Even though the market data has a vital importance for the price discovery and the risk management for the aggregators and algorithms as well as for exchanges as an additional income source, the economics of data dissemination is quite new. This first academic attempt to understand the market data policies compares approaches to market data in selected exchanges (namely NASDAQ OMX, London Stock Exchange-LSE, Deutsche Borse, BOVESPA, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing-HKEx, Russian Trading System-RTS, Warsaw Stock Exchange-RTS, SIX Swiss Stock Exchange) to address the important components. The results show that in order to improve the market data revenues exchanges should have standard data dissemination policies based on product and price discrimination incorporating various types of counting the data as well as separate strategic approaches to reference, non-display and derived data.


COVID-19, a recently emerged disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, can present with different degrees of severity and a large variety of signs and symptoms. The oral manifestations of COVID-19 often involve the tongue, with loss of taste being one of the most common symptoms of the disease. This study aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and assess possible morphological and immunopathological alterations in the lingual tissue of patients who died with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sixteen cadavers from 8 SARS-CoV-2 positive (COVID-19+) and 8 negative (COVID-19−) subjects provided 16 tongues, that were biopsied. Samples underwent molecular analysis through Real-Time RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Lingual papillae were harvested and processed for histological analysis and for immunohistochemical evaluation for ACE2, IFN-γ and factor VIII. Real-Time RT-PCR revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in filiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae in 6 out of 8 COVID-19+ subjects while all COVID-19− samples resulted negative. Histology showed a severe inflammation of COVID-19+ papillae with destruction of the taste buds. ACE2 and IFN-γ resulted downregulated in COVID-19+ and no differences were evidenced for factor VIII between the two groups. The virus was detectable in most COVID-19+ tongues. An inflammatory damage to the lingual papillae, putatively mediated by ACE2 and IFN-γ in tongues from COVID-19+ cadavers, was observed. Further investigations are needed to confirm these findings and deepen the association between taste disorders and inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection.


Although a substantial corpus of digital materials is now available to scholarship across the disciplines, objective evidence of their use, impact, and value, based on a robust assessment, is sparse. Traditional methods of assessment of impact in the humanities, notably citation in scholarly publications, are not an effective way of assessing impact of digital content. These issues are problematic in the field of Digital Humanities where there is a need to effectively assess impact to justify its continued funding and existence. A number of qualitative and quantitative methods exist that can be used to monitor the use of digital resources in various contexts although they have yet to be applied widely. These have been made available to the creators, managers, and funders of digital content in an accessible form through the TIDSR (Toolkit for the Impact of Digital Scholarly Resources) developed by the Oxford Internet Institute. In 2011, the authors of this article developed the SPHERE project (Stormont Parliamentary Hansards: Embedded in Research and Education) specifically to use TIDSR to evaluate the use and impact of The Stormont Papers , a digital collection of the Hansards of the Stormont Northern Irish Parliament from 1921 to 1972. This article presents the methodology, findings, and analysis of the project. The authors argue that TIDSR is a useful and, critically, transferrable method to understand and increase the impact of digital resources. The findings of the project are modified into a series of wider recommendations on protecting the investment in digital resources by increasing their use, value, and impact. It is reasonable to suggest that effectively showing the impact of Digital Humanities is critical to its survival.


We introduce FingerT9, leveraging the action of thumb-to-finger touching on the finger segments, to support same-side-hand (SSH) text entry on smartwatches. This is achieved by mapping a T9 keyboard layout to the finger segments. Our solution avoids the problems of fat finger and screen occlusion, and enables text entry using the same-side hand which wears the watch. In the pilot study, we determined the layout mapping preferred by the users. We conducted an experiment to compare the text-entry performances of FingerT9, the tilt-based SSH input, and the direct-touch non-SSH input. The results showed that the participants performed significantly faster and more accurately with FingerT9 than the tilt-based method. There was no significant difference between FingerT9 and direct-touch methods in terms of efficiency and error rate. We then conducted the second experiment to study the learning curve on SSH text entry methods: FingerT9 and the tilt-based input. FingerT9 gave significantly better long-term improvement. In addition, eyes-free text entry (i.e., looking at the screen output but not the keyboard layout mapped on the finger segments) was made possible once the participants were familiar with the keyboard layout.


The building of custom monitoring, control, simulation and diagnostics applications for complex chemical plants necessitates the integration of models into the problem solving process. This paper describes a system and its practical applications that supports this activity. It is based on the Multigraph Architecture, which is a generic framework for building these model-based systems. The paper discusses the modeling paradigms used, how the applications are generated, and some practical, existing applications.


The objective of the Amman Solid Waste Project is to strengthen the operational, financial, and environmental performance of municipal solid waste management in Amman. Several potential negative impacts have been identified during construction of the transfer stations as well as the new cell and the new facilities planned at the landfill. These impacts are generally unlikely to be significant and relate to noise nuisance of the area, increased traffic volumes in the surroundings of the construction works, potential disruption of the existing biodiversity and unfound archaeological sites, in addition to increased dust and particle emissions. Negative measures include: (a) potential decreased health and safety conditions for waste pickers at the new transfer stations and the landfill; (b) groundwater pollution from uncontrolled leach ate generation and consequently, increase of odors at the landfill and surrounding areas; (c) potential contamination of soil, sub-soil and groundwater from using leach ate concrete manholes inside the waste body at the landfill; and (d) potential contamination of soil, sub-soil, and groundwater from undetected liner leakage. Mitigation measures include: (i) the effects of noise should be taken into account by the Decibel (DB)- Computer Technology Services Limited (CTSL) when establishing the construction working hours and the noise levels should be within the permissible levels.; (ii) the DB-CTSL should be responsible of minimizing removal of existing vegetation on-site; (iii) roads within the landfill site should be paved by the DB-CTSL or watered regularly by the operator with no drinking water from the existing well to reduce dust generation; and (iv) the Division of Higher Education (HED) can monitor that the head of leach ate in the cell does not exceed 1 ft (30 cm) in order to reduce damage to lining system.


Scene text editing is a challenging task that involves modifying or inserting specified texts in an image while maintaining its natural and realistic appearance. Most previous approaches to this task rely on style-transfer models that crop out text regions and feed them into image transfer models, such as GANs. However, these methods are limited in their ability to change text style and are unable to insert texts into images. Recent advances in diffusion models have shown promise in overcoming these limitations with text-conditional image editing. However, our empirical analysis reveals that state-of-the-art diffusion models struggle with rendering correct text and controlling text style. To address these problems, we propose DIFFSTE to improve pre-trained diffusion models with a dual encoder design, which includes a character encoder for better text legibility and an instruction encoder for better style control. An instruction tuning framework is introduced to train our model to learn the mapping from the text instruction to the corresponding image with either the specified style or the style of the surrounding texts in the background. Such a training method further brings our method the zero-shot generalization ability to the following three scenarios: generating text with unseen font variation, e.g., italic and bold, mixing different fonts to construct a new font, and using more relaxed forms of natural language as the instructions to guide the generation task. We evaluate our approach on five datasets and demonstrate its superior performance in terms of text correctness, image naturalness, and style controllability. Our code is publicly available. https://github.com/UCSB-NLP-Chang/DiffSTE


The typical lithium-ion-battery positive electrode of "lithium-iron phosphate (LiFePO4) on aluminum foil" contains a relatively large amount of inactive materials of 29 wt% (22 wt% aluminum foil + 7 wt% polymeric binder and graphitic conductor) which limits its maximum specific capacity to 120.7 mA h g−1 (71 wt% LiFePO4) instead of 170 mA h g−1 (100 wt% LiFePO4). We replaced the aluminum current-collector with a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) network. We optimized the specific capacity of the "freestanding MWCNT-LiFePO4" positive electrode. Through the optimization of our unique surface-engineered tape-cast fabrication method, we demonstrated the amount of LiFePO4 active materials can be as high as 90 wt% with a small amount of inactive material of 10 wt% MWCNTs. This translated to a maximum specific capacity of 153 mA h g−1 instead of 120.7 mA h g−1, which is a significant 26.7% gain in specific capacity compared to conventional cathode design. Experimental data of the freestanding MWCNT-LiFePO4 at a low discharge rate of 17 mA g−1 show an excellent specific capacity of 144.9 mA h g−1 which is close to its maximum specific capacity of 153 mA h g−1. Furthermore, the freestanding MWCNT-LiFePO4 has an excellent specific capacity of 126.7 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a relatively high discharge rate of 170 mA g−1 rate.


At high magnetic field strengths (≥3T), the radiofrequency wavelength used in MRI is of the same order of magnitude of (or smaller than) the typical sample size, making transmit magnetic field (B  1+ ) inhomogeneities more prominent. Methods such as radiofrequency‐shimming and transmit SENSE have been proposed to mitigate these undesirable effects. A prerequisite for such approaches is an accurate and rapid characterization of the B  1+ field in the organ of interest. In this work, a new phase‐sensitive three‐dimensional B  1+ ‐mapping technique is introduced that allows the acquisition of a 64 × 64 × 8 B  1+ ‐map in ∼20 s, yielding an accurate mapping of the relative B  1+ with a 10‐fold dynamic range (0.2–2 times the nominal B  1+ ). Moreover, the predominant use of low flip angle excitations in the presented sequence minimizes specific absorption rate, which is an important asset for in vivo B  1+ ‐shimming procedures at high magnetic fields. The proposed methodology was validated in phantom experiments and demonstrated good results in phantom and human B  1+ ‐shimming using an 8‐channel transmit‐receive array. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This memo describes DNS iterative resolver behavior that results in a significant query volume sent to the root and top-level domain (TLD) name servers. We offer implementation advice to iterative resolver developers to alleviate these unnecessary queries. The recommendations made in this document are a direct byproduct of observation and analysis of abnormal query traffic patterns seen at two of the thirteen root name servers and all thirteen com/net TLD name servers.


