This study examines the linkages between the socio-economic background of households and their housingchoices in the urban enclaves of Ghana. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 900 participantsfrom the study areas. Questionnaire was used to glean data from the participants. Pearson correlation andmultinomial logistic regression were used to estimate the level of association between socio-economiccharacteristics of households and their housing choices. The study found that the choice of housing type wassignificantly associated with sex (χ2=56.004, p<0.001), education level (χ2=238.895, p<0.001), marital status(χ2=28.871, p<0.001), occupation (χ2=202.110, p<0.001), monthly income (χ2=275.682, p<0.001), locationof household (χ2=46.112, p<0.001) but not household size (χ2=18.642, p=0.42), age (χ2=10.229, p=0.113)and religion (χ2=10.361, p=0.110) of the household head. The multinomial logistic regression estimates thathousehold heads with no formal education compared to household heads with master degree are .055(p<.001) times less likely to live in a detached/semi-detached house compared to compound house. The studyreiterates the importance of having an informed policy on neighbourhood design and development,particularly when designing houses for people of particular socio-economic and cultural backgrounds.


Hybrid systems modelers like Simulink come with a rich collection of discrete-time and continuous-time blocks. Most blocks are not defined in terms of more elementary ones—and some cannot be—but are instead written in imperative code and explained informally in a reference manual. This raises the question of defining a minimal set of orthogonal programming constructs such that most blocks can be programmed directly and thereby given a specification that is mathematically precise, and whose compiled version performs comparably to handwritten code. In this paper, we show that a fairly large set of blocks of a standard library like the one provided by Simulink can be programmed in a precise, purely functional language using stream equations, hierarchical automata, Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), and deterministic synchronous parallel composition. Some blocks cannot be expressed in our setting as they mix discrete-time and continuous-time signals in unprincipled ways that are statically forbidden by the type checker. The experiment is conducted in Zélus, a synchronous language that conservatively extends Lustre with ODEs to program systems that mix discrete-time and continuous-time signals.


An up-to-date reference and text that discusses the design of shields for radioactive sources, X-ray machines, low energy accelerators, and nuclear reactors. Introduces dosimetry in industry and medicine, examining the prediction and measurement of dose in the body from external and internal sources, and the biological effects of ionization radiation. The unified treatment emphasizes recent practice and includes modern computer methods and results. And, the considerable data presented in tabular and graphical forms provide a ready reference that minimizes the need for supplementary literature.


Phase change materials (PCM) have an increasingly more important role as a thermal energy storage (TES) media. However, leakage problem of PCM causes limitation during their integration in TES systems. Therefore, the encapsulation of PCMs is attracting research interest to extend usage of PCMs in real TES applications in recent years. In this study, hydroxystearic acid (HSA) was encapsulated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and different PMMA comonomer shells via emulsion polymerization method for the first time in literature. HSA with high melting temperature range (74–78°C) can widen the scope of using PCMs, and the encapsulated form can make it more versatile. The chemical structures, morphologies, and thermophysical properties of capsules were determined by FT‐IR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and thermal infrared camera. Among the produced HSA capsule candidates, PMMA‐HEMA is the most promising with latent heat of 48.5 J/g with melting range of 47 to 85°C. SEM analysis indicated that the capsules have spherical shape with compact surface at nano‐micro (100–440 nm) size range; however, some capsules exhibited agglomeration.


The acquisition of accurate channel state information (CSI) is of utmost importance since it provides performance improvement of wireless communication systems. However, acquiring accurate CSI, which can be done through channel estimation or channel prediction, is an intricate task due to the complexity of the time-varying and frequency selectivity of the wireless environment. To this end, we propose an efficient machine learning (ML)-based technique for channel prediction in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) sub-bands. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the training of channel fading samples used to estimate future channel behaviour in selective fading.


In previous studies eDNA metabarcoding has been demonstrated as a viable tool for catchment-level biodiversity sampling in rivers (Deiner et al. 2016). However, questions still remain over the appropriate sampling protocol for large spatial scale sampling. River reaches are composed of multiple habitats with species composition varying from one to the next (Costa and Melo 2007). Therefore, how many spatial replicates are needed to reliably represent the river network? Is the previously used approach to sample at every river confluence (Deiner et al. 2016) sufficient or is more needed? These questions were addressed using a case study in the headwaters of the Cound Brook, a tributary to the River Severn in Shropshire, UK.Two sub-catchments of the Cound Brook were used. One sub-catchment had a sample taken at the most downstream point before the confluence. Additionally, a sample at the upstream extent of the same sub-catchment was taken to estimate any correlation between the species found at the beginning of the river reach and at the end. Another sub-catchment also had the same up- and downstream sample design. However, in between was a systemic sampling regime every 500 m. This is to test if increasing the spatial resolution gave significantly different results to the sparser sampling regime.At each sample location, a 1 L water sample was sequentially filtered through membranes of three different mesh sizes: 5µm, 0.45µm and 0.2µm. Sequential filtering was performed because DNA resides in two forms in the environment (Civade et al. 2017), within whole cells (cellular DNA) and outside of cells (extracellular). The theory is that the coarser filters predominantly collect cellular DNA and the finer filters collect predominantly extracellular DNA of increasingly smaller fragment lengths. Consequently, sequential filtering could represent DNA degradation in the environment (Fig. 1). Also, Turner et al. 2014 suggested that the larger particles could determine very recent or local organisms. Therefore, we hypothesised that the DNA collected by the coarser filters would represent local diversity and the DNA collected by the finer filters would reflect biodiversity further upstream.Initial results suggest sequential filtering through the 5µm and 0.45µm filters caught detectable levels of eDNA where the 0.2µm did not catch enough to show up through gel electrophoresis. The relevance of the initial finding suggests that if we only used a 5µm filter the data collected at 0.45µm could have been discarded. Further investigations of any differences in species compositions between filters and the relationships to other sampling locations is still to be determined. This ongoing research is intended to determine the appropriate sampling protocol for a large-scale biodiversity assessment regime combining eDNA metabarcoding and species distribution modelling.


This volume deals with the development and the characteristics of the literature of Ancient Egypt over a period of more than two millennia, from the monumental origins of autobiography at the end of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2150 BCE) down to the latest literary compositions in Demotic during the Graeco-Roman period (300 BCE-200 CE). This book, the result of an international co-operation among more than twenty scholars, is divided into sections devoted to the definition of literary discourse in Ancient Egypt; the history and genres of these texts, their linguistic and stylistic features; and the image of Ancient Egypt as displayed in later literary traditions of the Mediterranean world - Greek, Coptic, Arabic. With over thirty chapters, this volume provides an interdisciplinary account of current research in one of the methodologically most advanced fields of Egyptology.


Sufism is a mystical thread of Islam, which when practiced as a cultural system, creates Sufi culture, which is considered significantly different from orthodox, normative or official versions of Islam. Women's contribution to this Sufi culture, which often assimilates indigenous cultural values, has not been fully explored, thus causing ambivalence about Sufi women's lives and their roles. This paper attempts to fill this gap by exploring a variety of aspects of Sufi women's role and contribution to the enrichment of Sufi traditions and local culture in Pakistan through the case study of Mai Sahiba and her shrine, Sahi Sharif, in Punjab. This paper has two main sections. Section one, drawing upon secondary sources, highlights complex perspectives on gender and role of Sufi women in general within Sufism. Section two, drawing upon primary textual sources about Mai Sahiba's life and ethnographic fieldwork at her shrine, offers a glimpse of her life and shows how her devotees celebrate her as a Sufi who challenged hierarchical structures that exist within Sufism and in Pakistan.


AFM1 (Aflatoxin M1) is the major mycotoxin frequently found in milk and dairy products. A total number of 50 raw milk samples and 150 cheese samples (fifty of soft cheese, hard cheese and processed cheese samples) were analyzed. All of the samples were randomly purchased from Egyptian supermarkets in Alexandria city from February 2008 to March 2009. The method used was ELISA. Results showed that the mean concentration values of AFM1 in soft and hard cheese samples were higher than that in raw milk samples.Processed cheese samples were the least contaminated samples. All positive samples of raw milk and cheeses are exceeding Egyptian regulations (free from AFM1) while all of them are within the US regulations (500 ng/l or Kg). All positive samples of cheese were exceeding the European Commission regulation (50 ng/l or Kg), while 52.6% of examined raw milk samples were exceeding the European Commission regulation.

 Key words: Aflatoxins M1, Raw milk, cheese, ELISA.


In the period between 1976 and 1983, at a hospital in the south of Germany, 17 cases of hepatitis (16 hepatitis B, 1 NANB) were probably, and 4 further cases possibly, traceable to prior acupuncture performed by a non-medical practitioner. In recent years, the incidence of hepatitis B has, in general, decreased, probably through the elimination of post-infusion type B hepatitis. Acupuncture hepatitis has now attained such a degree of importance that in any case of type B or NANB hepatitis, the patient should be questioned as to possible previous acupuncture treatment. Imperfect disinfection and sterilization in the offices of those practising acupuncture must be disclosed and remedied.


The essence of the doctor-patient interaction is that of a caring relationship. Too often, our reliance upon data, statistical analysis, and out-come percentages obscure the need for subjective interpretation of each healing interaction in which we are engaged. Awareness and responsiveness, on personal and professional levels, to the intuitive and sacred aspects of the doctor-patient relationship need to be recognized as being as important as the rational and scientific aspects of treatment and management if we are to be healers in the fullest sense.


