Received: Revised: Accepted: July 16, 2014 January 03, 2015 March 31, 2015 To evaluate the effect of avian nephrotrophic strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on serum electrolytes, liver and renal function indexes in growing chickens of a layer strain. 120 healthy chickens (35 days old) were randomly divided into 2 groups (virus and control), each group with 60 chickens. The chickens in the virus group and the control group were challenged by 0.2mL artificial nasal drip with virus and sterile saline solution per chicken, respectively. Blood parameters of chicken were evaluated on the 8, 15 and 22 day after challenge, respectively. The results showed that Ca, P, K values in the virus group were statistically (P<0.001) lower than in the control group on the 22 day; Mg values in the control group were statistically (P<0.05) higher than in the viruses group on the 15 day. UA and CR values in the control group were significantly lower than in the virus group (UA, P<0.001; CR, P<0.05) on the 15 day. BUN values in the control group were significantly higher than in the virus group on the 22 day. TP, ALB, GLB and GGT activity in the virus group were significantly higher than in the control group on the 15 day. Our results demonstrated that chickens infected with nephrotrophic strains of IBV can cause liver and kidney damage and the results also provided some evidence for avian visceral gout diagnosis. ©2015 PVJ. All rights reserved


Purpose The purpose of this study was to deepen the understanding of how showrooming affect the exploited brick-and-mortar businesses. This was done by investigating an industry characterized by high levels of employee knowledge where the expertise of the personnel create showrooming incentives. Methodology The study applied a qualitative case study where semi-structured interviews was held with employees of a firm representing the case of an exploited firm. Findings The empirical findings suggest that showrooming may affect the exploited firm in the areas; profits, offerings, channels, and personnel. Profit-losses due to showrooming may force the exploited firm to reduce number of personnel and working hours, decrease store areas and close of unprofitable stores, change the product and services offered, change how products are displayed, and in what channels the products are available. Further it may give rise to internal channel conflicts, and affect personnel motivation and sales performance. Practical Implications A perceived showroomer should be treated as a paying customer to avoid misjudgment of character and a loss in service level. Private labels and exclusive selling rights allow for higher profits while reducing showrooming opportunities. In addition to this, rewards for cross-channel retention, synchronized channel information, and price consistency across channels may reduce internal conflicts. Contribution This study contributes to the young research area of showrooming by assessing the effects an exploited firm may encounter when faced with showroomers.


Electrophoresis is a mainstay of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) implementations of molecular biology procedures and is the basis of many medical diagnostics. High voltage (HV) power supplies are necessary in electrophoresis instruments and are a significant part of the overall system cost. This cost of instrumentation is a significant impediment to making LOC technologies more widely available. We believe one approach to overcoming this problem is to use microelectronic technology (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, CMOS) to generate and control the HV. We present a CMOS-based chip (3 mm x 2.9 mm) that generates high voltages (hundreds of volts), switches HV outputs, and is powered by a 5 V input supply (total power of 28 mW) while being controlled using a standard computer serial interface. Microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is implemented using this HV CMOS chip. With the other advancements made in the LOC community (e.g. micro-fluidic and optical devices), these CMOS chips may ultimately enable 'true' LOC solutions where essentially all the microfluidics, photonics and electronics are on a single chip.


The ability to create fine-pattern line widths on LTCC technology substrates, which can be used for high-temperature and high-frequency applications, has been restricted by the limitations of the existing thick-film technology to a practical level of approximately 60 mum line widths; other technologies for finer line widths and spacings are, as yet, experimental in nature. In this study, the use of a thin-film process, which is already used in the mass production of electronic components, is evaluated for use as a fine surface-layer pattern in line widths as small as 15 mum. Such a technology is possible and appropriate when due attention is paid to the chemistry of the process, the use of low-halogen insulation materials, the use of uniform processes, and appropriate washing methods.


A new data acquisition system designed for a future high-resolution gamma-ray detector array-the Euroball-is described. It will use newly designed high-resolution electronics together with the VXIbus system as the instrumentation bus. The planned electronics and the general structure of the data acquisition system are described in detail. For control and setup of the data acquisition system, Ethernet based communication is planned. The other elements involved in a data acquisition system (readout, graphics, sorting, storage, etc.) are being planned using international standards and a European agreed solution wherever possible. Depending on the possible integration density and the number of channels, the whole system will consist of 10 to 16 VXI crates containing the digitizing electronics and several VME crates for event filter CPUs and data storage control. >


An investigation has been made to study the morphology of rumen ciliate protozoa from the subfamily Diplodiniinae. A total 814 rumen fluid samples of adult Indian cattle Bos indicus were collected. The present paper deals with the occurrence of Enoploplastron triloricatum. The body dimensions and variations of characters recorded from the specimen taken at random (n=50) from different slides and compared with earlier reports and critical comments were made on their specific identity


data-center environment, the administrator needs to understand the root-cause of the issue. The growing trend of system virtualization, combined with the need to support end-to-end performance goals for enterprise applications, have made root-cause analysis a nontrivial problem - administrators are required to manually parse all hardware events, configuration modifications, and changes in access characteristics, across all tiers of the IO path from application servers to the disks. We propose a framework that assists storage administrators with root-cause analysis in distributed systems. GENESIS consists of three key modules: Abnormality Detection, Snapshot Generation, and Diagnosis. The Abnormality Detection module uses clustering algorithms to create and constantly evolve the normality models of measurable parameters in components. The Snapshot Generator is triggered by a combination of abnormality detection and policies to take compact snapshots of the system state for analysis whenever a significant change occurs. The Diagnosis module parses the snapshots and shortlists the root-cause for the administrator using knowledge about the impact of the run-time changes on IO performance. We have implemented an initial proof-of-concept of GENESIS in GPFS (a high performance distributed file-system) and validated its operation for several interesting real-world scenarios. Encouraged by the results, we are currently deploying our prototype in an existing data center environment.


"I should detest," wrote Dorothy Wordsworth, "the idea of setting myself up as an author." Protesting to Lady Beaumont she explained "I have not the powers which Coleridge thinks I have--I know it." Despite her self-deprecatory words, however, the reader of Dorothy Wordsworth's letters will discover a skill with language and a power of description that rivals even the poetry of her more famous brother. In this selection, Alan G. Hill offers seventy complete letters that together provide a fascinating portrait of the writer and her surroundings. Spontaneous, intimate, and lively, they constitute a life of Dorothy Wordsworth in her own words, following her from youth to the onset of her last tragic illness. In between, we meet a remarkable group of people, for no other observer was so close to Wordsworth, Coleridge, and their circle, shared so completely their feelings and aims, and had such an eye for the landscape that inspired them. To have brought them so vividly before our eyes is surely one of Dorothy Wordsworth's greatest and most enduring achievements.


The rapid human population growth rate coupled with the need for improved
infrastructure project delivery has necessitated the participation of private sector for the
procurement of such projects. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) is one such private
sector driven procurement approach which has evolved to serve the growing demand for
infrastructure development in Malaysia. However, the Value for Money (VfM)
evaluative aspect of the PPP procurement form has faced criticism. Much of the
criticism is directed to the PPP practice being riddled with issues identified as being
related to the ineffective structuring of the private sector led project-specific Special
Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to deliver VfM. Exploratory preliminary research findings
indicate that there is a lack of overall long-term strategic focus by the SPV for
delivering VfM objectives in PPP projects. Questionnaire survey data was obtained from
a purposive sample of 48 public and private PPP practitioners in Peninsular Malaysia to
determine the needed skills (core skills) and critical success factors (CSFs) required by
the SPV to achieve their VfM objectives for PPP projects, and hence the successful
delivery of PPP projects. The aim of the research is to develop a conceptual tool for
delivering Best Value (BV) on PPP infrastructure projects. The notion of "skill sets" is
used as a means to scope the capability necessary with respect to agreed planning targets
on specific projects. A Best Value PPP conceptual framework is developed as a heuristic
tool for managers which proposes the embedding of the VfM aligned PPP SPV
organizational skills into the operational structure of the SPV and then effecting the SPV
organizational strategic measures according to the four perspectives of the Balanced
Scorecard performance measurement strategy with respect to the CSFs. Drawing on the
understanding that VfM objectives are critical denominators for effective PPP project
delivery, this research will influence the development of appropriate guidelines for the
effective structuring of the SPV"s to enable the delivery of enhanced VfM objectives in
the form of BV for PPP concession projects.


The tumor microenvironment and proinflammatory signals significantly alter glycosylation of cell-surface proteins on endothelial cells. By altering the N-glycosylation machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, proinflammatory cytokines promote the modification of endothelial glycoproteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) with sialic acid–capped N-glycans. VEGFR2 is a highly N-glycosylated receptor tyrosine kinase involved in pro-angiogenic signaling in physiological and pathological contexts, including cancer. Here, using glycoside hydrolase and kinase assays and immunoprecipitation and MS-based analyses, we demonstrate that N-linked glycans at the Asn-247 site in VEGFR2 hinder VEGF ligand–mediated receptor activation and signaling in endothelial cells. We provide evidence that cell surface–associated VEGFR2 displays sialylated N-glycans at Asn-247 and, in contrast, that the nearby sites Asn-145 and Asn-160 contain lower levels of sialylated N-glycans and higher levels of high–mannose N-glycans, respectively. Furthermore, we report that VEGFR2 Asn-247–linked glycans capped with sialic acid oppose ligand-mediated VEGFR2 activation, whereas the uncapped asialo-glycans favor activation of this receptor. We propose that N-glycosylation, specifically the capping of N-glycans at Asn-247 by sialic acid, tunes ligand-dependent activation and signaling of VEGFR2 in endothelial cells.


