We have implemented a self-contained package for DNA microarray analysis in R. The package is named aroma and is formerly known as com.braju.sma. The purpose of the package is to provide end-users with easy access to the latest statistical tools and methods, to provide other statisticians with a structured platform to develop and test new analysis methods, and to make our methods available to an audience as broad as possible. In turn, this give us most valuable feedback for improving the package and its algorithms. The package provides methods for low-level analysis and pre-processing of spotted microarray data with two or more channels, although the recent methods are applicable to single-channel microarrays as well. Many of the commonly known and widely used normalization methods have been implemented as well as our own normalization and calibration methods in both early and mature versions. A few high-level analysis methods do exist. Import and export of microarray data is supported for most free and commercial file formats. Support for new ones can easily be added. Connectivity to other microarray analysis platforms based on relational databases is planned. For exploratory data analysis, the package provides a large set of methods for visualization of data with automatic graphical annotations. Textual and symbolic annotation of graphs is straightforward. Generated graphics can be exported for on-screen presentations and high-resolution printed publications. Report generators for simultaneously creating documents in plain text, HTML, and LaTeX are available, making it easy to create batch analysis scripts. Detailed documen-tation with code examples and references to the literature are included. In order to provide time and memory efficient algorithms, an object-oriented design and implementation utilizing reference variables has been used. In addition, to minimize the risk for programming mistakes, a consistent application protocol interface (API) was developed by enforcing an R coding convention.This will make it possible for a new user to quickly become familiar with the structure of classes and methods enhancing overall productivity. To further minimize the risk for programming errors, method arguments are validated as far as possible and explanatory error messages are used. Priority is also on backward compatibility with previous versions, compatibility with other packages, and potential future packages. The package does not provide a graphical user interface (GUI) per se, but the object-oriented API and the fact that reference variables are used make it easy for third-party developers to implement a GUI for, say, everyday high-throughput normalization. The package is available online as open source written in 100% R for maximum accessibility on all platforms. Installation is straightforward. (Less)


In this study, to estimate the biodegradability of sewage discharged intermittently, field scale sampling and analysis was conducted and the results were obtained as follows. According to results of the biodegradability of sewage discharged intermittently, average concentration of TCODcr is 325.5mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 100%. Also, average concentration of SCODcr resulted 135.9mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 41.8%. Average concentration of Ss showed 74.1mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 22.8%. Average concentration of was analyzed to be 61.8mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction was calculated to 19.0%. Xs which is particulate matter was analyzed to show 27.8mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction also showed 8.5%. Average concentration of is 103.4mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 31.8%. Inert particulate matter showed that average concentration of is 58.5mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 18.0%. Accordingly, dissolved biodegradable organic matter showed the ratio of 41.8%, and readily biodegradable matter among this showed 22.8%. Thus intermittent inflow is expected to have less effect with regards equalization by organic loading rate of influent.


Concerning the question of associations between HLA-antigens and idiopathic disturbancies of the spermatogenesis the HLA-ABC and DR-antigens were determined in 65 patients. All patients had less than 5 mio/ml spermatozoa in at least two semen samples. Significantly higher frequencies of certain HLA antigens were not found within the group of patients, when compared with unrelated healthy control individuals. Suggestions from other authors, that a part of idiopathic spermatogenetic disorders are associated with HLA-antigens, are not confirmed by our results. One family in which three brothers suffered from azoospermia was also HLA-typed. None of the four parental haplotypes was shared by all of the three brothers.


Written for the owners and officers of any Registered Investment Advisory firm, this book seeks to provide the answers you need to safeguard your firms reputation and maintain your clients trust. With over 35 combined years of reviewing and protecting RIA firms, we understand the unique cyber security threats, compliance regulations, and resource constraints facing RIA firms, which compelled us to share our knowledge. In this book you will find the most common Red Flags that weve discovered assessing RIA firms technology and infrastructure. These Red Flags fall into 4 categories which pose the largest technology risks to your RIA firm. * Backups: Securing and storing copies of your data * Disaster Recovery: Recovering data and getting back up and running after a disaster * IT Compliance: Implementing and enforcing controls to comply with industry regulations * Cyber Security: Eliminating risk to protect sensitive financial data from cyber attacks Our hope is that by reading this book, youll become better educated on the technology risks threatening your firm so you can proactively take action to protect your firms valuable internal and client related data, meet all regulatory compliance standards, and sleep better at night. Richard Mabbun is CEO and co-founder of ITEGRIA, a firm which offers technology and security support services exclusively to RIA firms. He has over two decades of experience in deploying technology to address compliance issues affecting the financial services market in general and independent investment advisors specifically. Richard is a frequent invited speaker on the subject of technology efficiencies, challenges, and risks to RIA offices. Julian Makas is COO and co-founder of ITEGRIA. He is an enthusiastic leader and manager who has worked the entire spectrum of information technology helping corporations and SMBs attain their goals of implementing secure technologies and systems. With over 18 years of in-depth information systems exposure, Julian frequently speaks on topics such as cyber-security and his firsthand experience on how drastically the evolution of technology has affected the world around us. Both Richard and Julian share a passion for leveling the playing field and providing technology solutions, management and expertise for small and mid-sized investment advisory firms.


The fast rate of technological development in today's modern, digitalized society provides new opportunities and challenges for the future of geography education. The availability of geographic applications and geographical information systems (GIS) also create many interesting possibilities for the analysis, interpretation and production of geographic information (GI). The objective of this paper is to explore and discuss how a digital GIS portfolio can be used as an educational method for teaching and learning about the use of GIS. In this study, a design-based research (DBR) approach is used to develop a portfolio model for use in a Geomedia course in an upper secondary school setting. The design process occurred during January 2019 with pre-service teachers (n=8) and Geography teachers (n=2) at a university in Finland. There were six development cycles including problem analysis, design process and design solutions. The idea of a DBR approach is not only to create instructional materials to support students´ in their learning and development of GIS skills, but also to be an educative process for pre-service teachers who have minimal experience in teaching GIS skills. The digital GIS portfolio model follows Bloom´s taxonomy and includes progressively more demanding, inquiry-based activities for students. The digital GIS portfolio as a pedagogical practice was tested during Spring semester in 2019 with students (n=17) who were completing a Geomedia course at a local upper secondary school. It turned out that the use of a digital GIS portfolio is a very promising method for GIS education. Use of the portfolio improved student competence at using GIS; it developed student motivation to learn about GIS; and increased students' perceptions about the importance of GIS. However, a teacher-centred approach for teaching about GIS skills was also considered to be very important. The results of this study provide practical knowledge for Geography teachers and useful advice for developing teacher training in Geography.


Geochemical (atomic absorption, neutron activation analyses), mineralogical (microprobe), and radiometric C! Ar) data are presented for five basalts from the Guatemala Trench area (Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 84). Strong geochemical and mineralogical differences distinguish two types among these basalts: (1) One basalt (Sample 567A-19.CC), recovered below Upper Cretaceous limestone has the following characteristics: it is quartz normative and has low TiO, content, as well as low amounts of Cr, Ni and other transition metals, an LREE depleted pattern, and affinities of clinopyroxene phenocryst plotted into the field of tholeiitic and calc-alkalic pyroxenes. (2) Four alkaline basalts, recovered from the mafic and ultramafic acoustic basement, are nepheline normative and show high TiO2 content, high amounts of Cr, Ni and so on, an LREE enriched pattern and compositions of clinopyroxene phenocryst plotted close to or within the field of alkali basalt pyroxenes. These basalts are comparable to those recognized in the lower part of the Santa Elena complex and are clearly different from the oceanic basalts of the Cocos Plate. The radiometric age of the orogenic basalt seems to be close to 80 Ma. The alkaline basalts are clearly older, even if a discrepancy appears between the results of different analyses because of the secondary effects of alteration.


Background: COPD represents a major public health problem worldwide because of its high prevalence and socio-economic repercussions. In Tunisia, few studies focused on the burden of this disease. We aimed to estimate the cost of ICU hospitalization due to COPD exacerbation; then to investigate higher cost associated factors. Methods: This retrospective study included all patients admitted in ICU) of Abderrahmen Mami hospital for COPD exacerbation, between, January 1st and December 31, 2016. We estimated of the cost of the hospitalization based on all prescribed laboratory tests, treatments, consumable necessary for their use as well as all complementary examinations and explorations carried out during the ICU-stay. An univariate analysis was performed to determine higher cost associated factors. The estimated cost was expressed in Tunisian dinars(TND) and in Euros(€) according to change course in 2016 (1€=2.43 TND). Results: We included 190 patients aged of 67±11 years and 85% of them was men. All patients had an acute respiratory failure, 40 of them were in coma and 14 were in shock. The mean length of ICU stay was 9.2 ± 9 days. The mean cost of COPD exacerbation hospitalisation in ICU was 2471±2517 TND(1017±1036€). The daily mean cost per patient was 333±210 TND(137±86€). Total expenses in 2016 for COPD exacerbation in ICU was 469735 TND(193307€). Higher mean cost associated factors were: need to invasive mechanical ventilation (3505TND vs 1370TND;p Conclusions: The estimated cost of exacerbations of COPD in intensive care is very high.To reduce these costs, optimization of non-invasive ventilation should be promoted.


