Sanga Sanga block has been producing for more than 50 years, with most of the oil production from depleted reservoirs with 60% of base production decline. Extending the wells' lives requires aggressive artificial lift development both in subsurface and surface. The implementation of gas lift supply strategy is very critical to fulfil gas lift capacity requirement also with sufficient injection pressure. This paper will describe gas lift supply strategy consisting of facility upgrading, along with integration and optimization of the existing facility.
 Thorough project planning and procedures have been established to ensure the optimum oil development. The gas lift facility upgrade consists of three main projects as follows. The first was a major project of an additional high pressure compressor for gas lift. One unit in the Mutiara field and two rental units in the Nilam field have been installed to increase gas lift capacity.
 The second project was the installation of an interconnected gas lift network to ensure availability and coverage of gas lift system along from gas lift source to the furthest well location. The last project was the optimization of the existing production facility, injection facility and trunkline to reduce capital cost.
 This project was completed as scheduled and successfully delivered 10,000 BOPD in the last four years. It was supported by an additional 27 MMscfd supply from the HP Compressor project as a gas lift source.
 A length of more than 35 km of gas lift system was completed in 6 producing fields to eliminate gas lift blank spot. Gas lift injection pressure has increased from 300 - 1000 psig to 1400 to – 1800 psig, enabling more drawdown in the gas lift wells. The interconnection system installed gives two benefits: flexibility of gas lift source during compressor maintenance and also the distribution of High Pressure and Medium Pressure gas. Sanga Sanga also managed to reduce the unit price of the individual gas lift injection facility by 30% through a bulk procurement strategy, utilization of idle equipment and the modification of existing equipment.


. We investigate a novel non-parametric regression-based clustering algorithm for longitudinal data analysis. Combining natural cubic splines with Gaussian mixture models (GMM), the algorithm can produce smooth cluster means that describe the underlying data well. However, there are some shortcomings in the algorithm: high computational complexity in the parameter estimation procedure and a numerically unstable variance estimator. Therefore, to further increase the usability of the method, we incorporated approaches to reduce its computational complexity, we developed a new, more stable variance estimator, and we developed a new smoothing parameter estimation procedure. We show that the developed algorithm, SMIXS, performs better than GMM on a synthetic dataset in terms of clustering and regression performance. We demonstrate the impact of the computational speed-ups, which we for-mally prove in the new framework. Finally, we perform a case study by using SMIXS to cluster vertical atmospheric measurements to determine different weather regimes.


SUMMARY The aim of the study was to assess the diversity based on pedigree information in three horse populations. The pedigree information was available from The National Stud Topoľcianky, Slovakia. The whole analysed populations consisted of (reference populations in brackets) 537 (58) Lipizzan horses, 1984 (45) Shagya Arabian horses and 1105 (31) Hucul horses. The equivalent complete generations ranged from 5.48 for the Lipizzan, to 7.35 for the Shagya Arabian horses. The average of inbreeding coefficient ranged from 1.16 for the Lipizzan to 5.11 for the Hucul horses. The highest average individual increase of inbreeding ∆Fi = 0.82 % and the average individual relatedness coefficient AR = 7.82 % was found for the Hucul horses. Therefore the lowest value of effective population size Ne = 58.73 was found for Hucul horses. The assessment populations were derived from 90 to 255 founders. The effective number of founders ranged from 23 to 83, the effective number of ancestors from 16 to 23, while founder's genome equivalent ranged from 5.45 to 11.23. Only a small number of ancestors were needed to explain half of the genetic diversity in the studies populations (from 6 for the Hucul and Shagya Arabian to 9 for the Lipizzan). Results will be used in genetic management of breeding work in Slovakian horse breeds and monitoring of parameters characterizing genetic diversity and their development, as well.


* This paper has been largely influenced by several discussions I have had with Zvi Eckstein. I thank him for many ideas and suggestions. Comments from three anonymous referees were very useful in preparing the last version of the paper. Discussions with and Uwe Sunde provided useful comments at various stages of the preparation of the manuscript. I thank them all. Abstract This papers contains a survey of the recent literature devoted to the returns to schooling within a dynamic structural framework. I present a historical perspective on the evolution of the literature, from early static models set in a selectivity framework (Willis and Rosen, 1979) to the recent literature, stimulated by Keane and Wolpin (1997), and which uses stochastic dynamic programming techniques. After reviewing the literature thoroughly, I compare the structural approach with the IV (experimental) approach. I present their commonalities and I also discuss their fundamental differences. To get an order of magnitude, most structural estimates reported for the US range between 4% and 7% per year. On the other hand, IV estimates between 10% and 15% per year are often reported. The discrepancy prevails even when comparable (if not identical) data sets are used. The discussion is focussed on understanding this divergence. The distinction between static and dynamic model specifications is a recurrent theme in the analysis. I argue that the distinction between the IV approach and the structural approach may be coined in terms of a trade off between behavioral and statistical assumptions. For this reason, and unless one has very specific knowledge of the true data generating process, it is neither possible, nor sensible, to claim which approach to estimation is more flexible. More precisely, I show that structural and IV approaches differ mainly at the level of i) the compatibility of the underlying models with truly dynamic behavior, ii) the role of heterogeneity in ability and tastes, iii) the consideration of post-schooling opportunities, and (iv) the specification (and interpretation) of the Mincer wage equation.


While many accounts of sex workers presume they lack agency, this project studies how people framed as powerless assert positions of power through social interactions, friendships, and organizing. I examine sex workers' politics and power from the perspective of a subset of female Costa Rican sex workers. I engage specifically with sex workers who organize, in order to theorize everyday experiences of politics, including solidarity building and acts of accommodation or resistance vis-a-vis state interventions, health policies, and the police. Central theoretical bases for the project include Michael Hanchard and James Scott on politics from below. I also draw on the work of Michele Berger in order to advance Political Science literature and frameworks in regarding everyday and labor-related interactions, challenging and extending the field's understanding of the politics of work-related interactions. I position sex-work as a form of labor and analyze the role that informal interactions play in organizing. The project also engages a multi-disciplinary set of literatures, including key texts from feminist and gender studies as well as theoretical and empirical approaches to studies of race, ethnicity, discrimination, and social movements. I discuss the political valences of stigma against sex work by extending concepts of discrimination from African-American studies. This study examines micro and macro aspects of sex worker activism through resistance politics, empowerment strategies, and organizing. It also provides practical and theoretical insights on sex worker politics that can apply to other communities. The project's central questions are: 1) what kinds of political actions characterize sex workers' engagement in Costa Rica? and 2) how are informal and formal strategies used to organize sex workers? Unique among studies of sex work, I present a multi-level analysis of these perspectives in a Latin American context. As a case, Costa Rica highlights the diverse ways sex workers organize to resist the status quo. The dissertation examines three distinct but interconnected contexts: individual sex workers working in San Jose's zona roja (red zone); female sex workers who organize with the twenty-year-old sex worker project La Sala (The Living Room); and the international network of Latin American sex worker organizations, RedTraSex.


The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of micro-credit on the small or microenterprises development with reference to Kaski district of Nepal. The descriptive and analytical research design is used and the research is based on the primary sources of data collected through structured questionnaires. During the study, the researchers selected 170 respondents, who were involved in the micro-credit programme in the last five or more years in the microfinance institutions, using the purposive sampling technique. The study finds that the majority of the clients are involved in agriculture and livestock and the rest are involved in the micro-business and enterprises related to service industry (such as tailoring, beauty parlor, hotel or restaurant), trade or business and small-scale manufacturing sectors. Micro-credit has a positive correlation with initial investment, revenue generation, employment generation, expansion of business and profit generation. The study also finds that micro-credit has encouraged clients to engage in the micro-business and enterprise development activities. The study recommends that it is necessary to adopt an effective utilization policy of micro-credit that may benefit both microfinance institutions for its sustainability and clients for their living standard improvement.


Collaboration of each division and BIM data continuity have been discussed continuously along with the introduction of the BIM design method in the construction sector and there is an increasing demand for design data analysis and simulation rather than simple design modeling. However, difficulties regarding data exchange using different software from different divisions in BIM design arose early in the implementation stage of BIM. Thus, designs have been conducted based only on the exchange between shape information and partial attributes. As a result of suggesting the data exchange method for design collaboration of BIM design in the civil engineering sector and simulating the analysis process with application of Low Impact Development (LID) in BIM design, smooth collaboration was maintained along with continuity of data between BIM design software and BIM-based analysis was subsequently carried out.


The effect of frequency of stimulation on the heat production of nerve has been discovered already in several places, ( a ) by General, Hill, and Zotterman (1927), ( b ) by Hill (1932), both for frog's medullated nerve, and ( c ) by Bersina and Feng (1932) for Crab's non-medullated nerve. The matter is not so simple as has appeared hitherto: the heat per second, or per impulse, depends not only on the frequency but also on the duration of the stimulus. Referring, for example, to fig. 4 in the preceding paper, it is evident that the relation there shown between the rate of heat production during steady stimulation and the number of shocks per second is quite different from that given last year (Hill, 1932, fig. 5, p. 127) for a short stimulus. In the former, half the maximum rate is reached at 26 shocks/sec., in the latter at 80 shocks/sec.; the frequency scales, therefore, are in the ratio of about 1 to 3. Fig. 1 shows the results of an experiment in which the effect of frequency on the heat per impulse was determined ( a ) for a 16-sec. stimulus and ( b ) for continual stimulation until a steady state was reached. In order to keep the figure within responsible dimensions the frequency is given on a logarithmic scale. In ( a ) the heat per impulse has fallen to one-half at a frequency of 140/sec., in ( b ) at a frequency scales again are in the ratio of about 1 to 3. In respect at least of those properties which results in heat production the time scale of nerve is diminished about three times by steady stimulation.