Background The aim of this study was to explore the intervention effect and mechanism of total flavonoids of Mao Dongqing on cerebral ischaemic tolerance using modern technology. Methods To establish the mouse cerebral ischaemic tolerance model, we used the method of blocking the blood flow of the bilateral common carotid arteries twice. After the first operation, each group was given the corresponding medicine, once a day for 5 days. After the second operation, the content of TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1 in plasma and the expression of c-fos, COX-2 in brain tissue and the morphological changes of brain by HE staining were observed over 24 hours. Results The mouse cerebral ischaemic tolerance model was a copy success. The total flavonoids of Mao Dongqing significantly reduced the content of plasma B2 (TXB2) in the animal model, significantly increased the content of 6-keto-PGF1α in plasma and reduced the ratio of TXB2 to 6-keto-PGF1α, which suggested that platelet function was improved. They decreased the expression of c-fos and COX-2 in brain tissue and significantly reduced the degree of pathological damage of brain tissue. This indicates that they had an anti-cerebral ischaemic effect. Conclusion Ischaemic preconditioning can induce cerebral ischaemic tolerance. The total flavonoids of Mao Dongqing and ischaemic preconditioning have a synergistic effect by inhibition of the overexpression of immediate early gene c-fos, COX-2 and improved platelet function. It can reduce brain injury and promote the formation of cerebral ischaemic tolerance.


The quality of CMOS circuits can be increased by performing I/sub DDQ/ testing. For regular circuits constructed from identical modules, defects localized to a single module detectable by current testing can be sensitized by exhaustively applying all input patterns to each circuit module. Regular circuits for which every module in arbitrarily large circuit can have all input patterns applied are defined to be I/sub DDQ/-testable. The I/sub DDQ/-testing properties of a class of regular circuits called tress are investigated. We present the conditions for one-dimensional and tree array circuits to be I/sub DDQ/-testable. We also present conditions for these circuits to be CI/sub DDQ/-testable, that is, I/sub DDQ/-testable with a constant number of tests independent of the circuit's size. Practical circuits such as comparators and carry-lookahead adders are used to illustrate the derived conditions.


The main purpose of this study was to verify by means of structural equation modelling (SEM) how students' interest in mathematics (SIM) is affected by students' perception and students' motivation to learn mathematics. The study further investigated the effect of students' perception (SP) on students' motivation (SM) to learn mathematics. The study adopted a simple random sampling technique to administer 150 questionnaires to 10 public Senior High Schools in Ghana. In all, a total number of 1,500 students were given the questionnaire to indicate their responses. However, 1,263 questionnaires were properly administered, representing 84.3% response rate. The constructs reliability for SIM, SP, and SM were 0.71, 0.82, and 0.68 respectively. The further explored how the goodness-of-fit influences the measurement model, structural model and the overall model. The findings indicated that when Ghanaian high school students' have good perception about mathematics and have the motivation to learn mathematics, their interest in mathematics would improve significantly.


Simple Summary A non-integrating and self-replicating Venezuelan equine encephalitis RNA replicon system can potentially make a great contribution to the generation of clinically applicable canine induced pluripotent stem cells. Our study shows a new method to utilize the synthetic RNA-based approach for canine somatic cell reprogramming regarding transfection and reprogramming efficiency. Abstract Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) can provide great potential for regenerative veterinary medicine. Several reports have described the generation of canine somatic cell-derived iPSCs; however, none have described the canine somatic cell reprogramming using a non-integrating and self-replicating RNA transfection method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal strategy using this approach and characterize the transition stage of ciPSCs. In this study, fibroblasts obtained from a 13-year-old dog were reprogrammed using a non-integrating Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) RNA virus replicon, which has four reprogramming factors (collectively referred to as T7-VEE-OKS-iG and comprised of hOct4, hKlf4, hSox2, and hGlis1) and co-transfected with the T7-VEE-OKS-iG RNA and B18R mRNA for 4 h. One day after the final transfection, the cells were selected with puromycin (0.5 µg/mL) until day 10. After about 25 days, putative ciPSC colonies were identified showing TRA-1-60 expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. To determine the optimal culture conditions, the basic fibroblast growth factor in the culture medium was replaced with a modified medium supplemented with murine leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF) and two kinase inhibitors (2i), PD0325901(MEK1/2 inhibitor) and CHIR99021 (GSK3β inhibitor). The derived colonies showed resemblance to naïve iPSCs in their morphology (dome-shaped) and are dependent on mLIF and 2i condition to maintain an undifferentiated phenotype. The expression of endogenous pluripotency markers such as Oct4, Nanog, and Rex1 transcripts were confirmed, suggesting that induced ciPSCs were in the late intermediate stage of reprogramming. In conclusion, the non-integrating and self-replicating VEE RNA replicon system can potentially make a great contribution to the generation of clinically applicable ciPSCs, and the findings of this study suggest a new method to utilize the VEE RNA approach for canine somatic cell reprogramming.


The overseas schooling choice as a spatial strategy of capital accumulation has recently attracted scholarly attention (Findlay et al 2012; Ong 1999; Waters 2005, 2006; Brooks and Waters 2011). This paper follows an exploration of the links between geographical mobilities incurred by educational choices, capital accumulation, and class identities by looking at the overseas educational choice of the Chinese 'new rich'. It situates this examination in the schooling choices of Chinese families in both China and Australia, particularly drawing attention to the Chinese students' educational experiences in China, to better understand their overseas educational imperatives and imaginations at the moment of their overseas study decision-making. Theoretically, it engages with debates of flexible accumulation of cultural capital in geographically transnational mobility (Ong 1999; Waters 2006), cosmopolitan capital (Weenink 2007; 2008), and class-making (Bourdieu 1986; Ball 2003). In these debates, schools are approached as a regime of capital where students can be possibly inculcated in certain cultural traits and accumulate targeted forms of cultural capital that constitutes their class-to-be identities. The paper seeks to contribute to this academic endeavour by focusing on the overseas educational choice-making of Chinese international students and their families. It is also a break that sees schools as an ethical regime. Drawing on the notion of ethical problematization in the situated global assemblages (Ong and Collier 2005), it is an attempt to explore the ethical rationalities associated with overseas school choices. It is revealed in this empirical research that ethical rationalities centring round 'how one should live' and neoliberal rationalities of capital imaginaries are mediated paralleled or single-handedly in the construction of the Chinese new rich's overseas study imperatives. By bringing attention to their ethical rationalities and emotional landscapes, this paper argues that ethical rationalities cannot be neglected as motivations and a valence of reasoning in the school choice making by an over-emphasis on a neoliberal logic embedded in a classed strategy.


Single ionizing radiation at a tolerable dose is ineffectual in eliminating malignancies but readily generates harmful effects on surrounding normal tissues. Herein, we intelligently fabricated novel wolfram-doped polypyrrole (WPPy) through a simple oxidative polymerization method with WCl6 as an oxidizing catalyst, which possessed good biocompatibility, high photothermal conversion, and intensive radiosensitivity capacities to concurrently serve as a photothermal reagent and a radiosensitizer for hyperthermia-synergized radiotherapy (RT) against a malignant tumor. In comparison with traditional polypyrrole without noble metal doping, the innovative introduction of WCl6 not only successfully launched the polymerization of a pyrrole monomer but also endowed WPPy with additional radiosensitization. More importantly, after further decoration with an active targeted component (SP94 polypeptide), the obtained WPPy@SP94 significantly increased tumor internalization and accumulation in vitro and in vivo and induced obvious DNA damage as well as robust ROS generation under X-ray irradiation, which meanwhile synergized with strong photonic hyperthermia to effectively inhibit tumor growth by single drug injection. Moreover, such biocompatible WPPy@SP94 showed negligible adverse effects on normal cells and tissues. WPPy@SP94 developed in this study not only expands the category of polypyrrole chemical syntheses but also sheds light on WPPy@SP94-based radiosensitizers for cancer RT.


The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of using rhythm metrics on the traditional units of speech rhythm (the syllable and the foot), instead of applying them to consonantal and vocalic intervals. Despite [14] had already proven that the standard deviation of syllables and feet did not provide a satisfactory representation of the traditional rhythm classes, some recent studies obtained encouraging results. In particular, [2] applied the PVI to English and Estonian syllables and feet, and a similar approach is intrinsic in the YARD index (cf. [15]) though only at syllable level. We computed the deltas and the PVIs on syllables (measured as the distance between two successive vocalic onsets) and feet (measured as the distance between the onsets of two stressed vowels) for 30 samples of 14 languages. The results do not confirm expectations and do not seem to support the use of these units for the study of speech rhythm in these terms.


