The complex history of Bennu's surface The near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu is a carbon-rich body with a rubble pile structure, formed from debris ejected by an impact on a larger parent asteroid. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft is designed to collect a sample of Bennu's surface and return it to Earth. After arriving at Bennu, OSIRIS-REx performed a detailed survey of the asteroid and reconnaissance of potential sites for sample collection. Three papers present results from those mission phases. DellaGiustina et al. mapped the optical color and albedo of Bennu's surface and established how they relate to boulders and impact craters, finding complex evolution caused by space weathering processes. Simon et al. analyzed near-infrared spectra, finding evidence for organic and carbonate materials that are widely distributed across the surface but are most concentrated on individual boulders. Kaplan et al. examined more detailed data collected on the primary sample site, called Nightingale. They identified bright veins with a distinct infrared spectrum in some boulders, which they interpreted as being carbonates formed by aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid. Together, these results constrain Bennu's evolution and provide context for the sample collected in October 2020. Science, this issue p. eabc3660, p. eabc3522, p. eabc3557 Boulders on Bennu contain bright veins with carbon-rich spectra; these veins are probably carbonates formed by aqueous alteration. INTRODUCTION Carbonaceous asteroids formed early in Solar System history and experienced varying degrees of aqueous (water-rock) and thermal alteration. Most models of the evolution of these asteroids suggest that aqueous alteration was driven by hydrothermal convection. However, it is debated whether this alteration occurred in a chemically closed or open system. The bulk chemical compositions of the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites imply that the system was closed. Models predict that large-scale fluid flow in an open system took place on at least some asteroids. In this scenario, fluids would have flowed through fractures from the interior, and minerals would have precipitated into these fractures, forming veins. RATIONALE Global spectral observations by the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer) spacecraft have shown that carbon-bearing materials, including organics and/or carbonates, are widespread on the surface of near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu. To understand the composition of these carbon-bearing materials and their implications for Bennu's aqueous alteration history, we examined visible–near-infrared spectra obtained at resolutions of ~4 m in the region around the mission's primary sampling site, Nightingale. We compared these spectra with laboratory spectra of organics and carbonates. Broadband panchromatic images of the Nightingale region at pixel scales of ~1.4 cm allowed us to search for surface features that could contextualize the spectral data. RESULTS On the basis of the wavelength position and shape of spectral absorption features, the closest matches to a subset (~15%) of spectra collected in the Nightingale region are the carbonate minerals calcite, dolomite, and magnesite, with calcite being the most prevalent. These minerals are found in the highly aqueously altered CM- and CI-group carbonaceous chondrites, proposed meteorite analogs of Bennu. Bright, centimeters-thick, roughly meter-long veins are apparent in images of some boulders near the Nightingale site. The veins have albedos of 10% to at least 19%, much brighter than Bennu's average of 4.4%. These albedos are consistent with the veins being filled by carbonates with minor abundances of opaque materials such as magnetite and organics. The albedos are too high for the veins to be dominantly composed of organics or any other material that has been identified on Bennu, except carbonates. There are only a few bright vein-filling materials found in meteorites, and carbonate is the only one of these that is plausibly present on Bennu. Linear mixture modeling suggests that only a small fraction of a spectrometer field of view (<1%) needs to contain carbonate to explain the observed spectral signatures, which is consistent with the observed extent of the veins. CONCLUSION The observed bright veins on Bennu are most likely dominantly composed of carbonates. The detection of these meter-sized, putative carbonate veins indicates that extensive water flow occurred in a chemically open hydrothermal system on the larger parent asteroid of Bennu, before the catastrophic disruption of the parent asteroid led to Bennu's reaccumulation as a rubble pile. Kinetic modeling assuming a calcite vein composition shows that a hydrothermal system kilometers in size, with alteration likely taking place over thousands to millions of years, would have been needed to create veins of the dimensions preserved in the constituent boulders of Bennu. Some CM- and CI-group meteorites have very small (micrometers to millimeters) carbonate veins or presumed vein fragments; veins on the scale that we observe on Bennu are not present in meteorites. It is possible that such veins are present on other carbonaceous asteroids that have not been observed by spacecraft. We predict that the sample of Bennu's surface material that is planned to be returned to Earth by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will contain carbonates and that they will be distributed with a structure and scale distinct from those that occur in meteorites. OSIRIS-REx panchromatic image (~1.4 cm pixel–1) showing a boulder with a bright vein on Bennu. This linear feature is more than twice as bright as the surrounding rock. Its most plausible composition is carbonate, suggesting that a large, long-lived hydrothermal system operated on Bennu's parent asteroid. The image was collected by the PolyCam imager on 26 October 2019 at 61.60°N, 50.57°E. The composition of asteroids and their connection to meteorites provide insight into geologic processes that occurred in the early Solar System. We present spectra of the Nightingale crater region on near-Earth asteroid Bennu with a distinct infrared absorption around 3.4 micrometers. Corresponding images of boulders show centimeters-thick, roughly meter-long bright veins. We interpret the veins as being composed of carbonates, similar to those found in aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. If the veins on Bennu are carbonates, fluid flow and hydrothermal deposition on Bennu's parent body would have occurred on kilometer scales for thousands to millions of years. This suggests large-scale, open-system hydrothermal alteration of carbonaceous asteroids in the early Solar System.


Bulgecins A, B and C, new bacterial metabolites which induce the formation of bulges by cooperation with beta-lactam antibiotics, were isolated from the culture broth of Pseudomonas mesoacidophila. The three components, separated by column chromatography on QAE-Sephadex A-25, are water-soluble acidic compounds containing a sulfate group in the molecule. Acid hydrolysis showed that D-glucosamine and a new proline derivative are common constituents of the three components. In addition, taurine and beta-alanine are constituents of bulgecins A and B, respectively.


The investigation of bilingualism and cognition has been enriched by recent developments in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Extending how bilingual experience shapes cognition, this review examines recent fMRI studies adopting executive control tasks with minimal or no linguistic demands. Across a range of studies with divergent ages and language pairs spoken by bilinguals, brain regions supporting executive control significantly overlap with brain regions recruited for language control (Abutalebi & Green). Furthermore, limited but emerging studies on resting-state networks are addressed, which suggest more coherent spatially distributed functional connectivity in bilinguals. Given the dynamic nature of bilingual experience, it is essential to consider both task-related functional networks (externally-driven engagement), and resting-state networks, such as default mode network (internal control). Both types of networks are important elements of bilingual language control, which relies on domain-general executive control.


In order to assess uptake potential of Cd an Zn by Gladiola, Narcissus and Tulip, the greenhouse study was performed in contamination soils as factorial arrangement based on the complete randomized design with different levels of pollution (A as higher pollutant, B as lower pollutant and C as no pollutant) and different flowers (Gladiola, Narcissus and Tulip) with four replicates in faculty of agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University. The result showed that with increasing heavy metals concentration in soils, dry matters of Gladiola and Tulip were decreased, compared with the control; however there was no change for dry matter in Narcissus. The accumulation of Cd and Zn by flowers increased with increasing soil pollution. The Cd concentration was higher (3.48 mg/kg averagely) in aerial parts of plant harvested from the A level treated soils which was significantly difference with B and C levels treated soil. There was no difference between the B and C level treated significantly. The Zn concentration in the aerial parts of plant was in the order of A, B and C level treated soils (in average 26.03, 17.46 and 13.99 mg/kg respectively). The Cd uptake was equal in all parts of Gladiola, Narcissus and Tulip. The Zn concentration was higher in the aerial parts of Tulip than Gladiola and Narcissus that of underground was equal. The accumulation and translocation Indices of Cd was not affected by increased soil Cd concentration significantly. With increased Zn concentration in soil, accumulation index decreased while translocation index was not changed significantly. The translocation and accumulation index of Cd and Zn was similar for flowers. Thus accumulation of Cd and Zn in saleable parts of Gladiola, Narcissus and Tulip led to clean up the contaminated soils.


Magnetic activity in stars manifests as dark spots on their surfaces that modulate the brightness observed by telescopes. These light curves contain important information on stellar rotation. However, the accurate estimation of rotation periods is computationally expensive due to scarce ground truth information, noisy data, and large parameter spaces that lead to degenerate solutions. We harness the power of deep learning and successfully apply Convolutional Neural Networks to regress stellar rotation periods from Kepler light curves. Geometry-preserving time-series to image transformations of the light curves serve as inputs to a ResNet-18 based architecture which is trained through transfer learning. The McQuillan catalog of published rotation periods is used as ansatz to groundtruth. We benchmark the performance of our method against a random forest regressor, a 1D CNN, and the Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) - the current standard to estimate rotation periods. Despite limiting our input to fewer data points (1k), our model yields more accurate results and runs 350 times faster than ACF runs on the same number of data points and 10,000 times faster than ACF runs on 65k data points. With only minimal feature engineering our approach has impressive accuracy, motivating the application of deep learning to regress stellar parameters on an even larger scale


Plant nuclear genomes exhibit extensive structural variation in size, chromosome number, number and arrangement of genes, and number of genome copies per nucleus. This variation is the outcome of a set of highly active processes, including gene duplication and deletion, chromosomal duplication followed by gene loss, amplification of retrotransposons separating genes, and genome rearrangement, the latter often following hybridization and/or polyploidy. While these changes occur continuously, it is not surprising that some of them should be fixed evolutionarily and come to mark major clades. Large-scale duplications pre-date the radiation of Brassicaceae and Poaceae and correlate with the origin of many smaller clades as well. Nuclear genomes are largely colinear among closely related species, but more rearrangements are observed with increasing phylogenetic distance; however, the correlation between amount of rearrangement and time since divergence is not perfect. By changing patterns of gene expression and triggering genome rearrangements, novel combinations of genomes (hybrids) may be a driving force in evolution.