The crystal strudure of akatoreite, Mn!*Alrsiroza(oH)s, a s.337Q), b 10.367(2)" c 7 .629(l) A, a 1M.46(1),0 93.81(2), y 104.18(l);, V 613.2(2) L3, fr, zol, has 6een solved'by direct methds and refined to an R index of 2.9Vo for 2691observed reflections measured with MoKo radiation. There are five independent Mn positions. Four ofthese are octahedrally coordinated by O2and OHanions, and the mean bond-Jengths at rhese sites show the Mn to be entirely in the divalent state. The fifth Mn position is tetrahedrally coordinated by four 02anions, and the mean bondJength shows the Mn to be in the divalent state. Adjacent 6AnO; teuahedra share an edge to form an [Mn2O6] dimer. There is one Al position, coordinated by six anions in an octahedral arrangiment, and both site-scattering refinement and mean bond-length show no substitution of Fe'* or Mn'* for Al at fiis site. There are four distinct Si positions, all ofwhich are tetrahedrally coordinated; one ofthe silicate teuzhedra is an acid silicate group: SiO3(OH). The four Si tetrahedra form a linear [Si4O12(OH)] cluster, and akatoreite is thus a sorosilicate. The (MnQ) and (A106) octahedra (Q: unspecified ailon) form edge-sharing strips of octahedra three ocahedra wide, that extend along the a direction. These strips are cross-linked into sheets by the fMn2O6l tetrahe&al dimers, which share edges with the peripieral ctahedra of adjacent strips. The resultant sheets arc linked into a complex heteropolyhedral framework by the sorosilicate fragments and by a hydrogen-bond network. Relationships to other sorosilicates are reviewed.


Short-wave infrared (SWIR/NIR-II) fluorescence imaging has received increased attention for use in fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) due to the potential for higher resolution imaging of subsurface structures and reduced autofluorescence compared to conventional NIR-I imaging. As with any fluorescence imaging modality introduced in the operating room, an appropriate accounting of contaminating background signal from other light sources in the operating room is an important step. Herein, we report the background signals in the SWIR and NIR-I emitted from commonly-used equipment in the OR, such as ambient and operating lights, LCD screens and surgical guidance systems. These results can guide implementation of protocols to reduce background signal.


Minimal research has investigated physical activity and health profiles among university students in Africa. Research has however shown the need for health intervention programmes across all domains to advocate both physical activity participation and exercise education. The purpose of this study was to objectively analyse physical activity and health profiles among senior university students in Cape Town, South Africa. A secondary aim was to investigate the use of the non-profit organisation, the Biokinetic Humanitarian Project (BHP) (which provides complimentary exercise testing, exercise prescription and health education) to improve selected health measures in this population. A cross-sectional research study was employed whereby male and female university residence students (n=19) were screened for health and fitness measures at baseline and after a 6-month intervention period. Physical activity and health education was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire guidelines. The 6-month intervention comprised of both gym and home-based exercise programmes. Descriptive and comparative/interferential statistics were used to analyse the results. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 for both genders. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were observed for waist and hip measurements and for resting heart rate. Males demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) in hip circumference, heart rate and blood glucose. These findings suggest that the 6-month BHP intervention resulted in significant improvements in selected health and fitness parameters among university students. Future investigations should include bigger samples and be conducted among other public and private university settings. Keywords : Students, The Biokinetic Humanitarian Project, physical activity, exercise, health, fitness.


We report here an accurate surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) approach to propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) using a μ2-oxo-bridged, bimetallic [V2O4(acac)2] (1) (acac = acetylacetonate anion) complex as a precursor. The identity and the nuclearity of the product of grafting and of the subsequent oxidative treatment have been systematically studied by means of FT-IR, Raman, solid-state (SS) NMR, UV–vis DRS, EPR and EXAFS spectroscopies. We show that the grafting of 1 on the silica surface under a rigorous SOMC protocol and the subsequent oxidative thermal treatment lead exclusively to well-defined and isolated monovanadate species. The resulting material has been tested for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a moderate temperature range (400–525 °C) and compared with that of silica-supported vanadium catalysts prepared by the standard impregnation technique. The experimental results show that the catalytic activity in propane ODH is strongly upgraded by the degree of isolation of the VO...


Storytelling is a compelling tool for students to learn English through stories. Encouraging students to read or listen to stories sould therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but memorable.Learners of English should practice and improve their skills in Reading, listening, writing, and speaking. Some materials may promote the completeness of learning this second language acquisition. However, using storytelling for intermediate level students is a creative way to have the students reinforce more on listening the story, re-writing the script, comprehending the chronological order, and speaking the opinion on the content. In addition, telling a folklore or fairytale is interesting and easy to comprehend. These student's presentation show how they can manage the body movement, facial expression, and inflexion for making the story understandable by the listeners. The activities may be varied for individual or group based on the situation of the classroom teaching and learning. Thus, the teacher should guide them with detail instruction, as consequence, the students know what to do and what to learn. This technique is known as learning by doing in which learners gradually improve the fluency of speaking, the reading comprehension, and writing performance. Furthermore, the analysis shows how the effects of using storytelling enhance the areas of students' weaknesses in English to be their strengths.


In an earlier work, we gave a precise definition of Software power, and also proposed a function oriented metric for measuring Software power. In this paper, we implemented the proposed model. The software application used to implement the proposed model is an application Software called 'DISCREPANCY', developed by the Computer Center of the University of Benin for the Audit department of the University. Five (5) computers with different processor speeds were used to run DISCREPANCY and the execution time (TIME) in each case was recorded. We then obtain the application functions point count. Our result shows that the proposed metric is computable, consistent in its use of unit, and is programming language independent Keywords : Software attributes, Software power, measurement, Software metric, function point.


Work reported in this paper was done as part of the DARPA Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) project. Its objective was to investigate the possibility of improving the stability and agility of military operations using the concepts of modern control and game theories within the framework of state-of-the-art computer science and operations research. Military operations are always defined and executed within the context of a command and control (C2) hierarchy. The questions we have studied at the Task level were twofold. What is the minimal effective task force size and composition for a given task, and how to guarantee successful task execution in the presence of uncertainties in combat, both due to random effects of weapons and an intelligent adversary? At the Task Group level, we asked how to optimally allocate and schedule available resources to satisfy the force size requirements for as many concurrent tasks as possible. We have developed probabilistic Markov models of combat dynamics, and then used them to build the Model Predictive Task Commander and Model Predictive Resource Allocator systems, which are briefly described in the paper along with experimental results showing their performance in simulated battles.


The Demirjian method for age estimation in children by means of dental development is widely used and forms a basis on which a universal dental maturity score can be calculated. This score is then translated into a chronological age with aid of tables specific for each population. Such tables are, however, available for only a few populations and usually not where age estimations are needed. In several studies on age estimation in children it has been found that the original studies by Demirjian and co-workers do not give enough information to allow the construction of corresponding tables for other populations. The main reason for this is that the regression lines in the original graphs were obtained by manual smoothing to combine the individual plots and the tables were thereafter compiled from these graphs. In an attempt to avoid manual, and more or less subjective, construction of the regression line, an attempt was made to fit the plots into a regression line by a series of predefined functions. The aim was to find a model with the best possible explanation factor of the correlation between dental maturity score and chronological age. A cubic function was found to give a good fit to the plots with an R2 of about 0.95. This modification of the original Demirjian method for age estimation of children is therefore recommended for the construction of population-specific tables. The use of a mathematical function also makes it possible to calculate confidence intervals to be used to describe the accuracy of an individual estimation.


Study Design: Retrospective study. Objectives: We studied the clinical results and prognostic factors for the postoperative caudaequinasyndrome (CES). Summary of Literature Review: The CES is a rare complication, but its aftereffects are serious. And no satisfactory discussion about its accurate treatment guidelines and prognosis has been provided yet. Materials and Methods: 10 patients who were diagnosed with a postoperative CES were enrolled from June 2004 to February 2011. Patients were classified into group I with a favorable neurologic prognosis and groupII without neurologic improvement. The medical history, diagnosis, involved segmentand duration till CES was obtained, the duration was performed till second decompression and the clinical symptoms and the outcome of surgical treatment were investigated. Results: Group I contained of 6cases and group 4 of cases.On average were 1.25(0.5-3) hours required for group I and 22(8-38) hours for group II until CES was diagnosed. The time span for the second operation was 7(3-12) hours for group I and 12.25(5-24) hours for group II. Of 6 cases showing motor losswere 4 cases classified as group II at the last follow-up. Of 10 cases with voiding difficulties belonged 4 cases to the group II. Voiding difficulty was continued as clinical symptom in 4 patients of group II after the secondary decompression. Conclusion: The less the motor loss and voiding difficulty before the secondary decompression and the faster diagnosis and surgical decompression, the better the prognosis. In particular, as voiding difficulty showed the lowest recovery rate, it is considered to affect prognosis and satisfaction most seriously.


