which is the instrumental-active. This is a gender-role based on cultural expectations and biological differences. Further development involves holding the traditional masculine dimension consciously, together with those attributes culturally identified with the feminine, which is the expressive-passive, until a synthesis occurs. This fusion results in a new experience of humanness that enables the male to embody more comfortably his full potential as a human being. It formulates a male who is confident of his masculinity and is not ashamed of traits such as compassion which are traditionally defined as feminine. Steinberg explains the role of the father, the mother, the importance of the health of their individual psyches, as also that of their relationship based on mutual respect, in contributing to the development of this male human being. The book appears timely with the current emphasis on gender equality. Steinberg offers pertinent observations on how to foster a healthy development of the male gender role. The need for positive role models is relevant with the increasing number of single-parent families in society today. Of particular interest is the section outlining the development of defensive masculinity, as a consequence of failure to develop competence in the male gender role. Steinberg describes this as a masculinity which "looks for security through exaggeration of the traditional characteristics" such as dominance and aggression. Steinberg uses case-studies to highlight his position effectively. He also refers to ancient folklore and initiation rites from different social groups. However, his interpretations of these may provoke controversy. Repeated references to the theoretical positions ofJung, Adler and others, makes this book tedious for those less conversant with the original theorists. A concise introduction and/or a summary to every chapter would help to thread a link through the ideas presented in the book. Occupational therapists working with adult males insecure with their role identification, or with boys in their formative years, would find this book interesting. It is however, written for an advanced reader. Asha Asher


ABSTRACT: The purpose of this review is to demonstrate that respiration is a complex behavior comprising both brainstem autonomic control and supramedullary influences, including volition. Whereas some fundamental mechanisms had to be established using animal models, this review focuses on clinical cases and physiological studies in humans to illustrate normal and abnormal respiratory behavior. To summarize, central respiratory drive is generated in the rostroventrolateral medulla, and transmitted to both the upper airway and to the main and accessory respiratory muscles. Afferent feedback is provided from lung and muscle mechnoreceptors, peripheral carotid and aortic chemoreceptors, and multiple central chemoreceptors. Supramedullary regions, including cortex and subcortex, modulate or initiate breathing with volition, emotion and at the onset of exercise. Autonomic breathing control can be perturbed by brainstem pathology including space occupying lesions, compression, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep-wake states are important in regulating breathing. Thus, respiratory control abnormalities are most often evident during sleep, or during transition from sleep to wakefulness. Previously undiagnosed structural brainstem pathology may be revealed by abnormal breathing during sleep. Ondine's curse and 'the locked-in syndrome' serve to distinguish brainstem from supramedullary regulatory mechanisms in humans: The former comprises loss of autonomic respiratory control and requires volitional breathing for survival, and the latter entails loss of corticospinal or corticobulbar tracts required for volitional breathing, but preserves autonomic respiratory control.


Abstract The remarkable brachiopod Xianshanella haikouensis, from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, was briefly reported based on only two extraordinarily preserved specimens. Details of valve interiors remain unknown due to a lack of available material. We herein reillustrate the holotype of X. haikouensis, and, on the basis of many additional specimens from the type locality, provide further information on this brachiopod taxon, including shell ornamentation, a U-shaped digestive tract, mantle canal systems, lophophores, muscle scars, and well-defined visceral areas in the valves. This exceptional brachiopod is characterized by a biconvex, rounded, knob-shaped shell lacking visible pseudointerarea in the valves, an elongate and muscular pedicle, and, especially, its possession of exceptional setal fringes. A restudy of a number of new specimens justifies assigning Xianshanella to the family Obolidae. The elongate and horny setae of X. haikouensis, coupled with the massive pedicle in many cases with its end attached to shells of other animals, indicate that this species was an epibenthic, sessile suspension feeder, attached by a pedicle.


The practice of teaching and scientific research on cadaveric material remains crucial for medical education, especially in surgical disciplines. However, in Italy, this practice has been neglected due to legislative insufficiency and financial constraints. Although innovative methods and tools like simulators and e-learning have been adopted, direct hands-on experience with human cadavers remains irreplaceable for medical and surgical education. The absence of clear legislation governing cadaveric dissection has limited availability for teaching and research, resulting in economic burdens for universities and individuals seeking proper surgical training. To address this issue, Law No. 10/2020 and the recent implementing decree were introduced in Italy, providing detailed legislation on the donation of bodies for educational and research purposes. The law emphasizes the importance of respecting the donor's specific choices and aligns with constitutional principles promoting culture, research, and health protection. However, some critical issues related to consent procedures, duration of body availability, and preservation of anatomical parts remain. Additionally, the law's dissemination among the population needs improvement. Future optimization could include allowing donors to choose the timing of body donation and considering different timeframes for body availability. Furthermore, the implementation of consent procedures could be simplified to increase donations. The law should also address the need for appropriate reception centers and allocate resources for effective dissemination. Despite these challenges, Law No. 10/2020 represents a significant step forward in enhancing medical-surgical training, scientific research, and the overall quality of patient care in Italy.


The plasma environment at a comet can be divided into different regions with distinct plasma characteristics. Two such regions are the solar wind ion cavity, which refers to the part of the outer coma that does not contain any solar wind ions anymore; and the diamagnetic cavity, which is the region of unmagnetized plasma in the innermost coma. From theory and previous observations, it was thought that under usual circumstances no solar wind ion should be observable near or inside of the diamagnetic cavity. For the first time, we report on five observations that show that protons near solar wind energies can also be found inside the diamagnetic cavity. We characterize these proton signatures, where and when they occur, and discuss possible mechanisms that could lead to protons penetrating the inner coma and traversing the diamagnetic cavity boundary. By understanding these observations, we hope to better understand the interaction region of the comet with the solar wind under nonstandard conditions. The protons detected inside the diamagnetic cavity have directions and energies consistent with protons of solar wind origin. The five events occur only at intermediate gas production rates and low cometocentric distances. Charge transfer reactions, high solar wind dynamic pressure and a neutral gas outburst can be ruled out as causes. We suggest that the anomalous appearance of protons in the diamagnetic cavity is due to a specific solar wind configuration where the solar wind velocity is parallel to the interplanetary magnetic field, thus inhibiting mass‐loading and deflection.


Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur more frequently in diabetic patients. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and microorganisms of UTIs in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients and methods A total of 3,652 Chinese inpatients with T2D were reviewed and data on their clinical characteristics, symptoms of UTIs, random blood glucose, HbA1c, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, insulin autoantibody, albumin excretion rate in 24-hour urine, urine culture and susceptibility to antibiotics, and so on were collected. Binary logistic analysis was performed to look for risk factors of UTIs. Results There were 409 (11.2%) patients suffering from UTIs. Gender, age, random blood glucose, insulin autoantibody and albumin excretion rate in 24-hour urine were the risk factors of UTIs in diabetic patients. The percentage of positive urine cultures was higher in the asymptomatic bacteriuria patients than in symptomatic patients (P<0.001). The incidence of septicemia was considerable in the UTIs and asymptomatic bacteriuria groups. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogenic microorganism isolated in diabetic patients with UTIs, and one-half of the E. coli infections were multidrug resistant. Furthermore, meropenem was the most effective antibiotic on E. coli. Conclusion We suggest that a routine urine analysis or urine culture should be conducted in patients with T2D diabetes who have the identified risk factors. The UTIs might affect the islet function or blood glucose control in patients with T2D. Before a doctor decides to prescribe antibiotics to a diabetic patient with UTIs, the drug sensitivity test should be performed.


In different power electronic equipments, the circuit topologies and signal's levels of voltage/current are usually different. So the fault diagnosis models for these equipments are also different. Based on the power electronics, fault diagnosis and network technology, a distributed system with remote fault diagnosis function and high compatibility is presented in the paper. It puts emphasis on introducing the system structure, real-time and synchronous data acquisition method, on-line and off-line fault diagnosis, as well as compatibility design for power electronic equipments.


Background: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has provided an objective means to quantify global and regional ventricular functions with improved accuracy and greater reproducibility than conventional echocardiography. This study was conducted to assess right ventricular (RV) myocardial systolic activation by TDI in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Methods: Forty pediatric patients with PAH and 20 healthy controls, underwent standard echocardiogram and TDI. In the apical 4 chamber view the following regional parameters were evaluated in three different myocardial segments (RV basal lateral, basal septal and LV basal lateral): systolic (Sm), early- and late-diastolic (Em and Am) peak velocities. RV myocardial systolic activation delay was defined as the difference in time to peak TDI systolic velocities between the RV basal lateral wall and basal septal. In addition, RV end-diastolic and end-systolic areas were measured to calculate RV fractional area change (FAC).

Results: Compared with the control group, pediatric patients with PAH showed reduced RV FAC; 37.6±14% versus 48±5% (P0.0024). The patients group showed lower myocardial peak velocities and a significant activation delay compared with controls (P0.0001). There was a significant negative correlation between RV myocardial systolic activation delay and RV FAC. RV myocardial systolic activation delay was even present in a subset of patients with normal FAC.

Conclusions: In PAH, RV myocardial systolic activation was markedly delayed and showed significant negative correlation with the RV FAC. RV myocardial systolic activation delay could offer a unique approach to predict early RV dysfunction before the decline in RV FAC is evident.