Severe crush injuries to the midfoot often involve comminuted cuneiform or tarsal navicular fractures. Treatment principles for the bony injury of the crushed midfoot include maintenance of the medial column length and alignment, as well as appropriate stable fixation after open or closed fracture reductions. This is especially important because outcomes after midfoot injuries are related to the stability of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Treatment options include closed reduction and isolated K-wire fixation, limited open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires, screw fixation directed from the navicular to the cuneiforms, spanning external fixation between the talus and the first metatarsal, or combinations of these techniques. Limited internal fixation combined with external fixation may be difficult or impossible in comminuted fractures secondary to the small size and large number of bony fragments. Also, the external fixator is a potential source of pin tract infections. We propose a temporary internal bridge plating technique of the medial column of the foot using an 8- to 10-hole, 2.7-mm reconstruction plate between the talar neck and the first metatarsal, which may provide adequate temporary internal stabilization until bony healing occurs.


An efficient grid-free numerical method is developed for particle simulations in plasma dynamics. The method relies on a treecode algorithm to solve the Poisson equation for interacting charged particles. Such algorithms have been extensively used in astrophysics, fluid dynamics, and molecular dynamics, and our aim is to assess their capability in plasma dynamics in comparison with traditional mesh-based methods such as particle-in-cell (PIC). It is well-known that PIC simulations have difficulty resolving local particle interactions within a grid cell, and we expect the grid-free treecode algorithm to have an advantage for problems involving small-scale features and highly nonuniform particle distributions. To illustrate this point we apply direct summation, treecode, and PIC methods to simulate a virtual cathode in one dimension. The treecode and PIC methods are found to be much faster than direct summation, but the treecode yields the correct solution while spurious features are present in the PIC results. The present work treats a one-dimensional problem, but the treecode algorithm generalizes directly to higher dimensions.


This instrument shows the positions, widths, and shapes of momentum spectra of SLAC beams. It uses synchrotron light produced when the beam is deflected by a magnet. Some of the light is focused on the face of an image splitter consisting of acrylic light pipes. The light pipes illuminate twelve photomultiplier tubes. Pulses from the PM tubes are integrated, multiplexed, and displayed on an oscilloscope. The resolution of the instrument is usually better than 0.2%. It has some advantages over the secondary emitter foil spectrum monitors (SEM's) currently in use at SLAC. It need never be put out of service to avoid disturbing the beam. It is as sensitive as the most sensitive SLAC SEM. (Its performance has been optimized for high-current beams; it can easily be made much more sensitive.) It provides information on a pulse-to-pulse basis and, with better cables, could indicate electron beam pulse shapes.


Summary.
1. The methods used in these investigations into the problems of absorption of water by seeds are described. A modification in the method of direct weighing is suggested.

2. The role of the pale in absorption is discussed. The pale exercises a retarding effect on water absorption, so long as it is attached to the caryopsis. But the attachment is broken as the absorption of water with consequent swelling extends from base to apex.

3. The cuticular membranes of the seed retard the absorption of water, but the permeability is increased by the stretching of the cuticle, consequent upon swelling.

4. The earliest absorption takes place through the micropyle. This water can diffuse upwards to a certain extent. At the higher level it causes the endosperm to swell, which in its turn induces greater permeability of the cuticular membranes. The water absorbed at this higher level diffuses upwards to a slight extent, and causes greater permeability at a still higher level. Thus, there is a progressive extension upwards of the area of absorption induced by the slight upward diffusion of water.

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Prof. W. Stiles for help in the preparation of the manuscript of this paper; to Mr F. R. Horne for help in the course of the work; and to Mr R. L. Stevenson for making the diagrams which accompany this paper.


With the advent of the 64-bit microprocessor, the virtual address space supported by a workstation will be large enough to permit the use of a single shared address space spanning a network of workstations as the primary abstraction provided by a distributed operating system. In such a system, built upon a software distributed shared memory, the programmer has considerable flexibility when choosing a mechanism for interprocess communication. This flexibility permits the programmer to make a case-by-case choice between simplicity and performance when both goals are not simultaneously achievable. With the inclusion of mechanisms supporting protection and fault tolerance, it is believed that such a system can provide the advantages of conventional message-based distributed operating systems, in addition to several other benefits e.g. easy sharing of complex data structures between processes, transparent replication of server functions, and a uniform interface for all communication.<<ETX>>


We study theoretically the possibility of superconductivity state in pure graphene within the extended attractive Hubbard model. In the absence of disorder, when we use the local attractive interaction potential, U ⋍ 5t, where t is hopping term, pure graphene can be in superconductivity state.


This work aims to explore and identify tiny and seemingly unrelated perturbations of images in object detection that will lead to performance degradation. While tininess can naturally be defined using $L_{p}$ norms, we characterize the degree of "unrelatedness" of an object by the pixel distance between the occurred perturbation and the object. Triggering errors in prediction while satisfying two objectives can be formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem where we utilize genetic algorithms to guide the search. The result successfully demonstrates that (invisible) perturbations on the right part of the image can drastically change the outcome of object detection on the left. An extensive evaluation reaffirms our conjecture that transformer-based object detection networks are more susceptible to butterfly effects in comparison to single-stage object detection networks such as YOLOv5.


A generalized Hylleraas type of correlative factor which includes the l not=0 partial waves of relative motion of each pair of particles is introduced in variational calculations of few-body systems. As an example, the ground state and the first doubly excited 1Se state of the helium atom are obtained simultaneously from a diagonalization of the Hamiltonian in an 11-dimensional model space spanned by basis functions with or without the generalized Hylleraas factor. It was found that this factor can in general improve the eigenenergies; in particular, it affects explicitly the structure of the wavefunction of the excited state.


Obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Chronic activation of IL-1β system in adipose tissue on metabolic disorders is well demonstrated. However, a mechanism for its expression and activation in the tissue has remained unexplored.
 Here we demonstrate that IL-1β transcript was enriched in neutrophils of white adipose tissue (WAT), and the expression of IL-1β was up-regulated by a high-fat diet in the WAT but not in other tissues, including bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen. The co-culture of neutrophils with 3T3-L1 adipocytes indicate that contact interaction with adipocytes is critical for the expression of IL-1β via NF-κB activation in adipose tissue neutrophils. Lipolysis of adipocytes accumulated neutrophils prior to macrophages in the WAT, and produced high levels of IL-1β via an ASC-caspase-1-mediated inflammasome pathway. Leukotriene B4 production in the WAT also contributed to neutrophil accumulation. Furthermore, neutrophils and IL-1β contributed to the expression of chemotactic molecules involved in high-fat diet-induced macrophage infiltration into the WAT. We have identified previously unappreciated roles for neutrophils in the development of adipose tissue inflammation: robust IL-1β production and infiltration of macrophages to initiate chronic inflammation.


This paper presents a technique for accurate estimation of growth in root culture systems. Biomass correlations, were used to estimate fresh weight time course data in shake flasks and reactors based on a model of liquid nutrient uptake and osmolality, to account for changing specific water content of roots. This mass balance technique has been developed to permit accurate aseptic on-line estimation of dry weight (DW), fresh weight (FW), and liquid volume (V) in root cultures utilizing either refractive index or electrical conductivity of the liquid medium along with liquid medium osmolality. The ability to predict fresh weight is particularly important since this is proportional to the biomass volume fraction which determines mass transfer and other culture transport characteristics. The proposed model has been validated with time course information (DW, FW, and V) from 125 mL shake flasks and corroborated with data obtained from 2 L reactors. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The development of novel, highly efficient, reliable, and robust surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates containing a large number of hot spots with programmed size, geometry, and density is extremely interesting since it allows the sensing of numerous (bio-)chemical species. Herein, an extremely reliable, easy to fabricate, and label-free SERS sensing platform based on metal nanoparticles (NPs) thin-film is developed by the layer-by-layer growth mediated by polyelectrolytes. A systematic study of the effect of NP composition and size, as well as the number of deposition steps on the substrate's performance, is accomplished by monitoring the SERS enhancement of 1-naphtalenethiol (532 nm excitation). Distinct evidence of the key role played by the interlayer (poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) or PDDA-functionalized graphene oxide (GO@PDDA)) on the overall SERS efficiency of the plasmonic platforms is provided, revealing in the latter the formation of more uniform hot spots by regulating the interparticle distances to 5 ± 1 nm. The SERS platform efficiency is demonstrated via its high analytical enhancement factor (≈106 ) and the detection of a prototypical substance(tamoxifen), both in Milli-Q water and in a real matrix, viz. tap water, opening perspectives towards the use of plasmonic platforms for future high-performance sensing applications.