Author(s): Kang, J; Wang, LW | Abstract: © 2019 American Physical Society. The mixed quantum-classical nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) is a powerful tool to study many phenomena, especially ultrafast carrier transport and cooling. Carrier decoherence and detailed balance are two major issues in NAMD. So far, there is no computationally inexpensive approach to incorporate both effects. While the decoherence effect can be easily included in the state density matrix formalism and the detailed balance can be included in surface hopping or the wave function collapse approach, it is difficult to include both of them in a unified formalism. In this work we introduce a state density matrix formalism (referred to as P-matrix) including both the decoherence and detailed balance effects for NAMD. This method is able to explicitly treat the decoherence between different pairs of adiabatic states. Moreover, the off-diagonal density matrix elements are divided into two parts, corresponding to energy-increasing and energy-decreasing transitions. The detailed balance is then enforced by a Boltzmann factor applied to the energy-increasing transition part. The P-matrix formalism is applied to study hot-hole cooling and transfer processes in Si quantum dot (QD) systems. The calculated hot-carrier relaxation time is consistent with experiments. In a QD-pair system, the hot-hole cooling time shows weak dependence on the QD spacing. However, the hot-carrier transfer rate from one QD to another is found to decrease exponentially with the QD-QD distance. When the QD spacing is small (∼1 nm), the hot-carrier transfer can be very efficient. It is also shown that the explicit treatment of decoherence time is important in order to treat this hot-carrier transfer correctly.


3253-Pos Board B358 The His-75-Asp-97 Cluster in Proteorhodopsin: A DNP and Solid-State NMR Study Franziska Hempelmann, Mirka-Kristin Verhoefen, Soraya Hölper, Lenica Reggie, Johanna Baldus-Becker, Sarah-Anna Fiedler, Andreas Wörner, Thomas Köhler, Josef Wachtveitl, Clemens Glaubitz. The proteorhodopsin (PR) family found in bacteria near the ocean's surface to high abundance consists of hundreds of PR molecules which are colour-tuned to their environment. The green absorbing species has been shown to act as a light-driven proton pump in vitro and in non native host organisms. In contrast to bacteriorhodopsin, the pKa of the primary proton acceptor Asp-97 is highly elevated and a single His is found close to the active site. Here, we report a complete biophysical study of this His-75, which is highly conserved within the PR family but not found in other retinal proteins. 13C-13C dipolar correlation experiments did show, that both side chains are close enough to enable the formation of a H-bond. In addition, 15N-MAS NMR provides evidence, that indeed a neutral, H-bonded His-Asp complex is formed in which the protonation is shifted to D97 explaining its high pKa. Using the sensitivity enhancement provided by dynamic nuclear polarisation, we were able characterise the active site and especially the H-bonding character of the His-Asp coupling in great detail. Our study is complemented by site-directed mutagenesis in combination with black lipid membrane measurements, ultrafast optical spectroscopy and flash photolysis. Our data show, that His-75 forms a pH dependent complex with Asp-97 but replacing His-75 with Met, Trp or Asn accelerates PR's photocycle and does not prevent proton transfer. This raises the question of the true function of PR in vivo.


Current peatland models generally treat vegetation as static, although plant community structure is known to alter as a response to environmental change. Because the vegetation structure and ecosystem functioning are tightly linked, realistic projections of peatland response to climate change require the inclusion of vegetation dynamics in ecosystem models. In peatlands, Sphagnum mosses are key engineers. Moss community composition primarily follows habitat moisture conditions. The known species habitat preference along the prevailing moisture gradient might not directly serve as a reliable predictor for future species compositions, as water table fluctuation is likely to increase. Hence, modelling the mechanisms that control the habitat preference of Sphagna is a good first step for modelling community dynamics in peatlands. In this study, we developed the Peatland Moss Simulator (PMS), which simulates the community dynamics of the peatland moss layer. PMS is a processbased model that employs a stochastic, individual-based approach for simulating competition within the peatland moss layer based on species differences in functional traits. At the shoot-level, growth and competition were driven by net photosynthesis, which was regulated by hydrological processes via the capitulum water content. The model was tested by predicting the habitat preferences of Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax – two key species representing dry (hummock) and wet (lawn) habitats in a poor fen peatland (Lakkasuo, Finland). PMS successfully captured the habitat preferences of the two Sphagnum species based on observed variations in trait properties. Our model simulation further showed that the validity of PMS depended on the interspecific differences in the capitulum water content being correctly specified. Neglecting the water content differences led to the failure of PMS to predict the habitat preferences of the species in stochastic simulations. Our work highlights the importance of the capitulum water content with respect to the dynamics and carbon functioning of Sphagnum communities in peatland ecosystems. Thus, studies of peatland responses to changing environmental conditions need to include capitulum water processes as a control on moss community dynamics. Our PMS model could be used as an elemental design for the future development of dynamic vegetation models for peatland ecosystems.


Artificial superhydrophobic copper surfaces play an important role in modern applications such as self-cleaning and dropwise condensation; however, corrosion resistance and durability often present as major concerns in such applications. In this study, the anti-corrosion properties and mechanical durability of superhydrophobic copper surface have been investigated. The superhydrophobic copper surfaces were achieved with wet chemical etching and an immersion method to reduce the complexity of the fabrication process. The surface structures and materials were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the superhydrophobic copper surface were characterized after immersing surfaces in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution. The chemical stability of the superhydrophobic copper surface in the NaCl solution for a short period of time was also evaluated. An abrasion test and an ultrasound oscillation were conducted to confirm that the copper surface contained durable superhydrophobic properties. In addition, an atomic force microscope was employed to study the surface mechanical property in the corrosion conditions. The present study shows that the resulting superhydrophobic copper surface exhibit enhanced corrosion resistance and durability.


A force strategy developed by R.S. Fearing (1986) for automatically grasping two-dimensional polygon objects by a dextrous hand with point contact with friction is shown to be applicable to three-dimensional polyhedral objects. The algorithm essentially consists of position control of one finger and force control of the other along the internal force directions. Basic geometric constraints on the object are obtained for feasible grasping with two fingers. It is observed that, when an object is rotated about the line passing through soft finger contacts, the fingers slip on the object in a simple predictable trajectory.<<ETX>>


The odds-ratio measure is widely used in Health and Social surveys where the aim is to compare the odds of a certain event between a population at risk and a population not at risk. It can be defined using logistic regression through an estimating equation that allows a generalization to continuous risk variable. Data from surveys need to be analyzed in a proper way by taking into account the survey weights. Because the odds-ratio is a complex parameter, the analyst has to circumvent some difficulties when estimating confidence intervals. The present paper suggests a nonparametric approach that can take advantage of some auxiliary information in order to improve on the precision of the odds-ratio estimator. The approach consists in B-spline modelling which can handle the nonlinear structure of the parameter in a exible way and is easy to implement. The variance estimation issue is solved through a linearization approach and confidence intervals are derived. Two small applications are discussed.


Aims Studies have shown that progression to Type 2 diabetes can be delayed and/or prevented by lifestyle modification in people with IGT. The Greater Manchester Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) has been working with NHS Bolton to implement and evaluate a primary care-based, preventative lifestyle change programme. Methods The local Health Trainer (HT) service, offering lifestyle support over a period of six months, was diversified to offer support to people with IGT. Eligible patients were referred by GPs or practice nurses to see the HT based at the surgery. Glucose levels were measured at baseline, at the end of the six-month intervention, and one year after completion of the programme, making use of data routinely collected in primary care. ResultsA total of 134 participants were included in the initial evaluation with an average BMI of 31.8kg/m2, however we only report here on the 80 with a confirmed IGT diagnosis with a recent two hour oral glucose tolerance test between 7.8 and 11mmol/l. One year after completing the HT programme, among 80 people with IGT at outset, 21.3% (n=17) successfully reverted to normoglycaemic levels, 32.5% (n=26) still had IGT and 21.3% (n=17) progressed to type 2 diabetes. No follow-up data was available for 25.0% (n=20).ConclusionsOutcome data suggest that patient outcomes are comparable to published studies and indicate that the local health economy and patients are benefiting from the Health Trainer service offered to people at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.