The compact electronic devices such as electric shaver and cordless phone with non-contact charging system have been widely used. A detachable transformer with a magnetic coupling is used in this system The magnetic coupling of the coils over the air gap causes leakage inductance. For this reason, the load matching technology is required to miniaturize the system The parallel capacitor connected to the secondary coil ofthe detachable transformer is very available method for load matching, The optimal value ofthe capacitance is influenced not only by frequency and leakage inductance but also by cell voltage and secondary induced voltage. It has been determined by trial and error after the experimentation or circuit simulation. Through our careful observation of the experiments, we found that a distinct waveform exists when the best value has been chosen for the capacitor with the charging current of the maximum average. This paper shows, far practical calculation purpose, an equation ofthe optimal capacitance and maximum charging current, based on the distinctive waveform in the non-contact charging systemwith half-wave rectifier. Experimental data are given to prove the validity ofthis expression. At the end, some ofthe characteristics are also given to show the capacitance and the average charging current underdifieient circuit conditions.


The myoglobins of two trematodes, Paramphistomum epiclitum and Isoparorchis hypselobagri, were isolated to homogeneity. The native molecules are monomeric with Mr 16,000-17,000 and pI 6.5-7.5. In each species, at least four different globin isoforms occur. Primary structure was determined at the protein level. The globin chains contain 147 amino acid residues. Although major determinants of the globin fold are conserved, characteristic substitutions are present. A Tyr residue occurs at the helical positions B10 and E7 (distal position). This is confirmed by NMR measurements (Zhang, W., Rashid, K. A., Haque, M., Siddiqi, A. H., Vinogradov, S. N., Moens, L. & La Mar, G. N. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 3000-3006). A distal Tyr normally provokes oxidation of the iron atom and the inability to bind oxygen, whereas a Tyr-B10 is indicative for a high oxygen affinity. In contrast, trematode myoglobins are functional molecules with a high oxygen affinity. Molecular modeling predicts two possible positions for the aromatic ring of Tyr-E7: one being outside the heme pocket making it freely accessible to the ligand and one within the heme pocket potentially able to form a second hydrogen bond with the iron-bound oxygen. A hydrogen bond between Tyr-B10 and the bound oxygen as in the Ascaris hemoglobin is predicted as well. The predicted structure may explain the high oxygen affinity of the trematode myoglobins.


The purpose of this study was to compare a continuous lighting programme (23 hours of lighting (L) / 1 hour of darkness (D)) with intermittent lighting programmes (16L: 8D) and also to investigate the effects of the length of the dark cycle in the intermittent programme on the performance, carcass characteristics, water consumption, uniformity, metabolic parameters, and ammonia burns of chickens. Thus, five hundred Ross-308 male chicks were used. The 23L:1D was applied to the chicks for 7 days. On day 7, they were divided into four groups by balancing their live weight; group I: continuous 23L: 1D; group II: intermittent 4x (4L: 2D); group III: intermittent 2x (8L: 4D); group IV: continuous 16L: 8D. The study took place between days 7 and 42. At the end of the study, 10 chickens from each group were slaughtered, their carcass, blood, and bone properties were analysed. Body temperatures and ammonia burns were assessed for all broiler chickens. The mean live weight of group IV was the lowest. The difference among the groups in terms of live weight gains, feed intakes, feed conversion ratios, and survival rates was non-significant. Long-period darkness in group IV significantly dropped the water consumption. On day 21, group III's best uniformity was calculated; but on day 42, the difference was non-significant. The highest breast ratio and the lowest wing ratio beloged to chicks in group I. Their free T 4 , glucose, and uric acid levels were lower; whilst their were similar across all of the groups. The intermittent lighting programmes increased the number of ammonia burns. Consequently, the long-term darkness negatively affected both the chickens' performance and well-being.


Introduction: Influenza A virus (IAV)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by pronounced proinflammatory activation and respiratory lung dysfunction. In this study, we performed deep immune profiling on airway and circulating immune cells to examine the effect of immunomodulation and therapeutic outcomes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy in mice with IAV-induced ALI. Methods: Animals were inoculated intranasally with H1N1 IAV, followed by intravenous administration of vehicle, or human clinical-grade, bone marrow-derived MSCs 24-h later, and monitored for six days to evaluate the survival. In another set of animals, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and whole blood were collected three days after infection for flow or mass cytometry (CyTOF) immune profiling analysis. Results: Immune cell population and phenotypic shifts in blood were mapped by CyTOF. Increases were observed in granulocytes and myeloid-derived cells in blood from vehicle-treated animals. While MSC treatment accentuated changes in these populations, naïve B, antibody-secreting B cells, and T cells were decreased in MSC-treated animals at day 3. Compared to sham animals, IAV infection induced a significant 5.5-fold increase in BAL total cell counts, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD11b + Ly6G + neutrophils, and CD11b + Ly6C + monocytes. MSC treatment significantly decreased BAL total cell counts in IAV-infected mice, specifically the number of infiltrating CD4+ T cells and CD11b + Ly6G + neutrophils. In contrast, there were increases in CD8+ T cells, B cells, and monocytes in the alveolar space in MSC-treated animals. Phenotypic immune cell profiling of blood and BAL revealed a significantly higher proportion of the monocyte population with the M2 phenotype (CD206) in MSC-treated animals; however, this failed to confer protective effects in the survival of infected mice or reduce viral titer in the lung. Further investigation revealed that MSCs were susceptible to IAV infection, leading to increased cell death and potentially affecting their efficacy. Conclusion: These findings provided in vivo evidence that MSCs promote the selective recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection during IAV infection, with reductions in proinflammatory phenotypes. However, MSCs offered no survival benefit in IAV-infected animals, possibly due to MSCs' H1N1 IAV susceptibility and subsequent cell death.


The challenges facing academics who seek to design innovative experiential on-line learning opportunities for students using interactive communication technology (ICT) are significant. Not only is a new approach to learning and teaching required, but also new technical skills are needed. This paper seeks to explore a design, development and production approach that will result in the creation of innovative learning opportunities through ICT. Two examples of recent processes in which the author has been involved are presented, and based on these experiences, the author concludes that a collaborative non-linear design approach is the most effective, especially in assisting the participants to cope with the ambiguity required to allow innovations to emerge.


We explore multiobjective optimization techniques for the design of generalized lapped orthogonal transforms (GenLOTs). The design objectives handled are the coding gain, the stopband attenuation and the DC leakage. As the optimization algorithm, the pattern search method is used and also as the multiobjective optimization method, the weighted linear combination (WLC) and minmax methods are handled. Some techniques and findings to obtain good optima by these methods are presented. The experimental results show the following. The pattern search method with the strategy for selecting the starting point and the method for assigning the frequency slot has a capability to yield good optima. The WLC and minmax methods have a capability to yield various good optima by varying the relative magnitude of each weight. There is a good possibility that the solution by the pattern search method is one of the global optima in some cases.


Background: the problems of reconstructive surgery for the midface are variable and can be very complex. The anatomical proximity of the midface to the orbit, base of the skull and maxillary sinuses is a challenge for the surgeon who must perform a curative resection. Objective: The aim of this presentation is to report the survival rate and disease-free interval in T4a and T4b neoplasms of the palate and paranasal sinuses consecutively resected over a 30-year period. Material and methods: Surgery was extended to the orbit in 85.2%, the skull in 8.3%, the neck in 18.7% and the parotid gland in 7.3%. Soft tissue reconstruction was performed using free flaps in 32.5%, muscle flaps in 21.6%, local flaps in 20.2%, musculocutaneous flaps in 14.7% and skin flaps in 11.3%. Results: Local and general complications were reported, and 4/203 patients (2%) died. At 5 years, overall survival was 62.5% and disease-free survival was 53%. Univariate analysis revealed that lack of previous treatment was significantly associated with recurrence and squamous cell carcinoma was a predictor of survival. Conclusions: The indication of exenteration is mandatory in the presence of ophthalmoplegia or involvement of the orbital content. Survival at 5 years is acceptable, considering the advanced stages of the disease. In some patients, previous treatments were


Cellular actions and fates—gene expression, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration—are modulated by a sequence of signals that include the multiple adhesive contacts found between cells and their extracellular environment. A family of cell surface proteins, termed cell adhesion molecules, are important in mediating interactions. These proteins are segregated into distinct families with a wide range of physical properties. Some members exhibit strong binding properties, important for the maintenance of tissue integrity, whereas other members form weaker, more dynamic binding interactions, which are important during cellular migration processes. Research has demonstrated that these proteins are extremely versatile biological players, not only providing a form of cellular glue but also providing a means for coordinating a wide range of intracellular signaling events (including receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatases), which have important functional consequences for processes as diverse as gene expression, cellular differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. This review will briefly highlight the physical and biochemical properties that categorize cell surface molecules as adhesion molecules and demonstrate how these proteins form important modulators of cellular conversation by acting as assembly points for cytosolic adaptor proteins. The examples in this review are restricted to the signaling events coordinated by the integrin, immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig) cell adhesion molecules, cadherin/catenin families, and the selectins. These families exhibit a broad spectrum of biophysical and biochemical characteristics and yet all clearly demonstrate common dynamic interactions, forming multiprotein complexes linked to intracellular proteins and resultant signaling events.