LaO0.5 ?>F0.5 ?>BiSe2 is a new layered superconductor discovered recently, which shows the superconducting transition temperature of 3.5 K. With angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we study the electronic structure of LaO0.5 ?>F0.5 ?>BiSe2 comprehensively. Two electron-like bands are located around the X ?> point of the Brillouin zone, and the outer pockets connect with each other and form large Fermi surface around Γ ?> and M ?>. These bands show negligible kz ?> dispersion, indicating their two-dimensional nature. Based on the Luttinger theorem, the carrier concentration is about 0.53 e− ?> per unit cell, close to its nominal value. Moreover, the photoemission data and the band structure calculations agree very well, and the renormalization factor is nearly 1.0, indicating the electron correlations in this material are rather weak. Our results suggest that LaO0.5 ?>F0.5 ?>BiSe2 is a conventional BCS superconductor without strong electron correlations.


This bibliography is an attempt to survey the writings, in various fields of study, which deal with functions with retarded argument. This problem is characterized by a response to a stimulus which is identical to a normal response except that it is delayed in time. Some situations in which this transportation lag occurs include process control (distance-velocity lag), control of thermal systems (including control of nuclear reactors), rocket motor combustion (ignition and combustion lags), traveling waves, magnetic amplifiers, human link in control systems (reaction time), high-speed aerodynamic control, and economic systems (period of gestation or production lag). A bibliography is presented which lists and abstracts a number of the references dealing with this problem. Relevant references in two major categories have been omitted in this bibliography. Foreign language works and pure mathematical treatments have not been listed. A comprehensive list of these references may be found in an excellent bibliography on the subject.1 The format of the reference listings is an adaptation of standard bibliographical format convenient to the type of material presented. References are lettered according to the author's surname, rather than numbered, to facilitate future additions without breaking the continuity of the reference notation.


Background— The Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) demonstrated that implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy reduces all-cause mortality in patients with New York Heart Association class II/III heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% on optimal medical therapy. Whether ICD therapy reduced sudden death caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias without affecting heart failure deaths in this population is unknown. Methods and Results— SCD-HeFT randomized 2521 subjects to placebo, amiodarone, or shock-only, single-lead ICD therapy. Over a median follow-up of 45.5 months, a total of 666 deaths occurred, which were reviewed by an Events Committee and initially categorized as cardiac or noncardiac. Cardiac deaths were further adjudicated as resulting from sudden death presumed to be ventricular tachyarrhythmic, bradyarrhythmia, heart failure, or other cardiac causes. ICD therapy significantly reduced cardiac mortality compared with placebo (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.95) and tachyarrhythmia mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.59) and had no impact on mortality resulting from heart failure or noncardiac causes. The cardiac and tachyarrhythmia mortality reductions were evident in subjects with New York Heart Association class II but not in subjects with class III heart failure. The reduction in tachyarrhythmia mortality with ICD therapy was similar in subjects with ischemic and nonischemic disease. Compared with placebo, amiodarone had no significant effect on any mode of death. Conclusions— ICD therapy reduced cardiac mortality and sudden death presumed to be ventricular tachyarrhythmic in SCD-HeFT and had no effect on heart failure mortality. Amiodarone had no effect on all-cause mortality or its cause-specific components, except an increase in non-cardiac mortality in class III patients. Clinical Trial Registration Information— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00000609.


Berger's paper 'The Source Coding Game', IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 1971, considers the problem of finding the rate-distortion function for an adversarial source comprised of multiple known IID sources. The adversary, called the 'switcher', was allowed only causal access to the source realizations and the rate-distortion function was obtained through the use of a type covering lemma. In this paper, the rate-distortion function of the adversarial source is described, under the assumption that the switcher has non-causal access to all source realizations. The proof utilizes the type covering lemma and simple conditional, random 'switching' rules. The rate-distortion function is once again the maximization of the R(D) function for a region of attainable IID distributions.


Complexes of recombinant silk-polylysine molecules with ppTG1 peptide, a lysine-rich cell membrane destabilizing peptide to bind plasmid DNA (pDNA), are designed as less-cytotoxic and highly efficient gene carriers. The peptide destabilizes the cell membrane and promotes gene transfer. Our particular interest is in how ppTG1 enhances transfection efficiency of the silk-based delivery system into human cells. Genetically engineered silk proteins containing polylysine and the monomeric and dimeric ppTG1 sequences are synthesized in Escherichia coli , followed by transfection experiments. The pDNA complexes of silk-polylysine-ppTG1 dimer recombinant proteins prepared at an N/P 2 (the ratio of number of amines/phosphates from pDNA) shows the highest transfection efficiency into human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, the level of which is comparable to the transfection reagent Lipofectamine 2000. The assemblies show a globular morphology with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 99 nm and almost no β-sheet structure. Additionally, the silk-based pDNA complexes demonstrate excellent DNase resistance as well as efficient release of the pDNA by enzymes that degrade silk proteins. Also, comparison with β-sheet induced silk-based pDNA complexes indicates that the β-sheet structure content of the silk sequence of the pDNA complexes controls the enzymatic degradation rate of the complexes and, hence, can regulate the release profile of genes from the complexes. The bioengineered silk-based gene delivery vehicles containing cell membrane destabilizing peptides are therefore concluded to have potential for a less-toxic and controlled-release gene delivery system.


Objective Fish consumption advisories are issued to warn the public of possible toxicological threats from consuming certain fish species. Although developing fetuses and children are particularly susceptible to toxicants in fish, fish also contain valuable nutrients. Hence, formulating advice for sensitive populations poses challenges. We conducted a comparative analysis of advisory Web sites issued by states to assess health messages that sensitive populations might access. Data sources We evaluated state advisories accessed via the National Listing of Fish Advisories issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Data extraction We created criteria to evaluate advisory attributes such as risk and benefit message clarity. Data synthesis All 48 state advisories issued at the time of this analysis targeted children, 90% (43) targeted pregnant women, and 58% (28) targeted women of childbearing age. Only six advisories addressed single contaminants, while the remainder based advice on 2–12 contaminants. Results revealed that advisories associated a dozen contaminants with specific adverse health effects. Beneficial health effects of any kind were specifically associated only with omega-3 fatty acids found in fish. Conclusions These findings highlight the complexity of assessing and communicating information about multiple contaminant exposure from fish consumption. Communication regarding potential health benefits conferred by specific fish nutrients was minimal and focused primarily on omega-3 fatty acids. This overview suggests some lessons learned and highlights a lack of both clarity and consistency in providing the breadth of information that sensitive populations such as pregnant women need to make public health decisions about fish consumption during pregnancy.


ABSTRACT The COVID-19 crisis has served not just to instil fear in the populace but to highlight the importance of fear as a motivating dynamic in politics. The gradual emergence of political-philosophical approaches calling for concern for 'positive' emotions may have made sense under non-pandemic conditions. Now, however, describing fear in the face of a deadly pandemic as 'irrational' or born of 'ignorance' seems 'irrational' and 'ignorant'. In this article, we draw upon the work of John Gray and behavioural science to present a defence of fear. We show how the pandemic has highlighted deficits in the work of four thinkers highly critical of fear: Martha Nussbaum, Zygmunt Bauman, Hannah Arendt and Sara Ahmed. We argue that, if such approaches are to be of value in anything other than optimal conditions, then they have to acknowledge the fundamental role of fear in helping human beings to pursue fundamental interests.


Abstract A combination of prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to detect and characterize many primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in the developing fetus. While this information is useful in prenatal patient counseling, it is important to understand the factors that can influence change in diagnosis and prognosis over time. The etiology of the abnormality, the conspicuity of associated findings, the change in appearance over time, and the opinion of subspecialty experts all can influence the diagnosis. Additionally, technical factors of imaging acquisition may allow the detection of an abnormality in the postnatal period and not prenatally. Having an understanding of the normal fetal central nervous system anatomy at varying gestational ages will aid in the imaging detection and interpretation of CNS pathology. Understanding how these appearances and diagnoses can change over time will aid in the discussion of prognosis with expectant parents, which is crucial in fetal CNS abnormalities.


In Western European choral traditions, the ambition of most choirs is to attain an equalized blend of sound and to perform well together with regard to timing and intonation. In order to be able to synchronize this the choir members need to cooperate musically and listen to each other. Choirs often have close bonds, both socially and with regard to their common musical aim to perform well in concerts.The aim of this doctoral thesis is to explore and describe musical cooperation between choral singers. A reason to join and sing in a choir may be that you don't have to be a soloist but rather can fit in the weave of voices, relying on other choir singers for support.This thesis focuses on the existence of informal leaders in the choral voice, a field that has so far not been very much researched. The thesis is built on four articles focusing in different ways on informal leaders. The research has been carried out as qualitative studies based both on interviews and on recordings of choral singers.Article I was an interview study on how experienced Swedish choral conductors understand musical collaborations between the singers and consequences of such collaborations for choral work. Article II and III both examined how singers act in the choir while singing together. Article II was trying out a method to record the individual singers on separate tracks by using head-set microphones and then by using a computer software converting these tracks into graphs that could be analysed. By way of this method, Article III examined how individuals can take the lead and how other singers follow along. Finally, Article IV was built on focus group interviews with stimulated recall from earlier sessions with the singers.As a theoretical framework, Communities of Practice as presented by Wenger was used. The results showed that there are informal leaders in the choral voices, although sometimes they are not even aware of this themselves. Also, the social practice field was useful to find that choral singers and choirs share the three main concepts of (i) mutual engagement, (ii) joint enterprise and (iii) shared repertoire.Highlighting informal musical leadership in choirs can help improve choral work and to develop choirs with regard to precision, articulation and blend, aspects that can be controlled by an informal musical leader.