Mo thin films were deposited on sodalime glass (SLG) substrates using direct-current planar magnetron sputtering, with a sputtering power density of 1.18 W/cm. The working gas (Ar) pressure was varied from 0.6 mtorr to 16 mtorr to gain a better understanding of the effect of sputtering pressure on the morphology and microstructure of the Mo. Thin films of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) were deposited on the Mo-coated glass using the 3-stage coevaporation process. The morphology of both the Mo-coated SLG and the CIGS thin films grown on it was examined using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The film microstructure, such as the preferred orientation, and the residual intrinsic stress were examined by X-ray diffraction.


Background and Aims: Pancreatic surgery challenges perioperative glucose management by abrupt changes in endogenous insulin stores, surgical stress, medication and nutritional support. We hypothesize that fully closed-loop (CL) insulin delivery, compared to usual care, may better accomodate the complex needs of this population.
 Methods: In this subpopulation analysis of a randomized controlled trial (NCT04361799) we compared the CamAPS HX fully CL system using subcutaneous faster insulin aspart (CL) with standard insulin treatment (control) in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. Glucose control was assessed using the Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring (blinded in the control group) from hospital admission to discharge (max 20 days) .
 Results: Twelve patients (6 per group, 58% female, mean±SD age 69±18 years, BMI 27.3±3.9 kg/m2, HbA1C 7.8±2.0 %, 66 % total pancreatectomy) were analyzed. Median [IQR] %time in target glucose range (5.6-10.0mmol/L) was 76.5 [75.3; 80.3] % with CL vs. 45.6 [24.1; 55.5] % with control (P=0.005) . Time in hypoglycemia (<3.9mM and <3.0mM) did not differ between groups (P=0.81 and P=0.46) . No study-related serious adverse events occurred in either group.
 Conclusions: Perioperative fully CL in patients undergoing partial or total pancreatectomy improves glucose control compared to standard insulin therapy without a higher risk of hypoglycemia.

 D.Herzig: None. R.Hovorka: Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company, Other Relationship; CamDiab Ltd., Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Medtronic, Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk. A.Vogt: None. L.Bally: None. S.Suhner: None. L.Cecchini: None. J.L.Roos: None. D.Schürch: None. C.Nakas: None. G.Beldi: None. B.Gloor: None. M.E.Wilinska: Consultant; CamDiab Ltd.

 Swiss Helmut Horten Foundation;Swiss Foundation for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care;Product support by Dexcom Inc.;


This study investigates the Granger-causality relationship between real per capita GDP and real per capita health care expenditure by employing a large macro panel data set with a VAR representation. The findings verify that the dominant type of Granger-causality is bidirectional. In instances that we found one-way causality, the pattern is not homogenous: Our analyses show that one-way causality generally runs from income to health in low- and middle-income countries whereas the reverse holds for high-income countries. Accordingly, care must be paid in defining the dependent and independent variables when specifying the determinants of health care expenditure.


ABSTRACT Vegetative incompatibility is a programmed cell death reaction that occurs when fungal cells of unlike genotypes fuse. Genes defining vegetative incompatibility (het genes) are highly polymorphic, and most if not all incompatibility systems include a protein partner bearing the fungus-specific domain termed the HET domain. The nonallelic het-C/het-E incompatibility system is the best-characterized incompatibility system in Podospora anserina. Cell death is triggered by interaction of specific alleles of het-C, encoding a glycolipid transfer protein, and het-E, encoding a HET domain and a WD repeat domain involved in recognition. We show here that overexpression of the isolated HET domain from het-E results in cell death. This cell death is characterized by induction of autophagy, increased vacuolization, septation, and production of lipid droplets, which are hallmarks of cell death by incompatibility. In addition, the HET domain lethality is suppressed by the same mutations as vegetative incompatibility, but not by the inactivation of het-C. These results establish the HET domain as the mediator of cell death by incompatibility and lead to a modular conception of incompatibility systems whereby recognition is ensured by the variable regions of incompatibility proteins and cell death is triggered by the HET domain.


Study in correlation between economic pressure and coping mechanism and its impact to family welfare in peasant in Indonesia are still less likely to be done. The general objective of this research was to analyze the correlation between economic pressure, financial management, and coping mechanism with family welfare of plantation women workers. This was cross sectional study that involved 87 families of plantation women workers who had under-6 years old children as samples. The data which was collected in April 2008 consists of primary and secondary data. The primary data consists of economic pressure, financial management, and coping mechanism that taken by using structured questionnaire. Result of the research shows that there are significant correlation between family size with economic pressure and between economic pressure with family welfare. It means that the bigger family size, then higher level economic pressure, and then lower the level of family welfare. There are positive significant correlation between education level with financial management and between financial management with family welfare. There are also negative significant correlation between sample's age with subjective and objective economic pressure, and positive significant correlation between economic pressure with coping mechanism in reducing food and non-food


Large-scale of solar power plants will continue to grow, especially in the tropical area. The increasing number of solar power plants required workers who have competence in operating these solar power plants. In order to prepare workers who have the ability to operate the solar power plants, prospective workers can be trained during the study period or in special training.
The purpose of this research was to conceptualized the design of teaching factory practice tools concept by focused on the operating system of a solar power plant. The method used in this research, started with a literature study in order to obtained the information about the system requirements to be design. Then continued with the observation and interviews consecutively. In this study, the observation was made on the "XYZ" solar power plant with a capacity of 21MWp and interviewed to obtained information about the equipment and competencies was needed. Then the concept of a practical tools that meet the required competencies was designed using the Backward Chaining method. The results obtained was a concept design of the practical tools that can describe the operating conditions of a large-scale solar power plant based on Teaching Factory learning method.


Typically, right heart failure (RHF) may occur following left heart failure (LHF) in chronic volume overload states such as chronic severe mitral regurgitation (MR) through chronically elevated pulmonary pressures. In Lutembacher syndrome (LS), the direct shunting through a secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) results in congestive heart failure in the setting of severe mitral stenosis (MS) with or without elevated pulmonary arterial or venous pressures. We report a rare case of severe isolated RHF and bi-atrial enlargement resulting from the direct shunting through a secundum type ASD in the presence of a severe eccentric primary MR. There are no significant cases documented like this after a thorough search using PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. A review of the literature suggests that LS is also caused by a combination of mitral regurgitation and a secundum-type atrial septal defect without mitral stenosis, though rarely. Because this is a primary MR, we feel it is a case of LS with MR, ruling out a combination of secondary MR and secundum-type atrial septal defect.


Out of 1,400 Holter ECGs, 15 records revealed arrhythmias which would be responsible for faint attack, including 8 sick sinus syndrome with cardiac arrest, 4 non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), 2 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and 1 paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. All of cardiac arrest corresponding to faint attack lasted for longer than 4 sec, and an averaged duration of the arrest was 5.8 +/- 2.3 sec. This was significantly longer than that with no subjective symptoms, 3.4 +/- 0.7 sec. Duration and rate of VT did not show any significant relationship with faint attack. The result suggests that cardiac arrest is mostly responsible for arrhythmia-induced involvement of cerebral circulation and faint attack. It is also suggested that cardiac arrest longer than 4 sec should be extensively treated including pacemaker implantation.


We obtain the activity coefficients and lower bounds to the solubility of CaCl2 in aqueous solutions at temperatures between 298.15 and 473.15 K using molecular simulations with three previously developed nonpolarizable force fields. We find that a scaled-charge force field gives incorrect activity coefficients at low concentration and has a different absolute chemical potential than experiments, but still predicts an accurate solubility for the calcium chloride dihydrate. The two full-charge models have chemical potentials and activity coefficients closer to experiments, but there is considerable variation between them, with the chemical potentials differing by over 100 kJ·mol−1. The slow dynamics of the full-charge models at high concentrations are unrealistic and require advanced sampling methods to obtain the activity coefficients. We find that development of polarizable models is likely necessary to accurately represent both thermodynamic and transport properties of divalent electrolyte solutions.


Three-dimensional (3D) data about forest captured by airborne laser scanning (ALS) have revolutionized forest management planning. Accurate, updated large-scale maps of forest variables produced with low costs today support greatly improved decisions about silvicultural treatments compared to the past practice based on field surveyed data only. These maps usually lack important information about forest age and site productivity, as this cannot be accurately assessed from the available ALS data. In Sweden, ALS has recently been performed nation-wide, except the mountainous area, to produce a new and accurate digital terrain model (DTM). This DTM enables extremely cost-efficient extraction of 3D data about the forest from other sources than ALS, such as automatic stereo-matching of aerial images as well as from single-pass spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). In contrast to ALS, these data sources can provide low-cost time-series of 3D data. Aerial images of Sweden are often available in archives back to approximately 1960, and the TanDEM-X SAR system has the potential to provide new data every second week over large areas. These data have a potentially high value for forest management planning, since they may provide missing and highly important information - forest site productivity, Site Index (SI) and forest age. This pilot study explores a least-squares minimization approach to estimate forest age and SI from time series of 3D data produced by 1) image matching of DMC aerial images, and 2) TanDEM-X SAR data.


