At the 67th Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting, a preconference workshop was convened to discuss the challenges of accurately assessing physical activity in older populations. The advent of wearable technology (eg, accelerometers) to monitor physical activity has created unprecedented opportunities to observe, quantify, and define physical activity in the real-world setting. These devices enable researchers to better understand the associations of physical activity with aging, and subsequent health outcomes. However, a consensus on proper methodological use of these devices in older populations has not been established. To date, much of the validation research regarding device type, placement, and data interpretation has been performed in younger, healthier populations, and translation of these methods to older populations remains problematic. A better understanding of these devices, their measurement properties, and the data generated is imperative to furthering our understanding of daily physical activity, its effects on the aging process, and vice versa. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the highlights of the preconference workshop, including properties of the different types of accelerometers, the methodological challenges of employing accelerometers in older study populations, a brief summary of ongoing aging-related research projects that utilize different types of accelerometers, and recommendations for future research directions.


Introduction: Infective endocarditis is a rare disease in children. There are few publications that include large numbers of patients and discuss their risk fact. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric infective endocarditis. Method: A retrospective descriptive study was performed in the 33 patients admitted for infective endocarditis (who met the Duke criteria) at the Pediatric Cardiocentro William Soler in Havana, Cuba, from January 2000 to July 2012. Medical records were reviewed to obtain the primary data. Variables were stored and analyzed with SPSS version 15.0. Absolute and relative frequencies were determined and for the association between qualitative variables the Chi Square Test of Independence was used. Results: Infective endocarditis predominated in female students (20/ 33 patients), the most frequent heart diseases were ventricular septal defect (50%) and tetralogy of Fallot (18.2%). Dental procedures (36.4% p < 0.01) and the use of intravascular catheters (36.4 % p < 0.05) were the most relevant risk factors. In 78.8 % of cases the presentation was subacute and in 57.6 %, nosocomial. Blood cultures were positive in 25 of 33 patients; in 14 of them (56 %) staphylococcal species were isolated. 46 complications were found, 30.4 % were congestive heart failure, followed by cerebral (21.8%) and lung embolisms, and pneumonia (10.9%). Conclusions: Infective endocarditis was more frequent in children with congenital heart disease, and was significantly associated with defined risk factors, had a subacute clinical presentation and germ acquisition was nosocomial. Most common isolated germs were staphylococcal species and regarding complications heart failure and heart embolisms predominated.


Double raised source/drain (DR) ultra thin film (UTF) SOI CMOSFETs were experimented for the first time. Double Si selective epitaxial growth (SEG) process before source/drain extension and deep source/drain implant is greatly recommended for excellent device performance with a reduced series resistance. Fully depleted (FD) SOI devices with 50 nm gate length for embedded SRAM technology were investigated for different SOI film thickness. Transistor performances of 700 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and 355 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m at 1.0 V operation and Ioff = 90 nA//spl mu/m was obtained for NMOS and PMOS devices, respectively. Drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) was improved as the SOI film thickness was scaled down to 17 nm from 50 nm. The static noise margin (SNM) for a 1.1 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ SRAM cell was 210 mV and ring oscillator speed was improved by 24% compared to bulk devices.


A primary requirement of a broad class of evolving intelligent systems is to process a sequence of numeric data over time. This paper introduces a granular neural network framework for evolving fuzzy system modeling from fuzzy data streams. The evolving granular neural network (eGNN) efficiently handles concept changes, distinctive events of nonstationary environments. eGNN constructs interpretable multi-sized local models using fuzzy neural information fusion. An incremental learning algorithm builds the neural network topology from the information contained in data streams. Here we emphasize fuzzy intervals and objects with trapezoidal membership functions. Triangular fuzzy numbers, intervals, and numeric data are particular instances of trapezoids. An example concerning weather time series forecasting illustrates the neural network performance. The goal is to extract, from monthly temperature data, information of interest to attain accurate one-step forecasts and better rapport with reality. Simulation results suggest that eGNN learns from fuzzy data successfully and is competitive with state-of-the-art approaches.


Curricular change and development has been central to our institution, Leeds Beckett University, in the last few years. A full scale review of both undergraduate and postgraduate curricula and the programme design was undertaken with the development of embedded graduate attributes, more focussed summative assessment, an emphasis on student engagement, new course design principles and parallel policy development on academic integrity. This issue of JPAAP hopes to explore some of the projects, challenges and innovations undertaken as part of this journey in the last three years. This special edition builds on the enthusiasm of a community of our Leeds Beckett academic staff who have helped support our understanding of "where we are at" in developing our curricula to enhance our students learning experience and make them really employable graduates. The writers who have contributed to this journal have, as part of their reflection on their own research and projects linked to our curriculum, tried to capture the latest innovation in theory and practice. They have taken a pragmatic approach to "writing up" their work in a style which is not intended to be prescriptive but instead is designed to offer suggestions for practice and clarify the practical implications of new ideas. The papers aim to open a dialogue with others who may be interested in undertaking similar work which may be done to, say, build the visibility of graduate attributes, improve employability, augment student engagement and understand course design better. In this issue we have a number of case studies which illustrate the embedding of our three graduate attributes (enterprise, digital literacy and having a global outlook). These papers take a range of approaches to detail the work undertaken. Cooke explores a systematic approach to embedding information literacy into first year curricula. She explains how the project was initiated after flaws in students' information literacy skills were identified. Information literacy (part of our broader digital literacy attribute) has been defined as the ability to gather, use, manage and synthesise information. (SCONUL, 2011, p.3 ). Fitzgerald's case study also explores the systematic embedding of enterprise skills as part of an innovative Biosciences module where students have to devise a biotechnology project or set up a social enterprise. Thomson's original phenomenographic research on how staff "see" an e-learning framework forms the foundation of our work on embedding digital literacy and explores how the perception of e-learning initiatives can vary in the viewpoints from different stakeholders. In another institution-wide paper, Jameson presents an overview of our institutional strategy and policy about academic integrity. She reflects on the massive changes which have taken place at Leeds Beckett in the way we regard and deal with academic integrity revealing the effort and resources which have contributed to our consistent and systematic approach. Within the collection of articles in this special issue there are three contributions which focus on the course, and curricular design in particular. Garbutt's course- based case study explores whether blending academic curricula and qualifications with professional body curricula and qualifications might be a possible way to achieve cost effective curricular change and open up a more vocational route for a degree. Simpson's case study considers how a range of authentic learning techniques i.e. "learning by doing" were used in the Leeds Beckett MBA programme and had a positive impact on pass rates and student satisfaction. Green et al explore our course design principles and, picking five of them, show how they were used in the development of the Sport Marketing programme at Leeds Beckett and how the authors used them to influence curricular changes at Assuit university in Egypt where we were asked to work collaboratively with academic staff there to advise on their course design. It is a clear exploration of the challenges of partnership and collaborative working. Smith & Sellers and Pickford explore different models which provide a framework for practical tools which can be used in curricular design and its implementation. In Smith and Sellers paper they explore how the institutional taxonomy of assessment domains was updated and showcase the taxonomy as a useful tool for course design. It has been particularly useful in highlighting to staff the best ways of writing accurate levelled learning outcomes. Pickford provides a truly original a multidimensional model for student engagement. The template included in the paper provides a framework for designing and delivering the curriculum taking into account the academic, emotional and transactional dimensions of engaging students. This provides a practical tool for course teams. Consideration of the global outlook graduate attribute is considered in Killick's insightful reflective piece on the role of hidden curricula. He makes stimulating links between University, course design and the classroom to show how different "hidden" issues could (and do!) contribute strongly to shaping students experience of internationalism and their "global self." It is good to see such a broad selection of innovative and subject driven contributions which explore both student and staff perspectives about curriculum design and recognise that it is fundamental to a great learning experience. It is hoped that this selection of papers might provide the opportunity for further discussion amongst the JPAAP readers and offer some suggestions for practical change in the area of curriculum design and change. References SCONUL (2011), The SCONUL Seven Pillars of information Literacy: Core model for Higher education. Page 3. http://www.sconul.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/coremodel.pdf


Drawing on de Certeau's characterisation of everyday practice as reuse, this paper focuses on the micropolitics of mobile touch-screen devices (MTSD) usage, and how emergent practices - appropriations and (re)deployments - interface with institutionalised notions of learning. The recontextualisation of technological artefacts into formal education settings can (and often does) result in a 'domestication' or 'schooling' of technology, bringing with it familiar power relations and patterns of success. However, the indeterminacy of technology allows for potentially subversive practices, for surreptitious appropriation and re-deployment of devices, processes and texts, and for 'counterplay' that challenges the ways that schooling is traditionally done. This paper discusses three examples of MTSD usage that highlight the productive role of users as creators of their own contexts for learning. The examples include young children's home usage of iPads, an early year teacher's use of iPads in her classroom, and a young child's account of his use of an iPad app at school. The paper is framed by a discussion of the possibilities opened up by practice-based approaches (such as that of de Certeau) for change-oriented research that seeks to affirm emergent and/or marginalised practices; to trouble tacit assumptions about schooling; and, to understand the relation between everyday practices and the institutionalised ground that they transform.