Carbonaceous compounds are a significant component of fine particulate matter and haze in national parks and wilderness areas where visibility is protected, i.e., class I areas (CIAs). The Regional Haze Rule set the goal of returning visibility in CIAs on the most anthropogenically impaired days to natural by 2064. To achieve this goal, we need to understand contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to the total fine particulate carbon (TC). A Lagrangian chemical transport model was used to simulate the 2006-2008 contributions from various source types to measured TC in CIAs and other rural lands. These initial results were incorporated into a hybrid model to reduce systematic biases. During summer months, fires and vegetation-derived secondary organic carbon together often accounted for >75% of TC. Smaller contributions, <20%, from area and mobile sources also occurred. During the winter, contributions from area and mobile sources increased, with area sources accounting for half or more of the TC in many regions. The area emissions were likely primarily from residential and industrial wood combustion. Different fire seasons were evident, with the largest contributions during the summer when wildfires occur and smaller contributions during the spring and fall when prescribed and agricultural fires regularly occur.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify crucial and new product selling challenges in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector for the companies operating in Business to Business (B2B) sales setting.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses qualitative techniques of focus group discussion, semi-structure interviews and thematic content analysis to explore crucial and new product selling challenges. Total interpretive structuring modeling (TISM) is used to create a hierarchy amongst the factors and interpret the relationships amongst them.

Findings
This study identifies crucial challenges for the ICT sector. The TISM framework helped in identifying variables and explained the relationship between the identified variables.

Research limitations/implications
The findings may have been affected by the small size of the sample, the research was restricted to Indian market only and the result would have varied across cultures and different domains.

Practical implications
Companies in the ICT sector are eager to develop new products but fail to sell it. Salespeople play a crucial role in diffusing the new product in the market. Addressing the challenges faced by salespeople will improve not only the sales of the new product but also the overall the operational efficiency of the sales force.

Social implications
Although several studies have suggested that sales force is the major contributing factor to new product success, few studies have focused on the role of salespeople in new product launch, particularly with respect to challenges in new product selling.

Originality/value
This is the first study to identify new product selling challenges in the ICT sector.


Microfinance has evolved over the past quarter century across India into various operating forms and to a varying degree of success. One such form of microfinance has been the development of the self help movement. SHG is a group of rural poor who have volunteered to organize themselves into a group for eradication of poverty of the members. SHG is a group formed by the community women, which has specific number of members like 15 to 20. In such a group the poorest women would come together for emergency, disaster, social reasons, economic support to each other have ease of conversation, social interaction and economic interactions. This study on Impact of Self Help Groups on rural women was conducted to study the formation mechanism of Self Help Groups and to measure the impact of SHGs on rural women in means of decision making. The study consists of 250 women members of SHGs and 250 non- SHG women members as selected respondents. The findings indicate that highest majority of women participated in SHGs for economic independence, income-generation activities and social contacts. The impact of decision making on SHG members were found significantly higher than non- SHG members in Household Expenditure, Education of Children, Marriage of Children, Marketing and Social Customs in the home.


Patients who use post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are at ongoing risk for HIV acquisition after completing PEP. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use immediately after PEP, some practitioners are hesitant to offer PEP-to-PrEP (PEP2PrEP). We began offering PEP2PrEP in the sexually transmitted infection clinic in Ottawa, Canada on August 5, 2018. During the first 16 months of PEP2PrEP, 61 patients requested PEP and 46 were initiated; 30 of these patients agreed to PEP2PrEP and 26 followed through. None of our PEP patients had confirmed HIV exposures; all fulfilled the initiation criterion of condomless anal sex with a male partner of unknown HIV-status. During the study, the number of PEP requests and initiations was statistical unchanged, yet the seroconversion rate among patients who used PEP decreased from 1.7% pre-PEP2PrEP to 0% post-PEP2PrEP. Regarding follow-up, most discontinuations occurred between the PrEP intake and 1-month follow-up visit.


This investigation was designed to apply contextual interference to acquisition of snowboarding skills. 20 participants completed several acquisition stages lasting about 2 hours while either alternating the direction of the turn within each stage or completing the whole stage while attempting turns in one direction, then repeating the stage for the other direction of turn. Following acquisition, all participants returned 1 wk. later for a retention test. Alternating practice yielded better performance during acquisition and retention as measured by the arc and form attained within the turns. Because this differs from typical contextual interference effects, it is suggested that the relation between the skills may have affected the results. Negative transfer operating within blocked practice and increased between-task comparisons within alternating practice may be related to the similarity between the tasks.


A cue-driven retrospection (CDR) method is presented here that is developed for modeling the decision making process of naturalistic decision makers. The method is obtained from analysis of data obtained for nonroutine situations from fireground incident commanders and focuses on the use of cues instead of patterns. The method revolves around the tenet that in no routine situations, the decision makers think in a bottom-up fashion using the important, relevant and diagnostic cues intuitively (Shaikh, 2011); the method intends to capture the arguments that the firefighters give to term or not term a cue important, relevant and diagnostic. The thematic analysis of data gathered for Shaikh (2011) gave rise to this method. For testing the method, a total of 12 firefighters were asked to recall an incident that was of no routine nature and they were asked to fill the CDR template. The firefighters were provided a set of cues to assist in the activity and extract more mentally. The results shows that the firefighters were able to identify the relevance, importance and diagnosticity of cues. The CDR method can be used for naturalistic decision makers as well as for professionals such as design engineers, paramedics, and computer programmers etc. The method can be used for developing decision support systems, evaluating performance of decision makers, as certaining areas where more training is required, and for investigating the decision making process. This research in itself is one of its kind because fire brigade in Pakistan is mostly unexplored and how firefighters make decisions in the absence of even water and other basic resources needs to be investigated. Moreover this researcher found them highly non cooperative in this research endeavor.


The prognostic value of p53 status in non-small cell lung cancer has been investigated in 148 patients with clinical stage I-IIIB disease. Tumor tissues were examined for mutations in exons 4-9, with emphasis on defined structural and functional domains. Eighty-four mutations were detected in 83 (54%) of the patients. Eighty-eight percent of the mutations were within exons 5-8, and 12% of the mutations were within exons 4 and 9. Missense mutations occurred in 67% of the tumors, and 30% were null mutations (10% stop mutations, 15% frameshift mutations, and 5% splice site mutations). Patients with mutations in p53 had a significantly higher risk for lung cancer-related death and for death from all causes than those with wild-type p53 [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.09 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-3.64 and HR = 1.69 and 95% CI = 1.06-2.70, respectively]. Mutations in p53 related to even still poorer lung cancer-related prognosis were found at the following locations: (a) exon 8 (HR = 3.5; 95% CI, 1.59-7.71)]; (b) the structural domains L2 + L3 (HR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.18-4.74), and (c) codons involved in zinc binding (HR = 11.7; 95% CI, 3.56-38.69). Together, the biologically functional group of severe flexible mutants (codons 172, 173, 175, 176, 179, 181, 238, 245, and 267) and severe contact mutants (248, 282) were significantly related to shorter lung cancer-related survival (HR = 4.16; 95% CI, 1.93-8.97). Squamous cell carcinoma was the dominant histological type in tumors involved in poor prognosis in exon 8 (HR = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.07-9.45). These results indicate that mutations in defined structural and functional domains of p53 may be useful molecular biological markers for prognosis and treatment strategy in non-small cell lung cancer patients.


Hypertrophic and keloid scars form in a healed skin wound by the overgrowth of fibrous tissue after injury or surgery. In this case study the treatment and control of hypertrophic and keloid scars in an adult Chinese male with third degree burns is presented, emphasizing the use of topical silastic gel for scar treatment and control.


The depositional bodies of the Chile Trench (trench fans, the axial channel, sheeted basins, ponded basins, and axial sediment lobes) control the spatial distribution of modem lithofacies in the basin. Sheeted basins (south of 41°S) are presumably fed by closely spaced submarine gullies that approximate a line of source of sediment supply along the base of the slope. Trench fans (41°S−33°S) are built at the mouths of major submarine canyon systems which act as point sources of sediment supply. The axial channel follows the northward gravitational gradient, draining the distributary networks of trench fans into the longitudinal transport system. Down-gradient (northern) fan lobes are severely dissected by erosional processes; evidently, periods of proximal deposition alternate with periods of massive sediment remobilization and progradation of the axial dispersal system into more distal environments. Channelized basins in the canyon-mouth areas yield to sheeted basins (depositional surface maintains an axial gradient) or ponded basins (depositional surface is strictly flat) in inter-canyon areas. Tectonic disruption of the oceanic basement can locally augment the axial gradient and stimulate flow channelization, or reverse the gradient and induce sediment ponding. A large, margin-parallel sediment lobe is built at the base of a high axial escarpment near 33°S, where the axial channel crosses a transverse discontinuity at the convergent plate boundary. Five lithofacies are defined by Q-mode factor analysis of sediment textures and hydro-dynamic structures in 27 cores from the Chile Trench. The Channel facies (thick, amalgamated sand, massive to laminated or cross-bedded) is deposited by high-energy processes within the coarse-grained bedload of turbidity currents; it forms in distributary and axial channels. The Levee facies (rhythmically bedded, internally structureless, graded sand and graded silt) is deposited from concentrated sediment suspensions that quickly lose momentum during channel spillover; it forms on channel flanks, although constructional levees are not always present. The Basin-1 facies (more complete Bouma sequences, both upper and lower flow regime structures) forms in ponded basins where flows are confined by a high-relief, seaward trench wall. The Basin-2 facies (graded and laminated silt, lower flow regime structures) forms in low-energy environments, such as interchannel areas, distal basins, trench walls, and elevated topographic features. The Contourite facies (silt and sand laminations winnowed from hemipelagic muds and distal turbidites) is best developed in sediment-starved basins where geostrophic currents are constricted and accelerated between the steep inner and outer trench walls. The trench wedge records a coarsening-upward sequence as the oceanic plate migrates toward and into the trench during plate convergence, and becomes more proximal to sediment sources along the base of the continental margin. Near canyon mouths, prograding trench fans drive the axial channel seaward into the trench wedge, and the coarsening-upward sequence is truncated by a time-transgressive erosional unconformity. Abandoned axial channel deposits are carried landward beneath prograding fans to record a fining-upward sequence above the basal unconformity. Channel migration and lobe aggradation may produce fining- and coarsening-upward sequences on depositional fan lobes, but sequences on the erosional lobes are fragmented by numerous truncation surfaces.