When an agent cannot represent a perfectly accurate model of its environment's dynamics, model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) can fail catastrophically. Planning involves composing the predictions of the model; when flawed predictions are composed, even minor errors can compound and render the model useless for planning. Hallucinated Replay (Talvitie 2014) trains the model to "correct" itself when it produces errors, substantially improving MBRL with flawed models. This paper theoretically analyzes this approach, illuminates settings in which it is likely to be effective or ineffective, and presents a novel error bound, showing that a model's ability to self-correct is more tightly related to MBRL performance than one-step prediction error. These results inspire an MBRL algorithm for deterministic MDPs with performance guarantees that are robust to model class limitations.


We study the magnetic state of a thin film undergoing a reorientation transition, in the plane defined by the temperature T and the thickness N. In going beyond free spin wave theory, three distinct regions are found: one with perpendicular magnetization; one with in-plane magnetization and a third (high T)-region with no magnetization. We are able to determine the boundaries between these regions and the resulting phase diagram agrees with the existing experimental data. A possible maximum in the reorientation transition TR(N) is predicted. Further experimental work is necessary to check this possibility.


This paper is aimed at presenting a set of solution for current Muslim communities' limited economic performance on entrepreneurial ideas. Library research is applied in this paper to do so. Firstly this paper oversees the nature of entrepreneurship and its development through Islamic teaching and history. Secondly it discusses current condition in Islamic countries regarding their economic performance, cooperation and further challenges. Thirdly it deals with the efforts to initiate entrepreneurship in Islamic communities mainly through academic process provided by higher education institutions. The results suggest that entrepreneurship has played important roles in economic development since primarily entrepreneurs are able to implement new ideas to work. Islam has also put great attention to entrepreneurship as seen in the Holy Koran verses and Prophet Teachings. Nowadays, Muslims live more individualistically; each of them live-in very different conditions based on their economic achievement with very limited cooperation among them. Some challenges arise to improve their competitiveness to attract investment as well as cooperation among them. Higher education institutions in Muslim-majority countries are expect to initiate Islamic entrepreneurship through their curriculum to prepare young entrepreneur Muslim generations that could give direct contributions to stimulate business. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Muslim Communities, curriculum.


Abstract This paper explores the potential of a strategy for achieving infill development in Australian greyfield suburbs in which redesigned, ecologically enhanced urban parks, in areas with reasonable access to public transport, are employed to encourage, catalyze, and ultimately support, residential densification. This process involves the upzoning of a walkable catchment of selected greyfield urban parks to higher residential densities than the market is currently delivering. To encourage this upzoning in the local community, local parks are redesigned using an ecological-oriented approach that seeks to enhance both their ecological and social values. The parks' redesign is likely to lead to an increase in land values, which, in turn, is anticipated to catalyze redevelopment. In combination with increased zoning densities, this strategy is hypothesized to lead to greater densification. It is proposed that, as the densification occurs, a needs-based assessment is conducted to determine the park equipment required by the increased park catchment population. The potential of this process is explored in an illustrative planning exercise in the local government area of Bayswater (Perth, Western Australia), which has significant infill targets and a large amount of sports field-dominated parkland. The paper concludes by arguing that a strategy of densification around public open space could potentially aid in greyfield suburbs achieving their infill targets, as well as lead to improved social and ecological outcomes.


Background. Existing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening models mostly focus on the adenoma pathway of CRC development, overlooking the serrated neoplasia pathway, which might result in overly optimistic screening predictions. In addition, Bayesian inference methods have not been widely used for model calibration. We aimed to develop a CRC screening model accounting for both pathways, calibrate it with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods, and validate it with large CRC screening trials. Methods. A discrete event simulation (DES) of the CRC natural history (DECAS) was constructed using the adenoma and serrated pathways in R software. The model simulates CRC-related events in a specific birth cohort through various natural history states. Calibration took advantage of 74 prevalence data points from the German screening colonoscopy program of 5.2 million average-risk participants using an ABC method. CRC incidence outputs from DECAS were validated with the German national cancer registry data; screening effects were validated using 17-y data from the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening sigmoidoscopy trial and a German screening colonoscopy cohort study. Results. The Bayesian calibration rendered 1,000 sets of posterior parameter samples. With the calibrated parameters, the observed age- and sex-specific CRC prevalences from the German registries were within the 95% DECAS-predicted intervals. Regarding screening effects, DECAS predicted a 41% (95% intervals 30%–51%) and 62% (95% intervals 55%–68%) reduction in 17-y cumulative CRC mortality for a single screening sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, respectively, falling within 95% confidence intervals reported in the 2 clinical studies used for validation. Conclusions. We presented DECAS, the first Bayesian-calibrated DES model for CRC natural history and screening, accounting for 2 CRC tumorigenesis pathways. The validated model can serve as a valid tool to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of CRC screening strategies. Highlights This article presents a new discrete event simulation model, DECAS, which models both adenoma-carcinoma and serrated neoplasia pathways for colorectal cancer (CRC) development and CRC screening effects. DECAS is calibrated based on a Bayesian inference method using the data from German screening colonoscopy program, which consists of more than 5 million first-time average-risk participants aged 55 years and older in 2003 to 2014. DECAS is flexible for evaluating various CRC screening strategies and can differentiate screening effects in different parts of the colon. DECAS is validated with large screening sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy clinical study data and can be further used to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of German colorectal cancer screening strategies.


The objective of this experiment was to study the influence of six haying and four storage periods on the chemical composition and mold growth of alfafa hay. A 6x4 factorial arrangement was used in a completely randomized design, with five replicates for chemical analyses and four replicates for mold determinations. The haying methods were: T1- (shade, S) shade-drying; the forage was carried to a barn immediately after cutting and spreaded (S); T2 and T3: the material was sun-dried until a 50% weight loss and was shade-dried thereafter; T2 was spreaded (sun 50%, S) and T3 was piled up (sun 50%, P). Treatments T4 and T5 consisted of sun-drying and revolving the forage until a 60% weight loss and then completing the drying process under shade, with the material either spreaded (T4, sun 60%, S) or piled up (T5, sun 60%, P). T6 consisted of sun-drying until an 80% loss and then piling up under shade (sun 80%, P). The four storage periods were: 0, 15, 30 and 60 days. It was observed that the hays originating from the longest sun-drying periods showed the worst quality in terms of CP, NDF and ADF. Mold occurrence was highest in the shade-dried hay (T1) and also in the piled-up material, due to lack of ventilation necessary for moisture removal. The most adequate method for alfalfa conservation consisted of sun-drying the forage until a 50% weight loss, followed by shade-drying of the spreaded material.


Multiradio wireless mesh network (WMN) is a feasible choice for several applications, as routers with multiple network interface cards have become cheaper. Routing in any network has a great impact on the overall network performance, thus a routing protocol or algorithm for WMN should be carefully designed taking into account the specific characteristics of the network. In addition, in wireless networks, serious unfairness can occur between users if the issue is not addressed in the network protocols or algorithms. In this paper, we are proposing a novel centralized routing algorithm, called Subscriber Aware Fair Routing in WMN (SAFARI), for multiradio WMN that assures fairness, leads to a feasible scheduling, and does not collapse the aggregate network throughput with a strict fairness criterion. We show that our protocol is feasible and practical, and exhaustive simulations show that the performance is improved compared to traditional routing algorithms.


Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic disease with complex transmission cycle. Some environmental and socioeconomic factors are known to be the major determinants of the transmission process, which are involved in configuring the spatiotemporal patterns and thus can be delimiting. However, the relevance of these socioeconomic and environmental determinants is still not well understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the major environmental and socioeconomic determinants of CL in Brazil by articulating a systematic literature review of studies that are based on this subject. The methodology included a search for studies according to a structured protocol using the scientific platforms, such as Scielo and PubMed. The references of each identified article were who referred to CL determinants were further screened, and so on. We extracted information from 41 articles and the determinants were grouped accordingly. Two measures were evaluated as follows: a) the frequency of citations of the determinants; and b) the proportion of determinants identified as having "significant association in analytical studies" with respect to the total number of determinants analyzed in other analytical studies using the same concept. The analyzed articles covered most of the regions of Brazil and 7 other countries bordering Brazil. We found 43 concepts of determinants. However, the final selection resulted in the identification of 14 major determinants. These results therefore contribute in the identification of major CL determinants and this information can be used to establish strategies for identifying risk prone areas for disease surveillance.


Objective: To evaluate speech understanding in noise and patient satisfaction using the new Cochlear Wireless Phone Clip device. Material and Methods: Twenty-nine experienced cochlear implant (CI) users (>6 months usage) were situated in a soundproof room where a 65 dB SPL Spanish cocktail noise was generated continuously from 4 loudspeakers. Lists of disyllabic words were presented through the clinic landline telephone to the patients. Patients were tested first holding the phone and then with the Cochlear Phone Clip© paired to the CP910 using various mixing ratios (2:1, 4:1, and Phone Clip© only). Results: Statistically significant (P < .001) improvement of speech recognition performance was found in cell phone usage by wireless transmission and also when using this new device. Kepler questionnaire results showed that before using Phone Clip in everyday life, 55.2% of patients described themselves highly or greatly affected by their deafness for telephone use and 80% moderately to greatly affected. Kim questionnaire results showed statistically significant differences (P < .001) in the subjective satisfaction of the Bluetooth-implemented CI compared to the conventional mode for sound quality, noise interference, and sound accuracy. Conclusions: The wireless Phone Clip© device helps implanted people to improve subjective and objective speech recognition performance through the phone in noisy environments.