An image mosaic is an assembly of a large number of small images, usually called tiles, taken from a specific dictionary/codebook. When viewed as a whole, the appearance of a single large image emerges, i.e. each tile approximates a small block of pixels. ASCII art is a related (and older) graphic design technique for producing images from printable characters. Although automatic procedures for both of these visualization schemes have been studied in the past, some are computationally heavy and cannot offer real‐time and interactive performance. We propose an algorithm able to reproduce the quality of existing non‐photorealistic rendering techniques, in particular ASCII art and image mosaics, obtaining large performance speed‐ups. The basic idea is to partition the input image into a rectangular grid and use a decision tree to assign a tile from a pre‐determined codebook to each cell. Our implementation can process video streams from webcams in real time and it is suitable for modestly equipped devices. We evaluate our technique by generating the renderings of a variety of images and videos, with good results. The source code of our engine is publicly available.


In 1999 the Balkan's conflict lead NATO war planes to leave 10x10 kg of depleted uranium (DU) in the environment of Kosovo and neighbouring states (UNEP, 2001). DU behaves in the same manner in the environment as natural uranium and it can be traced with isotopic analysis due to the fact that DU has the isotopic composition of `0.2% U and 99.8% U as opposed to natural uranium which has 0.7% U and 99.3% U. DU is a waste product of the nuclear industry which enrich nuclear fuel by U. Large stock piles of DU therefore exist in countries that produce nuclear energy and/or nuclear weapons. The DU is given to the weapons industry for free (or cheap) and has been a popular choice for armour penetrating arsenal due to the high density of uranium (19 g cm) and therefore its high penetrating power. Indeed the arsenal used in Kosovo consisted of DU penetrators that were shot from A-10 aeroplanes. They weigh roughly 300 g and have the shape of a fat 9 cm long pencil.


Abstract This paper describes a scheme for classifying the cloudiness, as determined from satellite TV pictures, of small areas in the vicinity of radiosonde stations. The classification number, c, was correlated with the observed average relative humidity below 500 mb., H, at radiosonde stations within a few hundred miles of the Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea. For over 100 dates distributed throughout the year the relationship was found to be H = 24.6 + 7.30 c, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78. There is a slight suggestion of seasonal and latitudinal trends. Examples show suggested average relative humidity distributions based on observations made from meteorological satellites over the waters adjacent to the southeastern United States.


The natural history of scoliosis in cerebral palsy as well as the treatments that include observation, bracing, and surgery are reviewed. If surgery is indicated, a careful preoperative evaluation is essential, focusing especially on the patient's nutritional, gastrointestinal, neurologic, and orthopedic systems. Intraoperative and perioperative issues such as blood loss control are reviewed. The Luque-Galveston method of instrumentation for scoliosis secondary to cerebral palsy is our preferred method of treatment. Our recent results compare favorably with the literature with fewer complications.


The control performance of hydraulic systems is basically influenced by the performance of electro-hydraulic servo valve used in a hydraulic control system. In this study, the authors propose a control design to improve the control performance of servo valves with a non-contact eddy current type displacement sensor. Mathematical model for the valve is obtained through an experimental identification process. A PI-D controller together with a feedforward (FF) controller is applied to the valve. To further improve the response of the servo valve, an input shaping filter (ISF) is incorporated into the valve control system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control system is verified experimentally.


It is shown how port-based modeling of lumped-parameter complex physical systems (multi-body systems, electrical circuits, electromechanical systems, ..) naturally leads to a geometrically defined class of systems, called port-Hamiltonian systems. These are Hamiltonian systems defined with respect to a power-conserving geometric structure capturing the basic interconnection laws, and a Hamiltonian function given by the total stored energy. The structural properties of port-Hamiltonian systems are discussed, in particular the existence of Casimir functions and its implications for stability and stabilization. Furthermore it is shown how passivity-based control results from interconnecting the plant port-Hamiltonian system with a controller port-Hamiltonian system, leading to a closed-loop port-Hamiltonian system. Finally, extensions to the distributed-parameter case are provided by formulating boundary control systems as infinite-dimensional port-Hamiltonian systems.


Network address shuffling is a novel moving target defense (MTD) that invalidates the address information collected by the attacker by dynamically changing or remapping the host's network addresses. However, most network address shuffling methods are limited by the limited address space and rely on the host's static domain name to map to its dynamic address; therefore these methods cannot effectively defend against random scanning attacks, and cannot defend against an attacker who knows the target's domain name. In this paper, we propose a network defense method based on random domain name and address mutation (RDAM), which increases the scanning space of the attacker through a dynamic domain name method and reduces the probability that a host will be hit by an attacker scanning IP addresses using the domain name system (DNS) query list and the time window methods. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that RDAM can defend against scanning attacks and worm propagation more effectively than general network address shuffling methods, while introducing an acceptable operational overhead.


A substantial share of college students experience housing insecurity and too many students leave higher education before earning a credential. Both of these experiences are more common among students from low-income families who often lack adequate resources. While prior conceptual and qualitative investigations suggest that housing insecurity is associated with poorer student outcomes, this relationship has not been tested due to quantitative data limitations. In this paper, I use data from a state-wide longitudinal study of students from low-income families to conduct the first empirical test of the relationship between housing insecurity early in college and later college achievement and attainment. Findings show that housing insecurity is a statistically significant predictor of academic success, net of background factors. Specifically, housing insecurity is associated with an 8 to 12 percentage-point reduction in the probability of later degree attainment or enrollment. In the short-term, housing insecurity is also associated with lower mean GPA, a lower probability of obtaining at least a 2.0 GPA, and a higher probability of enrolling part-time rather than full-time, indicating that housing insecurity affects students' college academic experiences in multiple ways. Efforts to promote college attainment should be expanded to consider students' housing security. There are likely several points in time and multiple ways that higher education institutions, nonprofit agencies, and policymakers can intervene to promote secure housing and college success.


This book presents a richly illustrated, hands-on discussion of one of the fastest growing fields in linguistics today. The authors address key methodological issues in corpus linguistics, such as collocations, keywords and the categorization of concordance lines. They show how these topics can be explored step-by-step with BNCweb, a user-friendly web-based tool that supports sophisticated analyses of the 100-million-word British National Corpus. Indeed, the BNC and BNCweb have been described by Geoffrey Leech as "an unparalleled combination of facilities for finding out about the English language of the present day" (Foreword). The book contains tasks and exercises, and is suitable for undergraduates, postgraduates and experienced corpus users alike.


Intestinal transplantation is just now beginning to emerge as a viable therapeutic option for the large number of patients worldwide with intestinal failure. Intestinal transplantation has experienced consistent growth over the last decade as clinical outcomes have improved. As more centers gain experience in performing and managing these complex transplant patients, referral patterns are established to facilitate the movement of patients to those centers with expertise in this area. As these intestinal transplant centers evolve, indications for intestinal transplantation will change and more patients will be helped. It is critical that general surgeons and gastroenterologists are familiar with the field of intestinal transplantation, as many of their most difficult patients may derive great benefit from this option.


The eigenvalue problem for the Sturm-Liouville operator on the closed interval [0,1] with potential depending on the spectral parameter and with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions is considered first. It is proved under certain assumptions about the potential that if a system of eigenfunctions of this problem contains a unique function with n zeros in the interval (0,1) for each non-negative integer n, then it is complete in the space L2(0,1) if and only if the functions in this system are linearly independent in L2(0,1). Next, this result is used in the study of the spectral problem for a certain non-linear operator of Sturm-Liouville type. The completeness in L2(0,1) of the corresponding eigenfunctions is proved.


Multimodal therapy approaches, such as combining chemotherapy agents with cellular immunotherapy, suffers from potential drug-mediated toxicity to immune effector cells. Overcoming such toxic effects of anticancer cellular products is a potential critical barrier to the development of combined therapeutic approaches. We are evaluating an anticancer strategy that focuses on overcoming such a barrier by genetically engineering drug-resistant variants of immunocompetent cells, thereby allowing for the coadministration of cellular therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, a method we refer to as drug-resistant immunotherapy (DRI). The strategy relies on the use of cDNA sequences that confer drug resistance and recombinant lentiviral vectors to transfer nucleic acid sequences into immunocompetent cells. In the present study, we evaluated a DRI-based strategy that incorporates the immunocompetent cell line NK-92, which has intrinsic antitumor properties, genetically engineered to be resistant to both temozolomide and trimetrexate. These immune effector cells efficiently lysed neuroblastoma cell lines, which we show are also sensitive to both chemotherapy agents. The antitumor efficacy of the DRI strategy was demonstrated in vivo, whereby neuroblastoma-bearing NOD/SCID/γ-chain knockout (NSG) mice treated with dual drug-resistant NK-92 cell therapy followed by dual cytotoxic chemotherapy showed tumor regression and significantly enhanced survival compared with animals receiving either nonengineered cell-based therapy and chemotherapy, immunotherapy alone, or chemotherapy alone. These data show there is a benefit to using drug-resistant cellular therapy when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy approaches.


Melanized focal changes in white skeletal muscle of farmed Atlantic salmon, "black spots", is a quality problem affecting on average 20% of slaughtered fish. The spots appear initially as "red spots" characterized by hemorrhages and acute inflammation and progress into black spots characterized by chronic inflammation and abundant pigmented cells. Piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1) was previously found to be associated with macrophages and melano-macrophages in red and black spots. Here we have addressed the inflammatory microenvironment of red and black spots by studying the polarization status of the macrophages and cell mediated immune responses in spots, in both PRV-1 infected and non-infected fish. Samples that had been collected at regular intervals through the seawater production phase in a commercial farm were analyzed by multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and RT-qPCR methods. Detection of abundant inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) expressing M1-polarized macrophages in red spots demonstrated a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. There was an almost perfect co-localization with the iNOS2 expression and PRV-1 infection. Black spots, on the other side, had few iNOS2 expressing cells, but a relatively high number of arginase-2 expressing anti-inflammatory M2-polarized macrophages containing melanin. The numerous M2-polarized melano-macrophages in black spots indicate an ongoing healing phase. Co-localization of PRV-1 and cells expressing CD8+ and MHC-I suggests a targeted immune response taking place in the spots. Altogether, this study indicates that PRV-1 induces a pro-inflammatory environment that is important for the pathogenesis of the spots. We do not have indication that infection of PRV-1 is the initial causative agent of this condition.