The gastric Anisakidosis is a rare parasitic disease caused by the ingestion of larvae of marine nematodes in raw or undercooked fish. The most common symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and allergic reactions such as urticaria or anaphylaxis. Rare cases of chronic form may manifest as Anisakidosis gastric submucosal eosinophilic granuloma. These paintings raise considerable problems of differential diagnosis with other diseases such as gastric peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, GIST, and gastric lymphoma. We reporte a case of acute bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract with severe anemia and radiographic findings highly suspicious for GIST of the gastric fundus, which had been treated with emergency gastric resection. The lesion was histologically proven to be an eosinophilic granuloma containing fragments of helminths. The definitive diagnosis was supported by the finding of high levels of anti-Anisakis Antibodies (>100 kUA/L) and subsequently confirmed by history positive for ingestion of raw fish. In view of the increased habit to eat raw fish due to the spread of Eastern cultures in our country, the Anisakidosis should always taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of gastric lesions especially in cases of reported ingestion of undercooked or raw fish before the onset of symptoms.


Abstract We studied the resting habitat ecology of fishers (Martes pennanti) in 2 disjunct populations in California, USA: the northwestern coastal mountains (hereafter, Coastal) and the southern Sierra Nevada (hereafter, Sierra). We described resting structures and compared features surrounding resting structures (the resting site) with those at randomly selected sites that also were centered on a large structure. We developed Resource Selection Functions (RSFs) using logistic regression to model selection of resting sites within home ranges, and we evaluated alternative models using an information–theoretic approach. Forty-five fishers were radiomarked, resulting in 599 resting locations. Standing trees (live and dead) were the most common resting structures, with California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) and Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) the most frequent species in the Sierra and Coastal study areas, respectively. Resting structures were among the largest diameter trees available, averaging 117.3 ± 45.2 (mean ± SE) cm for live conifers, 119.8 ± 45.3 for conifer snags, and 69.0 ± 24.7 for hardwoods. Females used cavity structures more often than males, while males used platform structures significantly more than females. The diversity of types and sizes of rest structures used by males suggested that males were less selective than females. In the Sierra study area, where surface water was less common, we found almost twice as many resting sites as random points within 100 m of water. Multivariate regression analysis resulted in the selection of RSFs for 4 subsets of the data: all individuals, Sierra only, Coastal only, and females only. The top model for the combined analysis indicated that fishers in California select sites for resting with a combination of dense canopies, large maximum tree sizes, and steep slopes. In the Sierra study area, the presence of nearby water and the contribution of hardwoods were more important model parameters than in the Coastal area, where the presence of large conifer snags was an important predictor. Based on our results, managers can maintain resting habitat for fishers by favoring the retention of large trees and the recruitment of trees that achieve the largest sizes. Maintaining dense canopy in the vicinity of large trees, especially if structural diversity is increased, will improve the attractiveness of these large trees to fishers.


Officals, media coverage and prevention programs have assumed that fathers of infants born to US school-age (10-18 years old) mothers are school-age peers. This study analyzes fathers' ages in 46 500 California births to school-age mothers in 1993, for which 85% of the fathers' ages were stated and whose distribution is similar to that of less complete national samples. Adult, postschool men father two thirds of the infants born to school-age mothers and average 4.2 years older than the senior-high mothers and 6.7 years older than the junior-high mothers. The extensive involvement of adult males in both school-age motherhood and its precursors represents a significant, undiscussed factor deserving greater attention.


Abstract Several species of the genus Ocimum are traditionally known and consumed by the population, but studies on aqueous extract composition are restricted to preparations by infusion. The aim of this study was to compare three different aqueous extractive methods (decoction, infusion, and maceration) of the leaves from Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, and O. kilimandscharicum, using their chemical composition, and antioxidant and photoprotective potentials. Using the data from LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, we identified two organic acids and ten flavonoids in the extracts. Comparing the three studied species, O. gratissimum showed the greatest antioxidant and photoprotective potentials and the highest concentration of phenolic substances, followed by the species O. basilicum and O. kilimandscharicum. Considering the extraction methods, decoction showed the greatest antioxidant and photoprotective potentials and the highest content of phenolic substances regardless of the species. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


This paper demonstrates that, despite the current mandate of monetary policy, its final goal (at least for central banks of developed countries) is the control of three main macroeconomic variables — economic growth, employment and inflation, — regardless on actual mandate for this policy. However, the priorities of realization of the final goal may face the imperfection of macroeconomic models and rules of monetary policy, which will make it impossible to control all three macroeconomic variables at the same time. The article proposes a new instrument for monetary policy — aggregate cumulative market imperfection — to optimize macroeconomic variables and stabilize cyclical economic dynamics. The author demonstrates the main competitive advantages of this instrument of monetary policy as compared with typical models of macroeconomic dynamics and simple rules of monetary policy (Simons, Friedman, and Taylor rules). In particular, this instrument is valid for any combination of market conditions, for any economy and for any moment of real time. It can be used simultaneously as: 1) a target of monetary policy; 2) a simple rule of monetary policy correction in the short-run; 3) a reaction function to evaluate a backward connection between the regulator's actions and the effect of these actions on current economic situation; and 4) an instrument to stabilize cyclical economic dynamics; 5) an instrument to forecast starting (ending) point of recessions and shift in macroeconomic trends. If we can hold the aggregate cumulative market imperfection within a given optimal interval with the help of government regulations (i.e. to target this indicator only) using all possible instruments both of monetary, and (if necessary) of other kinds of regulation policy, we will be able to optimize all three main macroeconomic variables. Optimality of these variables means providing maximum economic growth and employment under comfortable inflation for any combination of market conditions and for any moment of calendar time, which will at the same time stabilize cyclical economic dynamics. In doing so, we will not target each of these three variables separately, that is, it is practically impossible to determine quantitatively their optimal values as they change permanently over time together with the constant change of current combination of market conditions.


1. The response of certain limb muscles in Carcinus maenas to stimuli of different frequencies and intensities has been analysed. The precautions necessary to obtain reproducible results in crustacean muscle are recorded. The material must be fresh; the duration of stimulation short; and each individual shock must be less than the true chronaxie, to prevent multiple excitation of the nerve. 2. A single stimulus produces a microscopic response or none at all. A succession of shocks, however, causes a contraction, the rate of which increases with the frequency, till this reaches the high values of 300-400 shocks per sec. The rate of contraction varies absolutely continuously with the frequency from 300 per sec. down to the microscopic response observed at less than 10 per sec. The rate of contraction increases very rapidly indeed between frequencies of 50 and 200 per sec, so that this range includes almost all rates of contraction. 3. The limiting frequency of 300-400 per sec. is close to the refractory period. For pairs of stimuli, the absolute refractory period is about 1σ at 18° C. This is followed by a relative refractory phase and sometimes by a supernormal phase. The excitability has returned to normal after about 4σ. In repetitive stimulation the absolute refractory period lengthens. 4. With stimuli of increasing intensity, the responses of both flexor and extensor muscles show first a threshold for excitation of the motor nerve, and, at a higher intensity, a threshold for inhibition. At very high intensities (10-20 times the true threshold) large contractions may be obtained owing to repetitive excitation. 5. With suitable precautions it can be shown that between the threshold of excitation and the threshold of inhibition there is great independence between the response and the intensity of the stimulus. The system behaves as a single excitable system and possibly in some cases a single axon supplies the entire muscle. 6. The chronaxie of the nerve to single shocks and to repetitive stimulation is of the order of 0.2-0.4σ. Single shocks of high intensity give multiple excitation, and the thresholds for this simulate a chronaxie curve. False chronaxies up to 30σ can be obtained in this way. 7. There is no evidence of a double excitable system in the muscles of the walking leg of Carcinus such as has sometimes been recorded in crustacean claws. There is no doubling of intensity-duration or refractory period curves. 8. All the effects observed are explicable in terms of neuromuscular facilitation. The response is governed entirely by the frequency and number of stimuli. Each shock in a series brings more and more muscle fibres into action. With increasing frequency of stimulation, not only are there more contraction increments in a given time, but the increment following each shock is larger. 9. At low and moderate frequencies the rate of development of tension is governed by the rate at which impulses reach the muscle. At the highest frequencies a limit is set to the rate of contraction by the physical properties of the muscle. 10. There is a close analogy between the neuromuscular mechanism disclosed here and the neuromuscular mechanism of the Coelenterata. In both there is a tendency for an entire effector to behave as a single system in which the response is governed by the number and frequency of impulses received by the muscle. This system is distinguished sharply from that of vertebrate skeletal muscle in which gradation of response is brought about through the multiplicity of motor units.


While much feminist STS has focused on science and laboratories as sites of critical engagement, feminism and feminist theory has introduced alternative sites of knowledge production and engagement. This essay draws on new materialism and feminist theories of nature, embodiment and technology in order to analyze the disabled cyborg body as an epistemic site of feminist science. In particular, I analyze my own experience of adopting and using networked technologies—specifically, an insulin pump and glucose monitor--to manage Type 1 diabetes and the kinds of scientific practices that I engage in on a daily basis. These technologies and practices deserve attention in terms of what they can teach us about common discourses around science, innovation and infrastructure and, ultimately, about ourselves.


