In this lecture we turn to the problem of online learning, and analyze a very powerful and versatile algorithm called the multiplicative weights update algorithm. First, let's see some example problems. Machine learning: Learning a linear classifier. In machine learning, a basic but classic setting consists of a set of k labeled examples (a 1 , l 1), ..., (a k , l k) where the a j ∈ R N are " feature vectors " and the l j are labels in {−1, 1}. The problem is to find a linear classifier : a unit vector x ∈ R N + such that x 1 = 1 and ∀j ∈ {1,. .. , k}, l j (a j · x) ≥ 0 (think of x as a distribution over the coordinates of the a j , the features, that " explains " , or correlates with, the labeling indicated by the l j). Machine learning: Boosting. Suppose given a sequence of training points x 1 ,. .. , x N taken from some universe. Each point has an (unknown) label c(x i) ∈ {−1, 1}, where the function c is taken from some restricted set of functions (the " concept class " C). The goal is to find a hypothesis function h ∈ C that assigns labels to points, replicating the function c in the best way possible (on average over the samples). For instance, in the previous example the concept class is the class of all linear classifiers (or, " hyperplanes ") and the hypothesis function is x. Call a learning algorithm strong if it outputs with probability at least 1 − δ a hypothesis h such that 1 N |{i : h(x i) = c(x i)}| ≤ ε, and weak if the error is at most 1 2 − γ. Suppose the only thing we have is a weak learning algorithm: for any distribution D, it returns a hypothesis h such that E i∼D 1 2 h(x i) − c(x i) ≤ 1 2 − γ. The goal is to use the weak learner in order to construct a strong learner.


: We calculate the effective Zb ¯ b coupling at one loop level, in the framework of non-minimal Universal Extra Dimensional (nmUED) model. Non-minimality in Universal Extra Dimensional (UED) framework is realized by adding kinetic and Yukawa terms with arbitrary coefficients to the action at boundary points of the extra space like dimension. A recent estimation of the Standard Model (SM) contribution to Zb ¯ b coupling at two loop level, points to a 1 . 2 σ discrepancy between the experimental data and the SM estimate. We compare our calculation with the difference between the SM prediction and the experimental estimation of the above coupling and constrain the parameter space of nmUED. We also review the limit on compactification radius of UED in view of the new theoretical estimation of SM contribution to Zb ¯ b coupling. For suitable choice of coefficients of boundary-localized terms, 95% C.L. lower limit on R − 1 comes out to be in the ballpark of 800 GeV in the framework of nmUED; while in UED, the lower limit on R − 1 is 350 GeV which is a marginal improvement over an earlier estimate.


Cutaneous drug reactions are among the most common causes of skin eruptions in hospitalized patients. In outpatient clinics, drug eruptions represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the physician as any drug can cause an adverse cutaneous reaction. These reactions may be mediated by immunologic or nonimmunologic mechanisms. Cutaneous drug reactions may manifest themselves in various clinical morphologic patterns. Factors such as sun-exposure, concomitant drugs or diseases and host immune status can influence the type and morphology of lesions. History taking is one of the most important aspects in the evaluation of these patients and must be oriented so as to provide the information that will lead to the final diagnosis.


CISS (Comite International des Sports des Sourds) organized the IPC (International Paralympic Committee) with other sports bodies and national organizations for the Disabled in 1989, however CISS left the IPC in 1995. It seems that there were several factors in the process that CISS left the IPC.First, the idea regarding integration of sports for the Disabled was different between CISS and the IPC.Secondly, the concept regarding sign interpreting at the meetings from ICC to IPC was different each other.Thirdly, the deaf people's thoughts that disabled people themselves should control their own bodies was strongly reflected.In future, CISS is expected to become a strong driving force to prepare events that are open to both disabled people and able-bodied people in each sports federation at all levels and to realize integration of the Disabled in the world of sports. Therefore, it is even important for CISS and IPC to cooperate closely each other.


Objective: Determine sickness absence recommendation (SAR) prevalence for treatment-seeking patients with ADHD depending on comorbidity. Method: Population-based patient chart review of ADHD outpatients aged 19 to 29 years. The outcome, SAR, included both available financial benefit forms; activity compensation and sickness benefit. Latent class analyses (LCA) of demography and psychiatric comorbidities were performed both with and without SAR as an outcome variable. Results: Overall, 38% received SAR. Latent classes ranged from a from a small class of only females with personality disorders where all had SAR to larger groups characterized by lower comorbidity where 15% to 29% had SAR. In between these extremes were other classes of (a) neurodevelopmental disorders, for example, autism diagnosis or intellectual disabilities, and (b) high rate of anxiety disorder, where SAR rates ranged 46% to 65%. Conclusion: Treatment-seeking ADHD patients can be categorized into clinically relevant subgroups providing opportunities to structure rehabilitation efforts to the individuals' needs.


ABSTRACT This article critiques explanations of South Sudan's armed conflicts since 2013 that have relied on over-simplified theories of identity or monetised politics. Instead, this article explores the renegotiation of the meanings of monetary exchanges in politics and the inter-linked remaking of political identities. Warring coalitions in South Sudan have mobilised support using different notions of political communities and divergent ideas about the role of money in defining relationships. Some political communities have faced moral condemnation for their apparent willingness to form alliances in exchange for money. The article specifically discusses the emergence of the derogatory term 'Nuer weu' ('Nuer of Dinka money') among the South Sudan armed opposition. Alternatively, other political visions have presented gifts of money as a way to reinvent naturalised, kinship-based political communities, as well as social obligations of revenge and hierarchical norms of giving. The remaking of identity and the moral limits of monetary gifts in politics cannot only mobilise forces to war but also have implications for the moral limits of peace. The article ends by discussing one commander's alternative visions of how elite money in politics could be made consistent with wartime moral norms by providing salaries for the dead.


The opposed gate-source transistor (OGST) is a novel high-frequency field-effect device with a symmetry plane and a distributed interaction mode. The operation principles of the OGST have been analyzed using numerical two-dimensional time-dependent device-simulation techniques. The coupled particle balance, momentum balance, and Poisson equations subject to general boundary conditions are solved with finite-difference methods. Device characteristics are simulated using both quasi-static and "ballistic" high-field transport models. The unique symmetry property of the OGST leads to a new pinchoff and current collection mechanism at the source contact. A 60-GHz design has been analyzed in detail. The simulations predict the lower and upper limits of 290 and 709 mS/mm for the transconductance, and 72 and 214 GHz for the cutoff frequency, respectively, for the intrinsic OGST.


Modern Roman Catholic polemic has availed itself of that recent Biblical criticism which sees within the New Testament itself Christian varieties. That being the case, if Luther was an extreme Paulinist, he must have neglected variant and valid aspects of the gospel. Professor Loewenich, concerned with this problem, addressed himself earlier to the Johannine element in Luther's theology. Here he turns to the Synoptics. He finds that Luther was so full orbed in his theology that he does indeed import Pauline and Johannine elements into the Synoptic interpretation. But conversely he brings the Synoptics into play in interpreting the rest. The first three Gospels enable him, in accord with the Chalcedonian doctrine of the two natures, to picture the human side of Christ with great vividness and concrete detail, often elaborated by a lively imagination within a German setting. The weakest aspect of Luther's Synoptic interpretation is at the point of those passages which inculcate good works and offer a reward for their performance. Luther invariably insists that the good work is the fruit of faith and the reward is an act of grace rather than the genuine recognition of merit. Nor is Luther quite at home in early Christian eschatology. He was closer, of course, in this regard to the New Testament than were those who allegorized eschatology altogether, for Luther did believe in the literal and not-too-distant coming of the Lord Jesus. Nevertheless, in the interim he had a doctrine of the two kingdoms of a sort only faintly adumbrated in the New Testament. All in all, however, one may say that Luther discovered in the Synoptics his entire theology, sometimes by doing a measure of violence to the text, but often by reason of deep study and profound insight.


AIMS
To identify which intervention strategies have been effective in reducing excessive consumption of alcohol, and related harm, among some segments of Australia's Aboriginal population.

DESIGN
Items dealing with 'alcohol' and 'evaluation' (27) were identified from the comprehensive electronic data base on Aboriginal alcohol and other drug issues, maintained by Australia's National Centre for Research into the Prevention of Drug Abuse. From these were selected all reports (14) dealing specifically with evaluation of particular intervention projects. These were grouped and systematically reviewed under the broad categories of treatment, health promotion education, acute interventions and supply reduction.

FINDINGS
A broad range of intervention strategies has been employed. However, few systematic evaluations have been undertaken and the methodologies employed have been generally insufficient to allow robust generalization. The impact of most interventions appears limited but, in part, this may be a function of inadequate resourcing and programme support.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the limitations of the evaluation reports, several conclusions can be tentatively drawn. It appears there is a need to employ a broader range of treatment models and complementary intervention strategies. Interventions are generally inadequately resourced. There is a suggestion that supply reduction interventions may be effective. Most importantly, there is a pressing need for more rigorous evaluation studies in cooperation with Aboriginal community organizations.


Assigning responsibilities to classes is among first and arguably most important steps when creating objectoriented software design. This step depends greatly on human judgment and experience. In this paper our objective is to automatize assigning responsibilities to classes usingmetaheuristic optimization algorithms. Four different algorithms (simple genetic algorithm, hill climbing, simulated annealing and particle swarm optimization), using class coupling and cohesion metrics, were implemented and their results are compared. Implemented algorithms take semantically annotated responsibility dependency graph as input. This paper describes responsibility dependency graph, implemented algorithms and used coupling and cohesion metrics in detail. Paper also reports on a performed case study. Ultimately, based on results obtained from all implemented algorithms, conclusions on search landscape of class responsibility assignment problem are drawn.


