CNS.


ABSTRACT:This article proposes that intimacy can be a useful analytical tool to understand how the private and the public, the personal and the political, intersect in development aid projects. Recent anthropological analyses have attended to the personal and moral worlds of aid workers, examining the knowledge practices and ethical dilemmas of "aidland." Some scholars have cautioned that this perspective should not overlook the politics of development interventions. The lens of intimacy can be a fruitful avenue for understanding how "aidland" is always already political—how the personal worlds of aid workers and politics are intertwined. Examining the kinds of relations that define intimacy, and the specific ways that the private and the public intersect in these relations, can show us the particular history and politics of a development regime. Drawing on the case of a Japanese NGO in Myanmar, the article shows how "intimacy" in this inter-Asian form of development aid appeared in terms of "becoming one" (hitotsu ni naru). Ethnographic analysis and historical contextualization reveal nationalist-culturalist and Pan-Asian imaginations that are entangled in intimate experiences of "becoming one" among Japanese and Burmese aid actors. Ultimately, the analytical purchase of "intimacy" lies in calling our attention to how people negotiate similarities, differences, and conflicts in "private" spaces in order to make the ethos of becoming one in "public" possible.


Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are an efficient and common way to assess reading comprehension (RC). Every MCQ needs a set of distractor answers that are incorrect, but plausible enough to test student knowledge. Distractor generation (DG) models have been proposed, and their performance is typically evaluated using machine translation (MT) metrics. However, MT metrics often misjudge the suitability of generated distractors. We propose DISTO: the first learned evaluation metric for generated distractors. We validate DISTO by showing its scores correlate highly with human ratings of distractor quality. At the same time, DISTO ranks the performance of state-of-the-art DG models very differently from MT-based metrics, showing that MT metrics should not be used for distractor evaluation.


In this paper we present a snake-based scheme for efficiently detecting contours of objects with boundary concavities. The proposed method is composed of two steps. First, the object`s boundary is detected using the proposed snake model. Second, snake points are optimized by inserting new points and deleting unnecessary points to better describe the object`s boundary. The proposed algorithm can successfully extract objects with boundary concavities. Experimental results have shown that our algorithm produces more accurate segmentation results than the conventional algorithm.


The present invention relates to an extended search word selection system and a method for selecting an extended search word, in which related words associated with a search word of a user are provided to select an extended search word. According to the present invention, the extended search word selection system comprises: a search server which receives a keyword of a user, and searches and provides related words corresponding to the keyword; and a user terminal which horizontally arrays n number of word list windows to display the windows on the screen, receives a search word and similar words by transmitting the search word inputted from the user to the search server to display the received words on a first word list window, receives the related words of the search word to display the words on a second word list window, transmits a selected keyword to the search server if a particular word of the words on the individual word list windows is selected as the keyword, and receives related words of said keyword to display the words on other adjacent word list windows. The user is able to select a plurality of search words by receiving, step by step, the related words corresponding to the keyword on the word list windows during the searching step.


Addition of colchicine (2.5 x 10(-8)-1.25 x 10(-6) M) to cultures of glial cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii decreased the number of parasites up to 80% (P < 0.05) in comparison with controls. Our results indicate that colchicine could interfere with the infectious, or replicative mechanisms, or both, of Toxoplasma and place it as a candidate in the search for additional antitoxoplasmic therapy for those cases where the parasitic load is massive. Further studies in vivo must be made to confirm this finding and provide support for therapeutic trials.


Real-time motion planning is one of the most challenging problems for successful employment of personal robots. A motion planning strategy via human commands is proposed. The human commands produce primitive motions which can form complex trajectories in real-time. Proper modifications to the primitive motions can generate trajectories which avoid obstacles. An automatic modification mechanism also can assist the robot to reach a target point quickly. Experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the ability of vocational students in understanding the concept of Rotational Dynamics. This study used qualitative methods with 10 respondents consisting of high, medium and low categories. Instruments in this study used essay test with 6 questions and interview. The results of this study showed that students' conceptual understanding in rotational dynamics was low. Students were still having difficulties in understanding the concept of Rotational Dynamics, namely in determining angular velocity, inertia moment equation, and solving equations. Then it is better to understand the concept needs to be applied in the learning process. So it can be concluded that conceptual understanding approach needs to be applied in the learning process.


