ReFacto lacks the major part of the B-domain, except for 14 amino acid residues from the N-terminal and C-terminal ends, which are linked into a 14 amino acid SQ-peptide tail in the C-terminal end of the 90 kD heavy chain, thereby introducing a new peptide sequence in the factor VIII (FVIII) molecule. Therefore, samples from some of the patients enrolled in the ReFacto clinical trials were analyzed for the emergence of anti-SQ-peptide antibodies in addition to determinations for inhibitors by Bethesda assay and for anti-FVIII antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An anti-peptide ELISA was developed using six partially overlapping 15-16 mer peptides covering the SQ-linker region. Results from ReFacto-treated anti-FVIII antibody-positive or -negative patients were compared with those for normal healthy adults and patients treated with other FVIII products. The pattern was compared with that for SQ-peptide specific monoclonal antibodies, each recognizing three or four overlapping SQ-peptides. Antibodies recognizing mainly one of the SQ-peptides were found in samples in some individuals from all investigated groups. This means that the anti-SQ reactivity found in patients treated with ReFacto is not induced by the SQ-sequence of the molecule but rather by some other agent, giving rise to antibodies cross-reactive with SQ-peptides.


The increasing complexity of gameplay mechanisms in modern video games is leading to the emergence of a wider range of ways to play games. The variety of possible play-styles needs to be anticipated and taken into account by designers, through automated tests. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a promising answer to the need of automating video game testing. To that effect one needs to train an agent to play the game, while ensuring this agent will generate the same play-styles as the players in order to give meaningful feedback to the designers.
We present CARMI : a Configurable Agent with Relative Metrics as Input. An agent able to emulate the players play-styles, even on previously unseen levels. Unlike current methods it does not rely on having full trajectories, but only summary data. Moreover it only requires little human data, thus compatible with the constraints of modern video game production. This novel agent could be used to investigate behaviors and balancing during the production of a video game with a realistic amount of training time.


The accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility of several isovolumic force-velocity indices of myocardial contractility were compared. Contractile element velocity was calculated using both two-element (total pressure) and three-element (developed pressure) models of cardiac muscle. While all indices demonstrated comparable sensitivity to inotropic state, only Vmax using developed pressure was independent of preload and appeared to be a useful index of the myocardial contractile state.


Manufacturing has a history almost as long as the humankind, but as materials get more and more complex due to material science technology, manufacturing them becomes increasingly difficult. Using processes in combination has been a common practice. Similarly, using a simple process to aid a more complex process has often been employed. However, more advanced technologies have been developed to manufacture difficult-to-manufacture materials, as well as advanced auxiliary techniques to aid the main manufacturing process. In most of these processes, the aim is to improve the manufacturability of the part. Initial considerations to improve manufacturability were focused on being able to produce the part in ways aligning with the design. For example, in hot forging, it was not possible to achieve the right product without the aid of the secondary process (heating). As the manufacturing field evolved, needs of the industry changed to improving part quality and lowering manufacturing costs. Modern methods of assisting main manufacturing processes focus on ensuring (1) an extended use of the tool quantified by lower tool wear and higher tool life, (2) improved machine capabilities quantified by lower maintenance times and higher automation, (3) improved final product quality quantified by dimensional accuracy and surface, subsurface, and bulk material quality, and (4) increased sustainability of the process quantified by lower resource use such as machine power and lubrication. In this study, an overview of the use of assistance in manufacturing processes is provided. The review is focused on more modern techniques such as laser, electrical, magnetic field, and ultrasonic assistance, more modern materials that are difficult-to-manufacture such as hardened steels and titanium and nickel-based alloys, and on machining processes that are more imminent for the critical industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy production, and biomedical industries.


Online course-packs are marketed as improving grades in introductory-level coursework, yet it is unknown whether these course-packs can effectively replace, as opposed to supplement, in-class instruction. This study compared learning outcomes for Introductory Psychology students in hybrid and traditional sections, with hybrid sections replacing 30% of in-class time with online homework using the MyPsychLab course-pack and Blackboard course management system. Data collected over two semesters (N = 730 students in six hybrid and nine traditional sections of ∼50 students) indicated equivalent final-grade averages and rates of class attrition. Although exam averages did not differ by class format, exam grades in hybrid sections decreased to a significantly greater extent over the course of the semester than in traditional sections. MyPsychLab homework grades in hybrid sections correlated with exam grades, but were relatively low (66.4%) due to incomplete work—suggesting that hybrid students may have engaged with course materials less than traditional students. Faculty who taught in both formats noted positive features of hybrid teaching, but preferred traditional classes, citing challenges in time management and student usage of instructional technology. Although hybrid students often reported difficulties or displeasure in working online about half of them indicated interest in taking other hybrid classes.


Abstract Even though less than 2% of pholcid species have been karyotyped, previous studies documented a wide diversity of diploid numbers and sex chromosome systems. Here, we increase the number of native Brazilian cytogenetically investigated pholcid species from three to eight and discuss implications of chromosome evolution in this group. The species analyzed here share a X0/XX sex chromosome system and biarmed chromosomes, but vary in diploid numbers, i.e., 2n♂ = 17 in Mesabolivar spinulosus (Mello-Leitão, 1939) and Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling, 1891), 2n♂ = 15 in Carapoia sp., and 2n♂ = 9 in Micropholcus piaui Huber, Carvalho & Benjamin, 2014 and Micropholcus ubajara Huber, Carvalho & Benjamin, 2014. Chromosomal data indicate that most Mesabolivar species share a 2n♂ = 17, X0, while Mesabolivar luteus shares with Carapoia sp. a 2n♂ = 15, X0. This lends further support to the idea that M. luteus is in fact misplaced and more closely related to Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998. The diploid number of the two Micropholcus species is the lowest reported so far for spiders with monocentric chromosomes. The 2n♂ = 9, differs strongly from the 2n♂ = 17 previously reported for Micropholcus fauroti (Simon, 1887). As the number of autosomes of M. piaui and M. ubajara is exactly half of that found in M. fauroti, we hypothesize that the reduction occurred by an "all or nothing" fusion event. The low diploid number observed in M. piaui and M. ubajara is the first morphological synapomorphy that would support the establishment of a new genus to allocate the New World Micropholcus species.


Gastrointestinal hormones play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of food intake and postprandial satiety. Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid orexigenic peptide produced mainly by the stomach that is involved in both the long-term regulation of body weight and the short-term regulation of postprandial satiety. Impairments in ghrelin secretion may in concert with other factors play an important role in the development of both obesity and anorexia nervosa. Despite an intensive research the critical factors regulating physiological postprandial ghrelin response in healthy individuals and its modification by the presence of obesity and anorexia nervosa are only partially understood. The potential contribution of ghrelin to the differences of diet- vs. surgical-induced weight losses in morbidly obese patients is now also being recognized. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the physiology and pathophysiology of ghrelin and to discuss its potential in the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and anorexia nervosa.


The World Bank is the institution that assumed the role of economic and social catalyser through its structures and affiliated organisms. The article is a review of the Bank's contribution to the development of Europe and Central Asia, as reflected by statistics. The paper presents the multiple roles the World Bank carries out in the specified regions, and the figures showing the level of preocupation for these regions on the Bank's agenda. The author uses charts to illustrate the recent evolution of the allocations, considering both the origin and the destination of the funds (IBRD, IDA, IFC and MIGA). Last, the article refers to Romania, which beneficiates of theBank's support in its effort to integrate in the EU and to create a viable market economy.


Facial fractures are often associated with the nasoorbitoetmoidal complex (NOE) and maxillary bones (maxilla and/or mandible), making it difficult to choose intubation for airway maintenance. The submental intubation technique has emerged as an alternative for selected cases, being easy to perform and with a low complication rate. The aim of the present study is to realize a literature review and report the case of an 18-year-old male, with a motorcycle accident evolving with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and multiple facial fractures. Submental intubation was performed due to a cranial base fracture and also the need of the use of the oclusion as a guide for fracture reduction and fixation. The procedure evolved uneventfully, being the patient in postoperative follow-up and without any signs of complications. Submental intubation offers a viable, easy-to-perform, and safer alternative to other techniques.


Recommendation is a critical tool for developing and promoting the benefits of the Internet of Things (IoT). In recent years, recommender systems have attracted considerable attention in many IoT-related fields such as smart health, smart home, smart tourism and smart marketing. However, traditional recommender system approaches fail to exploit ever-growing, dynamic and heterogeneous IoT data in building recommender systems for the IoT (RSIoT). This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art RSIoT, including the related techniques, applications and a discussion on the limitations of applying recommendation systems to IoT. Finally, we propose a reference framework for comparing existing studies to guide future research and practices.


This paper articulates a theoretical framework for understanding how individuals orient themselves toward marital commitment. Using a life history interview methodology and interpretive framework, it examines the orientations toward marital commitment for a sample of women and men, single and married, between the ages of 28 and 35 (N = 75). Specifically, it elaborates a multidimensional view of marital commitment with attention to two multifaceted components, one value rational and the other practical. Borrowing concepts from exchange and identity models of commitment, it analyzes interpretive processes involved in their construction. Some preliminary comments on the role social position plays in shaping constructions of marital commitment are articulated and the implications of this model discussed.