Summary. The temperature field and rates of cooling and solidification of the oceanic crust and upper mantle at an ocean ridge have been calculated as a function of spreading rate. The thermal model of the accretion process incorporates latent heat release associated with solidification of the basalt liquid forming the ocean crust and uses a heat supply boundary condition on the vertical ridge axis model boundary. It is assumed that while oceanic layer 2 cools rapidly by hydrothermal circulation, oceanic layer 3 cools predominantly by conduction. Basalt liquid injection into the upper part of oceanic layer 3 is shown to solidify instantaneously while that injected into lower crustal levels takes up to 0.4 Myr to solidify. Material solidifying instantaneously is interpreted as corresponding to the dolerite unit of the ocean crust while that taking a finite time to cool is interpreted as corresponding to the gabbroic unit. The rate of cooling of the crust is shown to be faster for slower spreading rates and consequently the thicknesses of the dolerite and gabbro units are predicted to thin and thicken respectively with increase in spreading rate. The width of the molten region, or magma chamber, within the crust at the ridge axis is shown to be approximately proportional to spreading rate with chamber half widths of 1.5 and 10.0 km


This work describes a low-cost Public key Cryptography (PKC) based solution for security services such as authentication as required for wireless sensor networks. We have implemented a software approach using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) over GF (2m) in order to obtain stronger cryptography. In our approach we are using Koblitz curves and TNAF ( π - adic non-adjacent form) with partial reduction modulo. A Diffie-Hellman key exchange is implemented. This public key exchange is done between two participants in the network. The actual implementation is done at an 8-bit ATmega128L Micaz platform from Crossbow. Results has shown that the point calculation can be done fairly amount of time with relatively small space consumption.


A proxy signature scheme is useful and convenient because it allows a proxy signer to sign a message on behalf of an entity. This study proposes a novel efficient proxy signature scheme for mobile devices using bilinear pairings. The computational cost of the proposed signature scheme is extremely low, and the length of the proposed signature is limited. In addition, our scheme does not require a special hash function, namely the Map-To-Point hash function. We also show that the proposed scheme is secure against adaptive chosen message attacks under a random oracle. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.42.4.1969


In this paper, we propose two different relay selection schemes in free space optical (FSO) systems with decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. We provide closed-form outage probability expression for Selection Cooperation (SC) scheme and Monte-Carlo simulation of Opportuistic Relaying (OR) scheme for a gathered channel model which takes into account both path loss and turbulence-induced log-normal fading. Our analitical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SC and OR methods provide 0.5 dB and 4 dB power gains over one relay multi-hop transmission (no relay selection), respectively at a target outage probability of 10-4 assuming the deployment of three relays in our system model. Moreover, this power gain increases with increasing number of deployed relays in OR scheme.


This editorial offers an overview of mental health service provision across different languages and cultures in the UK. It is increasingly recognised that mental health service users with limited English proficiency are rendered doubly vulnerable by the combination of their illness and their language difficulties. Only recently has the importance of safe, coherent, nationally available interpreting, translation and language support (ITALS) been recognised by healthcare providers. We review the challenges within the interpreted interaction, some reasons for the scarcity of qualified and accredited ITALS suppliers, and some solutions to the ITALS problem.


ABSTRACT The second largest outbreak of Ebolavirus is currently ongoing in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and is characterized by lack of compliance with recommended control measures. Trusted local health agents, including medical students, may be valuable social mobilizers in this challenging context. We report a student-led educational campaign to increase community awareness and engagement in EVD control efforts, with evaluation of student and community satisfaction. The outreach was conducted in November 2018, involving 600 students and reaching 5–10,000 community members. Key messages included: 'Ebola exists in Butembo' and 'Bring infected family members to the Ebola Treatment Unit.' Medical students (n = 355) and community participants (n = 319) evaluated the campaign. Satisfaction was high: 320 (90%) students agreed that medical students could contribute to the EVD response effort, and 233 (73%) community members agreed that the students had helped them understand Ebola in the area. Lower satisfaction scores were associated with intention to hide infected family member from authorities (ρ = −0.25, p < 0.0001), denial of the existence of Ebola (ρ = −0.17, p = 0.0018), and mistrust of the response team (ρ = −0.11, p = 0.042). Both students (77%) and community members (71%) agreed that they were more motivated to combat Ebola as a result of the outreach. In conclusion, medical students can lead to satisfactory community engagement and educational activities during an EVD epidemic. As trusted local health agents, medical students may be valuable allies in building public trust and cooperation in this epidemic.


INTRODUCTION
Students from Shantou University Medical College were subject to domicile quarantine during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak.

METHODOLOGY
We investigated their experience during March-April 2020 using a cross-sectional, self-administered, anonymous online survey.

RESULTS
Out of 531 respondents, 75.7% became aware of the outbreak via the Internet (61.7%), WeChat (57.8%), and Weibo (49%). Nearly all students knew COVID-19 manifestations, incubation period, and transmission modes; about half considered wearing facemask and hand hygiene as effective epidemic interventions. They experienced various emotional reactions that changed significantly in response to the outbreak, lockdown, and quarantine (ps < 0.001), with depression in 23.3%. Most students (83.4%-99.4%) had positive attitudes and good compliance towards domicile quarantine and preventive measures. Females were significantly better than males in hand hygiene compliance (p = 0.04). More students with positive attitudes and good compliance than those without educated their families (ps < 0.05 - ps < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression showed negative relationships between anger and hand hygiene attitude (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.01-0.87); confusion and quarantine compliance (0.30, 0.12-0.76); and anger and compliance with quarantine (0.32, 0.11-0.93), facemask (0.12, 0.03-0.50), and hand hygiene (0.27, 0.08-0.88).

CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed how multichannel risk communication, early awareness, positive attitudes, and conformity of medical college students might have contributed to the favorable outcome from the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Clear, accurate, consistent, early risk communication by the local, national, and international public health authorities seems critical to promote public understanding, correct risk perception, and rational emotions and attitudes, leading to optimal conformity.


Abstract : In August 16, 2004, President Bush announced a program of sweeping changes to the numbers and locations of military basing facilities at overseas locations, now known as the Integrated Global Presence and Basing Strategy (IGPBS) or Global Posture Review, a component of ongoing force transformation efforts. Roughly 70,000 personnel would return from overseas locations from Europe and Asia to bases in the continental United States (CONUS). Other overseas forces would be redistributed within current host nations such as Germany and South Korea, and new bases would be established in nations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Africa. In the Department of Defense's (DOD) view, these locations would be closer, and better able, to respond to potential trouble spots. In August 2005, the congressionally mandated Commission on the Review of Overseas Military Facility Structure of the United States (also known as the "Overseas Basing Commission") formally reported its findings. It disagreed with the "timing and synchronization" of the DOD overseas re-basing initiative, and questioned whether a strategic vision agreed upon by all effected government agencies was guiding the re-basing. It also saw the initiative as potentially at odds with stresses on the force that the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan caused. The Commission questioned whether sufficient interagency coordination, such as State Department led basing rights negotiations, have occurred. It expressed doubts that the military had enough airlift and sealift to make the strategy work, and noted that DOD had likely underestimated the cost of all aspects associated with the moves (DOD budgeted $4 billion, the Commission estimated $20 billion). The Commission also expressed fear that the re-basing could harm military quality of life, which would in turn hamper recruiting and retention. Recent international diplomatic and security developments could further influence debate on overseas basing.


Implementing interventions in the field of breakfast consumption and subsequently evaluating them is an appropriate solution to promote healthy breakfast consumption and improve health status. The present study aims to systematically investigate the educational interventions in relation to breakfast consumption among students. In this study, the SID, IRANMEDEX, IRANDOC, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched for the period from January 2000 to March 2018. The selection criteria for final articles include having as their topics education and intervention relating to breakfast consumption among preschool and other school students as well as the availability of the full text of the articles. In general, 3742 articles were identified, out of which 17 articles—containing educational intervention relating to breakfast consumption among the students—were selected after removing duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria. However, 5451 students had participated in the 17 investigated articles. The main emphasis in these interventions was on increasing breakfast consumption and knowledge and changing attitudes towards breakfast and its benefits. The use of theories and models for intervention increased the frequency of breakfast consumption among the students in all the reviewed studies. Accordingly, it seems necessary to design, implement, and assess more educational and interventional programs. More attention should be devoted to different theories and models of health education and promotion and to some lesser noteworthy factors, such as the role of schools, teachers, and parents in education, and modern communication technologies.


Metastasis is the major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in breast cancer. Interleukin-8 has a contribution in the spread of the tumour cells. This study was aimed to know IL-8 levels in patients with metastasic and non metasatic breast cancer by analyzing. A cross sectional study was performed at the Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Ibnu Sina and Labuang Baji hospitals during September to December 2011. Laboratory examinations were done in the Research Centre of the Medical Faculty, University of Hasanuddin. Fiftysix (56) subjects with breast cancer were examined. The results showed that the levels of IL-8 in metastatic and non metastatic breast cancer were 13.73 pg/mL and 10.48 pg/mL respectively. Mann-Whitney test showed no significant difference of IL-8 level between them, (p=0.09). When the subjects were divided into early and advance stages, the mean levels of IL-8 were 8.035 pg/mL and 12.052 pg/mL, respectively, showing a significant difference by Mann-Whitney test (p=0.009). Based on this research, the level of IL-8 can be considered as a marker in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer. A further research in cohort studies which specific metastasis crawl method is advised by the researchers, these are suggested to allow the determination of the risk factors.