This paper uses the theory of entire functions to study the linear quadratic optimization problem for a class of continuous 2D systems. We show that in some cases optimal control can be given by an analytical formula. A simple method is also proposed to find an approximate solution with preassigned accuracy. Some application to the 1D optimization problem is presented, too. The obtained results form a theoretical background for the design problem of optimal controllers for relevant processes.


Team NIPPON stayed in MDRS during two weeks.Crew 137 Team NIPPON is a team only for the first Japanese.We recorded a physiologic change in the closed colony. the weight, body composition, blood pressure, stool frequency, the urination number of times during two weeks. of the weight of people was recovered one week the of examination. Our weight was restored, but muscles decreased, and increased. decrease increases meal management.We that we must studies must be about appropriate exercise.We to study both meal and exercise on the next time. PurposeItisnecessary to choose ingredients without the allergen as space foods. However, it is difficult to limit a meal because the meal is culture.This study studied the soba which was easy to cause an allergy.The buckwheat flour in particular drifts in air.Therefore the buckwheat flour may pollute various places. We studied pollution with the soba in a cooking process. MethodAtfirstI boiled soba with a pan.We took out soba and boiled udon with the same pan.We washed a pan and boiled udon. We detected a soba allergen with an examination of allergy kit (a nanotrap: a product made in Morinaga biochemistry research institute).ResultAsoba allergen was detected under conditions of all. The buckwheat flour drifts in air. The pan which boiled soba is polluted with a soba allergen. The soba allergen does not disappear by using hand-washing. The soba allergen removal is difficult. We will think that a study for a more detailed allergenic removal is necessary in future. PurposeQuantity of muscle decreases because of zero gravity in the space.Therefore the astronaut is obliged to carry out exercise.It is necessary to carry out an effective activity.Therefore I performed a study to strengthen quadriceps femoris muscle with much quantity of muscle most.This study is fundamental researches on the ground.It was intended to clarify a muscle reinforcement effect of the row motion. MethodWehad member of the University N rowing-Club, six male cooperate and recorded motion of row result for one year. We went to check the healthy degree investigation athlete course in Aichi health plaza one year later at the exercise and measured the muscular strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle.A result, increase of the muscular strength was seen generally.However, the statistical significant difference did not appear. We checked the result at the quantity of the strengthen quadriceps femoris muscle.However, we knew the big need that ex-ercised of the load more because statistical significant difference did not appear in one year.Because the astronaut stays in the space station for six months or one year, we think that it is necessary to try an exercise method to take the load more. Purpose:Whenwe think about emigration to Mars, it is important that We build a life-support system. It is essential to establish the technique of a food production and the food storage in a spaceship in particular and the space station. To that end, choice and the processing technique of ingredients are necessary on the space foods(by-product, high value of nutrition, high unit harvest). The consumption of the insect food by much population (many different countries) is promoted even if it is on the earth. Therefore the use to the space foods of the insect is the means that is necessary in securing of food. Because we applied it at closed colony facilities (MDRS), we report that. MethodWeoffered the meal using the insect in 2-week closed colony facilities (MDRS Crew 137 Team NIPPON) and performed a sensuality examination. Four different kinds of insect which we used pupa boiled in soy source bee boiled in in soy seat boiled in soy source". The subject (three male and three female) filled out a writing by oneself expression questionnaire about "taste" "incense" score" at ten points of perfect scores. All six people ate all the insects and performed a sensuality examination. The subject answered for the impression that ate an of was salty-sweet taste and the taste was delicious" Conclusion Purpose:Weusedthe disaster food that I could store at normal temperature for five years as space foods. We put a disaster meal together and built many menus. We report the result that ate these menus in MDRS during two weeks. Method:Inthecase of disaster food, meals to steep in water or hot water are often found. In this case, we made disaster food by using hot water. Six crews ate disaster foods during two weeks and spent all most time in MDRS. As for six crews, every meal performed tast evaluation. Taste examination evaluated the highest score as ten points. ResultEachtaste examination for the 2-week disaster food menu got a high evaluation. Six crews thought that the meal quantity is small. They said that they want to eat it more. However, they spent two weeks without a problem about the quantity of the meal because they had little active mass in the closed colony space. The meal almost became 1800kcal˜1600kcal rank. Six crew supplemented quantity of small meal by a snack. is important the meal is think


The stability of synthetic food dyes tartrazine and yellow sunset was studied in relation to the intensity of radiation in the ultraviolet and visible spectra, as well as the influence of the pH and others additives normally presents in some products. Periodic scanning of the absorption spectrum was accomplished in the wavelengths between 700 nm and 190 nm to verify alterations in this dyes. In the case of soft drinks in PET packing, the relation was verified between incident light and light transmitted by the packing, establishing its function as filter to radiation. The data obtained with the dyes in the samples of soft drinks were compared with standard dyes solutions. In acid media, citrate and ascorbate presence, a major degradation process occurs. In benzoate presence, the dye degradation is lower


This paper provides stark evidence of hysteresis -- the failure of an effect to reverse itself as its underlying cause is reversed -- in energy demand. We estimate that half of the 23%-reduction in residential electricity use caused by a 9-month-long policy that was imposed on millions of Brazilians has persisted for at least 12 years. We examine the implications of our finding by extending the traditional welfare analysis of corrective policies to allow for hysteresis. Our estimate highlights that failing to take hysteresis into account could severely bias the welfare evaluation of policies aimed at reducing (long-run) energy demand.


Nowadays, it is known that printing methodologies can be used to print electrically functional devices on variety substrates includes organic or inorganic materials. Currently, printing technologies have been an attractive alternative printing method to fabricate flexible electronic devices, keeping to its advantages including easy handling, wide use and low cost. However, using flexible substrate open up new possibilities for printed electronic (PE), where certain applications expose the flexible substrate to a mechanical bending, which might decreased the performance or becomes a cause to a functionality failure. Moreover, developing of an appropriate ink at an extreme surrounding temperature with high conductivity and good dispersion of the ink-jet printing is one of the critical issues that need to be solved. Thus, the objectives of this study are determine the effects of cyclic loading on the elasticity and conductivity of carbon-based conductive ink after exposing to low and room temperature. The sample of conductive ink has been tested by resistivity test using 4-point probe after doing cyclic test. This study is focused on the conductivity behavior of printed conductive ink after being exposed to different temperature; low temperature at -6oC and at room temperature of 26oC. After being exposed to each of the temperature set, the cyclic loading test of 1000 and 5000 cycles each was carried out while non-cyclic sample was prepared as the bench-marking sample. From the cyclic test results, it is understood that the resistivity of printed ink at low temperature is lower than that of at a room temperature.


Crayfish rely on the chemosensory neurons in their antennules to help them find food and habitat and to mediate social interactions. These structures often sustain damage from aggressive interactions or from the environment, but they have the ability to regenerate. In this study, we examine whether the effects of antennule ablation and regeneration on odor-tracking ability correlate with structural changes in the antennule that occur during regeneration. We initiated the regeneration process by removing the right antennules from 55 individuals of Orconectes sanborni. We developed a method to nondestructively sample the regenerating antennules so that we could follow the growth of new antennular tissue in the same animals over time. We used dental epoxy to make molds of the regenerating antennule after each molt. We then made resin positives, which were visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Structural parameters including aesthetasc length, diameter, segment length, and number per row were measured from scanning electron micrographs using Image J software. Crayfish were tested in a tabletop water Y-maze before and after surgery and after each molt to assess their ability to track food odors. The structural and the behavioral data indicate that the antennules possessed many aspects of their original structure by the end of the second molt. Flicking of antennules, investigation of substrate, success rate at finding the odor-containing Y-maze branch, and time to completion of Y-maze regained pre-antennulectomy values by the end of the third molt.


This 49-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was admitted to the hospital because of fever, weight loss and respiratory symptoms. The radiograph of the chest showed diffuse fine nodular opacities. Histology of lung and lymph node revealed a necrotising granulomatosis and yeasts suggesting histoplasmosis. It's identity was confirmed by positive cultures for Histoplasma capsulatum in blood, urine, lung specimen and lymph node. There was a successful induction treatment and a maintenance therapy with amphotericin B. We discuss disseminated histoplasmosis in the immunodeficiency syndrome.


