Precise specification of the voice source would facilitate better modelling of expressive nuances in human spoken interaction. This paper focuses on the transformed version of the widely used LF voice source model, and proposes an algorithm which makes it possible to use the waveshape parameter Rd to directly control the LF pulse, for more effective analysis and synthesis of voice modulations. The Rd parameter, capturing much of the natural covariation between glottal parameters, is central to the transformed LF model. It is used to predict the standard R-parameters, which in turn are used to synthesise the LF waveform. However, the LF pulse that results from these predictions may have an Rd value noticeably different from the specified Rd, yielding undesirable artefacts, particularly when the model is used for detailed analysis and synthesis of non-modal voice. A further limitation is that only a subset of possible Rd values can be used, to avoid conflicting LF parameter settings. To eliminate these problems, a new iterative algorithm was developed based on the NewtonRaphson method for two variables, but modified to include constraints. This ensures that the correct Rd is always obtained and that the algorithm converges for effectively all permissible Rd values.


We demonstrate a quasi-optical NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer using a twin-slot antenna on a Si lens to couple terahertz radiation. The mixer shows a receiver noise temperature of 1150 K at 2.5 THz, which is expected based on a model that includes quantum noise. The measured direct response is understood by taking into account the main beam efficiency and the parasitic reactance due to the geometric change between bolometer and transmission line. The measured beam of the mixer is nearly collimated and has a Gaussian beam efficiency of 90% with side-lobes below -16 dB.


Integrally T-stiffened plates are widely used in aerospace, marine and other engineering structures. When elastic guided wave method is used to detect the damage of such structures, it is necessary to well understand the wave propagation behavior in these structures to further mature the guided wave SHM method. In this paper, the interaction between the fundamental anti-symmetric guided Lamb mode (A0) and T-stiffener in an integrally stiffened thin plate is studied by finite element numerical simulation. The propagation behavior of A0 mode in stiffened plate is actuated using a piezoelectric wafer active sensor. The characteristics of wave propagation caused by the presence of stiffener are analyzed in time domain using response signals and displacement snapshots. The results show that the existence of stiffeners causes obvious mode conversion. With the change of excitation frequency, the reflection and transmission behaviors of guided waves in A0 and S0 modes change obviously.


This paper shares with higher education institutions what Central Missouri State University's Document Center is like and what it took to develop the Document Center prior to the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) Board of Examiners team visit. Each section of the paper addresses a unique component that contributes directly to the success of the Document Center. The sections focus on the NCATE Document Center coordinator; the Document Center room; university support; developing quality documents for the Center; collecting documents; deadlines for submitting documentation; user-friendly systems; food, refreshments, image, and parking spaces; and displays. The paper concludes that many individuals at any institution can plan and arrange a Document Center, though it takes considerable time, energy, and support. (SM) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** Document Center for NCATE Accreditation: Securing and Organizing Documentation


Based on an analysis of 68 intestinal resections in children, it is considered that functional deviations in the digestive tract activity and other systems and organs, observed in the immediate postoperative period and in later terms, necessitate the utilization of parenteral feeding. Therefore, children subjected to the bowel resection should be kept under a dispensary control and checked regularly to conduct prophylactic and therapeutic measures.


This paper summarizes the basic properties of the Euler dilogarithm function, often referred to as the Spence function. These include integral representations, series expansions, linear and quadratic transformations, functional relations, numerical values for special arguments and relations to the hypergeometric and generalized hypergeometric function. The basic properties of the two functions closely related to the dilogarithm (the inverse tangent integral and Clausen's integral) are also included. A brief summary of the defining equations and properties for the frequently used generalizations of the dilogarithm (polylogarithm, Nielsen's generalized polylogarithm, Jonquière's function, Lerch's function) is also given. A résumé of the earliest articles that consider the integral defining this function, from the late seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, is presented. Critical references to details concerning these functions and their applications in physics and mathematics are listed.


Giant cell arteritis is a systemic disease that can have devastating ophthalmic consequences. New insights into the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease may improve early diagnosis and treatment.