Tree death is a fundamental process driving population dynamics, nutrient cycling, and evolution within plant communities. While past research has identified factors influencing tree mortality across a variety of scales, these distinct drivers are yet to be integrated within a unified predictive framework. In this study, we use a cross-validated Bayesian framework coupled with classic survival analysis techniques to derive instantaneous mortality functions for 203 tropical rainforest tree species at Barro Colorado Island (BCI) Panama. Specifically, we develop mortality functions that not only integrate individual, species, and temporal effects, but also partition the contributions of growth-dependent and growth-independent effects on the overall instantaneous mortality rate. We show that functions that separate mortality rates into growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards, use stem diameter growth rather than basal-area growth, and attribute the effect of wood density to growth-independent mortality outperform alternative formulations. Moreover, we show that the effect of wood density – a prominent trait known to influence tree mortality – explains only 22% of the total variability observed among species. Lastly, our analysis show that growth-dependent processes are the predominant contributor to rates of tree mortality at BCI. Combined, this study provides a framework for predicting individual-level mortality in highly diverse tropical forests. It also highlights how little we know about the causes of species-level and temporal plot-scale effects needed to effectively predict tree mortality.


The use of multi-component light-weight structures has increased considerably during recent years. Collapse of such structures may be propagated by progressive failures of their components and the load-deflection curves of these structures may be characterised by a number of limit points. The fundamental mechanics of sequential collapse behaviour of these structures is presented herein. Expressions relating the loads and deflections are derived for a general structural system. The family of curves obtained describes the essential characteristics of the sequential instability behaviour of large redundant structures. Simple structural systems displaying the complete set of characteristics are presented and investigated in detail. Large-deflection elastic buckling models and a plastic buckling model are considered. It is found that member behaviour and connectivity between the members have extremely important effects on the structure behaviour. The theoretical work is supported by experimental evidence. Tests are performed on a model structure subjected to large elastic deformations. High strength steel is used to construct the model to ensure elastic behaviour throughout. An extensive and thorough experimental investigation is carried out to obtain the complete set of equilibrium characteristics. The experimental results are in complete agreement with the general and detail theoretical work. The theoretical critical behaviour of the models investigated in this thesis is shown be governed by Thom's Swallowtail Catastrophe and this is verified by the experiments. These structures exhibiting a series of limit points in their load-deflection curves are prone to demonstrate dynamic snap under dead loading. As a consequence, the concept of dynamic snap is examined. The occurrence of premature global failure due to dynamic snapthrough is deduced from a study of the form of the potential surface. An investigation is also made of the important effect of initial imperfections on the sequential buckling process. It is shown that the presence of imperfections may markedly change the form of a collapse sequence for particular structural systems. The use of "Force Limiting Devices" to improve the collapse characteristics of structures liable to sequential instability is also investigated.


An overview of the theory of 4D image reconstruction for emission tomography is given along with a review of the current state of the art, covering both positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). By viewing 4D image reconstruction as a matter of either linear or non-linear parameter estimation for a set of spatiotemporal functions chosen to approximately represent the radiotracer distribution, the areas of so-called 'fully 4D' image reconstruction and 'direct kinetic parameter estimation' are unified within a common framework. Many choices of linear and non-linear parameterization of these functions are considered (including the important case where the parameters have direct biological meaning), along with a review of the algorithms which are able to estimate these often non-linear parameters from emission tomography data. The other crucial components to image reconstruction (the objective function, the system model and the raw data format) are also covered, but in less detail due to the relatively straightforward extension from their corresponding components in conventional 3D image reconstruction. The key unifying concept is that maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of either linear or non-linear model parameters can be achieved in image space after carrying out a conventional expectation maximization (EM) update of the dynamic image series, using a Kullback-Leibler distance metric (comparing the modeled image values with the EM image values), to optimize the desired parameters. For MAP, an image-space penalty for regularization purposes is required. The benefits of 4D and direct reconstruction reported in the literature are reviewed, and furthermore demonstrated with simple simulation examples. It is clear that the future of reconstructing dynamic or functional emission tomography images, which often exhibit high levels of spatially correlated noise, should ideally exploit these 4D approaches.


The assessment of amounts of shortening, deformation rates, and ages of exhumation of the Mesozoic core of the southern Apennines represents a major goal to reconstruct the structural framework and the Neogene-Quaternary evolution of this fold-and-thrust belt. The thermal history of the tectonic units forming the axial zone of the southern Apennines where both shallow-water and pelagic basin Meso-Cenozoic successions crop out is relevant to define the pattern of tectonic loading and the time-space evolution of this orogen. The methodological approach adopted in this study includes: i) X-ray diffraction analysis of the clay mineralogy, ii) optical analysis of the organic matter dispersed in the sediments, iii) apatite fission-track analysis, iv) fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz veins and v) structural analysis at different scales. These data represent major constraints for thermal modelling.


Background: Precision medicine in cerebrovascular disorders may be greatly advanced by the use of innovative interventional and imaging-intensive registries. Registries have remained subsidiary to randomized controlled trials, yet vast opportunities exist to leverage big data in stroke. Summary: This overview builds upon the rationale for innovative, imaging-intensive interventional registries as a pivotal step in realizing precision medicine for several cerebrovascular disorders. Such enhanced registries may serve as a model for expansion of our translational research pipeline to fully leverage the role of phase IV investigations. The scope and role of registries in precision medicine are considered, followed by a review on the history of stroke and interventional registries, data considerations, critiques or barriers to such initiatives, and the potential modernization of registry methods into efficient, searchable, imaging-intensive resources that simultaneously offer clinical, research and educational added value. Key Messages: Recent advances in technology, informatics and endovascular stroke therapies converge to provide an exceptional opportunity for registries to catapult further progress. There is now a tremendous opportunity to deploy registries in acute stroke, intracranial atherosclerotic disease and carotid disease where other clinical trials leave questions unanswered. Unlike prior registries, imaging-intensive and modernized methods may leverage current technological capabilities around the world to efficiently address key objectives and provide added clinical, research and educational value.


Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are implicated in conditions of both the upper and lower airways. In the former they are deranged in nasal polyposis, intrinsic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis while in the latter they are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The aim of the present study was to measure mucosal eicosanoid levels in the three types of rhinitis and compare with controls. In addition, the effect of topical steroids on eicosanoid levels in rhinitis was examined. The levels of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and D2 (PGD2) and of leukotrienes E4 (LTE4) and B4 (LTB4) were measured in nasal biopsies from the inferior turbinates of patients suffering from perennial rhinitis and a control group. Rhinitis patients were classified into three categories: perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES) and noneosinophilic non-allergic rhinitis (NENAR) on the basis of symptoms, secretion eosinophilia, nasal resistance and allergy testing. Patients with rhinitis were randomized into two groups. One received fluticasone propionate nasal spray (FPANS) and the other a placebo (PNS) over a period of six weeks prior to the biopsies. One hundred and one patients with PAR, NARES or NENAR were recruited sequentially and the control group consisted of 21 patients with no evidence of rhinitis but with nasal obstruction due to septal deviation. Untreated rhinitics had significantly lower levels of PGE2, PGD2 and LTE4 than non-rhinitic controls. Six-weeks' treatment with FPANS significantly increased the levels of those eicosanoids in patients with PAR and NARES but they were still significantly below normal. Levels of LTB4 in all three rhinitis groups were not significantly different from controls and treatment with topical steroids had no effect. Their findings are contrary to current thinking that increased levels of eicosanoids, in particular cysteinyl-leukotrienes, play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic, non-infective upper airway inflammation.


Purpose
Stuttering is a disorder that has been associated with coexisting developmental disorders. To date, detailed descriptions of the coexistence of such conditions have not consistently emerged in the literature. Identifying and understanding these conditions can be important to the overall management of children who stutter (CWS). The objective of this study was to generate a profile of the existence of disabling developmental conditions among CWS using national data.

Method
Six years of data from the National Health Interview Survey (2010-2015) were analyzed for this project. The sample consisted of children whose respondents clearly indicated the presence or absence of stuttering. Chi-square tests of independence were used for comparing categorical variables; and independent-samples t tests, for comparing continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used for determining the odds of having a coexisting disabling developmental condition.

Results
This study sample included 62,450 children, of which 1,231 were CWS. Overall, the presence of at least 1 disabling developmental condition was 5.5 times higher in CWS when compared with children who do not stutter. The presence of stuttering was also associated with higher odds of each of the following coexisting developmental conditions: intellectual disability (odds ratio [OR] = 6.67, p < .001), learning disability (OR = 5.45, p < .001), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/attention-deficit disorder (OR = 3.09, p < .001), seizures (OR = 7.52, p < .001), autism/Asperger's/pervasive developmental disorder (OR = 5.48, p < .001), and any other developmental delay (OR = 7.10, p < .001).

