This study was designed to determine whether 3 weeks of gabapentin treatment is effective in alleviating neuropathic pain‐like behavior in animal models of complex regional pain syndrome type‐I and partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). We investigated the contribution of adenosine subtypes to the antihyperalgesic effect of gabapentin by examining the effect of caffeine, a non‐selective adenosine A1 and A2 receptor antagonist or 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), a selective adenosine A1 subtype receptor antagonist on this effect. Neuropathic pain was produced by unilateral prolonged hind paw ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) or PSNL procedures which resulted in stimulus‐evoked mechanical hyperalgesia. After procedures, animals received gabapentin (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal, respectively), caffeine (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal or 150 nmol intrathecally) or DPCPX (3 µg intrathecally) alone or in combination. Mice were tested for tactile mechanical hyperalgesia at 1, 2, and 3 weeks following procedures. Gabapentin produced dose‐related inhibition of mechanical hyperalgesia over a 3‐week period, and this effect was blocked by concomitant caffeine or DPCPX administration 1 week after injuries. The results of this study demonstrated that the mechanism through which gabapentin produces its effect may involve the activation of adenosine A1 subtype receptor.


One might expect that Boris Pasternak and Mikhail Bulgakov—associated in all our minds in the highest echelons of twentieth-century literature; linked by proximity of time and place; famously independent and gifted writers; part of the same milieu and the same generation; and married, the second or third time around, to famous Moscow beauties—would have had a personal acquaintance.


T his study was conducted in wholesaler that was located in Jakarta and the purpose of this study was to find out the impact of organizational socialization toward organizational commitment with psychological empowerment as mediating variable. The data was collected by doing interview and also distributing questionnaire to 100 wholesaler employees as respondents with simple random technique as a sampling technique. Further, the data collected was analyzed by using structural equation model (SEM) with the basis of theory and concept, from the package of Partial Least Square (PLS) program as data analysis technique. In this study, exogenous variable is organizational socialization, endogen variable is organizational commitment and psychological empowerment as intervening variable. This study found that organizational socialization has significant effect on organizational commitment and psychological empowerment. Psychological empowerment also has significant impact on organizational commitment. This study results stated that psychological empowerment proven to mediate organizational socialization toward organizational commitment.


The aims of this review are to describe recent data focusing on the anatomical, functional and molecular changes of the carotid body during chronic hypoxemia, and to summarize current views in the literature relevant to the topic. The carotid body is the major peripheral sensor for detecting chemicals in the arterial blood. In acute hypoxia, carotid chemoreceptors transduce the signal to the brain for triggering reflexive responses of the cardiopulmonary system. The carotid body enlarges and changes its hypoxic sensitivity in humans and animals living at high altitude or subject to long-term hypoxemia associated with chronic cardiopulmonary diseases or hematological disorders. Recently, a surge of new evidence suggests that a heterodimeric transcriptional factor directly induced by severe tissue or cellular hypoxia, namely hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), is a key controller for the transcriptional regulation of the gene expression of a spectrum of proteins for the cellular response to hypoxia. These proteins, such as endothelin-1, type II nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor, play important physiological roles in the control of vascular tone and angiogenesis. In the carotid body, chronic hypoxemia induces remodeling of the vasculature, stimulates proliferation of the chemosensitive cells, and changes their excitability and sensitivity to chemical signals. In addition, HIF-1-targeted genes are expressed in the carotid body and the expression is modulated by chronic hypoxemia, suggesting an active role for HIF-1 in moderate levels of hypoxic stress.


In a bottom-up shotgun approach, the proteins of a mixture are enzymatically digested, separated, and analyzed via tandem mass spectrometry. The mass spectra relating fragment ion intensities (abundance) to the mass-to-charge are used to deduce the amino acid sequence and identify the peptides and proteins. The variables that influence intensity were characterized using a multi-factorial mixed-effects model, a ten-fold cross-validation, and stepwise feature selection on 6,352,528 fragment ions from 61,543 peptide ions. Intensity was higher in fragment ions that did not have neutral mass loss relative to any mass loss or that had a +1 charge state. Peptide ions classified for proton mobility as non-mobile had lowest intensity of all mobility levels. Higher basic residue (arginine, lysine or histidine) counts in the peptide ion and low counts in the fragment ion were associated with lower fragment ion intensities. Higher counts of proline in peptide and fragment ions were associated with lower intensities. These results are consistent with the mobile proton theory. Opposite trends between peptide and fragment ion counts and intensity may be due to the different impact of factor under consideration at different stages of the MS/MS experiment or to the different distribution of observations across peptide and fragment ion levels. Presence of basic residues at all three positions next to the fragmentation site was associated with lower fragment ion intensity. The presence of proline proximal to the fragmentation site enhanced fragmentation and had the opposite trend when located distant from the site. A positive association between fragment ion intensity and presence of sulfur residues (cysteine and methionine) on the vicinity of the fragmentation site was identified. These results highlight the multi-factorial nature of fragment ion intensity and could improve the algorithms for peptide identification and the simulation in tandem mass spectrometry experiments.


Most reference-based image super-resolution (RefSR) methods directly leverage the raw features extracted from a pretrained VGG encoder to transfer the matched texture information from a reference image to a low-resolution image. We argue that simply operating on these raw features neglects the influence of irrelevant and redundant information and the importance of abundant high-frequency representations, leading to undesirable texture matching and transfer results. Taking the advantages of wavelet transformation, which represents the contextual and textural information of features at different scales, we propose a Wavelet-based Texture Reformation Network (WTRN) for RefSR. We first decompose the extracted texture features into low-frequency and high-frequency sub-bands and conduct feature matching on the low-frequency component. Based on the correlation map obtained from the feature matching process, we then separately swap and transfer wavelet-domain features at different stages of the network. Furthermore, a wavelet-based texture adversarial loss is proposed to make the network generate more visually plausible textures. Experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms previous RefSR methods both quantitatively and qualitatively. The source code is available at https://github.com/zskuang58/WTRN-TIP.


Abstract Analysis of a novel source of data about early nineteenth-century Bombay, with a novel methodology, makes an important contribution to debates about inter-religious contact in South Asia. Bombay's register of sales deeds, which lists the names of buyers, sellers, and neighbors, also permits identification of their religious affiliations when supplemented with archival information about the bureaucratic practices affecting property transactions. Findings suggest that property transactions within religious groups comprised most of the sales (60 percent). Contemporary petitions show that residents sometimes appealed to the state to prevent the sale of property to people who did not share their religion.


The smooth running of cooperative activities amid massive changes is inseparable from aspects of organizational culture, enforcement of discipline and employee performance that is in line with shared expectations and goals. Organizational culture as a philosophy that is embraced together can be used as a direction to excel and advance together, the high discipline of the members is believed to be able to make the best contribution to the development of the cooperative through its maximum performance in an effort to create mutual benefits. This study aims to find out and re-analyze the relationship between organizational culture and discipline in predicting and influencing employee performance in cooperatives. The sample of this study was 34 respondents selected using the total sampling technique. Research findings, organizational culture and discipline have a positive effect on employee performance both individually and simultaneously. The contribution of the influence of organizational culture on employee performance is more dominant than the influence of discipline. It is important for cooperative management to evaluate employee performance regularly and scheduled so that improvements can be made gradually and continuously, strengthening understanding of organizational culture and disciplinary action as part of the evaluation. Organizational culture is more dominant than discipline in influencing employee performance, the causal factors in detail are not explained, and this can be a consideration for subsequent research. Digital aspects relevant to cooperative activities and management systems can also be considered to conduct investigations on employee performance in the era of technological disruption, in Industry 4.0.


UUM give exclusive rights to legal certainty in the protection of the rights holder for the brand, all parties, including the author-creators in the creative economy that should respect the exclusive rights. Based on the fact there is now a certain brand mark parodying action, especially action parodying other people's brand marketing strategy in order to reap profits. Because the parody is generally in the field of copyright infringement, and this is done to the brand, the study aims to examine how regulation parody of the brand in terms of UUM, and how the legal remedies that can be done by the holder of trademark rights for the acts of parody by UUM. Contained within a brand image or reputation (goodwill) that should not be tampered with, because the image obtained with the effort is not easy and a big expense. the exclusive rights, trademark holder has the right to use their own brand and prohibits anyone who unlawfully use a trademark. This study uses descriptive research analysis with normative juridical approach is research that describes the data obtained in the study then analyzed into the facts, the data used are used in this research is secondary data or literature data in the form of primary legal materials in accordance with the method used , the analytical techniques used are qualitative normative analysis, the data is classified according to the data aspects logically interpreted. The results showed that UUM not specifically regulate the actions of the brand spoofs, parodies action brand mark owned by someone else is a form of infringement on the exclusive rights holder for the brand through the use of the form of the brand without rights. Holders of rights to the brand were harmed by the actions parody the brand can file a lawsuit with the efforts of litigation and/or litigation in accordance with Articles 84 and 76 UUM and against violators can be subject to sanctions in accordance with the provisions of Article 91 UUM.


This article describes the adaptation of the adult Portuguese version of the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ) for adolescents, and its validation. Respondents were 1,315 adolescents, who completed the questionnaire in two phases. A subsample of 73 adolescents was used to measure test–retest reliability. Concurrent validity was tested using a sample of 32 dietetic students. The adapted version showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), test–retest reliability (R = 0.71) and concurrent validity (U = 22766.0; p < .01). Adolescents' nutrition knowledge can now be assessed with a valid and reliable instrument. Future validation works of this or others questionnaires for children and elderly are warranted.