This paper describes an implementation of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) on the Portals 3.0 data movement layer. Portals 3.0 provides low-level building blocks that are flexible enough to support higher-level message passing layers, such as MPI, very efficiently. Portals 3.0 is also designed to allow for programmable network interface cards to offload message processing from the host processor, allowing for the ability to overlap computation and MPI communication. We describe the basic building blocks in Portals 3.0, show how they can be put together to implement MPI, and describe the protocols of our MPI implementation. We look at several key operations within the implementation and describe the effects that a Portals 3.0 implementation has on scalability and performance. We also present preliminary performance results from our implementation for Myrinet.


In this practice insight contribution, we reflect on our learnings from configuring and upholding a living lab as a third place in an urban and distinctively non-academic environment. Trying to make space for an empowering hospitality necessitated withholding our schemes and workshop plans so to facilitate grassroots endeavors on the side of the people dropping in and staying around though they might follow unexpected paths. This follows no blueprint but requires researchers and science communicators to be open to surprises, to be patient and persistent, and to be willing to swap positions and be the learners, not the instructors. While the physical and technical infrastructures were at one point installed, keeping the social infrastructuring of continuous presence running remains an open issue that requires us to rethink how to fund and support living labs and their mission in the long run.


In this study, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of basic pumice on frost resistance of self-compacting concrete (SCC). A total of 6 SCCs with a water/binder ratio of 0.32 was produced in which crushed stone replaced with basic pumice in 5 different mixture ratios with increased 5% from 10% to 30% as well as control of self-compacting concrete (SCC-C) without basic pumice. Within the scope of this study, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and mass loss values were measured at every 50 cycles. Moreover, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME) and durability factor (DF) of all SCCs were calculated. At the end of 300 freeze-thaw cycles, compressive strength of all SCC mixtures was tested to obtain the freeze-thaw resistance of basic pumice. According to experiment results that carried out, using of basic pumice up to 20% increased the frost durability of SCC mixtures. Key-Words: Frost resistance, basic pumice, self-compacting concrete, ultrasonic pulse velocity, mass loss


Investigations have been made to explore the applicability of an off-the-shelf deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architecture, residual neural network (ResNet), to the classification of the crystal structure of materials using electron diffraction patterns without prior knowledge of the material systems under consideration. The dataset required for training and validating the ResNet architectures was obtained by the computer simulation of the selected area electron diffraction (SAD) in transmission electron microscopy. Acceleration voltages, zone axes, and camera lengths were used as variables and crystal information format (CIF) files obtained from open crystal data repositories were used as inputs. The cubic crystal system was chosen as a model system and five space groups of 213, 221, 225, 227, and 229 in the cubic system were selected for the test and validation, based on the distinguishability of the SAD patterns. The simulated diffraction patterns were regrouped and labeled from the viewpoint of computer vision, i.e., the way how the neural network recognizes the two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional lattice structure of crystals, for improved training and classification efficiency. Comparison of the various ResNet architectures with varying number of layers demonstrated that the ResNet101 architecture could classify the space groups with the validation accuracy of 92.607%.


This article draws on Barad's posthumanist ethics of mattering as an alternative methodology to qualitative research with big data while foregrounding writing as mattering. Big data is outlined as linguistic matter to be understood in relational materiality and subjectivity. I then discuss writing in light of mattering from multiple angles. To illustrate, I present an example of a course in which students wrote their own creation myths in an affirmative manner by navigating a corpus of 80 existing ones. The final section sketches what an ethics of naturing with big data might be about.


Abstract. The existence and importance of peroxyformic acid (PFA) in the atmosphere has been under controversy. We present here, for the first time, the observation data for PFA from four field measurements carried out in China. These data provided powerful evidence that PFA can stay in the atmosphere, typically in dozens of pptv level. The relationship between PFA and other detected peroxides was examined. The results showed that PFA had a strong positive correlation with its homolog, peroxyacetic acid, due to their similar sources and sinks. Through an evaluation of PFA production and removal rates, we proposed that the reactions between peroxyformyl radical (HC(O)O2) and formaldehyde or the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) were likely to be the major source and degradation into formic acid (FA) was likely to be the major sink for PFA. Based on a box model evaluation, we proposed that the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry was a major source for FA under low NOx conditions. Furthermore, it is found that the impact of the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry on radical cycling was dependent on the yield of HC(O)O2 radical from HC(O) + O2 reaction. When this yield exceeded 50%, the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry should not be neglected for calculating the radical budget. To make clear the exact importance of HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry in the atmosphere, further kinetic, field and modeling studies are required.


We test the chronology protection conjecture in classical general relativity by investigating finitely vicious spacetimes. First we present singularity theorems in finitely vicious spacetimes by imposing some restrictions on the chronology-violating sets. In the theorems we can refer to the location of an occurring singularity and do not assume any asymptotic conditions such as the existence of null infinities. Furthermore, introducing the concept of a non-naked singularity, we show that a restricted class of chronology violations cannot arise if all occurring singularities are non-naked singularities. Our results suggest that the causal feature of the occurring singularities is the key to prevent the appearance of causality violation.


Problem solving is one of the most significant cognitive abilities which is involved in almost all decision makings and engagements with external stimuli. The current research aimed to investigate relation Investigation of relation between problem solving method (insolvency, control and creativity factors) of parents (Fathers) with children's (sons). The method is correlative. The sample group consists of 100 seventh to tenth grade students at non-profit schools in Tehran who were selected via cluster sampling method. Long and Cassidy's Problem Solving Method Inventory (1996) was given out among students and was returned having been filled. The Inventory related with parents was also delivered to students and was returned after being completed at home. Test results were analyzed by the SPSS software. Given Pearson Correlation Coefficient results, there was no relationship between Parents (fathers) Problem solving method and Children (sons) Problem solving method. Also, the results arising from examination of problem solving factors indicated that there was a significant relationship between trust in parents' problem solving and their children; however, no significant relationship was seen between inability in parents' problem solving and their children. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between tendency in parents' problem solving and their children.


These concluding years of the freedom era show King at the height of his powers even as his worldly prestige falls under withering attack. We witness non-violent advances for democracy in the face of growing factionalism and fear. We meet heroines and martyrs; enter a world battered by private doubts, public dreams, contagious inspiration, official harassment, and poisonous discord over the Vietnam War. The narrative begins with violence before the pivotal 1965 Selma march for the right to vote, a dangerous time. From landmark victory there, King's movement comes under threat from competing forces. Branch chronicles dramatic campaigns in Mississippi and Alabama, King's tormented alliance with Lyndon Johnson, his painful break with Stokey Carmichael over black power, and persecution by Hoover's FBI. Like "Parting the Waters" and "Pillar of Fire", "At Canaan's Edge" is a magnificent achievement that brings the decades of the Civil Rights struggle alive and preserves the integrity of those who marched and died.


High wind speeds and wide available area at sea have recently increased the global interest on offshore wind farms. As offshore wind farms become larger and are placed further from the shore, the power transmission to the onshore grid becomes a key feature. The objective of this work is to give further insight to HVAC and HVDC-LCC transmission systems. Several compensation schemes for absorbing the excessive reactive power associated to HVAC are evaluated. Furthermore, the benefits of the STATCOM, namely in what concerns its improved voltage control capabilities, are addressed for both technologies. The results obtained bare some similarities, but also important differences, which are highlighted in the paper.


This pilot study investigates the osseointegration of four types of critical-size (1.5-cm diameter) rabbit cranial defect (n = 35) bone graft scaffolds. The first is a solid poly(propylene fumarate)/beta-tricalcium phosphate(PPF/beta-TCP) disk; the three remaining constructs contain a PPF/beta-TCP core coated with a 1-mm resorptive porous foam layer of PPF or PLGA [poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)], and bone marrow. Animals were killed at 6, 12, and 20 weeks. There was no evidence of a foreign body inflammatory response at any time during the study. Histomorphometric analyses of new bone formation sorted lineal and areal measures of new bone into three cranial layers (i.e., external, middle, and internal). Statistical analyses revealed significantly more bone in the PLGA foam-coated constructs than in the PPF foam-coated constructs (p < 0.03). No implant fixation was used; there is no strength at time 0. Twenty percent of all explants were tested for incorporation strength with a one-point "push-in" test, and failure ranged from 8.3 to 34.7 lb. The results of this study support the use of PPF as a biocompatible material that provides both a structural and osteogenic substrate for the repair of cranial defects.