Keywords:

cell adhesion;
signaling;
receptor cross-talk


The present study intends to answer some of the important questions that arise when translating projects that have an ecological potential to mitigate carbon excesses, into actual implementation of these projects in a farmer-dominated landscape. Farm and community forestry projects for greenhouse gas mitigation in such environments would involve numerous participants, a high variety of small-scaled systems spread over large areas, with individual adaptations of general management procedures due to personal interests, local conditions, and previous experiences. In this book the results are presented of a study to estimate the flux of carbon from the terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere from the 1970s and 1990s of an intensively impacted and highly fragmented landscape. About 20 x 10 6 MgC were released to the atmosphere during the period of time covered by the study. Approximately 34% of the 1975 vegetation carbon pool disappeared. A feasibility study was carried out to (i) identify farmer preferred and ecologically viable agroforestry/forestry systems and their ex ante carbon sequestration potential; and to (ii) assess the economic potential of carbon offsets of such systems.A total of five land-use systems were considered viable, while farmers presented local adjustments in preferred species, planting arrangements, and rotation times. The carbon sequestration potential varied highly between the systems and the regions (from 26.7 to 338.9 MgC ha -1 ). The total cost of one MgC ha -1 varied between $US 1.84 and 3.98 for the systems selected in the Tzeltal region and between $US 1.47 and 11.15 for the systems in the Tojolabal region. The differences in costs within the same region were due to differences in establishment and opportunity costs, whereas the differences between the two areas were due to differences in the carbon sequestration potential of the regions. The carbon sequestration potential of the Highlands of Chiapas was estimated, based on an incentive program that would stimulate small farmers and rural communities to adopt biomass-accumulating measures, such as agroforestry or improved forest management. It was estimated that 38 × 10 6 MgC could be sequestered for under $US 15 MgC -1 , of which 32 × 10 6 MgC by means of sustainable forest management. The choice of a baseline rate of biomass loss in the "business-as-usual" scenario remains a critical issue to estimate the carbon sequestration potential of forestry.The main sources of uncertainties observed in the calculations of the GHG-offset potential of a forestry project were related to: (i) classification of LU/LC types, with observed differences of up to around 8% in land cover estimations; (ii) estimation of C-stocks within each LU/LC type, with uncertainties varying from around 13 to 34% in total C-stock; (iii) historical evidence of LU/LC changes and related GHG fluxes applied in baselines, giving rise to uncertainties of up to about 16% in the estimation of fluxes, whereas varying baseline assumptions produced differences between 31 and 73% in the C-mitigation calculations, with levels of uncertainty in the differences of up to 74%; and (iv) simulation techniques used to calculate future baseline and project C-fluxes, which generated uncertainties of up to around 10% in overall C-mitigation estimations.A self-reporting system with on-site spot-checks is the most appropriate method to assess the impact on carbon fluxes of a farm-forestry project, which typically include a high diversity of small-scale systems and numerous participants. The monitoring and evaluation procedure outlined in this study, facilitates the collection of field data at low cost, helps to ensure that the systems continue to address the needs of farmers, and gives the farmers an understanding of the value of the service that they are providing.Any method to estimate carbon dynamics has to deal with sources and levels of variability and uncertainties in data. In this dissertation various approaches were used to estimate the impact of variability or uncertainty in data or assumptions. In Chapter 3, the standard deviation of collected biomass data was used as an indicator to estimate the confidence interval of the regional C flux. In Chapter 4, the uncertainty of information was dealt with by varying tree growth due to expected differences in site conditions. In Chapter 5, a sensitivity analysis was used to test the impact of baseline emission assumptions and capital interest rates on the cost of mitigating one Mg carbon. Varying baseline assumptions and carbon transfer parameters within a forest ecosystem was used in Chapter 6 to identify the most important sources of error in the C mitigation estimation of forestry projects.


Research on the production of mango fruit leather with the addition of carrageenan as the binder has been conducted. The fruit leather production process needs ripe and fresh mango. Carrageenan which was used as the binder was produced from the extraction of seaweed Eucheuma cottonii. The concentrations of carrageenan that used were 0%, 0,2%, 0,4% and 0,6% by using gelatin as a comparison. The fruit leather ingredients are puree mango, sugar, sorbitol, and carrageenan. The analysis was conducted to the carrageenan as the binder and the fruit leather as a product. The parameters which were analyzed were moisture content, ash content, acid insoluble ash content and gel strength. The mango fruit leather was analized in terms of moisture content, water activity (Aw), organoleptic hedonic test and hedonic quality. The result showed that carrageenan had a fairly high strength gel 1322 g /cm 2 . Based on the result of the organoleptic test, the panelist prefer fruit leather made from puree mango with formula of puree mango : carrageenan : sorbitol is 90% : 0.2% : 9.8%. Mango fruit leather was designed in the form of thin elastic sheet with moisture content 24.39% dan Aw 0,62.


It was found that the growth curve of the rape embryo axis is of triple sigmoid type. Embryo growth occurs in 3 phases corresponding to 3 different periods of development. Phase I includes growth of the apical cell up to it's division into two layers of octants. Phase II comprises the increase of the spherical proembryo to the change of its symmetry from radial to bilateral. Phase III includes, growth of the embryo from the heart stage up to the end of embryogenesis. In each phase the relative growth rate increases drastically and then diminishes. The differences in growth intensity during the same phase are several-fold. The growth intensity maximum of the embryo axis occurs in phase II. The phasic growth intensity maxima occur: in phase I during apical cell elongation, :before its division, and in phases II and III in the periods of cell division ;growth in globular and torpedo-shaped -shaped embryos.


IN THE PAST several years a resurgence of interest in sickle cell anemia has led to new information about its effects on the central nervous system. The literature has several extensive reviews of the various types of neurological complications observed in patients with this disorder. However, it remains unclear whether many of the complications mentioned are directly attributable to sickle cell disease or are incidentally associated. The majority of investigators, however, agree that the cerebral vascular complications are a direct result of pathophysiological abnormalities produced by the abnormal hemoglobin. The presence of S-hemoglobin appears to be a definite predisposing factor to the development of cerebral vascular disease, particularly in children. This is illustrated in a study by Solomon et al., whose investigations of infantile hemiplegia revealed that 7% were attributable to or associated with sickle cell disease.


The aim of this study is to determine the differentiation rate of the participation of teachers and school administrators in critical pedagogy principles based on some variables. This study is quantitive in nature and designed in a descriptive survey model. The study consists of a total of 660 participants; 550 of which are teachers and 110 school administrators. The data of study has been provided by Izmir National Education Directorate and from randomly picked teachers and school administrators that are working private and state schools in a stratified sampling. As a tool of data gathering, ``Critical Pedagogy Principles Scale``, developed by Yilmaz (2009), was used. In the scale, there are 3 sub-categories; one of which is ``education system``, the other is ``functions of school`` and ``liberating school``. t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U Test, Scheffe Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests were used in the analysis of the data. According to the research findings, the participation rate of teachers and school administrators in the principles of critical pedagogy is of medium range. And in the views of participants related to critical pedagogy principles, no significant difference that originated from gender, age, professional seniority and major has been found. In the sub-dimension of "educational system", a significant difference has been found in favour of teachers that graduated from faculty of literature and science. In "liberating school", a significant difference has been found in degree dimension graduate teachers. The school administrators who have 21 years of experience in school administration have shown a relatively lower tendency to participate in pedagogy principles in the "functions of school" category. The teachers who work in private schools have significantly higher attitudes related to pedagogy principles than those who work in state schools.


The evolution of the isolated, axially Jeans-stable (an initial velocity dispersion of particles is equal to Toomre's stabilizing one), and rapidly rotating stellar disk of flat galaxies is investigated by N-body simulations. An algorithm of the direct summation for a simulation code is used. As the model evolves during the first rotation, the density wave spiral structure develops in the plane. At somewhat later times, in the normal to the plane direction, a characteristic warping of the outer disk begins to grow. The origin of this new phenomenon, which has not been illustrated previously via simulations, is studied. It seems likely that the outer vertical resonance produces the warp.


Experimental studies have suggested potential benefit of beta-blocker therapy in pulmonary hypertension. However, it is uncertain whether a reduction in heart rate can be achieved without impairing exercise testing and at the costs of little side effects. Therefore we analyzed side effects, heart rate and exercise capacity in the first 13 patients (6/7 NYHA II/III; age 46,0 years±14,8) who received beta-blocker therapy in an escalating dose as part of the ongoing randomized placebo controlled cross-over trial assessing safety and efficacy of bisoprolol in iPAH-patients (NCT01246037). An average dose of 4 mg (0 -7,5mg) of bisoprolol was achieved. None of the patients collapsed during the treatment period. One patient developed fluid retention after the start of bisoprolol despite oral diuretics and she had to be treated with IV diuretics for several days. Heart rate was significantly reduced by bisoprolol (baseline 78/min± 3,3 vs. bisoprolol 68/min±3,7) with only a small, clinically not relevant decrease in exercise capacity (6MWD baseline 463m±27vs. bisoprolol 441m±31; VO 2 /kg baseline 15,5 ml/kg/min±1,1 vs. bisoprolol 14,7 ml/kg/min ±1,2). Bisoprolol treatment didn't influence the quality of life (Minnesota quality of life questionnaire baseline 27,5 ± 6,8vs bisoprolol 28±6,4). Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrates that heart rate reduction by beta-blocker therapy could be achieved with minimal side-effects and only a small, decrease in exercise capacity.