This article explores intersectional organizing as a strategy to create solidarity across issues, organizations and communities to build a more united educational justice movement. By intersectional organizing, we mean an organizing strategy that centers the experiences and leadership of people who are affected by multiple forms of oppression. We conducted interviews with ten community organizers who engage parents and young people of color to address the profound inequities in public education. We found that the movement is largely siloed into separate issue-based campaigns, although there are promising examples that connect groups and issues. Organizers believe that intersectional organizing can support greater cross-movement solidarity especially when combined with other processes, including building deep relationships, developing conscious leadership with shared understandings of systemic oppression through political education, and building trust through demonstrated long-term commitments to solidarity in practice. Nevertheless, many warn against an "Oppression Olympics" that creates competition rather than solidarity.


Summary: Short-course antiretroviral drug regimens reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, but mechanisms affording protection of such interventions remain poorly defined. Because T-cell activation is an important factor in productive HIV-1 infection, we tested the hypothesis that single-dose nevirapine (NVP) reduces immune activation, which in turn reduces the likelihood of transmission. We compared concentrations of cord and maternal blood plasma immune activation markers, neopterin, &bgr;2-microglobulin, and soluble l-selectin, in 2 groups of HIV-1-exposed newborns whose mothers either received NVP at the onset of labor or who only received NVP as postexposure prophylaxis within 72 hours of birth and among HIV-unexposed controls. In utero exposure of the infant to HIV-1, regardless of NVP exposure, led to demonstrable increases in immune activation markers, this being most notable in the presence of preexisting infection. Contrary to what was hypothesized, immune activation was increased by prebirth exposure to single-dose NVP, with this effect being enhanced in infants already infected at birth. Our data suggest that reductions in immune activation do not explain transmission prevention effects of single-dose NVP. Our data also suggest a biological explanation for why HIV-1-infected infants exposed perinatally to antiretroviral drugs might experience hastened disease progression, namely, in some HIV-1-infected individuals, NVP may synergize with HIV-1 to enhance an environment that favors increased HIV-1 replication.


Implementations of CHR follow a committed-choice forwardchaining execution model: the non-determinism of the abstract semantics is partly refined with extra-logical syntactic convention on the program order and possibly notations for weighted semantics (with priorities or probabilities), and partly left unspecified in the underlying compiler. This paper proposes an alternative execution model which explores all the possible choices, by opposition to the committed-choice strategy. This execution model is angelic in the sense that if there exists a successful execution strategy (with respect to a given observable), then this strategy will be found. Formally, the set of computed goals is complete with respect to the set of the logical consequences of the interpretation of the initial goal in linear logic. In practice, this paper introduces a new data representation for sets of goals, the derivation nets. Sharing strategies between computation paths can be defined for derivation nets to make execution algorithmically tracktable in some cases where a naive exploration would be exponential. Control for refined execution is recovered with the introduction of user constraints to encode sequencing, fully captured in the linear-logic interpretation. As a consequence of angelic execution, CHR rules become decomposable while preserving accessibility properties. This decomposability makes natural the definition in angelic CHR of meta-interpreters to change the execution strategy. More generally, arbitrary computation can be interleaved during head matching, for custom user constraint indexation and deep guard definition.


Diagnosability without fault repair of a digital system containing at most t faults is considered. A system-level diagnostic model defined in an earlier paper [1] is employed. The model is to an extent independent of the means used to implement diagnostic procedures, i.e., whether the tests are accomplished via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Two parameters, the masking and exposure indices, are defined. Conjoined with the previously defined closure index, the parameters fundamentally characterize the capability for executing valid tests in a multiple-fault environment. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a system to be t-fault diagnosable without repair are derived in terms of these parameters. Examples are presented to illustrate the application of the model for systems close to those encountered in actual practice.


Using a political economy framework in combination with case study and historical research methodologies, this study examines the development of Toronto, Ontario-based Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc. and its predecessor companies within the context of a globalized media environment. Specifically, the study identifies
and analyses key factors that helped Alliance Atlantis to emerge as a viable competitor in
both the North American and international television marketplaces. The in-depth
investigation of Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc.—one of Canada's most successful integrated distribution-exhibition-production companies to date—illustrates the complex interrelationships between domestic and international economics, regulatory
policies, technological innovations, as well as entrepreneurial skills in shaping the development of a modern-day media corporation.

By highlighting key stakeholders, productions, and mergers over the course of Alliance Atlantis' and its predecessor companies' histories, the study also considers how the above-mentioned factors have forcibly changed Alliance Atlantis' corporate structure, strategies, and entertainment products. In a broader sense, the examination and analysis of Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc. provides insights into the transitioning
North American and global mediascapes and may prove helpful to other foreign-based
production companies struggling to compete within a global audiovisual market
traditionally dominated by Hollywood-based companies.


Treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes (also referred to as insulin neuritis) is considered a rare iatrogenic small fibre neuropathy caused by an abrupt improvement in glycaemic control in the setting of chronic hyperglycaemia. The prevalence and risk factors of this disorder are not known. In a retrospective review of all individuals referred to a tertiary care diabetic neuropathy clinic over 5 years, we define the proportion of individuals that present with and the risk factors for development of treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes. Nine hundred and fifty-four individuals were evaluated for a possible diabetic neuropathy. Treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes was defined as the acute onset of neuropathic pain and/or autonomic dysfunction within 8 weeks of a large improvement in glycaemic control-specified as a decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) of ≥2% points over 3 months. Detailed structured neurologic examinations, glucose control logs, pain scores, autonomic symptoms and other microvascular complications were measured every 3-6 months for the duration of follow-up. Of 954 patients evaluated for diabetic neuropathy, 104/954 subjects (10.9%) met criteria for treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes with an acute increase in neuropathic or autonomic symptoms or signs coinciding with a substantial decrease in HbA1c. Individuals with a decrease in HbA1c had a much greater risk of developing a painful or autonomic neuropathy than those individuals with no change in HbA1c (P < 0.001), but also had a higher risk of developing retinopathy (P < 0.001) and microalbuminuria (P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the magnitude of decrease in HbA1c, the severity of neuropathic pain (R = 0.84, P < 0.001), the degree of parasympathetic dysfunction (R = -0.52, P < 0.01) and impairment of sympathetic adrenergic function as measured by fall in blood pressure on tilt-table testing (R = -0.63, P < 0.001). With a decrease in HbA1c of 2-3% points over 3 months there was a 20% absolute risk of developing treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes, with a decrease in HbA1c of >4% points over 3 months the absolute risk of developing treatment-induced neuropathy in diabetes exceeded 80%. Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes is an underestimated iatrogenic disorder associated with diffuse microvascular complications. Rapid glycaemic change in patients with uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of this complication.


The island of Oahu (Honolulu County, Hawai'i) is facing a shortage of housing for its growing senior population. The construction of accessory dwelling units (ADUs), or small, second homes built on the same lot. for senior housing may be a possible solution. A qualitative document review was utilized to examine the existing Honolulu ADU cost reduction for those wishing to build an ADU on their properties for the purposes of senior housing. There were several publications and articles found through the search. From these articles, four major themes emerged: tax breaks, financing options, green building, and sharing of utilities. These themes led to a secondary level document review and analysis of each of these themes.


Outbreak of Shigellosis Aboard Commercial Airline An international foodborne outbreak of shigellosis was identified after the occurrence of an index outbreak involving a professional football team. Twentyone (32%) of 65 football players and staff developed shigellosis associated with consuming cold sandwiches prepared at the airline flight kitchen of a Minnesota-based airline. An intensive investigation identified 240 passengers with confirmed or probable shigellosis on 219 flights to 24 states, the District of Columbia, and four countries between September 14 and October 13,1988. An outbreak-associated strain of S/zig& sonnei was isolated from football players and staff, airline passengers, and flight attendants. It was believed that cold food items were contaminated during processing by one or more foodhandlers who acquired S soneii infection in the community. Several foodhandlers admitted to working while they had diarrhea. Employees did not always wash their hands before beginning work, after eating or using the toilet facilities, or as often as necessary. The authors noted that inadequate cleaning and sanitizing of equipment produced conditions that were conducive to the transmission of S sonnei and an apparent failure of adequate training and supervision of food handlers contributed to this outbreak. The authors recommend that all establishments that massproduce cold food items should perform aggressive surveillance for diarrhea1 illness, exclude ill employees from handling food, and provide strict supervision of handwashing practices. Further, prevention of such outbreaks may require reduction of hand contact in the preparation of cold food items. The potential for outbreaks of shigellosis associated with cold food served on commercial airlines is increased because of the lack of onboard refrigeration facilities, inadequate handwashing sinks, and faucet designs that require one hand to hold the faucet open while rinsing the other hand. Only 23 outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with commercial airline flights have been reported worldwide from 1947 through 1984. Recognition of these outbreaks was facilitated by one of three factors: 1) attack rates exceeding 20% of the passengers or crew; 2) incubation periods short enough that passengers became ill during or shortly after the flight; or 3) the occurrence of an illness, such as cholera or typhoid fever, that is likely to be investigated by public health officials. FROM: Hedberg CW, Levine WC, White KE, et al. An international foodborne outbreak of shigellosis associated with a commercial airline. JAMA 1992;268:3208-3212.


Since there are many generation factors for surface cracks on steel products manufactured by the processes of continuous casting through billet rolling, it is important for their prevention to identify the process where the surface cracks are generated. In this study, the formation mechanism of the oxide particles in the subscale layer around surface cracks of steel products was investigated towards establishing an estimation method of crack generation temperature. It was found that, the average radius leveled off corresponding with its exposed temperature after enough holding time. The average radiuses were 0.2 μm and 0.3 μm for 1473K and 1573K, respectively. Those oxide particles were consisted of MnO·SiO2 and MnO·Cr2O3 phases. Their formation and growth mechanism was as follows: Firstly, MnO·SiO2 precipitates at the internal oxidation reaction front. Then, MnO·Cr2O3 forms on the MnO·SiO2 particles. The existence of these two phases played an important role to determine the terminal value of the average radius.