From images of major transport infrastructures and housing blocks, to drug rehabilitation centers, vacant lots, and abandoned industrial warehouses, the City of Detroit has been one of the most photographed of all cities since the 1940s. Although much has been written about the historical legacies of urban change in Detroit and beyond, far less is known about the photographic collections that participated in the redevelopment of Detroit since the postwar period. This article therefore seeks to chart and unravel photographic depictions of two cycles of decline and renaissance: urban renewal (1940s–1960s) and city-center renaissance (1970s–1990s). How photography participated in these two cycles of production, reproduction, consumption, and display of photographs will be analyzed by focusing on citywide groups such as the Citizens' Housing and Planning Committee of Detroit (1940s), Mayor Coleman Young's image-led campaigns produced by the Department of Public Information (1970–1994), and social documentary photographer Camilo José Vergara's ruin park proposal (1995). In their search for a community of shared interest to manipulate how the Detroit citizen had to look at their city, the Citizens' Council of Detroit, the author argues, embodies Vergara's discourse of decline as well as Young's renaissance vision. In sum, this article offers a history of an overlooked factor in the redevelopment of Detroit, namely the role played by and given to photographs, and as such contributes to the current debates on Detroit's photographic image exemplified primarily by ruin porn.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of large-volume whole lung lavage in the treatment of severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP).

METHODS
Five severe PAP patients underwent large-volume whole lung lavage under general anaesthesia using a double lumen endotracheal tube. Suction was used for returning fluid. The volume of lavage and return volume and the return rate were calculated. The efficacy was evaluated according to the improvement of symptoms, amelioration of chest radiograph or chest CT scan and the changes of pulmonary function and artery blood gas analysis.

RESULTS
After lavage, the symptoms, pulmonary function and artery blood gas were markedly improved, and the chest radiographs showed dissipation of lung consolidation. No severe complications were observed in the 5 cases.

CONCLUSION
Large-volume whole lung lavage is an effective and safe therapeutic method in the treatment of PAP.


X-ray beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) are a promising tool for x-ray characterization techniques. Beams with OAM have a helicity--an azimuthally varying phase--which leads to a gradient of the light field. New material properties can be probed by utilizing the helicity of an OAM beam. Here, we demonstrate a novel dichroic effect in resonant diffraction from an artificial antiferromagnet with a topological defect. We found that the scattered OAM beam has circular dichroism at the antiferromagnetic Bragg peak whose sign is coupled to its helicity, which reveals the real-space configuration of the antiferromagnetic ground state. Thermal cycling of the artificial antiferromagnet can change the ground state, as indicated by reversal of the sign of circular dichroism. This result is one of the first demonstrations of a soft x-ray spectroscopy characterization technique utilizing the OAM of x-rays. This helicity-dependent circular dichroism exemplifies the potential to utilize OAM beams to probe matter in a way that is inaccessible using currently available x-ray techniques.


A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted to document the husbandry and management systems followed by ten facilities housing Asian elephants Elephas maximas in India. Eighty-two Asian elephants at these ten facilities were surveyed between November 2004 and February 2005. A significantly greater percentage of the elephants managed by zoos (n=4 zoos; 13 elephants surveyed) and the forest elephant camp (n=1 forest elephant camp; five elephants surveyed) were housed in pairs or groups; whereas animals maintained by tourist camps (n=2 tourist camps; 40 elephants surveyed) and temples (n=3 temples; 24 elephants surveyed) were permanently restrained with minimal social contact (physical contact with other elephants). A considerably larger proportion of elephants from tourist camps and temples were housed in environments devoid of natural features, such as trees, shrubs and water bodies. Forest elephant camp and zoo elephants, on the other hand, were housed in complex species-specific environments, which included water bodies, trees/shrubs and a substrate of compacted mud. From this paper, it is evident that the husbandry and management protocols vary significantly across the degrees of captivity, with some facilities (e.g. zoos and a forest elephant camp) being more conducive for housing elephants than others (e.g. temples and tourist camps).


Data from a three-component, long-period seismometer system is recorded in digital form on magnetic tape by a device which has been described by Miller. Preliminary editing and processing is performed to select events of interest from the 24-hour tapes and place them on a library tape that is compatible with a computer. Emphasis is placed on location, correction, and flagging of errors that occur during the recording and editing process. Processing routines developed include: correction for seismometer response, orbital motion functions, energy computation, band pass filtering for mode separation, etc. The dynamic range of the system is 86 db and the response is adequate over the range .02 to 2.0 cps. For the purpose of detailed analysis, digital records from this system are superior to paper records from any of the existing seismographs in use at this laboratory. The main disadvantage of data in this form is the difficulty of inspecting signals by eye in order to make preliminary interpretations.


Scholars have argued that much of the sexism literature has not acknowledged diversity among women, and they have called for more attention to the intersectionality of the multiple marginalized identities of sexual minority women of color (WOC) in particular. With a sample of 182 sexual minority WOC, we examined (a) the links between perceived lifetime and recent sexist events and psychological distress and (b) the potential moderating role in these relations of womanism (a perspective of feminism that recognizes the roles of both gender and race/ethnicity in the lives of WOC). Findings from our Internet survey indicated that lifetime and recent sexism were related significantly and positively to psychological distress. Womanism was also associated positively with both forms of sexism and psychological distress. In partial support of study hypotheses, womanism moderated the relationship between perceived lifetime sexist events, but not recent sexist events, and psychological distress. More specifically, the link between lifetime sexist events and psychological distress was significant and positive for sexual minority WOC with lower levels of womanism and not significant for those with higher levels of womanism. With regard to practice implications, assessing and exploring sexist events, placing these experiences in a larger sociocultural context of oppression, connecting with the legacy of social activism of marginalized groups, and encouraging supportive networks may diminish distress.


In this paper we propose a method for scaling up filterbased feature selection in classification problems. We use the conditional mutual information as filter measure and show how the required statistics can be computed in parallel avoiding unnecessary calculations. The distribution of the calculations between the available computing units is determined based on balanced incomplete block designs, a strategy first developed within the area of statistical design of experiments. We show the scalability of our method through a series of experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets.


This paper focuses on the provision and management of school facilities for the management of UBE programme. School facilities are those things that enable the teacher to carry out his/her work well and also help the learners to learn effectively. School facilities are vital tools in the teaching and learning process, hence the justification for their adequate provision and management. The school facilities are divided into instructional, recreational, residential and general-purpose types. They can be maintained through regular, emergency or prevention and periodic maintenance. Eight stages are discussed for the management of these facilities. However, it has been observed that these facilities are not adequately provided for our secondary schools for the implementation of this programme. The indicators are dilapidated school buildings, ill- equipped libraries and laboratories, lack of games facilities, computers e.t.c. However, for the successful implementation for UBE programme, all these school facilities must be adequately provided for and managed. The government should provide all necessary facilities, the school head should ensure optimal utilization of these facilities and make sure that they are well maintained.


"Successful Cold Call Selling gives you powerful, proven techniques to perform at your best when introducing yourself to new prospects. Whether in person or by phone, the book shows you how to gain an audience that has top-level buying authority. You will learn how to: Gain confidence and conquer the fear of making cold calls Eliminate reluctance on the part of the buyer Design a cold-calling strategy for getting new business Avoid commonly used, ineffective words and phrases Find prospects from a variety of often overlooked sources Create an irresistible invitation to hear your presentation Relax even the toughest prospects Deal with indifference, skepticism, procrastination, and objections This is the ultimate blueprint for anyone who wants to master the art of cold-call selling."


(2R)-N-Benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide (lacosamide) is ananticonvulsant (Choi et al., 1996); under the brand name ?Vimpat? this small molecule hasrecently been approved by the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration for the treatment of epilepsy. The purpose of the research reported here is todevelop and apply mass spectrometry approaches to the determination of protein targets ofthis novel therapeutic.The general strategy involves selecting potential target proteins using lacosamideanalogues incorporating an ?affinity bait? to enable covalent modification binding to targetproteins, and a ?chemical reporter? for the selective recovery of modified proteins.Lacosamide analogues are incubated with biological samples (primarily mouse brainextracts) and the modified proteins are recovered by introduction of a biotin tag (via thechemical reporter group). Streptavidin affinity chromatography is then used to enrich forbound molecules. The enriched proteins are subjected to tryptic digestion and the resultantpeptides analysed by reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS,enabling recognition of proteins via database searchingFirstly, mass spectrometric characterisation of the biotinyl (R)-lacosamide analoguebound to model compounds was performed. Adducts with protected lysine, neurotensin andenolase were analysed. The data showed that ESI was more suitable for ionisation ofmodified peptides and proteins than MALDI. The biotin enrichment strategy was applied tomouse brain lysate to identify putative candidate target proteins. Twenty-eight candidatetarget proteins were identified. Moreover, the 14-3-3 protein family, CRMP2 and thesodium/potassium-transporting ATPase family showed preference for the biologically active(R)- isomer over the (S)- lacosamide analogue using a fluorescence tag.Three more biotinyl lacosamide analogues containing different affinity baits wereused to enrich candidate target proteins of lacosamide. Most of the identified target proteinssupported the findings of the analogue A. To indicate the binding sites, a method wasdeveloped for enriching peptides modified by the biotinyl (R)-lacosamide analogue, usingstreptavidin beads and subsequently analysed these biotinylated peptides using CID andETD fragmentation methods. Neither fragmentation technique was optimal for elucidation ofthe sequence or site of modification of unknown target peptides. Purified recombinantproteins were therefore adducted with an AB-(R)-lacosamide analogue lacking the biotinprobe. This smaller (R)-lacosamide analogue underwent less fragmentation than the biotinanalogue during CID and could be used for sequence and site identification of the modifiedpeptides.In summary, the studies illustrated the power of MS to study drug mechanisms viathe discovery of candidate protein targets.