Hydro, nuclear, and conventional steam power require a high use factor for good economy, and it would therefore be an advantage if energy could be stored during low demand periods for use as variable peak power. A pumped storage station has this characteristic, but is passive, i.e., it produces no active energy but transfers low cost energy to high value peak power periods with the least possible losses. The air storage gas turbine power plant described herein is both passive and active, i.e., can transfer low cost energy to peak time energy and in addition produce an active energy output. The air storage is of the hydrostatic pressurized, excavated cavern type, which gives the widest possible choice in geographic location. The specific cost of the plant in $/kw is approximately 70 percent of a conventional gas turbine installation and generally lower than for pumped storage.Copyright © 1970 by ASME


Abstract Increasing caseloads in die area of financial abuse prompted Santa Clara County Department of Aging and Adult Services (DAAS) to develop a Financial Abuse Specialist Team (FAST) in May 1999 to provide an efficient system for investigating and acting on reports of financial abuse in Santa Clara County. The primary members of the team include staff from Adult Protective Services, the Public Administrator/Guardian's Office, the offices of the County Counsel, the officeof the District Attorney as well as other staff from within the Department of Adult and Aging Services. This is a case study of FAST as a rapid-response system providing immediate intervention in cases of financial abuse against elders, and provides the community with both a deterrent to prevent future incidence offinancial abuse and the ability to move quickly to prevent losses by creating a seamless system of collaboration. It concludes with a discussion of lessons learned.


Scene classification and segmentation are fundamental steps for efficient accessing, retrieving and browsing large amount of video data. We have developed a scene classification scheme using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based classifier. By utilizing the temporal behaviors of different scene classes, HMM classifier can effectively classify presegmented clips into one of the predefined scene classes. In this paper, we describe three approaches for joint classification and segmentation based on HMM, which search for the most likely class transition path by using the dynamic programming technique. All these approaches utilize audio and visual information simultaneously. The first two approaches search optimal scene class transition based on the likelihood values computed for short video segment belonging to a particular class but with different search constrains. The third approach searches the optimal path in a super HMM by concatenating HMM's for different scene classes.


School phobia has been frequently discussed since the 1930's, yet there has been little agreement regarding etiology or appropriate treatment. Although the incidence is only approximately 2% of the school aged population (Kennedy, 1965, Millman, Schaefer, & Cohen, 1981), there has been much attention paid to this behavior in the literature. There is little agreement regarding the demographics, personality characteristics or family structure of the school phobic. Popular theories were psychoanalytically oriented in the past, and there has been considerable debate that school phobia is actually a form of separation anxiety. Current explanations are more behaviorally inclined, yet there is still no consensus. Treatment recommendations have followed the same pattern of emphasis being initially psychoanalytic and more recently behaviorist in nature. Although it is agreed that treatment should be rapidly initiated, there are no \state of the art\ treatments. The lack of adequate, empirical, and comparative research is discussed. There is a need for practical guidelines for school professionals in order to provide rapid and effective treatment. A Treatment Guideline and Decision Matrices were developed in order to provide a frame work for school personnel to use in identifying, evaluating, and treating school phobia, were found to be very valuable in identifying school phobia, for collecting and organizing data, and for developing comprehensive treatments. Suggestions for further research were also discussed.


Mossbauer spectroscopy of La0.67Ca0.33Mn0.9Fe0.1O3 shows phase separation above and below the magnetic transition temperature TC. These phase separations are found to be independent and related to different phenomena. The relative volumes of the two phases above and below TC are also very different. Mossbauer spectra above TC show that the phase splitting is due to different lattice distortions around Fe in the two phases. The paramagnetic component showing large distortion disappears when the magnetic hyperfine splitting appears on lowering the temperature. The phase splitting below TC is due to a difference in the nature of magnetic ordering and the degree of covalence of the magnetic ions in the two phases. DC magnetization shows that the spin ordering in the two phases is collinear and non-collinear, respectively. At low temperatures, the non-collinear phase converts into the collinear phase when the applied magnetic field exceeds a certain value. When the field is withdrawn, the non-collinear phase is not fully regained.


Review question/objective The objective of this review is to answer the following question: Which interventions have the best outcomes related to improved quality of life of people with dementia in residential long‐term care? In addition, this review will also define the components of the effective interventions. Background The recently revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐V)1 utilizes the term "major neurocognitive disorder" to describe what has previously been known as dementia. However, given that this systematic review reflects previously published literature, the term "dementia" will be used. In 2013, over 35 million people around the world were estimated to have dementia.2 The number of people worldwide with dementia is projected to increase to 65.7 million in 2030 and 115.4 million in 2050, which is approximately a doubling of sufferers every 20 years.2 Dementia is a syndrome of progressive cognitive and functional deterioration which is incurable.2 There are diverse symptoms and various levels of impairment depended on affected brain regions and types of dementia. Typical symptoms in the early phase of illness include memory loss, affected mood and behavior, and indications of depression.3,4 In the intermediate phase, increased communication difficulties, behavior changes such as wandering, agitation and aggression can appear. In the last phase of dementia illness, severe symptoms appear such as unawareness of time, place, inability to recognise familiar people, and severely limited mobility.3,4 The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease which accounts for 60‐70% of the incidence of dementia. The remainder include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and so on. There is no known cure or treatment that alters the degenerative process of dementia.4 Having an irreversibly worsening projection, dementia gradually makes affected people increasingly reliant on others for help with daily living, often leading to placement in residential long term care (LTC).4,5 Although there are different types and labels of LTC services across the world,5,6 LTC services can be roughly categorized into both home‐based services and residential facility‐based services.5 Many OECD countries encourage home‐based care which enables clients to have more flexibility, independence and self‐determination.5 Nonetheless, as problematic behaviors occur and function declines, eventually, people with dementia are likely to require care in a residential LTC facility for ongoing care.7‐9 The prevalence of dementia is relatively high in people living in LTC facilities. Estimates of the incidence of dementia widely vary from 40% to 80% in residential LTC facilities.3,10‐12 Furthermore, residing in residential LTC tends to be related to a reduced quality of life (QOL) for residents,14,15 and people with dementia have an increased likelihood to face challenges in relation to their human rights and QOL compared to other people,4 as a consequence of decreased cognition, reduced language skills and introspection in people with dementia. Accordingly, improving and assuring QOL of LTC residents with dementia is imperative. A number of studies concerning QOL have been undertaken with little consensus on the definition of QOL, because of its subjective qualities.6,16‐19 The World Health Organization Quality of Life [WHOQOL] group involving 15 countries defined QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, and standards and concerns".20(p.1405) Furthermore, the WHOQOL group illustrated that contributors of QOL can include multiple features such as physical, psychological, spiritual, social, and environmental aspects. Hence the meaning of QOL is broad, with multiple facets. Many studies suggest that diverse indicators are correlated to QOL of people living in LTC facilities. Khader investigated several factors influencing QOL of the residents in three nursing homes in Jordan.21 The results indicated that the levels of QOL were determined by numerous factors such as age, level of education, and marital status. For instance, in relation to length of stay, residents who had lived for eleven years or more had a decreased level of QOL in most domains as compared with those who had lived for eleven years and less.21 Robichaud and colleagues also explored QOL indicators in nursing homes from the perspective of residents and their families and identified that feelings of respect, involvement in relationships, professional competency, privacy, staff stability and so on.15 Furthermore, the QOL of people with dementia is likely to be more complex compared to those without dementia. Cordner investigated measures of QOL in nursing home residents with advanced dementia.22 This study indicated that higher cognitive function of residents and the application of pain medication lead to a higher QOL, while those with behavior problems had a lower QOL. Another study systematically reviewed 13 studies to investigate factors related to QOL of people with dementia in long‐term care facilities.23 This review identified that socio‐demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms and anxiety, behavior, dependency in activities of daily living, cognition, severity of dementia and medication use all influence QOL. This review concluded that, particularly, depressive symptoms are reliable factors which are negatively correlated to QOL. From these findings, it may be implied that multifaceted approaches are needed when care services and interventions are applied in order to improve QOL of individuals with dementia living in long term care facilities. As there is currently no known cure for dementia, many studies have been conducted focusing on interventions to improve QOL of people with dementia.24‐27 Diverse interventions such as physical activity, psychological therapy, behavioral care or education of staff/care givers are potentially beneficial to people with dementia by improving cognitive and functional capabilities, to postpone deterioration, as well as to reduce behavioral symptoms. Ultimately, the aim of these interventions is to maintain or to improve QOL of individuals with dementia by reducing dementia‐associated symptoms and incapacity.26,28‐30 In recent years, there has been a gradual movement towards the evaluation of LTC services for residents with dementia through evidence of the outcomes of care.4,31‐33 This shift seems to be come from the realisation that the significant objective of care provision is to promote QOL of residents, not simply to improve quality of care delivery.32 This suggests that quality of care should be monitored for improving residents' QOL. Similarly, a World Alzheimer Report4 demonstrated that quality of care should be ascertained through QOL or satisfaction of residents in LTC facilities. Traditionally, there are diverse objective measures of resident outcome, such as level of independence,34 cognitive function,25,35 and reduced neuropsychiatric symptoms.36,37 These measures have generally been accepted through their long‐lasting use; however, functional improvement does not necessarily mean an enhancement of QOL. For instance, a pilot study of 35 residents with dementia showed that participants receiving cognitive stimulation therapy had a significant improvement in cognitive function but no effect on QOL.38 Another randomized controlled trial including 42 participants with dementia also examined the effect of individual music therapy on agitation and other disruptive behaviors, QOL and medication.39 The results indicated that music therapy reduced agitation, disruptive behavior and prevented medication increases, but music therapy made no difference to QOL. Taking into consideration that enhancing QOL is the significant objective of dementia care,4 it is essential that QOL remains a primary outcome of interventions. In other words, evaluations of the effectiveness of interventions should contain QOL measurements for people with dementia. Accordingly, the application of QOL measurements to the outcome of healthcare interventions may help to define effective and efficient interventions in residential LTC settings. In order to improve QOL, the efforts to find and integrate effective interventions in residential LTC settings should be ongoing. Although several reviews have contributed to identifying various interventions on QOL of residents in LTC facilities,6 or to evaluate the effect of diverse interventions on QOL of people with dementia,40,41 there is so far no overview of the effectiveness of the interventions on QOL of people with dementia in residential LTC facilities. For that reason, the aim of this systematic review is to identify interventions that improve the QOL of people with dementia in residential LTC and to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. This will assist healthcare providers in making decisions regarding the implementation of feasible interventions and the development of programs in accordance with their capabilities, resources and resident preferences.