Groundwater is a vital water resource for economic, agricultural, and domestic purposes in arid regions. To reduce water scarcity in arid regions, recently, remote sensing and GIS techniques have been successfully applied to predict areas with prospective water resources. Thus, this study attempted to spatially reveal groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) and to conduct change detection on the desert fringes of Wadi Asyuti, a defunct tributary of Egypt's Nile basin in eastern Sahara. Eleven influential groundwater factors generated from remote sensing imagery, and geological, hydrological, and climatic conditions were combined after giving a weight to each factor through a GIS-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) coupled with the weighted overlay technique (WOT). The results revealed six distinctive zones with scores ranging from very low (10.59%) to excellent (3.03%). Thirty-three productive groundwater wells, Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) coherence change detection (CCD), a land use map derived from Sentinel-2, and the delineated flooding zone derived from Landsat-8 data were used to validate the delineated zones. The GWPZs indicated that 48% of the collected wells can be classified as consistent to excellent. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and image classification were applied to the multi-temporal Landsat series and Sentinel-2 along with the InSAR CCD data derived from Sentinel-1 images to reveal dramatic changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) in terms of agricultural and other anthropogenic activities in the structurally downstream area, which is the most promising area for future developments. Overall, the integration of radar and multispectral data through the GIS technique has the ability to provide valuable information about water resources in arid regions. Thus, the tested model is a promising technique, and such information is extremely significant for the guidance of planners and decision makers in the area of sustainable development.


Rivastigmine (Exelon™, Novartis) is a novel intermediate-acting reversible and non-competitive carbamate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that was recently introduced for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical studies have shown that rivastigmine has many similarities to other currently available cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and some important differences. The drug has been evaluated for this use in two well designed, published, adequately powered, Phase III, 26 week clinical trials that included a total of more than 1500 rivastigmine and 700 placebo recipients. Most of these patients had concomitant disorders that were being treated with numerous other drugs. These studies indicate that rivastigmine (6 - 12 mg/day) usually produces cognitive, global and functional changes that indicate significantly less deterioration than was observed with placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate AD, with higher doses producing more benefits. Rivastigmine is beneficial in all three domains (namely cognition, daily activities and behaviour) of AD. Data on long-term efficacy support continued benefits of rivastigmine beyond 6 months. Rivastigmine is generally well-tolerated with no requirement for routine electrocardiogram (ECG) or blood monitoring. Rivastigmine causes adverse events that are generally those expected from a ChEI and mainly involve gastrointestinal system. They are usually mild-to-moderate, of short duration and responsive to dosage reduction. They occur mostly during the dosage titration phase and decrease during the maintenance phase. Clinically significant drug-drug interactions are unlikely. The consistent efficacy in treating all three domains (cognition, daily functioning and behaviour) and good tolerability, particularly with slow titration, makes rivastigmine a good first-line ChEI therapy for the treatment of AD. Therapeutic dose range is 6 - 12 mg/day. Rivastigmine should be started at 1.5 mg b.i.d. with meals and increased at 2 - 4 week intervals to achieve the highest tolerated dose.


This thesis focusses on the various levels involved in the development process with particular attention to a Quechua speaking community in the Andes in Southern Bolivia in which several development projects are being Implemented. The process of development involves the identification of problems, the setting of certain goals, and the provisions of certain means to achieve. what is perceived as a change which will go towards solving the Identified problems. However, for this process to work from the outset it assumes the groups of people Involved share the same interpretation of the terms and criteria to Identify the problems, of the problems themselves, of the need for the type of change intended and of the preconceptions and aims in general. This thesis considers that this situation is a great deal more complicated. It explores the extent to which there is understanding, conflict and miscommunication about the relevant concepts, ideas and assumptions on the part of those differentially involved in and affected by the development process. Since 'development' involves political and cultural interests of different groups questions are raised concerning the relationship between economic goals, power, communication and translation. It is precisely because of these that the discourse approach to development is considered relevant.


This paper is concerned with the discovery of expert's knowledge from a sequence of alarms provided by a knowledge based system monitoring a dynamic process. The discovering process is based on the principles and the tools of the Stochastic Approach framework where a sequence is represented with a Markov chain from which binary relations between discrete event classes can be find and represented as abstract chronicle models. The problem with this approach is to reduce the search space as close as possible to the relations between the process variables. To this aim, we propose an adaptation of the J-Measure to the Stochastic Approach framework, the BJ-Measure, to build an entropic based heuristic that help in finding abstract chronicle models revealing strong relations between the process variables. The result of the application of this approach to a real world system, the Sachem system that controls the blast furnace of the Arcelor-Mittal Steel group, is provided in the paper, showing how the combination of the Stochastic Approach and the Information Theory allows finding the a priori expert's knowledge between blast furnace variables from a sequence of alarms.


Following the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the application of the WTO's Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (hereinafter 'SPS Agreement), concerns over health and safety have become increasingly predominant in the international trade regime. While rulings under the WTO dispute settlement procedure, as in the case of European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (hereinafter 'EC-Hormones') and European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (hereinafter 'EC-Biotech(GMOs)'), have received most of the attention, these rulings based upon the SPS Agreement are not the only governance arrangements available in the WTO. The SPS Agreement also provides a forum – the SPS Committee – for debate over the health and safety concerns among Member States. This article reviews how the work of the SPS Committee fits into the recent WTO accountability debate. It examines how the SPS Committee provides for an accountability mechanism between Member States, thereby facilitating participation and promoting transparency. Furthermore, it focuses on the role of international standards, established by international standard-setting organizations, and addresses debates over the legitimacy of international standard-setting processes. This article also examines how 'international regime complexity' (or 'regime interactions') between the WTO and international standard-setting organizations relates to the questions of legitimacy and accountability. Finally, it concludes with a look at the question of the accountability of the SPS Committee itself.


This paper discusses the newfound aboriginal right to pursue traditional medicine. A 2014 Ontario court decision relating to J.J., an 11-year-old First Nation girl with leukemia, is analyzed. The events leading up to the court case are followed by a description and analysis of the court's decision, which found for the first time in Canada that there is an aboriginal right to pursue traditional medicine on behalf of a child, despite the medical evidence that chemotherapy would almost certainly result in remission; and the absence of chemotherapy would almost certainly result in death. The paper concludes that the case provides limited guidance for those that find themselves in similar situations in the future and demonstrates the need for collaborative problem solving when making treatment decisions for children, perhaps through the use of mediators or ethicists.


This article describes the development and implementation of seven nursing care indicators identified in a review of clinical records and assessment processes. The indicators were chosen because they were common to most trusts, had associated national guidance and/or emerged from patient complaints. Indicators were measured and presented using spidergraphs, which provided staff with data in a visual and understandable format.


This article develops the conceptualization and analysis of aesthetic labour in two parts. The first part focuses on conceptualizing aesthetic labour. We critically revisit the emotional labour literature, arguing that the analysis of interactive service work is impeded by the way in which its corporeal aspects are retired and that, by shifting the focus from emotional to aesthetic labour, we are able to recuperate the embodied character of service work. We then explore the insights provided by the sociological perspectives on the body contained in the works of Goffman and Bourdieu in order to conceptualize aesthetic labour as embodied labour. In the second part, we develop our analysis of aesthetic labour within the context of a discussion of the aesthetics of organization. We discern three ways in which aesthetics is recognized to imbue organization: aesthetics of organization, aesthetics in organization and aesthetics as organization. We contend that employees are increasingly seen not simply as `software' but as `hardware', in the sense that they too can be corporately moulded to portray the organizational aesthetic. We ground this analysis in a case study from research conducted by the authors.


Objective: To characterize the networks of relationships and interactions in the healthcare team in primary care, and its implications for nursing. Method: An integrative review of literature for the identification of papers about networks of relationships and interactions between members of the healthcare team in primary care and its implications for nursing, published during the period between January 2001 and July 2008. The search occurred using the databases of the Virtual Health Library and SCOPUS, contemplating a universe of 2,276 publications, of which 14 complete studies were selected for further analysis. Results: The literature showed that the network of relationships and interactions of the healthcare team requires interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral actions to add to healthcare service in the daily life of the community, aiming at closer contact with the user, as well as strengthening and qualifying health care. Conclusion: It is noteworthy that the network of relationships and interactions is advancing the frontiers of the health unit to add to the service, the daily life of the community and partnerships with other segments and sectors of society, seeking closer ties with the user and his context, and to strengthen and qualify Health care.


From the Publisher:
terms the uses, abuses, technology, and process of client/server computing. This book gives you a framework for decision making and explains the "big picture" of client/server computing, so that you can assess your company or organization's needs and opportunities and successfully employ this new technology to solve real-world professional challenges.
Client/Server Technology for Managers enables you to create an informed client/server strategic plan for your business or organization. This book integrates explanations, principles, and methods with dozens of short "snapshot" case studies illustrating client/server in action.
Client/Server Technology for Managers will help you harness this very powerful but potentially confusing part of today's computing landscape.
Client/Server Technology for Managers will help you answer questions like these:

Are mainframes really obsolete? Can I move existing mainframe software onto smaller computers? How are client/server, downsizing, and enterprise computing related? Where does reengineering fit in? What does "object-oriented" mean? What's SQL? Do I need middlewear? Should I get a data warehouse? What's an "open system"? Do I need parallel processing? Can I trust UNIX and PC LANs? How long will it take my programmers to learn the new methods? Should I consider outsourcing? Where do I start? How much is all this going to cost me?