The 1T polytype of TaS2 has been studied extensively as a strongly correlated system. As 1T-TaS2 is thinned toward the 2D limit, its phase diagram shows significant deviations from that of the bulk material. Optoelectronic maps of ultrathin 1T-TaS2 have indicated the presence of nonequilibrium charge density wave phases within the hysteresis region of the nearly commensurate (NC) to commensurate (C) transition. We perform scanning tunneling microscopy on exfoliated ultrathin flakes of 1T-TaS2 within the NC-C hysteresis window, finding evidence that the observed nonequilibrium phases consist of intertwined, irregularly shaped NC-like and C-like domains. After applying lateral electrical signals to the sample, we image changes in the geometric arrangement of the different regions. We use a phase separation model to explore the relationship between electronic inhomogeneity present in ultrathin 1T-TaS2 and its bulk resistivity. These results demonstrate the role of phase competition morphologies in determining the properties of 2D materials.


Aim
Investigate the effect of various intensities of physical activity (PA) on subsequent positive and negative emotions of fourth- to sixth-grade students.
Background
PA can positively affect children's mood and emotions and this has previously been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PA promotes mental health, including cognitive function and well-being (the psychosocial hypothesis, Lubans et al., 2016). In particular, moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) activity have been found to positively affect emotions in children and adolescents (e.g. Bourke et al., 2021; Dunton et al., 2014), with positive emotions more strongly affected by acute PA than negative ones (Bourke et al., 2021).
Method
Seventy-seven children in fourth to sixth grade from four primary schools in Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) took part in six physical education (PE) lessons. PE lessons varied in their targeted intensity (low, medium, and high) and complexity (each intensity once at low and once at high complexity). During the classroom lesson before and after each physical education lesson, participants reported their emotional state three times via an app on tablets, by rating eight emotions on a 5-point Likert scale.
Results
Both positive and negative emotions during PE predicted emotions in the classroom after PE. Greater PE lesson enjoyment led to increased positive emotions during PE, and more positive emotions were reported in the classroom after PE when lessons were higher in MPA. VPA led to decreased positive emotions during PE. On the other hand, negative emotions at the end of PE or in the classroom after PE were not affected by moderate (MPA) or vigorous (VPA) PA during PE, or the participants' enjoyment of the PE lesson. Light PA did not have any significant effect on negative or positive emotions during or after PE. PA intensity did not affect PE lesson enjoyment.
Conclusion
Negative emotions were not affected by any PA intensity. Positive emotions responded differently depending on PA intensity. Independent of intensity, PE lesson enjoyment strongly improved positive emotions.
References
Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A., & Craike, M. (2021). A systematic review of the within-person association between physical activity and affect in children's and adolescents' daily lives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, Article 101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101825
Dunton, G. F., Huh, J., Leventhal, A. M., Riggs, N., Hedeker, D., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Pentz, M. A. (2014). Momentary assessment of affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in children. Health Psychology, 33(3), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032640
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138(3), 1642–1656. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642


Author(s): J. Short, Deborah | Abstract: Many school districts are facing increasing numbers of secondary immigrant students who have low level English or native language skills and, in many cases, have had limited formal education in heir native countries. These students must learn English, take the required content courses, and catch up to heir native-English-speaking peers before high school graduation. How are schools meeting the needs of these students, many of whom are placed below the expected grade level for their age?Some districts have developed newcomer programs that serve these students through a program of intensive language development and academic and cultural orientation, for a limited period of time (usually from 6-18 months), before placing them in the regular school language support and academic programs. The rationale for establishing these programs differs across sites, but many programs were set up for one or more of the following reasons:• Students were at risk of educational failure or of dropping out of school.• Students were over age for their grade level placement, because of weak academic skills and limited formal education.• Students' needs surpassed the instructional design of the regular ESL or bilingual program that was in place in the district.• Students had low or no English or native language literacy skills.This digest reports on data collected through a study of secondary newcomer programs, sponsored by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S.Department of Education as part of he Center for Education, Diversity a Excellence. It introduces the common factors and range of practices found in secondary newcomer programs across the United States. The information is drawn from program profiles found in Secondary Newcomer Programs in the United States:1996-97 Directory (Short a Boyson,1997).


The rise of Chinese infrastructure investment in Africa has raised a set of questions about whose development agendas are being fulfilled by such projects, where the power lies in these negotiations, and how local communities are impacted by the projects. Current assumptions see China as holding the power in these relations and that its state-backed transnational corporations unilaterally get their way. This paper challenges these simplistic assumptions by examining the case of a 'failed' Chinese project - the Zamfara Dam in Northern Nigeria – and in doing so makes a case for the role of African political agency in brokering Chinese engagement. The dam project was initiated in 2008 between the Zamfara State government and the China Geo-Engineering Corporation; funding was supposed to come from the Chinese ExIm Bank. After the initial assessment and community consultations that spanned three years, the project failed to take off. Primary data is used to understand the process of failure and shows that the dam was initiated based on political expediency rather than the actual drive for development. It was brokered between the elites of China, Nigeria and Zamfara state and so failed to gain wider legitimacy and accountability. Also, in the drive to see the project initiated statutory shortcuts were taken. Critically, consultation was not broadbased even among the state government officials and the communities. The initiation of the project did not follow the laid down procedure of the Federal Ministry of Water Resources. Given that largely political factors played a significant role in the failure of the project, it is suggested that motivation for and implementation of development projects of this nature should transcend political whims and caprices of politicians and ensuring more transparency and broad consultation.


Snake venoms are rich sources of active proteins that have been employed in the diagnosis and treatment of health disorders and antivenom therapy. Developing countries demand fast economical downstream processes for the purification of this biomolecule type without requiring sophisticated equipment. We developed an alternative, simple and easy to scale-up method, able to purify simultaneously protease and phospholipase A2 toxins from Bothrops alternatus venom. It comprises a multiple-step partition procedure with polyethylene-glycol/phosphate aqueous two-phase systems followed by a gel filtration chromatographic step. Two single bands in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and increased proteolytic and phospholipase A2 specific activities evidence the homogeneity of the isolated proteins.


Background. One in five people affected by depression will not recover fully from a first episode, and in 70–80% of those achieving remission, depression will recur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of antidepressants during six years (2004–2009) in Lithuania, to analyze the trends in the diagnosis of depression and its compliance with the use of antidepressants for the future investigation of rationalizing medicamentous depression treatment costs in Lithuania opportunities.
Materials and methods. Data on the total sales of antidepressants were obtained from the IMS (Intercontinental Marketing Service) Health Incorporated. The data were calculated by the DDD (Defined Daily Dose) methodology and expressed in DDDs per 1.000 inhabitants per day. Data on depression diagnosis were obtained from the National Psychiatric Health Centre and expressed as the number of diagnoses in total and by depression types and gender.
Results. The total consumption of antidepressants increased from 10.17 DDD / 1000 inhabitants / day in 2004 to 15.0 DDD / 1000 inhabitants / day in 2009. The number of total depression diagnoses increased by 12%. The number of first time diagnosed depression increased not as significantly as relapsed depression diagnoses – by 27%. In 2009, women were diagnosed with depression 4.5 times more frequently than men. Moreover, depression relapse numbers grew up by 33% during the six study years among women.
Conclusions. During the study period, the consumption of antidepressants increased by 48%. Women were diagnosed with depression more frequently than men. The results of our study show that the number of depression diagnoses are growing because of depression relapse in women.

Keywords: antidepressants consumption, depression relapse, pharmacoeconomics


Biochemical and genetic investigations have identified four key proteins, mutations in which either cause Alzheimer disease (AD) (beta-amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 and 2) or confer a higher risk of developing AD (apolipoprotein E). This paper discusses the biochemical evidence that links each protein to AD, various animal and cell models that have been used in these investigations, and the putative interactions between these proteins that lead to AD. Areas that are especially fertile for novel research are noted as are gaps in our present understanding of the etiology of AD.


This intellectual history study locates the philosophy of history of Pierre-Simon Ballanche (1776-1847) within the intellectual, religious and social life of Restoration and July Monarchy France, and argues for the recognition of Ballanche as an important contributor to that milieu. The book's four parts blend the topical and evolutionary approaches, analyzing dominant themes as they are developed across Ballanche's works, and charts Ballanche's complex relation of dependence and independence to the various intellectual currents of the period. The work seeks to clarify the thought of a notoriously obscure thinker, illumine the intellectual history of early-19th century France, and demonstrate how Ballanche's project for religo-social regeneration effected a crucial step in the historical-mindedness of the Romantic period.


Proliferation of bone marrow lymphoid cells of 8 healthy subjects and 7 patients with chronic renal insufficiency was compared using the cytophotometric measurement of the DNA content combined with 3H-thymidine labelling in vitro. In renal insufficiency the cells showed a marked decrease of the proliferation activity. This is apparent from the impaired labelling indices and accumulation of diploid and unlabelled cells. The data suggest that the lymphoid cell proliferation is affected by the same pathophysiological mechanism as that leading to impairment of red cell production. By subclassification according to cytoplasmic basophilia, this proliferation disturbance could be related to the basophilic and not to the pale type of lymphoid cells.