To replace cutterhead worn tools conveniently or get rid of shield's jamming effectively in complicated stratum, a new nonlinear cutterhead pose control system of large-diameter slurry shields is especially designed. High precision cutterhead pose control of large-diameter slurry shields is hardly achieved due to the uncertain load force and mass. A nonlinear controller constructed by adaptive robust control based on sliding mode is designed for this parallel mechanism, which includes a special adaptation law to compensate for the uncertainties. The stability of the whole closed loop system is verified based on Lyapunov theory. And the validity of the proposed strategy is proved by Simulink and AMESim co-simulation. The simulation results show that not only in control accuracy but also in parameter uncertainty, the designed nonlinear cutterhead pose control is effective.


Hybrids obtained following fusion of normal human diploid fibroblasts with different immortal human cell lines exhibited limited division potential. This led to the conclusion that the phenotype of cellular senescence is dominant and that immortal cells arise as a result of recessive changes in the growth control mechanisms of the normal cell. We have exploited the fact that immortality is recessive and, by fusing immortal human cell lines with each other, assigned 21 cell lines to at least four complementation groups for indefinite division. A wide variety of cell lines was included in the study to determine what parameters, if any, would affect complementation group assignment. The results indicate that cell type, embryonal layer of origin, and type of tumor do not affect group assignment. There does not appear to be any correlation between expression of an activated oncogene and group assignment. However, all of the immortal simian virus 40-transformed cell lines studied (with the exception of one xerodermapigmentosum fibroblast-derived line) assign to the same group, indicating that this virus immortalizes various human cells by the same processes. The assignment of immortal human cells to distinct groups provides the basis for a focused approach to determine the genes important in normal growth regulation that have been modified in immortal cells.


We report from first-principles-based atomistic simulations that ferroelectricity can be sustained in PbTiO(3) nanoparticles of only a few lattice constants in size as a result of a toroidal ordering. We find that size-induced topological transformations lead to the stabilization of a ferroelectric bubble by the alignment of vortex cores along a closed path. These transformations, which are driven by the aspect ratio of the nanostructure, change the topology of the polarization field, producing a rich variety of polar configurations. For sufficiently flat nanostructures, a multibubble state bridges the gap between 0D nanodots and 2D ultrathin films. The thermal properties of the ferroelectric bubbles indicate that this state is suitable for the development of nanometric devices.


Background and Objectives:Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in human body. Squamous cell cancer (SCC) accounts for most of sinonasal cancers. Prediction of cancer development and induction of cell death are thought to account for the conquest of maxillary sinus cancer. Little is known about its biochemical mechanism(s) of cell death. Recently, human epidemiological and clinical intervention indicate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor have chemopreventive activity against colorectal cancer. We examined what kind of NSAIDs induce death of maxillary sinus cancer cells. Materials and Method:Human maxillary sinus cancer cells were treated with NSAIDs. The NSAIDs-induced cell death was measured by Flow cytometry (FACS). To know whether sulindac sulfide-induced cell death is apoptosis or necrosis, we carried out Western blot analysis using anti-poly ADP-ribosyl polymerase (PARP) IgG and caspase 3 assay. We also measured cell survival rate using general caspases inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. Results:Treatment of human maxillary sinus cancer cells with sulindac sulfide resulted in a dose-dependent cell death, and induction of apoptosis. General caspases inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk potentiated the apoptosis inhibitory effect of sulindac sulfide. Conclusion:These results suggest that the inhibition of caspases is responsible for a part of the induction of apoptosis by sulindac sulfide. Inhibition of caspase 3 activity may, therefore, be a useful biochemical target for the development of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs for maxillary sinus cancer


Clearance by cutaneous metabolism can shield the body from penetration of environmental and therapeutic xenobiotics. Here we report on a physical model to relate Fickian diffusion and concurrent Michaelis-Menten metabolism of drugs in the viable epidermis of human skin. For this purpose, we numerically generated substrate concentration profiles within the metabolizing tissue and the resulting donor-to-receiver substrate fluxes through the tissue for various mass transport and metabolism parameters. To validate the model, permeation and concurrent metabolism of a peptidomimetic compound, L -Ala-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (Ala-MNA), across both stripped human skin and HaCaT cell culture sheets were compared to numerical simulations. Parameter estimates for those calculations were extracted from independent experiments. Experimental data and numerical predictions were in excellent agreement. Also, numerical fits and independently validated parameters correlated closely, indicating the principal validity of the physical model. Numerical simulations and theoretical derivations illustrate the kinetic impact of the factors involved, i.e. the diffusion coefficient D, substrate donor concentration C(S,D), substrate partition coefficient P, tissue thickness L and maximum metabolic rate V(max), on drug permeation, with L having the strongest effect. In the steady state, the coefficient 2 alpha, i.e. the dimensionless ratio of the residence time term (L(2)/D) of a substrate in the tissue to the metabolic half-life term (C(S,D)P/2 V(max)), allows to estimate concentration gradients within the tissue and the extent of metabolism. High 2 alpha values represent practically complete metabolic cleavage upon penetration. Epidermis ( approximately 40 microm thick) of stripped human skin and HaCaT sheets ( approximately 10 microm) had 2 alpha values of 43 and 2.7, respectively, indicating that intact Ala-MNA could only permeate HaCaT sheets, but not skin. Independent permeation experiments confirmed this outcome. This physical model may be applicable to other metabolizing tissues as well.


Harmonic and Intermodulation distortions occur when a physical system is excited with a single or several frequencies and when the relationship between the input and output is non-linear. Working with non-linearities in the Frequency domain is not straightforward specially when the relationship between the input and output is not trivial. We outline the complete derivation of the Harmonic and Intermodulation distortions from basic principles to a general physical system. For illustration, the procedure is applied to the Single Mode laser diode where the relationship of input to output is non-trivial. The distortions terms are extracted directly from the Laser Diode rate equations and the method is tested by comparison to many results cited in the literature. This methodology is general enough to be applied to the extraction of distortion terms to any desired order in many physical systems in a general and systematic way.


800x600 In this study, dehulled sesame seeds obtained from Mamoun Elberier factory were defatted by solvent extraction to produce a dehulled and defatted sesame flour (DDSF). Proximate analyses were determined on both the dehulled sesame flour and dehulled and defatted sesame flour. The results indicated that there was an increase in the contents of protein, moisture, fiber and carbohydrates due to the defatting process. Flour obtained from the dehulled and defatted sesame seed was used to supplement staple Sudanese baked product sorghum kisra , in the ratios of 10%, 20% and 30%. The various replacement ratios resulted in an increase in the protein content of the kisra from 12.25% in control kisra to about 15.75%, 19.49%, and 23.20%, respectively. The above replacement ratios also resulted in a concomitant increase in the in-vitro protein digestibility of kisra breads. The sensory analysis indicated that there were no significant difference between kisra bread made from the various blends of sorghum and DDSF. However, panelists gave higher scores to the 10% sesame/sorghum supplemented kisra than the kisra made from the other ratios. Nutritional value of kisra can be enhanced by the addition of DDSF at a level of up to 30%. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */
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High-valued vegetable farming can increase farmers' income if the vegetables are cultivated in commercial manner. This paper analyzes factors that determine farmers' intention to commercialize vegetable farming; and the effect of commercialization on farmers' income. The study used structural equation model to estimate paths affecting farmers to engage commercial farming and its impact of commercial on households' income. Household and farm characteristics, business environment, and market support were hypothesized to influence farmers to commercialize vegetable farming. Data for this study were compiled from a quantitative survey of 360 farm households located in four major vegetable producing regions of Eastern Indonesia. Results indicate that commercial vegetable farming provides economic advantage in terms of increased income. To encourage commercial vegetable farming, vegetable agribusiness terminal with all market infrastructures should be established in the potential vegetable producing regions of Indonesia.


Substance abuse and mental health problems among Native Americans are associated with a variety of general health, social, and economic problems. This current study examined Native American grandparents who are raising their grandchildren and found that a child, parent, or grandparent had an alcohol or drug problem in 36% of families. Substance abuse on the part of a parent was correlated with the reasons grandparents were raising their grandchildren. Native American grandparents raising grandchildren cope with a variety of challenges and receive little state-funded assistance or help from others.


Software application programming interfaces (APIs) are a ubiquitous part of Software Engineering. The evolution of these APIs requires constant effort from their developers and users alike. API developers must constantly balance keeping their products modern whilst keeping them as stable as possible. Meanwhile, API users must continually be on the lookout to adapt to changes that could break their applications. As APIs become more numerous, users are challenged by a myriad of choices and information on which API to use. Current research attempts to provide automatic documentation, code examples, and code completion to make API evolution more scalable for users. Our work will attempt to establish practical and scalable API evolution guidelines and tools based on public code repositories, to aid both API users and API developers.This thesis focuses on investigating the use of public code repositories provided by the open-source community to improve software API engineering practices. More specifically, I seek to improve software engineering practices linked to API evolution, both from the perspective of API users and API developers. To achieve this goal, I will apply quantitative and qualitative research methods to understand the problems at hand. I will then mine public code repositories to develop novel solutions to these problems.


The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is the most widely used animal model of essential hypertension and accompanying metabolic disturbances. Recent advances in sequencing of genomes of BN-Lx and SHR progenitors of the BXH/HXB recombinant inbred (RI) strains as well as accumulation of multiple data sets of intermediary phenotypes in the RI strains, including mRNA and microRNA abundance, quantitative metabolomics, proteomics, methylomics or histone modifications, will make it possible to systematically search for genetic variants involved in regulation of gene expression and in the etiology of complex pathophysiological traits. New advances in manipulation of the rat genome, including efficient transgenesis and gene targeting, will enable in vivo functional analyses of selected candidate genes to identify QTL at the molecular level or to provide insight into mechanisms whereby targeted genes affect pathophysiological traits in the SHR.