Abstract. Agus R, Purnamasari WOS, Parura RD, Silang F, Massi MN. 2022. Short Communication: Cloning, production and responses of the sMTL-13 protein (13 kDa lectin secretion) Mycobacterium tuberculosis against Interleukin 6. Biodiversitas 23: 6208-6212. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine protected effect against meningitis and disseminated Tuberculosis TB in children. However, it does not prevent primary infection and reactivation of latent pulmonary infection. Therefore, an effective vaccine is needed to prevent tuberculosis. One of the potentials is the sMTL-13 protein (13 kDa lectin secretion), which causes an increase in interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a proinflammatory cytokine and shows high titers in the serum of TB patients. This study aimed to clone, express and evaluate the sMTL-13 recombinant protein. The research steps were ligation of Rv1419 to pQE-30Xa, transformation to Escherichia coli BL-21, and production of recombinant protein with IPTG induction. Furthermore, immunoreactivity tests with the serum of TB patients and healthy serum using ELISA. The results showed that the PCR product Rv1419 showed a band of 474 bp and white colonies as a recombinant clone of pQE-30Xa-Rv1419. The production of sMTL-13 recombinant protein has been successfully carried out and produces 13 kDa protein. The results of the immunoreactivity test showed that the serum level of IL-6 in patients with active TB was 84.22 pg/mL and the serum level of IL-6 in healthy people was 63.74 pg/mL.


Objectives: To examine the quality of chronic disease care at federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) as a function of state health agency support. Methods: We merged data from the 2010 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials Public Health Survey, the 2011 Area Resource File, and the 2010 Uniform Data System. Using ordinary least squares regression, we modeled hypertension and diabetes control among FQHC patients as a function of state public health agency support of FQHCs, including financial support, direct collaboration, and electronic health data exchanges. Results: The rate of hypertension control is 63.4%, while the rate of diabetes control (HbA1c <7%) is 41.3%. Some two thirds of FQHCs (67.1%) are in states whose public health agencies are fully engaged in FQHC-supporting activities, and approximately one third (34.6%) are in states whose public health agencies send and receive electronic health record data with FQHCs. However, none of our measures of public health agency support of FQHCs significantly predicted FQHC-specific chronic disease outcomes. Conclusions: We find no evidence that state public health agency support of FQHCs affects chronic disease outcomes for FQHC patients.


1. Many bivalve molluscs settle and attach to surfaces using adhesive byssal threads – proteinaceous fibers that together form a network known as the byssus. Since these bivalves rely on byssus for survival, strong byssal attachment promotes a myriad of broad ecological services, including water filtration, nutrient extraction, sediment stabilization, and enhancing biodiversity through habitat creation.2. Numerous studies have documented weakened byssal attachment strength under ocean acidification (OA); however, a comparable number report no effect, even within the same species. Consequently, whether elevated CO2 levels expected under near-future OA will affect byssal attachment strength in nature remains hotly contested.3. We used a systematic literature search and meta-analysis to explore factors that could potentially explain observed effect size variation in byssal attachment strength following OA exposure. 4. A systematic literature search uncovered 20 studies experimentally testing the impact of OA on byssal attachment strength (or some proxy thereof). Meta-analysis revealed that body size (mean shell length) was the strongest predictor of effect size variation, with no significant effect of climate, species, year, study temperature, study location, exposure time, food amount, and pH offset. Functionally, a negative linear relationship was observed between body size and effect size.5. Our finding that the byssal strength of larger bivalves is more susceptible to negative OA effects runs counter to prevailing wisdom that larger, older animals of a given species are more robust to OA than earlier life history stages. 6. This highlights that body size and age may be important factors that determine OA sensitivity in adult calcifiers. In addition to body size, a critical review of each study revealed commonly neglected factors that could influence byssal thread attachment strength which we highlight to provide suggestions for future research in this area.


OBJECTIVE
To study the features of various subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) in children.

METHODS
Sex composition, risk factors, comorbidities, intelligence quotient and behavioral problems were investigated in 175 children with ADHD who met the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Criteria (DSM-IV). The children were classified into three groups: ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I, n=82), ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI, n=24) and ADHD combined type (ADHD-C, n=69).

RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the sex composition among the three groups. The rates of birth abnormality in the ADHD-I and the ADHD-C groups were higher than those in the ADHD-HI group. Negative parenting practices were noted more frequently in the ADHD-HI and the ADHD-C groups than the ADHD-I group. There were no significant differences in the performance intelligence quotient (PIQ), verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) and full intelligence quotient (FIQ) among the three groups. However, the incidence of imbalance between VIQ and PIQ in the ADHD-I group was higher than the other two groups. The rate of comorbidities with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and tic disorder (TD) in the ADHD-C and the ADHD-HI groups was higher than that in the ADHD-I group. Both the ADHD-I and the ADHD-C groups had a higher rate of comorbidities with learning disorder (LD) than the ADHD-HI group. The impulsive/hyperactive and conduct problems were more severe and the hyperactivity index was higher in the ADHD-C and the ADHD-HI groups than those in the ADHD-I group, while the learning difficulties in the ADHD-I group were the most severe.

CONCLUSIONS
The children with ADHD-C or ADHD-HI have higher incidences of comorbidities with ODD and TD than those with ADHD-I who the learning difficulties and the imbalance between VIQ and PIQ are more severe.


The diagnosis of active infection in bancroftian filariasis continues to pose an important and continuously evolving challenge to filariasis-endemic countries and to health personnel. Sensitivity of the immunochromatographic card test (ICT) relative to detection of adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms by ultrasound was evaluated in a retrospective study conducted in the Center for Teaching, Research and Tertiary Referral Hospital for bancroftian filariasis (Federal University of Pernambuco) in Recife, Brazil. The results showed that among 408 persons tested, the overall sensitivity of the ICT was 84.5% and varied from 52% to 100% when patients were grouped by different criteria (age, sex, presence or absence of living adult worms by ultrasound, microfilaremia status/density). The present study provides evidence that a negative antigen result should be interpreted cautiously and may help to explain the different sensitivities of the antigen test found by different investigators in settings with different transmission intensities.


The rate limiting enzymatic step for DNA replication in HeLa cells incubated at 43.5°C v/as the ligation of clusters of replicons into the cell's genome. At 43.5° the reciprocal slope for inhibition of DNA chain (replicon) initiation, or of the ligation of replicon clusters into the genome, was 18 or 7 min, respectively. The failure of replicon clusters to be ligated into chromosomal DNA was not a consequence of the failure of histone proteins to be deposited onto replicating DNA, or of chromatin replicated at 43.5°C to be organized into fully condensed chro‐matin. In addition it was not due to the failure of fully active topoisomerase II to be deposited at a normal frequency along replicating chromatin DNA. The failure of replicon clusters to be ligated into the genome resulted in the persistence of single, but not double, DNA strand breaks in the cell's genome 24 hours after cell heating.


This research is aimed at assessing the relationship between religious attitude and job performance of the employees of Iranian Tobacco Company. This is a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population includes all 2350 employees of the Iranian Tobacco Company, from whom 251 persons are selected as the sample through convenience sampling method on the basis of Morgan's table. Serajzadeh's Religious Attitude Questionnaire (1998) and Paterson's Job Performance Questionnaire (1992) are employed for data collection. The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of faithfulness, empiricism and rituality and job performance. However, there was no significant relationship between the dimensions of outcome and job performance. The results also signified a positive and significant relationship between religious attitude and job performance. The results of regression coefficient pointed out that only the empirical dimension, of the four dimensions of religious attitude variables, could predict job performance. Accordingly, it is suggested that religious attitudes be considered in order to increase job performance of the employees.


Currently, silicon (Si)-based island–interconnect structures are emerging in next-generation stretchable electronic devices such as flexible medical implants, soft robotics, and wearables. Various geometrical designs are being used as interconnects for promising stretchable electronic systems. Among them, self-similar serpentine interconnects (SS-interconnects) are widely used due to their high areal efficiency and stretchability. However, to date, pertinent devices choose random parameters of SS-interconnects since the detailed design guidelines are still elusive. Additionally, no study has revealed how the lateral size or width affects the stretchability during in-plane and out-of-plane stretching. Here, we show how the mechanics could help get the optimized Si-based SS-interconnect without losing its areal efficiency. Our numerical and experimental results show that thin interconnects attain 70%–80% higher stretchability than thicker counterparts. The numerical and experimental results match well. Numerical results indicate the areas prone to break earlier, followed by experimental validation. We devise how induced stress could predict the fracture conditions for any given size and shape of an interconnect. Our results demonstrate that the larger width plays a crucial role in out-of-plane stretching or rotation, i.e., the stress values are 60% higher for the larger width of SS-interconnect during rotation (up to 90°). Our calculations reveal the fracture-free zone for SS-interconnects, showing the figure-of-merit. We demonstrate the detailed guidelines that could help choose the right parameters for fracture-free SS-interconnects for required stretchability, devising the next-generation stretchable and wearable electronic devices.


Migraine is a common complaint in optometric practice. Three cases of migrainous patients taking oral contraceptives are presented in this report. The role of oral contraceptives in triggering a migraine attack and possibly elevating the risk of a stroke in a patient with migraine is discussed. The counseling an optometrist can provide in such cases in discussed.