Microviridins and other ω−ester linked peptides (OEPs) are characterized by sidechain-sidechain linkages installed by ATP-grasp enzymes. Here we describe the discovery of a new family of OEPs, the gene clusters of which also encode an O-methyltransferase with homology to the protein repair catalyst protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT). We produced the first example of this new ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP), fuscimiditide, via heterologous expression. NMR analysis of fuscimiditide revealed that the peptide contains two ester crosslinks forming a stem-loop macrocycle. Furthermore, an unusually stable aspartimide moiety is found within the loop macrocycle. We have also fully reconstituted fuscimiditide biosynthesis in vitro establishing that ester formation catalyzed by the ATP-grasp enzyme is an obligate, rate-limiting first biosynthetic step. Aspartimide formation from aspartate is catalyzed by the PIMT homolog in the second step. The aspartimide moiety embedded in fuscimiditide hydrolyzes regioselectively to isoaspartate (isoAsp). Surprisingly, this isoAsp-containing protein is also a substrate for the PIMT homolog, thus driving any hydrolysis products back to the aspartimide form. Whereas aspartimide is often considered a nuisance product in protein formulations, our data here suggest that some RiPPs have aspartimide residues intentionally installed via enzymatic activity.


From June 2018 to May 2019, the 24 hours strip of the sky on the Crab nebula declination and from June 2020 to May 2021 the strip on the microquasar GRS 1915+105 declination were observed with a four-beam complex of four-channel sensitive radiometers, established in the focal line of the "Western sector" of the RATAN-600 radio telescope. The main aim of these surveys was to search for the fast radio bursts, but in the report we discuss the traditional blind survey with a high sensitivity. We averaged the data received in narrow channels to achieve total sensitivity of about ∼ 5 mJy/beam for a total frequency band equal to 600 MHz at the frequency of 4.7 GHz. This value is only constrained by the effect of confusion for the antenna beam, having the angular sizes 1 ′ × 35 ′ . We obtained about 25 high-quality records of the 24 hour strip of the sky for every month of the observations and calculated 12 average drift scans. Here we considered a primary sample of 121 the most bright sources, detected in the both surveys. We identified these sources with the radio sources from different catalogs, collected in the CATS database. That allowed us to plot compiled radio spectra of the sources. We have analyzed spectra and light curves of all sources. Also we identified the sources with big optical and infrared catalogues, and found that sources are galaxies and quasars.


We consider the mixed regression problem with two components, under adversarial and stochastic noise. We give a convex optimization formulation that provably recovers the true solution, and provide upper bounds on the recovery errors for both arbitrary noise and stochastic noise settings. We also give matching minimax lower bounds (up to log factors), showing that under certain assumptions, our algorithm is information-theoretically optimal. Our results represent the first tractable algorithm guaranteeing successful recovery with tight bounds on recovery errors and sample complexity.


We explain a direct topological proof for the multiplicativity of Duflo isomorphism for arbitrary finite dimensional Lie algebras, and derive the explicit formula for the Duflo map. The proof follows a series of implications, starting with "the calculation 1+1=2 on a 4D abacus", using the study of homomorphic expansions (aka universal finite type invariants) for ribbon 2-knots, and the relationship between the corresponding associated graded space of arrow diagrams and universal enveloping algebras. This complements the results of the first author, Le and Thurston, where similar arguments using a "3D abacus" and the Kontsevich Integral were used to derive Duflo's theorem for metrized Lie algebras; and results of the first two authors on finite type invariants of w-knotted objects, which also imply a relation of 2-knots with Duflo's theorem in full generality, though via a lengthier path.


Free energy of a layered superconductor with $\xi_{\perp} < d$ is calculated in a parallel magnetic field by means of the Gor'kov equations, where $\xi_{\perp}$ is a coherence length perpendicular to the layers and $d$ is an inter-layer distance. The free energy is shown to differ from that in the textbook Lawrence-Doniach model at high fields, where the Meissner currents are found to create an unexpected positive magnetic moment due to shrinking of the Cooper pairs "sizes" by a magnetic field. This paramagnetic intrinsic Meissner effect in a bulk is suggested to detect by measuring in-plane torque, the upper critical field, and magnetization in layered organic and high-T$_c$ superconductors as well as in superconducting superlattices.


The present paper develops a new institutional perspective of intellectual property right (IPR) enforcement dilemmas in developing countries, focusing on the case of software protection in Egypt. Transplanting western made IPR rules and enforcement strategies to developing countries without any additional assistance from right holders did not fulfill the required enforcement standards. Satisfactory results can only be achieved gradually. Game theoretical examinations showed that decisions taken by both parties (right holders and developing countries) under the homo-economicus assumption and in the absence of binding institutions lead to inefficient outcomes, while agreeing on a long-term cooperative second best mindset leads to higher welfare gains. In order to maintain a stable contractual outcome to enforce IPR, one should control for the process of structuring de facto institutions, especially enforcement authorities (prosecutors and judiciary) before signing the agreement and throughout the contractual phase. This hinders sharp fluctuations of transaction cost (TC) and expected value of future payoffs that might occur during the different stages of the contract. Accordingly, the paper provides a new policy tool that can be considered useful when discussing new strategies related to the possibility of establishing binding institutions to enforce IPR.


We conducted a survey of 67 graduate students enrolled in the Privacy and Security in Healthcare course at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. This was done to measure user preference and their understanding of usability and security of three different Electronic Health Records authentication methods: single authentication method (username and password), Single sign-on with Central Authentication Service (CAS) authentication method, and a bio-capsule facial authentication method. This research aims to explore the relationship between security and usability, and measure the effect of perceived security on usability in these three aforementioned authentication methods. We developed a formative-formative Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) model to measure the relationship between the latent variables of Usability, and Security. The measurement model was developed using five observed variables (measures). - Efficiency and Effectiveness, Satisfaction, Preference, Concerns, and Confidence. The results obtained highlight the importance and impact of these measures on the latent variables and the relationship among the latent variables. From the PLS-SEM analysis, it was found that security has a positive impact on usability for Single sign-on and bio-capsule facial authentication methods. We conclude that the facial authentication method was the most secure and usable among the three authentication methods. Further, descriptive analysis was done to draw out the interesting findings from the survey regarding the observed variables.


We examine the determinants of labour market status after the initial vocational basic education (ISCED 3) by use of unique linked register data on students, their parents, teachers, educational organisations and business companies in Finland. We distinguish between four outcomes : 1) employment 2) further studies 3) non-employment and 4) drop-out. The explanatory factors are classified into three main groups : the characteristics of 1) the educational organisation and their institutions, 2) the students and 3) the local business conditions. Teaching expenditures do not matter but teachers skills do. Parental background plays a central role. Local business development matters for boys.


Research on entrepreneurship remains fragmented in business history. A lack of conceptual clarity inhibits comparisons between studies and dialogue among scholars. To address these issues, we propose to reinvent entrepreneurial history as a research field. We define "new entrepreneurial history" as the study of the creative processes that propel economic change. Rather than putting actors, hierarchies, or institutions at the center of the analysis, we focus explicitly on three distinct entrepreneurial processes as primary objects of study: envisioning and valuing opportunities, allocating and reconfiguring resources, and legitimizing novelty. The article elaborates on the historiography, premises, and potential contributions of new entrepreneurial history.


Purpose To compare the effects of femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and manual phacoemulsification on cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), torsional amplitude, and endothelial cell density (ECD). Patients and Methods This prospective, randomized study was conducted at Oka Eye Clinic (Fukuoka, Japan). Surgeries were performed using FLACS (with LenSx) or conventional technique in adults ≥20 years with grade 2–4 cataracts. Visits included preoperative, surgery day, and 5 postoperative visits (days 1, 4–10, 20–40, 60–120, and 150–210). Primary endpoint was CDE. Secondary endpoints included ECD percent change at day 150–210 versus preoperative visit and average torsional amplitude on surgery day. Exploratory endpoints included central corneal thickness and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA). Superiority of FLACS to conventional technique was evaluated using t-tests based on a mixed model for repeated measures. Results Full analysis set included 53 eyes per group. Mean cataract grade was 2.92±0.58 in FLACS and 2.94±0.57 in conventional group. FLACS versus conventional method had significantly lower mean CDE (0.213±0.334 versus 1.718±0.898%-seconds, respectively; P<0.0001), demonstrating superiority of FLACS. Low endothelial cell loss (ECL) was achieved with both FLACS and conventional methods (1.5±5.6% and 2.7±5.2%; P=0.260). Torsional amplitude was significantly lower for FLACS versus conventional method (19.6±16.0% versus 31.1±6.6%; P<0.0001). Central corneal thickness was comparable for both methods at all visits except day 1; CDVA was comparable for both methods at all postoperative visits. Conclusion FLACS achieved significantly lower CDE compared with the conventional surgical method (P<0.0001). Low ECL was achieved with both FLACS (1.5%) and conventional (2.7%) methods.