Despite the recent advent and popularity of niche technologies, less is known about the adoption dynamics of such systems. In a quest for understanding and differentiating between mainstream vs. niche technologies, and the way such differences influence individuals' information systems (IS) behaviors, the study argues that a scale to measure individual's niche perception in the domain of technology usage is needed. Basing on the main argument of the Optimal Distinctiveness theory, the study introduces a muchneeded conceptualization and operationalization of niche technology perceptions in the literature. Across three studies, we test a typology of perceived niche and develop and validate a 4-item scale to measure individuals' niche perceptions in IS domain. As a result, academic researchers may now rely on the developed scale to investigate the dynamics of users' IS behaviors by incorporating the potential effect of the perceptions of niche in their future research studies.


Background: The Equine Sarcoid (ES) is the most common skin tumour in horses. It is difficult to treat: recurrence rate is high and no single universally effective treatment for ES is known. Viscum album extracts (VAE) are used as adjunct in the treatment of some human cancers without known side effects.
Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the long-term therapy with VAE (Iscador® P) is effective in Equine Sarcoids as a single treatment or as an adjunct treatment to selective surgical excision.
Material and methods: Of 53 horses with ES, 42 were treated solely with VAE as monotherapy and 11 were treated after selective excision of ES. Horses were randomly assigned to the treatment group (VAE; n=32) or control group (Placebo; n=21). The horses received rising concentrations of Iscador® P extract from 0.1 mg per ml to 20 mg per ml or physiological NaCl solution 3 times a week over 105 days s.c. Number, localization, size and type of the ES were documented over 12 months. Horses were grouped in 3 classes: individuals with 9ES. Statistical analysis of effects was divided in horse level and sarcoid level analysis. In horse level analysis effects were assessed considering the development of all 3
tumours found in the horse. Outcome of this analysis was cure, improvement (decrease of tumour size by 50% or more in at least half of the tumours), unchanged status or deterioration, respectively. Sarcoid level assessment included analysis of 1 to 7 clinically relevant sarcoids per horse comparing parameters of size and quality of single tumours in both treatment groups. All analyses were performed using statistical package STATA ver.9.2. Significance level was set at p<0.05.
Results: Horse level: In the VAE group, 13 horses (40.6%) showed an improvement. Of these, 9 patients showed complete remission (28.1%). In the control group only 3 cases (14%), all showing complete remission, were classified as improved. Significantly better results were observed after VAE treatment in horses with 3 to 9 ES compared to those with 9 ES. Sarcoid level: After one year observation time in the VAE group 27 ES showed complete remission (37.5%) and there was an improvement in 48 (66.7%) ES. In contrast, in the control group 9 ES with complete remission (13.2%; n.s.) and 17 ES (39.5%; p=0.005) with improvement were found. The only side effects observed after VAE were slight oedema at the injection site in 5 of 32 cases, which disappeared spontaneously within two to three days.
Conclusions: VAE (Iscador® P) represent a safe and effective treatment for ES, particularly in cases with multiple sarcoids.


This paper extends previous work presented at the SABE/IAREP conference at St Mary's University, Halifax (James, 2009). In the earlier paper it was shown that conventional economic theory is used to make the case for tax reform but does not always adequately incorporate all the relevant factors. However, an approach based on behavioral economics can make the difference between success and failure. In this paper the contributions of other social sciences are also included. Taxation is a particularly appropriate subject to explore the integration of the social sciences since they have all devoted considerable attention to it. It can be seen that different social sciences suggest a range of variables that might be taken into account in addition to those included in mainstream economics. Other social sciences also offer different methodological approaches and consider the possibility of different outcomes of the fiscal process. The paper concludes that it is not easy to integrate the social sciences in a single approach to the study of tax and tax policy. There may also be the risk of encouraging inappropriate integration - researchers operating outside their expertise can produce results that are not helpful. However, comparing the contribution of behavioral economics with those of the social sciences more generally, it can be seen that behavioral economics can offer a framework within which these areas can be examined. Indeed, it may be a useful channel to add the contributions of other social sciences to mainstream economic research.


Diffusion frameworks have achieved comparable performance with previous state-of-the-art image generation models. Researchers are curious about its variants in discriminative tasks because of its powerful noise-to-image denoising pipeline. This paper proposes DiffusionInst, a novel framework that represents instances as instance-aware filters and formulates instance segmentation as a noise-to-filter denoising process. The model is trained to reverse the noisy groundtruth without any inductive bias from RPN. During inference, it takes a randomly generated filter as input and outputs mask in one-step or multi-step denoising. Extensive experimental results on COCO and LVIS show that DiffusionInst achieves competitive performance compared to existing instance segmentation models with various backbones, such as ResNet and Swin Transformers. We hope our work could serve as a strong baseline, which could inspire designing more efficient diffusion frameworks for challenging discriminative tasks. Our code is available in https://github.com/chenhaoxing/DiffusionInst.


Background The Chinese government implemented a lockdown to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic during the Chinese Lunar New Year when people have the tradition to visit families and friends. Previous research suggested that heuristic processing increased risky behavioral willingness (e.g., desire to have social gatherings despite the pandemic) and that people's tendency to use heuristic processing varied across different adulthood stages. This study thus investigated the relationships among age, heuristic processing of COVID-19-related information, and the willingness to have social gatherings during the lockdown. Methods A sample of 1,651 participants was recruited from an online crowdsourcing platform between January 31 and February 04 in 2020, with a mean age of 30.69, 47.9% being women. Participants completed an online questionnaire about heuristic processing of COVID-19-related information, willingness to engage in social gatherings during the lockdown, age, and other demographic information. Results Age was found to have a U-shaped curvilinear relationship with heuristic processing, and heuristic processing was positively correlated with the willingness to have social gatherings. Further analyses showed that heuristic processing curvilinearly mediated the relationship between age and the willingness to have social gatherings. Conclusion Compared with young adults, emerging and older adults are more likely to engage in heuristic processing, which in turn, increases the willingness to have social gatherings. Heuristic processing serves as an underlying mechanism to explain the relationship between age and risky behavioral willingness.


Thirty undergraduate senior students at two Christian colleges participated in a semi-structured interview designed to gain a better understanding of students' conceptions, experiences, and ideals of community since they became college students. The interview yielded tape recordings, then transcribed raw data. Authenticity emerged as a prominent theme resulting from verbal analysis and will be the focus of this paper. Implications are drawn for the Christian college campus or church-based college ministry.


AIM
To determine the prevalence and time course of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals with newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes mellitus after acute pancreatitis.

METHODS
Relevant literature cited in three major biomedical journal databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus) was reviewed independently by two authors. There were no language constraints but the search was limited to human studies. Studies included were cohort studies of adult patients who were discharged after an attack of acute pancreatitis. Patients were excluded if they were under 18 years of age or had a previous diagnosis of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, or chronic pancreatitis. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in patients who were diagnosed with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus after an attack of acute pancreatitis. Subgroup analysis was conducted for patients who were diagnosed with prediabetes only and those who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus only. Subgroup analysis looking at the time course of concomitant pancreatic exocrine and endocrine insufficiency was also conducted. Pooled prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all outcome measures and P-values < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.

RESULTS
Eight clinical studies comprising of 234 patients met all eligibility criteria. The pooled prevalence of newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes in individuals after acute pancreatitis was 43% (95%CI: 30%-56%). The pooled prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals after acute pancreatitis was 29% (95%CI: 19%-39%). The prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals with newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes was 40% (95%CI: 25%-55%). The prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency among individuals with prediabetes alone and diabetes mellitus alone was 41% (95%CI: 12%-75%) and 39% (95%CI: 28%-51%), respectively. Further analysis showed that the prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals with prediabetes or diabetes decreases over time after an attack of acute pancreatitis.

CONCLUSION
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency occurs in 40% of individuals with newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes mellitus after acute pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetes in this setting.


Pretreatment of miscanthus is essential for enzymatic production of sugars to yield bioethanol. A two-step process using 10 wt % aqueous ammonia in the first step is followed by 1 wt % sodium hydroxide (with or without oxygen or 1 wt % hydrogen peroxide) in the second step. The first step retains about 90% of the cellulose and about 67% of the hemicellulose in the solid while removing about 62% of the lignin. Both steps together achieve 83–90% delignification. Subsequent enzymatic conversion to fermentable sugars is close to 90% after 96 h. While an oxidant does not significantly increase delignification, it has a favorable effect on saccharification of the recovered solid. Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy provide data concerning the chemical composition of the recovered solid. Inclusion of an oxidant to the pretreatment breaks β-O-4′-linked aryl ether bonds of the remaining lignin in the recovered solid.


The fossil record has been interpreted as exhibiting a gradual decrease in the extinction rate. We use the individual based Tangled Nature model of evolutionary ecology to study the mechanisms behind this kind of nonstationary macrodynamics. We demonstrate that the long time aging in the system (manifested as a slowing down of the rate of large jumps, or quakes, that the system undergoes) is related to decreasing fluctuations in the offspring probability. The scenario is reminiscent of relaxation in a quenched spin glass but purely dynamical in nature since no energy barriers can be defined.