Physics Prelude. Orbits in the Solar System. Orbits Outside the Solar System. Special Relativity. Particles and Forces. Stars. Radiation Processes. Cosmology. Part 1: The Solar System. 1. Celestial Mechanics and the Solar System. 2. The Solar System in Perspective. 3. The Dynamics of the Earth. 4. The Earth - Moon System. 5. The Terrestrial Planets: Mercury, Venus, and Mars. 6. The Jovian Planets. 7. Small Bodies and the Origin of the Solar System. Part 2: The Stars. 8. Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter. 9. Telescopes and Detectors. 10. The Sun: A Model Star. 11. Stars: Distances and Magnitudes. 12. Stars: Binary Systems. 13. Stars: The Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram. Part 3: The Milky Way Galaxy. 14. Our Galaxy: A Preview. 15. The Interstellar Medium and Star Birth. 16. The Evolution of Stars. 17. Star Deaths. 18. Variable and Violent Stars. 19. Galactic Rotation: Stellar Motions. 20. The Evolution of Our Galaxy. Part 4: The Universe. 21. Galaxies Beyond the Milky Way. 22. Hubble"s Law and The Distance Scale. 23. Large-Scale Structure in the Universe. 24. Active Galaxies and Quasars. 25. Cosmology: The Big Bang and Beyond. 26. The New Cosmology. Hale-Bopp Comet Update. Appendices. Glossary.


Quantitative ultrasonic techniques for determining the serviceability of structural components are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of forward and inverse elastic wave scattering theory as a fundamental foundation for predicting such engineering parameters as the probability of flaw detection and for developing improved techniques for flaw sizing. Ultrasonic measurement techniques for the determination of distributed failure-related properties such as residual stresses are discussed, and the status of the prediction of failure by the detection of acoustic emission precursors is reviewed.


To determine the potential impacts of fuel cells on future distribution system, dynamic models of fuel cells should be created, reduced in order, and scattered throughout test feeders. This paper presents the implementation of an efficient method for computing low order linear system models of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) from time domain simulations. The method is the Box-Jenkins algorithm for calculating the transfer function of a linear system from samples of its input and output.


Conflicting findings in the literature have made the relation between job strain and coronary heart disease (CHD) controversial. The effect of high job strain on the 10-year incidence of CHD and total mortality was examined in men and women participating in the Framingham Offspring Study; 3,039 participants, 1,711 men and 1,328 women, aged 18-77 years, were examined between 1984 and 1987 and followed for 10 years. Measures of job strain, occupational characteristics, and risk factors for CHD were collected at the baseline examination. Before and after controlling for systolic blood pressure, body mass index, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and the total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in Cox proportional hazards models, the authors found that high job strain was not associated with mortality or incident CHD in either men or women over the follow-up period. Contrary to expectation, women with active job strain (high demands-high control) had a 2.8-fold increased risk of CHD (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 7.2) compared with women with high job strain (high demands-low control). For men, higher education, personal income, and occupational prestige were related to decreased risk of total mortality and CHD. These findings do not support high job strain as a significant risk factor for CHD or death in men or women.


We present measurements of Josephson junctions containing three magnetic layers with noncolinear magnetizations. The junctions are of the form $S/F^{\prime}/N/F/N/F^{\prime \prime}/S$, where $S$ is superconducting Nb, $F^\prime$ is either a thin Ni or Permalloy layer with in-plane magnetization, $N$ is the normal metal Cu, $F$ is a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) with magnetization perpendicular to the plane, composed of Pd/Co multilayers on either side of a thin Ru spacer, and $F^{\prime \prime}$ is a thin Ni layer with in-plane magnetization. The supercurrent in these junctions decays more slowly as a function of the $F$-layer thickness than for similar spin-singlet junctions not containing the $F^\prime$ and $F^{\prime \prime}$ layers. The slower decay is the prime signature that the supercurrent in the central part of these junctions is carried by spin-triplet pairs. The junctions containing $F^{\prime}=$ Permalloy are suitable for future experiments where either the amplitude of the critical current or the ground-state phase difference across the junction is controlled by changing the relative orientations of the magnetizations of the $F^{\prime}$ and $F^{\prime \prime}$ layers.


Abstract. Snow avalanches can endanger people and infrastructure, especially in densely populated mountainous regions. In Switzerland, the public is informed by an avalanche bulletin issued twice a day during winter which is based on weather information and snow and avalanche reports from a network of observers. During bad weather, however, information about avalanches that have occurred can be scarce or even be missing completely. To assess the potential of weather-independent radar satellites, we compared manual and automatic change detection avalanche mapping results from high-resolution TerraSAR-X (TSX) stripmap images and medium-resolution Sentinel-1 (S1) interferometric wide-swath images for a study site in central Switzerland. The TSX results were also compared to available mapping results from high-resolution SPOT-6 optical satellite images. We found that avalanche outlines from TSX and S1 agree well with each other. Cutoff thresholds of mapped avalanche areas were found with 500 m 2 for TSX and 2000 m 2 for S1. S1 provides a much higher spatial and temporal coverage and allows for mapping of the entire Alps at least every 6 d with freely available acquisitions. With costly SPOT-6 images the Alps can even be covered in a single day at meter resolution, at least for clear-sky conditions. For the SPOT-6 and TSX mapping results, we found a fair agreement, but the temporal information from radar change detection allows for a better separation of overlapping avalanches. Still, the total mapped avalanche area differed by at least a factor of 3 because with radar mainly the avalanche deposition zone was detected, whereas the release zone was very visible already in SPOT-6 data. With automatic avalanche mapping we detected around 70 % of manually mapped new avalanches, at least when the number of old avalanches is low. To further improve the radar mapping capabilities, we combined S1 images from multiple orbits and polarizations and obtained a notable enhancement of resolution and speckle reduction such that the obtained mapping results are almost comparable to the single-orbit TSX change detection results. In a multiorbital S1 mosaic covering all of Switzerland, we manually counted 7361 new avalanches which occurred during an extreme avalanche period around 4 January 2018.


Abstract Chickpea producers currently have no POST applied herbicides labeled for broadleaf weed control and rely heavily on PRE herbicides to manage weeds. Severe crop losses from broadleaf weed competition and harvest losses from weeds impeding harvest can occur when PRE herbicides perform poorly. Chickpea tolerance to POST applications of acifluorfen at 0.42 kg ai ha-1 and fomesafen at 0.28 kg ai ha-1 was tested at two sites in 2015. In 2016, both herbicides were tested on chickpeas when applied alone and in combination with pyridate at three sites. Acifluorfen and fomesafen injured chickpeas from 8 to 25% at 1 week after treatment (WAT) and 3 to 8% at 4 WAT in 2015 and from 16 to 40% at 1 WAT and 2 to 36% at 4 WAT in 2016. Pyridate applied POST at 1.00 kg ai ha-1 did not injure chickpeas or reduce yields. When pyridate was tank mixed with either acifluorfen or fomesafen, chickpea injury increased, but chickpeas recovered and yielded similar to nontreated checks or pyridatetreated plots. A low rate of metribuzin at 0.06 kg ai ha-1 tank mixed with pyridate had little impact on chickpea injury or weed control. In 2015, Russian thistle was controlled 100% by acifluorfen and fomesafen at Prosser at 28 DAT and both herbicides controlled the weed only 63% at Wilbur at 25 DAT. In 2016, all herbicide treatments reduced broadleaf weed densities equally ranging from 95 to 100% at Paterson, 50 to 100% at Prosser, and 78 to 98% at Wilbur. Chickpea yield was similar among POST herbicide treatments in all site-years. Acifluorfen, fomesafen, and pyridate have potential to improve control of susceptible broadleaf weeds that escape PRE herbicides chickpea production, but the potential for crop injury with acifluorfen and fomesafen warrant further evaluation. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; fomesafen; metribuzin; pyridate; chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.


Energy shortage has become a serious problems, as petrochemical, natural gas, and other energy sources are gradually depleted, while hydraulic energy is not sufficient, and there are doubts regarding the safety of nuclear energy. Consequently, renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, tidal, and other energy sources, are actively being developed in order to promote green energy education. Taiwan's Bureau of Energy and the Ministry of Education subsidize schools at all levels to establish solar and wind power generation systems. In addition to teaching purposes, the generated power is directly integrated into the power grid as an auxiliary power source for lighting. However, these systems are not properly maintained after establishment due to management problems. As these systems cannot work properly, it results in waste of sources. It is pitiful that such usable energy is not used. This study proposes a Cloud Renewable Energy Management System to integrate the solar and wind power generation systems in schools at all levels to help all the schools with the management of renewable energy management systems.


erusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosum L.) is a promising bioenergy multi-purpose crop. The Jerusalem artichoke is a valuable culture that is a source of inulin, fructose and pectin. Green mass of the Jerusalem artichoke has a high content of complex carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, sucrose, etc.) in the dry weight of the plant contain up to 17% protein with a balanced amino acid composition. Biotechnological methods are firmly established in plant growing practice and are widely used for rapid multiplication and obtaining healthy planting material of many economically important crops. The technology of micro clonal propagation "in vitro" has great importance for the development of seed production of Jerusalem artichoke and obtain sufficient quantity of high quality planting material. Formed innovative scheme of sequential technological process of seed production of Jerusalem artichoke includes the production of original seed material "in vitro" Jerusalem artichoke, mass reproduction by aero hydroponic installations, and the rationale based on research of the technology of growing high-quality seed of Jerusalem artichoke. It was found that at cultivation of minitubers of micro plants in aero hydroponic installation compared to farming by traditional technology, the cost of one minituber decreased by 9.58 RUB.