INTRODUCTION AND AIMS
The study aimed to determine injecting drug users' (IDU) attitudes, and correlates of attitudes, towards continued prohibition, decriminalisation or legalisation of the major illicit drugs.

DESIGN AND METHODS
This study used structured interview with 300 IDUs who had injected on at least a weekly basis over the preceding 12 months.

RESULTS
Methamphetamine was rated the most harmful of the five illicit substances and cannabis the lowest. By far the highest level of support for legislative change was for cannabis, with only 8.7% supporting continued prohibition. While there was majority support for change to the legal status of heroin, the modal position was for decriminalisation. Support for changing the status of the three illicit psychostimulants was low, with the majority believing that methamphetamine (63.3%), cocaine (53.3%) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (53.3%) should remain illegal. Demographic characteristics were largely unrelated to attitudes. Lower levels of perceived harm were associated with increased likelihood of support for legalisation of all substances. Recent use was positively related to support for both decriminalisation and legality of heroin, but was not associated with views on other substances. Higher lifetime polydrug use was associated with support for the legalisation of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
IDUs expressed nuanced views on different substances. In policy debates, care should be taken not to speak for IDUs by imputing their beliefs. It is clear that the fact that a group uses illegal drugs does not necessarily imply that they support changes to their legal status.


We aim to determine some physical properties of distant galaxies (for example, stellar mass, star formation history, or chemical enrichment history) from their observed spectra, using supervised machine learning methods. We know that different astrophysical processes leave their imprint in various regions of the spectra with characteristic signatures. Unfortunately, identifying a training set for this problem is very hard, because labels are not readily available - we have no way of knowing the true history of how galaxies have formed. One possible approach to this problem is to train machine learning models on state-of-the-art cosmological simulations. However, when algorithms are trained on the simulations, it is unclear how well they will perform once applied to real data. In this paper, we attempt to model the generalization error as a function of an appropriate measure of distance between the source domain and the application domain. Our goal is to obtain a reliable estimate of how a model trained on simulations might behave on data.


The sequential reaction of ZnMe2 with a 2-pyridylamine (HN(2-C5H4N)R, R = Ph: 1; 3,5-Xy (=3,5-xylyl): 2; 2,6-Xy: 3; Bz (=benzyl): 4; Me: 5), tBuLi and thereafter with oxygen affords various lithium zincate species, the solid-state structures of which reveal a diversity of oxo-capture modes. Amine 1 reacts to give both dimeric THF [Li(Me)OZn[N(2-C5H4N)Ph]2] (6), wherein oxygen has inserted into the Zn-C bond of a [MeZn[N(2-C5H4N)-Ph]2] ion, and the trigonal Li2Zn complex, bis(OtBu)-capped (THF x Li)2-[[(mu3-O)tBu]2Zn[N(2-C5H4N)Ph]2] (7). The structural analogue of 6 (8) results from the employment of 2, while the use of more sterically congested 3 yields a pseudo-cubane dimer [(THF x [Li(tBu)OZn(OtBu)Me]]2] (9) notable for the retention of labile Zn-C(Me). Amines 4 and 5 afford the oxo-encapsulation products [mu4-O)Zn4[(2-C5H4N)-NBz]6] (10b), and [tBu(mu3-O)-Li3(mu6-O)Zn3[(2-C5H4N)NMe]6] (11), respectively, with concomitant oxo-insertion into a Li-C interaction resulting in capping of the fac-isomeric (mu6-O)M3M'3 distorted octahedral core of the latter complex by a tert-butoxide group.


The CT/discographic findings from 225 discs in 91 low-back pain patients were compared to the pain provocation during the injection of contrast into the disc. The radio-graphic appearance of disc deterioration demonstrating disc degeneration and annular disruption of each disc was classified separately using a fourpoint scale: normal, slight, moderate, or severe. Pain reaction to the discogram at each level was recorded as follows: no pain, dissimilar pain, similar pain, or exact reproduction of the patient's clinical pain. This more precise analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between pain and deterioration of discs. The CT/discogram presents an axial view of the disc that allows a subgrouping of disc deterioration that can discriminate between peripheral deterioration (degeneration) and internal deterioration (disruption). The disruption supposedly occurs earlier and is more likely to be the source of exact pain reproduction.


Introduction: This paper provides a report of social validity and its usefulness in understanding study effects. Social validity data were drawn from a larger single-case study designed to investigate the effectiveness of the Matrix Approach in the practice of early intervention visual impairment professionals. Methods: Qualitative measures were used to assess social validity. According to Wolf (1978), validation of a study should encompass the significance of goals, appropriateness of procedures, and importance of outcomes. Therefore, data sources were created to provide evidence of social validity in these areas including pre- and post-intervention interviews of parents and professionals. Results: Three themes emerged from the social validity data. These are organized under the topics introduced by Wolf (1978) and identified as measures of quality by Horner et al. (2005). The themes are (a) Goals: role of the parent as learner and the professional as expert before using the Matrix Approach, (b) Procedures: helpfulness of coaching and the structure of the Matrix Approach, and (c) Outcomes: personal and professional growth as a result of using the Matrix Approach. Discussion: Evaluation of social validity in single-case research is an important component in a study's design and in interpreting the study's outcomes. Wolf's framework proved valuable in promoting a robust evaluation of study effectiveness, especially when incorporated into the study design. Intentionally planning to measure social validity held the researchers accountable to the practical needs of the participants. In fact, there is value in gathering social validity data at various points in a study. Further, hearing the perspective of stakeholders can provide valuable insights as researchers seek to understand the complexities of change evident in the outcomes of a study. Implications for Practitioners: Collaborative planning is an essential component of early intervention. The Matrix Approach shows promise as a mechanism to foster such collaboration.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse and variable clinical manifestations and unknown aetiology. Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of the disease. Several candidate gene loci (including the human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) region, Fcγ receptors, and complement components) have been implicated through association studies, and multiple susceptibility loci have been detected in inbred mouse models of SLE.1,2 Until now, six groups have published genomewide scans with SLE as a phenotype in different ethnic groups.3–8 Recently, linkage to chromosome 2q37 (logarithm of odds (LOD) 4.24) in a Swedish population resulted in the identification of a new susceptibility gene PDCD1 in a large multinational study by Prokunina et al .8,9 The SLE associated allele of this immunoreceptor gene alters a binding site for the runt related transcription factor 1 ( RUNX1 ), which is found in an intronic enhancer.

Stratification of pedigrees based on clinical manifestations has been used in recent studies that involved genomewide scans.10–16 The aim was to achieve genetically and clinically homogeneous sets of families and to increase the power to detect susceptibility genes for different subphenotypes of SLE. Altogether, 17 regions have been linked significantly to SLE with model based and non-parametric approaches; 11 of these in stratified studies. In addition, several other regions with suggestive linkage have been identified, but only some of those loci have been implicated in more than one study.6,18 The data suggest that multiple genes are involved in conferring susceptibility to SLE.

In our study, we conducted a nationwide and genomewide scan for SLE susceptibility loci in Finnish families multiply affected by SLE. The extensive hospital registration system in Finland allowed us to identify and recruit approximately 85% of all patients with …


ABSTRACT. Neto O.C., Rodrigues V.C., Costa D.P.B. da, Medeiros L.F.D., Vieira D.H., Camargo A.M. & Padua F.T. de. [Evaluation of some characteristics on the carcass of bovines and buffaloes]. Avaliacao de algumas caracteristicas da carcaca de bovinos e bubalinos. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 32(3):151-160, 2010. Faculdade de Ciencias Agro-Ambientais da Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura, FAGRAM/SNA. Avenida Brasil, 9727, Olaria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brasil. E-mail: email@example.com The objective of this study was to evaluate some characteristics measure by ultrasound in live animals and with scale in the carcass of Sindhi bovines and Mediterranean buffaloes, finished in feedlot. The animals were slaughtered when they reached the average body weight of 488.3 ± 8.94 kg for Sindhi and 492.5 ± 8.61 kg for Mediterranean. The experimental design was the completely randomized. There was no difference between genetic groups for rib eye area (REA) measured by ultrasound. However, there was significant difference for fat thickness (FT), fat thickness in the cup of rump and marbling. Bovine group showed lower averages (5.3 vs 7.7 mm and 5.4 vs 8.0 mm) for fat thickness and fat thickness in the cup of rump, respectively, while for marbling, bovines presented higher values (9.7 vs 5.9 points). There was no significant difference for REA and FT obtained in the carcass, as well as to the ratio of muscle, bone and fat. The correlations between REA and FT obtained by ultra-sound and measured in the carcass were positives and significant (0.68 and 0.55 to the first and second characteristic, respectively). Ultrasound measurements are correlated to measurements measured on carcass of steers finished in feedlot. The carcass from both groups presents similar quality observed among the majority of studied characteristics. However, considering the marbling grade an indicative of intramuscular fat, the buffalo's meat can be considered healthier for human intake.