Using data on the operations of U.S. parent firms and their foreign affiliates between 1982 and 1994, this paper examines the extent to which tax minimizing behavior influences intrafirm trade. The results indicate that taxes have a substantial influence on intrafirm trade flows between U.S. parent firms and their affiliates abroad; the United States has less favorable intrafirm trade balances with low tax countries. This result is anticipated if U.S. sales to affiliates in low tax countries are underpriced and U.S. purchases from affiliates in high tax countries are overpriced. Taxes are also shown to have an influence on intrafirm trade flows between different foreign affiliates of U.S. firms.


The risk of violent behavior is known to be higher for patients who suffer from a severe mental disorder. However, specific prediction tools for clinical work in prison psychiatry are lacking. In this single-center study, two violence risk assessment tools (Forensic Psychiatry and Violence Tool, "FoVOx," and Mental Illness and Violence Tool, "OxMIV") were applied to a prison hospital population with a primary psychotic or bipolar disorder and subsequently compared. The required information on all items of both tools was obtained retrospectively for a total of 339 patients by evaluation of available patient files. We obtained the median and inter-quartile range for both FoVOx and OxMIV, and their rank correlation coefficient along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)-for the full cohort, as well as for cohort subgroups. The two risk assessment tools were strongly positively correlated (Spearman correlation = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.80-0.86). Such a high correlation was independent of nationality, country of origin, type of detention, schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, previous violent crime and alcohol use disorder, where correlations were above 0.8. A lower correlation was seen with patients who were 30 years old or more, married, with affective disorder and with self-harm behavior, and also in patients without aggressive behavior and without drug use disorder. Both risk assessment tools are applicable as an adjunct to clinical decision making in prison psychiatry.


Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is utilized to apply spatial analysis techniques to visually and quantitatively match ammonoid suture patterns for classification. The Turonian ammonite family Coilopoceratidae was chosen as the basis for this project, because the similar suture patterns within the family make species-level identification a challenge. A Coilopoceras springeri suture template was created by overlaying 10 different Coilopoceras springeri suture patterns, using the right holotype suture pattern as the basal or designation guide. Templates for Coilopoceras colleti and Hoplitoides sandovalensis sutures were constructed in the same manner. Sutures of known and unknown specimens were tested within the templates in order to identify species. The sutures of known specimens matched with the correct templates and did not compare well with other species' templates. Sutures of unknown specimens clearly fit within one template better than within others and, hence, could be reliably classified to the species level. In addition to species classification, the GIS method provides a mechanism for both visual and quantitative comparisons of individual sutures. This GIS method will aid professional and avocational paleontologists, biostratigraphers, and geologists in classifying ammonite species, and may help further our understanding of suture morphogenesis and function by providing a standard basis for morphological comparison of complex sutural patterns.


Power system deregulating has changed the mechanism of system reliability management. This paper presents a technique used for the reliability evaluation of deregulated distribution systems considering priority of load curtailment using reliability network equivalent techniques. A reliability model for each market player in a deregulated power system is introduced in which a generation company is represented by an equivalent multistate generation provider (EMGP) and the transmission system is represented by an equivalent multistate transmission provider (EMTP). A Genco, which has reserve agreements with other Gencos, is represented by an equivalent multistate generation provider with reserve agreement (EMGPWR).This paper has provided a new approach in determining the interrupt value during the Transmission contingency for each customer. Optimal power flow (OPF) is used to replace AC power flow to check network constraints in each contingency state. Reserve agreements between suppliers are considered to improve reliability indices. A reliability test system (RBTS) has been analyzed to illustrate the technique.


We report a novel approach for improving the performance of InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). A buried-metal heterojunction bipolar transistor (BM-HBT), in which tungsten stripes of the same area as the emitter metal were buried in an i-InP collector layer, was fabricated for the first time. The aim in fabricating this structure is to realize a reduction in the total base-collector capacitance (CBCT). In the measurement of microwave S-parameters, CBCT of 10.3 fF was evaluated. The effective base-collector junction area of the BM-HBT was estimated to be 22% that of conventional-HBT considering the difference in collector thickness.