Neuron death is a complex phenomenon with implications for model trainability: the deeper the network, the lower the probability of finding a valid initialization. In this work, we derive both upper and lower bounds on the probability that a ReLU network is initialized to a trainable point, as a function of model hyperparameters. We show that it is possible to increase the depth of a network indefinitely, so long as the width increases as well. Furthermore, our bounds are asymptotically tight under reasonable assumptions: first, the upper bound coincides with the true probability for a single-layer network with the largest possible input set. Second, the true probability converges to our lower bound as the input set shrinks to a single point, or as the network complexity grows under an assumption about the output variance. We confirm these results by numerical simulation, showing rapid convergence to the lower bound with increasing network depth. Then, motivated by the theory, we propose a practical sign flipping scheme which guarantees that the ratio of living data points in a k-layer network is at least 2−k. Finally, we show how these issues are mitigated by network design features currently seen in practice, such as batch normalization, residual connections, dense networks and skip connections. This suggests that neuron death may provide insight into the efficacy of various model architectures.


This paper presents an overview of the results of a longitudinal analysis of the coverage of sustainability-related concepts in 115 leading national newspapers worldwide between January 1990 and July 2008 covering approximately 20,500,000 articles in 340,000 newspaper issues in 39 countries. On a global level, 'sustainable development' and 'corporate social responsibility' seem to have reached the mainstream public arena, whereas the coverage of 'corporate citizenship' and 'corporate sustainability' remains marginal. The increase in sustainability-related media coverage since 1990 largely seems to be of an incremental nature, rather than clearly associated with specific events. Only very few truly global events can be identified that triggered a substantial amount of media coverage globally. Furthermore, marked regional and national differences in the coverage of sustainability-related concepts can be identified.


The effect of employing diborane (B2H6) instead of silane (SiH4) in a tungsten (W) atomic layer deposition (ALD) nucleation layer on contact resistance is studied. A low resistance of 50–70 Ω in a 32-nm-node contact with a diameter of about 50 nm is achieved with optimized barrier and nucleation processes. This result indicates that the resistance required for 32 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices can successfully be satisfied without employing a copper plug process. It is revealed that a W film with a B2H6-reduced nucleation layer has a larger grain size and a lower fluorine concentration in nucleation W and barrier metal layers, resulting in a lower resistivity than that with a SiH4-reduced nucleation W layer. On the other hand, the B2H6-reduced nucleation process still shows a poorer crystallization and a higher fluorine concentration in the filling W layer than the SiH4-reduced nucleation process. We revealed that a further decrease in the resistivity of a W film with the B2H6 nucleation process is achieved by improving these issues.


The aim of carried out research was an isolation and identification of fungi from diseased blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits collected at three dates: during fruit set, maturing of fruit and fruitharvest. In general 14 species and forms of fungi were identified out of 319 isolates. It was quite a significant difference in the communities of microorganisms isolated from fruits in reference to different stages of plant development. Common infection of fruit buds by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata suggests capability of primary infection during flowering period. Fungi species, which produce toxins, especially genus: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Penicillium present high threat to plants. B. cinerea, Alternaria spp., Colletotrichum gleosporioides and Monilia fructigena have been recognized as particularly dangerous to blueberry crops due to frequency of their occurrence and harmfulness at different stages of fruit development, and long-term character of blueberry production.


Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the age prediction on the basis of Bizygomatic distance, intermaxillary distance, Antero-Posterior diameter and maxillary sinus width. The bizygomatic distance and maxillary sinus width is also studied as dimorphic tool in relation to gender determination. Materials and Methods: This is prospective study of 202 study subjects which was carried out in Department of oral medicine and radiology using Care stream 9000cc Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) machine. All the measurements were taken from series of axial sections of Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of head and Paranasal sinuses (PNS) images using DICOM viewer. Results: There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the study parameters among the age groups. It was found that only Bizygomatic distance was significantly (p=0.01) different between male and female all other parameters were statistically non significant (P>.005). Conclusion: It was concluded that bizygomatic distance is a strong dimorphic tool for sex determination by cone beam computed tomography.


The genus Equus is unusual in that five of the ten extant species have documented centric fission (Robertsonian translocation) polymorphisms within their populations, namely E. hemionus onager, E. hemionus kulan, E. kiang, E. africanus somaliensis, and E. quagga burchelli. Here we report evidence that the polymorphism involves the same homologous chromosome segments in each species, and that these chromosome segments have homology to human chromosome 4 (HSA4). Bacterial artificial chromosome clones containing equine genes SMARCA5 (ECA2q21 homologue to HSA4q31. 21) and UCHL1 (ECA3q22 homologue to HSA4p13) were mapped to a single metacentric chromosome and two unpaired acrocentrics by FISH mapping for individuals possessing odd numbers of chromosomes. These data suggest that the polymorphism is either ancient and conserved within the genus or has occurred recently and independently within each species. Since these species are separated by 1–3 million years of evolution, this polymorphism is remarkable and worthy of further investigations.


In the present study we report for the first time the presence of S-layer proteins in Lactobacillus kefir and Lactobacillus parakefir isolated from kefir grains. Soluble whole-cell protein profile obtained either by mechanical disruption (X-press) or by a combined treatment with lysozyme and SDS on whole cells, showed a significant band of apparent molecular mass of 66–71 kDa as measured by SDS–PAGE. The intensity of this band was considerably reduced when cells were treated with 5 M-LiCl. The above mentioned proteins were recovered in the LiCl extracts. After dialysis and concentration, the proteins extracted were able to reassemble in a regular array. Negative staining of these protein preparations were analysed by transmission electron microscopy and a paracrystalline arrangement was seen. Thin sections of bacteria analysed by transmission electron micrographs showed an outermost layer over the bacterial cell wall, that was lost after the LiCl treatment. The production of this surface structure under different culture conditions was also evaluated. Finally, the relationship between the presence of S-layer proteins and surface properties (e.g. adhesion to Caco-2 cells, autoaggregation, and hemagglutination) was investigated.


We previously found colonic crypts with normal epithelial lining but with corrupted shapes (NECS) beneath the adenomatous tissue of conventional adenomas (CoAs). Here we assessed the distribution of proliferating cells (PCs) and explored the possible occurrence of p53‐upregulated cells in the NECS in a cohort of CoAs. Sections from 70 CoAs and from 12 normal colon segments were immunostained with the proliferation marker Ki67. In 60 of the 70 CoAs, additional sections were immunostained for the tumor suppressor p53 protein. NECS with asymmetric, haphazardly distributed single PC or PC clusters were recorded in 80% of the CoAs, with a continuous PC domain in one or both slopes of the crypts in 17%, and with haphazardly distributed single PCs in the remaining 3% of the CoAs. In the 12 normal segments (controls), the colon crypts demonstrated normal shapes with symmetric PC domains limited to the lower third portion of the crypts. In 30% of the 60 CoAs immunostained with p53 the NECS revealed haphazardly distributed p53‐upregulated cells, singly or in clusters. In sum, the apparently normal epithelium of the NECS beneath the adenomatous tissue of CoAs revealed an unprecedented relocation of the normal PC domains. This unexpected event and the occurrence of p53‐upregulated cells strongly suggest that the crypts beneath the neoplastic tissue of CoAs harbor somatic mutations. The accretion of putative mutated NECS beneath the neoplastic canopy of CoA emerges as a previously unaddressed major event, an event that might play an important role in the histogenesis of CoA in the human colon.


Coptotermes spp . is one of the most harmful termites, because it can damage the wood and building. One of the controlling efforts is by using a tobacco stalk extract, due to the nicotine and other bioactive compounds and are toxic to the termite. This study aims to know the effectiveness of the tobacco stalk extract for termite control. This research is experimental study. The study is conducting for 21 days. Sample for each treatment is 150 termites, where each treatment is 0% (control), 1.3%; 2%; 3.4%; 6.8%; 9.7% with 5 repetitions. It is obtaining from pre-test. Termite mortality data, weight modification of feed paper, and termite consumption are analyzing with ANOVA and followed by Tukey test at 1% significant results. Lethal Concentration (LC) 50 and 90 are analyzing with Probit regression. The results show that the value of termites mortality on test Tukey is p<0,01. And the values of weight modification of paper and termite consumption on test Tukey are p<0,01. So there is significant difference on termite mortality. For weight modification of paper and termite consumption, there are significant differences. Unless the concentration of 1%; 2%; 3.4%; 6.8% and 9.7% are not significant. The values of Lethal Concentration (LC) 50 and 90 are 1,715% and 6.945%. The hope is the community can do termite control easily by utilizing the tobacco stalk.


Automated composite tape laying systems primarily intended for the manufacture of highly contoured jet engine nacelle skins are described. Processes, robots, end-effectors, and the software required to effectively automate composite part fabrication using long, flat strips of composite material called tapes are discussed. The tape-laying process is described in detail.<<ETX>>


Major advances in radiotherapy techniques, increasing knowledge of tumour biology and the ability to translate these advances into new therapeutic approaches are important goals towards more individualized cancer treatment. With the development of non-invasive functional and molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scanning and MRI, there is now a need to evaluate potential new biomarkers for tumour response prediction, for treatment individualization is not only based on morphological criteria but also on biological tumour characteristics. The goal of individualization of radiotherapy is to improve treatment outcome and potentially reduce chronic treatment toxicity. This review gives an overview of the molecular and functional imaging modalities of tumour hypoxia and tumour cell metabolism, proliferation and perfusion as predictive biomarkers for radiation treatment response in head and neck tumours and in lung tumours. The current status of knowledge on integration of PET/CT/MRI into treatment management and bioimage-guided adaptive radiotherapy are discussed.