PURPOSE
The present study is based on the assumption that for patients' compliance with psychotropic medication is also of importance their closest relatives' attitude towards that treatment.

METHODS
In the context of a mail survey of relatives of people with schizophrenia, we asked what the relatives considered to be the most important positive and negative effects of the medication.

RESULTS
As expected, the main benefit was seen in the reduction of symptoms and in the prevention of relapse. In addition, the improvement of social adaptation and the subjective quality of life of the patients were also cited as important positive effects. Beside these effects which are closely related to the treatment of the disorder, respondents mentioned effects which can help to facilitate their living together with their ill relative. Among the side effects regarded as particularly unpleasant for the patients, sedation ranked first, followed by weight gain and extra-pyramidal motor symptoms.

DISCUSSION
The results are contrasted with those of a comparable study of people with schizophrenia.


The performance of high-quality products should be insensitive to environmental disturbances. Traditional design attempts to create quality in design by tightening manufacturing tolerances, which leads to high manufacturing cost. In spite of the apparent high-quality, when environmental variations appear, performance of products can be degraded. A robust design methodology is presented in this research, to produce a high-quality and low-cost product. By considering manufacturing tolerances and environmental disturbances early in the design stage, a robust design can be obtained. Because robust design requirements that involve first-order sensitivity are formulated as an optimization problem, to accurately evaluate gradients of constraints, a reliable second-order shape design sensitivity analysis (DSA) method is used.


After weeks of waiting, the email finally arrives from Physical Review Z with the reports on your paper "A theory of the nonuniform browning of toast". Hope turns to despair as you read the editor's cover letter saying that because the reviews contain a sufficiently strong criticism of your paper it cannot be accepted. Then you read the reports and discover that Referee A said "This is a wonderful paper, full of interesting new results that will surely be of interest to a wide audience. I am particularly impressed with Eq. 7 and its consequences and expect it to have broad applicability in physics." So what's the problem? Well, Referee B said "I fail to see any great significance in the results presented, and doubt the paper will be of broad interest. In addition, the result, Eq. 7, is wrong, calling into question the entirety of the subsequent results". Besides wondering why the editor listened to Referee B and not A, or at least why he did not try to figure out whether Eq. 7 really does have a problem, this hypothetical scenario points to a deeper problem with the peer review system at most journals (including most physics journals): With a few exceptions, there is no mechanism for the referees and the editor to discuss the paper and arrive at a consensus recommendation before reports are communicated to the authors. Instead, the initial recommendation is based on some sort of implicit averaging (in the editor's mind) of the reports and it is left up to the author to argue back from what might have been an error on the part of the referee, or more generally to somehow try to answer what are often conflicting and contradictory reports. Yes, it is true that in subsequent rounds of review the referees often see earlier reports, but again there is no consensus-building process. All of us who spend our professional lives dealing (on both sides) with this deeply flawed process deserve better.


An artificial immune system inspired by the fundamental principle of the vertebrate immune system, for solving constrained optimization problems, is proposed. The analogy between the mechanism of biological immune response and constrained optimization formulation is drawn. Individuals in population are classified into feasible and infeasible groups according to their constraint violations that closely match with the two states, inactivated and activated, of B-cells in the immune response. Feasible group focuses on exploitation in the feasible areas through clonal selection, recombination, and hypermutation, while infeasible group facilitates exploration along the feasibility boundary via location update. Direction information is extracted to promote the interactions between these two groups. This approach is validated by the benchmark functions proposed most recently and compared with those of the state of the art from various branches of evolutionary computation paradigms. The performance achieved is considered fairly competitive and promising.


This note explores the transnational security issues associated with the Pashtunistan region following the withdrawal of NATO from Afghanistan in 2014. More specifically, at a time when this region is at a religious, governance, and globalization crossroads, this note posits that only two alternatives exist for addressing the security situation in this region. First, a global executive, or executives, could use their power to exert transnational security pressure through drone strikes or other pseudo-military alternatives. A second alternative, and one which this note considers much more promising, is the development of a "NATO-like" organization of Muslim nations to assist one another in addressing internal security issues. The note emphasizes that current global trends, particularly in the Muslim world, may create the impetus for such an organization and that the alternative would give rise to a continued unwanted expansion of executive power.


Abstract This paper aims to provide an account of Old English similes of equality marked by the superlative degree of the adjective gelic. It deals with the structure and semantics of similes marked by the (ge)/(on)licost component, which, unlike in Modern English, being subjected to gradation, can show the highest degree of similarity between referents. The article presents the criteria for structural classification of the simile in question describing two major structural types, that employ nouns in the dative or nominative case, as well as its semantic interpretation from macro and micro levels of perspective. The paper examines every simile with the (ge)/(on)licost component found in Old English manuscripts belonging to various textual genres.


An overview is presented of the principle, scope and major applications to date of the use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) for monitoring the kinetics of release of flavour volatiles in real time. There are four major areas in this thesis that extend from the measurement of flavour molecular mobility in sugar solutions, to the investigation of APCI-MS as a diagnostic tool for classifying apple cultivars and predicting age of cheese. Headspace techniques are the most extensively employed techniques in food analysis to measure volatile compounds, which play a central role in the perceived quality of food. The use of APCI-MS to measure aroma headspace availability with the addition of solutes was evaluated for two sugars of differing chain lengths (fructose and fructooligosaccharide (FOS)). In vitro aroma release was investigated at equilibrium using APCI-MS. An increase in the concentration of fructose above 25 % (w /w) was shown to significantly (p < 0.05) increase the release of ethyl butyrate, ethyl acetate and benzaldehyde into the gas phase above the aqueous solutions. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) was used to investigate the nature of solvent-sugar-aroma interactions with a view to explain the differential availability of aroma volatiles in sweetened and biopolymer rich solutions. The T1 relaxation times, and diffusion coefficients, provided preliminary clues as to the interactions between water, aroma and biopolymer.

In the case of in vivo measurement, aroma perception was dependent on two key factors – firstly the equilibrium gas phase concentration of the aroma compounds within the oral/ nasal cavity and secondly the dynamic interaction of the compound with food and saliva (persistence). The overall process was influenced by the properties of the flavour compounds (i.e. its hydrophobicity) and the physiological conditions of the mouth, nose and throat during consumption of the food. A comparison was made between the intensities of anisaldehyde, furaneol and guaiacol in the headspace above simple solutions of water, to demonstrate the impact of matrix on flavour release in a frozen dairy dessert. The oral and nasal persistence of aromas following swallowing samples of a model frozen dairy dessert was investigated by collecting expired air from nose and mouth over 60-seconds. The decay curves (which illustrates persistence) of volatiles in breath showed that furaneol was the most persistent aroma, due to its hydrophilic nature and low volatility, that is expressed by the vapour pressure values of the pure compound. It is presumed to interact with the nasal mucosa, thereby prolonging persistence and potentially offering a significantly different perceptual profile to the less persistent compounds (Hodgson, Parker, Linforth, & Taylor, 2004). Thus, real time APCI-MS headspace data could be used to validate mathematical modelling of flavour release (Harvey & Barra, 2003).

The feasibility of APCI-MS volatile compound fingerprinting in conjunction with chemometrics as a new strategy for rapid and non-destructive food classification was demonstrated when 202 clarified monovarietal juices extracted from apples differing in their botanical and geographical origins were characterised. Partial Least Square-Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLS-LDA) gave 100 % correct classification for the categorization by cultivar. Another PLS regression model was built to interpret and predict the age of Cheddar using headspace data from GC-MS and APCI-MS. The RMSEP and R2 values for the prediction model were 3.94 and 0.85 respectively. This further established the applicability of multivariate statistical technique as a tool to monitor the quality of foodstuff.

Throughout the thesis, recommendations regarding practical implications for APCI-MS analysis and applications are demonstrated and discussed.