This paper proposes a Kullback‐Leibler information (KLI) control chart for monitoring the occurrence rate of a process that follows an exponential distribution. The chart is designed for detecting a decrease, an increase, or both in the occurrence rate. Due to the skewness of the plotted statistic, the performance of the chart is investigated separately when the occurrence rate is estimated by the maximum likelihood estimator, the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator, and the minimum mean squared error estimator. The KLI chart is effective for a wide range of shifts of the occurrence rate. Its performance is slightly behind cumulative sum (CUSUM) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts around sizes of shift where these two charts are optimized. It outperforms these two charts elsewhere. The relative mean index (RMI) values show that the KLI chart has better overall performance. A backward empirical sequential test is used for the plotted statistic of the chart. It is shown equivalent to the cumulative sum scheme and the change point method for the generalized likelihood ratio chart in terms of run length. The use of KLI chart does not require any design parameter other than the control limit.


Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the horticultural commodities that have high economic value which is used as vegetables or cooking spices, industrial raw materials, and has export opportunities. The development of superior chili varieties requires a large variety of germplasm that can be used as parents to be crossed with each other to obtain new superior traits. One of the efforts to determine the diversity of plants is to characterize the morphology and production. The purpose of this study was to obtain distinguishing characters among ten genotypes of large chilies, to determine the value of genetic parameter estimators for several genotypes of large chilies and to identify important characters that influence the yield of large chili genotypes. The study was a single factor field experiment in the form of 10 large chili genotypes arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with 3 blocks as replication. Genotypes of large chili are: Arimbi, Baja, Beautiful, Dewa Rengku, Gada, Jayadi, Jenio, Simpatik, Panex, and Thunder. Observation variables included morphological characters (plant habit, leaf color, leaf position, leaf shape, flower position, anther color, pistil color, leaf edge, fruit color), growth variables (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves), and yield variable (weight per fruit, fruit length, fruit weight per plant). The results showed that all morphological characters for all varieties were the same, namely having an upright habitus, pointed leaf shape, green leaf color, leaf position falling, flower position lowering, purple anther warrant and green pistil stalk warrant, and red fruit skin color.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to review the chapters related to orthopedic surgery in Dr. Orhan Abdi (Kurtaran)'s book Ameliyât-ı Cerrâhiye [Operative Surgery] published in 1913 and to examine Orhan Abdi Bey's biography to explore the roots of orthopedic education in Turkey through Orhan Abdi Bey's tenure in university.

METHODS
Dr. Orhan Abdi Bey's biography and tenure in medical school were reviewed. Chapters related to orthopedic surgery in Ameliyât-ı Cerrâhiye were scanned and compared to practices of the present-day. Sections of the book were translated to provide examples of its content.

RESULTS
Dr. Orhan Abdi Bey received surgical training, consisting mainly of orthopedic surgery and taught the first systematic orthopedic surgery classes in the medical school where he worked for 28 years before being dismissed with the 1933 University Reform. Topics related to orthopedic surgery in Ameliyât-ı Cerrâhiye was classified under three headings; amputations and disarticulations, arthrotomies, and bone and tendon operations. Surgical techniques, including corrective osteotomies, tenoplasties, and tendon transfers, were explained in detail and many are still in use today.

CONCLUSION
It is possible to obtain information about the orthopedic practices of the period by investigating the scientific studies of the physicians of the same period. Orhan Abdi Kurtaran and his book Ameliyât-ı Cerrâhiye have contributed to the training of many physicians for many years and many of the orthopedic interventions described in the book are still in use today.


In the article, the authors reviewed the main areas of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, highlighted the problematic points and prospects for the further development of bilateral relations of these states in the future. The reasons for the aggravation of the international relationships of the two countries are clearly marked, which mainly boil down to historical conflicts. This obvious problem lies in the different views of the two countries on the tragic past and political history. But the authors analyzed an equally important issue of migration and employment, national consciousness and domestic issues, issues of border and visa-free regime. It was determined that the problem partially also lies in the fact that in the past, trust between states was lost and so far the parties are not able to establish communication to solve these problems. It is proved that this crisis period should not be perceived as the termination of interconnections, but only as an indicator of the development and dynamics of relations between states.


Background Patients with swallowing challenges may require manipulated solid oral dosage forms of drugs in order to achieve proper treatment. Manipulation of drugs, by means of crushing, dividing or mixing tablets with food or water could be the solutions to this. Deviations from standard administration may alter the effect of drugs or cause other negative consequences, such as irritated mucus membranes. Healthcare providers need easy access to information on this matter. Purpose Examine whether various drugs in solid oral dosage forms may be manipulated, and develop a guideline to make this information readily available to healthcare providers at Oslo University Hospital. Materials and Methods Drugs in solid oral dosage forms were chosen based on relevance to Oslo University Hospital. Standardised log sheets with selected sources were developed and applied to each drug by a pharmacist. Based on the information gathered the pharmacist concluded with a recommendation concerning manipulation of each drug. A second pharmacist controlled the information and conclusions. The conclusions were harmonised in regards to formulation and the Anatomical Theraputic Chemical Classification (ATC) System. According to the guideline, manipulation should occur immediately before administration and therefore degradation due to light and/or humidity was not taken into account. Results Eight hundred and fifty-five drugs in solid oral dosage forms were included in a guideline with recommendations on how to manipulate them. The list is available through the quality management system of Oslo University Hospital. Hospital staff can receive training upon request from the pharmacists concerning use of the guideline. Conclusions A guideline comprising information on how to manipulate 855 drugs in solid oral dosage forms has been developed and made available to healthcare providers at Oslo University Hospital.


Despite a wide variety of flap options, ischial ulcers remain the most difficult pressure ulcers to treat. This article describes the authors' successful surgical procedure for coverage of ischial ulcers using adipofascial turnover flaps combined with a local fasciocutaneous flap. After débridement, the adipofascial flaps are harvested both cephalad and caudal to the defect. The flaps are then turned over to cover the exposed bone in a manner so as to overlap the two flaps. A local fasciocutaneous flap (Limberg flap) is applied to the raw surface of the turnover flaps. Twenty-two patients with ischial ulcers were treated using this surgical procedure. Overall, 86.4 percent of the flaps (19 of 22) healed primarily. Triple coverage with the combination of double adipofascial turnover flaps and a local fasciocutaneous flap allows for an easily performed and minimally invasive procedure, preservation of future flap options, and a soft-tissue supply sufficient for covering the prominence and bony prominence and filling dead space. This technique provides successful soft-tissue reconstruction for minor to moderate-size ischial pressure ulcers.


Transformed from the Western countries, the so called 'area-based urban governance' is an innovative planning strategy in China. In general, it means the establishment of an urban planning and governance system by introducing differentiated spatial policies and institutions for different city areas. This paper focuses on a case study on the implementation of this strategy in inner-city areas, for which public participation was involved in order to achieve the area-based, differentiated urban governance. For Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province, the planners proposed to divide the existing built-up areas into several specified zones for differentiated governance policies. Aiming to improve its feasibility and sustainability, the proposal was discussed, revised and optimized through a 3-phase public participation. A model of area-based and participatory urban governance was thus developed in order to balance efficiency and equity in policy making. This model can be regarded as a pilot project to explore a new approach to urban governance and planning implementation in comparable cities.