In competition among these competitors, XL looks decline from year to year starting from 2014 until 2016. So indirectly XL in terms of product quality has experienced a pretty good development, especially in this period of 3 years, but still despite XL has been trying to increase the quality of the network through ads that are displayed with celebriti endorsernya, can not be said to succeed because in terms of sales alone the decline always occurs in this brand. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of advertising exposure and perception on the characteristics of celebrity endorser with the interest to buy XL starter pack. Sampling in this research is accidental sampling. The population in this study is people who have seen TV commercials XL starter. The number of samples researched were 100 respondents aged 18-50 years by using accidental sampling technique. Based on the hypothesis test conducted using data analysis Kendall's Tau-b correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between exposure of advertisement with buying interest of XL starter with significance value 0.000 (<0,01) and Kendall Tau-b correlation of 0.495. It shows that the higher the exposure of advertisement, the higher the interest to buy XL starter pack. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between the perception on the celebrity endorser characteristic with the interest of buying XL starter with a significance value of 0,000 (<0.01) and the correlation coefficient of 0,529. It shows that the more support the perception on the characteristics of celebrity endorser, the higher the interest to buy XL starter pack. The suggestion is that celebrity endorser should be more emphasized on tagline pronunciation "Now, Can!" In some parts of ad scene then add duration to advertisement with logo and tagline "Now, Can!" In final impressions then respondents still think that celebrity endorser less famous and popular. For that, the company in order to find celebrity endorser famous and in accordance with product targets.


We reconstruct the elastic modulus distribution for one tissue mimicking (TM) phantom and two in vivo biopsy-confirmed liver tumors using curvilinear ultrasound echo data. Spatial distribution of the relative elastic modulus values is determined by solving an inverse problem within a region of interest (ROI). This inverse problem solution requires knowledge of the ultrasonically measured displacement field in a uniform rectilinear grid to ensure that the resolution on the resultant relative elastic modulus elastogram will be uniform over the entire ROI. Taking advantage of a new speckle tracking algorithm, two different displacement tracking strategies are investigated: 1) sector-shaped ultrasound data were converted to ultrasound data on a rectilinear grid prior to speckle tracking and 2) axial and lateral displacements directly obtained from sector-shaped data were converted to vertical and horizontal displacements on a rectilinear grid after speckle tracking. Compared with strain elastography (SE), TM phantom results show that relative elastic modulus imaging (REMI) using Strategy 2 provided higher contrast-to-noise ratios (>300% and 25% increases compared with SE and REMI using Strategy 1, respectively). Furthermore, in phantoms, REMI using Strategy 2 more accurately (a 1.3% difference to shear wave elastography measurements) estimated the elastic contrast ratio between the target and the background, compared with both SE (20%-25%) and REMI using Strategy 1 (4.1%). It was also observed that relative modulus elastograms were more consistent with anatomical structures visualized on corresponding B-mode images for the two in vivo liver cases. Overall, we conclude that applying REMI is feasible for abdominal organs such as the liver. Strategy 2 offered improved and consistent results for the data investigated.


This article focuses on the representation of childhood in Fridrikh Gorenshtein's (1932-2002) autobiographical story The House with a Turret (1964) that epitomizes the collective experience of his generation of Soviet children growing up during WWII. Much of Gorenshtein's fiction could be described as autofiction, a term coined by the French writer and critical theorist Serge Dubrovsky, a narrative form that undermines the generic borders between autobiography and fiction. This article examines how in his autofiction, Gorenshtein redefines the boundaries of childhood by calling attention to two narrative perspectives: the child's perception of the surrounding uncanny world and the adult narrator's perception of the states of abjection, trauma, and neglect to which his young hero is subjected.


This study examines how spatial niche parameters change as functions of species richness. The basis of the study was the partitioning of space by a community of small mammals in eastern Australian coastal heathland. Live—trapping was carried out in 13 habitat patches with two to seven coexisting species of small mammals on a 6.4—ha study area. Data from the 1st 2 mo of this 5—yr study are analyzed in detail. Spatial niche parameters were calculated using trapping stations as resource states. Mean niche breadth and mean niche overlap were negative functions of species richness while mean niche separation was a positive function of species richness. Spatial niche separation was estimated using nearest—neighbor analysis. Total spatial niche overlap increased to a peak and then decreased as the number of species increased. The field results were tested against two null hypotheses of noninteraction between species, one with and one without habitat selection, while a third considered the species—abundance effect using equally abundant species. The simulation values showed similar trends for the first three parameters and a continued increase for total overlap. However, field values had significantly steeper slopes, and parameter values at the extremities were usually significantly different form simulated values. Simulated niche parameters became independent of species richness when species were equally abundant, but showed increasing dependence as habitat partitioning and then microhabitat partitioning were introduced into the models. The results support Pianka's niche overlap hypthesis; mean overlaps were significantly higher than expected with a few species and significantly lower with many species, suggesting diffuse competition. Unsaturated patches showed an opposite effect, when space did not appear to be limiting, strongly implying that interspecific interactions play an important role in limiting the closeness of species packing in this community. Additional species are accommodated by significantly increasing mean spatial niche separation, thus decreasing mean spatial overlap. The rate of change in mean spatial niche breadth is not significantly different from the simulated rates.


The history of accretion and differentiation processes in the planetesimals is provided by various groups of meteorites. Sampling different parent body layers, they reveal the circumstances of the metal–silicate segregation and the internal structures of the protoplanets. The ungrouped achondrite Erg Chech 002 (EC 002) added to the suite of samples from primitive igneous crusts. Here we present models that utilize thermochronological data for EC 002 and fit the accretion time and size of its parent body to these data. The U-corrected Pb–Pb pyroxene, Pb–Pb phosphate, and Ar–Ar ages used imply a best-fit planetesimal with a radius of 20–30 km that formed at 0.1 Ma after calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. Its interior melted early and differentiated by 0.5 Ma, allowing core and mantle formation with a transient lower mantle magma ocean and a melt fraction of <25% at the meteorite layering depth. EC 002 formed from this melt at a depth of 0.8 km in a partially differentiated region covered by an undifferentiated crust. By simulating collisions with impactors of different sizes and velocities, we analyzed the minimum ejection conditions of EC 002 from its original parent body and the surface composition of the impact site. The magma ocean region distinct from the layering depth of EC 002 implies that it was not involved in the EC 002 genesis. Our models estimate closure temperatures for the Al–Mg ages as 1030–1200 K. A fast parent body cooling attributes the late Ar–Ar age to a local reheating by another, late impact.


The question of effective law has been studied in many fields of research, such as philosophy and sociology of law, law and economics, public policy and behavioural sciences. This article aims to treat it as a genuine administrative law issue which is currently having a significant impact on administrative procedures, especially affecting the way in which rules are adopted and implemented. Furthermore, the article attempts to reconcile conflicting views in existing literature on the meaning of effective law and on which factors lead to effectiveness by proposing an integrated approach: starting from a regulatory perspective it considers both traditional determinants of effectiveness, ie compliance and enforcement, as well as the emerging aspect of outcomes, focused on the idea that a rule can be defined as effective when its desired effects have been achieved and the public interest which justifies the rule has been safeguarded without producing unwanted or disfunctional consequences. Far from being simply a decisional problem for institutions (arising in legislative, regulatory and administrative procedures), effectiveness calls for a "steering administration" and represents a criterion for decision-making, since expected effectiveness can be used in the logic of "whether" and "how" institutions should arrive at decisions.


This paper described the methodology developed to derive surface and TOA SW radiative flux from ABI onboard GOES-R. It includes the conversion of the narrowband radiance observations from ABI to broadband SW radiances that are needed, and the subsequent conversion of broadband SW radiances to broadband SW fluxes. Authors used the MODTRAN to derive the narrowband-to-broadband regression coefficients first for each of the 6 channels and then used the weighed sum for the final SW broadband reflectance. These broadband radiances were then converted to fluxes using a hybrid ADMs from CERES observations and MODTRAN simulations. Major concerns are:


We propose a protocol for identifying genuine risk factors. A genuine risk factor must be related to the covariance matrix of returns, must be priced in the cross-section of returns, and should yield a reward-to-risk ratio that is reasonable enough to be consistent with risk pricing. A market factor, a profitability factor, and traded versions of macroeconomic factors pass our protocol, but many characteristic-based factors do not. Several of the underlying characteristics, however, do command premiums in the cross-section. ( JEL G1, G11, G12)


A morphological subband decomposition with perfect reconstruction is proposed. Critical subsampling is achieved. Reconstructed images using this decomposition do not suffer from any ringing effect. In order to avoid poor texture representation by morphological filters an adaptive subband decomposition is introduced. It chooses linear filters on textured regions and morphological filters otherwise. Comparisons to other coding techniques such as JPEG and linear subband coding show that the proposed scheme performs significantly better both in terms of PSNR and visual quality.<<ETX>>


The performance of a Type-II hybrid ARQ scheme code is analysed and evaluated. The Fritchman error model describes the channel error characteristics more accurately than current techniques which assume the channel to be binary symmetric. This equation forms the basis of the performance analysis of experimental Port Elizabeth-Salbu and Camperdown-Salbu MBC links.<<ETX>>


This paper summarizes the experience with optical gauging of small parts with high accuracy using computer vision technology. The occluding contours of the objects were measured using back illumination. Well known problems of low resolution can be partially overcame by subpixel precision algorithms. The specific problems of high precision measurement (accuracy in range of a few microns) are caused by the presence of dust and fibres on the measured surface and by diffraction and reflection of the light used. First problem can be eliminated by the use of robust methods. The second one can be alleviated by careful design of optics.