The years following May 1968 witnessed the end of a certain chapter of French Marxism and a return to the languages of human rights and liberalism. French Marxism itself unintentionally contributed to this development. This article examines three overlapping cases from the 1970s : Maoism and mobilization around prisons, the women's movement and the law, and the New Philosophers' undermining of a dialectical view of history.


Abstract Background: A retinal prosthesis is designed to help the blind to obtain some sight. It consists of an external part and an internal part. The external part is made up of a camera, an image processor and an RF transmitter. The internal part is made up of an RF receiver, implant chip and microelectrode. Methods: Currently, the number of microelectrodes is in the hundreds, and we do not know the mechanism for using an electrode to stimulate the optic nerve. A simple hypothesis is that the pixels in an image correspond to the electrode. The images captured by the camera should be processed by suitable strategies to correspond to stimulation from the electrode. Thus, it is a question of how to obtain the important information from the image captured in the picture. Here, we use the region of interest (ROI), a useful algorithm for extracting the ROI, to retain the important information, and to remove the redundant information. Results: This paper explains the details of the principles and functions of the ROI. Because we are investigating a real-time system, we need a fast processing ROI as a useful algorithm to extract the ROI. Thus, we simplified the ROI algorithm and used it in an outside image-processing digital signal processing (DSP) system of the retinal prosthesis. Conclusion: The results show that our image-processing strategies are suitable for a real-time retinal prosthesis and can eliminate redundant information and provide useful information for expression in a low-size image.


Our purpose was to review the current status of carotid artery stent placement throughout the world. Surveys were sent to major interventional centers in Europe, North and South America, and Asia. Information from peer-reviewed journals was also included and supplemented the survey. The survey asked various questions regarding the patients enrolled, procedure techniques, and results of carotid stenting, including complications and restenosis. Of the centers which were sent surveys, 24 responded. The total number of endovascular carotid stent procedures that have been performed worldwide to date included 2,048 cases, with a technical success of 98.6%. Complications that occurred during carotid stent placement or within a 30-day period following placement were recorded. Overall, there were 63 minor strokes, with a rate of occurrence of 3.08%. The total number of major strokes was 27, for a rate of 1.32%. There were 28 deaths within a 30-day postprocedure period, resulting in a mortality rate of 1.37%. Restenosis rates of carotid stenting have been 4.80% at 6 mo. Endovascular stent treatment of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is growing as an alternative to vascular surgery, especially for patients that are at high risk for standard carotid endarterectomy. The periprocedural risks for major and minor strokes and death are generally acceptable at this early stage of development.


Abstract.— Hosts vary in both their strength of response to a general immunological insult and in their specific susceptibility to different parasite species or different strains of the same parasite. The variation in the general immune response is considered a result of the costs imposed by selection on defended individuals. The variation in the specific response may originate from variation in host and parasite genotypes and is a requirement for frequency‐dependent selection. The relationship between these two fundamental aspects of defense has only rarely been studied. Using the bumblebee Bombus terrestris and its gut trypanosomal parasite Crithidia bombi we found that the host's specific response profile toward different strains correlates negatively with its level of response to a general insult. This is the opposite result one would expect if the level of general response were simply a measure of immunological quality (immunocompetence). Rather, it suggests that there is some form of a trade‐off between these two fundamental aspects of the immune system. These results, therefore, shed an important light on the possible constraints that affect the evolution of the immune system and particularly the trade‐off between different arms of the immune system.


Of 1438 patients premedicated with Innovar, 10 refused to undergo surgery. During the same period, there were no refusals by 2107 patients not premedicated with Innovar. This apparent difference suggests that a prospective study of Innovar and droperidol be made to determine whether there are changes in patient attitude that lead to refusal of surgery.


To design conformally invisible cloaks for arbitrarily shaped objects, we use the nonuniform rational B -spline (NURBS) to represent the geometrical modeling of the arbitrary object. Based on the method of optical transformation, analytical formulas of the permittivity and permeability tensors are proposed for arbitrarily shaped invisible cloaks. Such formulas can be easily implemented in the design of arbitrary cloaks. Full-wave simulations are given for heart-shaped invisible cloaks and perfectly electrical conducting (PEC) objects, in which we observe that the power-flow lines of incoming electromagnetic waves will be bent smoothly in the cloaks and will return to their original propagation directions after propagating around the object. We also show that the scattered field from the PEC object coated with the invisible cloak is much smaller than that from the PEC core. The application of NURBS in the design of arbitrary cloaks shows transformation optics to be a very general tool to interface with commercial softwares like 3D STUDIOMAX and MAYA.


This study researched and compared the sedimentation environment and photosynthetic pigments at Gomso (GS) -bay, Yoja (YJ) -bay and KangJin (KJ) -bay in May, 2012. It was shown that KJ-bay consist of C (clay) and M (mud), and GS-bay consists of Zs (silty sand) and Sz (sandy silt). Averagely, IL of YJ-bay was 4.98%, KJ-bay 6.10%, and GS-bay 1.45%. As for COD concentration, there were no places that exceeded Japanese sediment contamination standard 20 mg/g-dry. As for AVS concentration, in case of KJ-bay, two places exceeded Japanese sediment contamination standard 0.2 mg/g-dry. If we look into the average C/N ratio of bays, YJ-bay showed 8.50, KJ-bay 6.60, and GS-bay 5.52, thus all of them showed the characteristic of oceanic origin. As for the plankton make-up classified by photosynthetic pigments, diatom was dominant, and both ratios of pigment and C/chlorophyll. a showed the relatively lower distribution at GS-bay than at KJ-bay and YJ-bay. It is judged that this is related to the characteristic of flow-in, and it implies that predation process and decomposition by organic matters actively occurs at YJ-bay and KJ-bay.


Abstract The impact of social support on suicide is understudied among youth experiencing homelessness (YEH). This is problematic because assumptions about the protectiveness of relationships may not generalize to conflictive YEH environments. This study, which included 1047 YEH, used path modeling with a logistic regression estimator to examine associations between social support from family, home-based friends, and street-based friends and past-year suicide attempt. Social support from home-based friends but not family or street-based friends decreased suicide attempt risk. Moreover, social support from home-based friends moderated the association between depression and attempt risk. Targeted programming strengthening home-based-friend relationships represents a valuable endeavor.


Purpose
This paper aims to explore residents' perceptions of a refurbishment programme to sheltered housing schemes and its impact on their well-being.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology draws upon a realist evaluation framework. Four participatory appraisals (PAs) and 19 interviews with residents were conducted in the sheltered housing schemes. Ages of participants ranged from 50 to 99 years.

Findings
Two categories of residents were identified: healthy active older adults and older frail adults (or over 85+). Residents said their social and emotional well-being improved from the provision of indoor and outdoor communal areas. Older frail residents only accessed the new communal spaces when staff took them in their wheelchairs. The physical changes increased opportunities for social connections for residents. Conservatories and sensory gardens were most popular. Residents felt that structured activities in the new spaces and digital training would improve their social activities.

Research limitations/implications
The participatory methods spanned over an hour, and some residents felt too tired to complete the full session.

Practical implications
A practical limitation was that some sensory rooms were not fully completed at the time of the evaluation.

Originality/value
This paper adds the following: Perceptions of residents of a refurbishment programme in sheltered housing and the impact on their well-being. Perceptions of residents about social activities after a refurbishment programme. Perceptions of residents about the impact of physical changes to their sheltered housing schemes and impact on their internal accessibility to the improvements.


Dystonin is a giant cytoskeletal protein belonging to the plakin protein family and is believed to crosslink the major filament systems in contractile cells. Previous work has demonstrated skeletal muscle defects in dystonin-deficient dystonia musculorum (dt) mice. In this study, we show that the dystonin muscle isoform is localized at the Z-disc, the H zone, the sarcolemma and intercalated discs in cardiac tissue. Based on this localization pattern, we tested whether dystonin-deficiency leads to structural defects in cardiac muscle. Desmin intermediate filament, microfilament, and microtubule subcellular organization appeared normal in dt hearts. Nevertheless, increased transcript levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF, 66%) β-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC, 95%) and decreased levels of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump isoform 2A (SERCA2a, 26%), all signs of cardiac muscle stress, were noted in dt hearts. Hearts from two-week old dt mice were assessed for the presence of morphological and histological alterations. Heart to body weight ratios as well as left ventricular wall thickness and left chamber volume measurements were similar between dt and wild-type control mice. Hearts from dt mice also displayed no signs of fibrosis or calcification. Taken together, our data provide new insights into the intricate structure of the sarcomere by situating dystonin in cardiac muscle fibers and suggest that dystonin does not significantly influence the structural organization of cardiac muscle fibers during early postnatal development.


Enterprise architecture (EA) models the desired relationships between business processes and technology. Enterprise "architecting" is the process of developing and maintaining the EA. The goal of EA is to align business process and IT for the effective execution of business strategy and the efficient implementation of the associated systems. Thus, the architecting process involves many stakeholders (e.g., architects, IT staff, and business staff) with very diverse perspectives, making coordination of architecting work daunting. Despite their critical importance to EA success, coordination and governance in EA have received very little attention in the literature. In this paper we report on a study based on semi-structured interviews of CIO's, chief architects, technical architects, IT staff, business stakeholders and EA consultants. The focus of the study was to better understand the coordination challenges and best practices leading to EA success. Our results show that various forms of group cognition play a critical role in the effective coordination of architecting.


Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of a single dose of ponesimod, an oral and selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulator, in Japanese and Caucasian healthy subjects and explore the effects of sex on PK. Subjects received a single 40-mg dose of ponesimod in a single-centre, open-label, parallel-group study design. Ten Japanese and 10 Caucasian healthy subjects (age: 22-45 years, 1:1 sex ratio) participated in the study and were matched for body weight (w10%). Ponesimod concentration in plasma was determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and PK parameters were obtained by non-compartmental analysis. Total lymphocyte count served as PD marker. Adverse events (AEs), laboratory values, electrocardiography (12-lead ECG), and vital signs were assessed for safety and tolerability. Administration of ponesimod resulted in similar PK parameters between the two ethnic groups, with a 16% higher exposure [AUC0-∞ of 7,368 ng · h/ml (95% CI: 6,059-8,962) vs. 6,353 ng · h/ml (4,950-8,154)] and a 17% longer terminal elimination half-life [32.9 h (30.1-36.0) vs. 28.1 h (23.4-33.6)] in Japanese compared to Caucasian subjects. Exposure was slightly higher in female subjects [7,488 ng · h/ml (5,983-9,371)] than in male subjects [6,252 ng · h/ml (5,031-7,771)]. The maximum mean lymphocyte count decrease from baseline, observed 6 h after receiving the dose in both groups, was similar in Japanese subjects (61.8%) and Caucasians (62.5%). The maximum mean heart rate (ECG) reduction from baseline was similar, with a difference of 4.2 bpm between Caucasian and Japanese subjects, observed 2.5 h after receiving the dose in both ethnic groups. There were no clinically relevant changes in other safety variables. No serious AEs were reported during the study. This study showed that the PK and PD profile of ponesimod was similar in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. No unexpected safety findings were reported. No dose adjustment is deemed necessary for Japanese subjects compared to Caucasians. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel


A theory of graphenebased magnetic field Hall sensors sensitivity dependence on temperature is summarized. The existence of low-temperature range with sensitivity, almost independent on temperature, is predicted; at higher temperatures, when thermallyinduced carrier concentration in graphene prevails, the sensitivity decreases with temperature. The experimental studies of the temperature dependence of magnetic sensitivity of Hall sensors on single layer graphene base were carried in temperature range from 300 °K to 430 °K. The values of sensitivity, obtained for room temperatures ~ 230 V·А-1·Т-1 exceed essentially the maximum sensitivity of the traditional Hall sensors on silicon base ~ 100 V·А-1·Т-1.


Abstract : We are in the process of build a prototype system that improves precision and recall rates for web search using query expansion and focusing techniques. We use linguistic analysis and co-occurrence information to analyze syntactic structures of the users' queries to improve search results. One standard method of improving internet search is through query expansion. The major query expansion techniques add terms using (i) lexical semantic relations and (ii) relevance feed back. The lexical semantic relations in WordNet have been used widely as a main lexical resource for approach (i). Past research results indicate that using WordNet did not significantly improve information retrieval effectiveness. Our query expansion system also uses WordNet in a query expansion stage. However, instead of just adding all related terms from WordNet (synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms, etc.) directly into user's queries, our system selects only useful additional terms. This selection process uses syntactic analysis combined with collocation and co-occurrence information from a large corpus collected from our domain of interest (IT).


The results of the selected mechanical properties i.e. ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield stress (YS), elongation (EL), reduction of area (RA), hardness (HV) and impact strength (KCV) of the common, S235JR grade steel, are presented in the paper. A strong relationship between the above mentioned properties and cooling rates after hot rolling of rods, made of this steel, was found. Additionally, the possibility of further enhancing of mechanical properties (UTS and YS) by the controlled, dynamic cold working, was shown. The use of such deformation, through changes in the microstructure allows for the upper yield stress (YS) increase – app. 10% and ultimate tensile strength UTS – app. 5%. Simultaneously, very high indicators of plasticity (EL, RA) and impact strength (KCV) are retained, as they were immediately after the rolling. The possibility of improving the mechanical properties of rods made of this steel grade has a great technological and commercial importance for its manufacturers, as well as for their final users.


A radar image acquired by the C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) aboard the European Remote Sensing satellite ERS-2 over the coastal waters south of Singapore showing radar signatures of a strong tropical squall line ("Sumatra Squall") is compared with coincident and collocated weather radar data. Squall line features such as the gust front, areas of updraft convergence, and rain areas are identified. Possible attenuation effects from the rain drops in the atmosphere under very heavy rain (rain rate >100 mm/h) is suggested. In addition, the possibility of extracting the associated geophysical parameters, i.e., rain rate and wind speed from SAR imagery is investigated. The rain rate is estimated from the attenuation signature in the SAR image. Comparison between the estimated rain rate and weather radar rain rate shows consistency. Wind speed associated with the squall line is estimated based on the CMOD4 wind scatterometer model. The estimated wind speed pattern appears to be in agreement with the observed squall line structure. Possible errors in the wind estimation due to effects of rain are suggested.


The enthusiasm of the late Pere Delattre for the discovery and excavation of Christian remains in Carthage led to some untoward results. Delattre was able to identify a number of important Christian churches mentioned by Augustine and Victor Vitensis in the fifth century, and in particular, he proved spectacularly the association of the Basilica Majorum with the martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas. His methods of excavation, however, were crude even by the standards of fifty years ago. His lack of interest in non-Christian remains and lack of concern for stratigraphy have resulted in the loss of important historical evidence, especially for the transition from pagan to Christian Carthage. Above all, he filled the storage space of the Musee Lavigerie in Carthage with many thousands of ill-recorded and ill-published fragments of inscriptions from sites he had so precipitately excavated. For nearly ten years (1964-74), Mme Ennabli worked with dedication and skill on the task of re-assembling and re-publishing the mass of epigraphic fragments from the ' Sainte Monique ' basilica situated on high ground overlooking the sea just north of the city walls, the results of Delattre's excavations of 1915-20. As she points out, this basilica may be identified with a fair degree of probability with the Memoria marking Cyprian's burial place where Monnica spent a lonely vigil as Augustine boarded ship to Rome in 383 (Conf. v. 8. 15). It stood on the site of earlier pagan buildings (the temple of Securitasi), and a Christian area. Christian burials were located round the entire circumference of the building and some sarcophagi were even inserted into the foundations. Of the 403 separate inscriptions now published, which comprise only a fraction of the total claimed by Delattre as coming from the site, few call for special comment. The great majority are simple burial inscriptions recording the name and age of the deceased with the formula ' fidelis in pace'. The tomb of the archdeacon Redemtus found in a funerary chapel just north of the site provides further evidence for the administration of ecclesiastical regiones in Byzantine Carthage. The material, however, has enabled the editor to trace the gradual evolution of Christian Latin epigraphic script and formulae from the late fourth to the late sixth century (the latest inscription is dated probably 8 January 585). She has produced a mine of information about the names of the Christians and their use of the Latin language. Some names, such as Sabbatius, point to the Jewish heritage of Carthaginian Christianity. This is archaeological salvage at its best, supplementing knowledge of the life of the church in Carthage from material which otherwise would have been dispersed and lost. Mme Ennabli's comments on individual inscriptions are concise and well-documented. Her photographs are of high quality. She provides a full bibliography relating to Christian Carthage. The publication reflects great credit on the editor's scholarly persistence and the production is in the best tradition of the Ecole francaise de Rome.


Amanda halfheartedly works in Legacies, a small Greenwich Village clothing boutique. She's never had a serious involvement, only casual flings. Sam is a midwesterner trying to make it as a reporter in the big city. He just left his hometown girlfriend back in Ohio. Amanda is afraid of commitment, but doesn't know it. Sam is prepared to abandon the budding relationship rather than risk rejection. From New York City's downtown night spots East to Lower East Side Lofts, here is a wry and bittersweet look at the complex 1980s relationships of two people whose own hearts have them terrified. Reviewing her first novel, It Was Gonna be Like Paris, " The New York Times "called Emily Listfield "an accurate, often disarming reporter of her generation's foibles." Variations in the Night continues her contemporary chronicles.


We discuss the sparticle (and Higgs) spectrum in a class of flavor symmetry–based minimal supersymmetric standard models, referred to here as sMSSM. In this framework the SUSY breaking Lagrangian takes the most general form consistent with a grand unified symmetry such as SO (10) and a non-Abelian flavor symmetry acting on the three families with either a 2+1 or a 3 family assignment. Models based on gauged SU (2) and SO (3) flavor symmetry, as well as non-Abelian discrete symmetries such as S 3 and A 4 , have been suggested which fall into this category. These models describe supersymmetry breaking in terms of seven phenomenological parameters. The soft supersymmetry breaking masses at M GUT of all sfermions of the first two families are equal in sMSSM, which differ in general from the corresponding third family mass. In such a framework we show that the muon g − 2 anomaly, the observed Higgs boson mass of ∼ 125 GeV, and the observed relic neutralino dark matter abundance can be simultaneously accommodated. The resolution of the muon g − 2 anomaly in particular yields the result that the first two generation squark masses, as well the gluino mass, should be (cid:46) 2 TeV, which will be tested at LHC14.