The PI3K pathway, which regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival, is activated in many types of human tumors by mutational activation of PI3Kα, PTEN inactivation, or activation of upstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Several PI3K inhibitors are currently in clinical development, but most are pan-PI3K inhibitors. Tumor biology data suggests that targeting PI3Kα specifically should be efficacious, and there may be advantages to not disrupting other members of the complex PI3K signaling cascade. Using structure-based drug design (SBDD), we have discovered a series of small molecules that selectively inhibit PI3Kα via the formation of an irreversible covalent bond. In addition to the enhanced pharmacodynamics achieved through permanent silencing of targets, covalent inhibitors also exhibit key advantages in terms of isoform selectivity and translational biomarker opportunities. SBDD was used to design small molecules which bond to an amino acid present uniquely in the α-isoform of PI3K. Mass spectrometry verified covalent bond formation to PI3Kα but not to the other isoforms. PI3K enzyme activity was measured using an HTRF assay. PI3Kα inhibition was evaluated in SKOV-3 cells by measuring P-AktSer473 levels. Washout experiments were performed to assess prolonged duration of action in cells. Effects on cell proliferation were assessed in cell lines bearing different mutations, such as SKOV-3 (PIK3CA H1047R), PC3 (PTEN-null) and others. SKOV-3 xenograft studies were performed in mice to measure P-AktSer473 inhibition and tumor growth inhibition in vivo. A biotinylated covalent probe molecule specific for PI3Kα was used to verify and quantitate target occupancy by the covalent inhibitor, both in vitro and ex vivo. Using trypsin digestion and MS-MS analysis, we confirmed that the designed inhibitors covalently bonded to the protein at the desired amino acid that is unique to PI3Kα. The covalent bonding resulted in potent inhibition of the PI3Kα enzyme activity and inhibition of P-AktSer473 in cells (EC50 Selective irreversible inhibitors of PI3Kα demonstrate prolonged duration of action and activity in vivo. This targeted approach should yield a first-in-class selective covalent PI3Kα inhibitor with clinical advantages. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4482. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4482


Hepatic microsomal azoreductase activity with amaranth (3-hydroxy-4[(4-sulfo-1-naphthalenyl)azo]-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid trisodium salt) as a substrate is proportional to the levels of microsomal cytochrome P-450 from control or phenobarbital-pretreated rats and mice or cytochrome P-448 from 3-methylchol-anthrene-pretreated animals. In the "inducible" C57B/6J strain of mice, 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital pretreatment cause an increase in cytochrome P-448 and P-450 levels, respectively, which is directly proportional to the increase of azoreductase activity. However, in the "noninducible" DBA/2J strain of mice, only phenobarbital treatment causes the increase both in cytochrome P-450 levels and azoreductase activity, while 3-methylcholanthrene has no effect. These experiments suggest that the P-450 type cytochromes are responsible for azoreductase activity in liver microsomes.


The parallel and radial transport properties of the plasma edge of TEXTOR are studied using radial electron density and temperature profiles as well as ion temperatures and poloidal velocities in the scrape-off layer (SOL). These quantities are measured by thermal helium beams at the low (LFS) and high field side (HFS) by emission and beam driven charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. We investigate the influence of the safety factor and of a magnetic field reversal on these edge parameters. Especially the field reversal leads to clear effects: a decrease of the density at the LFS, a significant change in the poloidal density distribution, which is identified by comparing LFS and HFS densities, and an increase in the density e-folding length at both poloidal positions. The poloidal ion rotation changes sign in reversed field configuration and thus gives a hint on the role of poloidal drifts in the SOL. For further analysis, we present a simple fluid model including poloidal drift velocities and local ionization sources. With this model we can show that the poloidal E×B drift clearly influences the poloidal density distribution. However, although the model results show the same tendencies as the experimental findings, the impact of the field reversal on the density asymmetry is not that pronounced as in the experiment. The dependence of the density e-folding length on the poloidal and radial drifts as well as on the source distribution is discussed within the frame of analytical estimates.


In a review article describes general positions and the scientific justification of using of protocol of enhanced recovery after surgery in patients who underwent resection of the colon. Also discussed in detail different views and results of randomised studies of using this protocol and all of the most "controversial" elements such as mechanical preparation of the bowel, abdominal drainage, the principles of controlled infusion therapy, and others. All findings allow us to evaluate the result of using of this protocol in colorectal patients.


Exchange-rate movement is regularly monitored by central banks for macroeconomicanalysis and market-surveillance purposes. Notwithstanding the pioneering study of Meese and Rogoff (1983), which shows the superiority of the random-walk model in out-of-sample exchange-rate forecast, there is some evidence that exchange-rate movement may be predictable at longer time horizons. This study compares the forecast performance of the Purchasing Power Parity model, Uncovered Interest Rate Parity model, Sticky Price Monetary model, the model based on the Bayesian Model Averaging technique, and a combined forecast of all the above models with benchmarks given by the random-walk model and the historical average return. Empirical results suggest that the combined forecast outperforms the benchmarks and generally yields better results than relying on a single model. JEL Classification Numbers: C11, C52, C53


Our motion through the Universe generates a dipole in the temperature anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and also in the angular distribution of sources. If the cosmological principle is valid, these two dipoles are directly linked, such that the amplitude of one determines that of the other. However, it is a longstanding problem that number counts of radio sources and of quasars at low and intermediate redshifts exhibit a dipole that is well aligned with that of the CMB but with about twice the expected amplitude, leading to a tension reaching up to $4.9 \sigma$. In this paper, we revisit the theoretical derivation of the dipole in the sources number counts, explicitly accounting for the redshift evolution of the population of sources. We argue that if the spectral index and magnification bias of the sources vary with redshift, the standard theoretical description of the dipole may be inaccurate. We provide an alternative expression which does not depend on the spectral index, but instead on the time evolution of the population of sources. We then determine the values that this evolution rate should have in order to remove the tension with the CMB dipole.


Aims: This study investigated the prevalence of academic procrastination among male and female students of Ahwaz Payame Noor University in the first semester of 1387 - 1388 academic year. Method: From among the 1200 students, 155 boys and 1045 girls were selected randomly as the subjects of the study. To collect the data, a questionnaire made by the researcher which consisted of 14 questions was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results and conclusion: The results indicated that the rate of academic procrastination is 17.2 among the Payam-Noor students of Ahvaz. Moreover, the rate of academic procrastination among male students, was 17.8 which was more than the female students, 17.03; however, the difference was not significant.


We have determined the material parameters of optimized synthetic ferrimagnet (SyF) free layers in magnetic tunnel junctions by means of magneto-resistance loops as well as microwave noise spectroscopy under constant voltage, and the field dependence thereof. By comparing the experimental data with calculated loops and spin wave modes from a 2-macrospin model, we have deduced the saturation magnetization, anisotropy, damping, and interlayer exchange coupling. From waiting time experiments of field-induced switching, the energy barrier relevant for the thermally activated switching of the free SyF has been experimentally evaluated and compared to an existing model in order to assess its consistency.


The paper has analized the draft Federal Law "On State and Municipal Property" placed on the federal portal of draft normative legal acts for public hearing. The authors have presented their understanding of the need to develop and adopt the draft law in question, a retrospective into the history of the problem has been undertaken. Attention is drawn to the doctrinal position and constitutional basis of adoption of this act, as well as its inclusion into the number of strategic document, namely, "The main directions of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period until 2024." The general characteristics of the draft law are given, some comments on its provisions are made. It is concluded that the adoption of the Federal Law "On State and Municipal Property" will contribute to improving the efficiency of management and disposal of state and municipal property and consolidation of the property basis of the Russian State.


Plant root-derived carbon (C) inputs (Iroot) are the primary source of C in mineral bulk soil. However, a fraction of Iroot may lose directly (Iloss, e.g., via rhizosphere microbial respiration, leaching and fauna feeding) without contributing to bulk soil C pool. This loss has never been quantified, particularly at global scale, inhibiting reliable estimation of soil C dynamics. Here we integrate three observational global datasets including radiocarbon content, allocation of photosynthetically assimilated C, and root biomass distribution in 2,034 soil profiles to quantify Iroot and its contribution to the bulk soil C pool. We show that global average Iroot in the 0-200 cm soil profile is 3.5 Mg ha-1 yr-1, ~80% of which (i.e., Iloss) is lost rather than entering bulk soil. If ignoring Iloss, bulk soil C turnover will be incorrectly estimated to be four times faster. This can explain why Earth system models (in which all Iroot enters bulk soil C pools) predict much faster soil C turnover than radiocarbon-constrained estimates. Iroot decreases exponentially with soil depth, and the top 20 cm soil contains >60% of total Iroot. Actual C input to bulk soil (i.e., Iroot – Iloss) shows a similar depth distribution to Iroot. We also map Iloss and its depth distribution across the globe. Our results demonstrate the global significance of direct C losses which limit the contribution of Iroot to bulk soil C storage; and provide spatially explicit data to facilitate reliable soil C predictions via separating direct C losses from total root-derived C inputs.


The CD8αβ coreceptor contributes to T cell signaling by bringing the tyrosine kinase p56lck associated with CD8α to theTCR-CD3 complex. Four isoforms (M1 to M4) of the CD8β chain exist in the great apes and humans that differ in the amino acid sequence of their cytoplasmic tails and their expression pattern. We previously found that the M1 isoform, equivalent to murine CD8β, is the predominant isoform in naïve CD8+ T cells, while the M4 isoform is predominant in effector memory T cells. We expressed each isoform in either T cell tumor lines or peripheral blood T cells, stimulated the cells by crosslinking with anti-CD8 or anti-CD3 antibodies and determined effects on signal transduction pathways using phosphoflow. Differences were observed with anti-CD8 crosslinking. For instance, the M1 isoform showed greater amounts of phospho-Erk (2-3 fold) and the M4 isoform showed greater amounts of phospho-Akt (2-3 fold). In addition, because the M4 isoform uniquely binds the adaptor protein AP-2 and is mono-ubiquitinated on lysines, we analyzed mutant forms of the M4 isoform in signal transduction as well. Mono-ubiquitination appears to be a regulator of the mTORC1/2/pathway important in metabolism as the lysine mutant demonstrated a large increase in phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6, in the mTORC1 pathway. This supports the hypothesis that the different CD8β isoforms evolved to make unique contributions to CD8 coreceptor function.