This work represents efforts to study high-enthalpy carbon dioxide flows in anticipation
of the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and future missions. The
current study extends the previous presentation of experimental results by the comparison
now with axisymmetric simulations incorporating detailed thermochemical
modeling. The work is motivated by observed anomalies between experimental
and numerical studies in hypervelocity impulse facilities. In this work, experiments
are conducted in the Hypervelocity Expansion Tube (HET) which, by virtue of its
flow acceleration process, exhibits minimal freestream dissociation in comparison
to reflected shock tunnels. This simplifies the comparison with computational result
as freestream dissociation and considerable thermochemical excitation can be
neglected. Shock shapes of the Laboratory aeroshell and spherical geometries are
compared with numerical simulations. In an effort to address surface chemistry
issues arising from high-enthalpy carbon dioxide ground-test based experiments,
spherical stagnation point and aeroshell heat transfer distributions are also compared
with simulation. The shock stand-off distance has been identified in the
past as sensitive to the thermochemical state and as such, is used here as an experimental
measureable for comparison with CFD and two different theoretical
models. For low-density, small-scale experiments it is seen that models based upon
assumptions of large binary scaling values are unable to match the experimental
and numerical results. Very good agreement between experiment and CFD is seen
for all shock shapes and heat transfer distributions fall within the non-catalytic and
super-catalytic solutions.


The Earth shows a constant display of an organized complexity system, and its intrinsic capacity for sporadic self-organization constitutes its fundamental and profound mysterious property. A graphical method derived from the logistic phase space of precipitation is proposed to identify periods of abundance-scarcity of rain as well as El Nino presence in order to cope with climate change. The most striking result is that the majority of El Nino events on this graph are chaotic, in which the sign of the dominant eigenvalues of precipitation gives trends of scarcity on negative signs and abundance on positive signs, with eleven years periods.


We demonstrate the capability of embedded mean field theory (EMFT) within the linear-scaling density-functional theory code ONETEP, which enables DFT-in-DFT quantum embedding calculations on systems containing thousands of atoms at a fraction of the cost of a full calculation. We perform simulations on a wide range of systems from molecules to complex nanostructures to demonstrate the performance of our implementation with respect to accuracy and efficiency. This work paves the way for the application of this class of quantum embedding method to large-scale systems that are beyond the reach of existing implementations.


BACKGROUND
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a highly invasive procedure and a highcost medical measure, but the economic impact of nosocomial infection after ECMO support remains largely uninvestigated.

METHODS
We constructed a retrospective cohort of all patients hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from 2013 to 2020 who had ECMO supported clinical samples. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control the impact of potential confounding variables, including demographics, commodities, and treatment, and to estimate the economic burden of nosocomial infection after ECMO support.

RESULTS
There were 194 patients with ECMO support, 136 patients had no infection after ECMO, 38 patients had infection after ECMO, of which 97.4% was lower respiratory tract infection. Compared with patients among ECMO non infection group, the main reasons for ECMO treatment of patients among ECMO infection group were supportive treatment of cardiac dysfunction (63.16% vs. 42.31%, P=0.021) and longer use of catheter (13.74±14.97 vs. 15.97±14.33 days, P=0.034). The total hospital expenses for patients among ECMO infection group and ECMO non infection group were about $55,878 and $51,277 respectively. Patients with ECMO infection had significantly higher radiate expenses, operational expenses and anesthetic expenses than those among ECMO non infection group ($119.06 vs. $69.32, P=0.025; $6,458.81 vs. $4,882.49, P=0.034; $331.62 vs. $145.56, P=0.030).

CONCLUSIONS
Our study demonstrates that the incidence of nosocomial infection after ECMO support was relatively high, which did not lead to high total hospital expenses, but lead to higher radiate expenses, operational expenses and anesthetic expenses.


Academic integrity matters are relevant to all areas of university teaching, but they are of particular importance to degree programmes whose graduates intend to work in the public service. While a large body of scholarship exists on academic integrity, very little has been written that specifically relates to students who intend to pursue careers in the public sector. This article is a reflection of the author's experience as Academic Integrity Officer in the School of Social and Policy Studies at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, between January 2016 and July 2017, during which time 92 cases of suspected breaches of academic integrity were reviewed and adjudicated. An analysis of the cases presented here suggests that universities can make more use of preventative strategies than they currently do, and that more emphasis should be placed on prevention and less on punishment as a response.


The Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration (WSV) in Germany provides as main tasks the safe and easy of inland and coastal shipping transport. To assure these main tasks information technology (IT) solutions and their operation are playing a major role. As central IT support and development section the Federal Waterway and Research Institute with their Information Technology Division are in charge for these developments. Beginning in the year 2000 the hydrological IT framework was redesigned to generate a structured data flow combining the elements of data acquisition, data processing and data distribution providing a standardised intranet solution and an eGovernment application. The data acquisition using different telemetric systems as well as onand offline components were standardised introducing a simultaneous online data transfer system which is connected to regional hydrological data storages. The regional hydrological data storages are grouped in three Citrix Metaframe terminal server farms split in seven server locations and providing the hydrological application software. For the data acquisition the WISKI workbench systems of the Kisters AG is used; existing of different modules for data validation, standardised reporting, stage and flow regulations, tidal and stream flow analysis. Using the Citrix Secure Gateway technology and web interface the internet access for the operation of the system is guaranteed and all components can be used from variable access. Server balancing and WISKI backup database servers provide a high working performance and security. The regional hydrological data storages provide the raw and analysed data to a central hydrological information system for the flood and storm tide warning service, e-Government applications, archiving of historical data and further distribution services.


So far, there is little research on accounting information system risk assessment in our country. In order to provide the basis to meet the security needs of the accounting information system and reduce the risk of accounting information system security, reduce financial loses and improve the work efficiency, a model of enterprise accounting information system risk assessment method based on Analytic Hierarchy Process is proposed. The analytic hierarchy process model is applied to one corporate accounting information system for risk assessment. It can be concluded that the proposed method get better result of risk assessment, and have strong operability and effectiveness of risk assessment in the accounting information system for enterprise.


Chapter in the catalog accompanying the exhibition Wereld
Beeld. Hedendaagse kunstenaars geinspireerd door Comenius,
describes the history of the book Orbis sensualium Pictus.
Famous illustrated textbook, one of the first illustrated books
in the world, Orbis sensualium pictus from 1658, written by Jan
Amos Comenius (1592-1670), forms the inspirational basis of the
exhibition, which is a collective project of the Comenius
Museum in Naarden, Pubart (Hilversum) and the Museum of J. A.
Comenius in Uherský Brod. One part of the exhibition presents
history of the book itselves, outlines the origin of the
illustrative woodcuts and depicts the changes that occurred
during the publishing. Orbis has been since 1658 quickly spread
to many countries. Twelfth Edition, which is attributed to
William Jones, was printed in 1798 in New York. The first
Polish edition comes from 1667, thanks to the Polish publisher
Kaspar Muller in Wroclaw. The Czech reader definitely
appreciated the 1685 four-language edition, which was printed
by Samuel Brewer in Levoca. The illustrations were reworked by
Jonah Bubenka, a Slovak Evangelical priest, teacher, composer,
and an autodidact drawer and woodcarver, who worked in Presov
and later in Levoca. Orbis Pictus was also very popular in
northern Europe, Denmark and Sweden. Book has being constantly
adapted and supplemented according to the needs or language of
different countries.


This essay analyzes the Argentine "Currency Board" experiment dur- ing the 1990s, both from a theoretical and historical point of view. It finds that ear- lier failed attempts to control inflation with a quasi fixed exchange rate in a highly politicized environment should have been a lesson to heed. While detailing the vari- ous shortcomings of the domestic economic policies, ample space is devoted to ex- amine the gyrating international capital markets and their impact on the Argentine program. Moreover, it is maintained that the Argentine political environment, the sta- bility of which was crucial for success in the early years, deteriorated to such an extent after 1996 that it significantly contributed to the breakdown of the economic program and the system itself. The essay concludes with a short consideration of the Chilean economic policies, which were characterized by a great degree of pragmatism and prudence and consequently succeeded to escape the dire fate of its neighbor. Key-words: international capital flows and macroeconomic instability, Argentine external indebtedness; Argentina fixed exchange rate polices.


This paper discusses the design of a network management system (NMS) that supports QoS in IP networks and presents initial prototyping results of the proposed design. The proposed NMS architecture uses the evolving differentiated services paradigm and provides end-to-end QoS for IP based applications. The novel aspects of the proposed architecture are that it uses a collection of mechanisms including separate network capacity provisioning for different types of traffic, flow level admission control and bandwidth management by management systems that interact only with edge routers, policing in edge and border routers, and effective use of network capabilities by the middleware in end systems. The proposed management system design is scalable to large-scale multidomain IP networks.


A simple iterative receiver for general nonorthogonal unitary space-time constellations (NOUSTC) is proposed. The output of the conventional noncoherent detector is used to initialize the receiver. In each iteration, the decision from last iteration is used to transform the received signals to derive new signals that bear channel state information (CSI), which are then employed to estimate the CSI using a Wiener filter, following a coherent detector is implemented. In our scheme, for each time block we can use not only the past and the present CSI-bearing signals, but also the future ones, to estimate the CSI, thus resulting in a relatively refined channel estimate and ultimately a receiver with good performance. Simulation results verify the performance of the proposed receiver.


This article seeks to write Yugoslavia and Eastern Europe into the history of post-Second World War global psychiatry and to explore the significance of Marxist psychiatry in an international context. It traces Yugoslav psychiatrists' transnational and interdisciplinary engagements as they peaked in the 1960s. Focusing on the distinguished Belgrade psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Vladimir Jakovljevic (1925–68), it looks at Yugoslav psychiatry's clinical and anthropological research in the global South to shed light on its contributions to Western-dominated transcultural psychiatry. Through this lens the article also explores how Eastern Europe's intellectuals engaged with decolonisation and the notions of race, 'primitivism' and modernity. Jakovljevic's involvement in transcultural psychiatry demonstrated the inherent contradiction of Eastern European Marxist psychiatry: its dubiously colonial 'civilising mission' towards the subalterns in its own populations and its progressive, emancipatory agenda. Jakovljevic's writings about Africa ultimately turned into an unprecedented opportunity to shed light on some glaring internal inconsistencies from Yugoslavia's own socio-political context.