Relationships between sediment characteristics and the spatial organization of biogenic structures remain poorly understood, albeit important for characterizing bioturbation impacts and small-scale ecological patterns. Using axial tomodensitometry (CT-scan) and core sectioning, we studied the spatial distribution of Alitta virens burrows in sediment cores from two mudflats with different degrees of exposure along the St Lawrence Estuary, Canada. A variety of burrow morphologies was observed at both sites, with most being I-shaped. Most values measured (organic matter content, mean tomographic intensity, the number and diameter of burrow shafts and the percentage of space they occupy per transverse section) covaried with depth. The more sheltered site had higher organic matter and mud contents, and lower average tomographic intensity values. The spatial distribution of burrow shafts also differed between sites, with the more sheltered site having a higher number of burrow shafts and percentage of biogenic space in the upper sediment column, as well as a greater volume of biogenic structures that were connected to the surface (although intra-site variability was great). Along the horizontal plane and at various depths within sediments, burrow shafts were more randomly distributed at the exposed site, compared to a more even, maximal spacing at the sheltered site. In addition to finding differences in burrow organization at two spatial scales, we found significant correlations between tomographic intensity and (1) the number of burrow shafts, (2) biogenic space and (3) organic matter content. CT-scan data, including tomographic intensity, are useful for examining and comparing biogenic structures in sediment cores.


Four new cycloheptapeptides, fuscasins A-D (1-4), were isolated from the marine sponge Phakellia fusca collected from the South China Sea. Their planar structures were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configurations of amino acid residues were determined using the advanced Marfey's method. Structurally, 1 is a unique cycloheptapeptide with a backbone bearing a pyrrolidine-2,5-dione unit. Among the isolated compounds, 1 exhibited potent growth-inhibitory activity against HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 4.6 μM, whereas it did not show apparent inhibitory effects against the other five human cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HeLa, NCI-H460, PC9, and SW480. Encouragingly, 1 exhibited no cytotoxicity against nonmalignant cells even with a concentration up to 100 μM. These findings suggest that 1 may display a selective inhibitory effect on the growth of HepG2 cells.


Flux-grown single crystals of the new compound PbSn(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} have been studied by X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P2{sub 1}/n (no. 14), with cell parameters a = 4.861(6) {angstrom}, b = 14.75(2) {angstrom}, c = 8.80(2) {angstrom}, {beta} = 93.0(1){degree}, Z = 4. Its structure is related to the yavapaiite type with a skeleton made up of corner-linked SnO{sub 6} octahedra and PO{sub 4} tetrahedra, but the lead atoms are located in double tunnels instead of sheets. An active Pb{sup II} lone pair has been localized from electrostatic interactions in order to explain this original structure.


There are many recommendations for environmental management practices to adopt more holistic or systems-based approaches and to strengthen stakeholder participation. However, management practices do not always match or achieve these ideals. We explore why theory may not be reflected by practice by exploring experiences of projects seeking to implement the ecosystem approach, a concept that entails participatory holistic management. A qualitative inductive approach was used to understand the processes, achievements, and challenges faced by 16 projects across the British Isles. Many projects made significant progress toward their goals, yet failed to achieve fully participatory holistic management. Many of the challenges that contributed to this failure can be explained in terms of the legacy effects of previous projects and the wider social-ecological system. These legacy effects do not necessarily imply a fixed path dependency or lock-in. We therefore call these effects sticking points. Drawing on the literature on institutional analysis and knowledge production, we distinguish three main types of sticking point: (1) institutional, arising from previous ways of working; (2) cognitive, arising from ways of framing and knowing; and (3) political, arising from pre-existing power relations. These sticking points may interact. For example, attempts to promote systems thinking and management may be impeded by a tendency for reductionist thinking, itself reinforced by the constraints on prioritization that arise from pre-existing statutory targets. These influences often arise from aspects of societal and institutional context beyond the control of any individual project. Stickiness is not necessarily all bad, but often acts to constrain the "opening up" away from previous approaches. Because the long- term success of natural resource management is argued to depend on more integrated, participatory, and holistic environmental management, we argue that these sticking points demand more explicit attention in both research and practice.


A novel class of micro electrodes, specifically designed to interface with neuronal systems, is presented. The electrodes were fabricated by synthesizing high density carbon nanotube islands on lithographically defined, passivated titanium nitride conductors on a silicon dioxide substrate. Here we show that these novel bio-compatible electrodes facilitate two special functions: neuronal tissue patterning as well as recording of the cell's electrical activity. High fidelity extra-cellular recordings from cultured neurons was performed and analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the fabricated electrodes.


For the two crystal materials, NaI(Tl) and CsI(Na), total, photoelectric and photopeak efficiencies are derived at several gamma -ray energies and crystal thicknesses. The effects of the stochastic variations in photomultiplier pulse production and of multiple Compton events on resolution are combined so as to give the modulation transfer function of gamma cameras without collimators. The effect of a hypothetical Compton discrimination on sensitivity and resolution is discussed.


Board of directors' audit committees are becoming an increasingly popular vehicle for enhancing the objectivity and independence of auditors and overseeing the financial information generating process. This is occurring at a time when directors and auditors are facing criticism and increased litigation due to corporate failures and disclosures of illegal or questionable payments. This article examines the workings of a corporate audit committee that operated in the mid-nineteenth century. The committee functioned as "auditor" for the company since there was no established public accounting profession in the U.S. at that time. They disentangled the financial affairs of the company and probably directly contributed to the replacement of the President of the company. Although the activities of corporate audit committees have changed or evolved considerably through the years, both the 1870 corporate audit committee and modern corporate audit committees have pursued a common goal of achieving accuracy and comp...


Peer services depend on one another to accomplish their tasks, and their structures may evolve. A service composition may be designed to replace its member services whenever the quality of the composite service fails to meet certain quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Finding services and service invocation endpoints having the greatest impact on the quality are important to guide subsequent service adaptations. This paper proposes a technique that samples the QoS of composite services and continually analyzes them to identify artifacts for service adaptation. The preliminary results show that our technique has the potential to effectively find such artifacts in services.


A significant number of young people live in temporary homes, which are designed to fulfil basic needs and provide space for normal activities. However, it is unclear what those basic activities are. Moreover, the indoor environmental quality is often left out of the meaning of home, although activities and objects can affect its experienced quality. We therefore verbally and visually explored how young temporary dwellers appropriate and experience their homes, including the indoor environmental quality. Fourteen young adults took part in semi-structured interviews and photographed their most used as well as their favourite place. The interviews were transcribed and analysed following an interpretative phenomenological analysis. The experiences of appropriation in the home were connected to the physical environment through an analysis of the photos and floor plans (sketched by the researcher) using an architectural analysis from the user perspective. The outcome showed that the young adults appropriated their home in three ways: by familiarising the place with objects and "normal" activities, organising where things are and when they happen, and managing the indoor environmental quality through activities and objects. It is concluded that qualitative and visual analyses can assist with making recommendations to improve the design of temporary housing.


In 1913 several journals were published in our parts, and it is almost impossible to do an analysis of language and script of one journal only, particularly under conditions such as ours. That is why we chose to offer an outlook on the language and alphabet of only one journal, and that is the Gajret in 1913. There is no particular motive why should one analyze the Gajret in 1913, but, on the other hand, it might be the interesting reason for it. In a large number of issues in this year one could follow a dispute about the reasons for writing in Cyrillic or Latin script.
Many arguments were offered in favor of Cyrillic script. In a number of articles one could see the statements that a considerable number of Ottoman Sultans, such as Murat II, Mehmed II, Bayazid II, Selim I, Suleiman I, Selim II and Suleiman II, wrote many letters in our language and in Cyrillic script. Their example was followed by a great deal of Ottoman Turkish dignitaries. It is interesting to note that all the three newspapers from the last years of the Ottoman rule in Bosnia used only the Cyrillic script alongside the Turkish language. Having examined the Gajret in 1913 meant also to see what was the way and style it had been written in it eighty or so years ago. The editor-in-chief in 1913 was Avdo Sumbul. He was famous for his sympathies towards the Serbs and his anti Austro-Hungarian position and activities. In this year, one can find the contributions from, among others, by: Hajji Hamid Svrzo. Dr. Mehmed Spaho, Hasan Hodžic, Hamdija Mulic, Osman Nuri Hadžic, Hifzi Bjelevac, Fadil Kurtagic, Mustafa Cengic-Gazanfer and others.
A great deal of authors did not give their full name and surname, but only in initials, so we do not know who they were. It is also interesting to note that all the contributions but the one on page 180 about the poems of M. Svara had been published in iyekavian dialect. The sound h was meant and attempted to be retained in all its rightful places. One can conclude that the Gajret was the product of 20th century and that it contributed to the Bosnian-Herzegovinian autochthonous and authentic linguistic expression.