Septic encephalopathy is the most common form of encephalopathy in intensive care units (ICU) and its severity correlates with mortality. Septic encephalopathy is induced by the systemic inflammatory response regardless of its cause. This inflammation damages blood brain barrier and allows circulating neurotoxic substances to extravasate into the brain parenchyma and provoke an inflammatory response. The severity of septic encephalopathy can be assessed with electroencephalography and Glasgow Coma Scale score. Treatment should be focused on early and appropriate antibiotic administration. Supportive treatment measures commonly used in other ICU patients are of limited value in this indication.


Abstract Drawing from a narrative ethnography, this paper provides insight into the ways Nizari Ismaili women of Indian East African heritage constructed and performed their mutually-constitutive identities in specific networks of power and hierarchy, and the local knowledges they have produced and passed on to their children. Having lived in Mozambique during the final decades of Portuguese colonialism, the six women interviewed were exposed to contradictory and ambivalent modernizing forces amplified by postcolonial migration processes. The analysis of their biographies and caregiving repertoires involved an intersectional framing to explore the links between identities, boundaries and hierarchy, combined with a multilevel conception of ambivalence addressing the dialectic intersection between the multiple sources of ambivalence in social life. The conclusion highlights how the contradictory structures and ideologies they navigated offered them resources for producing intergenerational transformative outcomes.


The Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 requires the USDA Forest Service to conduct assessments of resource conditions. This report fulfills that need and focuses on quantifying extent, productivity, and health of U.S. rangelands. Since 1982, the area of U.S. rangelands has decreased at an average rate of 350,000 acres per year owed mostly to conversion to agricultural and residential land uses. Nationally, rangeland productivity has been steady over the last decade, but the Rocky Mountain Assessment Region appears to have moderately increased productivity since 2000. The forage situation is positive and, from a national perspective, U.S. rangelands can probably support a good deal more animal production than current levels. Sheep numbers continue to decline, horses and goats have increased numbers, and cattle have slightly increased, averaging 97 million animals per year since 2002. Data from numerous sources indicate rangelands are relatively healthy but also highlight the need for consolidation of efforts among land management agencies to improve characterization of rangeland health. The biggest contributors to decreased rangeland health, chiefly invasive species, are factors associated with biotic integrity. Non-native species are present on 50 percent of non-Federal rangelands, often offsetting gains in rangeland health from improved management practices.


Abstract This article introduces a Peacebuilding special issue on rethinking security, peacebuilding and violence reduction in the light of Sustainable Development Goal 16 on 'promoting peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development'. The special issue presents new analysis and case studies, which aim to challenge and refresh the established policy consensus around violence reduction and security. They are distinctive in focusing upon the vernacular or local understandings of those at the receiving end of direct and structural violence; and in analysing the insurgent margins where violence and insecurity are most concentrated.


Abstract. Machine learning provides great potential for modelling
hydrological variables at a spatial resolution beyond the capabilities of
physically based modelling. This study features an application of random
forests (RF) to model the depth to the shallow water table, for a wintertime minimum event, at a 50 m resolution over a 15 000 km 2 domain in
Denmark. In Denmark, the shallow groundwater poses severe risks with respect to groundwater-induced flood events, affecting both urban and agricultural
areas. The risk is especially critical in wintertime, when the shallow
groundwater is close to terrain. In order to advance modelling capabilities
of the shallow groundwater system and to provide estimates at the scales
required for decision-making, this study introduces a simple method to unify
RF and physically based modelling. Results from the national water resources
model in Denmark (DK-model) at a 500 m resolution are employed as covariates in
the RF model. Thus, RF ensures physical consistency at a coarse scale and
fully exhausts high-resolution information from readily available
environmental variables. The vertical distance to the nearest water body was
rated as the most important covariate in the trained RF model followed by the
DK-model. The evaluation test of the trained RF model was very satisfying
with a mean absolute error of 76 cm and a coefficient of determination of
0.56. The resulting map underlines the severity of groundwater flooding risk
in Denmark, as the average depth to the shallow groundwater is 1.9 m and
approximately 29 % of the area is characterized as having a depth of less than 1 m during a typical wintertime minimum event. This study brings forward a
novel method for assessing the spatial patterns of covariate importance of the
RF predictions that contributes to an increased interpretability of the RF
model. Quantifying the uncertainty of RF models is still rare for hydrological
applications. Two approaches, namely random forests regression kriging
(RFRK) and quantile regression forests (QRF), were tested to estimate
uncertainties related to the predicted groundwater levels.


Objective: To evaluate the patterns of refractive errors in albino patients in pediatric age group and to find out the most common refractive error in these patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Recruited all patients who visited Eye OPD of The Children's Hospitals and The Institute of Child Healths, Lahore and Multan. Period: July 2021 to December 2021. Material & Methods: Between the ages of 02 to 12 years. The participants presented with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) were included and the participants with ocular pathologies like congenital cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, buphthalmos etc were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction was done to evaluate the refractive errors and fundoscopy was done to find out ocular pathology. Non-probability convenient technique was used. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: This study recruited 22 patients with OCA between the ages of 02-12 years (mean age: 6.86 ± 3.385), 13 were male patients and 09 were female patients. 19 patients (86.36 %) had visual acuity (VA) fix and follow the light and 03 (13.64 %) patients were not able to fix and follow the light. Most of the patients have moderate type of refractive error. 06 patients (27.3%) had mild refractive error, 09 patients (40.9%) had moderate and 07 patients (31.8%) had severe refractive error. 13 patients (59.1%) showed astigmatism, 08 patients (36.4%) showed hypermetropia and only 01 patient (4.5%) showed myopia. Nystagmus was present in all 22 patients. Conclusion: This study suggested that astigmatism was the most common refractive error in OCA patients followed by hypermetropia. If refractive errors are not managed timely it will affect their daily life activities and increase the burden on the community.


TGA1a is a tobacco DNA-binding protein that binds to the activation sequence-1 (as-1) element of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We have produced TGA1a in Escherichia coli, purified it from bacterial extracts, and examined its effect on transcription in a human in vitro system. Addition of TGA1a stimulates transcription by up to 20 times, and the stimulation is dependent on the presence of the as-1 element in the promoter. When transcription reinitiation is inhibited by 0.3 M KCl, activation is similar. Therefore, TGA1a activates transcription by increasing the number of active preinitiation complexes. After formation of the preinitiation complexes in the presence of TGA1a, oligonucleotides containing TGA1a-binding sites do not significantly affect the stimulated level of transcription. This result indicates that a complex remains committed to the promoter site after initiation and that this complex is used repeatedly during several initiation events. Our study demonstrates for the first time that a plant factor can activate transcription in a human in vitro system and that the activation mechanism of the plant factor is similar to that of mammalian factors.


We introduce KiloGram, a resource for studying abstract visual reasoning in humans and machines. Drawing on the history of tangram puzzles as stimuli in cognitive science, we build a richly annotated dataset that, with >1k distinct stimuli, is orders of magnitude larger and more diverse than prior resources. It is both visually and linguistically richer, moving beyond whole shape descriptions to include segmentation maps and part labels. We use this resource to evaluate the abstract visual reasoning capacities of recent multi-modal models. We observe that pre-trained weights demonstrate limited abstract reasoning, which dramatically improves with fine-tuning. We also observe that explicitly describing parts aids abstract reasoning for both humans and models, especially when jointly encoding the linguistic and visual inputs.


Stereotactic radiosurgery as a method of treatment of inoperable brain angiomas has been in use in the Neurosurgery Department, Medical Academy in Lublin since 1990. The patients receive radiation from a Neptune 10P linear accelerator of 9 MeV photon energy (X radiation). The Laitinen stereoadapter used by us makes possible precise targeting and radiation application in time suitable for the patient and the whole treatment team. This frame produces no disturbances of CT image and is not covering the target. Non-invasive head immobilization in the frame is highly stable, although it requires good communication with the patient and his full cooperation. The purpose of the study was a comparison of the results of radiosurgery applied in the treatment of inoperable brain angiomas of various size with radiation doses 4000 cGy and 3000 cGy. The material comprises 40 first cases out of over 120 patients treated in this way for inoperable angiomas. The first group of 20 patients received 4000 cGy and the second group of 20 patients received 3000 cGy doses. Complete obliteration of angiomas was achieved in 16 (80%) cases treated with the 4000 cGy dose, and in 17 (85%) cases treated with the 3000 cGy dose. Late postradiation reactions developed in 15 (75%) patients in the first group with permanent changes in 5 (25%) patients. In the second group late postradiation reactions developed in only 6 (30%) cases and regressed in all. Treatment effectiveness (complete obliteration) after doses of 3000 and 4000 cGy was similar, and it decreased with greater size of angiomas. The per cent of postradiation complications after lower doses was much smaller, and permanent neurological changes were seen only after higher doses. The obtained results of the method are comparable with those of the authors using invasive methods of fixation of stereotactic frames.


BACKGROUND
Animal studies showed that alcoholic myopathy is characterized by the reduction in myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and by impaired anabolic signaling. The goal of this study was to compare changes in CSA and fiber type composition with modifications in anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways at the early stages of alcohol misuse in humans.

METHODS
Skeletal muscle samples from 7 male patients with chronic alcohol abuse (AL; 47.7 ± 2.0 years old; alcohol misuse duration 7.7 ± 0.6 years) were compared with muscle from a control group of 7 healthy men (C; 39.7 ± 5.0 years old). Biopsies from vastus lateralis muscles were taken and analyzed for the changes in fiber type composition, fiber CSA, and for the alterations in anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways.