Influenza encephalopathy, a rare manifestation of influenza infection in the adult population which is not widely recognised, can present with confusion and focal neurological symptoms, including aphasia. The aim of this report is to illustrate the unique presentation of influenza encephalopathy and discuss the need for close attention to and monitoring of this rare but highly fatal disease. A 28-year-old woman was admitted with acute-onset confusion and incoherent speech. CT of the head was unremarkable. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed elevation of protein, but was otherwise unremarkable. A detailed history revealed recent upper respiratory symptoms which prompted a rapid influenza test which was positive and oseltamivir was started. The patient's confusion and aphasia gradually improved and her speech was back to her baseline by the next day.


The steel products manufacturing involves a long line of complex processes: liquid metal elaboration, solidification, hot and cold transformation by rolling surface protection by coating. The Process Control aims at improving global productivity and quality of the resulting products by optimizing each elementary process as well as management of tools or workshops interfaces. Complex processes, involving generally many variables, require for their control more or less sophisticated models. These process models are either analytical when physical and thermodynamical mechanisms are known or statistical or knowledge based, according to circumstances. In any case, it is necessary to have a reliable and precise instrumentation to adjust undetermined parameters during model development and to be able to take into account external parameters variability during current working. This instrumentation concerns both running of machines and testing of manufactured materials under harsh environment conditions of Iron and Steel industry: temperature, dusts, steam, elecaomagnetic interferences, vibrations,.... In this context, in-line Non Destructive Testing methods contribute efficienly because they may give directly and in real time products characteristics, integrating both drifts of machines and sensors due to their ageing and the abnormal spread of material entering the process. These methods induce the development of sophisticated inspection equipments whose strategic significance is such that their failure to operate can require production shutdown. The paper gives some representative examples of improvement of the accuracy of an in-line measurement or controlling of elementary processes or processes interfaces: temperature measurement by infrared pyrometry, thickness profile determination by X-ray array sensor, recrystallization control in continuous by X-ray and ultrasonic methods, automatic detection and indentification of surface defects by optics, cracks detection on as-cast hot slabs by eddy currents


The oxygen stable isotope composition (δ18O) of CO2 is a valuable tool for studying the gas exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In the soil, it records the isotopic signal of water pools subjected to precipitation and evaporation events. The δ18O of the surface soil net CO2 flux is dominated by the physical processes of diffusion of CO2 into and out of the soil and the chemical reactions during CO2–H2O equilibration. Catalytic reactions by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, reducing CO2 hydration times, have been proposed recently to explain field observations of the δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes. How important these catalytic reactions are for accurately predicting large‐scale biosphere fluxes and partitioning net ecosystem fluxes is currently uncertain because of the lack of field data. In this study, we determined the δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes from soil chamber measurements in a Mediterranean forest. Over the 3 days of measurements, the observed δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes became progressively enriched with a well‐characterized diurnal cycle. Model simulations indicated that the δ18O signatures recorded the interplay of two effects: (1) progressive enrichment of water in the upper soil by evaporation, and (2) catalytic acceleration of the isotopic exchange between CO2 and soil water, amplifying the contributions of 'atmospheric invasion' to net signatures. We conclude that there is a need for better understanding of the role of enzymatic reactions, and hence soil biology, in determining the contributions of soil fluxes to oxygen isotope signals in atmospheric CO2.


Hepcidin, a circulating hormone produced primarily by the liver, plays a central role in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis necessary to ensure sufficient availability of iron for hemoglobin synthesis and other metabolic processes while avoiding the oxidative damage to cells that can result from excess free iron. Hepcidin triggers internalization and degradation of ferroportin, the only known iron export channel from cells into the plasma, which leads to the decrease of dietary iron absorption from duodenal enterocytes and to the sequestration of iron recycled from senescent blood cells within macrophages. Iron overload induces the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of ligands, which activates a signaling cascade leading to SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation, translocation of the phosphorylated SMADs bound to SMAD4 to the nucleus, and upregulation of hepcidin gene transcription. Inactivation of Bmp6 in mice leads to considerably reduced hepcidin production, compared with wild-type mice, and severe hepatic iron overload. However, there are major differences in hepcidin expression and extrahepatic tissue iron loading between Bmp6 -deficient males and females, due to the suppressive effect of testosterone on hepcidin in males. In contrast to males, Bmp6 -/- females still produce some hepcidin and do not massively accumulate iron in their pancreas, their heart or their kidneys.