ED07-02 The ecological approach was used in developing the solar ultraviolet-B (UVB)/vitamin D/cancer hypothesis based on the geographical variation of colon cancer mortality rates in the United States [Garland and Garland, 1980]. Since then, the ecological approach has identified over 15 types of cancer for which UVB and vitamin D seem to reduce risk [Grant and Garland, 2006; Boscoe and Schymura, 2006]. The reasons that the ecological approach is an appropriate method to investigate the role of solar UVB and vitamin D in modifying the risk of cancer include: solar UVB is the most important source of vitamin D for most people, and provides about 1000 IU/day in summer in the United States via casual irradiance; 1000-1500 IU/day, raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels by 10-15 ng/mL to 30-40 ng/mL, gives significant protection against many types of cancer; vitamin D seems to be effective in reducing the risk of cancer at the latter stages, perhaps by reducing angiogenesis and metastasis; other important risk-modifying factors can be included in such studies; and there are many data sets and populations that can be included in ecological studies. Ecological studies have proven to be very powerful in identifying and quantifying risk-modifying factors for both chronic and infectious diseases; earlier concerns were largely based on the difficulty in finding support for the link between animal fat and cancer risk found in multi-country studies. Recently it was realized that many of the observational studies were conducted on older people and that the role of diet occurs early in life, so younger people should be studied. The cancer mortality rates in the United States for two periods, 1950-69 and 1970-94 [Devesa et al., 1999] have been very useful in ecological studies to determine the role of various cancer risk-modifying factors. In the study by Grant and Garland [2006], a number of risk-modifying factors were used in addition to solar UVB for July 1992 [Leffell and Brash, 1996] including smoking, alcohol consumption, Hispanic heritage, poverty level, and urban/rural residence. More recent studies included indices for dietary iron and zinc [Grant, 2008a] and an index for air pollution, acid rain in 1985 [Grant, in press]. For those who question whether solar UVB dose is a reliable index of vitamin D production, it is also possible to use incidence of or death from non-melanoma skin cancer, which is largely related to integrated lifetime UVB irradiance. This index was used in an ecological study of cancer mortality rates in Spain [Grant, 2007], as well as cancer incidence in sunny countries [Tuohimaa et al., 2007]. The cancers with large significant inverse correlations with UVB indices in Grant and Garland [2006], Grant [2007, 2008a], and Grant [in press] are breast, colon, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, ovarian, and rectal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Renal and uterine corpus cancers were found inversely correlated with UVB in the United States but not in Spain. Prostate cancer mortality rates have a different geographical variation in the United States than those twelve types of cancer. Prostate cancer has high mortality rates in the northern states and low rates in the southern states. I hypothesized that the geographic variation of prostate cancer mortality rates in the United States is related to a viral infection more common in winter, and that higher serum 25(OH)D levels in winter reduce the risk of such infections [Grant, 2008b]. Thus, there are eleven types of cancer for which a significant inverse correlation with solar UVB for July was found consistently in ecologic studies of cancer mortality rates in the United States for the period 1970-94 and one for which the UVB index is latitude. There are three types of cancer with inconsistent results with respect to vitamin D: bladder, lung and pancreatic cancer. Bladder cancer had a marginally insignificant inverse correlation with UVB in the air pollution study, and smoking is an important risk factor for bladder cancer. Lung cancer is strongly linked to smoking, but there is evidence that vitamin D reduces risk [Giovannucci et al., 2006]. Pancreatic cancer was directly correlated with latitude in Spain as well as in Japan [Kinoshita et al., 2007]. Observational studies have also supported the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of cancer. In the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, a vitamin D index based on oral intake and production of vitamin D was significantly inversely correlated with five types of cancer: colorectal, esophageal, pancreatic and oral/pharyngeal cancer and leukemia, and insignificantly with six other types: bladder, gastric, lung, prostate (advanced) and renal cancer and NHL [Giovannucci et al., 2006]. Vitamin D has also been associated with increased survival for those with cancer. The most extensive work in this regard has been done in Norway. Based on cancer registry data, it was determined that those diagnosed with breast, colon, or prostate cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma in summer or fall had 15-25% higher 36-month survival rates than those diagnosed in winter or spring [Porojnicu et al., 2008]. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Norway increase from 21 ng/mL in winter to 30 ng/mL in summer [Moan et al., 2005]. While the ecological and observational studies largely support the roles of UVB and vitamin D in reducing the risk of many types of cancer, properly-designed and conducted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are generally required to fully establish the beneficial role of vitamin D. Unfortunately, many of the vitamin D supplementation trials used only 400 IU/day [Grant and Garland, 2004], a value too low to produce a significant effect. There is one RCT with post-menopausal women that used 1100 IU/day vitamin D plus calcium. A 35% reduction in all-cancer incidence rate was found for vitamin D between the ends of the first and fourth years [Lappe et al., 2007]. There are many health benefits of vitamin D [Holick, 2007]. Thus, while the evidence to date on vitamin D and cancer risk reduction is strongly supportive but not conclusive, it seems worthwhile to suggest that all those with or at risk of cancer have serum calcidiol levels above 40 ng/mL. Disclosure I receive funding from the UV Foundation (McLean, VA). Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):ED07-02.


The short-range correlation between nucleons in finite nuclei is investigated in high energy proton-nucleus and alpha-nucleus elastic scattering in the framework of Glauber multiple scattering theory without any free parameters. The effects on the P-(4) He and He-4-C-12 elastic scattering, and in particular on the proton elastic scattering off hallo-like nuclei, He-6,He-8, are estimated. Our calculations show that the short-range correlations play an important role in reproducing experimental data and could be also thought of as being possible origin and nature of halo-like phenomena in the nuclear structure. More accurate calculations along this line are needed.


The cell response to pathogens involves complex signaling that affects expression of thousands of genes. Characterization of the regulation and function of these genes is critical since failure of this response can foster the development of chronic disorders. In a high-throughput microarray analysis of human macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 ligand LPS, we found high and rapid induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a-Inducible Protein-8 (TNFAIP8), a poorly defined gene proposed to regulate cell fate. While very little is known about TNFAIP8 expression and function, recent studies of murine Tnfaip8 suggest a role in antibacterial immunity and inflammation. Our analysis of human TNFAIP8 revealed two previously uncharacterized expression variants (v1 and v2) that possess distinct predicted functional domains. Primary human macrophages predominantly express v1, whereas a panel of human cancer cell lines displayed a marked v2 predominance. Interestingly, we found that v1 and v2 are both induced by LPS in macrophages, but with different kinetics, suggesting that they may have distinct functions in innate immunity. Selective depletion of v2 in A549 cells dramatically enhanced the baseline expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1b. Furthermore, in response to LPS, v2-depleted cells had increased induction of IL-8, IL-1b, and TNFa. Together, these data suggest that TNFAIP8 v2 has an anti-inflammatory role in resting and TLR ligand-stimulated cells. Work is currently underway to determine 1) the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory role of TNFAIP8, for example, whether NF-kB activation is altered by v2 depletion; and 2) whether v1 has a distinct role in immune signaling.


Localized structures (LS) in lasers have been actively sought for all-optical information processing. So far, two distinct approaches have been developed for achieving LS: one leading to addressable stationary peaks of light in the transverse section of the resonator, the other leading to addressable mode-locked pulses having a fundamental mode spatial profile. Here we show that temporal localized patterns appear in nearly self-imaging Vertical External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VECSELs) with an intracavity saturable absorber. The observed patterns consist of a combination of an axial plane-wave with a set of tilted waves having a hexagonal arrangement in the Fourier space. In the time domain these patterns are individually addressable mode-locked pulses having a duration of about ten picoseconds. The theoretical analysis shows that the emergence of these pulsating patterns is a signature of a Turing instability whose critical wave vector depends on spherical aberrations of the optical elements. Our result shows that large aspect-ratio VECSELs offer unique opportunities for studying spatio-temporal phenomena and it paves the way to the generation of spatio-temporal LS.


In this paper, an efficient control method for semiconductor fabrication process is presented. Generally, control is performed with data which is under the influence of process disturbance. EWMA is one of the most popular control methods in semiconductor fabrication that effectively deals with varying process condition. A new method using EWMA, called the Dual Damping EWMA, is presented in this study to reduce over-control by separating weight factor of input and output. The goal is to reflect Drift but reduce the effects of White noise in run to run control. Simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of DPEWMA and to compare with EWMA and Double EWMA.


In New Zealand, the connection between financial literacy and security in retirement is well accepted, based on the understanding that people need to have the confidence and ability to make informed and lasting decisions about their personal finances throughout their lives. This chapter presents five strategies that are having some success in lifting New Zealanders' financial literacy and the common elements that connect them. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the importance of monitoring and evaluation while noting the inherent difficulties in proving a causal link from financial education to greater financial literacy to improved financial well-being.


Rice (Oryza) is one of the world's most important and productive staple foods, with highly diverse uses and varieties. We use archaeobotany, culture, history, and ethnobotany to trace the history of the development of sticky (or glutinous) forms. True sticky rice is the result of a genetic mutation that causes a loss of amylose starch but higher amylopectin content. These mutations are unknown in wild populations but have become important amongst cultivars in East and Southeast Asia (unlike other regions). In the same region, other cereals have also evolved parallel mutations that confer stickiness when cooked. This points to a strong role for cultural history and food preparation traditions in the genetic selection and breeding of Asian cereal varieties. The importance of sticky rice in ritual foods and alcoholic beverages in East and Southeast Asia also suggests the entanglement of crop varieties and culturally inherited food traditions and ritual symbolism.


Although multiple-symbol differential detection (MSDD) provides much better error performance than conventional differential detection, its complexity is much higher. We propose a reduced-complexity algorithm for MSDD. Our simulations show that the performance of the reduced complexity receiver is nearly identical to that of the original receiver, but with typical parameters, the number of phase sequences searched can be reduced by a factor of sixteen for QPSK to over four thousand for 16-PSK thereby leading to significant receiver complexity reduction.


Background. In an integrated wheat production, in simplified crop rotation (winter wheat – facultative wheat) effective solutions should be sought based on total and selective herbicides in weed control.  Material and methods. In a field experiment carried out in the years 2010–2014, the effect of autumn application of glyphosate was investigated, as well as of various active substances in selective herbicides used in spring on the number and weight of mono- and dicotyledonous weeds in the cultivation of spring wheat cv. Monsun sown as facultative wheat. Results. The spectrum of weed species occurring over the years of research was determined, as well as herbicidal effectiveness of glyphosate and chosen selective herbicides. The highest reduction in the number of dicotyledonous weeds was observed after spring application of tribenuron-methyl, tifensulfuron-methyl with chlorosulfuron, as well as diflufenican and isoproturon. Reduction in the biomass of dicotyledonous weeds for particular variants was: 96% – Chisel 75 WG, 95% – Helmstar 75 WG, 93% – Legato Plus  600 SC, 78% – Chwastox Extra 300 SL + Apyros 75 WG and 68% Starane Super 101 SE + Apyros 75 WG, respectively. Application of glyphosate in the autumn before sowing facultative wheat contributed to a three-fold reduction in the number of monocotyledonous weeds, and in their biomass in the cultivation of wheat cv. Monsun. Conclusion. In order to achieve the best result of reducing weeds in the cultivation of spring wheat in late-autumn sowing, after cereal forecrop, glyphosate should be applied to autumn crops, and in the spring a suitable herbicide should be selected for the spectrum of the occurring weeds, which contains at least two active substances, e.g. tifensulfuron-methyl with chlorosulfuron or diflufenican with isoproturon.