RESULTS
AL patients did not have detectable clinical myopathy symptoms or muscle fiber atrophy, but the relative proportion of fast fibers was increased. There was a significant decrease in IGF-1 in plasma and IRS-1 protein content in muscle of AL group. Levels of total and phosphorylated p70S6K1, GSK3β, and p90RSK1 were not different between AL and C groups. Muscle of AL patients had increased mRNA expression of HSP70 and HSP90. A marker of anabolic pathway p-4E-BP1 was decreased, while catabolic markers (MuRF-1, MAFbx, ubiquitinated proteins) were increased in AL patients when compared with C group.

CONCLUSIONS
At the early stages of alcohol misuse in humans, changes in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways precede the development of skeletal muscle atrophy and manifestation of clinical symptoms of alcoholic myopathy.


The development of intellectual capital theory through the introduction of the concept of implicitness involves considering intellectual capital as an implicit factor, so that the process of its formation is largely determined by the impact of specific hidden factors whose impact is expressed implicitly and is difficult to formalize. Currently, the process of selecting explicit and implicit factors affecting intellectual capital is not formalized in domestic and foreign studies, and therein is the relevance of this work. The purpose of this study was to develop a scheme for selecting explicit and implicit factors in the development of the organization's intellectual capital in conjunction with its strategy based on a modified Balanced Scorecard, taking into account the distribution of indicators by types of cognitive activity. The implementation of this scheme was carried out by developing a fuzzy economic and mathematical model suitable for practical use. The main feature of the model is the possibility of fuzzy setting of "cut-off boundaries" for explicit and implicit factors. We present the results of testing the model on the example of a large regional university. Sets of explicit and implicit factors of the university's intellectual capital are given for various "cut-off boundaries" using various defuzzification methods.


Abstract Magnetic fields have been used to produce macroscopically oriented side-chain liquid crystal polymer films which were subsequently cross-linked to form monodomain liquid crystal elastomers. The orientation process is shown to be complete in minutes, in a modest magnetic field while the relatively slow cross-linking reaction is complete in around 60 hours. Films thus obtained show a memory of the state of order at cross-linking even after prolonged annealing in the isotropic phase. We find that the uniform memory is lost when the elastomer contains > 50% free chains by incorporating a controlled percentage of uncross-linkable homopolymer. We have thus lowered the effective modulus and looked in more detail at the coupling between mesogen and polymer backbone.


This study explored the applicability of Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) data for drought monitoring in Eurasia from April to September during 2005 - 2014. TVDI was calculated based on the vegetation index/temperature trapezoid eigenspace (VITT) in this study. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index in three time scales (SPEI-01, SPEI-03, SPEI-06) and the Essential Climate Variable surface soil moisture product (ECV-SM) was used to evaluate the performance of TVDI over Eurasia, and to assess the sensitivity of TVDI to different land-cover types. The records of drought events from Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) were also used to validate TVDI. The results indicated that TVDI negatively responded to SPEIs about 77.43%, 72.01%, and 75.95% of lands respectively, of which 29.84%, 33.93%, and 25.59% were subjected significant relationships (p<0.05). A negative correlation between TVDI and SPEIs was detected in most land-cover types, except for evergreen broadleaf forest and deciduous needleaf forest. Similarly, TVDI was also negative correlated with ECV-SM. About 66% of the study areas show negative correlation and 33% of them were statistically significant. There is a highly negative correlation between TVDI and ECV-SM in most types of land cover. Moreover, TVDI could not reflect drought condition correctly when TVDI <0.40; it could only reflect long-time excessive drought condition when TVDI >0.86. A comparison of TVDI with drought records demonstrated that the TVDI could capture drought events in study area.


Abstract Objectives: (a) To investigate defensive medical practices among general practitioners; (b) to compare any such practices with general practitioners' understanding of certain aspects of the terms of service and medical negligence and practitioners' concerns about the risk of being sued or having a complaint lodged. Design: Postal questionnaire survey. Each questionnaire was followed by a reminder. Subjects: 500 systematically selected general practitioners on the membership list of the Medical Defence Union. Main outcome measures: Answers to questions on defensive medical practices, understanding of certain aspects of the terms of service and medical negligence, and concerns about the risk of being sued or having a complaint lodged. Results: 300 general practitioners returned the questionnaire (response rate 60%). 294 (98%) claimed to have made some practice changes as a result of the possibility of a patient complaining. Of the defensive medical practices adopted, the most common (over half of doctors stating likely or very likely) seemed to be increased diagnostic testing, increased referrals, increased follow up, and more detailed patient explanations and note taking. Respondents practised defensive medicine as a possible consequence of concerns about the risks of being sued or having a complaint lodged. This association was particularly strong for negative defensive practices. Defensive medical practice did not correlate with any misunderstanding about the law of negligence or the general practitioners' terms of service. Conclusions: General practitioners are practising defensive medicine. Some defensive practices such as increased patient explanations or more detailed note taking are clearly beneficial. However, implementing the findings of the Wilson report may increase negative defensive medical practices. Key messages Key messages Some defensive practices may be beneficial but others will have adverse effects on both patient care and resource allocation Some 98% of general practitioners claim to be making practice changes in response to the possibility of a patient complaining Defensive medical practices correlate with concerns about risks but not with a lack of understanding of the concept of negligence or the general practitioner's terms of service; such an association is particularly strong in the case of negative defensive practices


The Morris water maze is a task adapted from the animal spatial cognition literature and has been studied in the context of sex differences in humans, particularly because of the standard design, which manipulates proximal (close) and distal (far) cues. However, there are mixed findings with respect to the interaction of cues and sex differences in virtual Morris water maze tasks, which may be attributed to variations in the scale of the space and previously unmeasured individual differences. We explore the question of scale and context by presenting participants with an outdoor virtual Morris water maze that is four times the size of the mazes previously tested. We also measured lifetime mobility and mental rotation skills. Results of this study suggest that for the small-scale environment, males and females performed similarly when asked to navigate with only proximal cues. However, males outperformed females when only distal cues were visible. In the large-scale environment, males outperformed females in both cue conditions. Additionally, greater mental rotation skills predicted better navigation performance with proximal cues only. Finally, we found that highly mobile females and males perform equally well when navigating with proximal cues.


This ongoing research, funded by the NHS through its New and Emerging Applications of Technology, aims to improve mental-health risk assessments by developing a universally accessible computeris ed decision support system. The system will contain a risk-screening tool that records client data (cues) and provides risk estimates for suicide, selfharm, self-neglect, and harm to others. The tool is intended for use without specialist training and by any relevant professionals, not just those within health and social care. It will provide a new educational and clinical resource linking validated human expertise from mental-health professionals with statistical information extracted from a dedicated client database. Health and social benefits include earlier identification of people at risk, fewer inappropriate referrals, and multidisciplinary cooperation between health-care providers and other front-line workers.


The paper synthesizes the optimal structure of data processing of the aircraft transponder of the "friend or foe" identification system based on the Neumann-Pearson criterion. It is also shown, that when synthesizing and analyzing the optimal structure of signal data processing in aircraft transponders of "friend or foe" identification systems, it is necessary to take into account the multichannel reception of request signals and limitations of relative throughput of the aircraft transponder, which is caused by the existing principle of constructing the system as single-channel queuing system with failures. The proposed models make it possible to implement the structures of data processing of request signals for situations of inter-channel merging of previous channel decisions on the detection of request signals or pulse components of the request signals. In the proposed structure, the optimization of data processing is carried out not only in time but also in the spatial parameters of the request signals, and also takes into account the relative bandwidth of the aircraft responder. It is shown that the inter channel merging of the results of detecting the component pulses of the query signals is more preferable compared to the existing algorithm of merging the results of detecting the query signals, as it improves the quality of query signal detection and reduces the dependence of query signal detection of relative response.


[Objectives] To determine the occurrence of summer diapause and its associated physiological changes in Helicoverpa assulta exposed to high temperature. [Methods] Summer diapause in H. assulta can be induced by high temperature at different larval stages. In this study, we recorded the diapause rate of H. assulta under 35℃ and L16︰D8 beginning at the third, fourth, sixth larval and pupal stage and compared the pupal weight and metabolic rate of diapausing and non-diapausing pupae. [Results] The summer diapause rates were 25.96%、25.71%、22.76%、11.31%, for third, fourth, sixth, and prepupal stage, respectively. The results show that the diapause rate of the third, fourth and sixth stages was significantly higher than that of the prepupal stage. Furthermore, the summer diapause rates of males were significantly higher than those of females for each tested stage. The pupal weights of diapausing pupae were significantly heavier than those of non-diapausing pupae. We comparatively measured the metabolic levels, using two indices, i.e., body weight loss and respiratory rate, of diapausing and non-diapausing pupae. The weight loss curves of the diapausing pupae were significantly lower than those of the non-diapausing pupae. Moreover, the respiratory rate curve of diapausing pupae was significantly lower than that of non-diapausing pupae. [Conclusion] The results indicate that diapausing pupae can significantly reduce their metabolism and delay their development under high temperature to survive adverse environmental conditions.