Results of genetic analysis of bacterial tnm mutations influencing transposition of Tn9 are presented. Five independent tnm mutations were mapped at 90,5 min of the E. coli genetic map. The tnm mutations were 3,5 and 46,5% contransducible with metA and malB markers, respectively. Two tnm mutations tested were recessive in tnm+/tnm- merodiploids. The effect of tnm mutations on other transposons--Tn10, Tn601, Tn3 and Tn5 was examined. It was shown that tnm1 and tnm2 mutations reduced the frequency of transposition of Tn10, Tn3, Tn5 and Tn601 from the genome of phage lambda and inhibited intracellular development of the infecting Mu phage. The latter effect was probably due to the inhibition of Mu integration into bacterial chromosome. The tnm3 mutation affected the transposition of Tn9 only.


In contrast to the prenatal topographic development of sensory cortices, striatal circuit organization is slow and requires the functional maturation of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs throughout the first postnatal month. While mechanisms regulating synapse development and plasticity are quite well described at excitatory synapses of glutamatergic neurons in the neocortex, comparatively little is known of how this translates to glutamate synapses onto GABAergic neurons in the striatum. Here we investigate excitatory striatal synapse plasticity in an in vitro system, where glutamate can be studied in isolation from dopamine and other neuromodulators. We examined pre-and post-synaptic structural and functional plasticity in GABAergic striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs), co-cultured with glutamatergic cortical neurons. After synapse formation, medium-term (24 h) TTX silencing increased the density of filopodia, and modestly decreased dendritic spine density, when assayed at 21 days in vitro (DIV). Spine reductions appeared to require residual spontaneous activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Conversely, chronic (14 days) TTX silencing markedly reduced spine density without any observed increase in filopodia density. Time-dependent, biphasic changes to the presynaptic marker Synapsin-1 were also observed, independent of residual spontaneous activity. Acute silencing (3 h) did not affect presynaptic markers or postsynaptic structures. To induce rapid, activity-dependent plasticity in striatal neurons, a chemical NMDA receptor-dependent "long-term potentiation (LTP)" paradigm was employed. Within 30 min, this increased spine and GluA1 cluster densities, and the percentage of spines containing GluA1 clusters, without altering the presynaptic signal. The results demonstrate that the growth and pruning of dendritic protrusions is an active process, requiring glutamate receptor activity in striatal projection neurons. Furthermore, NMDA receptor activation is sufficient to drive glutamatergic structural plasticity in SPNs, in the absence of dopamine or other neuromodulators.


Although vibration has been used empirically for a long time in medicine, it was only about ten years ago that it began to be investigated scientifically. In the first part of this paper, we review the main data showing that vibratory stimulations can relieve both acute and chronic pain. In the second part, we consider the mechanisms responsible for the observed analgesic effects and discuss the nature of the sensory receptors involved and the effects of their activation on the triggering of central pain control systems.


This study compares three prosthetic materials for potential use in patching and bridging congenital and acquired esophageal defects. The study was divided into two parts. In the first part, full-thickness, 6-cm2 cervical esophageal defects were induced in three groups of young mongrel dogs and were replaced with patches of lyophilized dura mater (Lyodura), polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron), or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The dogs in the Lyodura subgroup were scheduled to be sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks and the dogs in the PTFE and Dacron subgroups were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 months. The patched esophagus was removed for gross and microscopic examination. In the second part of the study a segment of the esophagus was excised in another three groups of dogs and replaced with 3 x 2 cm tubes of Lyodura, Dacron, or PTFE. Here the follow-up was prolonged and included radiological, endoscopic, and histological assessment. The dogs of each subgroup were scheduled to be sacrificed after 6, 8, and 12 months. Results indicated that lyophilized dura mater covered and neoepithelialized the patched area within the shortest period of time without foreign body reaction and with only slight collagen deposit, resulting in a ductile repaired esophageal wall. Therefore, its use may be considered for replacement of partial esophageal defects. For complete circumferential defects, the present study and our review of the literature showed that there is as yet no ideal prosthetic material that promotes good incorporation but is not prone to stenosis. Further studies in this area are required.


