OBJECTIVE
To review and discuss the use of hydroxyethyl starches (HES) in equine veterinary medicine, and to provide recommendations for its use.

DATA SOURCES
Veterinary and human peer-reviewed medical literature including scientific reviews, meta-analyses, and original research articles.

HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS
Increasing evidences on adverse effects after HES use and decreasing support for beneficial effects with regards to volume expansion and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) support in critically ill subjects have led to a recent guideline to limit the use of HES in critically ill people.

EQUINE VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS
The rationale for HES use in horses is mainly extrapolated from human medicine, and very limited studies in horses are available. There is limited evidence suggesting a superiority of volume expansion effects of HES over crystalloids. The potential for HES to increase and maintain COP is well supported, but there is no evidence that maintaining or increasing plasma COP influences outcome, tissue edema formation, or rates of complications that potentially relate to edema formation. HES induce dose-dependent changes in coagulopathic parameters, but there is no evidence that HES causes clinical coagulopathies. Insufficient data are available on other adverse effects such as acute kidney injury, or mortality in horses. The use of HES should be restricted in septic patients, but may still have some use in cases of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation, hypoalbuminemia, or perioperative fluid replacement.

CONCLUSION
The evidence supporting the use of HES in horses is weak due to lack of species-specific investigations. Acknowledging species differences, the use of HES should be judicious, yet with some recognition of its benefits in particular cases. More research is necessary to improve knowledge on use of HES in horses and to establish better future recommendations.


Vehicle search is one basic task for the efficient traffic management in terms of the AI City. Most existing prac-tices focus on the image-based vehicle matching, including vehicle re-identification and vehicle tracking. In this paper, we apply one new modality, i.e., the language description, to search the vehicle of interest and explore the potential of this task in the real-world scenario. The natural language-based vehicle search poses one new challenge of fine-grained understanding of both vision and language modalities. To connect language and vision, we propose to jointly train the state-of-the-art vision models with the transformer-based language model in an end-to-end manner. Except for the network structure design and the training strategy, several optimization objectives are also revisited in this work. The qualitative and quantitative experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our proposed method has achieved the 1st place on the 5th AI City Challenge, yielding competitive performance 18.69% MRR accuracy on the private test set. We hope this work can pave the way for the future study on using language description effectively and efficiently for real-world vehicle retrieval systems. The code will be available at https://github.com/ShuaiBai623/AIC2021-T5-CLV.


A central concern about the robustness of democratic rule in new democracies is the concentration of power in the executive branch and the potential this creates for abuse. This concern is felt particularly with regard to the concentration of legislative power. Checking Presidential Power explains the levels of reliance on executive decrees in a comparative perspective. Building on the idea of institutional commitment, which affects the enforcement of decision-making rules, Palanza describes the degree to which countries rely on executive decree authority as more reliance may lead to unbalanced presidential systems and will ultimately affect democratic quality. Breaking new ground by both theorizing and empirically analyzing decree authority from a comparative perspective, this book examines policy making in separation of powers systems. It explains the choice between decrees and statutes, and why legislators are sometimes profoundly engaged in the legislative process and yet other times entirely withdrawn from it.


Before an antibiotic can be legally marketed in Australia it must be evaluated by the National Registration Authority for safety to the public, the operator, the environment and the target species. The efficacy of the product, its justification for use and the residue profile are also evaluated. Residue and trade issues are assessed and appropriate controls and labelling applied. While management, housing and husbandry practices are improving and disease control is depending more upon the use of vaccines, there is still a need for the use of antibiotics in animals to control disease to satisfy animal welfare, animal production and human health prevention concerns. The use of antibiotics for growth promotion, while seen as an important production measure, is controversial, particularly in Europe where hormonal growth promotants are banned. There is a major concern that the use of antibiotics in animals is leading to the transfer of antimicrobial resistance from animal to man. Sweden has had a ban on the use of growth promotion in animal feed for nearly ten years and several other European countries are advocating a total ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animals. Current and longstanding NRA practice is that before new antibiotics are registered for animal use in Australia, they are evaluated by the National Health and Medical Research Council's Working Party on Antibiotics (WPA) (previously known as the Expert Panel on Antibiotics), in particular for their potential to transfer microbial resistance from animals to man. Australia has adopted a conservative approach to the use of antibiotics in animal feed, adhering to the main principles of the Report of the Swann Committee (1969). These are that permission to supply and use drugs without prescription in animal feed should be restricted to antibiotics which:


ABSTRACT
We developed two types of high performance nanofiber filters by increasing the uniformity of the fiber layer's deposition on the substrate media and by fabricating nanofiber with a branched morphology, in which additional fibers were spun to radiate from the main fibers. We subsequently compared them with conventional and beaded nanofiber filters in terms of particle removal efficiency, filter pressure drop, and particle loading capacity. First, the uniformity of the nanofiber's deposition, which was visually evaluated using optical and electron microscopes, was increased by removing the substrate surface charge during electrospinning. The uniform nanofiber filters demonstrated a higher filtration efficiency with a lower pressure drop than their conventionally electrospun counterparts, which exhibited irregular fiber layers. Second, branched nanofiber was fabricated by adjusting the viscosity of the polymer solution. The performance of the nanofiber filters was dramatically improved by the decrease in air flow resistance, which resulted from (1) a longer distance streamwise between the fibers and (2) a smaller diameter for the fibers. The enhanced efficiency was also due to (3) the additional fibers branching out from the main fibers.


A considerable amount of research across the past several decades has documented the emergence of a new racial ideology of "color-blindness" as well as evidence that white college students have difficulty recognizing the racial privileges that are obscured by this color-blindness. To address this, we developed a cooperative group White Privilege Activity that used racial and class differences in infant mortality to help students recognize the existence of white privilege. Fielding this in two mass lecture sections of Introductory Sociology, we found that exposure to content on white privilege along with the utilization of cooperative learning group exercises promoted a greater understanding of white privilege for both white and nonwhite students. Furthermore, we found that the racial composition of cooperative learning groups had a significant impact on white students' racial privilege attitudes.


Abstract No-tillage field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Columbia, MO, to determine the interaction of grass weed interference and side-dressed N fertilization on corn and weed growth, corn yield, and the N content of the soil and plant biomass at various intervals early in the growing season and at harvest. Ammonium nitrate (112 kg N ha−1) was applied before planting. A herbicide was applied to the entire experimental area before planting to control winter vegetation and to reduce broadleaf weed emergence. A mixture of large crabgrass, giant foxtail, and barnyardgrass was allowed to reinfest the experiment after corn planting and was sprayed with glyphosate when the weeds were 8, 15, 23, or 31 cm tall. Each removal date treatment was duplicated; one series received 45 kg N ha−1 side-dressed when the corn was approximately 60 cm tall, and the other series received no additional N. Corn dry weight and the N content of the corn biomass early in the growing season were similar between the weed-free control and treatments with grass interference up to 23-cm height. Side-dressed N applications before grass weeds were controlled did not increase the early-season N content of the corn biomass in 1999, but the N content of the grass weeds increased by 11 kg ha−1. In 2000, side-dressed N increased the N content of the corn and grass biomass by 13 and 18 kg ha−1, respectively. This suggests that grass weeds should be controlled before the side-dressed N applications to ensure that the N applied can be used by the corn rather than by the grass weeds. Grass weed interference beyond 15-cm height reduced corn yield by at least 1.13 Mg ha −1 and N content in the corn biomass at corn harvest by at least 30 kg ha−1. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; corn, Zea mays (L.) 'Dekalb 626RR'; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi (L.) Herrm. SETFA; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DIGSA; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG.


Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a metabolite of the grain mold Aspergillus flavus, is a potent hepatocarcinogen and widespread contaminant of human food supplies. AFB1-induced tumors or preneoplastic lesions in experimental animals can be inhibited by cotreatment with several compounds, including indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a component of cruciferous vegetables, and the well-known Ah receptor agonist beta-naphthoflavone (BNF). This study examines the influence of these two agents on the AFB1-glutathione detoxication pathway and AFB1-DNA adduction in rat liver. After 7 days of feeding approximately equally inhibitory doses of I3C (0.2%) or BNF (0.04%) alone or in combination, male Fischer 344 rats were administered [3H]AFB1 (0.5 mg/kg, 480 microCi/kg) intraperitoneally and killed 2 hr later. All three experimental diets inhibited in vivo AFB1-DNA adduction (BNF, 46%; I3C, 68%; combined, 51%). Based on Western blots using antibodies specific for the glutathione S-transferase (GST), subunit Yc2 (subunit 10) appeared to be substantially elevated by the diets containing I3C (I3C diet, 4.0-fold increase in band density; combined diet, 2.8-fold). The BNF diet appeared to elevate Yc2 to a lesser extent (2.2-fold increase in band density).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The classical myeloproliferative neoplasms are divided into chronic myeloid leukemia, and the Philadelphia negative polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. These are heterogenous diseases, originating from the clonal proliferation of myeloid stem cells, resulting in increased mature cell numbers in one or more myeloid lineages. The most commonly seen mutations in the Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms include those in Janus kinase, myeloproliferative leukemia protein and the calreticulin genes. Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms occur infrequently, with a combined annual incidence of 2.58 per 100,000. There are many overlapping symptoms of Philadelphia negative MPNs, such as fatigue, night sweats, hepatosplenomegaly and circulatory symptoms due to increased cell numbers. Total Symptom Score of the MPN Symptom Assessment Form is used to assess symptom burden on patients. The most worrisome complications are thrombo-hemorrhagic events, and risk stratification is especially important as treatment of disease is based on their category. Phlebotomy and aspirin are the mainstay of treatment in low-risk polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia patients, whereas high-risk disease calls for additional cytoreduction, usually with hydroxyurea.