The Gulf of California is an ideal site to study the controls on sedimentary organic carbon (OC) accumulation and preservation. A 5-year sediment trap record provides an estimate of export production in the Gulf. Low C/N ratios (7.3) and heavy [delta][sup 13]C[sub org] values (-20.5[per thousand]) of trapped OC show that it is predominantly of marine origin. Surface productivity is not the only control of OC deposition in the Gulf, This is shown by OC fluxes that can be high even under oligotrophic summer conditions. These high summer fluxes cannot be attributed to input of terrestrial biomass since variability in the C/N ratio is not seasonal. The efficiency of scavenging and transport mechanisms may play an important role in determining OC export. OC fluxes correlate better with the fluxes of total bulk sediment and of lithogenic sediments than they do with fluxes of opal and of productivity-sensitive foraminiferal species. The efficiency of recycling within the photic zone is also important in controlling OC export. At most, 3% of surface production escapes recycling within the photic zone. A comparison of sediment trap results with OC accumulation rates in Underlying box cores, shows that there is more sedimentary OC than can bemore » accounted for by export production alone. Controls on OC preservation are tested by a comparison of box cores from within and below the oxygen minimum zone. The deeper oxic cores consistently had greater OC A.R. and %OC than did the anoxic cores. Preferential preservation within anoxic sediments is thus not a significant control on OC accumulation in the Gulf and downslope transport must contribute to the organic content of slope sediments.« less


Microplasma-assisted gas-phase nucleation has emerged as an important new approach to produce high-purity, nanometer-sized, and narrowly dispersed particles. This study aims to integrate this technique with vacuum conditions to enable synthesis and deposition in an ultrahigh vacuum compatible environment. The ultimate goal is to combine nanoparticle synthesis with photoemission spectroscopy-based electronic structure analysis. Such measurements require in vacuo deposition to prevent surface contamination from sample transfer, which can be deleterious for nanoscale materials. A homebuilt microplasma reactor was integrated into an existing atomic layer deposition system attached to a surface science multi-chamber system equipped with photoemission spectroscopy. As proof-of-concept, we studied the decomposition of ferrocene vapor in the microplasma to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles. The injection parameters were optimized to achieve complete precursor decomposition under vacuum conditions, and nanoparticles were successfully deposited. The stoichiometry of the deposited samples was characterized in situ using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicating that iron oxide was formed. Additional transmission electron spectroscopy characterization allowed the determination of the size, shape, and crystal lattice of the particles, confirming their structural properties.


It is argued that translation is a complex process: meaning is "created" by decoding the source text on several levels (for instance, grammatical; structural; literary; and socio-cultural levels). This "meaning" must then be encoded into the target language by means of the linguistic, literary, and cultural conventions of the target language. These different aspects (grammar, structure, etc.) combine in an interactive process and result in meaning. Atomisation or compartmentalisation of the various aspects distorts communication. It is also argued that it should be assumed that what can be said in one language can be said in (translated into) another language, but not necessarily by combining the relevant linguistic, literary and cultural aspects in the target language in the same way as they were combined in the source language. This is because languages do not overlap in their use of words, structures, genres, and social conventions. This inevitably leads to the realisation that a translation could and would never be an exact "copy" of the original.
(Acta Theologica, Supplementum 2, 2002: 118-139)


Biotreatment of high load hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can lead to rapid acidification of a bioreactor, which greatly challenges the application of bio-desulfurization technology. In this study, the bio-desulfurization performance was improved by enriching acidophilic mixotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) by adding organics under extremely acidic conditions (pH < 1.0). A biotrickling filter (BTF) for the removal of H2S was established and operated under pH < 1.0 for 420 days. In the autotrophic period, the maximum H2S elimination capacity (ECmax-H2S) was 135.8 g/m3/h with biofilm mass remaining within 11.1 g/L-BTF. The autotrophic SOB bacterium Acidithiobacillus was dominant (62.1 %). When glucose was added to the BTF system, ECmax-H2S increased by 272 % to 464.3 g/m3/h as biofilm mass increased to 22.3 g/L-BTF. The acidophilic mixotrophic SOB bacteria Mycobacterium (78.4 %) and Alicyclobacillus (20.7 %) were enriched while Acidithiobacillus was gradually eliminated (<0.1 %). Furthermore, the major sulfur metabolism pathways were identified to explore the desulfurization mechanism under extremely acidic conditions. To maintain optimal desulfurization performance and avoid biofilm overgrowth in the BTF system, biofilm mass should be maintained within 20-22 g/L-BTF. This can be achieved by adding 1.0 g/L-BTF glucose every 20 days under a load rate of H2S in 50-90 g/m3/h and a trickling liquid velocity of 1.8 m/h. Extremely acidic conditions eliminated non-aciduric microorganisms so that the addition of organics can increase the abundance of acidophilic mixotrophic SOB (>99 %), thus offering a novel strategy for enhancing H2S removal.


In 2008, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston began a project to help reinvigorate the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. This cross-departmental initiative uses the Boston Fed's research and convening capabilities to complement the efforts of other organizations dedicated to improving economic and social conditions in New England's fourth-largest city. As noted in an earlier joint Federal Reserve-Brookings Institution study, Springfield has one of the highest rates of concentrated poverty in the country: one-third of the city's poor live in neighborhoods where poverty rates exceed 40 percent. Thus, a particular focus of the Boston Fed project has been to support revitalization strategies that would enable more city residents, particularly those located in poor areas, to prosper. While the Boston Fed project focuses on the city of Springfield, we hope to devise approaches that can be replicated in other struggling mid-sized cites around New England and the nation. To this end, this essay reports on lessons learned from our research on older industrial cities that have adapted relatively well to economic challenges, and are recognized as vital communities today. We believe these "resurgent cities" provide relevant, inspiring insights on development strategies for urban America.


The association between the HLA-B14 subtypes Bw64 and Bw65 and complement allotypes (C2, Bf and C4) was investigated in both population and family studies. Bf, C4A and C4B allotyping was performed on 37 Bw64 and 35 Bw65 positive unrelated Welsh/English subjects. Sixteen HLA-Bw65 bearing haplotypes were characterized for HLA-ABC, DR and DQ antigens and complement allotypes, including C2. The findings of the population study suggested that the complement haplotype associated with Bw64 is BfS, C4A2, C4B2. The population and family studies revealed two major complement haplotypes associated with HLA-Bw65: (i) C2C, BfF, C4A3, C4A1 - often associated with HLA-A3, Cw8 and DRw13, and (ii) C2C, BfS, C4A2, C4B2 - often associated with HLA-Aw33, Cw8 and DR1 or with A28, Cw8 and DRw13. The HLA-Bw65 bearing haplotypes of three families carried a C4B2B1 duplication of the C4B locus. In these families three C4B gene products were identified in the Bw65 positive members using an anti-C4B monoclonal antibody. It is suggested that most, if not all, HLA-Bw65 bearing haplotypes may possess a C4B locus duplication.


This article describes a systems and networks monitoring system that is based on the Nagios tool and can easily be supervised by its user. The system is Web-managed and equipped with advanced 3D visualization features in Flash format that improve its interaction and allow it to reproduce the real management environment in multiple browsers with acceptable load and response times. Also, anomalies in the system's functioning are more easily detected thanks to the initial processing of the data from the monitoring tools with AI techniques.


This paper aims to identify an optimum bone fracture stabilizer. For this purpose, three design variables including the ratio of the screw diameter to the plate width at three levels, the ratio of the plate thickness to the plate width at three levels, and the diameter of the bone at two levels were selected for analysis. Eighteen 3D verified finite element models were developed to examine the effects of these parameters on the weight, maximum displacement and maximum von Mises stress of the fixation structure. Considering the relations between the inputs and outputs using multivariate regression, a genetic algorithm was used to find the optimal choices. Results showed that the diameter of the bone and the amount of load applied on it did not have a significant effect on the normalized stresses on the structures. Furthermore, in all ratio of the plate thickness to the plate width, as the ratio of the screw diameter to the plate width increased, the amount of stress on the structure decreased. But, by further increasing the ratio of the screw diameter to the plate width, the amount of stress on the structure increased. On the other hand, by increasing the value of the ratio of the plate thickness to the plate width, the maximum amount of stress on the structure decreased. Finally, optimal solutions in terms of the weight and the maximum amount of stress on the structure were presented.


The inhibitory nature of yogurt against contaminating microorganisms has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, the factors responsible for the death of Salmonella typhimurium in yogurt have not been elucidated. An understanding of these factors is important for the determination of yogurt's safety to consumer health. Yogurt fermented for 18 h at 42 C had a stable environment with the following conditions: pH 3.85, oxidation-reduction potential -80 mV, lactic acid concentration 158 mM, and acetic acid concentration 3.7 mM. Under these conditions, lactic acid was responsible for virtually all of yogurt's bactericidal activity against S. typhimurium at 37 C. Die-off rates were observed when these conditions were reproduced artificially in milk (artificial milk yogurt) and when lactic acid was added back to 18-h yogurt from which acids were removed by passage of the whey through a Dowex 1 (Cl-) anion exchange column (cationic yogurt). Factors that augmented lactic acid inhibition of S. typhimurium were low pH and low oxidation-reduction potential. The die-off rate of S. typhimurium was more rapid in yogurt whey (yogurt minus the casein fraction) than in whole yogurt, indicating that the casein fraction was partially able to protect Salmonella.