Education in Indonesia quantitatively have achieved significant progress. It is can be proved by statistics that 67.24% of the population in Indonesia has been freed from illiteracy. But this success unfollowed by the success of output education. There are various problems of education became in Indonesia, for example : children's moral decline of the nation, lacking work ethic, low skills, corruption and increased of unemployment intellectuals.
At least, there are three factors causes the problem of education in Indonesia from the learning aspect, first; approach in learning, all this time education and learning just emphasizes on uniformity behavior, it hope be regularity, order and certainty. Second; curriculum change. Often curriculum change lead to confusion in determining the direction of teacher learning. and the third is the competence of teacher.

The solution is. Should a teacher looking at students as a person who should be developed, and equipped with the solution of various problems of life, the ultimate goal of learning which includes cognitive, affective and psychomotor. The conventional and modern methods should be applied equally. A teacher should be master the four competencies, namely: pedagogical competence, personal competence, social competence, and professional competence. And the teacher should be a role model for their students.


In this paper, using variation aware device simulation, we study the local device variability and mismatch as affected by statistical variation resulting from differing backplane doping options in fully depleted SOI transistors. It is seen that discrete random doping effects associated with the choice of doping has a direct effect on mismatch, resulting in increased mismatch with larger channel doping. However, it is also seen that increased backplane doping may counter intuitively help to reduce the variability associated with discrete doping due modification of the electrostatic screening of the source/drain extensions.


Purpose. An association between the floppy eyelid syndrome and the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (O.S.A.) has been reported. We studied eyelid tissue elasticity and other ophthalmologic findings in a large number of patients with sleep disorders. Material and Methods. Sixty-nine patients with sleep disorders were evaluated. Two thirds were found to have O.S.A., and one third was treated at night by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nasal C.P.A.P.). Slit lamp examination, eyelid measurements and Schirmer test were performed. Results. Eyelid hyperlaxity was increased in patients with O.S.A. The floppy eyelid syndrome (associated papillary conjunctivitis), however, was rare. Associated corneal lesions were rare, and most patients were asymptomatic. In some cases, ocular irritation was due to air leaks from nasal C.P.A.P. A significant proportion of patients required treatment for primary open angle glaucoma. Conclusions. Our study of 69 patients found an association between O.S.A. and eyelid hyperlaxity.


The latent heat thermodynamically available in the supercooled water of deep convective clouds is released at rates governed by the glaciation mechanism, presumed here to involve primary nucleation, capture nucleation of rain by small ice particles and secondary ice production (rime-splintering hypothesis). A simple microphysical model of the glaciation shows the importance of regenerative feed-back on the evolution of ice when the primary nucleation and regenerative processes proceed simultaneously, leading to insensitivity to the primary ice nucleus concentration. This allows rapid glaciation and heat release to occur naturally in clouds exhibiting a broad supercooled drop size spectrum.

New observational data and model results of artificially induced glaciation are consistent with the idea that the primary microphysical role of seeding is the creation of many small ice particles which substitute for the secondary ice splinters of naturally induced glaciation. the aerodynamic capture of the splinters by the supercooled rain leads to the formation of new graupel particles and the rapid release of fusional heat, shown by calculation to dominate the heat release mechanisms. With a seeding agent acting in the contact mode the small (cloud drop) end of the spectrum is required, since Brownian scavenging of the nuclei by the few large rain drops is inefficient. the quantitative analysis of these glaciation concepts also demonstrates that realistic seeding under conditions conducive to ice multiplication could increase materially the rate of heat release and offer opportunities for artificially invigorating the dynamic structure of a cloud if glaciation is induced to occur within a relatively narrow 'time window' for seeding.


ABSTRACT Soybeans are of great importance in the world agricultural landscape, and their productive potential is significantly reduced by attacks from insect pests. Factors such as the expansion of national agricultural regions, together with no-tillage management and "off-season" maize cultivation, have favored the increase of secondary species such as Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), intensifying the damage caused by the soybean stink bug complex. The use of resistant genotypes may be a valuable strategy as an alternative to the excessive use of chemical control in crops. This study evaluated the attractiveness and feeding preferences of the green-belly stink bug in 17 soybean genotypes in different maturity groups (early, semiearly, and late) to characterize the expression of antixenosis resistance. To this end, free-choice tests of attractiveness and food preference were performed under laboratory conditions. The early genotypes PI 171451 and D 75-10169, the semiearly genotypes IAC 78-2318, "IAC 100", IAC 74-2832, PI 227687, and "IAC 24" and the late genotypes PI 274454, PI 274453, and L 1-1-01 expressed significant levels of antixenosis against adult D. melacanthus. These results will be useful for soybean breeding programs focusing on the stink bug resistance complex.


Abstract : Several methods for nondestructive inspection/nondestructive testing (NDI/NDT) of materials have been known and in use for many years. These methods have included dimensional checks for compliance with specifications, visual inspection for surface defects, various penetrant inspection techniques for small discontinuities that originate at or intersect the surface, and magnetic inspection techniques for small discontinuities that are located at or near the surface. X-ray and various ultrasonic inspection techniques have been used to detect internal defects that do not intersect the surface. However, conventional x-ray radiography suffers from the loss of three-dimensional (3-D) information, since a film radiograph or a fluoroscopic image is a shadowgraph. Ultrasonic inspection techniques suffer from the fact that composite materials contain many signal dispersing interfaces. This makes inspection scan interpretation difficult, especially in complex composites which can contain polymer, ceramic, and metal materials. This report discusses past and current applications of computed tomography (CT) imaging for inspection of composite structures. Several examples of advanced CT inspection of complex composite structures are also presented and discussed.


The effect of different factors on the extraction yield in microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE) was studied in this work. The factors were the extraction temperature, mixing of the donor and acceptor solvents, state of the acceptor (stagnant or flowing), solvent set-up in the membrane unit (organic phase on top or bottom), adsorption of the analytes into the membrane material, and the membrane pore size. The effect of temperature, as it was mediated through the other factors, was of particular interest. Increase in the extraction temperature improved the extraction yields substantially: for naphthalene the extraction yield increased from 14.3% to 17.7% and for benz[a]anthracene from 0.4% to 11.1% when the temperature was raised from 20°C to 80°C. The diffusion coefficients, which were determined with a chromatographic band broadening method, were also clearly increased with temperature: the average diffusion coefficient obtained for naphthalene in water at ambient temperature was 7.92 × 10 -10 m 2 /s, while at 70°C it was 2.19 × 10 -9 m 2 /s. The most vigorous mixing of the solvents was obtained with counter-currently flowing acceptor phase and water on top in the membrane block. The adsorption to the membrane material compared with theoretical 100% extraction yield ranged from 0.5 to 5.4% at 80°C when no acceptor phase was present.


Histological investigations were made on uteri of 61 cattle (27 of them after intrauterine treatment). The response activated by 0.2% peracetic acid in the bovine endometrium was a primary inflammatory process, however, necrotising within clearly pronounced limits. Degenerative alterations were the major histological findings 35 minutes from application of 0.2% peracetic acid. They were recordable from the epithelium but at that point in time could easily affect the entire cellular stratum. Histopathological phenomena on the fourth day from application of 0.2% peracetic acid were clearly less strongly pronounced than on the third day. Histiocyte infiltrates of moderate and rarely high intensity reflected increased phagocytosis in the process of endometrial regeneration.


A 39-year-old woman with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and alcohol use presented with a confluent erythematous rash involving the perineum spreading outward to the abdomen, thighs and lower back. She had angular cheilitis and glossitis. The rash was painful and blistering in scattered areas. She was hypotensive and appeared to be in septic or hypovolemic shock at presentation. Serum levels of zinc and vitamin B6 were critically low and biopsy of her rash returned suggestive of a nutritional deficiency as its source. The rash slowly improved over the following 2 weeks with oral zinc and vitamin B6 replacement. The body rash resembled that of infants born with inherited defects in zinc transporters, referred to as acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE). This case may represent an acquired case of AE in the setting of prior RYGB.


We have demonstrated the growth of quaternary AlInGaN compounds at different growth temperatures and pressures with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The optical properties of the samples have been investigated by photoluminescence (PL) at different temperatures. The results show that the sample grown at higher temperature (850 °C) exhibits the best optical quality for its sharp band edge luminescence and weak yellow luminescence. The AlInGaN exhibited three-dimensional (3D) growth mode at higher pressure. The band edge emission almost disappeared. With the optimization of AlInGaN growth parameters, we replaced the traditional barrier in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with AlInGaN barriers. The peak wavelength for the InGaN/AlInGaN-MQW based light emitting diodes (LEDs) was very stable at various injection current levels because of the polarization-matched InGaN/AlInGaN MQWs.


Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic renal disease affecting residents of rural farming villages located near tributaries of the Danube river. Otherwise rare urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UTUC) develop in ~ 50% of patients with BEN. Our studies of the etiology of this disease were informed by reports of a similar syndrome affecting ~ 100 Belgian women who ingested Aristolochia fangchi as part of a weight loss routine (1). In this case, the responsible toxin proved to be aristolochic acid (AA), a component of all Aristolochia plants. In the Balkans, a pilot epidemiologic study confirmed earlier reports that Aristolochia clematitis (birthwort) often is found as a weed growing in cultivated fields. Traditional methods used for harvesting and milling of wheat allowed seeds of this plant to contaminate grain used to prepare bread, a dietary staple among residents of the endemic region. Aristolactam (Al)-DNA adducts were detected in the renal cortex and urothelial tumor tissue of patients with BEN (2). Moreover, a pattern of A:T to T:A mutations unique to AA was demonstrated first in TP53(3, 4) and, subsequently throughout the genome (5). Based on these observations, it was proposed that the name, BEN, be changed to aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). With respect to prevention of BEN, scientific designation of this environmental toxin is important to public health authorities as it legitimizes efforts to change traditional agricultural practices. The experimental methods developed in our studies proved indispensable in our subsequent efforts to demonstrate that AAN and UTUC are prevalent in Asian countries, where Aristolochia herbs have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. For example, in Taiwan, where the incidence of UTUC and of chronic kidney disease are the highest in the world, at least one-third of the population has been prescribed herbs containing AA (6). Remarkably, the unique TP53 mutational signature for AA established in our studies of BEN was recapitulated in cases of UTUC from Taiwan (7). Moreover, aristolactam-DNA adducts, which persist for decades in the renal cortex, were detected in patients with the signature mutation spectrum in TP53, thereby documenting the relationship between exposure to AA and its mutagenic effects. Millions of people in China are estimated to have ingested Aristolochia herbal remedies, highlighting the potential morbiditity and mortality associated with the medicinal use of this family of herbs (8). Studies designed to document AA exposure in countries where Aristolochia herbs are used in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine are currently underway. Importantly, the nephrotoxic effects of AA are irreversible and its carcinogenic effects may not become manifest until 30 or more years after exposure. Thus, the development of non-invasive, biomarker-based tests that can be used to detect AA-induced UTUC are highly desirable, as this cancer is often curable by surgery if detected early in the course of the disease. (Research supported by grants from the NIEHS (ES04068) Fogarty International Center, Croatian Ministry of Science, Taiwan Dept of Health, Zickler Family Foundation and Henry and Marsha Laufer). References: 1. Nortier, JL et al N. Engl J. Med 342: 1686-1692 (2000). 2. Grollman, AP et al Proc Natl Acad Sci 104: 12129-12134 (2007). 3. Jelakovic, B et al Kid Int. 81: 559-567 (2012). 4. Moriya, M et al Int J Cancer 129: 1532-1536 (2011). 5. Huang, M et al Sci Transl Med (2013). 6. Lai, MN et al J Natl Can Inst 102: 179-186 (2010). 7. Chen, CH et al Proc Nat Acad Sci 109: 8241-8246 (2012). 8. Grollman, AP Environ Mol Mut 54: 1-7 (2013). Citation Format: Arthur P. Grollman. Aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy and urothelial carcinoma: A preventable global disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr PL02-02.


ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the predictive level of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) risk calculator for post-appendectomy complications. METHODS: A total of 292 patients who were hospitalized for general appendectomy were included in the study. The age range of the patients was 18–76 years (mean: 35.3±13.6 years). The mean body mass index was 25.8±4.6. Twenty data points were entered into the ACS-NSQIP surgical risk calculator (SRC), which yielded the 17 most common complications and the average LOHS. Complications encountered in 30-day follow-up were categorized according to the complications predicted by SRC. The actual and observed complication rates and LOHS were compared RESULTS: Post-operative complications developed in 13.4% of the patients, surgical site infection in 11.3%, serious complications in 3.1%, and readmission in 2.1%. Serious complications included pneumonia, sepsis, cardiac complications, and renal failure. The mean LOHS was 1.91±1.64 days (range: 1–14 days). No thromboembolism or mortality was observed. When the comparison of complications using SRC was made with the ROC curve, the predictive value of SRC was 84.2% for any complication, 86.7% for serious complication, 47.6% for surgical site infection, 95.9% for renal failure, 99.0% for resurgery, and 88.3% for sepsis. CONCLUSION: Although it is rare to see complications after simple appendectomy, it is known that complication rates increase significantly in the elderly, the obese, and those with comorbidities. Tools such as SRC will be beneficial for patients with these risk factors.


An instruction scheduler utilizes code reordering techniques for generating schedules in which instructions can be issued without delays. In order to perform code reordering across branches, code motion is performed that hoists some instructions above branches and sinks others below branches. Following code reordering, compensation code must be introduced in order to preserve program semantics. In this paper, we demonstrate that several important code optimizations can be performed as a side-effect of generating compensation code. These optimizations include partial redundancy elimination, partial dead code elimination, elimination of redundant loads and elimination of dead stores. We demonstrate how existing data-flow frameworks for these optimizations can be extended for generating optimized compensation code.


Abstract In my reading of Peter Carey's novel The Unusual Life of Tristan Smith, I explore the way in which Carey attempts to make a fictional world in order to connect with the political and social events in the real world of Australia during the 1970s. His fictional world of Efica was made with the same struggles for identity, on both the political and social levels, that Australia was experiencing. Through an examination of the lives of the citizens of Efica, two distinct connections to the real Australia emerge: the first is a retelling of the events and scandals that led to the dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, an event which Whitlam himself describes as an 'execution;' the second relies on Benedict Anderson's theory of the constructed nature of national identities, revealing the complex and overlapping character of national identities. This is exemplified through the attributes—often shared with Voorstand, its principal ally—used to create Efica's identity. This relationship between the two countries which Carey created reflects the relationship that Australia had with the USA. Meanwhile, the characters themselves are caught in a process of trying to make new worlds and new identities in order to feel as though they belong, something that also seems to be a reflection of Australia's history as discussed by Richard White.


The quantitative determination of active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8), an enzyme which is found in the gingival crevicular fluid and which is regarded as an important marker of inflammation and is responsible for periodontal destruction offers the dentist beside the classical periodontal examination an advanced, objective evaluation of the present periodontal situation. A quantitative assessment of aMMP-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid was performed chairside by an immunological procedure (DentoAnalyzer), the test result of the present concentration of possible increased enzymatic values was shown after 12 minutes. The article gives a short overview about the present options for periodontal enzymatic diagnostics and shows the indication for the test during periodontal treatment and the benefit in the early diagnosis of active periodontal pockets and subsequent periodontal therapy.


Although current face manipulation techniques achieve impressive performance regarding quality and controllability, they are struggling to generate temporal coherent face videos. In this work, we explore to take full advantage of the temporal coherence for video face forgery detection. To achieve this, we propose a novel end-to-end framework, which consists of two major stages. The first stage is a fully temporal convolution network (FTCN). The key insight of FTCN is to reduce the spatial convolution kernel size to 1, while maintaining the temporal convolution kernel size un-changed. We surprisingly find this special design can benefit the model for extracting the temporal features as well as improve the generalization capability. The second stage is a Temporal Transformer network, which aims to explore the long-term temporal coherence. The proposed frame-work is general and flexible, which can be directly trained from scratch without any pre-training models or external datasets. Extensive experiments show that our framework outperforms existing methods and remains effective when applied to detect new sorts of face forgery videos.


Abstract Background and Objectives Frailty is considered one of the major conditions faced by aging societies. Little has been reported about the effect of becoming frail on life expectancy among older adults in developing countries. The aim was to estimate total life expectancy and life expectancy with or without frailty by age, sex, and education among older adults in Brazil. Data and Methods:  The study was developed based on information provided by the Health, Well-being, and Aging (SABE) Study. The sample included 1,399 older adults (≥60 years old) followed up from 2006 to 2010. Frailty status was classified according to the Fried criteria. Additional variables include age (in years), gender, and years of education. Estimates of total life expectancy, frailty-free life expectancy, and frailty life expectancy were obtained using the multistate life table method. Results At the baseline, the proportion of individuals with frailty was 13.7% and participants had, on average, 4.0 years of education. Men had more years of education than women (4.6 vs. 3.7, p < .001). Older adults with higher education live fewer years with frailty. Compared with older adults with no education, those with 6 years of education have higher frailty-free life expectancy. At age 70, men with no education expect to live 9.1 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.8, 10.4) without frailty compared with 10.6 years (95% CI = 9.4, 11.8) among those with 6 years of education. Among women age 70, frailty-free life expectancy reaches 11.7 years (95% CI = 10.6, 12.8) among those with no education, but 13.9 years (95% CI = 12.5, 15.3) among those with 6 years. Implications Given the recent changes in educational achievement in Brazil, we believe that educational policies are powerful ways in addressing inequalities in healthy life expectancy. Public health policies aimed at avoiding the development of frailty among elderly at risk should be encouraged.