Background. Traditionally, malnutrition is influenced by food availability in the community, weak economic development, poverty, climate issues, and war, and other contributing factors, such as the number of family members, the pattern of feeding and the prevalence of high infectious diseases. Another factor affecting the occurrence of malnutrition in infants is complementary feeding/MPASI. Feeding too early is 3.2 times can cause malnutrition. The timing of complementary feeding (MPASI) is also related to the occurrence of stunting.
Objective. To find out the description of complementary feeding (MPASI) and nutritional status of infants in Tuak Daun Merah Village.
Method. A cross sectional study was used for this research. It was conducted in the Village of Tuak Daun Merah, Kupang City. The research started from January to July 2018. The population of this research was mothers of infants aged 6-24 months with a total 193 people and samples amounting to 66 people. Sampling used simple random sampling technique.
Results. Female (57.6%) respondents are more than men (42.4%). Most of the respondents were in the age group of 12-24 months (63.7%). There was 2 severe malnutrition status of new-born babies (baby under 2 months) who got an early MPASI and 6 babies have malnutrition; 3 babies who received an early MPASI have very short body of their nutritional status, while 11 babies experience short nutrition; and 1 baby who got an early MPASI has a very underweight nutritional status while 5 babies are underweight.
Conclusion. Infants who got an early MPASI can have a negative impact on their growth and development. Every mother should be aware of the importance of giving MPASI on time and giving a nutritious food to prevent children from nutritional problems.
Keywords: early complementary feeding, infants, nutritional status


The position of regional medical advisor (RMA) is relatively new in the pharmaceutical industry and its roles and responsibility are still evolving. The RMA is a field based position whose main mission is to foster collaborative relationships with the key opinion leaders (KOLs) and to facilitate the exchange of unbiased scientific information between the medical community and the company. Field-based medical liaison teams are expanding world-wide as part of the pharmaceutical industry's increased focus on global operations including emerging markets. Now, the position of the RMA has evolved into comprehensive, complex, highly interactive, targeted, highly strategic, innovative, and independent role since its inception by the Upjohn Company in 1967. The major objective of the RMA is to develop the professional relationships with the health-care community, particularly KOLs, through peer-to-peer contact. The RMA can facilitate investigator-initiated clinical research proposals from approval until completion, presentation, and publication. It is possible for a RMA to have valuable access to KOLs through his expertise in the clinical research. The RMA can assist in the development, review, and follow-up of the clinical studies initiated within the relevant therapeutic area at the regional/local level. The RMA can lead regional/local clinical projects to ensure that all clinical trials are conducted in compliance with the International Conference of Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) guidelines.


This paper sets offers a personal account of how the concepts of replacement, reduction and refinement can be traced through a brief history of the use of animals in science. It considers how the 3Rs are reflected in current intent and practice, and speculates about how they will influence animal use and progress in the biological sciences in the future. The scientific community, not its critics, must always be, and be seen to be, at the forefront of developing and implementing 3R strategies. Good welfare is a pre-requisite for good science, and 'alternative methods' are generally driven by a need to improve the model systems used. All of those involved with in-vivo animal research have moral and legal obligations to ensure that animal models are only used when · they are scientifically valid, · the benefits likely to accrue are judged to exceed the likely animal welfare cost, · there are no available replacement alternatives, and · the animal suffering likely to be caused has been minimised. Public opinion and the political climate should not be hostile to the use of animals in science providing these principles are demonstrably applied and the scientific community offers sufficient justification for the use of animal models. In practice a number of considerations have to be balanced to define the best 3R strategy. Research strategies and methods should be regularly challenged, reviewed and revised as continuous progress is made with respect to replacement, reduction and refinement opportunities. Whilst legislation can set the scene for refined science, real progress requires that funding bodies, the regulatory authorities, and the user community demonstrate their commitment to participating in the best and most humane science underpinned by an appropriate culture of care. Commitment to the 3Rs is essential to a successful science-base: · To maintain public and political confidence and support. · To continuously raise welfare standards. · To support and facilitate better science. Our improving knowledge of animal welfare and laboratory animal science sets the scene for further progress. This knowledge also reinforces the general principle that good welfare is a prerequisite for good science. Science tends to evolve from the empirical and descriptive to the mechanistic and problem solving. In the biological sciences this facilitates reduction, refinement and replacement strategies. Progress with 'alternative methods' should be science and welfare driven. There are obstacles to the general and rapid introduction of alternative methods: they must be validated, accepted by the scientific community, and reasonably and practically available. Publishing details of more refined methodology is still seen by some as less important than publishing the new science. Despite the progress that has been made with replacements, reduction and refinement there is still much to do. We should not be complacent. Hopefully the stage is already set to identify and remove some of the barriers that still exist to the development, promulgation and implementation replacement, and reduction and refinement alternatives.


Plumes of contamination emanate from nonaqueous-phase liquid sources as its constituents slowly dissolve into passing groundwater. For a large, well-characterized source, an aggressive technology such as steam flooding can accelerate cleanup. Steam is injected through a series of wells within and around a source area, and the steam zone grows radially around each injection well. The steam front drives the contamination to a system of groundwater pumping wells in the saturated zone and soil vapor extraction wells in the vadose zone. The movement of steam in the subsurface is governed primarily by soil heterogeneity and gravity. Steam is buoyant in groundwater and tends to migrate upward unless injected below a continuous confining layer. Groundwater pumping rates and vacuums typical of steam flooding are generally low compared to the steam injection rate and pressure and have limited influence over the lateral growth of the steam zone. To overcome these limitations, a system of air injection wells can be used to direct the steam zone growth. This paper presents results of sand-box experiments using air injection to prevent the outward growth of a steam zone between extraction wells with a discontinuous confining layer limiting the upward migration of steam. These experiments were numerically modeled with the multiphase nonisothermal code T2VOC. When confined vertically, the experiments and modeling show that outward migration of the steam front can be effectively controlled by placing air injection wells opposite steam injection wells. This technique can direct steam zone growth toward difficult access sources and away from areas where steam is not desired. Control of a proposed full-scale steam flood of the M-Area settling basin at the Savannah River Site was modeled using this method and the results are presented in this paper.


Reactions of [PdCl2(NCMe)2] with the ferrocenylpyrazolyl compounds: 3-ferrocenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (L1), ethyl-1-(2-bromoethyl)-3-ferrocenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (L2a), ethyl-1-(2-bromoethyl)-5-ferrocenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (L2b), 3-ferrocenylpyrazolyl-methylenepyridine (L3) and 3-ferrocenyl-5-methylpyrazolyl-methylenepyridine (L4) at room temperature afforded [PdCl2(L1)] (1), [PdCl2(L2a)] (2a), [PdCl2(L2b)] (2b), [PdCl2(L3)] (3) and [PdCl2(L4)] (4) respectively. Compounds L1-L4 and their palladium complexes were obtained in moderate to high (50-90%) yield and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and in selected cases by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1-4 were used as pre-catalysts for the reactions of 1-heptene and 1-octene with EtAlCl2 as a co-catalyst. The activities of 1, 2a and 3b were relatively low (10 083-18 250 g molPd(-1) h(-1)) with 1-heptene being a better monomer for these complexes. However, pre-catalysts 3 and 4 showed moderate activities (123 000-448 000 g molPd(-1) h(-1)) 1-octene being the better monomer. The polyolefins obtained were characterized by both (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} NMR to be highly branched polyolefins with degree of branching up to 270 branches per 1000 carbon atoms. However, low molecular weights between 888 and 1198 were recorded with narrow PDI between 1.02 and 1.44.


Recent evidence has demonstrated that spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous activity reflect the patterns of activity evoked by sensory stimuli. However, few studies have examined whether response profiles of task-evoked activity, which is not related to external sensory stimuli but rather to internal processes, are also reflected in those of spontaneous activity. To address this, we recorded activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) when monkeys performed reaction-time and delayed-response visual-search tasks. We particularly focused on the target location-dependent modulation of delay-period activity (delay-period modulation) in the delayed-response task, and the discharge-rate persistency in fixation-period activity (baseline-activity maintenance) in the reaction-time task. Baseline-activity maintenance was assessed by the correlation between the spike counts of 2 separate bins. We found that baseline-activity maintenance, calculated from bins separated by a long interval (200-500 ms), was correlated with delay-period modulation, whereas that calculated from bins separated by a short interval (~100 ms) was correlated with trial-to-trial fluctuations in baseline activity, suggesting a link between the capability to hold task-related information in delay-period activity and the degree of baseline-activity maintenance in a timescale-dependent manner.


Modern software development methods combined with key generalizations of standard computational algorithms enable the development of a new class of electromagnetic modeling tools. This paper describes current and anticipated capabilities of a frequency domain modeling code, EIGER, which has an extremely wide range of applicability. In addition, software implementation methods and high performance computing issues are discussed.


This paper studies workers' lives in modern Britain. It uses longitudinal data to examine stress and job satisfaction through the decade of the 1990s. The results are disturbing. On both measures, the wellbeing of British public sector workers worsened sharply over the decade. The size of the deterioration was between one half point and one full point on a standard GHQ mental stress scale. This is remarkably large. Stress levels among private sector employees also rose. Job satisfaction in the private sector ran approximately flat through time. These findings may be of interest to nations who are thinking of adopting the British government's policies towards the public sector, and to those who have conjectured that working life is becoming more pressurised.