A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a multihop wireless network in which the mobile nodes are dynamic in nature and has a limited bandwidth and minimum battery power. Due to this challenging environment the mobile nodes can be grouped into clusters to achieve better stability and scalability. Grouping the mobile nodes is called clustering, in which a leader node is elected to manage the entire network. In this paper, first we introduce various approaches for clustering focused on different performance metrics. Then, we show some clustering schemes such as Mobility-based clustering, Energy-efficient clustering, Connectivity-based clustering, Weighted-based clustering. Finally, we present and compare two Fuzzy based systems (called F2SMC1 and F2SMC2) for improving the security of cluster nodes in MANETs. We compare the performance of F2SMC1 and F2SMC2 and show that the F2SMC2 is more complex than F2SMC1, but the F2SMC2 can manage the nodes in the cluster better than F2SMC1.


Inspired by non-Hermitian systems, we study reflection and transmission in a stack of thin films composed by the repetition of a bipartite unit cell. We aim for controlled reflection and transmission using lossless and lossy materials in order to develop an optical diode to generate entanglement photons source. Particularly, we show unidirectional reflection using transfer matrix methods and confirm our results by finite element simulation.


This paper discusses initial results of our joint project that examines the complex interactions among intergovernmental organizations and other transnational institutions and non state actors in the global Internet governance ecosystem.

We highlight, as a central institutional innovation, the creation in 2006 of the Internet Governance Forum as one of the follow-ups of the UN World Summit on the Information Society, and its eight years trajectory thus far. Attention is paid to old and new categories of actors that emerged in this context, and how they have been recognized as stakeholders in the process. We particularly analyze their changing trajectories and the tensions among them, as well as those experienced internally, with regard to certain issues at the core of Internet governance, through the study of knowledge flows and power differentials over time among the different stakeholders.

We focus on the specific dyad composed of IOs and the technical community; and how they have been consolidating their respective roles in Internet governance and at the same time consolidating the Internet Governance Forum itself as an institutional innovation. This paper particularly focuses on the ITU, the UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the OECD as IOs, and on the ICANN and the ISOC as technical organizations.


The Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) provides a principled framework for decision making in stochastic partially observable environments. However, computing good solutions for problems with continuous action spaces remains challenging. To ease this challenge, we propose a simple online POMDP solver, called Lazy Cross-Entropy Search Over Policy Trees (LCEOPT). At each planning step, our method uses a lazy Cross-Entropy method to search the space of policy trees, which provide a simple policy representation. Specifically, we maintain a distribution on promising finite-horizon policy trees. The distribution is iteratively updated by sampling policies, evaluating them via Monte Carlo simulation, and refitting them to the top-performing ones. Our method is lazy in the sense that it exploits the policy tree representation to avoid redundant computations in policy sampling, evaluation, and distribution update. This leads to computational savings of up to two orders of magnitude. Our LCEOPT is surprisingly simple as compared to existing state-of-the-art methods, yet empirically outperforms them on several continuous-action POMDP problems, particularly for problems with higher-dimensional action spaces.


Evidence-based standards are fundamental to the practice, funding, and governance of modern medicine. These standards are developed using hierarchies of evidence yet it is often not appreciated that different hierarchies exist and there is a risk that inconsistent standards may be developed depending upon the hierarchy that is used. In this paper, we present four factors, independent of study design, that have led to differences amongst hierarchies. These factors are: establishment of professional jurisdiction, practical concerns, methodological quality, and the importance of different questions within medicine. We demonstrate that each of these factors has led to the upgrading of expert opinion and/or the downgrading of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses within different hierarchies. Our aim is to raise awareness of factors that have influenced the development of hierarchies. This may make the reader more critical of the processes that are used to develop evidence based standards.


Computing and using opacities is a key part of modeling and interpreting data of exoplanetary atmospheres. Since the underlying spectroscopic line lists are constantly expanding and currently include up to ∼1010–1011 transition lines, the opacity calculator codes need to become more powerful. Here we present major upgrades to the HELIOS-K GPU-accelerated opacity calculator and describe the necessary steps to process large line lists within a reasonable amount of time. Besides performance improvements, we include more capabilities and present a toolbox for handling different atomic and molecular data sets, from downloading and preprocessing the data to performing the opacity calculations in a user-friendly way. HELIOS-K supports line lists from ExoMol, HITRAN, HITEMP, NIST, Kurucz, and VALD3. By matching the resolution of 0.1 cm−1 and cutting length of 25 cm−1 used by the ExoCross code for timing performance (251 s excluding data read-in time), HELIOS-K can process the ExoMol BT2 water line list in 12.5 s. Using a resolution of 0.01 cm−1, it takes 45 s, equivalent to about 107 lines s−1. As a wavenumber resolution of 0.01 cm−1 suffices for most exoplanetary atmosphere spectroscopic calculations, we adopt this resolution in calculating opacity functions for several hundred atomic and molecular species and make them freely available on the open-access DACE database. For the opacity calculations of the database, we use a cutting length of 100 cm−1 for molecules and no cutting length for atoms. Our opacities are available for downloading from https://dace.unige.ch/opacityDatabase and may be visualized using https://dace.unige.ch/opacity.


Abstract It is often assumed that translated texts are easier to process than original ones. However, it has also been shown that translated texts contain evident traces of source-language morphosyntax, which should presumably make them less predictable and harder to process. We test these competing observations by measuring morphosyntactic entropies of original and translated texts in several languages and show that there may exist a categorical distinction between translations made from structurally-similar languages (which are more predictable than original texts) and those made from structurally-divergent languages (which are often non-idiomatic, involve structural transfer, and therefore are more entropic).


While the implementation of evidence-based medicine guidelines is well studied, there has been little investigation into the extent to which a parallel evidence-based management movement has been influential within health care organizations. This book explores the various management knowledges and associated texts apparent in English health care organizations, and considers how the local reception of these texts was influenced by the macro level political economy of public services reform evident during the period of the politics of austerity. The research outlined in this volume shows that very few evidence-based management texts are apparent within health care organizations, despite the influence of certain knowledge producers, such as national agencies, think tanks, management consultancies, and business schools in the industry. Bringing together the often disconnected academic literature on management knowledge and public policy, the volume addresses the ways in which preferred management knowledges and texts in these publicly funded settings are sensitive to the macro level political economy of public services reform, offering an empirically grounded critique of the evidence-based management movement.


Replication of reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV) in cultures of chicken and duck fibroblasts leads to some cell death soon after infection. This cell killing was used to develop a plaque assay for Trager duck spleen necrosis virus (TDSNV) on duck embryo fibroblasts. A normal replicative cell cycle was required for normal virus production and the development of cytopathic effects in chicken cells exposed to TDSNV. The latent period was about two days. Stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts could be infected by REV; DNA synthesis was required, but protein synthesis was not.


Local people in the hilly area depend upon different varieties of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as foods, medicines, spices, etc. for income generation, except timber. This paper highlights the perception of local people over current situation including status of availability of NTFPs under changing climate. Data were collected by using questionnaire survey and key informant interview (KII) in 9 wards of Panchadeval Binayak Municipality during April, 2022. Altogether 225 interviews were taken with the oldest family members of each household. Total 89 species of NTFPs were noted. Majority of species were used for medicinal purpose (53.92%), followed by edible (30.33%) whereas 15.73% species were used for fodder, fuelwood and other purposes. Climate change and availability of NTFPs were analyzed according to people's perception. The study showed that about 96% of respondents agreed to increase in temperature, 84.83% believed in decrease of rainfall, whereas13.33% agreed the rainfall to be unpredictable. Due to those climatic changes, the availability of NTFPs is predicted to decrease and the dependency of people on NTFPs is in critical condition in this municipality. Therefore, it is urged to develop some climate change coping strategies at the local and national level which will assure the NTFPs availability for the local people.


Earth's spin rotation is slowing down with perturbations of complicated characteristics. The recent deceleration in earth's spin rotation is smaller compared to its long-time average. Presently, the earth's spin axis is slowly drifting on the earth's surface at a rate of about 8.1 cm/yr directed to West 59°. Periodic perturbations exist in both the spin angular speed and the polar motion. Different periods for these two perturbations are identified using the most recent and accurate dataset.


Self-educated in languages and the law, the author Granville Sharp (1735–1813) was a leading anti-slavery campaigner. Though many of his associates in the abolitionist movement were dissenters or freethinkers, he was an Anglican very much concerned with the fate of the church in America after the war of independence. His family consigned his archives to the painter, playwright and author Prince Hoare (1755–1834), who published this biography in 1820. Sharp is less well remembered than other British abolitionists such as Clarkson and Wilberforce, but it was his work which, in 1772, brought the landmark case of James Somerset before Lord Mansfield, who upheld Sharp's legal arguments: as a result, it was henceforth understood that any slave reaching the shores of England became free. Sharp's continuing work for abolition, and his many other charitable and scholarly activities, are detailed in this fascinating work, drawn directly from his own writings.


Serum samples of 120 patients in different stages of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, 11 patients with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI), and 49 HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and HIV-1 p24 antigen. Increased levels of IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha were found in some, but not all, cases with PHI. During progressing disease IFN-alpha occurred in serum with increasing frequency and concentration. Raised levels of TNF-alpha were found in all stages of chronic infection, but were less common in patients with AIDS than were raised levels of IFN-alpha. The levels of the two substances were not correlated. There was a correlation between IFN-alpha, but not TNF-alpha, and the occurrence of HIV-1 p24 antigen in serum. These results suggest that IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha are induced by different agents during HIV-1 infection. The findings would be consistent with the hypothesis that IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha are counteracting forces that have important down- and upregulatory effects, respectively, on HIV-1 replication in vivo.