Solutions of a wide variety of electrolytes, isotonic with liver or with kidney tissue, have approximately the same osmotic pressure as solutions of sodium chloride isotonic with tissues of the two organs respectively; that is, with solutions approximately twice as concentrated as the sodium chloride of mammalian blood plasma. The molar concentration of various electrolytes isotonic with liver or with kidney tissue immediately after its removal from the body is determined by the molecular weight, valency, and ion-dissociation of these electrolytes in accordance with the well known conditions of osmosis. The plasma membranes of liver and of kidney cells are imperfectly semipermeable to electrolytes, and those that enter the cell, though retarded in so doing, bring about injury which increases permeability to water. The osmotic activity of cells of mammalian liver and kidney immediately after their removal from the body resembles that of plant cells, egg cells of marine invertebrates, and mammalian red blood corpuscles and presumably represents a basic property of living cells by which osmotic pressure may be adjusted to functional need.


Background: Anemia is defined as a reduction of the total circulating red cell mass and is a major public health problem in India. More than 1.6 billion anemic people have manifestations of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The best and most sustainable strategy for preventing micronutrient (iron and folic acid) deficiency is dietary supplement. Adolescent age group is the window of opportunity to correct their nutritional status by providing additional food supplements and prevent future consequences of nutritional deficiencies.

Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of jaggery and raisins as supplements in treating iron deficiency anemia.

Materials and Methods: This is a prospective interventional clinical endpoint study conducted among 50 female medical undergraduate students. They randomly received oral nutritional supplement (jaggery balls - 5 g and raisins - 5 g) once daily in the morning for 8 weeks. Body weight and complete blood count were assessed before and at the end of 8 weeks of intervention.

Results: After 8 weeks of daily supplementation of jaggery and raisins, we observed that there was a significant rise in the mean hemoglobin (Hb) level to 11.79 ± 1.07 (P < 0.0001) and also a significant rise in the mean red blood cell count to 4.22 ± 0.30 (P < 0.0001) compared to baseline values.

Conclusion: The outcome of this study proved the effective role of the nutritional supplementation in improving the Hb status in IDA. Combination of jaggery with raisins proved to be a better natural food supplement to overcome IDA without prominent side effects as observed with oral and parenteral iron preparations. It can also be used as a prophylactic strategy to combat iron deficiency in vulnerable population.


Ecological footprinting is an accounting tool that seeks to quantify the biological capacity that is required to support human activity. It has been used at the city or country level, but as yet it has not been applied at the lowest level of economic activity – the business enterprise. In order to assess its usefulness the technique is reviewed alongside other management tools for assessing the environmental performance of commercial organizations. This will then enable the business to develop environmental management systems and strategies to improve environmental performance and eco-efficiency. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.


In this work we consider an event-driven wireless visual sensor network (WVSN) where each camera node transmits a frame to the cluster-head only if an event of interest was captured in the frame for energy and bandwidth conservation. Specifically, we consider the scenario where each camera node receives decision support from an independent but possibly attacked (and hence error-prone) scalar-sensor regarding the presence or absence of an event. We study the overall detection performance achieved by various techniques that utilize the scalar and image-based decisions. We conclude that in image sequences involving extraneous lighting and background changes (such as in the case of outdoor surveillance), the combination techniques generally achieve a lower total probability of error.


This is the last in a series of four articles on issues in the development and use of clinical guidelines

In this series we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of clinical guidelines, methods of guideline development, and the legal, political, and emotional aspects of guidelines. Assuming that the overriding purpose of clinical guidelines is to improve the quality of care for patients, in this final article we discuss how healthcare organisations (hospitals, general practices, etc) and individual clinicians can use clinical guidelines to improve clinical effectiveness.

The development of good guidelines does not ensure their use in practice. Systematic reviews of strategies for changing professional behaviour show that relatively passive methods of disseminating and implementing guidelines—by publication in professional journals or mailing to targeted healthcare professionals—rarely lead to changes in professional behaviour. 1 2 Lomas observed that the failure of passive dissemination strategies is unsurprising given that many factors influence healthcare professionals' behaviour,3 and this has led to increased recognition of factors that help or hinder implementation at various levels: the organisation, peer group, and individual clinician. Therefore, to maximise the likelihood of a clinical guideline being used we need coherent dissemination and implementation strategies to capitalise on known positive factors and to deal with obstacles to implementation that have already been identified.

#### Summary points

The implementation of clinical guidelines within a clinical governance setting requires time, enthusiasm, and resources

Local groups should adopt pre-existing valid guidelines

Implementation activity should draw on the available evidence

Clinical guidelines can also be used within continuing medical education or to answer specific clinical questions

In the same way as topics for guideline development need to be prioritised,4 organisations need a process by which they can set and pursue their clinical priorities. These can reflect national priorities or can be set at a …


Abstract Background: Some specialists have said that leaders are born, some said that they are made, but regardless of what you believe, finding the right leader can be very important to a sport team performance. The leader can be chosen by the coach, but is not always accepted by the team. So, we believe that it is important for the leader of the team to be elected by the members of the group; knowing the relationships between the members of a group can help build strong connections and good group cohesion. Aim: The present study evaluates the connections within a volleyball team, establishing the sympathy relationships, mutual choice or rejection between players. These relationships can reveal our group dynamics, structure and hierarchy, so after analyzing those factors we can determine the group leader, the marginalized individuals and group cohesion and status of each member in the team. We also tried to find out if the formal leader named by the coach matches the leader of the group and if improving the relationships within our volleyball team and finding the right leader can improve the performance of our team. The group included 12 mini volleyball players, aged 10-12, that play in the women's national youth championship. Methods: We used the observational method, the survey method and the socio-metric test. Results: The results of our research showed that the socio-metric test confirmed our presumptions and we can see that leaders of our group are DC (3), with a social index of 1, and GI (5), with a social index of 0.55. The cohesiveness of our group is good, with 7 mutual election and 5 mutual rejections, the coefficient of group cohesion is 0.11, and the Index of group cohesion is 0.03. Conclusions: The conclusions of our study showed that our group has the right leader and good cohesiveness.


The process of serological precipitation is customarily described as a sequence of two phases: a rapid primary phase involving combination of antigen and antibody molecules and a slower secondary phase in which the initial molecular complexes aggregate. The progress of the second phase is typically manifested in the development of opalescence and in the formation and sedimentation of macroscopic particles of precipitate. It is generally agreed that the primary phase is characterized by a high degree of serological specificity; indeed, the specificity of this phase may be considered the fundamental theorem of modem immunochemistry. There is, however, no universal agreement regarding the character of the forces which operate in the secondary phase, most immunologists adhering to o ~ or the other of two prevailing views. The first of these, which had its origins in the classical agglutination experiments of Bordet (1), holds that the primary antigen-antibody complexes aggregate with one another non-specifically, in the presence of electrolyte (2-4). The mechanism of aggregation is accordingly described in terms of a modification of electrokinetic (3) and solubility (5) properties of the suspended antigen and antibody as a consequence of combination. Recently, an alternative description has been proposed (6-8), according to which the entire course of serological precipitation and agglutination reactions is formulated in terms of specific acts of combination of antigen and antibody, rendering arbitrary the historical separation of these reactions into two phases. The ingenious arguments which have been marshalled in support of these views by their adherents have been adequately reviewed (6, 9, 10) and need not be reiterated here. Prominent among the many experiments which have been devised to permit a decision between the opposing theories is one which may be referred to as the "mixing" experiment, in which two or more unrelated serological systems are combined and a comparison is made between the "mixed" system and the isolated systems with respect to kinetic and morphological features of the serological reaction in question. In the case of cellular antigens, it has been possible to compare the rates of agglutination and, with optically distinguishable antigens, to investigate


Saliency-aware portion-wise mixup has proven to be an effective data augmentation technique for different modalities and tasks. However, it involves calculating the saliency over gradient vectors in the Euclidean space, representations that often possess complicated geometries and inherent hierarchical structure. We propose PISA, saliency-aware interpolative regularization operating in the hyperbolic space, to better capture the complex geometries of representations. To this end, we also formulate a saliency-aware mixup for speech signals. PISA outperforms existing state-of-the-art interpolative augmentation methods on 7 benchmark and low-resource datasets from the domains of speech signal processing and computer vision. PISA results in more stable training than existing data augmentation methods while being robust to adversarial attacks. It can be generalized across modalities, models and downstream tasks.


Quantum-size confinement of excitons in CuBr nanocrystals embedded in polymethyl methacrylate has been studied. Both the absorption band and the photoluminescence (PL) band of the Z1,2 free excitons in the nanocrystals show a blue-shift due to a quantum-size effect, and the Stokes shift of the PL band becomes larger with decrease in the nanocrystal size at 77 K. These blue-shifts are interpreted by application of size quantization in the exciton dispersion on the basis of Cho's k-linear theory.


Abstract : The primary objective of this investigation was to determine the visual cues pilots use in air-to-air combat engagements in order to specify the level of detail required for flight simulator training. Fighter pilots were presented 35mm slide images of 1/48-scale model target aircraft, and the pilots indicated the spatial orientation of the targets and specified the visual cues they used to determine orientation. The independent variables were: target orientation, target type, target distance, pilot experience, and pilot's own aircraft type. Eleven target cues were predominantly used, and the frequency of use varied as a function of target orientation, type, and distance. Orientation recognition accuracy was also evaluated and it was also influenced by target orientation, type, and distance. Differences in pilot experience and pilot's own aircraft type had little or no effect on response accuracy. When the orientations were not clearly discernible, the pilots often indicated the orientations that would most likely -occur in air combat training. Additionally, the pilots often specified the illusory reverse target orientation.... Air combat, Flight simulation, Visual cues, Air-to-air combat, Flight simulators, Visual systems, Aspect angle, Target orientation.


Recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability following surgical repair may be associated with implant failure and an array of capsulolabral pathology including separation of the labrum (Bankart lesion), humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments (HAGL lesion), and capsular rupture. We detail a previously unreported case of a HAGL lesion occurring in a shoulder with an intact arthrosopic Bankart repair following an additional traumatic event. Anatomic repair of this subsequent injury resulted in an excellent outcome. The patient returned to his high-demand ski racing activities without any shoulder limitation.


[Excerpt] In fiscal year 2013, over 330,000 of the approximately 3.7 million veterans VA compensated for disabilities incurred during active military service received TDIU benefits. The number of older veterans receiving TDIU benefits has been increasing, as has the total amount of benefit payments. From 2009 to 2013, the disability payments to those receiving TDIU benefits—the base payment plus the supplement—increased by 30 percent (to $11 billion in fiscal year 2013). For that year, we estimated $5.2 billion in payments for the supplement alone. These benefit trends have occurred alongside advances in medicine and technology and changes in the labor market and society. These trends have led to questions and suggested changes regarding TDIU benefits. My remarks today are based on our report issued on June 2, 2015, and like that report my statement (1) examines age-related trends in the population of Individual Unemployability beneficiaries and benefit payments; (2) assesses the procedures used for benefit decision-making; and (3) describes suggested options for revising the benefit.


Introduction:This study was designed to see the knowledge, attitude and practice of barbers regarding transmission of hepatitis B, C and HIV viral infections.
Materials and Methods: Barbers from Sylhet were interviewed with a predesigned questionnaire. Positive answers for blood transfusion, syringe sharing, use of contaminated shaving instruments and unsafe sex as way of transmission were taken as correct. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 version.
Result: Total 403 barbers, age from 14 years to 69 years (mean 27.11) were interviewed. In this group 232 (57.6%) had education illiterate to class five level. Among them 245 (60.3%) had income below 10 thousand per month. Blood transfusion could transmit HBV, HCV and HIV was known to 136 (33.7%), 129 (32.00%) and 247 (61.30%), contaminated syringe sharing could transmit HBV, HCV and HIV respectively was known to 131 (32.5%), 127 (31.50%) and 278 (69.0%) barbers, unsafe sex could transmit HBV, HCV and HIV was known to 166 (41.2%), 158(39.2%) and 317 (78.70%) barbers respectively and Contaminated shaving instruments could transmit HBV, HCV and HIV was known to 101 (25.1%), 96 (23.8%) and 156 (38.7%) barbers respectively. In this series 84 (20.84%) barbers answered correctly. This answers differed significantly within different level of education. Their knowledge of sterilization of shaving instruments was poor.
Conclusion: Knowledge of our barbers regarding transmission of HBV, HCV and HIV and sterilisatioin of shaving instruments are inadequate. Institutional education and structured professional training may improve their services and decrease transmission of blood borne viral diseases.
Medicine Today 2020 Vol.32(2): 117-121


Couples with the risk of transmitting a genetic disease face different diagnostic options when they wish to become parents. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) combines in vitro fertilization (IVF) with biopsy of the embryo. With PGD the couple can start a pregnancy knowing that the child will not be affected by the particular disease. PGD is however a difficult way to become a parent and little is known about the psychological challenges for men and women who undergo PGD. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase the understanding of psychological perspectives and to explore factors related to psychological health and relationship satisfaction, in men and women during the PGD process. The thesis consists of four studies, all based on data from the same group of men (n=17) and women (n=19) undergoing PGD. Interview data and self-report measures were collected at the start of PDG treatment and three years later. Study I and IV are based on interviews with men and women when they applied for PGD, and three years later. Study II and III are based on selfreport questionnaires from the same group at inclusion and three years later. The second study also includes a contrast group of men (n=23) and women (n=24) applying for first time IVF. The aim of Study I was to investigate the psychological aspects of men's and women's decisions to undergo PGD, the influence of the healthcare system and ethical considerations. The aim of Study II was to investigate the presence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in men and women who made the choice to undergo PGD and to study the relationship between levels of depression and anxiety and six theoretically derived risk factors. In Study III the aim was to study the quality of the marital relationship in couples undergoing PGD at the start of PGD treatment and at follow-up three years later. In Study IV the aim was to investigate long-term psychological experiences of PGD on men and women. In Study I the men and women were interviewed individually. The interviews followed a semi-structured guide. The material was analysed inductively using thematic analysis and resulted in a model where Choosing was seen as a master theme, affecting three underlying sub-themes 1) Choosing in relation to myself, 2) Choosing in relation to the child, 3) Choosing in relation society. On the next level, there were nine underlying categories. Men and women had similar reflections about the decision. In Study II a comparison was made between the PGD group and a group of men and women planning for their first IVF. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure anxiety and depression. The main findings from Study II were that women planning for PGD did not differ significantly from women planning for IVF in symptoms of anxiety or depression. Men planning for PGD reported significantly more symptoms of anxiety than men planning for IVF (p <0.03) and had lower SoC (p <0.05). Of the analysed risk factors, reproductive history and SoC gave unique significant contributions and explained 64% of the variance in levels of depression among women in the PGD group. Having an affected child and lower socioeconomic risk gave unique significant contributions and explained 56% of the variance in anxiety among men in the PGD group. In Study III the participants answered questionnaires about satisfaction with the quality of the marital relationship (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), anxiety and depression (HADS) and perceived parental stress (Parental Stress Questionnaire) before PGD treatment, and three years later. Women who underwent PGD rated the quality of their marital relationship similarly to that of first time parents and IVF couples, whereas men rated the marital quality somewhat lower than the contrast groups. Satisfaction with marital quality was stable over the three-year period and men were less satisfied than women on both occasions. At both time-points there was a significant correlation between martial satisfaction and perceived parental stress in men (-.83 and.-.70, p < 0.05). For women, anxiety (-.52, p <0.05) and depression (-.61, p <0.01) correlated significantly with lower satisfaction with the quality of the relationship at follow-up. Study IV focused on men and women's psychological experiences of PGD three years later. Men and women were interviewed individually and data was analysed thematically. It is better to have tried was identified as a master theme, with three underlying sub-themes: Practical experience of PGD, Psychological experience of PGD and Goals of PGD. The results showed that men and women were still psychologically affected by their experiences three years later. The men and women in the study expressed the view that their relationship had been affected, both positively and negatively, and some reported that they still had feelings of anxiety and depression. Both men and women were engaged in the decision-making process leading to PGD and they were still affected three years later. Men and women having the experience of miscarriages and termination before PGD, and/or having a child affected by the genetic disease, might be at increased risk of developing psychological symptoms. Men are equally, or even more, affected by the situation than their female partners, with consequences for their satisfaction with marital quality. Results from the four studies underline that men and women who apply for PGD constitute a heterogeneous group and the need for counselling can arise at different times and in relation to different areas, regardless of the outcome of the PGD.


This paper is concerned with historical changes in domestic ventilation rates, relative humidity and the associated risk of house dust mite colonization. A controlled trial evaluated allergen and water vapour control measures on the level of house dust mite (HDM) Der p1 allergen and indoor humidity, concurrently with changes in lung function in 54 subjects who completed the protocol. Mechanical heat recovery ventilation units significantly reduced moisture content in the active group, while HDM allergen reservoirs in carpets and beds were reduced by circa 96%. Self reported health status confirmed a significant clinical improvement in the active group. The study can form the basis for assessing minimum winter ventilation rates that can suppress RH below the critical ambient equilibrium humidity of 60% and thus inhibit dust mite colonization and activity in temperate and maritime in' uenced climatic regions.


The global three-dimensional structure of long-range (one month to one season) atmospheric predictability was investigated with a general circulation model. The main focus was to ascertain the role of atmospheric initial conditions for such predictability as a function of lead time and space. Four types of predictability experiments with different types of initial and boundary conditions were conducted to this end. The experiments were verified against reanalysis and model data to determine real forecast skill, as well as skill under the perfect model assumption. Spatial maps and vertical cross sections of predictability at different lead times and for the two contrasting seasons were analyzed to document the varying influence of initial and boundary conditions on predictability. It was found that the atmosphere was remarkably sensitive to initial conditions on the week 3‐6 forecast range. Particularly, the troposphere over Antarctica, the region over the tropical Indian Ocean, and the lower stratosphere were affected. It was shown that most of the initial condition memory was related to the persistent nature of the atmosphere in these regions, which in turn was linked to the major modes of atmospheric variability.


How to study men is partly about the specific researches, studies and writing that we do. It is also about the way these studies are organised: who does them, with whom, on what basis, where, and in what institutional and disciplinary context? The organisation of Critical Studies on Men thus itself political just as much as are the conduct, methods and findings of the detailed studies themselves. Critical Studies on Men problematise not only the substantive content of studying men but also the very processes, politics, and epistemology of how such studies are to be done


Potential variations on semiconductor surfaces are often mapped using a combination of constant current topographic and local surface photo-voltage (SPV) imaging. SPV imaging provides a direct measurement of surface-potential variations at large lateral distances from a charged defect or adsorbate. However, directly above the defect, variations in the SPV signal need to be interpreted in terms of surface screening, traps, and band bending. We have examined these effects using isolated oxygen atoms on a GaAS(110) surface, which is free of surface states. We interpret variations in the SPV signal in terms of a simple electrostatic model which considers the oxygen-induced Coulomb potential and corresponding image potential, both of which affect the surface density of states.