OBJECT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of preventing cumulative neuronal damage after repetitive severe ischemia.

METHODS
The authors monitored ischemic depolarization in the gerbil hippocampus, which has recently been shown to be a good experimental model of the effects of brief ischemia on the brain, and evaluated neuronal damage in the CA1 subregion 7 days after the ischemic insult. In a single-ischemia paradigm, the results indicate that induction of ischemia-induced neuronal damage depended on the duration of ischemic depolarization. Neuronal damage can be detected in the CA1 subregion after a period of depolarization lasting 210 seconds. Using a double-ischemia paradigm in which the animals were subjected to two periods of ischemia, there was apparently no accumulation of neuronal damage from the first ischemic episode to the second, provided the duration of the first period of ischemic depolarization did not exceed 90 seconds. Neuronal damage accumulated when the duration of the first ischemia episode exceeded 90 seconds, regardless of the duration of the reperfusion interval between the two ischemic insults. Finally, when the ischemic insult was spread over four separate episodes, each lasting 90 seconds (with a reperfusion interval of 5 minutes), neuronal damage was not found when the total depolarization period was less than 420 seconds.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors conclude that cumulative neuronal damage may be avoided by adopting an intermittent ischemia approach. The implications of these results for human surgery requiring temporary occlusion of the cerebral arteries are discussed.


AIM
This study investigated the role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on bone loss and local and systemic inflammation in an in vivo mouse model of experimental periodontitis (PD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental PD was induced in mice by oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum over a period of 44 days. The probiotic LGG was administered via oral inoculation or oral gavage prior to, and during disease induction. The antimicrobial activity of LGG on the inoculum was also tested. Alveolar bone levels and gingival tissue changes were assessed using in vivo microcomputed tomography and histological analysis. Serum levels of mouse homologues for IL-8 were measured using multiplex assays.

RESULTS
Pre-treatment with probiotics either via oral gavage or via oral inoculation significantly reduced bone loss (p < .0001) and gingival inflammation (p < .0001) when compared with PD group. Oral gavage treatment group had significantly less tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive cells (p < .02) then PD group. LGG showed no antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum.

CONCLUSIONS
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effectively suppresses bone loss in a mouse model of induced PD irrespective of the mode of administration.


Neurosociology is a new approach aimed at integrating social and biological sciences. In this paper, first we used Alan Fiske's theory (1992) of elementary forms of social relationships as a nexus between sociological studies of groups and group-based emotions and relevant neuroscientific findings. Then, we identified types of social situations that generate basic emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and fear) within particular relationships. Individuals participate differently in these situations. Therefore, they are expected to differ in their emotions and cognitions, as well as in their underlying neural activity. Finally, we considered social affiliation and social hierarchy corresponding to communal sharing and authority ranking social relationships to demonstrate the logic of neurosociological research.


In this paper we provide a brief survey of the potential of blockchain technology to propel a process of private entrepreneurial discovery of institutions that challenge state hegemony. Entrepreneurs now have access to new tools to develop decentralised private governance across areas which have traditionally been the domain of government action. This may see a radical reshaping of the boundaries of 'public' versus 'private'. Blockchain may result in less government, and more market based interactions. We introduce institutional cryptoeconomics, and blockchain as a technology which increases the opportunity set of entrepreneurial action. We then survey the potential of blockchain technology to challenge state hegemony in five socioeconomic areas: monetary institutions, the governance of contracting, civil society and social welfare, collective choice and voting, and the verification of identity. We also discuss some challenges and implications of blockchain-based economic infrastructure for public policy and economic regulation. Together these contributions suggest an increasing scope for entrepreneurial action using blockchain that challenges state hegemony, and a necessary shift in the scope of the provision of public goods and government regulatory control.


The prophet/critic hybrid conditional branch predictor has two component predictors. The prophet uses a branch's history to predict its direction. We call this prediction and the ones for branches following it the branch future. The critic uses the branch's history and future to critique the prophet's prediction. The hybrid combines the prophet's prediction with the critique, either agrees or disagree, forming the branch's overall prediction. Results shows these hybrids can reduce mispredicts by 39 percent and improve processor performance by 7.8 percent.


3D pose estimation from a single 2D image is an important and challenging task in computer vision with applications in autonomous driving, robot manipulation and augmented reality. Since 3D pose is a continuous quantity, a natural formulation for this task is to solve a pose regression problem. However, since pose regression methods return a single estimate of the pose, they have difficulties handling multimodal pose distributions (e.g. in the case of symmetric objects). An alternative formulation, which can capture multimodal pose distributions, is to discretize the pose space into bins and solve a pose classification problem. However, pose classification methods can give large pose estimation errors depending on the coarseness of the discretization. In this paper, we propose a mixed classification-regression framework that uses a classification network to produce a discrete multimodal pose estimate and a regression network to produce a continuous refinement of the discrete estimate. The proposed framework can accommodate different architectures and loss functions, leading to multiple classification-regression models, some of which achieve state-of-the-art performance on the challenging Pascal3D+ dataset.


During the last decades, the Internet has steadily developed into a mass medium. The target group radically changed compared to, e.g., the 90s. Because virtually everyone has access to the Internet, threats due to insecurity and anonymity reach critical levels and have to be tackled by both carriers and Internet Service Providers. Regaining trust-by-wire, comparable to classic fixed line telephones, could mitigate or even solve problems like Spam, Phishing, and the localization of VoIP emergency calls. This paper presents the hardware implementation of a new and highly flexible solution-Internet protocol-calling line identification presentation-which provides additional support for new services to restore peoplepsilas confidence into the Internet. Supported services are VoIP emergency calls, Spam detection and prevention, and phishing prevention. Already in the access network, the hardware adds unambiguous location information on the packetpsilas origin to IP packets. We document the hardware design of the solution. Furthermore, hardware consumption and performance of a prototype are presented.


In this paper, a new approach to DC voltage control in a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grid is introduced. In an HVDC grid, the power sharing after a converter outage can be influenced by the droop control values. However, when relying on a local feedback signal, the DC voltage drops in the system hamper a straight-forward definition of the power sharing. The use of a common DC voltage signal for the control can solve some of the problems. However, it disregards some of the benefits that are associated with the use of a local voltage control, such as the tendency of a controller using local voltage feedback signals to solve problems locally which can reduce the stress on the AC system. Furthermore, it provides no direct means to obtain different system responses for different converter outages. The control approach presented in this paper aims at improving the DC voltage droop control by combining the local voltage signal available at the converter terminals with remote voltage signals at different locations in the DC system by means of communication. The local voltage feedback control is used for a fast, reliable system response. The introduction of the remote voltage signals in the control allows to differentiate the system response for different converter outages. Simulation results show the validity of the proposed control scheme.


Of the 30,000 children adopted yearly all over the world, about 200–300 come to Finland. A former adoption donor country, Finland started receiving international adoptees in the 1970s. Nowadays, there are about 3,000 internationally adopted persons in Finland. This paper focuses on the views and experiences of young Finnish international adoptees, who were interviewed during summer and autumn 2005. Altogether three group interviews and six individual interviews were carried out. The main aim was to study cultural identity and experiences of difference. The primary objective of this study is to give a voice to young international adoptees in Finland and present results as examples of how the dominant population adapts to difference.


Using Virtual Reality (VR) models that support planning and design has become increasingly recognized, especially for visualizing future environmental changes. When designing and communicating these changes they are sometimes simplified while at other times photorealistic representations are used. All the parties involved should trust these representations throughout the entire project. This is not the case today. Representations can be mistrusted, misleading or even misused by certain stakeholders, whilst others regard them as supportive. The overall aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of the used representations and the associated risks and benefits that influence communication. While there are several studies in this research area, there are no earlier studies that have investigated the role of representations through long-term, practical projects. Supported by examples from both practical and research studies, the results illustrate how the validity of representations depends on the major project phases. The results illustrate user demands for more supportive object representations, e.g. illustrating possible known object deviations, information on validity and reliability related to objects in context, and for additional clarifications depending on the project phase, especially regarding representations that are too photorealistic.


There exist large amounts of heterogeneous digital data. This phenomenon is called Big data which will be examined. The examination of Big data has been launched as Big data analytics. Big data is large volume, heterogeneous, distributed data. Big data applications where data collection has grown continuously, it is expensive to manage, capture or extract and process data using existing software tools. Fast retrieval of the relevant information from databases has always been a significant issue. Clustering is a main task of exploratory data analysis and data mining applications. Clustering is one of the data mining techniques for dividing dataset into groups. Clustering is a kind of unsupervised data mining technique.


This paper presents preliminary outcomes of a phenomenographic research on lecturers' experiences of teaching undergraduate on-campus courses using the web. Eighteen lecturers from different disciplines were interviewed from two research-intensive Australian Universities. Interviews were analysed with the aim of describing lecturers' experiences as they emerge from the transcripts. Three different experiences were identified: 'the web for providing academic and administrative information related to the course', in which lecturers understand the web to provide information or contents; 'the web for communicating with other people involved in the course', in which lecturers conceive it as a space for engaging in online discussions; and 'the web as a space to create, build and share knowledge', in which lecturers see it as a valuable tool which allows sharing and knowledge building. These dimensions represent an increasingly sophisticated way of understanding teaching with the web. Findings are coherent with previous research (Gonzalez, 2006; McConnell & Zhao, 2006; Roberts, 2003) which has identified ways of conceiving the web for teaching ranging from 'informative' to 'knowledge building ‐ sharing' conceptions.