The dynamics and spectra of the quasi-diagonal direct interaction approximation (QDIA) closure for inhomogeneous two-dimensional turbulence over mean (single realization) topography are compared with results from direct numerical simulations (DNS). A more efficient version of the closure, termed the cumulant update QDIA (CUQDIA), has also been formulated and tested. Studies are performed for a range of resolutions, for large scale Reynolds numbers between very low ($R_{L} < 1$) and moderate ($R_{L} \approxeq 300$) and for wide ranges of topographic spectra and initial mean field and transient spectra. The QDIA-type closures are shown to be computationally tractable for general inhomogeneous flows, particularly in cumulant update form, and to perform extremely well when the turbulence is weak. At low ($R_{L} \approxeq 60$) to moderate ($R_{L} \approxeq 300$) Reynolds numbers the presence of significant amplitude small-scale mean fields and topography reduces the under-estimation of small-scale transient kinetic energy that is characteristic of the Eulerian direct interaction approximation (DIA). A regularized version of the CUQDIA closure (RCUQDIA) in which interactions are localized in wavenumber space, depending on specified cut-off ratios, has also been tested at moderate Reynolds number for cases when the small-scale mean fields and topography are weak. Excellent agreement has been found between the RCUQDIA closure and DNS results for turbulent flows with properties broadly similar to atmospheric spectra.


Abstract A brachiopod community from the Fossiliferous Limestone Member (Upper Anisian–Lower Ladinian) of the Triassic Saharonim Formation at Har Gevanim, Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel, is dominated by the terebratulid Coenothyris oweni Feldman. The community shows evidence of time-averaging and is largely composed of a single cohort of juvenile mortality of one spatfall. The Saharonim Formation was deposited under normal, calm, relatively shallow marine conditions as part of the global Anisian–Ladinian transgression. One horizon, varying in thickness between 1 and 1.5 cm, represents an autochthonous obrution deposit of juvenile Coenothyris brachiopods and 10 bivalve genera that were rapidly buried by pulses of clay in the form of flocculated mud. Other faunal constituents of the Saharonim Formation include conodonts, ostracodes, foraminiferans, bivalves, cephalopods, gastropods, echinoderms, and vertebrate remains that belong to the Sephardic Province and are diagnostic of the Middle Triassic series of Israel. The faunal composition and shallow depositional environment of the strata studied are useful in correlating the Triassic rocks in the Negev with those in Europe and help to differentiate the Sephardic Province from the Germanic Muschelkalk and the Alpine Tethyan faunas to the north.


The liquid-gas phase transition in finite nuclei is studied in a heated liquid-drop model where the nuclear drop is assumed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with its own evaporated nucleonic vapor, conserving the total baryon number and isospin of the system. It is found that in the liquid-vapor coexistence region the pressure is not a constant on an isotherm, indicating that the transition is continuous. At constant pressure, the caloric curve shows some anomalies; namely, the systems studied exhibit negative heat capacity in a small temperature domain. The dependence of this specific feature on the mass and isospin of the nucleus, Coulomb interaction, and the chosen pressure is studied. The effects of the presence of clusters in the vapor phase on specific heat have also been explored.


The majority of German wines with a fermentable residual sugar content are bottled cold-sterile. This bottling technique not only calls for suitably designed equipment, trained personnel, and stringent quality control, but also for outside help during commissioning of new bottling equipment. In addition, periodic complete microbiological assays are requested by many wineries to locate and eliminate potential sources of reinfections. The results of all microbiological analyses carried out during the last nine years, grouped into three 3-year periods, have been evaluated and tabulated. The data not only provide detailed information about the various sources of reinfection but also illustrate the changes of reinfection frequencies at the various sampling points between 1972 and 1980. In general, cold-sterile bottling is now more reliable than a decade ago. New bottle sterilizing techniques and cork jaw heating/sterilizing devices are primarily responsible for this development.


This paper argues that social democracy is facing a structural crisis not only in Turkey but also in the international context. For this reason, as it is elaborated throughtout this paper, any attempt to reconstruct social democratic politics both ideologically and organizationally should discuss the question of crisis by taking into account the international context, that is, by focusing on the changing parameters of the state/society relations. In this paper, we aim to introduce a set of parameters which we take as of significance in understanding of the crisis of social democracy in Turkey, as well as in reconstructing social democratic politics capable of responding effectively both the problems of Turkish politics and the various demands voiced by different identities.


Opowiadania oświecimskie (Auschwitz stories) by Maria Zarebinska-Broniewska were first published in a book version in 1948. All the texts included in the book, however, had been written earlier. The first ones were first released in a daily newspaper "Polska Zbrojna" ("Armed Poland") in early June 1945, just a few days after the author's return from a concentration camp. They were one of the first accounts which concerned women concentration camps. The book which was published later included nine out of eleven short stories written by Zarebinska. The manuscript of the synopsis of the book was also saved. However, a very ambitious project of creating tens of short stories was not completed due to the author's death. This article is a description of individual editions of Auschwitz stories in the years 1948, 1960 and 1971, which become better in form, but move away from the original project which was hidden in the handwritten notes.


In the present paper, we prove the inequality between the normalized scalar curvature and the generalized normalized δ-Casorati curvatures for the submanifolds of locally conformal Kaehler space form and also consider the equality case of the inequality.


Chromosome and genome stability are important for normal cell function as instability often correlates with disease and dysfunction of DNA repair mechanisms. Many organisms maintain supernumerary or accessory chromosomes that deviate from standard chromosomes. The pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici has as many as eight accessory chromosomes, which are highly unstable during meiosis and mitosis, transcriptionally repressed, show enrichment of repetitive elements, and enrichment with heterochromatic histone methylation marks, e.g., trimethylation of H3 lysine 9 or lysine 27 (H3K9me3, H3K27me3). To elucidate the role of heterochromatin on genome stability in Z. tritici, we deleted the genes encoding the methyltransferases responsible for H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, kmt1 and kmt6, respectively, and generated a double mutant. We combined experimental evolution and genomic analyses to determine the impact of these deletions on chromosome and genome stability, both in vitro and in planta. We used whole genome sequencing, ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq to compare changes in genome and chromatin structure, and differences in gene expression between mutant and wildtype strains. Analyses of genome and ChIP-seq data in H3K9me3-deficient strains revealed dramatic chromatin reorganization, where H3K27me3 is mostly relocalized into regions that are enriched with H3K9me3 in wild type. Many genome rearrangements and formation of new chromosomes were found in the absence of H3K9me3, accompanied by activation of transposable elements. In stark contrast, loss of H3K27me3 actually increased the stability of accessory chromosomes under normal growth conditions in vitro, even without large scale changes in gene activity. We conclude that H3K9me3 is important for the maintenance of genome stability because it disallows H3K27me3 in these regions. In this system, H3K27me3 reduces the overall stability of accessory chromosomes, generating a "metastable" state for these quasi-essential regions of the genome. Author Summary Genome and chromosome stability are essential to maintain normal cell function and viability. However, differences in genome and chromosome structure are frequently found in organisms that undergo rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions, and in humans are often found in cancer cells. We study genome instability in a fungal pathogen that exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity. Regions that show extraordinary diversity in this pathogen are the transposon-rich accessory chromosomes, which contain few genes that are of unknown benefit to the organism but maintained in the population and thus considered "quasi essential". Accessory chromosomes in all fungi studied so far are enriched with markers for heterochromatin, namely trimethylation of H3 lysine 9 and 27 (H3K9me3, H3K27me3). We show that loss of these heterochromatin marks has strong but opposing effects on genome stability. While loss of the transposon-associated mark H3K9me3 destabilizes the entire genome, presence of H3K27me3 favors instability of accessory chromosomes. Our study provides insight into the relationship between chromatin and genome stability and why some regions are more susceptible to genetic diversity than others.


We show the effect of composition heterogeneity and shape on the optical properties of urban dust particles based on the three‐dimensional spatial and optical modeling of individual particles. Using scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography, spatial models of particles collected in Los Angeles and Seattle accounted for surface features, inclusions, and voids, as well as overall composition and shape. Using voxel data from the spatial models and the discrete dipole approximation method, we report extinction efficiency, asymmetry parameter, and single‐scattering albedo (SSA). Test models of the particles involved (1) the particle's actual morphology as a single homogeneous phase and (2) simple geometric shapes (spheres, cubes, and tetrahedra) depicting composition homogeneity or heterogeneity (with multiple spheres). Test models were compared with a reference model, which included the particle's actual morphology and heterogeneity based on SEM/EDX and FIB tomography. Results show particle shape to be a more important factor for determining extinction efficiency than accounting for individual phases in a particle, regardless of whether absorption or scattering dominated. In addition to homogeneous models with the particles' actual morphology, tetrahedral geometric models provided better extinction accuracy than spherical or cubic models. For iron‐containing heterogeneous particles, the asymmetry parameter and SSA varied with the composition of the iron‐containing phase, even if the phase was <10% of the particle volume. For particles containing loosely held phases with widely varying refractive indexes (i.e., exhibiting "severe" heterogeneity), only models that account for heterogeneity may sufficiently determine SSA.


Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. There have been many changes in the past few years in the use of BIM and how to implement BIM in the AEC Industry. The purpose of this research is to examine the current status of BIM in the Middle East by exploring the extent of adoption of BIM among stakeholders in the AEC industry in this region. To this end surveys were sent out to 297 and empirical statistics have been applied. The respondents acknowledged they were aware of the benefits of BIM in terms of it being a more effective method for designing and managing construction projects by supporting collaboration, improving the quality of the design by providing the ability to closely visualize designs in 3D and rendered forms and providing a platform which would facilitate the sharing of information relevant for design, construction and maintenance of buildings over their entire lifecycle. However, only 20% of AEC organizations in the Middle East are using BIM or are in the process of adopting BIM, with more professionals beginning to adopt BIM although most professionals within this region still look at BIM just as an advanced AutoCAD tool. Raising awareness related to the benefits of BIM and increasing training opportunities in the Middle East are necessary in order to allow all stakeholders to benefit substantially from BIM.


This article focuses on the picture "Moroccans," by Jacques Kuyper, in Martinus Stuart's work. Although the picture of the "Moroccans" does not have any special art-historical value, it is interesting as a document-cum-monument that tells a fascinating story about another tipping point with regard to the image of Islam in Dutch history. "Moroccans" conveys a message that a twenty-first-century beholder cannot, or can no longer, grasp at a glance. This message cannot be understood unless the picture itself, as well as Martinus Stuart's comment to it, is studied, and both are interpreted in their own socio-historical context.


SUMMARY To get high quality magnetic resonance (MR) micro-images for the physiological and anatomical investigation of tree stems, the imaging with various combinations of parameters was tested on a Signa VH/i 3.0 T MR imaging system (General Electric Medical Systems). Proton density and T2 weighted spin echo (SE) sequences are commonly used to detect areas with abundant water. Cambial zone and the area consisting of water-filled conduits looked whitish in the MR images of healthy Pinus densiflora and Quercus serrata stems that were obtained by these sequences. In the MR images of diseased P. densiflora that had been inoculated with a wilt pathogen, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the area dehydrated as a result of embolism appeared pitch-black. In the images of diseased Quercus crispula saplings, that had been inoculated with the wilt pathogen Raffaelea quercivora, the dehydrated xylem was shown as a dark area. The T1 weighted SE or gradient echo (FSPGR) sequence, that is used to detect fat and protein distribution, provided high intensity MR signals for the pathogenic heartwood and necrotic areas resulting from fungal activity. The resolution of MR images obtained by SE sequences was estimated 100–150 μm from the FOV and image size. The data sets obtained by the FSPGR sequence that consist of 0.8 mm thick serial sections enables the three-dimensional analysis of the affected area. This technique is helpful for detecting the water distribution and areas affected by pathogenic microorganisms in living tree stems.


In an Offshore field, off the coast of Abu Dhabi, well integrity objectives are becoming more difficult to achieve as open hole sections become deeper, laterally longer and more highly deviated. In this mature field, one of the main challenges of well construction is successfully cementing long production-casing strings covering multiple reservoirs across the 8½-in sections. This paper describes some of the techniques and best practices that were applied on these wells to achieve the required zonal isolation.
 Achieving zonal isolation across multiple reservoirs through a single or multi-lateral configuration is a major challenge in this field. The reservoir formation is porous and requires a special gas tight design or impermeable cement system. Inadequate hole cleaning due to poor standoff attributed to complex well design is another main limitation, resulting in insufficient mud removal leading to an uneven cement distribution around the casing. Additionally multiple pressure-testing cycles are required post cement-setting and during the completion phase, a practice that can destabilize the cement system causing it to fail. Moreover, controlling loss circulation while running or after landing casing is another challenge in this field.
 To overcome these challenges a series of customized improvements were applied subsequently through continuous improvement and implementing lessons learnt from previous operations. The elements of this approach included introducing higher density cement systems to cover the horizontal sections, while retaining the ECD within the required margins. Another element utilized was that of two cement slurries; Lead and tail, which were designed to achieve controlled ECD. An additional element which was also implemented addressed enhancing the flexible expandable gas tight slurry by adding Latex to achieve a fit for purpose solution. The last element of this strategy included improving hole cleaning and mud removal efficiency by optimizing spacer design and volumes in addition to the loss circulation additives in the spacer systems.
 Throughout the operation, the cement jobs were executed successfully with no losses. Cement jobs were evaluated through running job design simulation Vs execution parameters comparison. The approach resulted in substantial improvement on log responses. Additionally, after implementing the approach, logs were compared to offset wells from the same field to track the improvement done.
 The paper reviews enhanced practices implemented to overcome challenges faced during well cementing. Being able to find a solution to this complex problem, delivering a comprehensive cement quality, and improving cementing integrity on these wells resulted in expanding this approach to the rest of the fields. The improvement measures that were developed are now being adopted across all jobs to yield a similar outcome.


The authors describe a dynamic modeling of a robot joint drive, based on experimental results. The friction model is a function of angular position and velocity. This model was used for the design of mechanisms to compensate for internal disturbances. Two friction compensation mechanisms were tested experimentally: one for the position-dependent part and another for the velocity-dependent part. The velocity-dependent friction torque component was written in a different form. This made possible an analysis of closed-loop poles behavior, that can be useful in the elaboration of gain scheduling control laws.<<ETX>>


The polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic devices are fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography and direct bonding technique. The effects of liquid viscosity, surface wettability and channel aspect ratio on the surface-driven capillary flow of non-aqueous working liquids are studied in the fabricated PMMA microfluidic devices. The working liquids are ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethanol. These experimental studies will be useful to manipulate different non-aqueous working liquids inside the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems. Cite this Article. Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay. Experimental Studies on the Passive Capillary Flow of Non-Aqueous Working Liquids in PMMA Microfluidic Devices of Rectangular Cross-Sections. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2017; 5(2): 29–33p.


In August last my attention was particularly called by the late Dr. John Millar, F.G.S., to the microscopic structure of the remains noticed by Mr. Metcalfe under No. 11 in his paper "On further discoveries of Vertebrate Remains in the Triassic Strata of the South Coast of Devonshire"†. These are small pellet-like amorphous bodies, averaging from to inch in diameter, composed of white calcareous matter, traversed in all directions by semitransparent crystalline plates showing bone-structure. These pellets occur plentifully in the fallen blocks of Triassic rock on the beach, which contain the remains of Labyrinthodonts &c. Dr. Millar remarked that they very much resembled coprolites and were identical in appearance with some in his possession from the Lias, which he would send me for comparison. I had previously observed that the contained plates, when examined in water under the microscope, presented the same bone-structure as the scales of the Bony Pike of North America (Lepidosteus osseus), as shown by Prof. Quekett in his 'Lectures on Histology'‡; and on grinding down a fossilized Lepidostean scale from Hordwell, Hants, I found its structure to be exactly like that of the recent species. On breaking up some of the pellets (which are formed of concentric layers), I found a fragment representing the angular part of a scale, on which the same agatoid lines of growth were visible as on the ganoid scales from Hordwell. The slides of Ichthyosaurian coprolites sent


The effect of a wide dose-range of actinomycin D on initiation of skin tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and on DNA synthesis in skin was studied. Fifty to ninety micrograms caused a 76–92% inhibition of skin tumorigenesis. Twenty to forty micrograms caused a 26–79% inhibition. Fifteen micrograms of actinomycin D resulted in a 31–63% inhibition in 3 experiments but no inhibition in 2 other experiments. No inhibition of skin tumorigenesis was observed with 1, 5, or 7.5 μg. The effect of 3–60 μg actinomycin D on DNA synthesis in skin was determined by incorporation of thymidine-3H into DNA. DNA synthesis was inhibited by 24–60 μg of actinomycin. Inhibition began 1–2 days after treatment and lasted up to 4 days. DNA synthesis was stimulated subsequent to inhibition. Twelve micrograms inhibited DNA synthesis in one experiment but not in another, and the inhibition lasted only one day; no inhibition was observed with 3 μg. The inhibition of thymidine-3H incorporation by actinomycin D was not due to altered precursor pool size, since the dilution of prelabeled DNA by normal DNA synthesis was prevented by actinomycin D. Treatment with 16 μg DMBA did not significantly alter the effect on DNA synthesis of varying doses of actinomycin D. By itself, 16 μg DMBA caused a slight inhibition of DNA synthesis on the day of treatment, but this recovered by the following day; inhibition by 200 μg DMBA lasted an additional day. Thus, tumorigenesis and DNA synthesis are inhibited by comparable doses of actinomycin D. This suggests that initiation of skin tumorigenesis requires the synthesis of DNA or a process associated with cell replication.


Planning in Artificial Intelligence is a problem of finding a sequence of actions that transform given initial state of the problem to desired goal situation. In this work we consider computational difficulty of so called conformant planning. Conformant planning is a problem of searching for non-conditional plans that do not depend on sensory information, but still succeed no matter which of the possible initial states the world is actually in. Finding a plan of such problems is computationally difficult. To avoid this difficulty a transformation to Linear Programming Problem, illustrated by an example, is proposed.


Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the most common malignant tumor of the exocrine pancreas and accounts for greater than 90% of pancreatic malignancies.1 Pancreatic cancer is an insidious entity, which is commonly asymptomatic until late in the disease course. The most common clinical signs and symptoms are progressive jaundice, weight loss, abdominal pain, and back pain.2 Common laboratory findings include disturbances in liver function tests indicative of biliary obstruction as well as elevated tumor markers, such as CA 19-9, CEA, and CA 242. Imaging is an important component of the diagnosis; with Computed Tomography (CT) commonly showing a poorly marginated, hypo-attenuating, non-enhancing pancreatic head mass with adjacent structural invasion. Surgical resection with pancreaticoduodenectomy or regional pancreatectomy is the only potentially curable treatment; however only 15 to 20% of patients are candidates due to late presentation with local vascular invasion and/or metastatic disease. We report a case of a 48-year-old female with an atypical clinical presentation that was treated for other causes without success, who ultimately presented with duodenal obstruction secondary to a pancreatic head ductal adenocarcinoma. Prognosis is poor - overall survival is less than 10% and less than 5% survive five years without surgery. The patient was a surgical candidate and had a pancreaticoduodenectomy for treatment of the disease


Background: Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung (IMA) is pathologically characterized as lung tumor cells with goblet cell morphology containing abundant intracytoplasmic mucin. IMA has been reported to account for 2-10% of lung adenocarcinomas. Genetically, the majority of IMA harbor KRAS mutations. Recently, by analyzing RNA-seq data using human IMA cases, we reported mucus-related genes specifically expressed in IMA, which includes MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC3, SPDEF, FOXA3 and HNF4 (Guo, Tomoshige et al., 2017). Notably, immunohistochemical analyses have determined that NKX2-1 (also known as TTF-1) is reduced in IMA (Travis et al., 2011); however, other than NKX2-1, genes reduced in IMA compared to normal lungs have not been determined. Methods: In order to further understand the demographic occurrence of IMA, we surveyed the clinical records at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in the U.S. and Nagasaki University of School of Medicine in Japan. Genes reduced in IMA compared to normal lungs were identified using the RNA-seq datasets as we have previously reported (Guo, Tomoshige et al., 2017). Using single-cell and sorted RNA-seq datasets (LGEA; Du et al., 2017), genes were further categorized into groups that define different cell types that exist in normal lungs. Results: IMA occurred in 4.6% (3/65 cases in 2017) and 1.9% (2/105 cases in 2017) of lung adenocarcinomas at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Nagasaki University of School of Medicine, respectively. Importantly, analysis using normal lung cell type specification markers obtained from the single-cell and sorted RNA-seq datasets identified that genes that define alveolar type II epithelial cells (e.g., SFTPC and ABCA3) and endothelial cells (e.g., FOXF1 and SOX17) were significantly reduced in IMA compared to normal lungs. Conclusion: IMA comprises mucus-producing goblet cell lineage populations devoid of alveolar type II epithelial and endothelial cell-lineage populations, suggesting a unique tumor microenvironment distinct from other lung adenocarcinomas. Citation Format: Koichi Tomoshige, Minzhe Guo, Tomoshi Tsuchiya, Iris Fink-Baldauf, Takeshi Nagayasu, Kelsey Dillehay McKillip, Yutaka Maeda. Loss of alveolar type II epithelial and endothelial cell lineages in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung (IMA) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3675.


We apply automata theory to specifying behavioralinterfaces of objects and show how to check schedulabilityand compatibility of real time asynchronous objects.The behavioral interfaces of real time objects specify(the order and timings of) the messages an object maysend and receive. Each object is checked against itsbehavioral interface; first, to guarantee its correct outputbehavior, and second to make sure that every messageit may receive is processed within the designateddeadline (schedulability analysis). Next, we propose anew technique for testing whether every object is usedas expected (i.e., according to its behavioral interface)when combined with other objects (compatibility check).Compatibility additionally implies schedulability in thecontext of the actual system. The analyses are automatedusing the Uppaal model checker.


Guanosines are important for biological activities through their specific functional groups that are recognized for RNA or protein interactions. One example is recognition of N(1) of G37 in tRNA by S-adenosyl-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent tRNA methyltransferases to synthesize m(1)G37-tRNA, which is essential for translational fidelity in all biological domains. Synthesis of m(1)G37-tRNA is catalyzed by TrmD in bacteria and by Trm5 in eukarya and archaea, using unrelated and dissimilar structural folds. This raises the question of how dissimilar proteins recognize the same guanosine. Here we probe the mechanism of discrimination among functional groups of guanosine by TrmD and Trm5. Guanosine analogs were systematically introduced into tRNA through a combination of chemical and enzymatic synthesis. Single turnover kinetic assays and thermodynamic analysis of the effect of each analog on m(1)G37-tRNA synthesis reveal that TrmD and Trm5 discriminate functional groups differently. While both recognize N(1) and O(6) of G37, TrmD places a much stronger emphasis on these functional groups than Trm5. While the exocyclic 2-amino group of G37 is important for TrmD, it is dispensable for Trm5. In addition, while an adjacent G36 is obligatory for TrmD, it is nonessential for Trm5. These results depict a more rigid requirement of guanosine functional groups for TrmD than for Trm5. However, the sensitivity of both enzymes to analog substitutions, together with an experimental revelation of their low cellular concentrations relative to tRNA substrates, suggests a model in which these enzymes rapidly screen tRNA by direct recognition of G37 in order to monitor the global state of m(1)G37-tRNA.


Alm. Brand Bank's share of the total annual guarantee commission of DKK 7.5 billion is expected to amount a level of DKK 75 million in each of the two years. The bank's share of the total guarantee limit and any additional guarantee commissions will be approximately 1%. Seen in isolation, Alm. Brand Bank's participation in the guarantee scheme is expected to have an adverse affect on the result before tax of Alm. Brand A/S of just under DKK 20 million in 2008. The guarantee is expected to improve access to and conditions for funding, which, in turn, is expected to enhance the bank's interest margin. Please direct any questions regarding this announcement to Soren Boe Mortensen, Chief Executive, on tel. +45 35 47 47 47.


We employ the Monge-Kantorovich mass transfer theory to study existence of solutions for a large class of parabolic partial differential equations. We deal with non-homogeneous nonlinear diffusion problems (of Fokker-Planck type) with time dependent coefficients. This work greatly extends the applicability of known techniques based on constructing weak solutions by approximation with time-interpolants of minimizers arising from Wasserstein-type implicit schemes ([1], [11], [13], [14], [15]). It also generalizes the results from [18] and [20], where proofs of convergence in the case of a right hand side in the equation is given by these methods. To prove existence of weak solutions we establish an interesting maximum principle for such equations. This involves comparison with the solution for the corresponding homogeneous, time-independent equation.


Two new organic dyes with tert-butyl-capped N-arylcarbazole as a donor, cyanoacrylic acid as an acceptor and a bithiophene unit as a π-linker (DH-11 and DH-12) have been synthesized and characterized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It is found that the introduction of tert-butyl-capped N-arylcarbazole as an electron donor can efficiently suppress the intermolecular aggregation and improve the photovoltaic performances. The DSSC devices based on the dyes show relatively high power conversion efficiency of 3.67 and 3.75% for DH-11 and DH-12, respectively, which reaches over 65% of the reference dye N719-based cell fabricated and measured under the same conditions. This infers that the tert-butyl-capped N-arylcarbazole unit is a promising electron-donor that can be employed to design metal-free sensitizers with a new structural skeleton.


Recent erosion in arid regions of western NSW has exposed large areas that are scattered with stone artefacts manufactured by Aboriginal people in prehistory. These exposures offer an opportunity for archaeologists to study the artefacts abandoned by Aboriginal people through time and to compare those artefacts that accumulate in different parts of the landscape. To reconstruct the nature of prehistoric behaviour in the rangelands, two approaches are needed. First, the geomorphological context of the artefacts needs to be considered since exposure of the artefacts is a function of landscape history. Second, large areas (measured in thousands of square metres) and large numbers of artefacts need to be considered if patterns reflecting long-term abandonment behaviour by Aboriginal people are to be identified. This paper reports on the Western New South Wales Archaeological Program (WNSWAP) which was initiated in 1995 to study surface archaeology in the rangelands. Geomorphological studies are combined with artefact analysis using geographic information system software to investigate Aboriginal stone artefact scatters and associated features such as heat retainer hearths, in a landscape context. Results suggest that apparently random scatters of stone artefacts are in fact patterned in ways which inform on prehistoric Aboriginal settlement of the rangelands. Key words: Aboriginal stone artefacts; rangelands; landscape archaeology; geomorphology; GIs


The present paper reports on an investigation of the effect of the interface layers in enhancing thermal conductivity of Cu-Ar nanofluids. The approach is based on linear response theory combined with equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. For a wettability parameter of 1.4 and volume fraction of 5.8%, simulation results show enhancements in thermal conductivity as high as 50%. Among others, the most salient result concerns the contribution of the vibration modes of liquid Ar atoms around Cu nanoparticles (NPs) in enhancing thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Our findings reveal that these vibration modes coincide on a large domain of frequencies (10-50ps^{-1}) with those of Cu atoms of the NPs. The enhancement of the thermal conductivity was explained by the increase of vibrational mean-free paths.


This study aimed at investigating the role of Mobile-based Email in improving Ajloun College English Students' Achievement. It attempts to answer the following questions: What is the potential contribution of mobile-based email exchanged to writing skills? What is the potential contribution of mobile-based email exchanged to vocabulary acquisition? To answer these questions, the researchers carried out a project based on Mobile-based Email for the experimental groups. Thirty students were purposefully chosen from two universities (Al-Balqa Applied University and Jerash University) in the first semester of the academic year 2011. The instrument of the study was a survey. To establish the validity for the instrument, the method of content validity was used by giving it to a jury of specialists. Means scores and standard deviations of the participants' responses on writing and vocabulary were used to examine the significance of the treatment on the dependent variables. The results revealed that the writing skills and vocabulary of the students in the experimental groups significantly improved. On the basis of the results of the present study, the researchers propose a number of recommendations and makes suggestions for future research.