Among the many significant geopolitical consequences of Russia's war against Ukraine has been the reinvigoration of the Middle Corridor, both as a regional economic zone comprising Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Turkey but also as an increasingly attractive alternative route between Europe and China. Russia's war has disrupted overland connectivity via the New Eurasian Land Bridge, also known as Northern Corridor, which passes through – now heavily sanctioned – Russian and Belarusian territory. While the Middle Corridor will not be able to fully replace the Northern Corridor, regional integration along the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route is likely to increase its potential at the expense of Russia in the long-term. Ankara's close cultural ties with the Central Asian republics combined with the latter's willingness to diversify their foreign relations away from Moscow and Beijing provide Turkey with greater leverage in the region. The EU and Turkey share a common interest in enhancing Eurasian connectivity for several reasons: to promote peace and prosperity in the South Caucasus and Central Asia, to enhance commercial access to Central Asia, to increase the resilience of European supply chains, and to diversify European energy supplies. Strengthening Eurasian connectivity would also work to balance Russian, Chinese, and Iranian influence in Central Asia.


The operational availability is one of the important measures of the readiness for military aircrafts.However,the classical analytical method for calculating the operational availability has its short points.A conceptual model for operational availability is developed based on extensive system factors existing in the operation,maintenance and support procedures of military aircrafts.Based on this conceptual model and by using the software tool Extend,a simulation model is built.The results from the simulation show that the model runs stably and reliably,which validates its modular system of algorithms.The analytical objective of the model is achieved with high credibility,thereby providing a new method for the investigation of military aircraft availability.


This paper presents a model of persuasion in terms of goals and beliefs. Among the various ways to influence people, that is, to raise or lower the likelihood for them to pursue some goal, ranging from threat to suggestion, persuasion is viewed as a case of communicative non-coercive goal hooking. A persuader leads a persuadee to pursue some goal out of a free choice, i.e., by convincing him/her that the proposed goal is useful for some other goal that the persuadee already has. It is argued that the Aristotelian persuasive strategies of logos, ethos and pathos (rational argumentation, the speaker?s credibility and reliability, and the appeal to emotion) are always present in every persuasive discourse, and that they are exploited to raise the value of the goal proposed and to strengthen the believability of the link between it and the persuadee?s previous goals. The paper proposes an analysis of discourse in terms of a hierarchy of goals as a tool to single out these strategies within the discourse structure. By applying this model to different kinds of persuasive messages (political discourse, advertising, dialogues in the health domain), it shows how, in the fragments presented, this kind of analysis allows to clarify the relationships between the persuader?s and the persuadee?s goals and to elucidate how much and how directly the persuader appeals to logos, ethos and pathos in his/her discourse.


Abstract : Satellite-borne synthetic aperture radars (SAR), such as SEASAT, can map large segments of the earth's surface with a resolution better than 10 m. This high resolution is achieved by processing data coherently from a 10-to-20-km path along the satellite orbit. SEASAT operates at L band, where severe, naturally occurring propagation disturbances are rare except near the geomagnetic equator. On the other hand, because of the large aperture involved, loss of spatial coherence of phase can occur even when no significant amplitude scintillation is present. We have made computations that model the distortion of a point target for typical high-altitude scintillation conditions. The results show that severe degradation of reconstructed SAR images can occur, on occasion, from natural ionospheric disturbances. To confirm these results we have searched the SEASAT data base for obvious examples of the kind of distortion we expected. Several examples were found. Through a fortunate coincidence, incoherent-scatter radar data were available in which we were able to identify the likely source region of one of the disturbances. (Author)


Gradient-based attention modeling has been used widely as a way to visualize and understand convolutional neural networks. However, exploiting these visual explanations during the training of generative adversarial networks (GANs) is an unexplored area in computer vision research. Indeed, we argue that this kind of information can be used to influence GANs training in a positive way. For this reason, in this paper, it is shown how gradient based attentions can be used as knowledge to be conveyed in a teacher-student paradigm for multi-domain image-to-image translation tasks in order to improve the results of the student architecture. Further, it is demonstrated how"pseudo"-attentions can also be employed during training when teacher and student networks are trained on different domains which share some similarities. The approach is validated on multi-domain facial attributes transfer and human expression synthesis showing both qualitative and quantitative results.


This paper presents a production information monitoring system as an infrastructure of CIM system in footwear industry. The system is composed of hardware devices of terminal, communication converter, line controller and software for manufacturing processes. A terminal like a scanner is used for shop floor data input and a line controller is used to link between terminal and server. LAN and RS485 are used for connecting hardware components and deliver their information mutually. In the system, real time production information is acquired from information resources such as group of uppers and soles. The collected production information is delivered to a line controller and analyzed. Server receives information from line controller and machines for production management. Production planning information that is machined in the server is delivered to the shop floor and used for the production management of work in process, and used for improvement of productivity in a footwear production company. The implementation of the developed system shows the effectiveness of the system.


Spade is a new open source hardware description language (HDL) designed to increase developer productivity without sacrificing the low-level control offered by HDLs. It is a standalone language which takes inspiration from modern software languages, and adds useful abstractions for common hardware constructs. It also comes with a convenient set of tooling, such as a helpful compiler, a build system with dependency management, tools for debugging, and editor integration.


This study investigated the effects of grazing vetch (Vicia dasycarpa L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) cover crops and fertiliser on the seed bank of some problematic weeds in a maize-based conservation agriculture system. Soil sampling for seed bank analysis was carried out at the 0–5 and 5–20 cm depths after four years of rotations. The winter cover crops reduced the seed-bank density of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Datura stramonium L. in the 0–5 cm depth by 30–70%. Vetch was more effective on depleting the D. sanguinalis seed bank than oat. Fertiliser application reduced the A. retroflexus seed bank by 41.6% in the weedy fallow, but had no significant effect in plots grown to the cover crops. The winter cover crops did not significantly affect seed-bank weed species diversity.


This study reports experimental results on detecting Brillouin precursors through loamy-soil dispersive media in the frequency range of 500 MHz to 3 GHz. An experimental technique to collect and analyze the data is presented. Brillouin precursors are shown to be superimposed on the sine-modulated rectangular and Gaussian pulses. The detected Brillouin precursor is shown to have an algebraic amplitude decay behavior through the wet loamy soil considered in this study. Further, a method is proposed to extract the complex dielectric permittivity of the soil from limited experimental data. The experimental results are validated using a theoretical Fast Fourier Transform-based formulation and the experimentally achieved complex dielectric permittivity. These results are also compared with those of using existing theoretical dielectric models. Three different tests are also applied to validate the hypothesis of Brillouin precursor formation.


We search for breaks in the short term business lending rate pass-through in euro countries, possibly associated with the introduction of the euro. One break is detected in six national retail rates among EMU countries; two breaks are found in other six cases, and in the UK as well. The last break occurs much earlier for France while several quarters later for other countries, suggesting a loose link if ever with the event. Pass-throughs decrease (except for France), becoming even more incomplete (except for Netherlands); though the adjustment to equilibrium is faster, cross-country heterogeneity remains fairly large. With the new harmonized interest rates database, available since 2003, pass-throughs are much closer to one, especially for larger loans.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the health and social problems of modern health care. The main causes of death in patients with DM are macrovascular complications. Intensive hypoglycemic therapy is recommended to prevent complications; however it can increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia with subsequent growth rate of mortality. Glucose blood levels should be monitored to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, as well as control of normoglycemia and risk factors are needed. DM pathogenesis and prevalence are considered, and effects of glucose blood level on its outcomes are analyzed.


BACKGROUND
Physicians are sometimes confronted with patients who gain admission to one hospital after another, sometimes referred to as "wandering patients." Little is known about the presenting symptoms of these patients, their use of hospital resources, or the costs of their medical care. We analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics of wandering patients served by Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs).

METHODS
For each patient they admit, all 159 hospitals in the Veterans Affairs medical system submit demographic and diagnostic information to a central data base at the Data Processing Center in Austin, Texas. We searched these records to identify patients who were admitted to four or more VAMCs within each year from fiscal year 1988 through 1992. Patients so identified in any one year were called "wanderers"; those identified in all five years were designated "habitual wanderers."

RESULTS
We identified 1013 wanderers in 1988. The number gradually declined each year to 729 in 1993. In 1991 there were 810 wandering patients, who averaged about eight admissions per year and over 100 days of inpatient care; they accounted for about $26.5 million in costs for inpatient and outpatient care in that year. Only 35 patients wandered in all five years from 1988 through 1992. The most common discharge diagnoses of these 35 men were related to substance abuse (mostly alcoholism) and mental disorders. Their 2268 admissions and 7832 outpatient visits cost an estimated $6.5 million over the five-year period.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients who are repeatedly admitted to different hospitals--wandering patients--accumulate high numbers of admissions, cause diagnostic confusion, and receive uncoordinated care. Because of the complexity of their disorders, such patients require case management on a regional or national basis.


Abstract In this paper we investigate the control of three-dimensional non-autonomous fractional-order uncertain model of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) via a adaptive control technique. We derive a dimensionless fractional order model of the PMSM from the integer order presented in the literatures. Various dynamic properties of the fractional order model like eigen values, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation and bicoherence are investigated. The system chaotic behavior for various orders of fractional calculus are presented. An adaptive controller is derived to suppress the chaotic oscillations of the fractional order model. As the direct Lyapunov stability analysis of the robust controller is difficult for a fractional order first derivative, we have derived a new lemma to analyze the stability of the system. Numerical simulations of the proposed chaos suppression methodology are given to prove the analytical results derived through which we show that for the derived adaptive controller and the parameter update law, the origin of the system for any bounded initial conditions is asymptotically stable.