There is good evidence that the bacterial and fungal probiotics are effective in the manipulation of rumen development and function. The effects of adherent Streptococcus bovis preparations were manifested by significant increase of adherent S. bovis bacteria and alpha amylase activity in the rumen wall of young ruminants. Fungal probiotics based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae are rapidly gaining acceptance as a means of improving productivity in adult ruminants. However, fungal probiotics may also have a complementary role to bacterial probiotics in young animals. Dietary yeast improved performance of calves and lambs in terms of feed intake and live weight gain and Aspergillus foetidus was effective in altering rumen fermentation in newly weaned lambs.


The recognition and understanding of the early fossil record on Earth is vital to the success of missions searching for life on other planets. Despite this, the evidence for life on Earth before ~3.0 Ga remains controversial. The discovery of new windows of preservation in the rock record more than 3.0 Ga would therefore be helpful to enhance our understanding of the context for the earliest life on Earth. Here we report one such discovery, a ~3.4 Ga sandstone at the base of the Strelley Pool Formation from the Pilbara of Western Australia, in which micrometre-sized tubular structures preserve putative evidence of biogenicity. Detailed geological mapping and petrography reveals the depositional and early diagenetic history of the host sandstone. We demonstrate that the depositional environment was conducive to life and that sandstone clasts containing putative biological structures can be protected from later metamorphic events, preserving earlier biological signals. We conclude from this that sandstones have an exciting taphonomic potential both on early Earth and beyond.


The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed into law by President Obama in March 2010, contains elements of two seemingly contradictory positions: health care as a commodity and as a right. The commodity argument posits that the marketplace should govern demand, supply, and costs of care. The law's establishment of state insurance exchanges reflects this position. The argument that health care is a right posits that it is a need, not a choice, and that government should regulate care standards that may be compromised as insurers attempt to minimize costs. The law's requirement for coverage of mental and substance use disorders reflects this position. This Open Forum examines these arguments in light of current state fiscal crises and impending reforms. Despite the federal government's interest in expanding prevention and treatment of mental illness, states may demonstrate varying levels of commitment, based in part on their perception of health care as a right or a commodity. The federal government should outline clear performance standards, with minimum services specified to maximize state commitments to services.


The incidence of cardiac metastases in a series of 1,047 autopsies on patients with disseminated malignancy was 147 cases or 14.1%. Sixteen patients had laryngeal carcinoma and four had gross and microscopic cardiac metastasis. One of these four presented with signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction. At autopsy, there was massive cardiac replacement by metastatic carcinoma. Cardiac signs and symptoms in patients with known malignancy should alert the clinician to the possibility of metastatic disease involving the heart.


BACKGROUND
This article presents a series of patients with traumatic retrobulbar hematoma and orbital trauma, treated with extended pterional orbital decompression.

METHODS
Fifteen patients, showing symptomatic retrobulbar hematoma or symptoms of orbital injury after various trauma mechanisms, were treated with deep lateral orbital decompression and removal of orbital blood/bone fragments via this approach. Preoperative and postoperative course, neuroradiologic findings, additional brain or facial injuries, and outcome of eye function are analyzed in detail.

RESULTS
Mean delay between trauma and decompression was 70 hours (3 days), with a range from 2 hours to 15 days. Proptosis decreased in all patients and visual acuity improved or remained normal in nine patients and stayed defective in four. Impaired extraocular movements and pupillary changes recovered in 10 patients. Apart from one case of permanent deficit of the frontal branch of the facial nerve, no severe complications were seen.

CONCLUSION
The presented pterional orbital decompression represents an effective alternative approach for patients with sight-threatening retrobulbar hematoma or orbital trauma, especially in cases that require direct access to damaged structures and maximal decompression of the orbit. Immediate detection and treatment of orbital hematomas is mandatory for acceptable outcome of eye function.


Municipal solid waste is broadly generated in everyday activities and its treatment is a global challenge. Total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) are typical control parameters measured in biological treatments. In this study, the TS and VS were determined using the standard methods, as well as introducing some variants: (i) the drying temperature for the TS assays was 105°C, 70°C and 50°C and (ii) the VS were determined using different heating ramps from room tempature to 550°C. TS could be determined at either 105°C or 70°C, but oven residence time was tripled at 70°C, increasing from 48 to 144 h. The VS could be determined by smouldering the sample (where the sample is burnt without a flame), which avoids the release of fumes and odours in the laboratory. However, smouldering can generate undesired pyrolysis products as a consequence of carbonization, which leads to VS being underestimated. Carbonization can be avoided using slow heating ramps to prevent the oxygen limitation. Furthermore, crushing the sample cores decreased the time to reach constant weight and decreased the potential to underestimate VS.


Displaced facial fractures in infants are rare, with only limited published data, and management of such fractures remains controversial. Various authors have advocated managing severely displaced fractures by open reduction and rigid fixation. We describe our experience in successfully managing a case of multiple fractures of facial bones in an infant by conservative observation. A 17-month-old boy sustained multiple facial fractures in a car accident. A CT scan revealed a severely displaced left zygomatic fracture and an undisplaced mandibular angle fracture. There was no orbital floor defect with entrapment of orbital soft tissue. The patient was managed by conservative observation and the outcome was satisfactory. There was complete remodeling of the severely displaced zygomatic fracture. To our knowledge, there are few or no reports on the management of severe facial fractures in infants by conservative observation. The present case suggests the wisdom of deciding the treatment method for facial fractures in infants only after careful observation and consideration.


Understanding vector fields resulting from large scientific simulations is an important and often difficult task. Streamlines, curves that are tangential to a vector field at each point, are a powerful visualization method in this context. Application of streamline-based visualization to very large vector field data represents a significant challenge due to the non-local and data-dependent nature of streamline computation, and requires careful balancing of computational demands placed on I/O, memory, communication, and processors. In this paper we review two parallelization approaches based on established parallelization paradigms (static decomposition and on-demand loading) and present a novel hybrid algorithm for computing streamlines. Our algorithm is aimed at good scalability and performance across the widely varying computational characteristics of streamline-based problems. We perform performance and scalability studies of all three algorithms on a number of prototypical application problems and demonstrate that our hybrid scheme is able to perform well in different settings.


The liver and its zonation contribute to whole body homeostasis. Acute and chronic, not always liver, diseases impair proper metabolic zonation. Various underlying pathways, such as β-catenin, hedgehog signaling, and the Hippo pathway, along with the physiologically occurring oxygen gradient, appear to be contributors. Interestingly, hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors can orchestrate those pathways. In the current review, we connect novel findings of liver zonation in health and disease and provide a view about the dynamic interplay between these different pathways and cell-types to drive liver zonation and systemic homeostasis.


For discrete-state stochastic systems obeying Markovian dynamics, we establish the counterpart of the conditional reversibility theorem obtained by Gallavotti for deterministic systems [Ann. de l'Institut Henri Poincaré (A) 70, 429 (1999)]. Our result states that stochastic trajectories conditioned on opposite values of entropy production are related by time reversal, in the long-time limit. In other words, the probability of observing a particular sequence of events, given a long trajectory with a specified entropy production rate σ, is the same as the probability of observing the time-reversed sequence of events, given a trajectory conditioned on the opposite entropy production, -σ, where both trajectories are sampled from the same underlying Markov process. To obtain our result, we use an equivalence between conditioned ("microcanonical") and biased ("canonical") ensembles of nonequilibrium trajectories. We provide an example to illustrate our findings.


Chinese short text matching usually employs word sequences rather than character sequences to get better performance. However, Chinese word segmentation can be erroneous, ambiguous or inconsistent, which consequently hurts the final matching performance. To address this problem, we propose neural graph matching networks, a novel sentence matching framework capable of dealing with multi-granular input information. Instead of a character sequence or a single word sequence, paired word lattices formed from multiple word segmentation hypotheses are used as input and the model learns a graph representation according to an attentive graph matching mechanism. Experiments on two Chinese datasets show that our models outperform the state-of-the-art short text matching models.


Recently, self-similar (or fractal) stochastic processes have been regarded as more accurate models of certain categories of traffic (e.g. LAN traffic) which will be transported in ATM networks. The authors propose a method for estimating the cell loss probability in an ATM multiplexer fed by a self-similar arrival process. The packet arrivals are generated by a fractional Brownian motion process and the service process is deterministic. The approach is based on theory for large deviations, and simulation tests show that it is more accurate than the existing approximation result.


An oversized, lavishly illustrated storybook featuring original watercolor art by legendary filmmaker Hayao Miyazaki! This is the original Princess Mononoke story, created by Hayao Miyazaki in 1980 while he was first conceptualizing the landmark animated film that would be released to universal acclaim seventeen years later. As an initial version of the tale, it offers a new and different perspective from the final version presented in the film. After a long, exhausting war, a samurai lost in a forest encounters a giant wildcat - a mononoke. The beast saves his life, but at the price of his daughter's hand in marriage...


OBJECTIVE
To study the role of transplantation of the vascularized pedicle iliac crest for the repair of bone and soft tissue defect of lower extremity.

METHODS
The vascularized pedicle iliac crest was designed for the repair of bone and soft tissue defect of lower extremity according to anatomic feature of leg and foot. Skin graft was used for coverage of the iliac flap.

RESULTS
Skin survival could demonstrate the survival of the vascularized pedicle iliac crest indirectly one week postoperatively. Skin survived completely in 4 cases and partly in 3 cases. Callus was seen at the transplantation site one month postoperatively, and K-wires were removed 4 months later in the cases of metatarsal defect. The external fixators were removed in the cases of tibia defect 6 to 8 months postoperatively. The functions of lower extremities were restored in 2 to 4 months. The bone and soft tissue defects were repaired, and ultimate function and cosmetic effects were satisfied after the mean follow up of 10 months (ranged from 6 to 15 months).