Conclusion
Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey suggests a higher prevalence of coexisting developmental disabilities in CWS. The existence of coexisting disabling developmental conditions should be considered as part of an overall management plan for CWS.


User profiling has long been an important problem that investigates user interests in many real applications. Some recent works regard users and their interacted objects as entities of a graph and turn the problem into a node classification task. However, they neglect the difference of distinct interaction types, e.g. user clicks an item v.s. user purchases an item, and thus cannot incorporate such information well. To solve these issues, we propose to leverage the relation-aware heterogeneous graph method for user profiling, which also allows capturing significant meta relations. We adopt the query, key, and value mechanism in a transformer fashion for heterogeneous message passing so that entities can effectively interact with each other. Via such interactions on different relation types, our model can generate representations with rich information for the user profile prediction. We conduct experiments on two real-world e-commerce datasets and observe a significant performance boost of our approach.


As the largest carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere, soil carbon stock consists of organic and inorganic components. However, previous studies dominantly concentrated on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, and little is known about the magnitude and patterns of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). In this study, we evaluated the magnitude of SIC stock in the Tibetan alpine grasslands using data from 405 profiles surveyed from 135 sites across the plateau during 2001–2004. Kriging interpolation was conducted to interpolate site‐level observations to the regional level. We also compared spatial and vertical distributions of SIC stock with the corresponding patterns of SOC stock in the Tibetan alpine grasslands. Our results showed that SIC stock in the top 1 meter in the Tibetan alpine grasslands was approximately 15.2 Pg C (1 Pg = 1015 g), with an average density (amount per area) of 13.46 kg C m−2. SIC density exhibited different spatial and vertical distributions in comparison with SOC density. Spatially, SIC density in the alpine steppe was larger than that in the alpine meadow, in contrast to SOC distribution. Vertically, SIC stock in the upper 30 and 50 cm accounted for 47.6% and 71.6%, respectively, of that in the upper 1 meter, with lower proportions than that of SOC stock in the same interval (67.8% and 83.3%). In total, SIC stock in the Tibetan alpine grasslands was about 2.1 times the corresponding SOC stock, accounting for 28.5% of the total SIC stock in China. These results highlight that SIC stock in the Tibetan grasslands could make a significant contribution to China's terrestrial carbon balance.


Cutaneous angiofibroma is part of the classic triad of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Angiofibroma is rarely reported to affect the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchus. Tracheobronchial angiofibroma is also a hamartomatous manifestation of TSC. Considering the paucity of literature describing tracheal lesions in TSC, more case reports are needed to guide treatment planning. This case report adds to the existing clinical literature and provides a reference for clinical diagnosis.


Structures are often subjected to sequences of mainshock and aftershocks during their service life. Strong aftershocks have been known to cause extensive structural damage and losses of human lives in addition to the damage and losses of the mainshock. Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) have recently attracted considerable interest as a promising lateral-resisting system in seismic-prone regions. The SPSWs consist of steel beams and columns with a thin infill steel plate. The unstiffened thin plates are expected to buckle at low seismic loads and develop tension field action that enables favorable ductility and energy dissipation. The American Institute of Steel Construction's Seismic Provisions prescribe a capacity-based design methodology that uses SPSWs as primary seismic force resisting systems, and require the design of SPSWs to be consistent with the design requirements for other ductile steel seismic force resisting systems. This paper presents numerical analysis of a code-designed eight-story SPSW building that was subjected to consecutive mainshock-aftershock earthquake events. Ground motions developed for the SAC project were selected and scaled to simulate the main shock events at maximum considered earthquake (MCE) level, and large aftershocks events at design base earthquake (DBE) level. Nonlinear response history analysis using the finite element program OpenSees were conducted to investigate the performance of the code designed SPSWs. It was demonstrated that the designed SPSW has good performance under mainshock-aftershock sequences.


It is not easy to predict what will happen tomorrow. It is perhaps even more difficult knowing what will occur next year or even two years from today. To put it short we are uncertain about the future. Swedish firms attempting to capture new export markets are also facing uncertainty. If a firm succeeds with predicting customer's preferences they might be able to create a position for the firm´s products before any competition. It is however almost amusing to study successful marketing cases for export markets in a rear window. It is striking how firms have found winning positions which captured market after market with such apparent ease. In this thesis the author attempts to present theoretical frameworks including internationalization theory and traditional marketing theory which can support exporting firms attempts to find new positions on export markets. Previously in traditional marketing theory the solution has been to put trust in the marketing concept. Success in the marketplace was then a result of a careful segmentation process ending up in a positioning-decision supported by the marketing mix. The Nordic school of marketing among others introduced a new track in marketing with the relationship marketing concept focusing on the development of existing customer relationships. Internationalization theory (the process theory of internationalization) suggested that that firms increase commitment on export markets after a gradual learning process. Effectuation on the other hand has offered new perspectives. With its roots in the paradigm of bounded rationality a differing stance is offered for predicting the unpredictable. By following a model of bounded rationality the presented firms manage to craft positions for new and as a matter of fact as presented in the empirical part, also for existing markets. The paper highlights the importance of positioning for Swedish firms success on export markets. It is a case study of how Swedish firms craft positions on new markets by taking action instead of making formal positioning decisions. A model of bounded rationality is tested during interviews with five Swedish top-exporting firms. The paper finally presents a revised developed model for how successful firms act on export markets in order to craft positions. The model includes traditional marketing theory based upon a paradigm of bounded rationality. The paper contains however some question marks for the application of the marketing concept and traditional marketing theory. Rather a stance towards bounded rationality is emphasized.The final point of the thesis is the urge for emergence of alternatives in marketing to the marketing concept founded upon bounded rationality. These new models need to capture the actual actions taken by successful exporting firms in a more proficient and graspable way than existing traditional marketing models.


The oscillating behavior of thirteen amino acids [leucine (Leu), threonine (Thr), arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), alanine (Ala), glutamine (Glu), glycine (Gly), methionine (Met), cystine (Cys), tryptophan (Trp), serine (Ser) and tyrosine (Tyr)] in amino acid--Mn2+-H2SO4-acetone system is studied by using a potentiometric determination. With the help of the oscillatory induction period and oscillation period obtained by the oscillating wave, and Arrhenius equation, the kinetic parameters [the apparent activation energy (E) and pre-exponential constant (A)] and rate constant (k) of the above-mentioned oscillating reaction are estimated.


Aims: NGC 6334 and NGC 6357 are amongst the most active, optically visible Galactic star-forming complexes. They are composed of several H ii regions that have a significant impact on their surrounding. The aim of this paper is to present a kinematic study of the optical H ii regions that belong to NGC 6334 and NGC 6357.
Methods: We use Fabry-Perot interferometer observations of the Hα line, which cover NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. These observations allow us to analyse the Hα line profiles to probe the kinematics of the ionised gas of both regions. We complement the Hα observations with multi-wavelength data to specify the nature of the H ii regions.
Results: We determine the dynamical nature of the optical H ii regions that belongs to NGC 6334 and NGC 6357. In NGC 6334, GUM 61 is an expanding wind shell-like H ii region, GUM 64b exhibits a champagne flow, GM1-24 is the Hα counterpart of two larger regions and H ii 351.2+0.5 is, in fact, composed of two H ii regions. In NGC 6357, H ii 353.08+0.28 and H ii 353.09+0.63 are probably stellar wind-shaped bubble H ii regions, while H ii 353.42+0.45 is a classical photo-ionised H ii region. We suggest that, at large scale, star-formation seems to be triggered where large/old H ii regions intersect. Inversely, stellar formation seems to have already started in the NGC 6334 north-east filament, irrespective of any evident external H ii region impact. While NGC 6357 shows more complicated kinematics, NGC 6334 is characterised by a more active stellar formation.
The Hα data (FITS cubes) are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://220.127.116.11) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/587/A135


Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising source of disease biomarkers for noninvasive early stage diagnoses, but a bottleneck in EV sample processing restricts their immense potential in clinical applications. Existing methods are limited by a low EV yield and integrity, slow processing speeds, low sample capacity, and poor recovery efficiency. We aimed to address these issues with a high-throughput automated workflow for EV isolation, EV lysis, protein extraction, and protein denaturation. The automation can process clinical urine samples in parallel, resulting in protein-covered beads ready for various analytical methods, including immunoassays, protein quantitation assays, and mass spectrometry. Compared to the standard manual lysis method for contamination levels, efficiency, and consistency of EV isolation, the automated protocol shows reproducible and robust proteomic quantitation with less than a 10% median coefficient of variation. When we applied the method to clinical samples, we identified a total 3,793 unique proteins and 40,380 unique peptides, with 992 significantly upregulated proteins in kidney cancer patients versus healthy controls. These upregulated proteins were found to be involved in several important kidney cancer metabolic pathways also identified with a manual control. This hands-free workflow represents a practical EV extraction and profiling approach that can benefit both clinical and research applications, streamlining biomarker discovery, tumor monitoring, and early cancer diagnoses.