Autonomous navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has become in the past decade an extremely attracting topic, also due to the increasing availability of affordable equipment and open-source control and processing software environments. This demand has also raised a strong interest in developing accessible experimental platforms to train engineering students in the rapidly evolving area of autonomous navigation. In this paper, we describe a platform based on low-cost off-the-shelf hardware that takes advantage of the Matlab/Simulink programming environment to tackle most of the problems related to UAV autonomous navigation. More specifically, the subject of this paper is the autonomous control of the flight of a small UAV, which must explore and patrol an indoor unknown environment. Objectives: to analyse the existing hardware platforms for autonomous flight indoors, choose a flight exploration scenario of unknown premises, to formalize the procedure for obtaining a model of knowledge for semantic classification of premises, to formalize obtaining distance to obstacles using data camera horizontally employment and building on its barrier map. Namely, we use the method of image segmentation based on the brightness threshold, a method of training the semantic segmentation network, and computer algorithms in probabilistic robotics for mobile robots. We consider both the case of navigation guided by structural visual information placed in the environment, e.g., contrast markers for flight (such as path marked by a red tape), and the case of navigation based on unstructured information such as recognizable objects or human gestures. Basing on preliminary tests, the most suitable method for autonomous in-door navigation is by using\ object classification and segmentation, so that the UAV gradually analyses the surrounding objects in the room and makes decisions on path planning. The result of our investigation is a method that is suitable to allow the autonomous flight of a UAV with a frontal video camera. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows: we have improved the method of autonomous flight of small UAVs by using the semantic network model and determining the purpose of flight only at a given altitude to minimize the computational costs of limited autopilot capabilities for low-cost small UAV models. The results of our study can be further extended by means of a campaign of experiments in different environments.


2MBCHB Abstract Introduction Burns are a serious public health problem responsible for mortality and morbidity such as infection, contractures, and psycho-social disability. Aims and Objectives To obtain information on non-accidental burn injuries admitted to our burns unit. To record the outcome. Methods All patients with a history of non-accidental burn injuries from January 2019 to August 2020 were prospectively included in this study. A data collection tool was created which consisted of data on age, gender, causative agents of burns, mechanism/circumstances that led to injury, total body surface area (TBSA) involved, and the patient's outcome. Results We admitted 38 patients. 22 males and 16 females. The mechanisms were intimate partner related violence 21, religious and traditional beliefs 5, self-inflicted 3, mob assault 1, robbery 2, alcohol-related conflicts 3, unclear mechanisms 3. The causative agents were scald 20, open flame 15 and chemical burns 3. The median age was 35,63(19-64) years. The median total body surface area was 24,4 (3-80) %. Mortality was 11(29%). Conclusion Burn injuries as a result of intimate partner-related violence were the leading reason for admission at 55,26%. Mortality was highest among those admitted following religious and traditional beliefs burns. The mortality was 29%.


A case series of seven children and adolescents who underwent secondary nerve grafting of median or ulnar nerve is presented. The children were evaluated after a mean follow-up of 7 years, using the Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Rosen–Lundborg outcome scale. The mean DASH outcome was 14.6 and the mean Rosen–Lundborg score was 2.08. A similar study was conducted for comparison in an adult group, with a mean DASH score of 46.3 and Rosen–Lundborg score of 1.3, indicating superior treatment results in children. The treatment outcome after nerve grafting in children did not match, however, to those obtained in the primary suture group.


Blockchain systems benefit from lessons in prior art such as fault tolerance, distributed systems, peer-to-peer systems, and game theory. In this paper we argue that blockchain algorithms should tolerate both rational (self-interested) users and Byzantine (malicious) ones, rather than assuming all non-Byzantine users are altruistic and follow the protocols blindly. Such algorithms are called BAR-tolerant [1]. To design a BAR-tolerant system, one can follow these three steps: clearly define the utility function for the rational users, prove the algorithm is such that there is no benefit from unilaterally deviating (that is, it's a Byzantine Nash Equilibrium), then prove the algorithm correct assuming the rational actors follow the protocol. We present an example attack by rational users: the gatekeeping attack, where members of a system selfishly decide to prevent newcomers from joining. This attack may affect any stake-based system where the existing members prevent newcomers from making a stake, and essentially form a cartel. We then sketch a BAR-tolerant consensus protocol for blockchain that can defend against this attack. It relies on a strict order to decide who gets to propose a new block (so there's no need to race to solve a crypto puzzle) and it relies on hardware ID tokens to make sure every computer is only represented at most once as a block proposer to mitigate Sybil attacks. It also defends against the gatekeeper attack. The BAR-tolerant approach is naturally also applicable to other blockchain algorithms.


The use of a targeting ligand to enhance the delivery of liposomal nanoparticles (LNs) to specific cells in diseased tissue is an attractive strategy that has progressed very slowly since the idea originated over 25 years ago. The slow progress can be attributed, in part, to the difficulties involved in producing well-defined targeted LN systems. This work concerns the development of peptide-based ligands for targeting LNs to cells that overexpress the α[sub v]β₃ integrin, which is considered a unique marker of the tumor-associated endothelium. Initial work focused on using Fab' fragments of monoclonal antibodies as targeting ligands and employing literature techniques for coupling these proteins to lipids that can then be inserted in preformed LNs. However, it was found that the coupling procedures resulted in low yields of poorly defined lipid-ligand conjugates that were difficult to quantitate when incorporated into LN. Attention was then given to the development of a peptide-targeting agent that could be incorporated into an LN at the time that the LN is made. The RGD-containing cyclic peptide, eRGDfK, was employed as the targeting ligand. In order to characterize its binding to the α[sub v]β₃ integrin, a fluorescently labeled analogue, cRGDfK-488, was synthesized and capillary electrophoresis was employed for analysis. This procedure proved advantageous for studying receptor ligand interactions, since it allowed for the binding to be characterized in solution without the need for covalent modification of receptor or ligand. A 2:1 RGD ligand to integrin specific binding stoichiometry was revealed with the second binding event having a similar affinity as the first binding event. The next phase of these studies investigated the ability of cRGDfK-488 to bind to integrins on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) and subsequently undergo endocytosis. This was compared to the binding and uptake properties of a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody, LM609X, which specifically binds α[sub v]β₃ integrin. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, it is shown that the RGD ligand exhibited considerably greater uptake following incubation at endocytosis permitting temperatures (37°C) as compared to endocytosis inhibiting temperatures (4°C). A 7.4-fold increase in uptake of the RGD-lipid was observed following a one-hour incubation with HUVEC at 37°C, as compared to 4°C. In contrast, only a 1.9 fold increase in cell-associated fluorescence was observed on incubation with LM609X at 37°C as compared to 4°C. It is suggested that this ability of RGD ligands to stimulate endocytosis may be of utility for achieving enhanced intracellular delivery of ligand-associated drugs in anti-angiogenic applications. The cyclic peptide was then used to construct a fluorescently labeled RGD-spacer-lipid construct of defined molecular weight that could be incorporated into LN at the time of manufacture. It is shown that the resulting RGD-LNs bind to HUVEC with increasing avidity as the amount of RGD-spacer-lipid…


Pituitary adenoma is the most common intracranial tumor that affects the visual system. A variety of signs and symptoms of disease may be produced, either ocular or endocrine, depending on the type of tumor involved. Nonfunctional pituitary adenomas show no elevation in serum hormone concentration and produce visual symptoms that result from the compression by the tumor mass of adjacent structures. These tumors are more likely to be diagnosed by an ophthalmic clinician than functional adenomas, which cause endocrine dysfunction and are more likely to be diagnosed by an endocrinologist. Diagnostic imaging and clinical laboratory testing may be used to confirm the presence of the tumor. Treatment for pituitary adenoma includes medication, radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these options.


Žabka M., Pavela R. (2018): Effectiveness of environmentally safe food additives and food supplements in an in vitro growth inhibition of significant Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Plant Protect. Sci., 54: 163–173. We tested 38 legislatively recognised substances such as food additives and supplements for antifungal efficacy, with the aim of providing an alternative to synthetic conventional fungicides. These compounds were tested against 9 significant pathogenic fungal species belonging to the significant genera Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus. Of these compounds, 6 are proposed as potential candidates to provide a complementary alternative to conventional fungicides. Natamycin provided extreme efficacy expressed as MIC50 (5–31 μg/ml), followed by BHA and then BHT, CaNa2EDTA, PABA, and chitosan expressed as MIC50 (0.7–1.9 mg/ml). Safety and antifungal activity were discussed in terms of the mode of action and molecular structure, as well as in terms of potential practical use and legislative requirements for the introduction into practice. We presume that food additives and food supplements are definitely a great source of antifungal compounds. In developed areas of the world (e.g. in the EU), they could represent legislatively recognised compounds, so-called basic substances.