CONCLUSION
Transplantation of the vascularized pedicle iliac crest is an ideal method for the repair of bone and soft tissue defect of lower extremity. The operation can be performed in one stage. The functions and cosmetic effects are better than the traditional methods.


Eucalyptus stands are among the most commonly used species for reforestation in the "Vale do Paraiba". The objective of this study was to detect for the first time isoprene emission by commercial plantations of eucalyptus and relate it to the local tropospheric ozone, thus evaluating the environmental impact of these forests. The samples were collected from denuders of Air Toxics analyzed by gas chromatography through thermal desorption. Ozone was monitored by UV Photometric O 3 Analyzer Model 49i. There were two field trials: one in the summer of 2010 and another in the winter of 2011, in the city of Cacapava, Sao Paulo state. At midday, the highest mixing ratios were detected of isoprene, ranging from a maximum of 8.3 ppbv on November 29, 2010 to 3.5 ppbv on June 30, 2011. Also at midday, the air temperature and photosynthetic active radiation were higher: 33.7°C and 2243 µmol s -1 and 18 oC and 387 µmol s -1 , respectively. The decrease observed in winter weather parameters directly influence isoprene emission which was 65% lower than in weeks of the summer study. The ozone introduced a maximum delayed peak about two hours later than a maximum of isoprene, which is justifiable due to the time required for this gas to react with other precursors and ozone forms. Considering the maximum detected ozone (27.9 ppbv), the atmosphere in this region is considered clean in accordance with the CONAMA.


ABSTRACT Recent research suggests that intersecting marginalized identities may be important in explaining suicide-related mental health disparities. However, inconsistent findings have emerged regarding nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Guided by an intersectionality framework, we examined relations between identity and NSSI using a representative sample of 8th through 12th graders from Utah (N = 49,425). The independent influence of sexual orientation, gender, race/ethnicity, and religious preference on NSSI were examined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Intersectionality analyses, using two-way interaction terms, were then conducted to examine the impact of intersecting identities on NSSI. Results indicated that gay/lesbian, bisexual, and transgender and "other" gender youth, and non-Latter-day Saint (LDS) participants were at particularly high risk of NSSI. In intersectionality analyses, sexual minorities were more likely than heterosexual participants to endorse NSSI among cisgender, but not gender minority youth; bisexual participants of color were less likely to engage in NSSI than European American bisexual youth, but no effect for race/ethnicity was found for gay/lesbian youth; and among heterosexual participants, non-LDS youth were more likely than LDS youth to engage in NSSI, but no effect for religion was found among gay/lesbian or bisexual participants. Implications of these results and the differences in results by method are discussed.


Empowerment is a concept which is widely used in management and many managers and professional in various organizations claim to be practicing it. The objective of this study was to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (PEQ) for employees in higher education. The PEQ was administered at private university in Skopje. The study is empirical research on psychological empowerment, and more specifically research regarding a tool that can be used to assess the level of psychological empowerment of employees in higher education organisations. If psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner, interventions can be implemented to promote the empowerment of employees. Exploratory factor analysis is used to verify the validity of the psychological empowerment comprising four cognitive dimensions i.e. meaning, competence, self-determination and impact in the context of private higher education institutions The subscales showed acceptable internal consistencies. Psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner in higher educational organizations.


Containers have become increasingly popular for deploying applications in cloud computing infrastructures. However, recent studies have shown that containers are prone to various security attacks. In this paper, we conduct a study on the effectiveness of various vulnerability detection schemes for containers. Specifically, we implement and evaluate a set of static and dynamic vulnerability attack detection schemes using 28 real world vulnerability exploits that widely exist in docker images. Our results show that the static vulnerability scanning scheme only detects 3 out of 28 tested vulnerabilities and dynamic anomaly detection schemes detect 22 vulnerability exploits. Combining static and dynamic schemes can further improve the detection rate to 86% (i.e., 24 out of 28 exploits). We also observe that the dynamic anomaly detection scheme can achieve more than 20 seconds lead time (i.e., a time window before attacks succeed) for a group of commonly seen attacks in containers that try to gain a shell and execute arbitrary code.


In medical image analysis, often we need to build an image recognition system for a target scenario with the access to small labeled data and abundant unlabeled data, as well as multiple related models pretrained on different source scenarios. This presents the combined challenges of multi-source-free domain adaptation and semi-supervised learning simultaneously . However, both problems are typically studied independently in the literature, and how to effectively combine existing methods is non-trivial in design. In this work, we introduce a novel MetaTeacher framework with three key components: (1) A learnable coordinating scheme for adaptive domain adaptation of individual source models, (2) A mutual feedback mechanism between the target model and source models for more coherent learning, and (3) A semi-supervised bilevel optimization algorithm for consistently organizing the adaption of source models and the learning of target model. It aims to leverage the knowledge of source models adaptively whilst maximize their complementary benefits collectively to counter the challenge of limited supervision. Extensive experiments on five chest x-ray image datasets show that our method outperforms clearly all the state-of-the-art alternatives. The code is available at https:// github.com/wongzbb/metateacher .


The genomes of the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae both contain approximately 100,000 introns, of which >6,000 are unique to one or the other species. To study the origins of new introns, we used a conservative method involving phylogenetic comparisons to animal orthologs and nematode paralogs to identify cases where an intron content difference between C. elegans and C. briggsae was caused by intron insertion rather than deletion. We identified 81 recently gained introns in C. elegans and 41 in C. briggsae. Novel introns have a stronger exon splice site consensus sequence than the general population of introns and show the same preference for phase 0 sites in codons over phases 1 and 2. More of the novel introns are inserted in genes that are expressed in the C. elegans germ line than expected by chance. Thirteen of the 122 gained introns are in genes whose protein products function in premRNA processing, including three gains in the gene for spliceosomal protein SF3B1 and two in the nonsense-mediated decay gene smg-2. Twenty-eight novel introns have significant DNA sequence identity to other introns, including three that are similar to other introns in the same gene. All of these similarities involve minisatellites or palindromes in the intron sequences. Our results suggest that at least some of the intron gains were caused by reverse splicing of a preexisting intron.


The effects of substitution of chromium and ruthenium for manganese on the magnetic and transport properties of electron-doped manganite Ca0.9Ce0.1MnO3, with dz2 orbital-ordered and the associated antiferromagnetic (AFM) characters, have been studied. As expected, due to the participation of the Cr3+ (t2g3 e g0) and Ru4+/5+ [t2g4 e g0/t 2g3 e g0)] ions in the eg band broadening for the Mn3+ (t2g3 e g1) and Mn4+ (t2g3 e g0) species, the suppression of the AFM transition by Ru and Cr doping is accompanied by an increase in the ferromagnetic (FM) character. The coexistence of FM and AFM phases in these Ru-and Cr-substituted compounds leads to the observations of cluster glass behaviour, the giant magneto-resistive memory (GMM) effect and other magnetic-history-dependent magnetic and transport properties. Our observation of the GMM effect in these Cr-and Ru-doped compounds is the first of its kind in the magnetically phase-separated bulk polycrystalline compounds.


This thesis explores the role of states in propelling financialisation. The neoliberal period has been characterised by two interrelated phenomena: financial markets have expanded at a seemingly inexorable rate, while productive output has stagnated across much of the advanced capitalist world. States have acted to further these processes through discrete financial de- and reregulations. The existing literature has theorised states' roles in this process by pointing either to the power of financial lobbyists and laissez-faire ideology or arguing that the state pursued these policies as an automatic reaction to the stagflation crisis. This thesis evaluates these claims by examining the governing motivations underpinning four key British financial regulatory transformations – the 1971 Competition and Credit Control measures, the 1977-79 abolition of exchange controls, the 1986 Big Bang, and the 1986 Financial Services Act – through the analysis of declassified government, Bank of England, and other documents. The findings presented in this thesis disconfirm both explanations advanced in the financialisation literature: state policy-makers were not dominated by financial lobbyists, entirely beholden to laissez-faire ideology, nor were their actions a reflexive, functional reaction to crisis. Instead, policy-makers employed financial de- and reregulatory measures as pragmatic instruments to strategically navigate the contradictory pressures of the global profitability crisis and the demands of domestic groups. This thesis theorises these findings by drawing from the value-form reading of Marx's writings and Open Marxist state theory.

During periods of crisis, states are forced to reconcile the impersonal domination of global value relations with the tangible demands of the electorate that their immediate needs be met. To do so, policy-makers create statecraft strategies that attempt to either discipline national social relations in line with global imperatives, often in a depoliticised manner, or delay the effects of the crisis through palliative measures in order to maintain political legitimacy. The financial regulatory changes studied in this thesis should be conceptualised as elements of these broader strategies of crisis governance. The British state's propulsion of financialisation constituted a strategic attempt to govern the crisis- and struggle-ridden nature of capitalist social relations.