We present optimal solutions to the test scheduling problem for core-based systems. Given a set of tasks (test sets for the cores), a set of test resources (e.g., test buses, BIST hardware) and a test access architecture, we determine start times for the tasks such that the total test application time is minimized. We show that the test scheduling decision problem is equivalent to the m-processor open shop scheduling problem and is therefore NP-complete. However a commonly encountered instance of this problem (m=2) can be solved in polynomial time. For the general case (m>2), we present a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for optimal scheduling and apply it to a representative core-based system using an MILP solver available in the public domain. We also extend the MILP model to allow optimal test set selection from a set of alternatives. Finally, we present an efficient heuristic algorithm for handling larger systems for which the MILP model may be infeasible.


An immunosensor is defined as an analytical device that detects the binding of an antigen to its specific antibody by coupling an immunochemical reaction to the surface of a device called a transducer. Fluorescence immunosensing is one of the most promising immunoassays at present, and has the advantages of simple operation, fast response and high stability. A traditional fluorescence immunosensor often uses an enzyme-labelled antibody as a recognition unit and an organic dye as a fluorescence probe, so it is easily affected by environmental factors with low sensitivity. Nanomaterials have unique photostability, catalytic properties and biocompatibility, which open up a new path for the construction of stable and sensitive fluorescence immunosensors. This paper briefly introduces different kinds of immunosensors and the role of nanomaterials in the construction of immunosensors. The significance of fluorescent immunosensors constructed from functional nanomaterials to detect tumor biomarkers was analyzed, and the strategies to further improve the performance of fluorescent immunosensors and their future development trend were summarized.


In GaN microrods, phase separation of the AlGaN electron-blocking layer is an enormous obstacle for achieving high-efficiency light-emitting diodes, as this phenomenon negatively affects the device efficiency by inducing unwanted band-energy modulations. Here, we found that the AlGaN electron-blocking layer on each m-plane of the GaN microrod appears to be phase separated, and each electron-blocking layer has a different thickness and length. Our careful analysis based on atom probe tomography reveals that the Al distribution in AlGaN is not uniform and that Al-rich and Al-deficient regions are clearly present. In addition, the longer surface diffusion length of Ga adatoms, as compared to Al adatoms, and the different initial strain state of each m-plane in the GaN rods are deeply associated with the different growth rates and inhomogeneous Al composition of AlGaN, resulting in phase separation of the AlGaN electron-blocking layer. These atomic-scale observations in the structural and chemical composition...


Approximately 13% of new mothers experience postpartum depression. This crippling mood disorder wreaks havoc not only on the mothers themselves but also on their entire families. Between 25% and 50% of mothers with postpartum depression have episodes lasting 6 months or longer. The most significant factor in the duration of the postpartum depression is the length of delay to adequate treatment. The purpose of this article is to describe five different theoretical perspectives of postpartum depression and the interventions for treatment derived from each: the medical model, feminist theory, attachment theory, interpersonal theory, and self-labeling theory. Crucial to clinicians' choice of treatment of postpartum depression is the theoretical lens they use to view this devastating mood disorder. Nursing implications derived from these theoretical perspectives are addressed.


The purpose of this study was to examine the activities and behaviors of middle and high school band directors when warming-up their concert bands prior to an adjudicated performance. Twenty-nine videos of band directors at two concert band festival sites were analyzed for frequency and duration of 60 behaviors using the Simple Computer Recording Interface for Behavioral Evaluation (SCRIBE). Duration results revealed that directors spent a majority of their warm-up time on teaching behaviors (32%) , music rehearsal (19%), tuning (18%), and scales (7%). Results for the frequency of warm-up activities indicated that a third of all directors lead their bands in breathing exercises, articulation exercises, or chorales, while two-thirds performed long tones or interval exercises. Over 80% of the directors lead their bands in scales and rehearsed the music to be performed at the assessment. Detailed results for percentage of time spent tuning indicted that 82% of tuning time employed the use of electronic tuner. Differences between middle and high school directors indicted that more high school directors lead their bands in singing activities compared to middle school directors. All middle school directors tuned their bands during warm-up, compared to half of the high school directors. None of the band directors had their bands perform a mental warm-up. (Published By University of Alabama Libraries)


In urethane-anaesthetized, closed-chest rabbits negative inotropic reflex responses from the left ventricle were elicited by aortic nerve (AoN) and carotid sinus nerve (CSN) stimulation in the paced and spontaneously beating heart and characterized as percent decrease of the contractility index (d log p/dt)max. The negative inotropic reflex action upon the left ventricle is, at freely changing heart rate, masked by the concomitant reflex bradycardia, in dependence on the prestimulation spontaneous heart rate. Therefore, inotropic reflex responses to AoN and CSN stimulation, as well as before and after vagotomy are comparable only on the condition of paced heart. In hearts with a prestimulation rate below 245 beats/min the negative reflex inotropy at freely changing rate is higher than under pacing, and at rates above 245 beats/min vice versa. It is assumed that at lower rates the nervous inotropy is augmented by negative rate-dependent inotropy (Bowditch staircase), at higher rates counteracted by a positive staircase, caused by reflex bradycardia. This nonuniform interaction can be explained by the strength-interval relation of the left ventricle which has an optimum at 245 ms (= 245 beats/min). The inotropic effect differences between stimulations at freely changing and paced heart rate are correlated to the effective heart intervals; the regression lines both for AoN and for CSN stimulation show equal intercepts with the abscissa at 245 ms. This is further evidence that at high heart rate the negative nervous inotropy counteracts, and at low rate cooperate with the rate-dependent inotropy.


We present the R package mixsmsn, which implements routines for maximum likeli- hood estimation (via an expectation maximization EM-type algorithm) in finite mixture models with components belonging to the class of scale mixtures of the skew-normal distribution, which we call the FMSMSN models. Both univariate and multivariate re- sponses are considered. It is possible to fix the number of components of the mixture to be fitted, but there exists an option that transfers this responsibility to an automated procedure, through the analysis of several models choice criteria. Plotting routines to generate histograms, plug-in densities and contour plots using the fitted models output are also available. The precision of the EM estimates can be evaluated through their esti- mated standard deviations, which can be obtained by the provision of an approximation of the associated information matrix for each particular model in the FMSMSN family. A function to generate artificial samples from several elements of the family is also supplied. Finally, two real data sets are analyzed in order to show the usefulness of the package.


Measurement of low peripheral concentrations of estradiol-17 beta with radioimmunoassay techniques has frequently produced extremely variable results, due to methodological problems. One such problem is variable non-specifically bound radioactivity (NSB) in methods using precipitation for separation of free and bound radioactivity. This problem can be overcome either by substituting the precipitation technique with dextran coated charcoal separation which drastically reduces NSB or by correcting for individual NSB values in samples and calibrators. These simple modifications of an existing commercial kit make convenient determination of estradiol-17 beta at low concentrations in postmenopausal women possible. Estrone sulfate is the quantitatively most important circulating estrogen in non-pregnant individuals. Studies of the metabolism of tritiated estrone sulfate in vitro evidently show that estrone sulfate is converted into estradiol-17 beta in several estrogen target tissues, including the vaginal mucosa. This conversion is probably important for the estradiol-17 beta supply to target organs in individuals with low circulating levels of estradiol-17 beta such as postmenopausal women.


ABSTRACT The past decade has witnessed a plethora of research in teaching second language reading, and how to teach with efficiency has gradually gained ground in the field of Second Language Acquisition. Even though empirical studies have revealed that there is a positive correlation between students' learning motivation and learning outcome for effective reading comprehension, such a correlation has not been clearly examined in Taiwan because the nature of its reading instruction has long been exam-oriented. The question as to how to stimulate students' reading motivation still remains unknown. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the effects of using reading strategy instruction (metacognitive and cognitive knowledge) based on authentic reading materials for advanced EFL learners with the focus on their reading improvement and learning experience. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to explore students' reading strategy use. Results suggest that learners generally prefer metacognitive to cognitive knowledge when it comes to reading English texts, and authentic reading materials are found to heighten their learning motivation as well as attitude positively due to several salient factors. The importance of cultivating learners' second language reading strategy awareness by using appropriate reading materials in class is discussed with several pedagogical and theoretical implications.


The collection of paintings by Ignacio Zuloaga, shown during the month of September, is perhaps the most impressive one-man exhibition ever seen at the Detroit Museum of Art. Introduced to the American public by so notable a painter as John S. Sargent and heralded by serious and captious critics, the public was aroused to the importance of the event, and seventeen thousand visitors came to see the handiwork of this eminent Spanish artist. The vigorous personality of Zuloaga, coupled with the intense Spanish flavor of his subjects, will leave an impress on the minds of those who saw the exhibit that will never be eradicated. His creative and instinctive power, and his personal vision, places him aloof from his contemporaries and beyond the ken of successful imitation by the large student body which has seen his exhibit. The exhibition is being shown in this country under the auspices of Mrs. Philip M. Lydig. Dr. Christian Brinton's beautifully illustrated catalogue accompanying the exhibit assumes the proportions of an important volume on the life and work of the artist.