There is a growing understanding that transport properties of complex oxides and individual molecules are dominated by polaron physics. In superconducting oxides the long-range Fröhlich and short-range JahnTeller electron-phonon interactions bind carriers into real space pairs small bipolarons with surprisingly low mass but sufficient binding energy, while the long-range Coulomb repulsion keeps bipolarons apart preventing their clustering. The bipolaron theory numerically explains high Tc values without any fitting parameters and describes other key features of the cuprates. The same approach provides a new insite into the theory of transport through molecular nanowires and quantum dots (MQD). Attractive polaron-polaron correlations lead to a "switching" phenomenon in the current-voltage characteristics of MQD. The degenerate MQD with strong electron-vibron coupling has two stable current states (a volatile memory), which might be useful in molecular electronics.


BACKGROUND
The reported prevalence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections is increasing.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the 'isolation prevalence' of NTM in 2007 and compare it with previously published research that examined the increasing rates of isolation of NTM from clinical pulmonary specimens between 1997 and 2003.

METHODS
Isolation prevalence was investigated retrospectively by reviewing a cohort of all positive pulmonary NTM culture results from the Tuberculosis and Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory (Toronto, Ontario) in 2007, which identifies at least 95% of NTM isolates in Ontario. Isolation prevalence was calculated as the number of persons with a pulmonary isolate in a calendar year divided by the contemporary population and expressed per 100,000 population. Changes in isolation prevalence from previous years were assessed for statistical significance using generalized linear models with a negative binomial distribution.

RESULTS
In 2007, 4160 pulmonary isolates of NTM were collected from 2463 patients. The isolation prevalence of all species (excluding Mycobacterium gordonae) was 19 per 100,000 population in 2007 - an increase from previous observations reported for Ontario - corresponding to an average annual increase of 8.5% from 1997 to 2007 (P<0.0001). Average annual increases in isolation prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex (8.8%, P<0.0001) and Mycobacterium xenopi (7.3%, P=0.0005) were largely responsible for the overall increase, while prevalence rates of rapidly growing mycobacteria remained relatively stable.

CONCLUSION
The isolation prevalence of pulmonary NTM continues to increase significantly in Ontario, supporting the belief that pulmonary NTM disease is increasingly common.


A study was carried out at selected villages in Gazipur district of Bangladesh during 2008- 2009 with a view to assess the changes in homestead biodiversity with degree of modernization in the rural areas. Three villages were selected purposively considering their degree of modernization e.g. traditional, semi-modern and modern village and biodiversity at 40 randomly selected homesteads from each of the three villages were studied. Species richness, interspecies diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity index) and species evenness were considered for measuring the biodiversity. A total of 188 plant species belonging to 75 different families were identified in the homesteads of three study villages. The highest proportion (11%) of species found under the family Gramineae followed by Cucurbitaceae (6%), Compositae (5%), Solanaceae (5%), Leguminosae (4%), Amaranthaceae (4%), Rutaceae (3%), Euphorbiaceae (3%), Convolvulaceae (3%), and Cyperaceae (3%) and so on. Among the 188 plant species, 15% fruits species, 9% timber, 11% ornamental and medicinal, 14% vegetables, 4% spices and 47% weed species. The highest number (172) of species was found in traditional village and the lowest (126) in the modern village. Diversity index (H) value for traditional village (1.652) was statistically similar to semi-modern village (1.373) but significantly higher (t = 2.47*) than that of modern village (1.029). So, it can be said that plant biodiversity is decreasing with increase in modernization and/or urbanization. The diversity (H) decreased with decrease in farm size, in other words, species diversity increased with increase in farm size but there was no significant difference among the farm categories in this regard. The total evenness values against the three villages (0.741, 0.630 and 0.491 in Bhawal Gazipur, Hatiyabo and Mariali, respectively) indicate that the abundance of different species was very dissimilar and decreased with increase in modernization. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (1): 32-37, June, 2017


Courts of auditors fulfil a key function within a state's constitutional structure. One of their most important responsibilities is to strengthen the citizens' trust in the state and in politics by controlling the state's financial management. In order to perform this task, the courts of auditors need thorough insight into administrative proceedings, even in those that contain personal data. Therefore, the external financial control can come into conflict with the involved persons' right to informational self-determination. If the GDPR applied in full to the courts of auditors' processing activities, this could - in turn - interfere with their constitutionally protected independence. On closer examination, it becomes clear that audit and data protection authorities maintain a special relationship of cooperation. Their respective competency of control is reciprocally limited as required by their particular independence. As a consequence, courts of auditors have to be treated in analogy to courts of justice, which the GDPR explicitly privileges. Thus, courts of auditors are subject to data protection law, but (inter alia) released from the data protection authorities' supervision.


We investigate two recommendation approaches suitable for online multimedia sharing services. Our first approach, UserRank, recommends items by global interestingness irrespective of user preferences and is based on the analysis of ownership and evaluation link structure. We also present a personalized interestingness algorithm that combines UserRank with collaborative filtering which enables a single parameter to control the degree of personalization in the recommendations. Our initial results from an informal user study are encouraging.


This paper presents a study exploring applications of music within the Neurolinguistic Approach (Germain, 2018) to enhance second or additional language teaching in a Kindergarten to Grade 6 German bilingual school. Each participating teacher was interviewed about how they employ music in the classroom, how they create musical resources for teaching language, and what benefits and challenges they have experienced from its use. One of the key findings is that teachers use songs as oral models to teach both the implicit grammar of the target language and accurate pronunciation. Furthermore, teachers are adapting existing musical resources and creating their own to provide rich texts for classroom activities to help establish routines, to aid in emotional regulation and to facilitate the memorization of difficult concepts. Finding age-appropriate materials that are suitable for the skill levels of their students remains the greatest challenge. As one of the first studies to study music with the Neurolinguistic Approach, the findings suggest that this music-integrated approach has the potential to facilitate second language teaching.


We suggest new recursive formulas to compute the exact value of the Kullback-Leibler distance (KLD) between two general Hidden Markov Trees (HMTs). For homogeneous HMTs with regular topology, such as homogeneous Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), we obtain a closed-form expression for the KLD when no evidence is given. We generalize our recursive formulas to the case of HMMs conditioned on the observable variables. Our proposed formulas are validated through several numerical examples in which we compare the exact KLD value with Monte Carlo estimations.


Multiple watermarking technique, embedding several watermarks in one carrier, has enabled many interesting applications. In this study, a novel multiple watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the spirit of spread transform dither modulation (STDM). It can embed multiple watermarks into the same region and the same transform domain of one image; meanwhile, the embedded watermarks can be extracted independently and blindly in the detector without any interference. Furthermore, to improve the fidelity of the watermarked image, the properties of the dither modulation quantizer and the proposed multiple watermarks embedding strategy are investigated, and two practical optimization methods are proposed. Finally, to enhance the application flexibility, an extension of the proposed algorithm is proposed which can sequentially embeds different watermarks into one image during each stage of its circulation. Compared with the pioneering multiple watermarking algorithms, the proposed one owns more flexibility in practical application and is more robust against distortion due to basic operations such as random noise, JPEG compression and volumetric scaling.


Abstract : In many ways, the situation on the Korean peninsula is unchanged from fifty years ago when an armistice ended major combat operations of the Korean War. Large conventional forces face each other across the 38th parallel. Large North Korean artillery formations in range of Seoul can reduce portions of the city to rubble in a matter of hours. Occasional land and sea incursions into South Korean territory occur, resulting in fighting between North and South Korean forces. The United States maintains a large military force on the peninsula and in Japan as a deterrent to another invasion of South Korea. However, the strategic environment has changed significantly. The end of the Cold War brought significant economic growth to East Asia, leaving many nations tied to global trade to sustain their economies. Yet North Korea, essentially a failed state, is increasingly isolated, sustained only by outside assistance and its ability to allow her people to endure tremendous suffering. Despite that, it has invested heavily in military technology through the development, testing, and export of ballistic missiles and recent resumption of a nuclear-weapons development program. As a result, Pyongyang poses not only a conventional threat to South Korea; it poses a regional and global nuclear threat. This paper will examine the strategic environment on the Korean peninsula, U.S. national interests and objectives, current U.S. policies, and recommend a strategy to resolve the current situation.