The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is the world's largest neutrino detector, instrumenting a cubic kilometer of ice at the geographic South Pole. The detector probes neutrino energies from GeV to PeV, and collects high statistics neutrino samples by virtue of its extremely large volume. IceCube was designed to detect high-energy neutrinos from potential cosmic ray acceleration sites such as active galactic nuclei, gamma ray bursts and supernova remnants. IceCube announced the detection of a diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos in 2013, including the highest energy neutrinos ever detected. IceCube has since developed a robust system of realtime alerts generated by astrophysical neutrino candidates that trigger rapid follow-up observations by other telescopes and detectors. In September 2017, IceCube observed a neutrino in coincidence with a flaring blazar, signaling the era of neutrino astronomy and widening the field of multi-messenger astronomy. The IceCube science program extends beyond multi-messenger astronomy to include the fundamental physics of neutrino oscillations and neutrino interactions with matter, cosmic ray physics, and searches for particles and forces beyond the Standard Model. This talk will cover the latest neutrino physics and astrophysics results from IceCube and future prospects for the detector.


This paper proposes the reliable multicast delivery system with a base station diversity technique for the cellular system. Previous studies of reliable multicast methods considered a single wireless link communication. Moreover a received signal intensity declines as the distance from a base station becomes long in the cellular network. Therefore the low received signal intensity causes many transmission errors in the cell boundary area. Furthermore, the multi-path fading causes the dynamic fluctuation of the received signal intensity. The phenomenon also deteriorates the transmission error performance. On the contrary, the feature of the proposed system is to examine the use of multiple wireless links and to improve the transmission performance. Each wireless terminal communicates with some neighbor base stations, and combines the frame information from different base stations. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve the multicast data delivery with a smaller amount of cellular wireless resources and with the shorter transmission period


Background Pioneering research has shown that high-throughput epigenomics assays such as ChlP-seq and ATAC-seq are applicable to patient-derived breast tumor samples. A host of public data has been accumulated since then, which are potentially of high value for basic research as well as personalized medicine. Such data sets constitute encyclopedias of biological knowledge. However, their impact has so far been limited by access obstacles, especially with regard to extraction and visualization of small portions of data that could potentially answer specific questions arising in a research context. Results We developed the breast cancer epigenomics track hub (BC hub), a resource intended to make it easy for occasional users to find, access and view data of their interest. The BC hub harbors ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and copy number data from breast tumors, normal breast cells, patient-derived xenografts and breast cancer cell lines in a genome browsable track format. The tracks can be accessed via hyperlinks that automatically configure customized views for different interest groups. Here, we present a detailed description of the resource and informative use cases illustrating its potential in answering specific biological questions. Conclusions We show that track hubs constitute a powerful way of bringing epigenomics data to the user who could benefit from them. The examples presented highlight the added-value of joint visualization of breast cancer data from different sources. The proof-of-concept provided here exemplifies and underscores the importance of efforts to make biological data FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable), and may serve as an encouragement of similar bottom-up initiatives in other research fields. The BC hub is freely accessible at https://bchub.epfl.ch.


We measured the bit-error rate (BER) of an RS latch, a clocked SFQ circuit. A digital error-detection circuit was used to detect BER in the range unity to 10/sup -13/; below 10/sup -7/, the circuit was operated with a 12 GHz on-chip clock. BER was measured as a function of control current; both positive and negative control current was applied, leading to two distinct modes of error incidence. The error function curves extrapolate to 10/sup -80/ for optimal control current at a temperature of 5.5 K. Measurements were repeated over the range 3-7 K. Comparison to theoretical error-function estimates of BER indicate that the noise is strictly thermal.


In this paper, a distributed algorithm for the construction of load balanced routing trees in wireless sensor networks is proposed with the goal of prolonging network lifetime. The proposed method, called UDBC, achieves load balancing by adjusting the number of children among parents as much as possible. Child adjustment is considered as a game between parents and child nodes by defining their utility functions. At the game termination, each individual node gains the maximum benefit based on its utility function, and the network as a whole reaches the global goal of forming the balanced tree. UDBC generates more balanced trees compared to similar work in the literature by imposing less time and communication overheads, which is proved by analytical evaluations and simulation results.


BACKGROUND
We investigated the co-expression of calbindin-D28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV, a combination of the three is referred to as CaBPs) with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine in neurons of the rat medullary dorsal horn (MDH).

METHODS
Immunofluorescence histochemical double-staining for CaBPs and GABA or glycine was performed on the sections from rat MDH.

RESULTS
CB-, CR-, PV-, GABA- and glycine-like immunoreactive (LI) neurons were differentially observed in all layers of the MDH, but particularly in lamina II. Neurons that exhibited immunoreactivity for both CaBPs and GABA or glycine were also observed mainly in lamina II. A few of them were found in laminae I and III. The percentages of neurons which co-expressed CB/GABA or CB/glycine out of the total numbers of CB- and GABA-LI neurons or CB- and glycine-LI neurons were 5.3% and 12.1% or 4.1% and 10.0%, respectively. The ratios of CR/GABA or CR/glycine co-existing neurons out of the total numbers of CR- and GABA-LI neurons or CR- and glycine-LI neurons were 5.8% and 7.6% or 4.4% and 7.1%, respectively. The rates of PV/GABA or PV/glycine co-localized neurons out of the total numbers of PV- and GABA-LI neurons or PV- and glycine-LI neurons were 11.1% and 5.1% or 9.9% and 5.1%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The results indicate that some neurons in the MDH contain both CaBPs and GABA or glycine.


Abstract. Disability has been one of the most important problems of social communities throughout the ages. As population and urbanization have grown dramatically over recent years, this problem has more and more created the gap between people with disabilities and ordinary people in terms of access to resources, social services and social partnerships. Therefore, this study attempts to demonstrate the ratio of presence of wheelchair users in a community compared to the total population of the same community and evaluate their patterns of presence in different conditions, for example, various weather conditions. For this purpose, we used the You Look Only Once version 3 (YOLOv3) algorithm which is a multilayer deep learning object detection tool to analyze and extract wheelchair users from three different sets of images taken by a camera located in an intersection proximate to a rehabilitation center in Quebec, Canada. The results show that the proportion of wheelchair users in the sample community is 7.4%, while the population with mobility disabilities in Canada is 9.6%.


Adrenal vein sampling has a reputation as a difficult procedure. However, it is being performed more frequently at some institutions due to the realization that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously believed. At the author's institution, adrenal vein sampling with computed tomographic (CT) and laboratory correlation has been performed more than 800 times in the past 10 years. Adrenal vein sampling is used to determine whether autonomous hormone production is unilateral or bilateral; unilateral secretion can be treated with surgery. The venous drainage of each adrenal gland is predominantly via a central vein. Recognition of the right adrenal vein is the crux of adrenal vein sampling. CT is useful in planning adrenal vein sampling by demonstrating the anatomy and positions of the adrenal veins. A small amount of contrast material is injected gently and slowly into the adrenal vein; it is not necessary to perform formal venography to outline the entire gland. To confirm that the vein is draining the majority of adrenal cortical blood, the adrenal vein sample should have a significantly higher level of cortisol than a peripheral sample. Adrenal glands that are producing aldosterone demonstrate an aldosterone-cortisol ratio that is higher than the peripheral value.


Nanofluids, the new trending fluids which are developed and researched in the present world. With the development in the technology and implementation of many innovative ideas in present world to make living more comfortable, we can see new inventions and research being done by the researchers and one such research is the invention of new class fluids called nanofluid. These new class fluids possess greater thermal properties that far better than the base fluids, being used at present. Even though these fluids are found to be better, there are some drawbacks on which research are still continuing to be performed. In the recent years, research trends show the nanofluid have attracted more and more attentions. The main driving force for the continuing research on the nanofluids is due to its wide range of applications. These nanofluids possess an outstanding potential to improve energy and convective heat transfer efficiency in several areas of science and technology. Although some of the papers and articles have reviewed and published the progress of these nanofluids in many industries showing its theoretical results, this paper focus its importance of nanofluid as a coolant in automobile parts in comparison with the water as a coolant by showing the analysis statistics of the results that were drawn through ansys fluent software where the nanofluid of different proportion were extracted. These extracted nanofluids were drawn into radiators and simulated. The simulated results were shown along with comparison with the water and concluded with some of the basic facts considering to be achieved in the future progress. This paper also sheds light on the future generation to have some idea over design aspects in which solid model of the radiator is being designed for the purpose of the paper and also about the future career involved in area of CFD if studied.