Abstract This article explores the relationship between educational outcomes and anti-school attitudes at different levels of social organization in schools. Data were collected in St. Petersburg, Russia (104 schools, 7300 students) and analyzed using multi-level regression models that included three levels: individual, clique of friends and school. A clique is defined as a tight group of friends in a school class; we used social network analysis software Kliquefinder for clique identification. We demonstrate that friends' attitudes are strongly related to the educational outcomes of a student (net of person's individual attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics). In contrast, school-level effects disappear in the multi-level model when individual characteristics are included. The results of the study clearly demonstrate that the socio-economic and curricular differentiation of schools does not always lead to the polarization of 'school academic cultures'. A school social environment is sufficiently heterogeneous, and different value systems in small peer groups may coexist.


: Effects of firm pay level, vertical pay dispersion and horizontal pay dispersion on firm innovation, performance and turnover were examined in an SEM-based meta-analysis of 254 effect sizes from 113 empirical studies of 438880 western and eastern companies. Results showed that pay level could not only increase firm innovation and performance, but also decrease firm turnover level. Although the effects of vertical and horizontal pay dispersion on firm performance were not significant, they could decrease firm innovation and increase turnover level. Further moderation analyses showed that the relation between pay level and firm performance was moderated by nation. Compared to American firms, pay level in Chinese firms was more positively associated with firm performance. Our conclusion has important implications to firm compensation management.


Due to actual demographic evolution, emergency departments have to face a dramatic increase in admissions of elderly people. The peculiar medical and socio-demographic characteristics of these old patients emphasize the need of specific decision processes and resources allocation. An individual-based approach, related to significant ethical values, should allow better diagnostic and therapeutic attitudes. Such a way to admit, evaluate and treat older patients implies an active collaboration with patients and their relatives, but also with all medical interveners, including in particular primary care physicians.


Poverty is perceived as something unending in most poor and developing countries and it still occurs in areas including which have become tourist attraction centres.
Tourism is an economic sector that is increasingly growing in importance to most poor and developing countries especially in rural areas and in the interior. Tourism activities have the ability to stimulate regional development rapidly which in turn benefits the locals. However, there is also a situation whereby its development is not equally beneficial to the government, investors and locals despite the rapidly developing tourism activities in that area. Pro Poor Tourism (PPT) is a mechanism that is able to benefit the poor at tourism centres; several strategies and approaches were
identified as capable of increasing the cooperative bonding between the government, private sectors and local population as well as providing benefits to all three parties without ignoring the locals in the area. This study aims to present the PPT situation at a hot spring pool in Sungkai, Perak, Malaysia as to whether it has successfully fulfilled the PPT aspirations. By means of interviews and questionnaires conducted on 50 local respondents living around the hot spring, the results showed that on the average the hot spring benefited the locals but at a medium rate. It was found that the
tourism development benefited the entrepreneurs (investors) more than the locals who are mostly on collective ownership. A number of recommendations to increase the participation of the locals in the current tourism development at the centre were put forward so as to realize the aspirations of the PPT.


SY25-01 Breast cancer remains a major cause of death in women in most Western countries. While estrogens have an important role in supporting the development and growth of breast tumors, the highest incidence of breast cancer occurs in postmenopausal women when ovarian production of estrogens has ceased. However, the enzymes required for estrogen synthesis (aromatase, steroid sulfatase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) are present in normal and malignant breast tissues and contribute to local synthesis. Steroid sulfatase (STS) is a novel therapeutic target for hormone dependent cancer, currently in clinical validation. Aromatase inhibitors, while clinically successful, do not address the large reservoir of conjugated estrone sulfate that can be converted to estrone by steroid sulfatase and on to estradiol to stimulate tumor growth, nor formation of the androgen androstenediol that, although weaker than estradiol, can still stimulate the estrogen receptor and is produced in large quantities in the post-menopausal setting. Both of these pathways represent aromatase-inhibitor-independent pathways of tumor progression with no active agents available. Our aim was to approach this challenge in a novel fashion. While nucleoside sulfamates, such as the antitrypanosomal antibiotic nucleocidin, have been known for many years and the derivatized carbohydrate sulfamate topiramate is a marketed anticonvulsant, the discovery that an aryl sulfamate ester, as in the steroidal estrone 3-O-sulfamate, irreversibly inhibits steroid sulfatase in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion, with concomitant protein sulfamoylation, was a major advance in validating this enzyme as a novel oncology target. This was preceded by development of reversible inhibitors based upon structural surrogates of the sulfate group and early stage work was sponsored by both 3i Research Exploitation Ltd and IMPEL, the then technology transfer arm of Imperial College London. The unique activity of the aryl sulfamate pharmacophore facilitated the filing of major dominating intellectual property with broad structure per se coverage critical to future success. A licence to a major US company was achieved, to develop the steroidal estrone 3-O-sulfamate as an anticancer agent, but was terminated upon acquisition of this company and the discovery that estrone 3-O-sulfamate is highly estrogenic. Subsequent funding to develop a non-steroidal sulfatase inhibitor for breast cancer came from the UK Cancer Research Campaign (now CRUK). Fortuitously, another licence with a major European pharma company was secured for development of estradiol 3-O-sulfamate for hormone replacement therapy and this provided the seed capital for "series A" funding and incorporation of Sterix Ltd, a spin-out company from the universities of Bath and Imperial College London in 1997, that became fully functional in 1998. Sterix had the remit to develop the potential of a non-steroidal inhibitor of steroid sulfatase in hormone-dependent breast cancer through a phase I clinical trial, to oversee the development of estradiol 3-O-sulfamate with its partner and to further exploit the potential of the aryl sulfamate pharmacophore. In addition, it supported projects in other oncology and endocrinology areas relating to hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Sterix raised £8M of venture capital funding in 2001 and functioned as a semi-virtual company with headquarters and biology/DMPK labs on the Oxford University Science Park with a small cohort of employees, but all discovery science funded through formal agreements with the two universities. This model functioned well for all parties and had a number of advantages that will be outlined. Issues relevant to moving from a functioning early stage company to a VC-funded company will be discussed. Postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic ER+ breast cancer were recruited to a phase I clinical trial of our "first in class" non-steroidal steroid sulfatase inhibitor STX64funded by Sterix andunder the auspicies of CRUK during 2003-5. Patients for the phase I trial were recruited from Charing Cross Hospital, London and Belfast City Hospital. Due to limited funding available laboratory measurements of STS inhibition in peripheral blood monocytes and tumor tissues were carried out in an academic laboratory. This proved to be a considerable challenge, but with the support of an MD student, a steroid biochemist and a GLP advisor these analyses were successfully carried out to a near GLP standard. The drug was well tolerated with high oral bioavailability and importantly, in this heavily pre-treated group of women (including tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors), 5/8 evaluable patients showed evidence of stable disease for up to 7 months. While such an approach was acceptable for a preliminary phase I trial, future phase I/II trials will require considerably more support for these analyses to be carried out to an acceptable standard. Results from this trial will be discussed and examples of next generation sulfatase inhibitors and potent dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors presented. Further trials on STX64 (BN83495) commenced in early 2007. The competitive landscape for sulfatase inhibition has developed during the last 15 years with a number of major companies filing patents on both irreversible and reversible sulfatase inhibitors. Most of those in the former "me-too" class have exploited the aryl sulfamate motif and are dominated by Sterix prior art, but none has yet reached a clinical trial and the reversible inhibitors have not been demonstrated to be effective beyond moderate in vitro activity. Particularly interesting is the growth of interest in other therapeutic targets for steroid sulfatase inhibition beyond oncology, ie in dermatology, immunomodulation, and aspects of cognitive function. Sterix Ltd was acquired by Ipsen in 2004 while the STX64 trial was in progress. Ipsen is a European pharmaceutical group with over 20 products on the market and a worldwide staff of nearly 4,000. With Sterix now as a fully owned subsidiary, Ipsen has continued funding the research teams at Bath and Imperial College to maintain expertise in all major ongoing discovery and development programmes. Issues relevant to the transition from small founder-VC driven biotech to working with a mid-size major pharmaceutical company will be discussed. As part of studies designed to reduce the estrogenicity of estrone 3-O-sulfamate we explored the chemical substitution of the A ring. This resulted in the discovery of a new class of oncology-relevant steroid sulfamates based upon 2-methoxyestradiol 3-O-sulfamate that were found to have profound effects on mitotic arrest, apoptosis and microtubule assembly in human breast cancer cells and where the sulfamate group had very significant potency- and DMPK-enhancing properties, independent of steroid sulfatase inhibition. To further exploit the aryl sulfamate pharmacophore as a non-transformable structural motif in a hormone-independent setting we have developed the steroidal bis-sulfamate derivatives STX140 and STX243 as attractive anti-cancer agents with, in addition to STS activity, a multi-targeted mechanism of action, exhibiting potent anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects and disruption of microtubules with pro-apoptotic effects; G2M cell cycle arrest, p53 induction, BCL-2 phosphorylation and activation of caspases are all observed in cancer cells treated with these compounds. A full SAR study will be presented. Steroid sulfamate esters have high oral bioavailability, atypical of estradiol derivatives, due to sequestration into red blood cells and binding to carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). We co-crystallized steroidal bis-sulfamates with CAII and obtained protein X-ray crystal data, demonstrating that an A-ring 2-substituent does not impede drug binding to this carrier, although an unexpected binding mode was observed. Interaction as the mono-anion with CAII supports the idea that the good oral bioavailability and PK properties of STX140 are due to a mechanism whereby erythrocyte drug uptake and reversible interaction with CAII provide a route to avoid first pass liver metabolism and, additionally, undesirable metabolic conjugation is blocked by hydroxyl substitution. The advantages of exploring such aspects in an academic environment will be discussed. The potential of bis-sulfamoylated estradiol derivatives for clinical development is reinforced by their in vivo activities. In an MDA-MB-231 hormone independent breast cancer xenograft model in athymic female nude mice STX140 (40 mg/kg p.o.) caused regression and prolonged inhibition of tumor growth continuing after cessation of dosing (6/6 animals) and tumor disappearance (1/6 animals), with no observed toxicity. Moreover, in the androgen receptor negative PC-3 prostate cancer xenograft model in athymic male nude mice using STX140 (20mg/kg p.o.) impressive tumor growth inhibition was observed with 2/8 tumors disappearing and, for STX243 (40mg/kg p.o.), with 3/8 tumors disappearing. In the DU145 prostate cancer model at the same doses STX140 reduced tumor growth by 40% after 6 weeks treatment and STX243 by 60%. Studies are directed towards selection of a clinical candidate for proposed entry in 2008. The aryl sulfamate pharmacophore is a versatile motif for anti-cancer drug design and one that that has withstood a complex development pathway from academic/technology transfer/charity-funded origins through an entrepreneurial phase to formal exploitation by mid-size pharma. Being first in class to originate the fundamental innovative science and developing a supporting intellectual property position of the highest quality are shown to be critical to this survival.