Modern embedded systems come with contradictory design constraints. On one hand, these systems often target mass production and battery-based devices, and therefore should be cheap and power efficient. On the other hand, they need to achieve high (real-time) performance. This wide spectrum of design requirements leads to complex heterogeneous system-on-chip (SoC) architectures. The complexity of embedded systems forces designers to model and simulate systems and their components to explore the wide range of design choices. Such design space exploration is especially needed during the early design stages, where the design space is at its largest. Due to the exponential design space in real problems and multiple criteria to be considered, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) are often used to trim down a large design space into a finite set of points and provide the designer a set of tradable solutions with respect to the design criteria. Interpreting the search results (e.g., where are the Pareto points located), understanding their relations and analyzing how the design space was searched by such searching algorithms is of invaluable importance to the designer. To this end, this paper presents a novel interactive visualization tool, based on tree visualization, to understand the search dynamics of a MOEA and to visualize where the optimum design points are located in the design space and what objective values they have.


The historic influence of human fire and the role of 'top-down' vs 'bottom-up' drivers on ecosystems globally is highly contested, and our knowledge of regime diversity is poor. This paper uses an early European account as a case study to describe Aboriginal fire history in south-eastern Australia based on links between fire and: grasslands, native foods and culture. The route and observations detailed in Assistant Protector William Thomas' 1840 account of a journey led by Aborigines to Western Port, Victoria, were overlayed with grass-tree boundaries compiled from historic plans. The narrative provides direct evidence of up to moderate-scale and intensity burns (with minimal fine-scale patchiness), undertaken in the height of the dry season, opportunistically linked to rainfall. The fires targeted open grassy 'plains' to maintain and access preferred hunter-gathering grounds. A synthesis of the earliest records supports high frequency anthropogenic burning maintaining alternative vegetation states with dynamic boundaries on elevated alluvial plains and, in places, adjoining swamps. The narrative represents an important primary source for studying traditional society, including the description of a local historic fire regime ('koyuga burning'). Establishing such a fire regime 'benchmark' has the potential to stimulate new interdisciplinary research around the complex processes controlling grass-tree patterns, and build confidence that fire-stick farming was potentially instrumental in grassland formation, and integral to grassland maintenance throughout this region.


Small IV doses of epinephrine (epi; 5.0-20.0 μg), similar to those advocated for epidural test dosing, cause a significant though transient (3 minutes) reduction in uterine blood flow in pregnant ewes but no subsequent adverse effect on the mature, unstressed fetus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects on the mature fetus of a maternal IV test dose of 12.5 mg bupivacaine and 50.0 μg fentanyl with or without 16.5 μg epi in the presence of acute placental insufficiency and fetal asphyxia. Two minutes after dosing and for 15 minutes thereafter, no changes were observed in maternal heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) or arterial blood gas values and catecholamine concentrations other than a statistically significant doubling in epi levels after epi dosing. Mildly (mean arterial pH, 7.23) and severely (mean pH, 6.87) acidotic fetuses differed with respect to arterial pO2, pCO2 and catecholamine values, but in neither group were any changes observed after maternal dosing. Under the conditions of acute fetal stress and acidosis produced in this experiment, inclusion of epi 16.5 μg in an epidural test dose does not significantly affect the HR, MAP, aortic flow, blood gases or catecholamine levels of the mature fetal sheep when injected intravenously.


The explicit sustainability education these students receive gives them narrowly circumscribed ideas about sustainability as recycling and solar panels. At the same time school experience has the implicit lessons about sustaining one's social position through consumption and display of imported fashion and products associated with France/the west, practices with contradictory implications for sustainability.

Implicit lessons are taught by school structure and activities concerning unequal power between French and Arabic languages, between geography and history curricula focused on France vs. Tunisia, and between more French-identified and more Tunisian-identified faculty and staff.

I argue that models reproducing these hierarchies are at counter-purposes with efforts toward sustainability of Tunisian lifeways and environments because they encourage students to distance themselves from Tunisian cultural and ecological realities, and to aspire to more highly valued and powered French or "universal" ones.


We demonstrate that some mirrors using four-wave mixing processes can transform phase variations of the incident beam into amplitude variations of the reflected beam. The property of these mirrors arises from the interference between phase-conjugate and distributed feedback emissions. We present the results of experiments done with a rubidium cell and show how wave front deformations may be studied by such a mirror.


In this thesis we describe investigations of a novel class of semiconductor-glass waveguide hybrid lasers. We show that such lasers provide an unprecedented spectral purity as well as tunability among all chip-based diode lasers.
The concept of the investigated hybrid lasers is based on spectral control of light generated with a laser diode using highly frequency selective, tunable optical feedback provided by an integrated photonic circuit. In this work, we have employed InP laser diodes that generate light at around 1.5 μm wavelength, as an important as well as representative example. The integrated waveguide feedback circuits are based on microring resonators (MRRs). The waveguide platform selected for the feedback circuits utilizes Si3N4 as the waveguide core material and SiO2 as cladding material (TriPleXTM), because this provides exceptionally low propagation loss in combination with high index contrast, to enable large optical path lengths (for linewidth narrowing) and sophisticated circuit geometries in a compact, chip-sized format.
The thesis is organized as follows: after presenting some theoretical background in Chapter 2, we present a first version of a hybrid laser that possesses reduced roundtrip losses as achieved with an improved optical coupling between the diode and silicon nitride waveguide mode fields. To explore the potential of using narrowband amplification, frequency and phase synchronization, such as for application in the emerging field of microwave photonics. In Chapter 4 we report the first injection locking experiments with such hybrid lasers; in Chapter 5 we report the first integration of a hybrid InP-Si3N4 laser; in Chapter 6 we present a theoretical analysis of such hybrid lasers that for the first time reveals index-induces spatial broadening effects with a spatially resolved modeling of the gain section. Finally, in Chapter 7 we describe how the expertise gained with modeling, laser-design and experimental investigation is used to realize a semiconductor-glass hybrid laser with a record-low Schawlow-Townes linewidth of 290 Hertz.
In brief, this thesis describes a most powerful approach towards spectral control of diode lasers for unprecedented high spectral purity, and with large relevance for high-impact applications.


Radar remote sensing of the sea surface for the extraction of ocean surface wave fields requires separating wave and non-wave contributions to the sea surface measurement. Conventional methods of extracting wave information from radar measurements of the sea surface rely on filtering the wavenumber-frequency spectrum using the linear dispersion relationship for ocean surface waves. However, this technique has limitations, e.g., it isn't suited for the inclusion of non-linear wave features. This study evaluates an alternative method called proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for the extraction of ocean surface wave fields remotely sensed by marine radar. POD is an empirical and optimal linear method for representing non-linear processes. The method was applied to Doppler velocity data of the sea surface collected using two different radar systems during two different experiments that spanned a variety of environmental conditions. During both experiments, GPS mini-buoys simultaneously collected wave data. The POD method was used to generate phase-resolved wave orbital velocity maps that are statistically evaluated by comparing wave statistics computed from the buoy data to those obtained from these maps. The results show that leading POD modes contain energy associated with the peak wavelength(s) of the measured wave field, and consequently, wave contributions to the radar measurement of the sea surface can be separated based on modes. Wave statistics calculated from optimized POD reconstructions are comparable to those calculated from GPS wave buoys. The accuracy of the wave statistics generated from POD-reconstructed orbital velocity maps was not sensitive to the radar configuration or environmental conditions examined. Further research is needed to determine a rigorous method for selecting modes a priori.


The aim of this study is to develop a reliable and valid measurement tool to evaluate the entrepreneurship characteristics of university students. The study group is comprised of 386 students at the Faculty of Nursing, Near East University. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied in order to assess the construct validity of entrepreneurship scale. Prior to the application of Exploratory Factor analysis, Kolmogrov Smirnov, Shapiro Wilks tests were applied in order to identify whether the data set shows normal distribution; QQ plot was analysed with regard to the distribution and the skewness and kurtosis values of distribution were checked accordingly. In consideration with the generated results, the data set was considered as showing normal distribution. Upon ensuring the normality assumption required for the Exploratory Factor analysis, Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient and Barlett sphericity test that are used in the identification of data eligibility for the Exploratory Factor Analysis were applied respectively. The findings with regard to the reliability of scale were ensured with Cronbach Alpha (internal consistency). The findings showed that the reliability coefficient for internal consistency is sufficient. It is concluded that our study can be used in scientific researches since it was checked in terms of validity and reliability.


The hot summer season in Iraq where the ambient temperature may reach up to 50 o C make a necessary needing to use cooling device continuously.   Cooling of the building by A/C system consumes more than 60 % of the total electricity supplied to residential building. So, there is really need to minimize the energy consumption by enhancement the performance of Iraqi buildings. It is looking for methods to increase the thermal performance of the building by increasing the resistance of walls, roofs and windows. This research presents theoretical and experimental study for the significance of passive cooling and the major factors effect on the amount of cooling load which are able to be controlled, from the analysis sufficient insulation system can save in annual cooling load for existing building by 35 %, where the indoor temperature in summer time could be reduced from 42 o C to about than 35 o C, and the contribution of windows in energy saving.