GRACILE (growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactacidosis, and early death) syndrome is a recessively inherited lethal disease characterized by fetal growth retardation, lactic acidosis, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, and abnormalities in iron metabolism. We previously localized the causative gene to a 1.5-cM region on chromosome 2q33-37. In the present study, we report the molecular defect causing this metabolic disorder, by identifying a homozygous missense mutation that results in an S78G amino acid change in the BCS1L gene in Finnish patients with GRACILE syndrome, as well as five different mutations in three British infants. BCS1L, a mitochondrial inner-membrane protein, is a chaperone necessary for the assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III. Pulse-chase experiments performed in COS-1 cells indicated that the S78G amino acid change results in instability of the polypeptide, and yeast complementation studies revealed a functional defect in the mutated BCS1L protein. Four different mutations in the BCS1L gene have been reported elsewhere, in Turkish patients with a distinctly different phenotype. Interestingly, the British and Turkish patients had complex III deficiency, whereas in the Finnish patients with GRACILE syndrome complex III activity was within the normal range, implying that BCS1L has another cellular function that is uncharacterized but essential and is putatively involved in iron metabolism.


Photogrammetry is the traditional method of surface reconstruction such as the generation of DTMs. Recently, LIDAR emerged as a new technology for rapidly capturing data on physical surfaces. The high accuracy and automation potential results in a quick delivery of DEMs/DTMs derived from the raw laser data. The two methods deliver complementary surface information. Thus it makes sense to combine data from the two sensors to arrive at a more robust and complete surface reconstruction. This paper describes two aspects of merging aerial imagery and LIDAR data. The establishment of a common reference frame is an absolute prerequisite. We solve this alignment problem by utilizing sensor-invariant features. Such features correspond to the same object space phenomena, for example to breaklines and surface patches. Matched sensor invariant features lend themselves to establishing a common reference frame. Feature-level fusion is performed with sensor specific features that are related to surface characteristics. We show the synergism between these features resulting in a richer and more abstract surface description.


A polypoid squamous cell carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stroma of the urinary bladder was studied electron microscopically. The epithelial component was a typical squamous carcinoma that consisted of cells with abundant bundles of tonofilaments that converged toward well-developed desmosomes; keratohyalin granules were also seen. The stroma consisted of fusiform cells with dilated rough endoplasmic-reticulum cisternae and irregular cytoplasmic projections that were suggestive of active fibroblasts. No structures suggestive of an epithelial origin or of advanced mesenchymal differentiation were recognized. These observations are consistent with the notion that the pseudosarcomatous stroma represents a reactive process that is probably related to the growth of the epithelial neoplasm. Given the differences in behavior and prognosis between carcinomas with pseudosarcomatous stroma and true carcinosarcomas, efforts at separation of these entities are warranted.


There have been several recent proposals modifying Hadoop, radically changing the storage organization or query processing techniques to obtain good performance for structured data processing. We will showcase Clydesdale, a research prototype for structured data processing on Hadoop that can achieve dramatic performance improvements over existing solutions, without any changes to the underlying MapReduce implementation. Clydesdale achieves this through a novel synthesis of several techniques from the database literature and carefully adapting them to the Hadoop environment. On the star schema benchmark, we show that Clydesdale is on average 38x faster than Hive, the dominant approach for structured data processing on Hadoop today. To the best of our knowledge, Clydesdale is the fastest solution for processing workloads on structured data sets that fit a star schema on Hadoop. Attendees will be able to run queries on the data from the star schema benchmark on a remote Hadoop cluster with Clydesdale and Hive installed, and get a breakdown of the time taken to execute the query. Attendees will also be able to pose their own queries using ClyQL -- a novel embedded DSL in Scala that can be used to rapidly prototype star join queries. With this demonstration, we hope to convince the attendees that unlike previously thought, Hadoop can indeed efficiently support structured data processing.


This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. A UPQC consists of a series dynamic-voltage restorer (DVR) and a shunt active power filter (APF) both joined together by a common dc bus. It is demonstrated how this device can be connected between two independent feeders to regulate the bus voltage of one of the feeders while regulating the current across a load in the other feeder. Since the UPQC is connected between two different feeders (lines), this connection of the UPQC will be called an interline UPQC (IUPQC). The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficacy of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation studies using Matlab.


Different GPU applications exhibit varying scalability patterns with network-on-chip (NoC), coalescing, memory and control divergence, and L1 cache behavior. A GPU consists of several Streaming Multi-processors (SMs) that collectively determine how shared resources are partitioned and accessed. Recent years have seen divergent paths in SM scaling towards scale-up (fewer, larger SMs) vs. scale-out (more, smaller SMs). However, neither scaling up nor scaling out can meet the scalability requirement of all applications running on a given GPU system, which inevitably results in performance degradation and resource under-utilization for some applications. In this work, we investigate major design parameters that influence GPU scaling. We then propose AMOEBA, a solution to GPU scaling through reconfigurable SM cores. AMOEBA monitors and predicts application scalability at run-time and adjusts the SM configuration to meet program requirements. AMOEBA also enables dynamic creation of heterogeneous SMs through independent fusing or splitting. AMOEBA is a microarchitecture-based solution and requires no additional programming effort or custom compiler support. Our experimental evaluations with application programs from various benchmark suites indicate that AMOEBA is able to achieve a maximum performance gain of 4.3x, and generates an average performance improvement of 47% when considering all benchmarks tested.


We investigate the entanglement transfer in a four-qubit system and calculate the concurrence between any two qubits in different initial states. We show that both the pure entangled state and mixed entangled state can be transferred. For some special coupling constants and some evolution time, entanglement can be completely transferred from one pair particles to another.


This interview is with Professor Charles Snow. Snow is Professor Emeritus of Strategy and Organization at Penn State University. He was a professor at Penn State from 1974 to 2012. The interview was conducted in 2013 while he was visiting professor at ICOA (Interdisciplinary Center for Organizational Architecture) at Aarhus University. Professor Snow is a founding member of the Organizational Design Community and co-editor of the Journal of Organization Design . He is a Fellow of the Academy of Management and is listed in Who's Who in the Management Sciences and Great Writers on Organizations .


This paper presents the design of a GSM based electronic voting machine with voter tracking. The design presented here follows a GSM based approach to send the polling results to a base station via mobile network. Infrared sensors have been used for tracking the information regarding the voters. After the voting process has been over, the results are sent to the base station for various analyses and declaring the verdict. This system is more secured and chances of tampering the results are reduced. The simulation of the system is done on Proteus Professional Software v8.0. The design presented in this paper is more secured and appropriate according to modern day requirements.


Kazakhstan has set a strategic goal to attract foreign investment into the national economy. In order to establish favorable investment climate Kazakhstan went through the radical liberalization of foreign economic activity and made changes (amendments) to the legal framework. Certain steps were also taken in order to facilitate business activities and protect foreign investors' interests. Over the past 30 years of independence Kazakhstan has attracted 320 billion USD of foreign direct investments. In spite of certain upward trend of sustained growth, the statistics has showed short-term fluctuations during the times of crisis. While Kazakhstan economy has been hit hard by the crisis and global oil prices, it did not become less resource oriented. At the same time, despite the relative decline in FDI inflows to GDP, Kazakhstan has significant advantage over the average result for Europe and Central Asia. The most of FDI inflows in Kazakhstan are coming from the resource development and service sector. One of the areas of investment is culture and recreation. The share of investments in this particular area is not high and is mainly provided by domestic investors. This paper emphasizes the prospects of national television as an entity for foreign investment. The author draws attention to a number of factors that affect prospects of Kazakhstan television industry in terms of attracting investments. The paper describes both positive and negative contributing factors. Positive ones include competitive environment, modernization of the national media industry, Television dominance in terms of media consumption; high demand for TV series as the most promising product in terms of investment and qualified personnel in Television industry with a relatively low wage. As for several factors that shape risks for foreign investors, the author stresses on the issues of transport and logistics infrastructure, administrative environment and lack of the consumer market capacity. The author provides recommendation to mitigate risks against the insufficient consumer market capacity.


The efficiency and accuracy of the method diffracted Gaussian beam analysis (DGBA) has been validated by the commercial software GRASP, but the deficiency that it is only capable of analyzing 2D symmetrical quasi-optical systems limits its applications. In this paper, an extension to the 2D DGBA software is made to make it capable of analyzing 3D asymmetrical quasi-optical systems. And the results have been validated by the commercial software GRASP. The 3D software seems flexible and easy in designing 3D quasi-optical systems.


Dynamin, the large guanosine triphosphatase, is generally considered to have a key role in deforming membranes to create tubules or vesicles. Dynamin, particularly dynamin2 isoforms, also are localized with actin filaments, often at locations where cellular membranes undergo remodeling. Perturbing dynamin function interferes with endocytic traffic and actin function. Thus, dynamin may regulate actin filaments coordinately with its activities that remodel membranes. This review will highlight recent observations that provide clues to mechanisms whereby dynamin might coordinate membrane remodeling and actin filament dynamics during endocytic traffic, cell morphogenesis and cell migration.