Arsenic is a toxic element even at low concentration, therefore its presence in rice is a matter of concern for the public health safety. Several studies have reported that rice contain arsenic at high levels. Rice is the staple food in Indonesia with high consumption around 200 – 300 g/day/person, but the investigations on arsenic content in rice has never been done . The aim of this study was to analyze arsenic in rice commonly consumed in Medan. Samples were obtained from 4 traditional markets and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest arsenic concentrations were found in inorganic red rice 3.71 mg/kg; organic brown rice 3.40 mg/kg; inorganic white rice 0.33 mg/kg; and organic black rice 0.13 mg/kg. The results of study have shown that the levels of arsenic in rice vary widely.


Although audio archives are available for a number of political institutions, the data they provide receive scant attention from researchers. Yet, audio data offer important insights, including information about speakers' emotional states. Using one of the largest collections of natural audio ever compiled—74,158 Congressional floor speeches—we introduce a novel measure of legislators' emotional intensity: small changes in vocal pitch that are difficult for speakers to control. Applying our measure to MCs' floor speeches about women, we show that female MCs speak with greater emotional intensity when talking about women as compared with both their male colleagues and their speech on other topics. Our two supplementary analyses suggest that increased vocal pitch is consistent with legislators' broader issue commitments, and that emotionally intense speech may affect other lawmakers' behavior. More generally, by demonstrating the utility of audio-as-data approaches, our work highlights a new way of studying political speech.


Background/introduction Although abortions performed at earlier gestations are relatively medically safer and less costly, nonetheless in many settings there exists a small minority of women who receive abortions in the second trimester. The difficult circumstances faced by women seeking later abortions have been highlighted, but it is not always clear what factors lead to abortions being performed later in pregnancy. Aim(s)/objectives To identify the causative factors of later (second trimester) abortion, analyse the impact of service provision on timing of abortion and highlight other factors relevant to delay in seeking or obtaining abortion. Methods A literature search was conducted using Medline and Embase databases, and results were limited to English language studies from the last 20 years in settings where termination of pregnancy was legally available. Results Most delays tended to act on one or more of three periods: identification of pregnancy, decision-making, and obtaining an abortion having made a decision. Delays in suspecting or confirming the pregnancy were key drivers in later termination and were particularly pronounced in young people; service-related delays were common, though small, and were often compounded by logistical factors such as financial difficulties. Discussion/conclusion The causes of later abortion are many and complex, and very commonly overlap; more research is needed to analyse how these factors interact to cause delay. The association of low socioeconomic status with increased abortion delay suggests more must be done to ensure the accessibility of abortion services.


In the arid metropolitan area of Phoenix, AZ, water resources play a vital role in maintaining and enhancing the urban ecosystem. There are several examples of "luxury" uses of water to create amenities not common to desert ecosystems: reduced temperatures, artificial lakes, golf courses, and abundant vegetation. In this study our goal was to appraise the relative value of these water-related amenities for urban residents. We correlated spatially explicit housing sales data from the Maricopa County Assessor's Office with environmental and locational data provided by the Central Arizona – Phoenix Long Term Ecological Research project to construct hedonic models at the regional and local scales to estimate the marginal willingness to pay for amenities associated with intensive water use. Our results revealed the preferences of homeowners for lowered temperatures, and vegetation abundance, however we found proximity to small parks to be generally considered a disamenity despite their frequent landscape design of grass, trees, and artificial lakes. At the local level of analysis, our analyses found examples where one attribute (e.g., plant richness) is considered an amenity in one place, but a disamenity in another, suggesting that there may be several markets in the metropolitan region. Because climate change models predict the US Southwest to become hotter and drier, evaluation of the importance of these water-dependent luxury futu amenities will be vital for


In the presented work, it is proposed to enhance the finger print image quality based on an adaptive fingerprint enhancement method that is based on contextual filtering. The term adaptive implies that parameters of the method are automatically adjusted based on the input fingerprint image. Once the finger print image is enhanced at the required level, the pores are extracted based on segmentation of the finger print image by eliminating the finger print area above a threshold limit. The pores location and then interdistances are computed and stored in a data base. Further, the minutiae are extracted and again their location and inter-distances are computed and stored in a data base. Same procedure is repeated for the query image and standard deviation is computed between the inter-distance of the query image and data base images. The finger print information based on pores and minutiae are fused together in order to get the matching score.


Abstract The main purpose of the study is to investigate the mechanical properties around an underground gas storage cavern in bedded salt rock. Firstly, considering the characteristics of the salt rock formation in China, the mechanical model was simplified into a hollow cylinder, which containing non-salt interlayer. In terms of elastic theory, Love displacement function was developed, and the elastic general solution of stress and deformation components were obtained after determining the undetermined coefficients. Under the same condition, numerical simulation was carried out. The validity of the elastic general solution is verified by comparing to numerical simulation results. Furthermore, Based on the feasible general elastic solution, viscoelastic solution was obtained through Laplace transformation and inverse Laplace transform, which could provide reference for the study on the stability and tightness of underground gas storage carven during operation to some extent.


We put forward a model of calculating the threshold gain of random laser, a method for obtaining the distribution function and the relevant random variables according to the mean free path and scattering intensity distribution. The distribution functions are derived for isotropic scattering of light, and then we get the random variables according with the distribution at every scattering. Simulating the random walk of photons in random media by using Monte Carlo method, the threshold of random laser is got. The relationship of the threshold gain to the photon mean free path, the radius of gain zone, the depth of gain zone and light absorption coefficient of non-gain zone is discussed. We make some suggestions to lower the threshold. The theoretical results agree with the experimental data.


Suicide terrorism is becoming more prominent as well as more frequently motivated by religion. To attract potential recruits away from jihadist martyrdom requires addressing basic grievances, not applying military force. Those root causes and how to address them, however, are woefully misunderstood.


Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health concern due to improper usage, increases morbidity, prolongs hospital stay duration and risk of mortality. Antibiotics are magic bullets against many microbial and bacterial infections. Doctors are using antibiotics in almost all treatments starting from the common cold to serious open-heart surgery. This study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on antibiotic usage and its resistance against microbial infections. About 169 medical undergraduates were briefed about the KAP questionnaire (detailed assessment of 4 parameters for knowledge, 5 parameters for attitude and 4 parameters for practice) and distributed to third year and final year medical students. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the various parameters. About 83.72% of the participants were aware that excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics causes ineffective therapy. About 53.84% were aware about the adverse effect profile of the antibiotic. 65.22% of the participants felt the emerging issue of antibiotic resistance due to inappropriate drug usage. They were conscious that antibiotics are advantageous for bacterial infection. The students had a good attitude, a majority had moderate knowledge and practice towards antibiotics use. The medical professionals are to be well trained about the rational prescribing pattern of antibiotics, adverse effects of drugs and antibiotic resistance.


The first analysis of 10 yr of solar mean magnetic field data from the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON) instrument at Sutherland, SA is presented. Long-period (>1 d) variations correlate well with those observed by the Stanford group, but our daily mean values have a statistical precision over 10 times better than previous work. Differences between the absolute values determined from Sutherland and Stanford are discussed, as are systematic annual variations of the order of 15 per cent. At high frequencies (>0.5 mHz), the mean noise spectral density for our decade of observations is 0.53 G(2) Hz(-1) , setting a lower limit to the noise level than that obtained from brief observations by GOLF on board the ESA/NASA satellite SOHO in 1996. The high-frequency mean noise spectral density is different in different years. The lowest annual value, obtained for 1997, is 0.22 G(2) Hz(-1) , whilst the highest, for 1995, is 1.46 G(2) Hz(-1) . It is not yet clear whether these variations are related to solar activity.


We demonstrate of an off-centered tilted fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP) fiber as a curvature sensor. The gratings were inscribed using a femtosecond (fs) laser with the direct write, plane-by-plane method due to its high flexibility and suitability for customization, particularly for the development of a single-peak spectrum in multimode CYTOP fiber. The grating is applied to curvature sensing, where the spectral features, namely the wavelength shift and reflected optical power, are analyzed with respect to the curvature angle on the optical fiber. The off-center and tilted FBG response as a function of the angle is compared with a centered and uniform FBG inscribed in CYTOP fiber using the same inscription method and laser parameters. Results show a significant improvement for the off-center grating when the wavelength shift information is considered and lower optical power sensitivity as a function of the angle with respect to the centered FBG. In addition, the temperature sensitivity differences of the two gratings, enables the development of temperature-insensitive angle sensor using a single off-center tilted FBG.