The fact that the book of Psalms has a long and complex history within the life of the people of ancient Israel is obvious to any reader who takes the time and eˆort to look at the facts. Though the psalms are frequently referred to as the "Psalms of David," David is actually designated as the author in less than half of the 150 psalms in the MT book of Psalms. Other designated authors include Moses (Psalm 90), Solomon (Psalms 72, 127), the "sons of Korah" (Psalms 42–49, 84–85, 87–88), Asaph (Psalms 50, 73–83), and Ethan the Ezrahite (Psalm 89), and many of the psalms are without any designation so far as authorship is concerned. Moreover some psalms, like Psalm 137, clearly presuppose the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem and are written from the perspective of the Babylonian exile, which took place centuries after the time of David. Thus though David plays a signi ̃cant role in the development of the Psalter and perhaps may even still be seen—at least in the broadest sense—as the "author" of the Psalms we have in our Bible, the Psalms enjoyed a life of their own. And the collection of the Psalms within the life of ancient Israel continued to grow long after the death of David within the canonical process that produced the HB as we now know it. This paper is an attempt to trace the broad outline of the history of the canonical process in ancient Israel as it relates to the Psalter. As we will see, this task cannot be done without discussing the history of the Pentateuch as well. It will be argued that we can identify at least three stages in that canonical process: (1) a preexilic Davidic Psalter, which is now preserved largely within books 1 and 5 of the MT; (2) a "Deuteronomic Psalter," which appears to have been structured around the number seventeen and includes books 1, 3, 4 and 5; and (3) the Pentateuchal Psalter, which may well have been promulgated as late as the time of Ezra, in which book 2 (the so-called Elohistic Psalter) was inserted to complete the canonical collection. Through the centuries scholars have commented on the fact that the book of Psalms is pentateuchal in structure. Like the Pentateuch, the Psalms are divided into ̃ve books. Book 1 contains Psalms 1–41, book 2 Psalms 42–72, book 3 Psalms 73–89, book 4 Psalms 90–106, and book 5 Psalms 107–150. In each case the book is concluded by a benediction, which is expanded in the


This paper deals with Friction stir welding of AZ31B Mg alloy by using H13 Tool at different rotational speeds and welding speeds .Experiments were conducted according to L4 Orthogonal array which was suggested by Taguchi. Optimum parameters for optimum Tensile strength, Hardness and Ductility were found with the help of S/N ratios. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. In this experiment the effect of process parameters on welded joint was studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and stated regression equation for tensile strength and hardness. Assigns the rank to each factor which are having more influence on the mean of tensile strength and hardness.


A policy of consistent willingness on the analyst's part to make his or her own views explicitly available to the patient is discussed and illustrated by clinical vignettes. Playing one's cards face up is contrasted with contemporary conceptions of selective self-disclosure by the analyst, especially with respect to the way ground rules for the analytic treatment relationship get established. The objective of the analyst playing his or her cards face up is to create a candid dialogue, thus facilitating maximally effective collaboration between analyst and patient. Concerns about the analyst's self-disclosure foreclosing exploration of the patient's unconscious fantasies and transferences, or intruding upon the patient's autonomy, are addressed, as is the relation between self-disclosure and an individual analyst's personal style.


One alternative to the traditional remove-compute-restore procedure that has hitherto been used to compute the Nordic geoid is to use the least squares modification method with additive corrections. This technique, which has been developed at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, includes the least squares kernel modification together with topographic, downward continuation, atmospheric and ellipsoidal corrections.This paper presents the most recent results from an on-going joint project between KTH and Lantmateriet (National Land Survey of Sweden), whose main purpose is to evaluate the KTH approach numerically and to compute a gravimetric quasigeoid model for Sweden. The work should also be viewed as being conducted under the umbrella of the working group for geoid determination of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG). The evaluation is made using 108 high quality GPS/levelling height anomalies covering the major parts of Sweden except for the mountainous areas to the North West. After a 4-parameter fit, the most promising attempt achieves a RMS value for the residuals of 17 mm, which should be compared to the 28 mm RMS reached by the NKG 2004 model. It is concluded that the least squares modification method with additive corrections is a promising alternative for the future.