In an individually matched case–control study, effects of potential risk factors are ascertained through conditional logistic regression (CLR). Extension of CLR to situations with multiple disease or reference categories has been made through polychotomous CLR and is shown to be more efficient than carrying out separate CLRs for each subgroup. In this paper, we consider matched case–control studies where there is one control group, but there are multiple disease states with a natural ordering among themselves. This scenario can be observed when the cases can be further classified in terms of the seriousness or progression of the disease, for example, according to different stages of cancer. We explore several popular models for ordered categorical data in this context. We first adopt a cumulative logit or equivalently, a proportional‐odds model to account for the ordinal nature of the data. The important distinction of this model from a stratified dichotomous and polychotomous logistic regression model is that the stratum‐specific nuisance parameters cannot be eliminated in this model via the conditional‐likelihood approach. We discuss a Mantel–Haenszel approach for analysing such data. We point out possible difficulties with standard likelihood‐based approaches with the cumulative logit model when applied to case–control data. We then consider an alternative conditional adjacent‐category logit model. We illustrate the methods by analysing data from a matched case–control study on low birthweight in newborns where infants are classified according to low and very low birthweight and a child with normal birthweight serves as a control. A simulation study compares the different ordinal methods with methods ignoring sub‐classification of the ordered disease states. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract:In the 1990s, South Korean literature underwent a crisis of relevance due to the changing materiality of cultural production as shaped by globalization, neoliberalism, and technological saturation. Nevertheless, the postmillennial decades have witnessed an efflorescence of new styles and voices in the literary field. Abroad, South Korean literature in translation has achieved unprecedented success in Anglophone publishing. At home, #MeToo has converged with structural critiques against the literary institution, animated by online social movements and new paradigms for understanding relationships between politics, affect, and everyday life. This article begins by exploring these phenomena through the framework of "literary materiality," understood as a set of contradictions about tangible and intangible properties distributed across intransitivity of signs, book-as-thing, codes and networks, material conditions of writerly life, and entities that confer and mediate literary value. The article goes on to examine the case of Yun Ihyŏng, whose oeuvre and activism have mobilized against the culture of literary commodification operating immanently in and across these forms. This article argues that her attempt to claim moral autonomy from the South Korean literary system is a promising vector in the ongoing struggle to dis-alienate literary culture in the age of neoliberal globalization.


Background and purpose
The shift work is burdensome for nurses and may lead to health problems. Aims - The purpose of the study was to examine the nursing shift system types and to analyse the effects on nutritional status, subjective state of physical and mental health in case of different shift schedules.

Methods
In the first phase of the research 326 nurses working in changing shifts filled out the Bergen Shift Work Questionnaire after adaptation into Hungarian. 518 nurses participated in our second study in hospitals of the South-Danubian Region, in clinics of University of Pécs and at trainings organized by the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Pécs.

Results
Based on the psychometric characteristics of Bergen Shift Work Questionnaire technically it is suitable for the examination of sleeping disorders associated with shift work. Sleeping quality is worse in those working in irregular work shifts compared to those working in regular and flexible work schedules (p<0.001). The irregular work schedule is worse than the regular work schedule according to 76.6% of the nurses. According to 63.8% of the respondents the following regular work schedule is the best: after one 12-hour day shift one 12-hour night shift, followed by two days of rest. The average Body Mass Index (BMI) is 26.16 kg/m2. Since the nurses work in shift work 47.7% of them reported weight gain. Among the psychosomatic symptoms the most frequent is back pain (78.4%) related elevated BMI (p=0.013). The nurses' sense of coherence on average is 61.76 points. In case of full-time employees the sense of coherence is better than those who work in shifts (t=2.933, p=0.004). The nurses working irregular shift work asses their health worst (mean rank: 166.61; p=0.019), and their sense of coherence is lower (p=0.04).

Conclusion
The irregularity of work schedules is stressful for nurses. Due to the health of nurses it would be useful to establish the least exhausting work schedules.


Full-waveform inversion in anisotropic media using reflected waves suffers from the strong non-linearity of the objective function and trade-offs between model parameters. Estimating long-wavelength model components by fixing parameter perturbations, referred to as reflection-waveform inversion (RWI), can mitigate nonlinearity-related inversion issues. Here, we extend RWI to acoustic VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media. To minimize trade-offs between the model parameters, we employ a new hierarchical two-stage approach that operates with the P-wave normal-moveout velocity Vnmo and anisotropy coefficents δ and η . First, Vnmo is estimated using a fixed perturbation in δ , and then we invert for η by fixing the updated perturbation in Vnmo. The proposed 2D algorithm is tested on a horizontally layered VTI model.


Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, experiences urban flooding for several times in a single year and it is believed to be waiting for a devastating earthquake at any time now. As a potential risk, the causes and impacts of earthquake has to be realized and it should have such kind of local and national policies and legislations for related all issues, which can reduce the risk of earthquake in an integrated way. So, the presently available policies and legislations for built environment should be reviewed and assessed to know their status and this research is solely intended to do that task. This study explores the components of the city which are related with the risk of earthquake. Through a review on secondary sources, it makes the authorities of development and planning aware about the potential risk of Earthquake for Dhaka.


We report the incorporation of the Wiimote, a light-tracking remote control device, into two undergraduate-level experiments. We provide an overview of the Wiimote's basic functions and a systematic analysis of its motion tracking capabilities. We describe the Wiimote's use in measuring conservation of linear and angular momentum on an air table, and measuring the gravitational constant with the classic Cavendish torsion pendulum. Our results show that Wiimote is a simple and affordable way to streamline the data acquisition process and produce results that are generally superior to those obtained with conventional techniques.


The hippocampus or a homologous region plays a role in spatial tasks in a large number of vertebrate species. This result, in combination with recent findings of adaptive specializations of the hippocampus for spatial demands, has led to the conclusion that the prominent selective force behind hippocampal evolution was a need for spatial abilities. However, a review of non-spatial hippocampus-dependent tasks shows that many vertebrate species also share non-spatial functions of the hippocampus. Placed in the appropriate phylogenetic context, it becomes clear that non-spatial facets of hippocampal function were just as likely to be present in our vertebrate ancestors as spatial ones. In addition, the absence of spatial strategy use in three lineages suggests divergence of this feature. Divergence in this character and other characteristics of hippocampal function are meaningful indicators of lineage specific functions. Studies of the evolution of the hippocampus must include examination of spatial and non-spatial functions of the hippocampus and consider both conserved, as well as derived, features.


Recent advances in engineering collaboration tools and internet technology have enabled firms to distribute their product development (PD) tasks to offshore sites and global outsourcing partners while still maintaining a tightly connected process. In this paper, we explore such global PD structures from process flow and system architecture perspectives, employing the design structure matrix method. Through five case studies, spanning electronics, equipment, and aerospace industries, we observe the interaction complexity inherent in various global work distributions, the product and process structures, and their interplay with the speDA72-B1003-A011cific strategy used by the firm. Our observations lead to implications for organization forms and architecture decompositions for firms pursuing offshoring of engineering activities. Based on these implications, we propose a process for firms to follow as they pursue GPD, while recognizing that: first, modularity in design and development and modularity in manufacturing need not be the same, specially in complex engineered systems (CESs); and second, system architecture development is a core competence of the firm designing and developing CESs, and this activity should be retained at the home location. We conclude with potential research directions on the subject of global PD.


I present an architecture for acoustic pattern classification using trinary-trinary template correlation. In spite of its computational simplicity, the algorithm and architecture represent a method which greatly reduces bandwidth of the input, storage requirements of the classifier memory, and power consumption of the system without compromising classification accuracy. The linear system should be amenable to training using recently-developed methods such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and we predict that behavior will be qualitatively similar to that of structures in the auditory cortex.


OBJECTIVE:
Intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult bone marrow improves behavioral function in rat models of cerebral infarction. Although clinical studies are ongoing, most studies have focused on the acute or subacute phase of stroke. In the present study, MSCs derived from bone marrow of rats were intravenously infused 8 weeks after the induction of a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to investigate whether delayed systemic injection of MSCs improves functional outcome in the chronic phase of stroke in rats.

METHODS:
Eight weeks after induction of the MCAO, the rats were randomized and intravenously infused with either MSCs or vehicle. Ischemic volume and behavioral performance were examined. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity was assessed by quantifying the leakage of Evans blue into the brain parenchyma after intravenous infusion. Immunohistochemical analysis was also performed to evaluate the stability of the BBB.

RESULTS:
Motor recovery was better in the MSC-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group, with rapid improvement (evident at 1 week post-infusion). In MSC-treated rats, reduced BBB leakage and increased microvasculature/repair and neovascularization were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that the systemic infusion of MSCs results in functional improvement, which is associated with structural changes in the chronic phase of cerebral infarction, including in the stabilization of the BBB.


Increasingly, detecting systems are facing the common problem of information processing owing to low SNR, low data rate, low resolution, and low information dimensions, and it is called the weak observation problem. This paper analyzes its origin and proposes the concept of information assembling by using the repetition and prediction properties of the object of interest. Then, the probability of the cloud inference method based on Bayesian theory is proposed to address a weak observation problem such as state estimation. Eventually several new requirements for sensor design, information processing, and system control are discussed, which are three crucial factors in information system design.


Background

This study evaluated the effect of clinical factors on the treatment outcomes of patients with lung adenocarcinoma with active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations who received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line treatment.

Methods

Patients with stage IIIb or IV lung adenocarcinoma with mutated EGFR were enrolled retrospectively between March 2010 and December 2017. The effects of various clinical features and hematologic markers on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed.

Results

A total of 190 patients were enrolled in this study. In univariate analysis, the male sex, smoking history, EGFR mutation with L858R, and presentation with malignant pleural effusion at initial diagnosis were significantly associated with shorter PFS or OS. Among hematologic markers, lower lymphocyte percentage and higher platelet count were associated with significantly poor PFS and OS. Stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that smoking history, EGFR mutation with L858R, and lower lymphocyte percentage were independent poor prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Presentation with malignant pleural effusion and higher platelet count was an independent poor prognostic factor for OS only.

Conclusion

Patients with lung adenocarcinoma receiving TKIs as the first-line treatment and having hematologic markers with lower lymphocyte percentage, and higher platelet count had poorer prognoses compared with other patients. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.