In this paper we examine two-dimensional short surface waves in water of infinite depth produced by various modes of oscillation of a half-immersed circular cylinder. The usual method, which depends on finding the potential on the cylinder from an integral equation with a small kernel, is here replaced by one that uses instead the known value of the potential for incident waves in the presence of the fixed cylinder. Thus we are able to determine three-term asymptotic expansions for both the heaving and the swaying modes that improve on earlier forms, and, for the heaving mode, to refine the interpolation with previous numerical calculations and confirm in principle the result obtained elsewhere by a plausible argument. The rolling mode also can actually be included by superposition of the heaving and swaying modes for this cylinder.


External control of chemical processes is a subject of widespread interest in chemical research, including control of electrocatalytic processes with significant promise in energy research. The electrochemical double-layer is the nanoscale region next to the electrode/electrolyte interface where chemical reactions typically occur. Understanding the effects of electric fields within the electrochemical double layer requires a combination of synthesis, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and theory. In particular, vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy is a powerful technique to probe the response of molecular catalysts at the electrode interface under bias. Fundamental understanding can be obtained via synthetic tuning of the adsorbed molecular catalysts on the electrode surface and by combining experimental VSFG data with theoretical modelling of the Stark shift response. The resulting insights at the molecular level are particularly valuable for the development of new methodologies to control and characterize catalysts confined to electrode surfaces. This Perspective article is focused on how systematic modifications of molecules anchored to surfaces report information concerning the geometric, energetic, and electronic parameters of catalysts under bias attached to electrode surfaces.


Summary Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP is a painful and long procedure requiring transient deep analgesia and conscious sedation. An ideal anaesthetic that guarantees a rapid and smooth induction, good quality of maintenance, lack of adverse effects and rapid recovery is still lacking. This study aimed to compare safety and efficacy of a continuous infusion of low dose remifentanil plus ketamine combined with propofol in comparison to the standard regimen dose of remifentanil plus propofol continuous infusion during ERCP. Material/Methods 322 ASAI-III patients, 18–85 years old and scheduled for planned ERCP were randomized. Exclusion criteria were a predictable difficult airway, drug allergy, and ASA IV–V patients. We evaluated Propofol 1 mg/kg/h plus Remifentanil 0.25 μg/kg/min (GR) vs. Propofol 1 mg/kg/h plus Ketamine 5 μg/kg/min and Remifentanil 0.1 μg/kg/min (GK). Main outcome measures were respiratory depression, nausea/vomiting, quality of intraoperative conditions, and discharge time. P≤0.05 was statistically significant (95% CI). Results Respiratory depression was observed in 25 patients in the GR group compared to 9 patients in the GK group (p=0.0035). ERCP was interrupted in 9 cases of GR vs. no cases in GK; patients ventilated without any complication. Mean discharge time was 20±5 min in GK and 35±6 min in GR (p=0.0078) and transfer to the ward delayed because of nausea and vomiting in 30 patients in GR vs. 5 patients in GK (p=0.0024). Quality of intraoperative conditions was rated highly satisfactory in 92% of GK vs. 67% of GR (p=0.028). Conclusions The drug combination used in GK confers clinical advantages because it avoids deep sedation, maintains adequate analgesia with conscious sedation, and achieves lower incidence of postprocedural nausea and vomiting with shorter discharge times.


The Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) movement endorses a hierarchy of evidence that places randomized controlled trials at the top. More specifically, double-blind, placebo- controlled trials are often considered to be the 'best of the best'. This view leads to the paradox that treatments that seem to be most strongly supported by evidence, ranging from tracheotomies to rabies vaccines, have never been tested in randomized trials of any description and are hence supported by (allegedly) sub-optimal evidence. Moreover many of these treatments do not seem supportable by best evidence - how, for example do we keep the surgeons who perform tracheotomies 'blind'. After a brief introduction (chapter 1), and review of the literature (chapter 2), I argue that criticisms of the EBM hierarchy can be launched from the simple basis that best evidence rules out the most plausible rival hypothesis (chapter 3). To examine the relative evidential weight of placebo controlled trials compared to 'active' controlled trials (in which the control treatment is an existing established treatment) requires a good deal of conceptual work. I defend a modified version of Grunbaum's (1981/1986) definition of placebos (chapter 4), then provide constraints on what can count as a 'legitimate' placebo control (chapter 5). Next, I explain why double-blinding does not always rule out additional rival hypotheses. I then argue that the arguments for the superiority of placebo controls are flawed. The 'assay sensitivity' argument is limited in scope and based on a misconception about the nature of placebo controls (chapter 7), while the claim that only placebo controlled trials measure the absolute effect size relies on the questionable assumption that placebo and non-placebo effects add rather than interact (chapter 8). I conclude that the evidence hierarchy endorsed by EBM does not stand on solid foundations.


MicroRNA let-7 is a family of small non-coding RNAs post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes that are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and therapy response. Let-7 is shown in vitro to affect the sensitivity of cancer cells to platinum. Let-7a, a member of the let-7 family, is also found to induce ovarian cancer cell resistance to paclitaxel (taxol). The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of let-7a expression and survival outcomes of epithelial ovarian cancer patients treated with different chemotherapy. Levels of let-7a and RNU48 (an endogenous control for normalization) were analyzed using the Taqman® microRNA assays in 178 primary epithelial ovarian cancer patients who received chemotherapy after debulking surgery. Survival analysis was performed to assess the associations of let-7a expression with disease outcomes and chemotherapy. Patients with poor response to platinum with taxol had significantly higher let-7a expression than those with complete response, while no difference in let-7a expression between responders and non-responders treated with platinum without taxol. We also found that in patients treated with platinum without taxol, high let-7a was associated with better survival. The Hazard Ratios (HRs) for death were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.29-1.05) and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.29-0.96) when comparing patients with medium or high let-7a to those with low let-7a, respectively (p for trend = 0.033). Similar HRs for disease progression were 0.49 (95% CI: 0.27-0.91) and 0.48 (0.26-0.89), respectively (p for trend = 0.020). These associations became less significant when patient age at surgery, disease stage, tumor grade and histological type were adjusted in the analysis. However, in patients treated with platinum and taxol, high let-7a expression was associated with poor survival. The HRs for death were 1.70 (95% CI: 0.50-5.81) for medium and 3.87 (95% CI: 1.28-11.66) for high let-7a (p for trend = 0.009). The HRs for disease progression were 2.85 (95% CI: 0.99-8.22) for medium and 3.48 (95% CI: 1.25-9.67) for high let-7a (p for trend = 0.016). These associations remained significant after the analyses were adjusted for patient age at surgery, disease stage, tumor grade and histological type. These results suggest that let-7a may play different roles in disease outcome when patients received different combinations of chemotherapy, and the microRNA may serve as a marker for selecting patient who will respond to taxol treatment. This finding may have significant implication in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer with regard to reducing treatment cost and minimizing drug toxicity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3156. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3156


Value realization in service networks, such as healthcare, is receiving increasing attention as governments battle rising costs. But before value realization can be understood, there needs to be a conceptualization of the network so that specific valuecreating services and exchanges can be identified. The service value network (SVN) model of Basole and Rouse (2008) has been adapted to explore the network of micro-organizations commonly found in e-prescribing. While the SVN identifies linkages, it does not address the nature of service exchanges that take place. Interpretive synthesis is used to piece together an understanding of each exchange. Once insights into these exchanges exist, they may be helpful to understand some of the adoption challenges that have been encountered (e.g., more callbacks – not less) that relate to value creation.


This guide will help you understand the types of resources available to the greater Nursing community provided by the RVCC Library.