The present work was carried out to clarify the three-dimensional fine structure of extracellular matrix in the cornea, using ultrarapid-freezing and deep-etching methods for electron microscopy. Fresh and glutaraldehyde-fixed samples of human and rabbit posterior corneas were ultrarapidly-frozen onto a copper block cooled by liquid helium or liquid nitrogen, freeze-fractured, deeply etched for 8-10 min and rotary replicated with platinum-carbon. Replicas were examined in a transmission electron microscope equipped with a tilting device. Only structures with repeatedly observed, similar architectural profiles free from ice crystal damage, were taken into account. The very recognizable major collagen fibrils revealed 8-10 nm subfibrils running helically along the fibril long axis. The other extracellular matrix components consisted of: (1) 8-12 nm interfibrillar bridging filaments, frequently ornamented with globular domains, joining neighbouring collagen fibrils like steps of a ladder; (2) 10-20 nm filaments with relatively large globular domains, running on the surface of collagen fibrils along their long axes, and projecting finger-like structures into interfibrillar spaces sometimes attaching to adjacent collagen fibrils; (3) 10-15 nm beaded filaments with a periodicity of 75-110 nm, forming extended networks, especially at the interlamellar interfaces; and (4) 8-14 nm straight or sinuous strands consisting of 4-6 nm repeating subunits or modules, forming extended sheets by lateral association at the Descemet's membrane/stroma interface. In the light of the information available from studies on the localization of extracellular matrix components in the cornea, and by reference to the structural models of extracellular matrix molecules and macromolecular assemblies, we have related the deep-etched extracellular matrix structures described above to: (1) proteoglycans; (2) fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices or FACIT collagens; (3) type VI collagen; and (4) fibronectin, respectively.


For robots expected to perform tasks of complexity approaching those performed by humans (or other animals) it is becoming clear that robots must be capable of both learning from instruction as well as discovering and learning autonomously. Presented in this paper are methods through which novice robots can be prepared for their future endeavours, not through explicit specification and memorization, but through shaping methods that do not compromise the robot's autonomous learning capabilities. This shaping provides the robot with initial guidance that it is free to use, neglect or alter as it sees fit. Two methods of shaping are discussed: scaffolding actions and staged learning. In general, the robot must be able to transport what it has previously learned (either by chance or in a regimented training program) and apply it to new (possibly related) situations. This paper builds upon recent work in nested Q-learning that allows for the generation of hierarchical control structures and reactive responses in reinforcement learning domains.


Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a method for detecting gains and losses of DNA segments or gene dosage in the genome. Recent advances in this technology have enabled high resolution comparison of whole genomes for the identification of genetic alterations in cancer and other genetic diseases. The Sub-Megabase Resolution Tiling-set array (or SMRT) array is comprised of a set of approximately thirty thousand overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that span the human genome in approximately 100 kilobase pair (kb) segments. These BAC targets are individually synthesized and spotted in duplicate on a single glass slide. Array CGH is based on the principle of competitive hybridization. Sample and reference DNA are differentially labeled with Cyanine-3 and Cyanine-5 fluorescent dyes, and co-hybridized to the array. After an incubation period the unbound samples are washed from the slide and the array is imaged. A freely available custom software package called SeeGH (www.flintbox.ca) is used to process the large volume of data collected--a single experiment generates 53,892 data points. SeeGH visualizes the log2 signal intensity ratio between the 2 samples at each BAC target which is vertically aligned with chromosomal position. The SMRT array can detect alterations as small as 50 kb in size. The SMRT array can detect a variety of DNA rearrangement events including DNA gains, losses, amplifications and homozygous deletions. A unique advantage of the SMRT array is that one can use DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples. When combined with the low input requirements of unamplified DNA (25-100 ng) this allows profiling of precious samples such as those produced by microdissection. This is attributed to the large size of each BAC hybridization target that allows the binding of sufficient labeled samples to produce signals for detection. Another advantage of this platform is the tolerance of tissue heterogeneity, decreasing the need for tedious tissue microdissection. This video protocol is a step-by-step tutorial from labeling the input DNA through to signal acquisition for the whole genome tiling path SMRT array.


Research on the Product and Country Images (PCI) issue (also known as "country-of-origin", or "made-in"), began 30 years ago and has grown rapidly to become one of the most important fields in international marketing and business theory, with over 500 published studies to date. This substantial literature reflects the pervasive presence of origin cues in society and the economy, in public policy and business decision-making. While the body of work on (PCI) has made significant theoretical and practical contributions, numerous unresolved questions remain. Among them is whether the effects of the product-country image vary across subcultural groups within nations concerning products from various countries. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if consumer attitudes towards foreign countries and their products vary among ethnic subcultural groups (English versus French-Canadians). The data analysis, using multivariate analysis of variance and factor analysis confirmed that subcultural differences between English and French Canadians do indeed exist in the evaluation of foreign countries and their products. Manova tests revealed that significant differences between the two subcultures were detected for eleven of the eighteen countries under investigation. Furthermore, a subcultural bias was demonstrated by the fact that English Canadians gave more favorable scores to products from Great Britain than French Canadians did while French Canadians gave better scores to products from France.


Given work is dedicated to the increasing accuracy problem of robotic manipulator systems. It is known that these systems have parameters which are changing in time in that way control laws of the manipulator links should be variable and control system should be adaptive. In order to make control system of manipulator link adaptive it was suggested original approach based on real interpolation method and parameter tracking.


SUMMARY Rice is the main food for most of the human population, so sustainable rice production is very important for food security. The fertility of the soil in paddy fields is the key factor controlling rice growth and production. Steel slag amendment is becoming an effective method to increase the soil fertility, stabilize rice production and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions in Asiatic paddy fields (i.e. Korea, Japan, Bangladesh and China). We studied the relationships of steel slag amendment with plant–soil nutrient allocation, stoichiometry and rice yield in a paddy field in subtropical China. Amendment was associated with higher soil N and P availability, lower available-N:available-P ratio and higher available Ca and Si concentrations. Increases in P, Ca and Mg availability were correlated with high yields. High yields under steel slag amendment were also associated with high foliar and stem N and P concentrations and lower N:P ratios and with high shoot/root N and P concentration ratios, traits that are typically associated with productive ecosystems able to support species with high growth rates. The positive correlation between steel slag application and yield was partially due to an indirect effect (35% of the total effect) of enhancement of soil Ca, Si and P availability, which were positively correlated with yield. Steel slag amendment in this paddy field increased plant growth and yield by enhancing nutrient availability, altering soil and plant stoichiometry and shifting stem:root nutrient allocation.


A detailed examination of deaths in the US by cause and age suggests that the 2020 recession did not contribute to excess deaths overall. However, high excess mortality occurred because of drug overdoses both from recession effects and from COVID-19 pandemic effects. Understanding the risk for heightened substance use mortality can help mitigate this risk in the next pandemic.


Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of cellular proteins is a rare event and is considered to be related to the regulation of cellular growth, differentiation, and some forms of neoplastic transformation. Using high-affinity antibodies specific to phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr), we have shown the presence at high concentrations of P-Tyr-modified proteins in mouse bone-marrow megakaryocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy of semithin frozen sections revealed that P-Tyr labeling was localized in a punctate pattern in the majority of the cytoplasm. The thin outer rim of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane was devoid of the label. Immunogold electron microscopy of ultrathin frozen sections showed that P-Tyr labeling was concentrated mostly on the membranes of the vesicles in the cytoplasm. The membrane demarcation system characteristic of megakaryocytes was not labeled. The intensity of P-Tyr labeling varied from one megakaryocyte to another. These results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of specific proteins might be correlated with the developmental stage of megakaryocytes, possibly related to the formation and deposition of the granules.


This paper describes and analyses a community of disabled people in Sweden that use an online forum to discuss personal assistance issues. The forum is a community of practice (CoP) that has its roots in everyday living with personal assistance. The contributions to the forum were studied over a 4½ year period, including a total of 2755 postings from 146 persons. The levels of the CoP learning system were analysed using the FACE tool, which examines function based on attitude, control and enabling. The results indicate that a learning system was established within the CoP that made it possible for disabled people to complement, confront and counterbalance the influences of existing learning systems, theories and methods of professionals in the area of personal assistance.


Oxidation of water-insoluble alcohols in supercritical
CO2 over a Pd–Pt–Bi/C catalyst in a continuous fixed
bed reactor affords high reaction rates and yields up to 98% of the
corresponding ketones, aromatic and α,β-unsaturated aliphatic
aldehydes, without the risk of using a flammable organic solvent.


Letter-to-letter transducers are a standard formalism for modeling reactive systems. Often, two transducers that model similar systems differ locally from one another, by behaving similarly, up to permutations of the input and output letters within"rounds". In this work, we introduce and study notions of simulation by rounds and equivalence by rounds of transducers. In our setting, words are partitioned to consecutive subwords of a fixed length $k$, called rounds. Then, a transducer $\mathcal{T}_1$ is $k$-round simulated by transducer $\mathcal{T}_2$ if, intuitively, for every input word $x$, we can permute the letters within each round in $x$, such that the output of $\mathcal{T}_2$ on the permuted word is itself a permutation of the output of $\mathcal{T}_1$ on $x$. Finally, two transducers are $k$-round equivalent if they simulate each other. We solve two main decision problems, namely whether $\mathcal{T}_2$ $k$-round simulates $\mathcal{T}_1$ (1) when $k$ is given as input, and (2) for an existentially quantified $k$. We demonstrate the usefulness of the definitions by applying them to process symmetry: a setting in which a permutation in the identities of processes in a multi-process system naturally gives rise to two transducers, whose $k$-round equivalence corresponds to stability against such permutations.