Aging and overweight increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of T-EMRA cells and inflammatory markers in the development of a decreased insulin sensitivity. A total of 134 healthy older volunteers were recruited (age 59.2 (SD 5.6) years). T cell subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, body composition, HOMA-IR, plasma tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, as well as cytokines and adipokines were determined. Using subgroup and covariance analyses, the influence of BMI on the parameters was evaluated. Moreover, correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analyses were performed. In the subgroup of participants with obesity, an increased proportion of CD8+EMRA cells and elevated concentrations of plasma kynurenine (KYN) were found compared to the lower-weight subgroups. Linear regression analysis revealed that an elevated HOMA-IR could be predicted by a higher proportion of CD8+EMRA cells and KYN levels. A mediation analysis showed a robust indirect effect of the Waist-to-hip ratio on HOMA-IR mediated by CD8+EMRA cells. Thus, the deleterious effects of abdominal obesity on glucose metabolism might be mediated by CD8+EMRA cells in the elderly. Longitudinal studies should validate this assumption and analyze the suitability of CD8+EMRA cells as early predictors of incipient prediabetes.


This work presents the analysis of functional relationships between fraction size of abrasives and geometric parameters of surfaces after rotary cleaning. The influence of an abrasive type on the effectiveness of rotary cleaning of machine parts with complex geometric features was determined as well. The process of mechanical cleaning, using a rotational method, of clutch springs was performed in the proprietary device for rotational cleaning, which was followed by the computer-aided analysis of the obtained results. The research process was carried out using abrasive materials such as grinding stone, sand, basalt, glass, and fine gravel, and the test samples were clutch springs after eight years of operation. Based on calculated three-dimensional (3D) roughness values of the cleaned samples' surfaces, qualitative classification of abrasives was determined. The most effective material turned out to be fine gravel, while the worst results were related to basalt usage.


The specification for how a client discovers its local network's
NAT64 prefix [RFC7050] defines the special name 'ipv4only.arpa'
for this purpose, but in its Domain Name Reservation Considerations
section that specification indicates that the name actually has no
particularly special properties would require special handling, and
does not request IANA to record the name in the Special-Use Domain
Names registry. Consequently, despite the well articulated special
purpose of the name, 'ipv4only.arpa' was not recorded in the
Special-Use Domain Names registry as a name with special properties.
As a result of this omission, in cases where software needs to give
this name special treatment in order for it to work correctly, there
was no clear mandate authorizing software authors to implement that
special treatment. Software implementers were left with the choice
between not implementing the special behavior necessary for the name
queries to work correctly, or implementing the special behavior and
being accused of being noncompliant with some RFC. This document
describes the special treatment required, formally declares the
special properties of the name, and adds similar declarations for the
corresponding reverse mapping names.


The insulation system for the Toroidal Field Model Coil of ITER is a fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) laminate, which consists of a combined Kapton/R-glass-fiber reinforcement tape, vacuum-impregnated with an epoxy DGEBA system. Pure disk shaped laminates, disk shaped FRP/stainless-steel sandwiches, and conductor insulation prototypes were irradiated at 5 K in a fission reactor up to a fast neutron fluence of 10 m (E>0.1 MeV) to investigate the radiation induced degradation of the dielectric strength of the insulation system. After warm-up to room temperature, swelling, weight loss, and the breakdown strength were measured at 77 K. The sandwich swells by 4% at a fluence of 5x10 m and by 9% at 1x10 m. The weight loss of the FRP is 2% at 1x10 m. The dielectric strength remained unchanged over the whole dose range.


Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare neoplasm of the nervous system that appears in the paranasal cavities derived from the olfactory neuroepithelium. Kadish classification is the most widely used to stage it according to its extension. The symptomatology is unspecific, and it may present progressive unilateral nasal obstruction, epistaxis, anosmia, headache, sinusitis, diplopia, and orbital proptosis. The diagnosis is based on the lesion biopsy, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural findings. Excision of the tumor is described as the treatment of choice that may be associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is a case report of an olfactory esthesioneuroblastoma in a patient admitted to the hospital complaining of orbital proptosis who, after a computed tomography of the skull, showed a suspicious lesion. After the biopsy and the anatomopathological study, a protocol with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was initiated, with the subsequent excision of the tumor. Despite the lack of other symptoms, an advanced stage of the neoplasm was identified, which reflects the importance of investigating less common complaints and thus facilitating the diagnosis and early treatment.


The large number of experimentally determined molecular structures has led to the development of a new semiotic system in the life sciences, with increasing use of accurate molecular representations. To determine how this change impacts students' learning, we incorporated image tests into our introductory cell biology course. Groups of students used a single text dealing with signal transduction, which was supplemented with images made in one of three iconographic styles. Typically, we employed realistic renderings, using computer-generated Protein Data Bank (PDB) structures; realistic-schematic renderings, using shapes inspired by PDB structures; or schematic renderings, using simple geometric shapes to represent cellular components. The control group received a list of keywords. When students were asked to draw and describe the process in their own style and to reply to multiple-choice questions, the three iconographic approaches equally improved the overall outcome of the tests (relative to keywords). Students found the three approaches equally useful but, when asked to select a preferred style, they largely favored a realistic-schematic style. When students were asked to annotate "raw" realistic images, both keywords and schematic representations failed to prepare them for this task. We conclude that supplementary images facilitate the comprehension process and despite their visual clutter, realistic representations do not hinder learning in an introductory course.


The past decade has seen increased anthropological attention to understandings of climate change not only as a biophysical phenomenon but also as a discourse that is traveling from international policy making platforms to the rest of the planet. The analysis of the uptake of climate change discourse falls under the emergent subfield of climate change reception studies. A few anthropological investigations identify themselves explicitly as reception studies; others only mention the term with little explanation. Our review discusses a fuller range of anthropological studies and ethnographies from related disciplines that treat climate change as a discursive reality, which is not independent from how it is intimated through close observations of the environment. The following themes emerged: language and expertise; place and vulnerability; modernity, morality, and temporality; alterity and refusal. The review suggests that the interaction of observation and reception is still not well understood, and that there is scope for more systematic methodological and theoretical synthesis, taking lessons into account from geographies of reading and empirical hermeneutics. By exploring the hermeneutical problem of upholding scientific integrity while being open to other ways of knowing, climate change reception studies' emancipatory potential lie in opening up knowledge spaces for multi‐directional and democratic approaches to living (with) climate change. In closing, we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda highlighting the potential generativity of translation as an idiom for theory and praxis relating to how people come to know climate (change)—through both perceptual engagement with the natural world and interpretations of discursive manifestations.


Cloud storage has become a prevalent choice for data storage for both business and personal use due to increasing data use. While cloud storage services, such as Google Drive, provide customers with high levels of data integrity and security, customers however lose privacy and require trust in the service provider to not act maliciously with their data. We explore an alternative to centralized, traditional cloud storage (TCS) using blockchain technology. In this paper, we tested and evaluated the performance and cost of Sia, a decentralized blockchain-based storage platform (BBS) that ensures users' privacy. The platform allows users to rent storage space from other users in exchange for Siacoin, Sia's native currency. Metrics were evaluated through various storage tests and results were compared to Google Drive. Performance tests showed Sia's available time, how long it takes for a file to upload and be download ready, to be 8–12 times slower than Google Drive. In contrast, Sia downloads were 2–3 times faster. Cost test revealed Sia's overall storage spending to be comparable to Google Drive and other popular TCS; however, results raised questions about spending details. Further testing is needed to fully understand the complexities of a BBS platform like Sia.


Forty-eight children's hospitals were studied and compared in order to analyze factors influencing changes in these institutions and to delineate their needs for the future. Alterations in disease patterns, the interrelationship of hospitals, agencies, and medical specialties as they have bearing upon patient care, resident-training, and research have been considered. Charts and tables have been presented to illustrate trends, and opinions have been gathered as to the general needs of orthopaedics. A broadening concept of children's orthopaedics is proposed.


While kernel methods using a single Gaussian kernel have proven to be very successful for nonlinear classification, in case of learning problems with a more complex underlying structure it is often desirable to use a linear combination of kernels with different widths. To address this issue, this paper presents a classification algorithm based on a jointly convex constrained optimization formulation. The primal problem is defined as jointly learning a combination of kernel classification models formulated in different feature spaces, which account for various representations or scales. The solution can be found by either solving a system of linear equations in case of equal combination weights or by means of a block coordinate descent scheme. The dual model is represented by a classifier using multiple kernels in the decision function. Furthermore, time and space complexity are reduced by adopting a divide and conquer strategy and through the use of the Nyström approximation of the eigenfunctions. Several experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in dealing with datasets containing up to millions of instances.


Extensive molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations have been performed to understand how alpha7-specific agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), including AR-R17779 (1), GTS-21 (4), and 4-OH-GTS-21 (5), interact with the alpha7 receptor, leading to important new insights into the receptor-agonist binding. In particular, the cationic head of 4 and 5 has favorable hydrogen bonding and cation-pi interactions with residue Trp149. The computational results have also led us to better understand the roles of Gln117 and other residues in the receptor binding with agonists. The computational predictions are supported by data obtained from wet experimental tests. The new insights into the binding and structure-activity relationship obtained from this study should be valuable for future rational design of more potent and selective agonists of the alpha7 receptor.


A set of 112 993 structures was analysed for a specific type of packing: Molecular structures for which the centres of molecules form layers of centred hexagons exceed a percentage of 30%. This result has been obtained by a newly developed algorithm, allowing the extraction of these structures automatically and showing correlations between molecular shape and the type of packing.