Vertical Kampung Kalianyar design was motivated by data and facts related to the city of Jakarta and some issue as a city that has problems of population density. Jakarta is not the only city that has a population density problems, almost all cities in Indonesia have similar problems against the background of the dominance of urbanization which resulted in the high number of population in urban areas. Most of the problems of population density pose problems of urban spatial structure damage caused by the emergence of slum areas or slums in urban areas some point including the city of Jakarta. Kampung is one of the many forms of settlement which is located in the slum area and pay attention to the spatial structure of the city badly. Kampung Kalianyar is one of the densely populated area in the city of Jakarta which has poor spatial structure. On the other hand, as the settlements, Kampung Kalianyar has its own values and character are formed from several things, one of which is a sense of togetherness with the similarity of the social level. Problem of density in Jakarta has tried to be solved by Jakarta Provincial Government with rumah susun program to accommodate flats dense settlements, but it is considered less than optimal because of the character of residents of rumah susun is not contained in it. This is the destination of Kampung Vertical Kalianyar with the basis of behavior architecture as design concept to accommodate the character of Kampung Kalianyar with methods of observation and mapping that is performed directly in Kampung Kalianyar to be applied into a new form named Kampung Vertical Kalianyar. Results from analysis through observation and mapping will be transformed into a new form as knwon as Kampung Vertical Kalianyar which is able to accommodate all the character and behavior of Kampung Kalianyar like life on the road space which has been the character and social value of Kampung Kalianyar and the units of home base enterprises in every floor level.


The Paris Agreement recognized the significant role of forests in climate change mitigating and adapting. It also emphasized the importance of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism as a vital tool for achieving the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. This study aims to assess the REDD+ readiness of Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and Nepal in preparation for effectively implementing REDD+ at the national level. A total of 57 indicators across five categories were used to evaluate readiness: overall readiness, technical readiness, institutional readiness, financing readiness, and strategy and safeguard readiness. The indicator-based questionnaire was administered to government officials, NGOs, private sectors, and academics. The results showed that Nepal was slightly more advanced in overall readiness, owing in part to the longer readiness period of the World Bank-supported Terai Arc ER-P. India scored highly in technical readiness and has several sub-national programmes for REDD+ implementation. Bhutan had strong ratings for strategy and safeguard readiness but lower scores for institutional and financing readiness. Myanmar had consistent ratings across readiness areas, but a lower score for technical readiness. However, political and governance situations pose significant challenges to the effective implementation of REDD+ in Myanmar.


Background Brachial plexus injuries are frequently encountered in the domain of plastic surgery, mostly secondary to road traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, or falls from a height. Many modalities have been described in the management, depending on the level and duration of the injury. C5, C6 and C5, C6, C7 are two common patterns in which nerve repair and transfers are described. At our center, we practice spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in all patients with upper trunk brachial plexus injury. There are two described approaches for the spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer, i.e. anterior or dorsal. The rationale for doing the posterior approach is that this approach avoids damaging the suprascapular nerve at its entrance in the suprascapular notch under the suprascapular ligament during exploration due to traction. Materials and methods This is a retrospective study with a consecutive sampling of 23 patients presenting at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, with upper trunk brachial plexus injuries during the time period from January 2016 to December 2017, i.e. two years. We divided these 23 patients into two groups, one with the anterior approach and the other with a dorsal approach for spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer for shoulder abduction. The mean duration of post-surgical follow-up was from 18 to 24 months and recovery and functional outcomes were assessed. Results Out of the 23 patients that were included, 10 patients were operated on with an anterior approach and 13 with a posterior approach. Fifty percent (50%) of patients operated with the anterior approach and 84% of patients with the posterior showed the best motor grade recovery of M4, respectively, with better performance in patients with the posterior approach as compared to the anterior approach. Conclusion We advocate taking a posterior approach for spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer for shoulder abduction, as it has shown better results with reliable outcomes concerning shoulder abduction, angle of abduction, and range of motion.


Digital forestry platform was introduced and special requirements of spatial data discovery were analyzed in this platform. The hierarchical and distributed architecture of spatial data discovery was put forward. Global metadata model, OLAP-oriented metadata aggregation and spatial relation knowledge repository were deeply researched. Global metadata model not only mainly provides spatial data entity description and Web service information but also builds relationship between them; OLAP-oriented metadata aggregation generates date cube through extracting and aggregating; spatial relation knowledge repository supplies necessary knowledge of spatial information process and analysis. Based on aforementioned technologies and researches, spatial data discovery module has realized multi-perspective view data and service display, data and service automatic match and on-demand data service. Thus, it meets special application system requirements on digital forestry platform.


Large amounts of the tissue glue Histoacryl applied over the circumference of the epi- and perineurium of the facial nerve produced a rapid decrease of the summation potentials of the face in acute and chronic experiments performed in cats and guinea pigs. No toxic action on the motor neurons of the facial nerve was seen after application of 1 or 2 drops of the tissue glue over the epi- or perineurium of the facial nerve in association with or without a collagen tube splint.


ABSTRACT. Humans have an especially close connection with the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and this connection often involves direct handling of larvae, pupae or adults. Monarchs are frequently handled in citizen science programs, education and outreach activities, classroom demonstrations, and when rearing larvae in captivity. A pertinent question is whether monarchs perceive this human handling in the same way as being attacked by a predator, i.e. does it trigger a physiological fight-or-flight reaction? Here, I investigated if brief periods of handling monarch larvae, pupae, or adults elevates their heart rate (a central component of the insect fight-or-flight response), using non-destructive methods: either microscopy or an electronic heart monitor designed for invertebrates. Results are presented from separate investigations on each life stage. Three minutes of gentle handling caused a significant elevation (20%) in heart rates of 30 fifth-instar larvae. Mild physical disturbance for 20 seconds to a collection of 57 pupae elicited brief bursts of heart contractions (∼88 beats/min), a rate which is three times higher than typical contraction periods at this stage. Adult monarchs captured during fall migration (n=72) showed minor heart rate elevations (6%) after 3 minutes of gentle handling for tagging purposes. The differences in reactions across life stages found here is helpful for elucidating the relative sensitivity of each stage to handling. More importantly, these results elucidate the unseen physiological impact of direct human contact on developing monarchs (larvae and pupae); elevation in heart rate is an integral part of the fight-or-flight reaction in animals and a universal sign that an animal perceives an imminent threat. In this sense then, developing monarchs appear to perceive human handling as a threat, which may alter our (human) perception of this practice.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and toxicity of a doxorubicin/eyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy and local radiation therapy in children with locally advanced or metaslatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Patients and Methods: Twelve patients aged 6 to 20 years old were treated with a chemotherapy regimen comprised of vincristine (1.5 mg/m2) and doxorubicin (45 mg/m2) on day 1 and cyclophosphamide (210 mg/m2) and 5-fluorouracil (240 mg/m2) on days 1 to 5. Chemotherapy was administered every 3 weeks for 1 to 2 years. Radiotherapy to the primary site (59 to 68 Gy) and to the neck (59 to 66 Gy) was given before or after 2 to 4 courses of chemotherapy. Results: All patients achieved a complete response 4 to 16 months from the start of therapy (median 7 months). Nine patients have remained tumor free from 2 to 21 years (median 11 years) from diagnosis. One child was lost to follow-up and one died of tuberculosis; both were disease-free. One child developed a secondary osteosarcoma in the left mandible. Chemotherapy caused grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in four patients. There were no therapy-related deaths and the most common late effect of therapy was neck fibrosis, which was observed in all patients. We conclude that the chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimen used in this study is highly effective for children and adolescents with locally advanced NPC and is associated with tolerable toxicity.


(KKN) is held in Kradenan Hamlet, Srimulyo Village, Piyungan Sub-district, Bantul District, Special Province of Yogyakarta, Real Working Lecture (KKN), Kradenan Hamlet consists of 4 RT. The population of approximately 173 families. The inhabitants of Kradenan are all Muslims, and the majority live as factory workers. The purpose of KKN is in Kradenan Hamlet, to explore, to develop the potential of the Kradenan Hamlet community, and to advance the thinking of the people of Kradenan Hamlet. The Real Work Lecture Program has been implemented in the Kradenan Hamlet pre-trial training and screening of Java-uploaded films. The purpose of the pre-trial training is to explore and develop the potential of Kradenan Hamlet people, and the purpose of holding Javanese uploading films is to give awareness since the early importance of paying attention and doing the uploads to anyone and anywhere. Children are able to understand the pranatacara technique properly and correctly. Children have also started to get used to being in line with the uploads to anyone and wherever they are. Programs held in the right sense are held in Kradenan Hamlet. One of the programs that are in line with the Hamur Hamada people's desires are pre-training training and targeted to adolescents, young people who aim to have the next generation and can open the insight to the community in seeking additional side work.


We model empirically the role of labor market institutions in affecting the response of inflation to labor market and exchange rate shocks in the EU. We adopt a simple Phillips curve framework, treating separately the sectors producing traded and non-traded goods. Our results show that labor market institutions have a significant role in affecting cross-country differences in inflation adjustment for the "sheltered" (non-trading) sector; the effects in the "exposed" (trading) sector are also significant but more limited. Increased wage coordination and more expenditure on LM policies (active or total) flatten the Phillips curve in both sectors. More active LM policies also reduce the persistence of inflation. However, but only in the non-trading sector, this effect is more than offset (in 15 countries out of 21) by the presence of stronger wage coordination, which increases the persistence of inflation. Finally, the adjustment of inflation to the real exchange rate, i.e. the exchange rate pass-through, is largely unaffected by institutional variables; only for non-tradables there is a strong negative effect of increased union density.


A 16-year old thoroughbred mare was presented with dysphagia and food being ejected from the mouth and nostrils. Clinical signs were exhibited for three weeks before it was euthanased on humanitarian grounds. Post mortem examination revealed a soft haemangioma measuring 7 cm X 5 cm suspended from the roof of the medial compartment of the left guttural pouch.