Purpose The Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Scoring System (PLUTSS) is a standardized questionnaire used for screening and evaluation of the response of children with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to therapy. We presumed that adding the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) and bladder volume wall index (BVWI) to the PLUTSS would increase its validity in the detection of children with LUTS. Materials and Methods One hundred twenty-two children aged 5 to 15 years with LUTS were enrolled in the study. Seventy-two healthy, age-matched children without urinary complaints were considered as controls. The PLUTSS and CBCL were filled out for all children. Sonography was performed to measure BVWI. Chi-square test and likelihood ratio were used to compare frequencies, receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the correlation, and Cohen's kappa was used to measure the agreement between variables. p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results Behavior problems were significantly more common in children with LUTS than in healthy children (p<0.05). The frequency of thick, thin, and normal BVWIs did not differ significantly in the two groups (p>0.05). ROC analysis showed that there was no correlation between PLUTSS, CBCL, and BVWI in either the LUTS subgroup or in the controls (p>0.05). The PLUTSS had the highest sensitivity and specificity, and adding the two other tests decreased its validity for the diagnosis of children with LUTS. Conclusions The PLUTSS by itself was the best predictor of LUTS. The CBCL and BVWI were not helpful in making a diagnosis; however, the CBCL was useful in the detection of behavior problems in children with non-monosymptomatic enuresis.


The effect of spontaneously generated coherence (SGC) on transient evolution of gain of lasing without inversion (LWI) and modulation roles of the injection rate ratio and exit rate on SGC-dependent gain in an open Ladder type three level system are studied by using the numerical solution of the density matrix motion equation of the system. It was shown that: variation of SGC strength will make the transient and final stationary gains having a considerable changing; when incoherent pumping presents, LWI gain increases with the ratio of injection rates and exit rate decreasing, however, when incoherent pumping is absent, the case is just the opposite; by choosing suitable values of SGC strength, the injection rate ratio and exit rate, we can obtain the largest transient and final stationary gain.


This thesis concerns the growth mechanisms and the physical and electrical properties of dielectric films grown on gallium arsenide in dry oxygen between 350° C and 760° C for times up to 3 hours. Rutherford backscattering of 1.5 MeV helium ions was used to measure the thickness and composition of the films and to ascertain and compare their growth mechanisms on (110) and (100) surfaces of n and p-type bulk and epitaxial material. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices were fabricated from oxidised n-type bulk material and their a. c. and d. c. electrical characteristics were measured at room temperature by capacitance- voltage, capacitance-frequency and voltage-current techniques. Investigations were carried out, also, into the effect on the oxidation rate of implanting foreign ions into the surfaces prior to oxidation. Thirteen species of ions were implanted and, as a result, significant increases and probable reductions in the oxidation rate were obtained. It is shown by the results that native oxides formed thermally on gallium arsenide appear to grow because of indiffusing oxygen reacting with gallium at the substrate-oxide interface. The resulting films consist essentially of but they contain small quantities of arsenic when grown at high temperatures. The growth characteristics of bulk and epitaxial material are similar and do not appear to be affected by the dopant species at the concentrations used in conventional semiconducting material. However, differences between the oxidation rate on (110) and (100) surfaces were observed and are attributed to arsenic outdiffusion and to Strains within the films caused by mismatch between the oxide and substrate lattices. The electrical measurements show that the MOS devices possess field induced hysteresis and small flat band voltages. Their oxide films have breakdown field strengths and dielectric constants which are lower than those of films grown by other methods and which render them unsuitable for use as gate insulators of MOS devices.


Drowsiness varies continuously during daily activities, influencing both efficiency of daily behavior and sleep initiation. Yet, brain and behavioral dynamics underlying wake-sleep transitions, leading to the loss of perceptual awareness, are largely unknown in humans. Across levels of drowsiness we measured muscle and brain responses as participants attempted to detect their own hand movements elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex. Sleep and loss of consciousness processes –motor reorganization and decreased information shared by the brain– emerged through early drowsy states while participants were still conscious and able to take decisions. These findings demonstrate flexible adaption of perceptual processes to the changing neural dynamics of sleep onset long before the loss of responsiveness, and provide a mechanistic explanation for sleepiness affecting daily performance.


Whenever a shipped package crosses the border, logistic companies have to declare importer information for the clearance process. This information is not always provided by the customer, causing delays and additional expenses. Fortunately, importer information can often be inferred from historical shipments. The current technical standard, even in big companies, is to use a feature-weighted nearest neighbor approach based on domain knowledge. Nearest neighbors assume that each sample point is represented independently and is fixed in some high dimensional space. This makes it difficult to integrate higher-order pair-wise relationships such as transaction frequency from shipper to receiver transaction, because the features are now changing dependent on the pairs. This would require a complex ad-hoc feature engineering and metric learning to capture pairwise relationships properly with nearest neighbors. In this paper, we propose a framework for importer prediction based on a pair-wise classification approach that allows us to capture higher order pair-wise relationships. We also incorporate an auxiliary neural network that can reliably reject shipments that our model could not predict well such as shipments with new importers that are not in the historical data. This allows us to pass the difficult cases to a human agent instead of naively making an incorrect prediction. Our proposed pair-wise solution outperforms the industry standard by a significant margin of precision across a wide range of recall values.


Hemin, an oxidant which is mitogenic for lymphocytes, was found to induce cap formation for Con A sites in murine and human lymphocytes and for IgG and Thy 1.2 sites in murine lymphocytes. Doses of hemin which induced capping also induced a redistribution of actin to a detergent-insoluble form. Similar to hemin, we found that heat shock also induced capping of Con A and IgG sites in murine splenocytes, as well as actin redistribution in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Specific inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, termed tyrphostins, were found to inhibit hemin-induced cap formation. In addition, ligand-dependent cap formation was also inhibited by tyrphostins. Hemin-induced cap formation may result from alteration in cytoskeletal structure and distribution. In addition, changes in membrane lipid composition induced by phospholipase C-gamma 1, known to be activated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation, may initiate actin polymerization and membrane-site redistribution.


Abstract Based on first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we systematically studied the potential application of a new two-dimensional carbon allotrope nanomaterial C568 in Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in this paper. Results show that the average adsorption energy of Li over fully-charged monolayer C568 is −0.25 eV, which guarantees the good stability of the C568 during the charging and discharging process. Besides, monolayer C568 exhibits a low barrier of 0.42 eV for Li diffusion. The theoretical capacity of monolayer C568 reaches up to 1373.3 mAhg−1, which is much higher than that of the most reported 2D anode materials. It was found that C568 monolayer has great potential as an attractive anode material for LIBs with the high power density and good rate capacity.


The accuracy of geometric parameters (mainly referred to the incidence angle and measuring distance) in a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) is not only influenced by the TLS intrinsic systematic instrumental error but also the extrinsic received intensity data. However, the current error compensation methods for geometric parameters mainly focus on the calibration of TLS intrinsic systematic instrumental error and rarely consider the extrinsic intensity data correction. For this reason, this article presents a new method integrating the TLS intrinsic systematic instrumental error calibration and extrinsic intensity data correction to compensate the TLS geometric parameter error. The error compensation procedure is implemented as follows. First, the error compensation mathematical model integrated with TLS intrinsic systematic instrumental error calibration parameters and extrinsic intensity data correction coefficient is established. Second, the hybrid harmonic analysis (HA) and the adaptive wavelet neural network (AWNN) algorithm are proposed to calculate the TLS incidence angle error compensation values. Subsequently, the cubic spline interpolation (CSI) is applied to compute the measuring distance error compensate values. Finally, the TLS (model FARO Focus S150) and the hemispherical angle calibration instrument were used to evaluate the proposed compensation method. The experimental results demonstrate that the geometric parameters are significantly influenced by the intensity data received from TLS, and the proposed method can effectively improve the overall accuracy of the TLS incidence angle and measuring distance.


him there is a linear rank ordez of males. Below the males there is an almost linear rank order of females. Then come the juveniles and infants. In order to get on to the male ladder, the juvenile male has to climb up the female ladder rung by rung, dominating each female in turn. Since many of the females are old and very experienced, this is no easy matter for the juvenile—nor is it a very pleasant matter for the senior females to be harassed and overcome by every male as he grows up. In fact the females make it very difficult for them, and use all sorts of tricks to keep the juvenile down ; for instance, just as he is about to assert Superiority over her, she may give the alarm call, so that the well-disciplined male hurries off to take up his defensive post on the perimeter. Of course the juvenile male has several very masculine models to identify with, but the adult males do more than this for him. If he is in difficulties with a parti cularly stubborn female, Jojo, the leader, tends to intervene in the matter and use his dominance to help the juvenile to overcome the awe-inspiring matron. This is fortunate for the juvenile, for until he has climbed up the female ladder his heterosexual function is inhibited. The other point of particular interest is the monkeys' "¿ home range―behaviour. The range of the colony is determined byjojo who, with the help of the other males, marks it out by rubbing with his chest, which contains scent glands. The junior males and females never venture beyond the areas marked out by Jojo. There is a fascinating account of how a new area was added to the home range of the group. Those interested in family and group dynamics can hardly fail to be absorbed by this intimate and personal account of how things are managed by the woolly monkey, or at least by this particular group of them. The best of the book is in Chapters 5, 6 and 9—12; when he strays from description of monkey behaviour the author is not so convincing. It may be felt that the author's family and the spectators have affected the social life somewhat, or that friendship with the monkeys has biased the author's telling of it. But as with studies on our own species, it is very difficult to observe monkeys in any detail without some mutual interaction. In any case, in their native Amazonian forests (where it has not proved possible to observe them) their social life is complicated by interaction with other primates, even though they are unlikely to meet there any thing quite like Leonard Williams.