A coronal jet is a jet phenomenon in solar corona, and a flow of hot plasma (>1 MK) through a magnetic flux tube. The phenomenon has been investigated from YOHKOH era (1990's), and there is no doubt that a coronal jet is produced by the energy released by magnetic reconnection based on numerous observing and theoretical studies. One of the remained puzzles of coronal jets is the acceleration mechanism of hot plasma. Shibata et al. (1992), which reported the discovery of coronal jets, already predicted that the hot plasma flow in a corona jet is a reconnection outflow (magnetic driven flow) or/and a flow by chromospheric evaporation (gas-pressure driven flow). The high spatial and cadence X-ray images obtained with the X-Ray Telescope aboard Hinode satellite revealed that both flows exist in a coronal jet (Cirtain et al. 2007). Nevertheless, it is not clear which flow dominates a coronal jet. In this paper, I review recent results related with the puzzle, and discuss what is a key physics for the acceleration mechanism in a coronal jet.


The article reviews the main characteristics of bid rigging in public procurement regarding some forms, objectives and consequences, as well as various features of the industry, products and services that tend to facilitate collusion in public tenders. This article also describes the most common indicators of bid rigging in order to detect and prevent anticompetitive collusion.   For the purpose of this analysis, the common definition of bid rigging and some practical examples are included in order to elaborate effective measures for its detection and prevention. Taking into consideration that certain public procurement rules may support bid rigging by lessening competition, this article gives an overview of the Law on Public Procurement in Serbia. It outlines relevant provisions that should boost competition and stimulate participation of potential bidders in the public procurement process. Some incentives concerning participation of small and medium enterprises in public procurement are examined, as well as certain new provisions aimed at increasing transparency, promoting integrity and preventing corruption in public procurement. This article also emphasizes the role of the Commission for Protection of Competition in fighting against bid rigging in public procurement. It includes examination based on legislative framework and empirical data of the Commission for Protection of Competition, that performs the activities in accordance with the Law on Protection of Competition. Some examples of bid rigging cases in Serbia are examined, as well. Finally, concluding remarks and recommendations are included.


Purpose

In this work, the authors aim to present a compact low-cost and portable spectral imaging system for general purposes. The developed system provides information that can be used for a fast in situ identification and classification of samples based on the analysis of captured images. The connectivity of the instrument allows a deeper analysis of the images in an external computer.

Design/methodology/approach

The wavelength selection of the system is carried out by light multiplexing through a light-emitting diode panel where eight wavelengths covering the spectrum from ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared region (NIR) have been included. The image sensor used is a red green blue – infrared (RGB-IR) micro-camera controlled by a Raspberry Pi board where a basic image processing algorithm has been programmed. It allows the visualization in an integrated display of the reflectance and the histogram of the images at each wavelength, including UV and NIRs.

Findings

The prototype has been tested by analyzing several samples in a variety of applications such as detection of damaged, over-ripe and sprayed fruit, classification of different type of plastic materials and determination of properties of water.

Originality/value

The designed system presents some advantages as being non-expensive and portable in comparison to other multispectral imaging systems. The low-cost and size of the camera module connected to the Raspberry Pi provides a compact instrument for general purposes.


Contemporary AR/VR systems use in-air gestures or handheld controllers for interactivity. This overlooks the skin as a convenient surface for tactile, touch-driven interactions, which are generally more accurate and comfortable than free space interactions. In response, we developed ActiTouch, a new electrical method that enables precise on-skin touch segmentation by using the body as an RF waveguide. We combine this method with computer vision, enabling a system with both high tracking precision and robust touch detection. Our system requires no cumbersome instrumentation of the fingers or hands, requiring only a single wristband (e.g., smartwatch) and sensors integrated into an AR/VR headset. We quantify the accuracy of our approach through a user study and demonstrate how it can enable touchscreen-like interactions on the skin.


Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore the mechanism of the H(2) activation by the (PNP)Ir(C(6)H(5)) complex. Our calculations show that the reaction is most likely to go though three steps. The first step (also the rate-determining step) involves the proton transfer from the benzylic position of the PNP ligand to the metal center to form an Ir(III) hydride intermediate, accompanied by the dearomatization of the PNP ligand. Second, H(2) is coordinated to the metal of this Ir(III) intermediate to form a molecular hydrogen complex. Finally, the H-H bond is heterolytically cleaved to produce the final trans-dihydride product, in which the benzylic carbon is protonated, and the PNP ligand is rearomatized. Thus, the H(2) activation by the Ir(I) complex actually involves an Ir(III) hydride complex as a key intermediate. The Ir center and the PNP ligand cooperate in a synergistic manner in the H(2) activation process. The above molecular mechanism could provide reasonable explanations for known experimental facts.


Abstract:  Being able to identify riparian sites that function better for nitrate removal from groundwater is critical to using efficiently the riparian zones for water quality management. For this purpose, managers need a method that is quick, inexpensive, and accurate enough to enable effective management decisions. This study assesses the precision and accuracy of a simple method using three ground water wells and one measurement date for determining nitrate removal characteristics of riparian buffer zones. The method is a scaled‐down version of a complex field research method that consists of a large network of wells and piezometers monitored monthly for over two years. Results using the simplified method were compared to those from the reference research method on a date‐by‐date basis on eight sites covering a wide range of hydrogeomorphic settings. The accuracy of the three‐well, 1 day measurement method was relatively good for assessing nitrate concentration depletion across riparian zones, but poor for assessing the distance necessary to achieve a 90% nitrate removal and for estimating water and nitrate fluxes compared to the reference method. The simplified three‐well method provides relatively better estimates of water and nitrate fluxes on sites where ground‐water flow is parallel to the water table through homogeneous aquifer material, but such conditions may not be geographically widespread. Despite limited overall accuracy, some parameters that are estimated using the simplified method may be useful to water resource managers. Nitrate depletion information may be used to assess the adequacy of existing buffers to achieve nitrate concentration goals for runoff. Estimates of field nitrate runoff and buffer removal fluxes may be adequate for prioritizing management toward sites where riparian buffers are likely to have greater impact on stream water quality.


Sustainability and Industrial Building System (IBS) closely linked each other due to the unique characteristics of IBS that help promote sustainability in construction. IBS is a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment, transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site work. IBS promoted by CIDB which most of the implementation on the IBS only assessed and evaluated on the buildings. In the new highway project development, the Government through implementing agency, Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) have set the requirement to the new highway project to achieve at least 20% of the IBS in the construction works and 70% of IBS's component application in the structural works. Reviews of literature revealed that Malaysia is still lacking of a mechanism in determine the IBS's component application in the structural works for highway. In view of this issue, this study is carried out to develop an IBS evaluation framework for structural works in highways construction. Also the existing level of IBS acceptance in the highway construction industry and IBS's component used in the highways have been investigated and evaluated. The findings lead to establishment of the evaluation frameworks on the IBS's components in the structural works for highway. The proposed of the evaluation framework enables the implementation on the IBS's components in the structural works for highway more structured and organized towards enhancing the overall performance of highway construction in Malaysia.


The rate of deterioration of onion in the tropical humid environment due to inadequate storage structure cannot be overemphasized. The storage life of onion is dependent mainly on temperature and humidity. Onion is grown in the northern states mostly by peasant farmers and transported to the various regions in the country. To ensure supply of the commodity all year round, adequate storage facilities must be put in place. The objective of this study is to evaluate a modified onion storage structure in terms of its potentials to reduce ambient temperature and relative humidity which would help extend the shelf life of onion and reducing post-harvest losses. A storage structure capable of storing onions in a humid tropical environment was re-designed and constructed using locally available materials and tested for nine-weeks. The structure was constructed with 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm and 50.8 mm x 76.2 mm soft wood, naturally ventilated and was covered with asbestos roofing sheets and chicken mesh. The storage structure is 2000 mm x 1800 mm x 1900 mm for length, breadth and height respectively and is divided into three compartments (A, B and C). The parameters measured included temperature, relative humidity and weight of the onions and the results were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Temperatures within and outside the structure ranged from 25.1°C to 31.6°C in the morning period, 29.0°C to 41.7°C in the afternoon period and 24.0°C to 31.4°C in the evening period. Physical examination performed on the stored onions bulbs after nine weeks revealed minimal deterioration, with onions stored at compartment C recording the lowest percentage of weight loss of 5.91% while compartment B had a 6.80% weight loss and compartment A recorded a 6.69% weight loss. Relative humidity within and outside the structure ranged from 74% to 96% in the morning, 54% to 95% in the afternoon and 70% to 96% in the evening. The highest relative humidity value (96%) was recorded in the morning period and the lowest (54%) was recorded in the afternoon. The test of correlation analysis performed on the results indicated large significant difference between the internal and external temperature and relative humidity readings. It then can be concluded that the structure has performed well by reducing ambient temperature and relative humidity thereby prolonging the shelf life of the product.


We explore the chemical space of Pseudomonas quinolone signal analogs as privileged structures and report the discovery of a thioquinolone as a potent inhibitor of the important virulence factor elastase of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We provide evidence that the derivative binds to the active site zinc of elastase and additionally acts as a fluorescent zinc sensor.