Hutami, Pramesti Putri. 2019. Aturan Wudu saha Donga Pasalatan: Suntingan Teks disertai Kajian Pragmatik. A Thesis. Undergraduate Program of Sastra Indonesia. Semarang. Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University. Supervisors Dr. Muh. Abdullah M.A. and Dra. Rukiyah M.Hum.

The manuscript of Aturan Wudu Saha Donga Pasalatan (AWSDP) is a manuscript containing the teachings of fiqih discusses the procedures of purification and prayer. The AWSDP manuscript is the collection of the Pura Pakualaman Library, Yogyakarta with calling code Is.5. This manuscript belongs to the category of Islamic text, written using Javanese Pegon Arabic Script.
The research describes the description of the manuscript, manuscript transliteration, manuscript translation, and pragmatic analysis. The theory used in this research is the philological theory to obtain edits of text.The pragmatic theory isused to reveal the functions of the text contained in the AWSDP manuscript.

The results of the analysis obtained is the function of worship for Muslims which includes the procedures for ablution and prayer. Purification consists of two parts, namely ablution to remove small hadas and bathing obligatory to remove large hadas including, jinabah bathing, menstrual bathing, wiladah bathing and puerperal bathing. Whereas the procedure for prayers consists of, the obligatory conditions of prayer, the legal requirements for prayer, the pillars of prayer, cases that cancel prayers, the intention of obligatory prayers and sunnah prayers.

Keywords: AWSDP, Text Editing, Pragmatics Study


PURPOSE
To compare the peak intensity of typical small-sided games (SSGs) with those of official matches in terms of running demands and mechanical work (MechW) over different rolling average durations and playing positions.

METHODS
Data were collected in 21 players (25 [5] y, 181 [7] cm, and 77 [7] kg) belonging to an elite French football team. SSG data were collected over 2 seasons during typical training sessions (249 files, 12 [4] per player) and official matches (n = 12). Players' locomotor activity was recorded using 5-Hz Global Positioning System. Total distance (m), high-speed distance (HS, distance above 14.4 km·h-1, m), and MechW (a.u.) were analyzed during different rolling average periods (1-15 min). The SSGs examined were 4v4+goalkeepers (GKs), 6v6+GKs, 8v8+GKs, and 10v10+GKs.

RESULTS
Peak total distance and HS during 4v4, 6v6, and 8v8 were likely-to-most likely lower than during matches (effect size: -0.59 [±0.38] to -7.36 [±1.20]). MechW during 4v4 was likely-to-most likely higher than during matches (1-4 min; 0.61 [±0.77] to 2.30 [±0.64]). Relative to their match demands, central defenders performed more HS than other positions (0.63 [±0.81] to 1.61 [±0.52]) during 6v6. Similarly, central midfielders performed less MechW than the other positions during 6v6 (0.68 [±0.72] to 1.34 [±0.99]) and 8v8 (0.73 [±0.50] to 1.39 [±0.32]).

CONCLUSION
Peak locomotor intensity can be modulated during SSGs of various formats and durations to either overload or underload match demands, with 4v4 placing the greatest and the least emphasis on MechW and HS, respectively. Additionally, in relation to match demands central defenders and central midfielders tend to be the most and least overloaded during SSGs, respectively.


Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a natural compound, is involved in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain (ETC) and plays an important pattern in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Amelioration of ATP is related to abnormalities in cognitive function and psychiatric diseases. Previous studies have shown that depression is accompanied by the induction of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways and amelioration of antioxidant status. In a recent study, we investigated the beneficial effects of CoQ10 on behavioral dysfunction and CoQ10 level in the rat brain. Therefore, intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 0.2 mg/mouse) was used in adult male mice to induce depression. The behavioral data revealed a significant difference between the depression and control groups regarding the forced swim test (FST) and splash test results at 24 h following STZ treatment. Also, the validated and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique showed decreased CoQ10 level in the brain samples of the STZ group, compared to the controls. Our findings revealed that behavioral abnormalities due to STZ target mitochondria and affect energy metabolism and hemostasis, resulting in the initiation of oxidative damage in the brain. Besides, 4-week administration of CoQ10 could reverse the depressive like behavior and bioenergetic effects of STZ in the treated groups.


A 7-month-old intact female Cocker Spaniel weighing 7.7 kg was presented for investigation of a heart base murmur. The dog was free from clinical signs. There was a grade IV/VI pansystolic murmur localized over the left heart base. Femoral pulses were of normal volume and character. Routine serum biochemistry and hematology were unremarkable. Echocardiography showed increased left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (LVIDD) at 4.2 cm (reference range, 2.3–3.4 cm) and left ventricular internal end systolic diameter (LVIDS) at 2.8 cm (reference range, 1.4–2.4 cm), and mildly increased left atrial (LA) to aorta (AO) ratio at 1.8 : 1 (reference range, <1.6) (Fig 1A). Spectral Doppler echocardiography showed increased aortic velocity (AV) at 1.8 m/s (reference range, 1.0–1.4 m/s) and continuous retrograde flow in the main pulmonary artery ranging from 1.8 m/s in systole (Vs) to 1.2 m/s in diastole (VD) (Fig 1B). Color Doppler echocardiography identified the point of entry of the main shunting vessel into the proximal pulmonary artery (Fig 1C). A PDA was suspected, but not fully imaged (Fig 1A). Selective angiography in the proximal descending aorta showed contrast opacifying a network of tortuous vessels in the dorsocaudal thorax (Fig 2A) with subsequent opacification of the left atrium. A diagnosis of a congenital left-to-right systemic to pulmonary artery vascular shunt was made. In view of the size of the vessel, number of tortuous vessels, and the increased left heart dimensions, surgical ligation of the shunting vessel was attempted. A left thoracotomy was performed at the 5th intercostal space. Multiple tortuous vessels over the visceral surface of the lungs corresponded to those seen on angiography (Fig 3A). The point of entry of the main vessel into the pulmonary artery could not be identified, but an anomalous vessel, thought to be a bronchoesophageal artery, was observed coursing cranially toward the pulmonary artery from the descending aorta. Digital pressure on this vessel abolished the murmur audible on esophageal stethoscope. After ligation of this vessel, the tortuous vessels immediately decreased dramatically in size. Whether the anomalous vessel arose directly from the descending aorta or a dorsal intercostal artery was not determined. Routine closure was performed and the dog recovered uneventfully. Follow-up color Doppler echocardiography 1 month postoperatively showed reduction in LVIDD to 3.2 cm and LVIDS to 2.5 cm, LA : AO to 1.5 : 1 and AV to 1.3 m/s. There was laminar flow within the pulmonary artery and no shunt was identified. The dog continues to do well clinically 28 months later, although further echocardiography has not been performed.


We examine the consequences of taking account of costs associated with age-related health treatment and agedcare services during the retirement phase. Simulating asset return data using historical bootstrap simulation, we derive an optimal withdrawal income during retirement using dynamic optimization techniques. The greatest risk to income sustainability occurs when unexpected health costs combine with above-average longevity for conservative investors. High costs of health treatment without a commensurate adjustment in asset allocation toward assets with a less conservative risk-return profile risk premature wealth depletion. The risk of ruin can be mitigated through a dynamic life-cycle strategy during the retirement phase.


Indian fighter, explorer, scout, soldier and hero: during Frederick Burnham's life he filled all of these roles. Consequently a myth grew up around him cultivated by various "real-life adventure story books" in which he featured, and his own autobiography in which he stressed the more adventurous aspects of his life. The adventurous aspects of his career are, indeed, not without significance. For example, it was Burnham who killed the Mlimo during the Ndebele War of 1897 and this action may well have had an important effect on the morale of Ndebele fighters. Nevertheless, Burnham's career as a mineral prospector, mining engineer, and business manager is as significant as his more publicized activities. In some instances the latter were, in fact, a consequence of his employment in the former. Born in the United States, Burnham was brought up in California. He received a limited formal education but in the course of his early working life in the western United States he acquired a knowledge of mining, particularly gold mining. From 1893 to 1897 he was in present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia. It was he who led the Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition which established for the outside world that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa.


Segmentation algorithms are widely used in image processing. These methods have different complexity values and the choice of reasonable methods decreases on large images. Especially on the medical images with large size, it may take days to perform segmentation in some methods. However, parallel implementation may eliminate the drawback of these algorithms to some extent. In this study, we propose to implement segmentation algorithms in parallel using Graphical Processing Unit. Using the proposed implementation, the computation time of the K-centers, K-means and DBSCAN algorithms were decreases 87, 642 and 2 times, respectively.


In the Sportsclinic Stuttgart 11 young athletes were treated because of a dislocation of the elbow joint from 1988-1990. They were 7 girls and 4 boys with an average age of 12.5 years. Mechanism of the dislocation and its diagnosis and treatment are reported. Indication and ways for non-operative and operative treatment in the Sportsclinic Stuttgart are described. Operation should be performed on open injuries, concomitant vessel and nerve damages and dislocated bone fractures. Two typical case reports of young athletes are given.