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of Hfe in the residual hepcidin production observed in the absence of Bmp6 in females. Mutations in the HFE gene are causing the most common form of hereditary hemochromatosis, a disorder characterized by a chronic inappropriate increase in dietary iron uptake, progressive iron overload and tissue injury. Human patients and mouse models of HFE-related hemochromatosis show inappropriately low expression of hepcidin. However, the mechanism by which HFE influences hepcidin expression is still unclear. In Hfe -/- mice and in patients with HFE-associated hemochromatosis, the induction of BMP6 mRNA by iron is intact, but hepcidin production is impaired. In the mouse, Hfe and Bmp6 genes are separated by less than 8 cM on chromosome 13, and the probability of obtaining recombinants between the 2 loci is low. However, HFE is a non-classical MHC class 1-like molecule which associates with β2-microglobulin and β2m -/- mice develop spontaneously hepatic iron overload with a distribution similar to that seen in the liver of Hfe -/- mice. We therefore generated β2m/Bmp6 double knockout mice in which the function of both Hfe and Bmp6 is impaired. Briefly, Bmp6 -/- mice on a CD1 background were mated to β2m -/- mice on a C57BL/6 background and double heterozygote F1 mice were intercrossed. We assessed Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, hepcidin expression, and the sites of iron accumulation in wild-type, simple knockout ( β2m -/- or Bmp6 -/-) and double knockout ( β2m -/- and Bmp6 -/-) mice of the F2 progeny.

Interestingly, the lack of functional Hfe in Bmp6 -/- females led to a much more severe phenotype than the single impairment of Bmp6, with massive iron loading in extrahepatic tissues, most notably the exocrine pancreas, the heart, and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney. Phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in double knockout ( β2m -/- and Bmp6 -/-) mice was virtually abolished and hepcidin mRNA in double knockout females was much more strongly downregulated than in single Bmp6 -/- females. In contrast to Bmp6 -/- females, no protein was detectable by ELISA in double knockout mice.

Our findings show that Bmp6 and Hfe regulate hepcidin production by two independent pathways that converge on Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. The role of transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), another hemochromatosis-associated molecule, remains a key question. The total suppression of hepcidin in mice in which both Hfe and Bmp6 have been impaired suggests that TFR2 does not regulate hepcidin through an additional pathway. Moreover, the observation that Hfe -/-/ Tfr2 -/- mice have a more severe phenotype than simple Hfe -/- or Tfr2 -/- mice favors the interference of Tfr2 with the Bmp6 pathway. Comparison of the phenotype of mice with inactivation of both Bmp6 and Tfr2 to that of Bmp6 -/- mice is likely to definitively solve this still open question.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Climategate. Erroneous links between the measles vaccine and autism. Revised mammogram recommendations. Suspect communication with coma patients. Ideally, science education prepares students to interpret such cases in the news. These cases, in particular, underscore the role of understanding nature of science (NOS), in contrast to just content. And they reflect a need for broad skills in analyzing the diverse features of reliability in scientific claims. One needs to teach Whole Science, not a pre-processed School Science, lacking in essential conceptual nutrients ( Sacred Bovines , last issue).

But how? One could, of course, assemble a textbook on nature of science. Describe the various features and illustrate them with examples (McComas, 2008). Then test students on their ability to identify and explain the various principles (Lederman et al., 2002). It is a familiar pattern. Conventional and comfortable. But join me in questioning this sacred bovine: that one teaches most effectively –– and respects students most –– by simply feeding students the answers. Or voluminous class notes and review sheets. The most valuable NOS lessons may be a series of well-posed problems.

Recent research has identified several key strategies for teaching nature of science, often reflecting general principles of effective learning. First, be explicit. For example, truly investigative activities –– not cookbook labs –– may introduce important concepts about the process of science: say, about sample size, sources of experimental error, or controls. But students generally miss the latent lessons. So, too, for hearing stories about famous biologists or episodes of discovery or science in the news. One needs to highlight the NOS themes. Without clearly articulating the ideas, students do not integrate them into their existing mental frameworks.