Thanks to their important properties, natural stones are used as building materials in various fields, especially in the construction sector. However, high amounts of waste are generated at various stages of the production/processing of these products. These wastes result in environmental problems such as topography change, surface/groundwater degradation and air/visual pollution. These wastes generated at different stages of production/processing; can be used in building materials and concrete production, road construction, filler and glass industry and some other applications such as in flood prevention barricades, neutralization of soil, cement production, material production, filtering processes, plastic production, paint and feed industry. Hard natural stone wastes such as granite can also be used as an abrasive material in rock cutting with abrasive waterjet or in etching processes of natural stones. In this study, an evaluation of the usage options of natural stone wastes in different areas of the industry is presented. A serious environmental problem will be prevented by the effective evaluation of natural stone wastes in different areas mentioned in the study. In addition; since there will be income from these wastes, significant contributions will be offered to natural stone operators and the national economy.


We analyze how public policies for self-financing education, public fund for loans and deferred deductibility of education expenses, affect growth in an overlapping generations economy where individuals can be borrowing-constrained on human capital investment. We show that public loans positively affect growth in the unconstrained economy, while how tax deductibility affects growth depends on the magnitude of both public loans and tax deductibility. In the borrowing-constrained economy, public loans positively affect growth, while tax deductibility does not affect growth. Both government policies affect the borrowing-constraint tightness and, therefore, can shift the economy from being borrowing-constrained to unconstrained or vice versa.


For the first time, multi-task learning is proposed to improve the flexibility of NN-based equal-izers in coherent systems. A "single" NN-based equalizer improves Q-factor by up to 4 dB compared to CDC, without re-training, even with variations in launch power, symbol rate, or transmission distance.


Cities have been getting overloaded due to the intense immigrations to urban areas and the population growth as a result of them, requiring new equipments and services, as the present infrastructure is insufficient. Besides, a host of problems arise in transportation and traffic infrastructure along with the corruption emerging in urban quarters as a result of socio-economical and technological changes. In big cities, ring roads aimed to increase the speed and capacity of transportation and highways reducing the transportation time between cities have been creating negative impacts as well as leading to facilities in terms of service functions, causing visual and audial pollution in urban areas. In this article, definitions regarding noise and its sources have been made and the precautions to be taken against noise have been mentioned earlier with the adverse effects of noise. Landscape design approaches and suggestions concerning the kinds to be used, which are peculiar to Ankara, have been developed, discussing the role and the function of plant material in reducing the noise of the traffic.

 Key words: Ankara, landscaping, landscape design, plant material, noise.


Schistosomiasis prevalence has remained high in some areas due to reinfection despite repeated mass drug administration interventions. We aimed to explore its risk factors in order to help to design adequate interventions in such high-transmission areas. A total of 6225 individuals residing in 60 villages in 8 districts of North Kordofan, Blue Nile, or Sennar States, Sudan participated in the community-based survey in March 2018. First, we investigated Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni prevalences among school-aged children and adults. Second, the associations between risk factors and schistosomiasis were explored. Those without any type of latrine in their households had higher odds of being infected with schistosomiasis than those with a latrine (odds ratio (OR) = 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.94; p = 0.001), and the odds of being positive for schistosomiasis among people living in a household without an improved latrine were higher than for their counterparts with an improved latrine (OR = 1.63; CI 1.05–2.55; p = 0.03). Furthermore, people with households or outside compounds found to contain human faeces had higher odds of being infected with schistosomiasis than their counterparts (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.01–1.83, p = 0.04). Installing an improved latrine and eliminating open defecation should be highlighted in schistosomiasis elimination projects in high-transmission areas.


Annually, 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted and this plays a major role in increasing pollution. Food waste increases domestic greenhouse gas emissions mainly due to the gas emissions associated with its production. Fruit and vegetable industrial by-products occur in the form of leaves, peel, seeds, pulp, as well as a mixture of them and represent the most abundant food waste. The disposal of agricultural by-products costs a large amount of money under certain governmental regulations. However, fruit and vegetable by-products are rich in valuable bioactive compounds, thus justifying their use as food fortifier, active food packaging or as food ingredients to preserve food quality over time. The present review collects the most recent utilization carried out at lab-scale on Mediterranean fruit and vegetable by-products as valid components to prolong food shelf life, providing a detailed picture of the state-of-art of literature on the topic. Bibliographic research was conducted by applying many keywords and filters in the last 10 years. Several scientific findings demonstrate that by-products, and in particular their extracts, are effectively capable of prolonging the shelf life of dairy food, fresh-cut produce, meat and fish-based products, oil, wine, paste and bakery products. All of the studies provide clear advances in terms of food sustainability, highlight the potential of by-products as a source of bioactive compounds, and promote a culture in which foods are intended to receive a second useful life. The same final considerations were also included regarding the current situation, which still limits by-products diffusion. In addition, a conclusion on a future perspective for by-products recycling was provided. The most important efforts have to be conducted by research since only a multidisciplinary approach for an advantageous investigation could be an efficient method to promote the scale up of by-products and encourage their adoption at the industrial level.


Open anterior iliac biopsy performed during staging laparotomy for Hodgkin disease may cause a poorly defined bone defect which can simulate Hodgkin bone involvement. Errors in interpretation can result if the radiologist does not know of the previous biopsy.


Olfaction is often referred to as a multidimensional sense. It is multidimensional in that approximately 1000 different receptor types, each tuned to particular odor aspects, together contribute to the olfactory percept. In humans, however, this percept is nearly unidimensional. Humans can detect and discriminate countless odorants, but can identify few by name. The one thing humans can and do invariably say about an odor is whether it is pleasant or not. We argue that this hedonic determination is the key function of olfaction. Thus, the boundaries of an odor object are determined by its pleasantness, which--unlike something material and more like an emotion--remains poorly delineated with words.


Music has long been used as a rhetorical device to send messages and challenge social norms, and as a result of its accessibility and influential nature, it can be extremely persuasive. Marina Diamandis, known by her stage name of Marina and the Diamonds, has used her recent rise to popularity and fame to send such a message through her second album, in which she creates the persona of Electra Heart. Electra Heart is an ultrafeminine character who sings about provocative topics such as breaking hearts and performs stereotypical masculine behaviors. Literature about music as rhetoric and about women in pop music informs my analysis of the persona of Electra Heart and her song and video "How to Be a Heartbreaker." The analysis is broken down into themes of gender roles, identity, and juxtaposition and incongruity. Using the concepts of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity, overdetermined femininity, and juxtaposition, I conclude that through the juxtaposition of Electra Heart's overdetermined femininity and her performance of hegemonic masculinity, Diamandis effectively challenges feminine stereotypes and the system of hegemonic masculinity. Her challenge is effective because her femininity is overemphasized but she simultaneously performs hegemonic masculine behaviors, a juxtaposition that is not supposed to be possible and thus subverts hegemonic masculinity as a whole. Music has been a form of protest and social reform for decades (Hurner, 2006), and "How to Be a Heartbreaker" is no exception to this trend. This song is featured on Marina Diamandis's second album, Electra Heart, wherein she creates the character of Electra Heart, a narcissistic beauty who embodies every stereotype of the classic pop star. Electra Heart, as an album and a persona, is, according to Diamandis, "a vehicle to portray part of the American dream" (Robinson, 2011); however, the performance of Electra Heart, within the lyrics, the music videos, and the character herself, is also a rhetorical device that comments on—and BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH, VOLUME 5 119 challenges—modern ideals of femininity. Through the juxtaposition of an ultrafeminine character with provocative lyrics, Diamandis effectively challenges hegemonic masculinity because she sends a message to the listeners that the patriarchal system of gender can and should be subverted, and teaches them how to do so. Despite popular notions that gender is inherent (West & Zimmerman, 1987), both femininity and masculinity are rhetorically constructed concepts that are performed. As Electra Heart, Diamandis performs gender, in both a literal and a metaphorical sense, through her hair, makeup, and dress, as well as her behavior in her videos. Judith Butler notes that "gender is instituted through the stylization of the body and, hence, must be understood as the mundane way in which bodily gestures, movements, and enactments of various kinds constitute the illusion of an abiding gendered self" (1988, p. 519). Diamandis seems to abide by this institution of gender—that is, femininity—in her appearance and movement, but she contests it through her provocative lyrics. Through this juxtaposition, she directly challenges femininity, and in so doing, she also challenges hegemonic masculinity, because stereotypical notions of femininity are the result of hegemonic masculinity. Her simultaneous performance of femininity and masculinity destabilizes the entire system of hegemonic masculinity because the two are not supposed to occur in tandem. In this paper, I highlight the significance of popular music and show its effectiveness as a rhetorical device. Next, I provide an overview of Electra Heart and "How to Be a Heartbreaker" and analyze them using the concepts of emphasized femininity and overdetermined femininity, hegemonic masculinity, and juxtaposition. Finally, I conclude by summarizing my analysis and offering directions for future research.


Today, the average life expectancy of people has increased, and it is predicted that this increase will continue in the coming years. Aging is the biggest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases limit the life expectancy of the elderly and reduce their quality of life. The success of surgical methods used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in recent years is a significant contribution to the treatment of elderly patients. Early care of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery and the effectiveness of treatments affect their recovery. For elderly patients, prolonged bed rest in the postoperative period increases the risk of complications. Early mobilization of elderly patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery may support postoperative treatment. Early mobilization methods improve the functional status of elderly patients, shortening the hospital discharge time.