Multilingualism is an extremely respected competence in today's multicultural society. It allows us to coexist and communicate with people of various cultural backgrounds, offers better employment opportunities and much more. Foreign language courses start at a very young age as languages are becoming a key part of our future. However, there is still fairly little time committed to teaching languages in elementary schools and the potential for learning remains untapped with pupils not being exposed enough to the target language. In order to provide pupils with the chance to be exposed and learn a foreign language outside of its school subject, experts have devised many different approaches to include a foreign language in other school subjects and everyday social interactions. One of this approaches is CLIL (Content and language integrated learning). The idea behind CLIL is to link the language and non-language content (ie. mathematics) to allow for a more authentic approach to language learning and to gain an extensive knowledge of different cultures while offering a view of various problems from a new perspective. In addition, mathematics in elementary education needs to be taught with concrete examples and provide challenge to the pupils.
In my master's dissertation I designed an educational model of selected mathematical content in a foreign language and tested it in a real classroom. The starting point of the model are the goals of the 2nd grade mathematics and foreign language curriculum. When planning a lesson, teacher has to take into account the element of cross-curricular integration and connect different knowledge and contents of the selected subjects. It should also include the cultural dimension of cross-curricular integration. Other key elements of the model that are interconnected with cross-curricular integration are different representations, communication and problem. These elements insure that when you use this model the teaching is better. I complied with all the modern approaches of teaching mathematics and foreign languages while designing my model.
In the empiric part of my dissertation the educational model linking foreign language and mathematics was applied to the third-grade elementary school lessons, consisting of 15 pupils and spanning 9 periods. Content included natural numbers, orientation, multiplying, geometry and money. Evaluation was held after each period based on observation categories defined in advance. Furthermore, it included possible improvements and changes for the future periods. Pupils met the strategic goal of foreign language learning and mathematics while evolving their cognitive capabilities and teamwork. Research confirmed that the model allows for simultaneous reaching the strategic goals of different subjects and offers teachers an option to plan their periods in a way to be more inviting and motivating for their students.


Background and Objectives Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have great therapeutic potential, particularly in the process of tissue repair and immunomodulation through the secretion of biomolecules. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that intramuscular transplantation of allogeneic MSCs obtained from equine umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) is safe, demonstrating that this is a suitable source of stem cells for therapeutic use. Methods and Results For this, UC-MSCs were cultured, characterized and cryopreserved for future transplantation in six healthy mares. On day 0, transplantation of three million UC-MSCs diluted in Hank's Balanced Solution (HBSS) was performed on right and left sides of the rump muscle. As a control, HBSS injections were performed caudally in the same muscle. Muscle biopsies were obtained as a control 30 days before transplantation (D-30). The biopsies were collected again on day 2 (left side) and day 7 (right side) post transplantation and examined histologically. All procedures were preceded by ultrasound examination and blood sampling. Hematologic evaluation remained within normal limits and no differences were observed between time points (p>0.05). Ultrasound examination was suggestive of inflammation 48 hours after transplantation in both groups (control and treated). At histological evaluation it was found only discrete inflammation signals between D-30×D2 (p<0.05) in the treated group, without differences (p> 0.05) between the groups at different time points. Conclusions Equine UC-MSCs under the experimental conditions did not promote severe inflammation that causes tissue damage or lead to its rejection by the host organism and therefore has a good potential for clinical use.


We investigate the effect of the breakup process on the direct reaction (DR) for 7Li. In order to study this effect, we introduce the theoretical ratio factor, Rth, and the average value of the ratio factor is 0.92. The ratio factor is close to unity in the below-barrier region because many of the α particles separated from the breakup process of 7Li are not captured by the target nuclei. As a result, the α production cross sections become the main portion of the DR cross sections. However, the value of Rth in the above-barrier region are gradually suppressed because the α particles at energies above the Coulomb-barrier energy can be captured easily by the target. Using the centerof-mass energy regions of α particles, we investigate the difference of the Rth values between 6Li + 209Bi and 7Li + 209Bi systems in the above-barrier region, and we find that this difference is attributed to a reduction of the α capture cross-sections for the 7Li + 209Bi system.


We study the effective string description of space-like Polyakov loop correlators at finite temperature with the goal of describing the behaviour of the space--like string tension in the vicinity of the deconfinement transition. To this end we construct the partition function of the Nambu-Goto effective string theory in presence of a compact transverse direction of length $L$ equal to the inverse temperature. We then show that, under particular conditions, our result can be interpreted as the partition function of the $T\bar T$ deformation of the 2d quantum field theory describing a compactified bosonic field and that this mapping allows a deeper insight on the behaviour of the space-like observables of the theory. In particular we show, by imposing that the spectrum of the model obeys the inviscid Burgers equation, that the $T\bar T$ deformations follow well defined trajectories in the parameter space $(\sigma,L)$ of the model, where $\sigma$ is the string tension, which are characterized by a constant value of the dimensionless compactification radius $\rho=L\sqrt{\sigma/2\pi}$. We discuss the potential usefulness of these results for studying the space--like string tension of the underlying Lattice Gauge Theory and its behaviour across the deconfinement transition.


Power electronic modules are exhibiting ever increasing power density as a result of compound semiconductor devices being placed in packages of decreasing size. This has led, in turn, to higher volumetric heat generation, which is driving the development of advanced thermal management approaches, including integration of single and two-phase microchannel coolers into the power electronics package. Reliable integration and operation of these coolers is essential for maintaining the performance and reliability of the power electronic system as a whole. This paper will present models for the critical failure mechanisms in microchannel coolers, including erosion/corrosion and cooler fracture.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


Languages and cultures of different nations have their own characteristics. In order to communicate with each other, human beings must make use of the methods of translation. Thus, it shows that translation, which is a social activity of inter-language, inter-culture and inter-community, is linked closely to culture. Meanwhile, the features of translation represent similarly in advertising translation. Generally speaking, when doing advertising translation, it can not only focus on language differences between the two sides, but also pay attention to cultural differences. Or else it would be difficult to translate satisfying advertisements. By taking examples from Chinese-English and English-Chinese, this paper compares the different aspects between Chinese and Western thinking sets, traditional ideas and values in order to reflect differences of advertising translation based on different cultures. Finally, it will sum up some strategies of inter-cultural advertising translation.


An IMT-Advanced key requirement for next generation systems is the support for unprecedentedly high throughput per user. This implies an infrastructure — composed of access and backhaul network — capable of supporting the resulting extremely high capacity densities. The current next-generation technologies LTE and WiMAX support a mere 100Mbps/km2 in economical cellular deployment. This is insufficient, in particular in dense urban areas where the market demand for wireless broadband access is the highest, thereby seriously jeopardising the wide scale uptake of IMT-Advanced technologies. BuNGee's (Beyond Next Generation Mobile Broadband, FP7-ICT-2009–4–248267) goal is thus to dramatically improve the overall infrastructure capacity density of the mobile network by an order of magnitude (10×) to an ambitious goal of 1Gbps/km2 in economical cellular deployment — thereby removing the barrier to beyond next-generation networks deployment. To achieve this objective, the project will target a set of breakthroughs such as exploring an unprecedented joint design of access and backhaul over licensed and license exempt spectrum; propose unconventional below-rooftop backbone solutions exploiting natural radio isolation; develop beyond next-generation networked and distributed MIMO and interference mitigation techniques and thus an entire protocol suite facilitating autonomous ultra-high capacity deployment.


Subjects were required to reproduce in order a sequence of five letters; the set of letters was known so only memory for sequence was tested. Experiment 1 showed that suppressing subvocal rehearsal by saying 'the' continously during list presentation and until recall depressed performance to the same level on acoustically confusable and non-confusable lists. Listening to 85 dBC white noise during list presentation improved performance on acoustically confusable lists in non-suppression conditions and had no effect in suppression conditions. The result refutes the hypothesis that noise suppresses inner speech. Expts 2, 3 and 4 showed that articulating the items aloud during list presentation and until recall improved performance when lists were presented at 1/2 s per item and depressed it when they were presented at 2 s per item. Improvement occurred under 85 dBC white noise in Expts 2 and 4, but the improvement was only significant in non-articulation conditions. It is suggested that noise increases subvocal articulation and that both noise and articulation increase maintenance rehearsal at the expense of elaboration rehearsal.


Culex pipiens was the dominant mosquito captured in a West Nile virus (WNV) focus in Stratford, Connecticut. More Cx. pipiens were captured in Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps baited with CO(2), quail/hamster traps, and mosquito magnet experimental (MMX) traps placed in the tree canopy than in similar traps placed near the ground. Significantly more Cx. pipiens were captured in MMX traps placed in the canopy than in the other traps tested. Ninety-two percent and 85% of the 206 and 68 WNV isolations were from Cx. pipiens in 2002 and 2003, respectively; 5% and 12% were from Cx. salinarius. Eighty-five percent and 87% of the isolates were from mosquitoes captured in the canopy in each of the two years. The significantly larger numbers of WNV isolates from Cx. pipiens captured in the canopy are attributed to the significantly larger numbers of Cx. pipiens captured in the canopy in comparison to those captured in traps near the ground.


Gabor's expansion of a signal into a set of shifted and modulated versions of an elementary signal is introduced, along with the inverse operation, i.e. the Gabor transform, which uses a window function that is related to the elementary signal and with the help of which Gabor's expansion coefficients can be determined. The Zak transform — with its intimate relationship to Gabor's signal expansion — is introduced. It is shown how the Zak transform can be helpful in determining Gabor's expansion coefficients and how it can be used in finding window functions that correspond to a given elementary signal. In particular, a simple proof is presented of the fact that the window function with minimum L2 norm is identical to the window function whose difference from the elementary signal has minimum L2 norm, and thus resembles best this elementary signal, and that this window function yields the Gabor coefficients with minimum L2 norm.