This paper analyzes various aspects of energy dependency and identifies the hidden factors behind national energy security. Based on a review of the scientific literature, the factors that reduce energy security in the consumption of natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy generation were identified. One such factor is import dependency on energy resources. Import dependency on energy is a crucial characteristic of energy security and can exacerbate the effects of external aggression, non-competitive behavior, and pressure. Given the energy crisis of 2022, most countries around the world have revised their energy security policies to reduce import dependency by diversifying supplies and reducing dependence on Russian energy resources. The factor analysis of energy dependency ratios, 1990-2020, was used to study the energy security of the EU27 countries. The factor analysis was performed for annual indices calculated using the Eurostat database of "Simplified energy balances." The paper hypothesized the existence of latent relationships between energy security variables for the twenty-seven EU countries. The hypothesis was verified using Bartlett's sphericity test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin criterion. The results of hypothesis testing showed its statistical significance (the p-value < 0.05) and the possibility of factor analysis. Correspondence indices also indicated the adequacy of possible prediction of a set of variables. The factor analysis was executed in Python using the FactorAnalyzer module (the release 0.4.0). The principal factor extraction and the varimax rotation model were used to obtain the initial solution, preserving the orthogonality of the loading matrix. The factor structure of the model was confirmed for four factors consisting of the twenty-eight elements. The received four factors model allowed us to describe around 80% of the cumulative variance. It was found that each factor separately explained 46.89%, 15.80%, 10.91%, and 6.39% of the variance, respectively.


Our study attempted to elucidate the significance of floral and pollen traits of the highly nutritious tropical trees Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina for their reproductive success under arid conditions. We found that the pollen grains of both species were immersed in a pollenkitt that constituted ~ 60% of the pollen. Successful pollination was achieved by large bees inserting the pollen into a narrow stylar tube. We found that, upon removal of the pollenkitt, approximately 65% fewer pollen grains penetrated the stylar tube for both species. The pollenkitt protected against heat and desiccation, while removing the pollenkitt resulted in significantly reduced levels of the viability of pollen grains, especially in M. oleifera, and significantly reduced levels of germinability in both species. The stylar tube provided high protection for pollen grains against heat and desiccation even when the pollenkitt was removed. Chemical analysis of pollenkitts of the two species revealed a waxy blend of 21 hydrocarbon compounds, in which n-alkanes constituted > 90% of the compounds and their identity corresponded to known plant and animal hydrocarbons, associated with protection against heat and water stress. We concluded that, under arid conditions, the reproductive success of both Moringa species is potentially enhanced by their unique floral and pollen traits. This supports the prospect of cultivating M. oleifera and Moringa peregrina as food crops in arid regions across the globe.


We present MMFT-BERT(MultiModal FusionTransformer with BERT encodings), to solve Visual Question Answering (VQA) ensuring individual and combined processing of multiple input modalities. Our approach benefits from processing multimodal data (video and text) adopting the BERT encodings individually and using a novel transformer-based fusion method to fuse them together. Our method decomposes the different sources of modalities, into different BERT instances with similar architectures, but variable weights. This achieves SOTA results on the TVQA dataset. Additionally, we provide TVQA-Visual, an isolated diagnostic subset of TVQA, which strictly requires the knowledge of visual (V) modality based on a human annotator's judgment. This set of questions helps us to study the model's behavior and the challenges TVQA poses to prevent the achievement of super human performance. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness and superiority of our method.


Objective Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with effective intervention and treatment being essential for CRC management. This study investigated the effects of human placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIOs) on the growth of CRC cells and the feasibility of 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as an in vivo tracer. Methods Twenty subcutaneous CRC HT-29 xenograft model in immunodeficient mice was established. Mice injected with labeled PMSCs were considered as the experimental group. Thereafter, the growth and MR signal changes of xenograft tumors of every nude mouse were measured. Then, growth curve was plotted, and the MR image quality in different sequences was analyzed. Pathological staining was performed after MR scan. Results Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides–labeled PMSCs had no significant influence on biological characteristics (P > 0.05). The growth of tumors in mice in the experimental group before the injection of PMSCs was similar to that of the control group. Contrarily, the tumor growth rate in the experimental group on day 5 post-PMSCs injection was slightly lower than that of the control group. Moreover, the tumor volume on day 14 was noticeably smaller than in the control group. The tracing ability of T2* mapping sequences for USPIOs-labeled cells was significantly more effective than T2-weighted image and T2 mapping sequences. Conclusions Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides–labeled PMSCs injected into CRC transplanted tumors can be studied for a long period of time. Furthermore, 3.0-T MRI in vivo molecular imaging was demonstrated to be effective for CRC intervention.


Transformerless inverters technology in photovoltaic systems offers many advantages, but there are some safety issues due to the solar panel parasitic capacitance. The parasitic capacitance value depends on many factors such as PV panels and frame structure, surface of the cells, distance between the cells, module frame, weather conditions (e.g., humidity) and the amount of dust covering the PV panel. Harsh climate like the one in the Central Queensland region is characterized by high temperature, high relative humidity. Due to the region's high dew point, high humidity and heavy rain during the wet season, the water condensed over the PV array surface will affect the stray capacitance significantly and consequently, the system leakage current. Human safety in PV system is a key issue, which must be addressed when this technology is applied. Protection against electrical shock is essential while deploying such systems to avoid injury or loss of life. Furthermore, PV insulation varies with meteorological conditions such as, temperatures, humidity. Therefore, the protective circuit should have the capability to adapt to any changes in metrological variables. This paper explorers the effect of meteorological changes on the insulation parameters and leakage capacitance and design a tools for protection.


Short term electricity demand forecasts are required by power utilities for efficient operation of the power grid. In a competitive market environment, suppliers and large consumers also require short term forecasts in order to estimate their energy requirements in advance. Electricity demand is influenced (among other things) by the day of the week, the time of year and special periods and/or days such as Ramadhan, all of which must be identified prior to modelling. This identification, known as day-type identification, must be included in the modelling stage either by segmenting the data and modelling each day-type separately or by including the day-type as an input. Day-type identification is the main focus of this paper. A Kohonen map is employed to identify the separate day-types in Algerian data. Keywords—Day type identification, electricity Load, Kohonen maps, load forecasting.


Preface. 1. Spontaneous Overflow of Young Adolescents' Literacy in Language Arts Classrooms. A Bit of Personal History. What Do Literacy Demands Look Like from the Shoes of a Middle School Student?. The Integrated Literacy Pedagogy. Goals of an Integrated Literacy Pedagogy. What Integrated Literacy Instruction Can Look Like: The "Our Generation's Heroes" Project. Channeling Young Adolescents' Spontaneous Overflow of Energy. Works Cited. 2. Today's Young Adolescents: Spontaneously Overflowing with Powerful Feelings. A Middle School Scene. Biopsychosocial Characteristics of Young Adolescents. Intellectual Characteristics. Recognizing Today's Young Adolescents. The Lenses We Need as Teachers of Young Adolescents. Minority Groups. Valuing The Lives That Young Adolescents Bring Into Our Classrooms. Works Cited. 3. Reading Goals for Middle School Students: Learning to Use Reading Skills Spontaneously. Reading Instruction Today. A Scenario of Controversies and Confusion, Reading Panel. Instruction in the Middle Grades. Teaching Reading Is Not Synonymous with Teaching Literature. Learning to Read. Teaching Phonics. Reading to Learn. Reading for Life. Appropriate Choices. 4. Overflowing with Possibilities for Literature Engagement. Learning Lessons About Literature from our Students. Literacy Pedagogy. Camp Literature. Literature Study: Looking at Life in a Mirror, Under a Microscope, Through a Telescope. Literature as Mirror. Literature as Life Under a Microscope. Literature as Life Through a Telescope. Integration of Literature Study with Other Language Arts. Reacting to and Connecting with a Text When Literature Is a Mirror. Commenting on a Text When Literature Provides a Microscope. Extending Beyond a Text When Literature Becomes a Telescope. Making Good Choices as a Literature Teacher. A Closer Look at Adolescent Literature in the Middle Grades. Two Tricky Spots: Discussion and Evaluation in Literature Instruction. Hynds' Statements. Dias' Group Reading. Probst's Five Ways of Literary Knowing. Langer's Envisionments. My Reactions Journal. Tableaux to Tap Personal Responses. Reading Shiloh to Examine the Text World Under a Microscope: Commenting on the Text. Dogabulary: A Lesson on Figurative Language. Extending Beyond the Text. Stepping Into Social Action. Checklist of Integrated Language Arts. Works Cited. 5. Overflowing with Ideas: Writing as Students, Writing as People. Writing Workshops and an Integrated Literacy Pedagogy. Establishing a Writerly Environment: The Look, Feel, and Focus of the Classroom. The Writing Process. Polishing. The Literacy Teacher's Task: Writing Assignments, Assessments, and Evaluations. Assessment and Evaluation of Writing. Lesson Set Sample: The "A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words" Project. Sixth and Seventh Graders as Photographers and Writers. Works Cited. 6. Overflow of Oral Language: Listening, Speaking, and Languaging with a Purpose. Oral Language in an Integrated Literacy Pedagogy. The Power of Language: Students as Speakers and Listeners. A Playful Pedagogy for Language Learning and Growth. Oral Language Opportunities in Clasrooms. The Language of Power. A Sample Lesson Set: Generational Dialect Project. Works Cited. 7. Overflowing with Competing Messages: Developing a Mindset to Critique Popular Media. Pedagogy. Confusion. Work Cited. 8. Integrated Literacy Across the Curriculum. A Plan for Thinking About Literature-Based Integrated Literacy. Units and Interdisciplinary Instruction Possibilities. Enhancement. Teaching Freak the Mighty in an Integrated Literacy Setting. Enhancement. Conclusions. Work Cited.


There was a time not so long ago when new Science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia. But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, knowledge brokering, and patent law.* Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there is also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists haven't trained for directly—but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, "there is a huge disconnect between how we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them,"† and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).