Purpose: To describe the case of a 74-year-old man who developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis after multiple ocular surgeries. Methods: Observational case report. Results: A 74-year-old man who had a history of multiple ocular surgeries developed unilateral retinitis with whitening of the entire peripheral retina. A presumptive diagnosis of viral retinitis was considered, and polymerase chain reaction of the aqueous fluid was positive for CMV DNA. Laboratory examination revealed that the patient was completely immunocompetent. Moreover, the patient did not have any subtenon or intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA). The patient responded well to intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir. Conclusion: CMV retinitis can occur to immunocompetent patients without local immunosuppression with TA injection.


I suggest that the correct choice of operative procedure for bleeding duodenal ulcer is as follows: high risk patients (APACHE I1 greater than 10) should be treated with T V + P and careful underrunning of the bleeding point or ulcer bed. If a giant ulcer or severe scarring are present gastroenterostomy is preferable to pyloroplasty. Low risk patients (APACHE I1 lower than 1 1 ) can be safely managed with a direct attack on the bleeding point followed by a highly selective vagotomy. Gastrectomy is rarely, if ever, indicated. I believe that the above policy may allow the uncomplicated survival of more patients as well as more stomachs , . .


With growing power demand and heightened concern about the use of fossil fuels in conventional power plants, the integration of distributed energy resources into power networks is gaining attention due to their ability to cater for localized energy needs, putting the concept of the Smart grid center stage. Network protection systems, faced with a gradual increase in complexity, will have to develop responses to the changes brought about by ever greater penetration by distributed generation and sophisticated network topologies. The main goal of this paper is to provide optimal relay coordination of an adaptive protection scheme. Designed software based on a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) algorithm is implemented to solve the relay coordination problem. In this study, the 14 IEEE bus system is tested across a range of power system scenarios to validate the suggested technique. The results obtained show that optimal relay settings are achieved by the proposed algorithm regardless of the prevailing network topology.


Taking into account the line radiation of a nanosecond gas discharge through a capillary in xenon at a discharge pressure of 5 atm, it is possible to understand the time behaviour of the optical output.


The traditional top‐down approach to program outcome evaluation stresses the need for strong evidence to establish an intervention's effectuality. This approach's principles and methodology are rooted in Campbellian typology and have been applied intensively in outcome evaluation. Yet lessons learned from such applications suggest that in addressing stakeholders' interests and needs, this approach has limitations. To be stakeholder responsive, evaluation must go beyond the top‐down approach's focus and strategies. This chapter proposes an integrative validity model and a bottom‐up approach as an alternative perspective to outcome evaluation. The new perspective enables evaluations to meet both scientific and practical requirements and enhances evaluations' usefulness. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association. 1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.


Considerable effort has gone into modelling the performance of the racing car by engineers in professional motorsport teams. The teams are using progressively more sophisticated quasi-static simulations to model vehicle performance. This allows optimisation of vehicle performance to be achieved in a more cost and time effective manner with a more efficient use of physical testing. Racing cars are driven at the limit of adhesion in the nonlinear area of the vehicle's handling performance. Previous simulations have modelled the transient behaviour by approximating it with a quasi-static model which ignores dynamic effects, for example yaw damping. This paper describes a comparison between different cornering modelling strategies, including steady state, quasi-static and transient. The simulation results from the three strategies are compared and evaluated for their ability to model actual racing car behaviour.


Expression of the high-affinity receptor on basophils and mast cells is modulated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. Recent studies have shown that modulation occurs through interaction of IgE with the receptor itself, but the mechanisms underlying this control are not understood. Taking both a theoretical and experimental approach, we examined several competing models that focus on whether there is IgE-regulated loss, IgE-regulated synthesis, or both regulated loss and synthesis of the Fc receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI). We report that removing IgE from occupied FcepsilonRI resulted in an accelerated loss only in the unoccupied receptor, with no loss of occupied receptors and no loss of total receptors when all receptors were occupied. Together with previous studies, these results establish that there was IgE-regulated loss of receptors. An examination of synthetic rates of FcepsilonRIalpha using pulse-labeling with (35)S-methionine indicated no difference in synthetic rates in the presence or absence of IgE. Similarly, the presence or absence of IgE had no influence on the levels of mRNA for either alpha, beta, or gamma subunits of FcepsilonRI. Using model simulations, we found that regulated-synthesis models could be distinguished from regulated-loss/constant-synthesis models on the basis of the relationship between starting FcepsilonRI densities and changes in density after culture for 1 week in the absence of IgE. Experimental data from this type of study fit a regulated-loss model that did not include regulation of synthesis. Taken together, these results suggest that IgE regulates cell surface expression of FcepsilonRI only by regulating the rate that receptor is lost from the cell surface.


. This paper selects the location quotient analysis method to analyze the current situation of the three major industries in Qinghai.This paper expounds the characteristics of the current industrial situation in this region, finds out the existing problems, and puts forward some Suggestions on the adjustment of regional industrial structure.


This title looks at what academic memoirs say about the current state of the humanities and the institution of the university. Since the early 1990s, there has been a proliferation of memoirs by tenured humanities professors. Although the memoir form has been discussed within the flourishing field of life writing, academic memoirs have received little critical scrutiny. Based on close readings of memoirs by such academics as Michael Berube, Cathy Davidson, Jane Gallop, bell hooks, Edward Said, Eve Sedgwick, Jane Tompkins, and Marianne Torgovnick, "Academic Lives" considers why so many professors write memoirs and what cultural capital they carry. Cynthia G. Franklin finds that academic memoirs provide unparalleled ways to unmask the workings of the academy at a time when it is dealing with a range of crises, including attacks on intellectual freedom, discontentment with the academic star system, and budget cuts. Franklin considers how academic memoirs have engaged with a core of defining concerns in the humanities: identity politics and the development of whiteness studies in the 1990s; the impact of postcolonial studies; feminism and concurrent anxieties about pedagogy; and disability studies and the struggle to bring together discourses on the humanities and human rights. The turn back toward humanism that Franklin finds in some academic memoirs is surreptitious or frankly nostalgic; others, however, posit a wide-ranging humanism that seeks to create space for advocacy in the academic and other institutions in which we are all unequally located. These memoirs are harbingers for the critical turn to explore interrelations among humanism, the humanities, and human rights struggles.


In this paper,we aim to design and control the power frequency which is produced by a hybrid generator network(Diesel Generator and Solar PV Panels) while there are sudden changes in the connected load to the network. We call this type of control as the "Load Frequency Control" and in abbreviation LFC. We will consider the changes as a step to the solar power network. At first, generator network and PV are simulated by transfer functions and then they will be connected to each other (Tie-Line). Then the produced disturbance will be controlled through two different types of PI controller and FGSPI controller (Fuzzy Gain Scheduled P-I) and the corresponding responses in each networks will be assessed. Also the connection location of networks (Tie-Line) will be checked and the operations of both controllers are comprised. It is obvious from the response analysis of suggested FGSPI controller that it works more properly and accurately than the PI controller.


Background: Research on depression has identified hyperactivity of the HPA axis as a potential contributory factor to the intergenerational transmission of affective symptoms. This has not yet been examined in the context of social phobia. The current study compared HPA axis activity in response to a universal social stressor (starting school) in children of 2 groups of women: one with social phobia and one with no history of anxiety (comparison group). To determine specificity of effects of maternal social phobia, a third group of children were also examined whose mothers had generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Method: Children provided salivary cortisol samples in the morning, afternoon and at bedtime across 3 time-blocks surrounding the school start: a month before starting school (baseline), the first week at school (stress response), and the end of the first school term (stress recovery). Child behavioural inhibition at 14 months was assessed to explore the influence of early temperament on later stress responses. Results: All children displayed an elevation in morning and afternoon cortisol from baseline during the first week at school, which remained elevated until the end of the first term. Children in the social phobia group, however, also displayed an equivalent elevation in bedtime cortisol, which was not observed for comparison children or for children of mothers with GAD. Children in the social phobia group who were classified as 'inhibited' at 14 months displayed significantly higher afternoon cortisol levels overall. Summary: A persistent stress response to school in the morning and afternoon is typical for all children, but children of mothers with social phobia also display atypical elevations in evening cortisol levels when at school – signalling longer-term disruption of the circadian rhythm in HPA axis activity. This is the first study to report HPA axis disruption in children at risk of developing social phobia. , Future research should determine whether this represents a pathway for symptom development, taking early temperament into account.


Previous studies have revealed that ion drift and neutral wind speeds at ~400 km in the polar cap (>80° magnetic latitude) are on average larger in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than in the Southern Hemisphere, which is at least partly due to asymmetry in the geomagnetic field. Here we investigate for the first time how these asymmetries depend on season and on solar/geomagnetic activity levels. Ion drift measurements from the Cluster mission show little seasonal dependence in their north‐south asymmetry when all data (February 2001–December 2013) are used, but the asymmetry disappears around June solstice for high solar activity and around December solstice for low solar activity. Neutral wind speeds in the polar cap obtained from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload spacecraft (January 2002–December 2008) are always larger in the summer hemisphere, regardless of solar activity, but the high‐latitude neutral wind vortices at dawn and dusk tend to be stronger in the NH, except around December solstice, in particular, when solar activity is low. Simulations with the Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere (CMIT) more or less capture the behavior of the ion drift speeds, which can be explained as a superposition of seasonal and geomagnetic field effects, with the former being stronger for higher solar activity. The behavior of the neutral wind speed and vorticity is not accurately captured by the model. This is probably due to an incorrect seasonal cycle in plasma density around ~400 km in CMIT, which affects the ion drag force. This must be addressed in future work.