Background The clinical and financial outcomes of SSIs directly attributable to MRSA and methicillin-resistance are largely uncharacterized. Previously published data have provided conflicting conclusions. Methodology We conducted a multi-center matched outcomes study of 659 surgical patients. Patients with SSI due to MRSA were compared with two groups: matched uninfected control patients and patients with SSI due to MSSA. Four outcomes were analyzed for the 90-day period following diagnosis of the SSI: mortality, readmission, duration of hospitalization, and hospital charges. Attributable outcomes were determined by logistic and linear regression. Principal Findings In total, 150 patients with SSI due to MRSA were compared to 231 uninfected controls and 128 patients with SSI due to MSSA. SSI due to MRSA was independently predictive of readmission within 90 days (OR = 35.0, 95% CI 17.3–70.7), death within 90 days (OR = 7.27, 95% CI 2.83–18.7), and led to 23 days (95% CI 19.7–26.3) of additional hospitalization and $61,681 (95% 23,352–100,011) of additional charges compared with uninfected controls. Methicillin-resistance was not independently associated with increased mortality (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 0.70–4.20) nor likelihood of readmission (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.21–0.89) but was associated with 5.5 days (95% CI 1.97–9.11) of additional hospitalization and $24,113 (95% 4,521–43,704) of additional charges. Conclusions/Significance The attributable impact of S. aureus and methicillin-resistance on outcomes of surgical patients is substantial. Preventing a single case of SSI due to MRSA can save hospitals as much as $60,000.


Programmable hardware built on a regular architecture can be used to address the challenges associated with using many fixed core architectures for applications which have varying compute power requirements during the lifetime of execution. The fine granularity of FPGAs is however unsuitable for effectively exploiting runtime reconfiguration because of the high overheads involved. Effective use of a dynamically reconfigurable fabric across a range of applications remains a challenge. In this work, we use a model coarse grain reconfigurable fabric to explore the potential of such a fabric for a range of key reconfiguration parameters. This coarse grain reconfigurable array with malleable communication links is used for design space exploration of two compute intensive kernel implementations which exploit dynamically reconfiguration. The semi-systolic near neighbour communication interconnect can be dynamically reconfigured for each "epoch" of computation. Different blocks of the application program reuse the compute grain in different epochs. Some of the links between the compute tiles are changed during the reconfiguration phase and because the architecture is partially reconfigured, the reconfiguration in some tiles can be completely overlapped with computation in other tiles. The paper proposes a methodology to exploit this design paradigm to drastically reduce the context switch overhead for rebalancing the pipeline to build high performance/area applications on this fabric.


One of the main challenges humanity is facing in the 21. century is climate change with its impacts and consequences for the life on our Planet. Caused by natural and human factors, its consequences woke up the international community which subsequently adopted the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change where climate change has been tackled internationally ever since. Within the multilateral climate diplomacy the governments, scientists, businesses and civil society cooperate together on this global issue to adopt effective measures and policies to slow the climate change process. The role of international organizations is crucial and the climate talks at the Copenhagen Summit in 2009 was an important international event with high expectations and weak outcomes. Its was a difficult process with high complex and conflicting issues standing in the way, which have shown the difficulty of addressing climate change internationally. The road ahead will demand faster efforts by the international community and individual countries in order to diminish the dangerous impacts of climate change on humankind in the present and future times.


Th e paper deals with the program of surveying of all the trekking routes inside the Rwenzori Mountains National Park (RMNP), of the main data related to the trekking route and to the main points of interest present into the Park. Th e structure of the geodatabase starts from the ProtSIS protocol (the trekking routes geodatabase structure defi ned by the Italian Alpine Club). Th is database comes from the same structure realized in 2000 and 2006 for the survey of trekking routes in the Himalaya range (Nepal) and in particular in the Sagarmatha, Kangchenjunga and Annapurna National Parks. From the 27th of July until the 2nd of August 2007 two researchers moved along the routes of the RMNP with a mono frequency GPS receiver and are now working to the fi nal data processing. Th e objective of the survey consists in mapping the position of the trekking paths and mainly in the data collection of the information related to the path that can be useful both for planning the maintenance of the pathways and for touristic purposes. Th e greenways inside the RMNP are often cover by mud and for reason require a frequent and constant maintenance, in particular for the some facilities as bridges, wood ladder, etc.


The impact of SiO2 interfacial layer (IL) thickness on the Positive Bias Temperature Instability (PBTI) is investigated for nMOSFETs with an IL/High-K/metal/poly-Si gate stack architecture. Results from extensive PBTI measurements using three different measurement methodologies consistently demonstrate that thickening the IL results in threshold voltage (VT) instability reduction and thus significantly enhances PBTI device lifetime. The voltage acceleration is found to increase with thicker IL, while the PBTI fractional recovery is independent of the IL thickness, providing new insights into the PBTI buildup and recovery mechanisms.


Abstract. Use of near-infrared (NIR) structured illumination technique has recently received great interest in biomedical research and clinical studies because of its ability to perform wide-field imaging and quantitatively map changes in tissue hemodynamic properties and morphological features in a noncontact and scan-free fashion. We report on the feasibility of using the same to quantitatively monitor and map changes in brain optical properties and physiological parameters pre- and post-closed head injury in a mouse model. Five anesthetized male mice underwent head injury by weight-drop model using a ∼50-g cylindrical metal object falling from a height of 90 cm onto the intact scalp. During experiments, NIR structured illumination was projected on the mouse head at two spatial frequencies and six different NIR wavelengths. A CCD camera positioned perpendicular to the head recorded the diffuse-reflected light. Computer analysis performed off-line on the captured data reveals spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of brain tissue absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. Using Beer's law and Mie theory, hemodynamic (hemoglobin, oxygen saturation, and lipids) and morphological (scattering amplitude and power) changes up to 1-h post-trauma were observed in comparison with baseline measurements. Functional maps of different brain properties were also generated. Following injury, we found difference in both brain hemodynamic and morphologic properties with respect to baseline levels, where in some properties, this difference was considered statistically significant. Specifically, a t-test indicates a substantial decrease in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) concentration and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) post-injury (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Overall, our preliminary results demonstrate the potential application of NIR structured illumination technique to track and spatially map changes in intact mouse brain pathophysiological parameters following head injury.


Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an important consequence of the global epidemic of obesity, is a common indication of orthotopic liver transplantation in the western world. Currently, NAFLD is the fourth most common indication of liver transplantation in the United Stated with prediction for increase demand of liver transplantation for NAFLD cirrhosis in the next two decades to exceed that of liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Given the advances in the efficacy and tolerability of immunosuppressive agents which have reduced the incidence of chronic rejection, long-term survival rates after liver transplantation have remarkably improved. Today, long-term graft loss and death after liver transplantation are commonly related to age-related complications, such as cardiovascular disease. Features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are very prevalent and almost universal after liver transplantation. These metabolic derangements are intricately associated with cardiovascular events and have emerged as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. In addition, the international epidemic of obesity has negatively impacted the liver transplant candidacy. Because obesity is associated with poor postoperative outcome, many transplant centers decline liver transplantation for morbidly obese individuals above certain level of body mass index.


On 29 January, the administration of President Donald Trump sent Congress a batch of documents
which provide the basis for a possible further expansion of sanctions against Russia:
a report on the Russian business and political elite, and a report on the consequences of selected
financial sanctions. At the same time, the authorisation for the possible introduction of
extraterritorial sanctions against entities from the Russian security sector and arms industry
came into effect. This was in line with the requirements of the Countering America's Adversaries
Through Sanctions Act, No. 3364 from 2 August 2017. This Act covers US sanctions against
Iran, Russia and North Korea. As of now, President Trump's administration has not decided to
implement any new sanctions against Russia, although it has the ability to do so at any time.


Reactive molecular ions play a central role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium and in planetary atmospheres. Spectroscopic studies of these often elusive ions yield fundamental insights on their geometrical and electronic structure, and provide vibrational and rotational signatures needed for their identification in space. Cryogenic ion traps have proven to be ideal tools for the development of sensitive spectroscopic schemes of mass-selected, cold, and isolated molecular ions. Recent progress on these so-called action spectroscopic methods allows not only to probe electronic and vibrational excitation processes, but also to record high-resolution purely rotational molecular spectraa, which are a direct prerequisite for radio-astronomical detections of new species in space as will be demonstrated with selected examples. In addition, details of broadband infrared experiments on several astrophysically important hydrocarbon cations ranging in size from comparatively small systems (e.g., C2H, C3H2 , and C3H ) to PAH cations will be given, using the unique combination of a cryogenic ion trap instrumentb interfaced to the free electron lasers at the FELIX Laboratory.


Info 2022 Language identification (LI) in textual documents is the process of automatically detecting the language contained in a document based on its content. The present language identification techniques presume that a document contains text in one of the fixed set of languages. However, this presumption is incorrect when dealing with multilingual document which includes content in more than one possible language. Due to the unavailability of standard corpora for Hindi-English mixed lingual language processing tasks, we propose the language lexicons, a novel kind of lexical database that augments several bilingual language processing tasks. These lexicons are built by learning classifiers over English and transliterated Hindi vocabulary. The designed lexicons possess condensed quantitative characteristics which reflect their linguistic strength in respect of Hindi and English language. On evaluating the lexicons, it is observed that words of the same language tend to cluster together and are separable over language classes. On comparing the classifier performance with existing works, the proposed lexicon models exhibit the better