Many languages have copula systems involving more than one copula. In such languages, the functional scopes of the participating copulas vary. This kind of typological variation has not yet been studied in great detail. In Sgaw Karen, three copulas exist, and the functional differences among these can be defined at the semantic as well as at the pragmatic level. For instance, the contrast between the copulas mewaeþ and kʔ seems to be coextensive with the notional difference between nouns and adjectives as postulated by theorists such as Croft, Langacker, and Wierzbicka.


HfSe2 is a layered semiconductor relevant for two-dimensional (2D) field effect transistors (FETs), with recent reports of a bulk band-gap comparable to Silicon (Eg ~ 1.1 eV) [1,2] and oxidation into the high-K insulator HfO2 [1,3]. However, extreme environmental sensitivity has prevented device measurements in samples below bulk (~ 20 nm) thickness [3]. Here, we present the first systematic study of HfSe2 devices, including joint computational and spectroscopic elucidation of its electronic band structure, characterization of ambient degradation, and transport measurements down to carefully encapsulated trilayers. Transistors fabricated in inert atmospheres and capped with AlOx are long-term air-stable, with comparable performance to other 2D dichalcogenide semiconductors (Ion/Ioff ~ 106, current densities ~30 μA/μm) but offering native integration with high-K HfOx dielectrics.


Efforts to standardize sentences and eliminate disparities in a state or the federal system cannot succeed; distinctive practices and norms, diverse local cultures, and practical and political needs of officials and agencies assure major local differences in sentencing practice. Presumptive sentencing guidelines developed by sentencing commissions, however, are the most effective means to improve consistency, reduce disparity, and control corrections spending. Federal sentencing guidelines have been remarkably unsuccessful; they should be rebuilt from the ground up. Mandatory sentencing laws should be repealed, and no new ones enacted; they produce countless injustices, encourage cynical circumventions, and seldom achieve demonstrable reductions in crime. Black and Hispanic defendants are more likely than whites and Asians to be sentenced to imprisonment, and for longer; presumptive sentencing guidelines reduced racial disparities initially and over time, but most states do not have presumptive guidelines. Use of predictions of dangerousness to determine who is imprisoned and for how long is unjust; predictive accuracy has improved little in 50 years and current methods too often lengthen prison terms of people who would not have committed violent crimes. Except in the handful of states that have effective systems of presumptive sentencing guidelines, parole release is an essential component of a just and cost-effective sentencing system in the United States.


Threshold current density of InGaAsP/InP double heterostructure lasers made from crystals grown in a vertical liquid phase epitaxial system and emitting at 1.3 μm is given versus active layer thickness. Extremely low normalized threshold current density is observed Jth/d∼1.6kA/cm2 μm, which represents a considerable improvement over state of the art. The lowest threshold density among 80 lasers studied is 1 kA/cm2. Good uniformity over each wafer is found along with consistency of the results among different experiments. Since standard preparation and fabrication techniques are used in this work, it is assumed that favorable thermal conditions existing in the vertical liquid phase epitaxial system might be responsible for these promising results.


A new understanding of subjective life. The phenomenological project of Michel Henry: The phenomenological tradition is commonly understood as the domain of "philosophy of the subject", and in this regard it is often criticized in contemporary thought. In respect to it, the originality of Michel Henry is to enter into this tradition by formulating to it an inverse ob‐ jection: a mistake of the "historic" phenomenology is that it has not been able to conceive the subject in its own being or better, in its "interiority". The aim of this paper is to determine the meaning and scope of such criticism, the development of its consequences, not only regarding the positive concept of subjectivity but also in the sense of opening its possibilities to renew the understanding of artistic phenomenon.


If politicians are to make informed decisions about funding wildlife conservation, it is important that they know what the general public thinks about the issues involved, the factors that shape people's perceptions and how much individuals would be willing to pay to help wildlife. This study has looked into these issues and has found out what people in Bangkok think about wildlife conservation in the country and how much they would be willing to pay to support it.


This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of mitochondria in the context of hypoxic cell biology, while providing evidence of how these mechanisms are modulated by methane (CH4). Recent studies have unambiguously confirmed CH4 bioactivity in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models and established the possibility that CH4 can affect many aspects of mitochondrial physiology. To date, no specific binding of CH4 to any enzymes or receptors have been reported, and it is probable that many of its effects are related to physico-chemical properties of the non-polar molecule. (i) Mitochondria themselves can be sources of endogenous CH4 generation under oxido-reductive stress conditions; chemical inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with site-specific inhibitors leads to increased formation of CH4 in eukaryote cells, in plants, and in animals. (ii) Conventionally believed as physiologically inert, studies cited in this review demonstrate that exogenous CH4 modulates key events of inflammation. The anti-apoptotic effects of exogenously administered CH4 are also recognized, and these properties also suggest that CH4-mediated intracellular signaling is closely associated with mitochondria. (iii) Mitochondrial substrate oxidation is coupled with the reduction of molecular oxygen, thus providing energy for cellular metabolism. Interestingly, recent in vivo studies have shown improved basal respiration and modulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by exogenous CH4. Overall, these data suggest that CH4 liberation and effectiveness in eukaryotes are both linked to hypoxic events and redox regulation and support the notion that CH4 has therapeutic roles in mammalian pathophysiologies.


Introduction: The objective of this study is to assess and compare shear bond strength (SBS) using different bonding techniques in amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) cases. Materials and Methods: Totally 30 extracted premolars from AI cases and 10 premolars from normal cases were obtained. The first group of (10) normal samples was treated with 37% orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), second group (10) of AI cases was treated with conventional technique (37% H3PO4), third group (10) with sodium hypochlorite (5% NaOCl), and fourth group (10) with 2% sodium fluoride (2% NaF). Brackets were bonded using Transbond XT light curing adhesive and SBS was measured using the Instron universal testing machine. Results: Statistically highly significant difference observed between the strengths of all four groups (P < 0.01) with the mean highest for control group followed by NaF conditioning and NaOCl conditioning and least for conventional bonding procedure in AI cases. On pairwise comparison using Tukey's post hoc test, statistically highly significant difference was observed between the mean SBS for control group versus Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, Group 2 versus Group 3, and Group 2 versus Group 4. Conclusion: Brackets bonded by conventional technique showed lower SBS as compared to NaOCl and NaF in AI cases. The application of 2% NaF gel for 4 min before acid etching of hypomineralized tooth surface shows significantly higher SBS as compared to conventional and NaOCl group in AI cases.


Photopheresis or extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a new immunomodulatory therapy in which a patient's leukocytes are exposed extracorporeally to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A (UVA) light. Although it is used for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, graft-versus-host disease, and several autoimmune diseases, with efficacy and safety reported in almost all studies, the mechanisms by which ECP exerts its beneficial effects are still unclear. As cellular targets of this procedure are numerous, we investigated the effects of 8-MOP and UVA light on stromal precursors and mature stromal layers. Human bone marrow stromal cell layers were established in long-term bone marrow culture medium from normal marrow mononuclear cells. Normal marrow mononuclear cells were incubated with 8-MOP and/or exposed to UVA light (PUVA treatment) before culturing. A control without 8-MOP and UVA was also included in the study. Apoptosis induction was evaluated using annexin V following 7 days after PUVA. After 4–6 weeks of culture, stromal layers were examined under a phase-contrast microscope to identify structural differences between PUVA-treated and control stroma. To determine whether PUVA treatment affected stromal regulation of adherent hematopoietic cell survival, mature stromal layers, incubated with 8-MOP and exposed to UVA light, were cocultured with nonadherent mononuclear cells from normal marrow. After 24 h, the percentage of apoptotic hematopoietic cell precursors was quantified by flow cytometry. This study provides evidences that the in vitro exposure of human stromal cell precursors to UVA light, in the presence of 8-MOP, inhibits stromal layer generation by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by annexin V staining following 7 days of culture. Here, we show an additional cell target for this psoralen following UVA irradiation. However, in a second set of experiments, PUVA treatment did not affect the stromal capacity to support hematopoiesis in culture. Our results can contribute to a better definition of ECP mechanisms of action for future development of experimental designs and clinical applications of this intriguing procedure.


In this paper, I reflect on the discipline of historiography and its application to conflict resolution. I start from concepts found in the phenomenological writings of the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty. I expand upon these to discuss the concept of positionality within time and space to uncover the context-specificity of nationalist historical tropes. I provide a brief overview of other applications of phenomenology to other branches of the social sciences. In order to illustrate these concepts, I use examples of temporal and spatial positionality from Turkish historiography. I thereby explore the manner in which an understanding of the individual's location and perspective vis-a-vis the State can be employed to grasp the changes that the writing of Turkish has undergone over the last century. I conclude with suggestions on a method to transcend the positional fixity contained within national meta-narratives, and to refocus history on individuals and their stories rather than the agenda of the state.


Designed to serve as an introduction to American religion, this volume is distinctive in its approach: instead of following a traditional narrative, the book is arranged thematically. Eleven chapters by top scholars present, in carefully organized and accessible fashion, topics and perspectives fundamental to the understanding of religion in America. Some of the chapters treat aspects of faith typical to most religious groups, such as theology, proselytization, supernaturalism, and cosmology. Others deal with race, ethnicity, gender, the state, economy, science, diversity, and regionalism - facets of American culture that often interact with religion. Each topical essay is structured chronologically, divided into sections on pre-colonial, colonial, revolutionary and early republican, antebellum, postbellum and late nineteenth-century, early twentieth-century, and modern America. One can study the extended history of a certain theme, or read "across" the book for a study of all the themes during a specific period in history. This book's new approach offers a rich analysis of the genuine complexity of American religious life. With a helpful glossary of basic religious terms, movements, people, and groups, this book will become an essential tool for students and teachers of religion.