The present study was conducted during February–April, 2020 in the Department of Poultry Science, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of ferrous sulphate on the blood biochemical attributes of turkey poults. Nighty six straight run day old turkey poults were placed into four treatment groups, each with three replicates and eight turkey poults in each replicate. The poults were kept in a system with deep litter. The experiment was carried out on turkey poults aged 0 to 8 weeks. In the experiment, (control) basal diet, supplemented with FeSO4 @ 80 mg kg-1 diet, supplemented with FeSO4 @ 120 mg kg-1 diet, and supplemented with FeSO4 @ 160 mg kg-1 diet were provided to the poults. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment. Length and weight of different digestive organs were measured separately at 8 weeks of age after sacrificing birds. Plasma was separated and stored in refrigerator (-20°C) until analyzed. The data obtained showed that there was no significant difference in plasma total proteins, uric acid, ALT, AST, ALP, plasma cholesterol, plasma HDL, SOD, ROS, LPO values and development of digestive organs among different treatment groups. Further studies can be done by assessing the effect on blood biochemicals and digestive organ development of poultry birds by supplementing organic Fe chelates.


Background People with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBIDs) face challenges in social functioning, possibly as a result of limited mentalising abilities such as reflecting on the behaviour of themselves and others. Reflective functioning in people with MBIDs has not yet been investigated due to a lack of instruments. The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) is a seemingly easy adaptable, short self-report questionnaire. The aim of the present, explorative study was to adapt the RFQ for people with MBIDs and investigate the psychometric properties and correlations with other mentalising related constructs. The formulation of the items was adapted to the target group and items were added to broaden the scope towards reflection on both the self and other. Method Participants were 159 adults with MBIDs who completed a Dutch-translated and easy-to-read RFQ with five supplemental items, a questionnaire for autistic traits, a self-report questionnaire assessing perspective taking and two performance-based measures assessing emotion recognition and Theory of Mind. Results Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure of the RFQ and revealed a two-factor structure with a Self and Other subscale. Generally satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability were found. Explorative results showed correlations of the RFQ-8 and RFQ subscales with autistic traits and between the RFQ Other and perspective taking. Conclusions This explorative study is the first testing psychometric properties of the RFQ as a self-report questionnaire for assessing reflective functioning in adults with MBIDs. This step is relevant in gaining more scientific knowledge on assessing mentalising in people with MBIDs.


A simple and accurate method was developed for the validation of the Econazole using Fluconazole as internal standard with short time of 10 minutes .Optimization of chromatography technique was used during the preparation of this analysis.  The method carried out using reversed phase of HPLC. Chromatography using Phenomenex Luna C18 Column (250mm x 4.6mm i.d, 5µm) as the stationary phase and mobile phase of solvent A and B of 0.5% Triethylamine at pH 6.5 and Acetonitrile at pH 3.5. Wavelength was fixed at 260nm and flow rate at 0.6mL/min. Validation studies was achieved by using the fundamental parameters, including accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity, linearity and range, stability studies, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). Retention time obtained for Econazole and Fluconazole are 7.7 minutes and 5.18 minutes. It shows recovery at 93.5% which is more precise and accurate compared to the other Econazole method. Hence, a simple and accurate method of validation of Econazole in drug free plasma was developed and validated.


The interaction between transportation networks and intelligent transportation systems has been revolutionized by cloud computing. However, the reliance on cloud-based solutions raises security and privacy concerns. This article examines the challenges of safeguarding data and privacy in intelligent transportation applications and emphasizes the potential of cloud-based solutions to resolve these issues. Organizations can protect sensitive data and user privacy by employing encryption, access controls, threat detection mechanisms, and privacy protection measures. Adopting these cloud-based solutions will encourage the extensive adoption of intelligent transportation applications while infusing users and stakeholders with confidence.


ABSTRACT Fabrics, microstructures, and compositions of authigenic illite-rich clays in Devonian intracratonic basin shales were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron/analytical electron microscopy (STEM/AEM) methods in order to relate the extent of clay diagenesis to the timing of mudstone-system closure and to reconcile conflicting radiogenic and paleomagnetic ages obtained from these shales and associated limestones and bentonites. Authigenic illite in these Devonian shales is similar to post-transition illite-rich mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) in Gulf Coast and other young basin mudstones that have formed through replacement of detrital smectite or smectite-rich I/S without subsequent diagenetic modification. The clay matrix is composed of subparallel intergrowths of illite-rich crystals (30-200 A thick) with low-angle grain boundaries and defects at layer terminations. Contrast in some lattice fringe images is consistent with R1-, R2-, and R3-ordered, mixed-layer I/S. Electron diffraction patterns indicate partially disordered (1Md) stacking sequences with significant turbostratic stacking and mixed layering. The illite-rich material is K- and Aldeficient, and Si-enriched, relative to ideal muscovite. Preservation of burial diagenetic, authigenic, mixed-layer I/S microstructures in these Devonian shales implies that they have remained effectively closed systems following the smectite-to-illite transformation. Later Alleghenian (ca. 300 Ma) tectonic or fluid-flow events recorded by authigenic minerals in bentonites and carbonate lithologies throughout the U.S. Midcontinent are apparently not recorded in these Devonian shales. Preservation of diagenetic fabrics indicates that radiogenic isotope dating of cratonic basin shales should yield syndepositional to early burial diagenetic ages corresponding to the timing of I/S authigenesis.


Recent work in cognitive science of religion (CSR) is beginning to converge on a very interesting thesis—that, given the ordinary features of human minds operating in typical human environments, we are naturally disposed to believe in the existence of gods, among other religious ideas (e.g., see Atran [2002], Barrett [2004; 2012], Bering [2011], Boyer [2001], Guthrie [1993], McCauley [2011], Pyysiainen [2004; 2009]). In this paper, we explore whether such a discovery ultimately helps or hurts the atheist position—whether, for example, it lends credence to ameism by explaining away religious belief or whether it actually strengthens some already powerful arguments against atheism in the relevant philosophical literature. We argue that the recent discoveries of CSR hurt, not help, the atheist position—that CSR, if anything, should not give atheists epistemic assurance.


Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. Childhood obesity and overweight are associated with the appearance of coordination deficit disorder and can cause impaired motor performance. We searched online databases for all related articles using comprehensive international databases from the Medline PubMed Institute, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO up to December 20, 2020. Overall, 33 studies were included in this systematic review. The present review demonstrated that children with higher percentage of body fat had lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, as well as decreased levels of gross motor coordination, as shown by tests for neuromuscular performance. These results corroborate the hypothesis that overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are associated, not only with insufficient performance during gross motor coordination activities, but also with a greater risk to physical health. Systematic Review Registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42020182935].


The electrical properties of p-type layers of indium phosphide (InP), formed by the diffusion of zinc into n-type material, are studied by Hall Effect measurements. A wide range of diffusion conditions are used and both homogeneously doped specimens and those containing a zinc atom concentration gradient are produced. A non-correspondence of atom and carrier concentrations is indicated, confirming previous four point resistivity studies. Carrier profiles are achieved by both serial sectioning and multiple specimen techniques. Contacting procedures are developed from which plots of carrier mobility versus carrier concentration, in the range 5 x 10 17 -5x1 0 19 cm −3 , are produced for p-n-p InP. In the main, present results showed good reproducibility and conformed to the "rules" of the Van der Pauw technique.


This paper presents the development of high performance multiport hybrid networks based on the Butler matrix concept in thick film microstrip technology to provide the multibeam and reconfigurable operation of antennas of DCS 1800 (ground mobile) base stations. This work was performed to meet the increasing demand for mobile communications that calls for the use of advanced components to improve the electrical performance and reduce the size of transceivers, in view of the integration of ground and satellite communication equipments. In what follows a survey of the various applications of these multiport networks is presented. Furthermore, the possibility of increasing the operation flexibility suggested the use of specific components able to carry out a close control of the phase. With regard to this fact, innovating types of phase-shifters, providing a very accurate slope equalization of the phase over a specified frequency band, were developed. All designs were performed using CAD Libra (software by Eesof) to operate over the 1.7-1.9 GHz band and prototypes were manufactured on Rogers RT6006 and RT5880 Duroid substrates. Finally, the microstrip technology used for DCS applications at 1.8 GHz can easily be transferred to satellite mobile systems at 1.6 GHz and to cellular based PCN (2-2.5 GHz band).


Background: Primary liver cancer, around 75%–85% are hepatocellular carcinoma in China, is the fourth most common malignancy and the second leading cause of tumor-related death, thereby posing a significant threat to the life and health of the Chinese people.

Summary: Since the publication of Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer in China in June 2017, which were updated by the National Health Commission in December 2019, additional high-quality evidence has emerged from researchers worldwide regarding the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of liver cancer, that requires the guidelines to be updated again. The new edition (2022 Edition) was written by more than 100 experts in the field of liver cancer in China, which not only reflects the real-world situation in China, but also may re-shape the nationwide diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.

Key Messages: The new guideline aims to encourage the implementation of evidence-based practice, and improve the national average five-year survival rate for patients with liver cancer, as proposed in the "Health China 2030 Blueprint."


Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
is an increasingly relevant cause of headaches
as the breadth and depth of its diagnosis
and management improves.
Objectives: The objective of this case report is to
describe a novel treatment for headaches caused
by spontaneous intracranial hypotension without
locating the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and to
review the diagnostic and therapeutic options for
spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
Study Design: This is a report of a single case.
Setting: The setting for this case report is a major
academic center.
Methods: After a review of the treatments and
interventions that our patient had previously
undergone, we decided to trial epidural blood
patches for her chronic headaches.
Results: Although the exact site of a CSF leak
could not be identified despite exhaustive diagnostic
interventions, cervicothoracic epidural
blood patches provided excellent pain control for
our patient's severe headaches. The patient was
completely free of headaches for 15 hours and
reported well-controlled pain for approximately
a month after her procedure as well as after 5
subsequent monthly procedures.
Limitations: As this is a report of a single case,
more rigorous study in a larger patient population
is needed to provide guidance.
Conclusions: This case demonstrates that a
nontargeted cervicothoracic epidural blood patch
can be a treatment option for patients with spontaneous
intracranial hypotension in which clinical
suspicion is high despite nondiagnostic imaging.
Key words: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension,
cervicothoracic epidural blood patch,
headache


To assess the effect of obesity on blood pressure measurement the authors obtained simultaneous oscillometric and intraarterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures on 188 lean, overweight, class I/II obese, and class III obese subjects. Oscillometric arm cuff/bladder size was selected in accordance with standard guidelines. Oscillometry significantly underestimated systolic and significantly overestimated diastolic blood pressures in each of the 4 weight groups studied. The differences between oscillometric and intraarterial systolic and diastolic pressures were not significantly different among lean, overweight, class I/II obese, and class III obese subjects. Thus, obesity per se does not influence the accuracy of blood pressure measurement. However, oscillometric blood pressure measurement is associated with significant error when compared to intraarterial blood pressure.


This paper presents a project of a composite trimaran structure, designed and built for the purpose of competing at the Hydro Contest 2016 competition at Geneva Lake. Concept of the contest is to raise the awareness of tomorrow's engineers, industrialists, opinion leaders and the general public of what is at stake with regard to energy efficiency in the sea transportation of goods and passengers, as well as to be the laboratory of tomorrow's boats, particularly enabling the most innovative ideas to be developed in collaboration with the industrial partners. Designed boats must have technological innovations enabling them to achieve the most efficient use of energy. Therefore, the goal was to design and construct lightweight structure, within a simple closed rules, with a satisfactory stiffens and strength as well as to strive for more efficient transport, which means higher speed with minimal energy consumption. An analysis of project variants was made with regard to the hull shape, material and technology of the fabrication, and for the adopted variant a computer structure model was developed and the FEA was carried out. The structure is divided into three main sections analyzed individually: hulls, front wing and rear wing along with rudder. Calculation was made for the worst load case, i.e. mass transfer, while wings were analyzed at the highest advancing speed. The boat has structurally met all requirements since there were no structural problems in testing and competing.


In this paper, we develop a three DOF mechanism for humanoid robots, which we call the cybernetic shoulder. This mechanism imitates the motion of the human shoulder and does not have a fixed center of rotation, which enables unique human–like motion in contrast to the conventional design of anthropomorphic seven DOF manipulators that have base three joint axes intersecting at a fixed point. Taking advantage of the cybernetic shoulder's closed kinematic chain, we can easily introduce the programmable passive compliance adopting the actuation redundancy and elastic members. This is important for the integrated safety of humanoid robots that are inherently required to physically interact with the human.


Maltose is the major form of carbon exported from the chloroplast at night as a result of transitory starch breakdown. Maltose exists as an α- or β-anomer. We developed an enzymatic technique for distinguishing between the two anomers of maltose and tested the accuracy and specificity of this technique using β-maltose liberated from maltoheptose by β-amylase. This technique was used to investigate which form of maltose is present during transitory starch degradation in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), two starch deficient Arabidopsis lines, and one starch-excess mutant of Arabidopsis. In Phaseolus and wild-type Arabidopsis, β-maltose levels were low during the day but were much higher at night. In Arabidopsis plants unable to metabolize maltose due to a T-DNA insertion in the gene for the cytosolic amylomaltase, (Y. Lu, T.D. Sharkey [2004] Planta 218: 466–473) levels of α- and β-maltose were high during both the day and night. In starchless mutants of Arabidopsis, total maltose levels were low and almost completely in the α-form. We also found that the subcellular concentration of β-maltose at night was greater in the chloroplast than in the cytosol by 278 μm. We conclude that β-maltose is the metabolically active anomer of maltose and that a sufficient gradient of β-maltose exists between the chloroplast and cytosol to allow for passive transport of maltose out of chloroplasts at night.


In this article, we propose a design of aperture coupled antenna with ultra-wideband low radar cross section (RCS) characteristics for X band applications. The RCS reduction ranging from 8 to 24 GHz has been realized with two novel artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) unit cells that are placed around the patch antenna. The AMCs have been designed with a 180 ± 38° phase difference within a frequency range in order to provide an effective phase cancellation. The proposed antenna's operating bandwidth is 8.9-9.8 GHz, corresponding to an impedance bandwidth of 9.6%, and the RCS reduction is mainly in the Ku band. The maximum out-of-band RCS reduction is 37 dB at 12.7 GHz, while the maximum in-band RCS reduction is 27 dB at 9.2 GHz. The monostatic RCS results of the reference antenna and proposed antenna have been investigated under both θ and φ-polarized plane wave incidence.


A formal definition of the syntax and semantics of Preliminary Ada has been designed and partially implemented as a metaprogram in the SEMANOL system. The paper describes the design in detail and also presents excerpts of the actual SEMANOL metaprogram. Special attention is paid to the following aspects, lacking in the formal denotational definition of Ada: (1) formal definition of the connection between the concrete and abstract syntax of Ada, a necessary element of a formal definition if it is to be executable; (2) formal definition of the semantics of concurrency in Ada tasking; (3) formal definition of the semantics of exceptions and interrupts. The complete SEMANOL metaprogram will be an executable formal definition. In effect, it defines a multi-processing operating system which accepts an Ada program, as a set of compilation units, together with data, and causes the program to be executed in a concurrent mode in accordance with the semantics of tasks prescribed in the Ada reference manual and rationale.


It is well known that the maximum likelihood estimator(MLE) in normal mixture models with unequal variances does not fall in the interior of the parameter space. Recently, a doubly smoothed maximum likelihood estimator(DS-MLE) (Seo and Lindsay, 2010) was proposed as a general alternative to the ordinary maximum likelihood estimator. Although this method gives a natural modification to the ordinary MLE, its computation is cumbersome due to intractable integrations. In this paper, we derive an EM algorithm for the DS-MLE under normal mixture models and propose a fast computational tool using a local quadratic approximation. The accuracy and speed of the proposed method is then presented via some numerical studies.


When a country like France is attemptin, without liaste, in peace and complete freedom, to give herself a new constitution, she offers the world a political experiment of unexampled interest. Dean Mirkine-Guetz6vitch is admirably prepared to define and interpret the problem. His books on comparative constitutional law are authoritative. A Russian by birth, well acquainted with American conditions, he is steeped in French tradition, and especially in the history of the French Revolution. In him we find the jurist, the historian, the practical politician, and the idealist working in close harmony. So this little book, in its elegant brevity, is richer and more thought-compelling than many elaborate tomes.


The warming acupuncture for hyperthermia therapy is made of STS304. However, its needle point cannot be reached to a desirable temperature due to heat loss caused by low thermal conductivity, and the quantification of stimulation condition and the effective standard establishment of warming acupuncture are required as a heat source. Accordingly, in this study, after Ag-Cu alloys with different composition ratios were casted and then mixed with additives to improve their physical and mechanical properties, the thermal conductivity and biocompatibility of the alloy specimens were evaluated for selecting suitable material. Ag-Cu binary alloys and ternary alloys added 5 wt% Zn or 2 wt% Mg were casted and then cold drawn to manufacture needles for acupuncture, and their physical properties, thermal conductivity, and biocompatibility were evaluated for their potential use in warming acupuncture. The results of this study showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the Ag-Cu alloys were improved by additives and that the thermal conductivity, machinability, and biocompatibility of the Ag-Cu alloys were improved by Mg addition.


A thermoelectric (TE) energy scavenging technique is proposed to recover energy from the waste heat of power amplifier (PA) transistors. Explored are optimized pellet geometries for maximum efficiency and performance of TE power generation scavenging energy under various parametric conditions. A fully-coupled TE model is developed and integrates TE physics with heat transfer physics. The TE model is exercised to optimize pellet geometries under various heat dissipations of PA transistors, heat sink performances, and load resistances. The TE model determines the efficiencies and the performances of the energy scavenging module associated with optimized pellet geometries.


In this paper, we consider the range and bearing estimation of near-field narrow-band sources from noisy data observed across a passive sensor array. For some difficult scenarios as for correlated and largely spaced sources at low Signal to Noise Ratios (SNR), or correlated and closely spaced sources, the Near FieLd (NFL) version of the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is no longer reliable. In this paper, we adapt and extend the sequential Zero-Forcing MUSIC (ZF-MUSIC) algorithm, which avoid the delicate search of multiple maxima, to the NFL context. In order to compare the NFL ZF-MUSIC with the Second-Order Statistics Weighted Prediction (SOS-WP) algorithm, we assumed an uniform sampling in the spatial domain. However, the proposed algorithm can be exploited for general geometries. Finally numerical simulations show that the variance of the proposed algorithm is close to the Cramer-Rao bounds in difficult scenarios for sufficient SNR.