In their study, Lowenstein et al.1 compared the test–retest reliability of current perception threshold (CPT), using the Neurometer CPT device, to thermal and vibratory testing (quantitative sensory testing, QST). They concluded that, "CPT testing and QST seem to be measuring similar afferent nerve-fiber populations, but QST has better test–retest reliability than CPT testing. . ."1 Although this conclusion concerning a difference in reliability may someday be proven correct, the methods described in their work made that finding almost inevitable. For the QST studies, we are told, "Warm sensation was determined by the method of limits. Temperature was elevated from a level of 32°C at a rate of 1°C/s . . .. Testing was conducted by three different modalities of heat, cold, and vibration stimuli. . .. A course of training stimuli was given to familiarize the women with the measurement." For the CPT determinations, however, we are told, "The subject was instructed to tell the operator when the stimulus was first perceived, while stimulus intensity was slowly increased." So here we have two strikingly different approaches to testing. The first is that, for CPT determinations, the examiner was responsible for slowly increasing the stimulus (which carries no guarantee of uniformity between tests), whereas, for thermal testing, a controlled rate of change was employed. The second difference is that, prior to thermal testing, a "training session" was used to familiarize the subjects with the sensation, yet no such "training" preceded the CPT determinations. Is there any wonder that QST testing had better test–retest reliability than the CPT testing? Given the inequality of the testing methods, it would have been more surprising had the two techniques been found to have equivalent test–retest reliability. Considering the research question being addressed, this was clearly an inappropriate and invalid research design. But what is also surprising is that Lowenstein et al.1 could have employed one of two other programs available with the Neurometer, which would have made the playing field a bit more even. Space does not allow a full description of the programs, so suffice it to say that either one would have eliminated the variability inherent when an examiner "slowly increases" the stimulus level. Instead, the investigators chose the method with the least likely probability of showing consistency. In addition, their study contains two factual errors: The first error is the statement that the perception thresholds were "detected within a range of 0.10 A." The manufacturer makes no such claim for this resolution. The second error is the statement that, "It (CPT testing) has not been standardized. . .." Standardized techniques described by the manufacturer, and by many independent researchers, have been available for years. Finally, the legend for Figure 1B is incorrect. The regression line shown is for vibratory threshold versus 2-kHz sinusoidal current, not 250 Hz as claimed.


In May, 1990, a conference was held at UCLA on the theme of "American Politics in Historical Perspective." Panels were organized on political institutions and social history, on periodization, and on political identity. The panel presentations on political identity are printed below, along with some of the exchanges among the conference group. Slightly edited for clarity, they are offered to readers in the interest of conveying some of the intellectual ferment currently surrounding the focus on political identity and its use as an approach in historical study. The editors of Studies in American Political Development do not endorse any of the views or interpretations expressed.


The utility of Chinese hamsters as a test species for aneuploidy analysis was studied using four chemicals & mdashvincristine, methyl 2‐benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), nocodazole, and cyclophosphamide. Ten or more male Chinese hamsters were used per dose and bone marrow was removed at intervals of 6—96 hr. Slides were coded and 50—100 metaphases were analyzed per animal. A metaphase with more than 22 chromosomes was classified as a hyperploid cell, and the data were evaluated by using a one‐tailed Fisher's exact test. In experiments using vincristine, MBC, and nocodazole, the frequencies of hyperploid cells were 0.43, 1.14, and 0.91%, respectively, for the control groups. In the experiment using cyclophosphamide, the control value frequency was 3.75%. The treated groups showed no significant increase in hyperploid frequencies when compared to concurrent controls at each of the treated times, except the value at 24 hr for the group that had been treated with vincristine at 0.75 mg/kg. However, this increase was not significant when compared to the overall value for pooled controls, with or without the cyclophosphamide control. Therefore, no significant effects due to chemical treatment were obtained in the present study. The results illustrate the extent of animal‐to‐animal as well as experiment‐to‐experiment variability in hyperploid frequencies and the importance of incorporating concurrent controls in assays for aneuploidy.


A determination, in geometric optics approximation, of the forward and backscatter characteristics of spherical overdense clouds having (1) a Gaussian decrease with distance from the center, (2) a sech2, or exponential, decay, and (3) an inverse-square decrease, showed that the backscatter cross section for the inverse-square distribution is always larger than for the other two distributions. As the center-point density increases, the backscatter cross section obtained with the Gaussian sphere most rapidly takes on the characteristics of a conducting sphere, that of the sech2 distribution lags slightly behind, but that of the inverse-square sphere never gets close to the result for a conducting sphere. In forward scatter, the inverse-square distribution shows the largest cross section and a fairly rapid increase with center-point density, the sech2 distribution has an essentially constant cross section, and the Gaussian, which has the lowest forward scatter cross section, shows a slight decrease with center-point density.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main factors that may affect Italian consumers' willingness to eat insects. Italy is a fairly special case among Western countries: in many Italian regions, there is old traditional food with insects.

Design/methodology/approach
Data come from a sample of 456 consumers living in four Italian regions. The empirical investigation involves several steps: modification of class distributions to obtain a balanced sample; model estimation using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; model evaluation using out-of-sample classification performance measures; and estimation of the "effect" of each explanatory variable via average predictive comparisons. The uncertainty associated with the whole procedure is evaluated using the bootstrap.

Findings
The interviewed consumers are generally unwilling to eat insect-based food. However, factors such as previous experience, taste expectations and attitude towards both new food experiences and sustainable food play an important role in shaping individual inclination towards eating insects.

Research limitations/implications
The sample analysed in this study is not representative of the whole national population, as it happens in most papers dealing with entomophagy.

Originality/value
The paper revisits the issue using a relatively large sample and sophisticated statistical methods. The likely average effect of each explanatory variable is estimated and discussed in detail. The results provide interesting insights on how to approach a hypothetical Italian consumer in view of the possible development of a new market for edible insects.


Vocabulary knowledge has indispensable function in learning and using a language. The number of words one knows is really important in how effectively s/he makes use of a particular language. Thus, the current study aimed at investigating the effect of reading on vocabulary learning of the Iranian EFL learners. Sixty female elementary level learners took part in this quasi-experimental study which lasted for one academic semester. The results of the study provided strong support for the effectiveness of reading in vocabulary acquisition. The effectiveness of reading might be due to "a richer grasp of the contextual meaning and use", "the concurrency of the two activities of reading and vocabulary learning" and having "a more learner-centered learning atmosphere".


Obturation is the most important step in the triad of endodontics. Carefully and properly achieved obturation will lead to the formation of "fluid tight seal" which is essential for the success of the endodontic treatment. Over the past decade, the science & practice of root canal therapy has changed dramatically on evidence based protocols to develop highly advanced obturation materials and techniques. Gutta percha with sealer is the most versatile obturating material. But it has very big disadvantage that it does not bond to the root canal dentin. To overcome this drawback, bonded resin materials where developed. Many parelling techniques, materials where developed to improvise the obturation of the root canal. They include heat, injection, vibration, compaction & carrier based system. In this article all the root canal filling materials and techniques available at present are discussed.


Global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. These predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. An expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water with <0.5 ppt or parts per thousand, 0.5–30 ppt and >30 ppt salt are termed fresh, brackish, and saline respectively) will also take place as a result of global warming causing a rise in sea levels in coastal zones. Its possible impact on the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases has, however, not been adequately appreciated. The relevant impacts of global climate change on the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in coastal zones are discussed with reference to the Ross–McDonald equation and modeling studies. Evidence is presented to show that an expansion of brackish water bodies in coastal zones can increase the densities of salinity-tolerant mosquitoes like Anopheles sundaicus and Culex sitiens, and lead to the adaptation of fresh water mosquito vectors like Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus to salinity. Rising sea levels may therefore act synergistically with global climate change to increase the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in coastal zones. Greater attention therefore needs to be devoted to monitoring disease incidence and preimaginal development of vector mosquitoes in artificial and natural coastal brackish/saline habitats. It is important that national and international health agencies are aware of the increased risk of mosquito-borne diseases in coastal zones and develop preventive and mitigating strategies. Application of appropriate counter measures can greatly reduce the potential for increased coastal transmission of mosquito-borne diseases consequent to climate change and a rise in sea levels. It is proposed that the Jaffna peninsula in Sri Lanka may be a useful case study for the impact of rising sea levels on mosquito vectors in tropical coasts.


A new species of genus Megophrys from Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan Province, China is described. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA all clustered the new species as an independent clade nested into the subgenus Panophrys. The smallest genetic distance based on 16S rRNA gene between the new species and its congeners was 3.0%. The new species could be identified from its congeners by a combination of following characters: moderate body size (SVL 31.0-34.8 mm in males); vomerine ridge weak, vomerine teeth absent; dorsal skin relatively smooth; tongue slightly notched behind; tympanum rounded and relatively large, 0.54 times of eye length; a horn-like tubercle on edge of each upper eyelid small; tibio-tarsal articulation reaches middle eye when leg stretched forward; finger tips rounded, not expanded to small pad; toes with narrow fringes and rudimentary webbing; ventral hindlimbs semitransparent purplish with greyish white pigments; ventral body scattered with distinct dark patches in the middle.


A new OSI-based model is described that can be used for the classification of residential gateways. It is applied to analyze current gateway solutions and draw evolutionary paths for the medium to long term. From this it is concluded that particularly set-top boxes and broadband modems, as opposed to game consoles and PCs, have a strong potential to evolve toward gateways that deliver network services to the home on all OSI layers, although they probably will not converge. In our model, we have not found any compelling reasons for the residential gateway industry to support concurrent multiple broadband access network connections on a single residential gateway in the near future.