Background: Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is currently the method of choice for the definite diagnosis of acute allograft heart rejection after transplantation. But, it is somewhat invasive and expensive and, on occasion, gives rise to serious complications. To find a non-invasive method for the identification of acute allograft rejection, we compared the results between EMB according to the criteria of the international society of heart and lung transplantation (ISHLT) and myocardial deformation indices (color-coded tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)-derived strain and strain rate (SR) imaging). Methods: In 31 heart transplantation recipients followed up in our transplant clinic, EMB was achieved with a time lapse of 3 to 12 months after heart transplantation and color-coded TDI was performed during a 24-hour period after the biopsy procedure. The peak values of systolic strain and SR were determined in all 12 segments of the left ventricle (LV) except the apical segments. Results: All the 31 heart transplantation patients were included in the study. According to the ISHLT's criteria, 13 EMB samples revealed grade IR rejection and only 1 biopsy sample revealed grade IIR. ROC curve analysis was used for all the 12 LV segments. There were no meaningful correlations between the TDI-derived mean strain and SR values and the EMB results. The only meaningful correlation was between the SR of the infero-basal segment and the pathology result. The area under the curve was 0.73 (P = 0.024). Conclusions: Our results did not reveal a meaningful correlation between TDI-derived strain and SR and EMB results, but colorcoded TDI-derived strain and SR imaging might have a complementary role for the identification of higher grades of acute allograft rejection in heart transplantation recipients. In our study, 1 EMB sample revealed grade IIR and no biopsy sample revealed grade IIIR; thus, a better assessment of the role of strain and SR imaging in predicting rejection requires further research with higher numbers of patients including higher grades of acute allograft rejection and novel techniques of stain rate imaging like speckle-tracking 2D strain imaging.


I was once characterized as an "information parasite" by a colleague. I must admit that I do troll the Internet, particularly Pub Med, for new, intriguing information especially when its related to one of my two favorite ocular phenomenon that are pseudoexfoliation syndrome and the lid margin.


With a focus on the Nigerian property market, this paper considered and empirically analyzed how property market nature and the perception of market players of some qualitative factors have impacted on choice of property portfolio diversification strategies. Questionnaires, backed up with interviews, were administered on 28 institutional property investors and 159 real estate practitioners in three commercial nerve centres of Nigeria, namely, Lagos, Abuja and Port‐Harcourt metropolitan areas. The frequency distribution analyses' results revealed that the Nigerian property market was an emerging one and, as it is expected, there was dearth of time series data while investors in the market were small time institutional investors. Using mean rating on a 4‐point rating scale, the study found six factors, arising from the nature of the property market, as the significant factors impacting on choice of diversification strategies. These are: the investors' overall expectation of the benefits of diversification scheme, the need to reduce management operating costs, management convenience, operating environment, market players' education and knowledge of alternative diversification techniques and availability or otherwise of data in the market. The result of cross tabulation and Chi‐square test also indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between educational qualifications of practitioners and their choice of diversification strategies.


This paper presents a novel targeted magnetic fluid hyperthermia system. It consists of 12 coils which are deployed symmetrically in the space surrounding the patient. By injecting dc currents to all these coils, and selectively superimposing high frequency ac currents into several coils according to the location of the target point, it is possible to generate a high-frequency alternating magnetic field in the tumor area to heat the nano-particles, so as to kill the tumor cells, while, at the same time, builds up a static magnetic field in the surrounding area to protect the healthy tissues from thermal damage.


In the bank and insurance company contexts, the insolvency framework has long been pervasively regulatory in nature. Regulators determine whether and when to initiate an insolvency proceeding; and they control nearly aspect of the insolvency process, including the ultimate issue of how to resolve the financial distress. The savings and loan, banking and insurance company crises in the past two decades underscored some of the limitations of a regulator-driven system. Regulators were widely viewed as having waited too long to initiate insolvency proceedings for many financial intermediaries, for instance, due at least in part to perverse incentives they have to delay rather than initiating in a timely fashion. Commentators also were critical of regulators' disposition decisions. In the banking context, commentators proposed a variety of alternatives to the existing framework, each of which would give creditors or the market a much greater role, particularly at the initiation stage. While the proposals might plausibly improve on the existing regime, each also raises significant concerns. Rather than opting for such an approach, Congress retained the existing framework but sought to impose much greater restrictions on regulatory discretion. In contrast to either of these approaches, I argue in this article that managers should be given the authority to initiate an insolvency proceeding. Although managers have little incentive to initiate an insolvency proceeding under existing law, lawmakers could alter this by giving them a "bonus" in connection with the initiation decision. The question how best to structure the bonus leads me to a consideration of whether lawmakers should add a reorganization option to the existing alternatives for resolving insolvent intermediaries. I conclude that reorganization is an attractive option in the insurance context, since it both would act as a bonus to managers and could be an effective disposition option. Although reorganization is less attractive for banks, I conclude that managers should be permitted to propose prepackaged purchase and assumption transactions (i.e., sales to third parties). Following my consideration of these initiation and disposition questions, I use a simple investment analysis drawn from the finance literature to assess several important priority issues. In a subsequent draft, I will conclude by briefly considering whether bank and insurance insolvency should be brought within the Bankruptcy Code, and will argue that they should not.


In this research, the integrated modeling system by coupling of a watershed model, a reservoir model, and a river model has been constructed in Doam reservoir watershed. Because of domestic climate characteristics, it is inevitable to construct the dam for control of flood, water use, and power production due to the heavy rain in the summer. Especially, when the dam is constructed on the stream for these kinds of purpose, it is necessary to consider this region as one watershed and also to make the integrated system for simulation and management. In this study, SWAT model was constructed for watershed modeling and EFDC-WASP model was constructed for simulating the hydrodynamic and water quality of the reservoir and the downstream in Doam dam watershed. Also, the water quality improvement equipment for demonstration was applied in the upstream part of Doam reservoir, which shows the applicability of the developed integrated modeling system.


Due to physiological variation, patients diagnosed with the same condition may exhibit divergent, but related, responses to the same treatments. Hidden Parameter Markov Decision Processes (HiP-MDPs) tackle this transfer-learning problem by embedding these tasks into a low-dimensional space. However, the original formulation of HiP-MDP had a critical flaw: the embedding uncertainty was modeled independently of the agent's state uncertainty, requiring an unnatural training procedure in which all tasks visited every part of the state space---possible for robots that can be moved to a particular location, impossible for human patients. We update the HiP-MDP framework and extend it to more robustly develop personalized medicine strategies for HIV treatment.


Old Times, which was written by Nobel laureate playwright Harold Pinter, narrates the story of a couple named Deeley and Kate and their guest Anna. The play, which is set in a claustrophobic and somber atmosphere like many other Pinter's plays, turns out to be a narrative knotted with verbal violence, latent menace and hidden aims when opposing characters Deeley and Anna regard Kate as a battleground for domination and subjugation. While struggling to oppress and abuse one another, each character endeavors to impose his or her own version of reality upon other characters through the maneuvers of excluding and trivialization tactics. In doing so, particularly Deeley and Anna reveal their unuttered expectations, dreams and phantasies all of which can be easily missed if the work is analyzed in a lineer or literal manner and if the possibilities of multiple readings are ignored. By placing the Possible/Text(ual) World Theories on the basis of the study as a theoretical background, it is aimed to unearth the hypothetically real constructs exemplified under such titles as oneiric, deontic, epistemic, doxastic and boulomaic . Old Times, in which characters invade each other's personal space, provides referential wealth, extensive and rich interpretative opportunity by means of Text World Theory through which the study tries to enlarge the horizons of the readers and reset the nature of grasping a dramatic play by giving a chance a diverging reading on a theoretical basis.


The main problem associated with comparing distributed discrete event simulation mechanisms is the need to base the comparisons on some common problem specification. This paper presents a specification strategy and language which allows the same simulation problem specification to be used for both distributed discrete event simulation mechanisms as well as the traditional single event list mechanism. This paper includes: a description of the Yaddes specification language; a description of the four simulation mechanisms currently supported; the results for three simulation examples; and an estimate of the performance of a communication structure needed to support the various simulation mechanisms. Currently this work has only been done on a uniprocessor emulating a multiprocessor. This has limited some of our results but lays a significant basis for future simulation mechanism comparison.


Background: Mast cells play an important role in allergic inflammation by releasing vasoactive molecules, proteases and cytokines. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its structural analogue urocortin (Ucn) were shown to trigger skin mast cell activation and vascular permeability. We investigated the effect of acute stress on rat skin vascular permeability and CRH secretion, as well as the effect of intradermal CRH, and that of two histamine-1 receptor antagonists, azelastine and olopatadine, on vascular permeability. Methods: Rats were stressed by restraint and vascular permeability was assessed by extravasation of 99Tc-gluceptate, while mast cell activation was determined by skin rat mast cell protease-1 (RMCP-1) content. Skin CRH content was evaluated by ELISA. The effect of intradermal injection of CRH and Ucn, as well as that of two histamine-1 receptor antagonists, azelastine and olopatadine, was assessed by Evan's blue extravasation. Purified rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) were also pretreated with azelastine (24 µM) or olopatadine (133 µM) for 5 min before challenge with compound 48/80 (0.5 µg/ml) for 30 min. Histamine secretion was measured fluorometrically. Intracellular Ca2+ ions were evaluated in RPMCs loaded with calcium crimson and stimulated with compound 48/80. Results: Acute stress increased skin vascular permeability and CRH content, while it decreased RMCP-1. Intradermal injection of CRH or Ucn induced substantial Evan's blue extravasation that was inhibited by pretreatment with azelastine (24 µM) and olopatadine (133 µM). Both antihistamines also inhibited histamine release and intracellular increase of Ca2+ ions from RPMCs stimulated by compound 48/80. Conclusions: These results indicate that acute stress increases skin CRH that can trigger mast cell-dependent vascular permeability, effects inhibited by certain histamine-1 receptor antagonists, possibly acting to reduce intracellular Ca2+ ion levels.