Early-life antibiotic interventions can change the predisposition to disease by disturbing the gut microbiota. However, the impact of antibiotics on gut microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is not completely understood, although antibiotic-induced alterations in the distal gut have been reported. Here, employing a piglet model, the microbial composition was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt predictions of metagenome function. The present study showed clear spatial variation of microbial communities in the stomach and intestine, and found that the administration of antibiotics (a mixture of olaquindox, oxytetracycline calcium, kitasamycin) in early life caused markedly differential alterations in the compartmentalized microbiota, with major alterations in their spatial variation in the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. In piglets fed an antibiotic-free diet, most of the variation in microbial communities was concentrated in gut segments and niches (lumen/mucosa). The microbial diversity was higher in the lumen of stomach and duodenum than that in ileum. The early-life antibiotic intervention decreased the abundance of some Lactobacillus species and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic Streptococcus suis in the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. Interestingly, the intervention increased the abundance of Treponema only in the colonic lumen and that of Faecalibacterium only in the ileal mucosa. Furthermore, the antibiotic intervention exerted location-specific effects on the functional potential involved in the phosphotransferase system (decreased sucrose phosphotransferase in the stomach) and antibiotic-resistance genes (increased in the colon). These results point to an early-life antibiotic-induced dramatic and location-specific shift in the gut microbiota, with profound impact in the foregut and less impact in the hindgut. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the membership of the microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and highlight the importance of considering the foregut microbiota in health management of piglets at early life.


Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in immune responses to intracellular pathogens. CTL responses are initiated by T cell receptor signaling, and they can be modulated by secreted factors, such as cytokines and other extracellular signals. Previous research from our lab demonstrated that the acute effector functions of CTLs are regulated by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) via beta2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) signaling in vitro. We now demonstrate that ADRB2 signaling intrinsically modulates in vivo memory development in response to viral infection using an adoptive transfer model. Expansion of ADRB2-deficient CTLs is unaffected during the initial priming phase in response to the model pathogen, vesicular stomatitis virus. However, ADRB2-deficient CTLs contract rapidly and do not yield any detectable pools of memory cells when compared to wild-type counterparts. Transcriptome analysis revealed a variety of differentially expressed genes, both expressed in resting naïve cells as well as in cells obtained during the primary expansion phase of infection. Among them, we found that the expression of the high affinity IL-2Ra (CD25) was reduced during the activation phase in ADRB2-deficient cells, which was confirmed at the protein level by flow cytometry. While IL-2 responsiveness is a key determinant in programming memory cell development, treatment with IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes during early phases of infection failed to rescue memory formation of ADRB2-deficient cells, despite a restoration of CD25 expression on day 5 post-infection. Future experiments will dissect the role of ADRB2 signaling during CTL development on the capacity to form memory upon antigen exposure.


This paper presents a hybrid technique based on software signatures and a hardware module with watchdog and decoder characteristics to detect SEU and SET faults in microprocessors. These types of faults have a major influence in the microprocessor's control-flow, affecting the basic blocks and the transitions between them. In order to protect the transitions between basic blocks a light hardware module is implemented in order to spoof the data exchanged between the microprocessor and its memory. Since the hardware alone is not capable of detecting errors inside the basic blocks, it is enhanced to support the new technique and then provide full control-flow protection. A fault injection campaign is performed using a MIPS microprocessor. Simulation results show high detection rates with a small amount of performance degradation and area overhead.


European economic recovery appears to be taking hold. So is the European crisis over? The acute phase of the crisis passed, however a number of medium and long term issues remain. The policies of "internal devaluations" are working, albeit slowly, to restore competitiveness in the countries most affected by the crisis. However, growth remains at best sluggish. The medium and long term outlook remains highly uncertain, fomenting social tensions and endangering political stability. The restoration of economic dynamism is increasingly perceived as the answer to the question of the "European" future – economically, politically and socially. There is a broad consensus that dynamic structural reforms and the restoration of competitiveness at the level of the global economy are key answers to current European challenges. However, whatever the form these may take, the transfer of resources is implicit (and seemingly necessary), to underpin the current structure of eurozone. This indeed raises the question of governance – both fiscal and monetary. After all, the provision of resources implies an allocation – and it is hard to imagine that resources will be provided to the common pool unless the providers have some say with respect to allocation. And that requires some form of common (i.e. centralized) decision-making procedures, in all likelihood exceeding the common understanding of the acquis communautaire as it exists today – i.e. some form of the effective political arrangement. In this context, the basic idea which connects all contributions in this volume is the analysis of the problems which affected the Eurozone in the past decade and the challenges and dilemmas the Eurozone will face in the coming years.


We review the research literature investigating systems in which mobile entities can carry data while they move. These entities can be either mobile by nature (e.g., human beings and animals) or mobile by design (e.g., trains, airplanes, and cars). The movements of such entities equipped with storage capabilities create a communication channel which can help overcome the limitations or the lack of conventional data networks. Common limitations include the mismatch between the capacity offered by these networks and the traffic demand or their limited deployment owing to environmental factors. Application scenarios include offloading traffic off legacy networks for capacity improvement, bridging connectivity gaps, or deploying ad hoc networks in challenging environments for coverage enhancement.


This paper Proposes the travelling technique which is safe considerations in the collision of the obstacle in hidden range of vision information with character and in this research obstacle escape suddenly and fixed quantity in course Plans Division collision evasion control are applied. The course plan law range of vision if security from creates the course which is the possibility of moving quickly does as a favor, the speed control technique restricts the maximum speed from the foul territory and travelling which is safe possibly.


Abstract. This paper links two strands of Peter Sloterdijk's sphere project – his
theory of the environment and his theory of dwelling – and mobilizes them
for an analysis of entanglements between spaces of the environment and the
space of the home in contemporary sustainability policies and smart home
experiments. First, we retrace how Sloterdijk's topology of the environment
combines a historical phenomenological methodology with ecological thinking.
In the next step, we discuss Sloterdijk's theory of dwelling, which is
closely linked to his thinking of the environment and is central to his
conception of a plural spherology, yet has so far largely been overlooked in
the reception. Sloterdijk's emphasis on the importance of dwelling in the
"world's inner space" ("Weltinnenraum") under
conditions of a no longer externalizable environment helps to theorize how
humans dwell on this earth in the 21st century. In the third part of the
paper, we bring together both themes – environment and dwelling – to
analyze contemporary ecological and digital home experiments from the
perspective of a plural spherology. By showing how recent digital experiments
in "smart homes" entangle spaces of dwelling with environmental
concerns we build on Sloterdijk's analysis but also extend it with insights
from STS and governmentality studies to better capture the power effects
inherent to digitalized dwelling.


Measurements of the cooling rate of hot carriers in amorphous silicon are made with a two-pump, one-probe technique. Pump photons at 2 eV create free carriers and pump photons at 1.42 eV heat the carriers up to 1.2 eV/pair. The experiment is simulated with a rate-equation model describing the energy transfer between a population of hot carriers and the lattice. An energy transfer rate proportional to the temperature difference is found to be consistent with the experimental data. An energy transfer rate independent of the temperature difference is inconsistent with the data. This contrasts with the situation in crystalline silicon and GaAs. The measured cooling time, 0.2 ps, is sufficient to explain the absence of avalanche effects in amorphous silicon at fields below 106 V/cm.


PREMISE
The drivers of isolation between sympatric populations of long-lived and highly dispersible conspecific plants are not well understood. In the Hawaiian Islands, the landscape-dominant tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, displays extraordinary phenotypic differences among sympatric varieties despite high dispersibility of its pollen and seeds, thereby presenting a unique opportunity to investigate how disruptive selection alone can maintain incipient forms. Stenophyllous M. polymorpha var. newellii is a recently evolved tree endemic to the waterways of eastern Hawai'i Island that shows striking neutral genetic differentiation from its ancestor, wet-forest M. polymorpha var. glaberrima, despite sympatry of these forms. We looked for evidence for, and drivers of, differential local adaptation of these varieties across the range of M. polymorpha var. newellii.

METHODS
For paired populations of these varieties, we compared seedling performance under contrasting light conditions and a strong water current characteristic of the riparian zone. We also conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment and contrasted adult leaf anatomy.

RESULTS
Results suggest that the riparian zone is harsh and that selection involving the mechanical stress of rushing water, and secondarily, light, led to significant reciprocal immigrant inviability in adjacent forest and riparian environments. The strongest adaptive divergence between varieties was seen in leaves and seedlings from the site with the sharpest ecotone, coincident with the strongest genetic isolation of M. polymorpha var. newellii observed previously.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that disruptive selection across a sharp ecotone contributes to the maintenance of an incipient riparian ecotype from within a continuous population of a long-lived and highly dispersible tree species.


The scope of lifelong learning in Japan covers school education and informal learning. Japan faces large social changes: severe child population decline could ease competition for entrance examination but students are pushed to win in the society; cyber communication changes the human relationships more invisible and atomized; the gap between urban and remote areas is widened; and local industry can hardly find its successors and local schools need to attract students because young people move away to city. This article overlooks what the Japanese society has missed today and identifies it is the social aspects of outcomes by lifelong learning. Recent trends and the framework of lifelong learning in Japan are introduced, and the concept of social capital is used for discussion. The case study shows benefits of learning opportunities, technology, and collaboration in a Japanese local city to build a sustainable society.


This article focuses on changes in Ramadan during the course of the waking day in physical performance, mental performance and gastrointestinal function. Possible explanations of the changes are considered by reference to the roles of the body clock and external factors such as the environment and the individual's lifestyle. The effects of these factors upon training schedules and upon changing the times of training are then discussed in terms of physiology and biochemistry. Delaying the time of training until after sunset has advantages and disadvantages, but it is a regimen that is unlikely to be widely accepted in non-Muslim countries. It is clear that the detailed nature of the problems involved and dealing with them in a manner based upon a firm body of knowledge requires far more experimental investigation.