With the new vision of space travel aimed at traveling back to the Moon and eventually to Mars, NASA is designing a new spacesuit glove. The purpose of this study was to baseline hand strength while wearing the current Extravehicular Activity (EVA) glove, the Phase VI. By varying the pressure in the glove, hand strength could be characterized as a function of spacesuit pressure. This finding is of extreme importance when evaluating missions that require varying suit pressures associated with different operations within NASA's current human spaceflight program, Constellation. This characterization fed directly into the derivation of requirements for the next EVA glove. This study captured three types of maximum hand strength: grip, lateral pinch, and pulp-2 pinch. All three strengths were measured under varying pressures and compared to a bare-hand condition. The resulting standardized data was reported as a percentage of the bare-hand strength. The first wave of tests was performed while the subjects, four female and four male, were wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) suit supported by a suit stand. This portion of the test collected data from the barehand, suited unpressurized, and suited pressurized (4.3 psi) conditions. In addition, the effects of the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) on hand strength were examined, with the suited unpressurized and pressurized cases tested with and without a TMG. It was found that, when pressurized and with the TMG, the Phase VI glove reduced applied grip strength to a little more than half of the subject s bare-hand strength. The lateral pinch strength remained relatively constant while the pulp-2 pinch strength actually increased with pressure. The TMG was found to decrease maximum applied grip strength by an additional 10% for both pressurized and unpressurized cases, while the pinch strengths saw little to no change. In developing requirements based on human subjects, it is important to attempt to derive results that encompass the variation within the entire population. The current EMU does not accommodate humans at the extremes of the anthropometric spectrum. To account for this and to ensure that these requirements cover the population, another phase of testing will be conducted in a differential pressure glove box. This phase will focus on smaller females and very large males that do not have a properly fitted EMU suit. Instead, they would wear smaller or larger gloves and be tested in the glove box as a means to compare and contrast their strength capabilities against the EMU accommodated hand size subjects. The glove box s ability to change pressures easily will also allow for a wider range of glove pressures to be tested. Compared to the data collected on the subjects wearing the EMU suit, it is expected that there will be similar ratios to bare-hand. It is recommended that this topic be sent to the Physical Ergonomics Board for review.


Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is now a widely-used technique in the field of forest products, especially for physical and mechanical property determinations. This technique is also ideal for the chemical analysis of wood. There has been a growing need to find a rapid, inexpensive and reliable method to distinguish between preservative-treated and untreated waste wood. It has been demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy, with multivariate analysis (MVA), can be used to distinguish between different preservative treatments. This technique is rapid, non-destructive, portable and relatively low cost. The results clearly demonstrate that this technique has potential for use in a variety of recycling and sorting applications. It has also been successfully used to predict preservative concentrations present in treated wood. A custom-made NIR scanning system, NIRVANA (Near Infrared Visual and Automated Numerical Analysis), was used for the automated scanning and prediction of preservative concentration along cross sections of ACQ-treated timbers. This may have potential for use as a quality control tool for wood treaters, especially for use with organic co-biocides, for which the preservative penetration and concentration cannot be readily assessed.


When interacting with each other, we motivate, advise, inform, show love or power towards our peers. However, the way we interact may also hold some indication on how successful we are, as people often try to help each other to achieve their goals. We study the chat interactions of thousands of aspiring entrepreneurs who discuss and develop business models. We manually annotate a set of about 5,500 chat interactions with four dimensions of interaction styles (motivation, cooperation, equality, advice). We find that these styles can be reliably predicted, and that the communication styles can be used to predict a number of indices of business success. Our findings indicate that successful communicators are also successful in other domains.


The steady laminar two dimensional stagnation point flow of an incompressible electrically conducting magneto-micropolar fluid over a permeable stretching surface with heat source/sink and viscous dissipation in the presence of mass transfer and chemical reaction has been studied. Using the similarity transformations, the governing equations have been transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. These differential equations are highly nonlinear which cannot be solved analytically. Therefore, forth order Runge-Kutta method along with shooting technique has been used for solving it. Numerical results are obtained for the skin-friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and Sherwood number as well as the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for different values of the governing parameters, namely, velocity ratio parameter, boundary parameter, material parameter, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameter, Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter.


Objectives & Background Hospital overcrowding is a problem that manifests in the Emergency Department (ED) and causes poorer patient outcomes. In an effort to combat overcrowding full capacity protocols have been put in place to move patients from the ED to temporary extra beds placed in the inpatient wards. This improves patient flow in the ED allowing for better provision of care to patients. This study aims to gauge patient opinion on being placed in extra beds rather than staying in the emergency department. Methods Through a review of current literature the current full capacity protocol in Beaumont Hospital, Dublin was updated to reflect best practice and national guidelines. A structured questionnaire was employed to assess patient attitudes towards boarding in the ED and on the extra beds and to determine the preference patients had on where they would prefer to be boarded as an additional patient. Results 75 patients took part in the study. 86.67% indicated a preference for being an additional patient on the ward, 10.67% had no preference and the remaining 2.67% preferred being boarded in the ED. This data agreed with similar studies from other centres internationally. Conclusion Moving patients from the ED into extra beds on the wards frees up space in the ED and enables staff to more effectively treat patients. The vast majority of patients are understanding of the issues facing modern healthcare providers and welcome the opportunity to be moved to quieter, more comfortable areas where they can have better access to the quality healthcare that hospitals exist to provide them with. Figure 1 Figure 2


Reported is a facile hydrothermal route for the production of ZnS/ZnO heterogeneous core-shell microspheres without the addition of any surfactants or templates. The microstructures and optical properties of the as-synthesised products were analysed by X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The as-obtained ZnS/ZnO microspheres have average diameters of about 2 m. The effect of growth parameters on the morphologies is discussed in detail. A possible growth mechanism is proposed based on experimental results. A PL spectrum of the as-obtained product showed a strong ultraviolet emission peak and a large shoulder peak with wide range.


The present energy crisis has forced scientists and governments to expand energy research in non-conventional energy resources. Among the various non-conventional energy sources suggested, the solar energy offers the best solutions particularly, the conversion of sunlight directly into electricity without causing changes in ecology and the environment. Many attempts were made and are being made to make advances in the theoretical and technological aspects of the conversion of solar energy into utilizable form. The photovoltaic technologies, especially photoelectrochemical route is still in its infancy, but have potential to play an important role in meeting the demands of electric power in this 21st century, provided that such systems can be made competitive with conventional power generation and others. These cells are easy and simple to fabricate, more convenient and require almost no sophistication while processing. This book which is based on a research study gives a information about synthesis of cadmium lead selenide thin films and their characterization and applications particularly in the solar energy harvesting. This book is essential for researcher working in this field.


Mental health problems contribute 23% to the global burden of disease in developed countries (WHO, 1999). In the U.K., recent legislation attempts to address this by modernizing mental health services so that they provide evidence based, accessible and non-discriminatory services for both serious and common mental health problems. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has a robust evidence base that fits very well with the thrust of policy. However, CBT's delivery systems are rooted in traditional service models, which pay little attention to the growing evidence base for brief and single-strand treatments over complex or multi-strand interventions. Services characterized by 9-5 working, hourly appointments and face-to-face therapy disenfranchise the majority of people who would benefit from CBT. In this paper we argue that the evidence exists for service protocols that promote equity, accessibility and choice and that CBT services should be organized around multiple levels of entry and service delivery rather than the more usual secondary care referral systems.


(HMSC-bm) Catalog #7500 Cell Specification Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a well-characterized population of adult stem cells. They have the potential to develop into mature cells that produce fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, and muscle [1, 2]. These properties, in combination with their developmental plasticity, have generated tremendous interest because of the potential use of MSC in regenerative medicine to replace damaged tissues. MSC cultured without serum in the presence of transformation growth factors will differentiate into chondrocytes. In contrast, MSC cultured in serum with ascorbic acid and dexamethasone will differentiate into osteoblasts. MSC have the capability for renewal and differentiation into various lineages of mesenchymal tissues. With their renewal capability, MSC have the potential to be transplanted into an injured site or seeded on a biomimetic scaffold to generate appropriate tissue constructs.


Design parameters of manned and unmanned rotorcrafts have been investigated to construct a design database and to derive trend curves. Design parameters of 78 manned rotorcrafts and 33 unmanned rotorcrafts have been collected and analyzed using linear regression method. Six kinds of trend curves equations are derived. Most of trend curves derived are relatively meaningful according to the calculated correlation and determination coefficients. The comparisons between manned and unmanned rotorcraft characteristics are performed. It has been drawn according to the comparisons that unmanned rotorcraft has smaller main rotor diameter and maximum take-off weight, bigger tail rotor size and similar level of empty weight fraction than manned rotorcraft.


Climate studies often fit linear trends to data. In many cases simplifying assumptions such as independent errors and constant variance are used. We review a variety of approaches to estimating linear trends, and illustrate with US temperature data how oversimplified assumptions may lead to false significance. We outline a variety of methods to fit nonlinear trend models. Using the Berkeley Earth global data set we show that a bent cable fit is better than a linear fit for this series. We also review spatial and spatiotemporal trend models in mean, variance and extremes, as well as models with long term memory structure.


A fundamental model consisting of charged particles moving in free space exposed to alternating and direct current (AC- DC) electromagnetic fields is analyzed. Effects of charged particles initial position and initial velocity to cyclotron resonance frequency are observed. Strong effects are observed revealing that effects of electric and magnetic fields on a charged particle in free space varies with the initial conditions. This indicates the frequency where maximum displacement occur can be changed. At this frequency the amplitude of oscillation of the particle displacement becomes unbounded. Keywords—Cyclotron resonance, electromagnetic fields, particle displacement


✓ The authors report an unusual case of intraoperative air embolism during posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position. The source of air was one of the wounds made by the pin-type skull fixation device. We suggest that the patients should not be released from such device until they are in the supine position.