This thesis examines the effects of the introduction of choice and competition in primary care on the Finnish healthcare market. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate how the implementation of the healthcare reform and consumers' freedom of choice are going to change the market structure and competition dynamics. The theoretical framework of the thesis consists of the opening of markets to regulated competition, the shift of production from public to private ownership, and government producer price-controlled markets. Finnish healthcare is being taken in a more cost-efficient direction which, at the same time, also increases the importance of private companies. The aim of the planned reform is to increase competition and to enhance services to meet the needs of the consumers both in terms of accessibility and consumer choice. The preparation for the reform has not been unproblematic since there is no single model that could simultaneously be optimal for consumers, companies, and the government. The regional differences of Finland will bring their own challenges to the management of the service network and for the opening of the market. Economic models do not provide simple and easy solutions that would guarantee an efficient outcome for all markets. Finland's geographically fragmented healthcare demand provides a challenge for setting up a comprehensive producer network, endangering the consumers' freedom of choice. According to the evidence from other Nordic countries, competition is focused on cities, often leaving sparsely populated areas for less attention. The opening of the healthcare sector to competition has been shown to increase the consumption of health services. In areas of low demand, markets are more concentrated and this has been shown to deteriorate the quality of service. In areas of high demand, e.g., cities, competition between producers is more intense. Due to competition, companies that are able to deliver the service most economically and efficiently persist in the market. The structure of the producer network is largely driven by the compensation scheme that provides the reimbursement for treatments provided. However, every compensation scheme has its own risks. In fixed compensation, there is the risk that producers will try to select the least expensive customers. The variable compensation system, which is linked to the service output level, on the other hand, encourages overproduction where production is inefficient and the producer market becomes costly for the government. Since regional differences in Finland are large, it is not optimal to use just one compensation system or a model. Inadequate production network and lack of competition are inevitably going to be problematic topics in Finland. Distances are long in sparsely populated areas but travelling times may also increase in larger cities. In addition to competition, market structures are influenced by how consumers are going to select their healthcare provider.


An efficient method for generating members in a ocean wave ensemble prediction system is proposed. A linearization of the wave model WAM is used to obtain approximations of the ensemble members. This procedure was originally introduced in a dynamical assimilation scheme where Green's functions play a central role. The evaluation of member approximations can be carried out in a fraction of the time required by the full model integration. This aspect of the method suggests a way of increasing the ensemble size as well as refining the model resolution without increasing computational costs.


Heparin-induced skin necrosis is a rare but potentially devastating side-effect of low molecular weight heparins. These agents are widely used in surgical practice and doctors prescribing them should be aware of the condition, as failure to recognise it may increase morbidity. An unusually severe case is presented with a review of the literature.


 Highways may smart to traffic detection by use of self-sensing materials.  Cementitious sensors with sensitive property to weigh in motion.  Applied traffic load changes the electrical resistivity of sensors through passing. New self-sensing cementitious composites embedded in the highway pavement for vehicle detection and weigh during motion is fabricated. Smart carbon fiber (CF) reinforced cement-based materials with high sensitive property are used as sensors. These smart composites may be able to detect the traffic and sense the weight in motion, thanks to their piezoresistive property. Cement-based sensors capability to vehicle detection was investigated in a real field at the University of Technology campus. Findings clarify that the CF-Based cementitious composites provide have a great potential to use as sensors for detect traffic and its composition also it possibly identifies different vehicular axle loadings (weigh during motion). A R T I C L E I N F O Handling editor: Wasan I. Khalil


Prokaryotic or gan isms are ex posed in the course of evo lu tion to var i ous im pacts, re sult ing of ten in dras tic changes of their ge nome size. De pending on cir cum stances, the same lin eage may di verge into spe cies hav ing sub stan tially re duced genomes, or such whose genomes have un der gone con sid er able en large ment. Ge nome re duc tion is a con se quence of ob li gate intracellular life style ren der ing nu mer ous genes ex pend able. An other con se quence of intracellular life style is re duc tion of ef fec tive pop u la tion size and lim ited pos si bil ity of gene ac quire ment via lat eral trans fer. This causes a state of re laxed se lec tion re sult ing in ac cu mu la tion of mildly del e te ri ous mu ta tions that can not be cor rected by re com bi na tion with the wild type copy. Thus, gene loss is usu ally ir re vers ible. Ad di tionally, con stant en vi ron ment of the eukaryotic cell ren ders that some bac te rial genes in volved in DNA re pair are ex pand able. The loss of these genes is a prob a ble cause of mutational bias re sult ing in a high A+T con tent. While causes of ge nome re duc tion are rather in dis put able, those re sult ing in ge nome ex pan sion seem to be less ob vi ous. Pre sum ably, the ge nome en large ment is an in di rect con se quence of ad ap ta tion to chang ing en vi ron men tal con di tions and re quires the ac qui si tion and in te gra tion of nu mer ous genes. It seems that the need for a great num ber of ca pa bil i ties is com mon among soil bac te ria ir re spec tive of their phylo gen etic re la tion ship. How ever, this would not be pos si ble if soil bac te ria lacked Vol. 48 No. 2/2001


Mechanistic modelling of surface machining with a toroidal end mill is presented in this work for 5-axis machining. A graphical representation of tool movements (using tooth swept sectors or the swept surface of the tool) is rendered using a widely available rendering engine, whereby the in-process chip geometry and tool edge contact length are determined by an adaptive and local depth buffer. Owing to the chip geometry being highly dependent on the feedrate, a detailed derivation of the relative tool-workpiece velocity is presented based on the kinematics of a tilt-rotary table configuration. The mechanistic modelling is verified with experimental results and found to agree to within 7% of the peak-to-peak forces.


Lattice effects on photoexcited states in an interacting charge-frustrated system are examined. Real-time dynamics in the interacting spinless fermion model on a triangular lattice coupled to lattice vibration are analyzed by applying the exact diagonalization method combined with the classical equation of motion. A photoinduced phase transition from the horizontal stripe-type charge order (CO) to the 3-fold CO occurs through a characteristic intermediate time domain. By analyzing the time evolution in detail, we find that these characteristic dynamics are seen when the electron and lattice sectors are not complementary to each other but show cooperative time evolutions. The dynamics are distinct from those from the vertical stripe-type CO, in which a monotonic CO melting occurs. A scenario of the photoinduced CO phase transition with lattice degree of freedom is presented from the viewpoint of charge frustration.


Tests of precasting procedures for 8.6m segments of 24m box girders to be used on Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Special Lines for Passenger Trains are presented is this paper. Details of structures, fixing, joining putting up and dismantling of formwork, technical parameters and methods of concrete construction and time needed for precasting are described. Test results demonstrate that the technical parameters and the precasting method adopted in the tests are feasible.


Observations by Kozieł et al. reported in this issue of the Biochemical Journal suggest the existence of novel regulatory processes associated with new evidence for increased Nox4 (NAPDH oxidase 4) regulation of mitochondrial function in a cultured endothelial cell aging-induced senescence model. Cellular aging appears to promote a Nox4 interaction with mitochondria that disrupts complex I in the electron transport chain and increases the detection of mitochondrial H(2)O(2). Nox4 appears to maintain a highly interconnected mitochondrial network, which may influence mitochondrial fission and/or fusion mechanisms in a manner that could be a contributing factor in the loss of replicative lifespan seen in senescence.


Agarose hydrogels find wide applications in different fields such as biological sciences, tissue engineering and food industry, and its use has been investigated in many fields ranging from electronics to crystallography. Usually, agarose structures are made by casting, and more recently some attempts have been made to build agarose structures by additive manufacturing. All of the fabrication methods are based on thermo-reversible gelling properties of agarose gel. A new method to fabricate agarose microstructures in a binary solvent composed of water and dimethyl sulfoxide is presented and modelled in this paper. This new method allows building agarose structures by an additive layer-by-layer approach using a modified inkjet printer. The fabrication method and printing device are described in detail. Furthermore, finite-element model simulations, which predict with high confidence the final line width of the printed structures, are discussed and analysed. Mechanical properties of printed gel structures are comparable with those obtained by gel casting, as demonstrated by tensile testing. The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to fabricate agarose structures with more complex shapes that can be done by casting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Four-dimensional quantum field theories generally require regularization to be well defined. This can be done in various ways, but here we focus on Pauli–Villars (PV) regularization and apply it to nonperturbative calculations of bound states. The philosophy is to introduce enough PV fields to the Lagrangian to regulate the theory perturbatively, including preservation of symmetries, and assume that this is sufficient for the nonperturbative case. The numerical methods usually necessary for nonperturbative bound-state problems are then applied to a finite theory that has the original symmetries. The bound-state problem is formulated as a mass eigenvalue problem in terms of the light-front Hamiltonian. Applications to quantum electrodynamics are discussed.