Background Monitoring critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) in real time is vitally important. Although scoring systems are most often used in risk prediction of mortality, they are usually not highly precise, and the clinical data are often simply weighted. This method is inefficient and time-consuming in the clinical setting. Objective The objective of this study was to integrate all medical data and noninvasively predict the real-time mortality of ICU patients using a gradient boosting method. Specifically, our goal was to predict mortality using a noninvasive method to minimize the discomfort to patients. Methods In this study, we established five models to predict mortality in real time based on different features. According to the monitoring, laboratory, and scoring data, we constructed the feature engineering. The five real-time mortality prediction models were RMM (based on monitoring features), RMA (based on monitoring features and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE]), RMS (based on monitoring features and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA]), RMML (based on monitoring and laboratory features), and RM (based on all monitoring, laboratory, and scoring features). All models were built using LightGBM and tested with XGBoost. We then compared the performance of all models, with particular focus on the noninvasive method, the RMM model. Results After extensive experiments, the area under the curve of the RMM model was 0.8264, which was superior to that of the RMA and RMS models. Therefore, predicting mortality using the noninvasive method was both efficient and practical, as it eliminated the need for extra physical interventions on patients, such as the drawing of blood. In addition, we explored the top nine features relevant to real-time mortality prediction: invasive mean blood pressure, heart rate, invasive systolic blood pressure, oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, balance of input and output, total input, invasive diastolic blood pressure, and noninvasive mean blood pressure. These nine features should be given more focus in routine clinical practice. Conclusions The results of this study may be helpful in real-time mortality prediction in patients in the ICU, especially the noninvasive method. It is efficient and favorable to patients, which offers a strong practical significance.


Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists regulate testicular interstitial fluid (tIF) volume, most probably via specific receptors on Leydig cells. The aim of this study was to confirm the interaction between GnRH and Leydig cells in regulation of testicular fluid, and to examine the effects on serum proteins in testis. Unilateral intratesticular injection of a GnRH agonist (100 ng/testis) caused a 50% reduction in tIF volume within 2 hours. Destruction of Leydig cells by treatment with ethane dimethane sulfonate also caused a similar decline in tIF volume; however, GnRH agonist treatment had no additional influence on this response in Leydig cell-depleted testes. GnRH agonist treatment had no effect on serum protein permeability in testis as indicated by maintenance of the tIF/serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration gradient. Injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 100 IU) had no effect on tIF volume at 2 hours, but increased the permeability of the testicular vasculature to serum IgG. At 20 hours after hCG injection, tIF volume was increased twofold, while the testicular permeability barrier to IgG appeared to have been restored. These data indicate that the acute inhibitory action of GnRH on vascular fluid permeability is dependent upon Leydig cells, confirming that these cells are the primary site of GnRH action on testicular vasculature. The data also indicate that supraphysiological doses of hCG cause a rapid increase in testicular permeability to serum proteins, which occurs prior to the well-characterized stimulation of tIF volume. These data provide further evidence that the concentration of serum proteins in tIF and the volume of tIF are both under regulatory control involving Leydig cells, but are independently regulated.


Traumatic human dental injuries involving the pulp might necessitate direct capping procedures. This clinical study aimed to analyse the histological outcomes using two different direct capping materials. Twenty patients with bilateral premolars, scheduled for orthodontic extraction, were selected. The teeth were treated either using ProRoot MTA or RetroMTA. All patients were recalled after 30 and 60 days for teeth extraction. The histopathologically stained specimens were blindly evaluated using hard tissue bridge formation, inflammatory reaction and pulpal findings criteria. Data were evaluated statistically. Results: After 60 days, only the parameter for hard tissue bridge formation showed significant difference in the ProRoot MTA group (p = 0.010), while both direct capping materials performed similarly regarding inflammatory pulp reaction and pulpal findings. Although, during the first 30 days, RetroMTA presented better results in terms of continuity, morphology, hard tissue bridge localisation, and extension/general state of the inflammatory reaction, the continuity was better at 60 days when ProRoot MTA was applied. Treatment with RetroMTA healed the pulpal tissue faster compared with ProRoot MTA but it seemed to be rather a reparative process.


Renowned economic historian and clergyman William Cunningham (1849–1919) published this work in 1896, which is considered a companion volume to his seminal Essay on Western Civilisation. Educated at Edinburgh, Cambridge and TA¼bingen, Cunningham wrote widely on theology and economics. He was a Cambridge lecturer and fellow at Trinity, Professor of Economics at King's College London, a teacher at Harvard, a founding fellow of the British Academy, and President of the Royal Historical Society. Favouring historical empiricism over deductive theory, his work, labelled neo-mercantilist, was against laissez-faire and favoured economic regulation, social religion, and conservative incremental change. This book outlines these views as part of an analysis of the basic units of economic life - exchange, possessions, money, credit, selling, price, labour, trade, profit, interest, rent, wages - and how these interact within capitalism. The work strongly influenced contemporary thought and remains relevant in the historiography of economics.


Allowing for variations in behaviour across respondents is one of the most fundamental principles in discrete choice modelling, given that the assumption of a purely homogeneous population cannot in general (or ever) be seen to be valid. Two approaches have classically been used to address this problem; the use of deterministic segmentations of the population, and the use of a random continuous representation of variations in tastes across respondents. In this paper, we discuss an alternative approach, based on the use of discrete mixtures of underlying GEV models over a finite set of distinct support points. The paper presents two applications; one illustrating the performance of the model with the help of simulated data, and one showing, on real data, how the model can be used to test the validity of hypotheses such as the presence of individuals with zero valuations of travel-time changes.


Efficient synthesis of several new atropisomeric amino alcohols having 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole skeleton are reported. Steric arrangements of the products were confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray measurement. The consequences of the size of the N-substituents on enantioinduction were examined by employing the enantioselective catalytic addition of diethylzinc to a series of substituted benzaldehydes (yields 91-97%, up to 85% enantiomeric excess). The special effect of the ortho methoxy group of the substrate on the enantioinduction is also interpreted.


The authors describe the reactivation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in three patients with lesions in the prefronto-subcortical circuits after decades of being asymptomatic. The patients also reported the emergence of new OCD symptoms and motor/phonic tics as well as mental rituals thematically related to the negative experience of suffering cognitive and motor deficits.


Background This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the knowledge structure and research hotspots of ophthalmology in the field of neuroscience through bibliometric and visual analysis. Methods We searched the Web of Science Core Collection database for articles from 2002 to 2021 related to ophthalmology in the field of neuroscience. Using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, bibliometric analysis was conducted on the number of annual ophthalmology publications, authors, organizations, countries, journals, cited references, keywords, and burst keywords. Results A total of 9,179 articles were published from 34,073 authors, 4,987 organizations, and 87 countries. The cited references in these articles were published in 23,054 journals. Moreover, there were 30,864 keywords among the 9,179 articles. Notably, scholars have increasingly begun paying attention to ophthalmology in the field of neuroscience in the past 20 years. Claudio Babiloni published the most articles. The University of Washington had the greatest number of articles. The United States, Germany, and England led in the number of articles published. The Journal of Neuroscience was the most cited. The article with the highest outbreak intensity was an article published by Maurizio Corbetta in Nature Reviews Neuroscience in 2002 entitled "Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain." The most important keyword was the brain, and the top burst keyword was functional connectivity. Conclusion This study visualized ophthalmology research in the field of neuroscience through bibliometric analysis and predicted potential research trends in future to help clinicians and basic researchers provide diversified perspectives and further carry out in-depth research on ophthalmology.


namely the ICF. This information provides a clear representation of the content of each measure. Our findings show that the majority of pain-related measures address pain intensity and pain location as opposed to functional impact of pain in everyday activities. Using a common framework allows comparisons across measures and help professionals seeking appropriate measures to meet their research and clinical needs.


Currently in the United States, periodic sensor recalibration is required for all safety-related sensors, typically occurring at every refueling outage; and it has emerged as a critical path item for shortening outage duration in some plants. International application of calibration monitoring has shown that sensors may operate for longer periods within calibration tolerances. This issue is expected to also be important as the United States looks to the next generation of reactor designs (such as small modular reactors and advanced reactor concepts), given the anticipated longer refueling cycles, proposed advanced sensors, and digital instrumentation and control systems. Online monitoring (OLM) can be employed to identify those sensors that require calibration, allowing for calibration of only those sensors that need it. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) accepted the general concept of OLM for sensor calibration monitoring in 2000, but no U.S. plants have been granted the necessary license amendment to apply it. This paper summarizes a recent state-of-the-art assessment of online calibration monitoring in the nuclear power industry, including sensors, calibration practice, and OLM algorithms. This assessment identifies key research needs and gaps that prohibit integration of the NRC-approved online calibration monitoring system in the U.S. nuclear power industry. Several technical needs were identified, including an understanding of the impacts of sensor degradation on measurements for both conventional and emerging sensors; the quantification of uncertainty in online calibration assessment; determination of calibration acceptance criteria and quantification of the effect of acceptance criteria variability on system performance; and assessment of the feasibility of using virtual sensor estimates to replace identified faulty sensors in order to extend operation to the next convenient maintenance opportunity.