Second, guide student reflection (Scharmann et al., 2005). Common constructivist approaches encourage first bringing prior conceptions to mind and then engaging them with discrepant …


The extraordinarily well-preserved fossil embryos recovered from the Lower Cambrian are known from both cleavage and gastrula stages and, consequently, it has the potential to yield vital insights into developmental evolution at that time. However, they are not generally accepted as gastrula fossils because of the gastrulation processes and internal structures in these embryos are poorly characterized. Here we show rare gastrula specimens in which internal anatomical features preserved. All specimens examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) were mounted on slides using double-sided carbon tape. Internal structures were analyzed with micro-CT at about 5-mm resolution power (TXS225-ACTIS, TESCO at University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Japan)[1] . The yolk consumed in the endoderm formation and the pharynx was appeared after the archenteron formed. Moreover, the stellate ornaments entirely cover the embryos after the epiboly and show no counterpart with any other adults. All lines of evidence so far have supported that our embryo fossils are most probably non-feeding lecithotrophic larvae; although the epibolic gastrulation and radial symmetry suggest a cnidaria Sea anemone affinity, the precise phylogenic position of them is still uncertain because of lacking reliable later stages in development; we also present the cell movement of epibolic gastrulas, the embryonic mechanisms have been compared with modern pattern: enveloping layer extension were observed in our fossils; and similar with purse-string-like contraction of marginal cells,


There is a growing interest in the wireless sensor network technology in the home automation field, but as the number of sensor nodes in the home increases and as the data traffic generated by such nodes grows, the network becomes more congested. Due to resource constraints, a congestion control scheme for wireless sensor network should be designed with simplicity and operate energy efficiently. In this paper, we propose ADCC(Adaptive Duty-cycle Based Congestion Control), a lightweight congestion control scheme using duty-cycle adjustment for wireless sensor networks. This scheme uses both the resource control and traffic control approaches according to the amount of network traffic for the congestion avoidance. Our simulation results show that the ADCC improves the reliability and energy efficiency of duty-cycle based congestion control in wireless sensor networks.


Summary Maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were each sown at four plant densities, including zero, in a bivariate factorial design at Kiboko Rangeland Research Station, Kenya during the long and short rains of 1990. The design gave nine intercrops with different proportions of maize and beans, and six sole crops, three of maize and three of beans. Seed yields in both the sole crops were not significantly affected by plant density, so the mean yield was used to calculate the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), which averaged 1·09 in the long rains but only 0·87 in the short rains. These low values were apparently due to the fact that beans failed to nodulate and fix nitrogen in the study area. The difference in LER between seasons was probably caused by differences in the amount and distribution of rain in relation to crop growth. Maize was more competitive than bean, each maize plant being equivalent to between 0·7 and 3·4 bean plants depending upon the treatment and the season.


Marriage between homosexuals has been legally recognised in Spain since 2005. This phenomenon has made visible many couples who lived "underground", regardless of the nationality of the spouses. The purpose of this article is to discover the main patterns of same-sex marriage in which one spouse is Spanish and the other foreign. The Movimiento Natural de Población (National Population Movement) (MNP) is the source of statistics used in this study, as it has the most up-to-date data on this subject. The data show that, depending on the country of origin of the spouses, same-sex marriages in Spain are more heterogamous than heterosexual marriages. Equally, this greater heterogamy is shown in terms of age, occupation and education level.


Mitigating edge localized modes (ELMs) with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) can increase energetic particle losses and resulting wall loads, which have previously been studied in the vacuum approximation. This paper presents recent results of fusion alpha and NBI ion losses in the ITER baseline scenario modelled with the Monte Carlo orbit following code ASCOT in a realistic magnetic field including the effect of the plasma response. The response was found to reduce alpha particle losses but increase NBI losses, with up to 4.2% of the injected power being lost. Additionally, some of the load in the divertor was found to be shifted away from the target plates toward the divertor dome.


The marked shift in writing instruction from a focus on writing as a set of separate, sequential tasks to a focus on writing as a holistic gestalt prompted the empirical study reported in this paper. We sought to determine whether any prerequisite relationships existed between five analytical components of ESL composition, namely content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Our rationale was that if we could discover evidence of prerequisite relationships between the analytical components, then the results could be used to support the view that writing is a set of separate tasks to be acquired. If, on the other hand, we could detect no evidence of prerequisite relationships, then those results could support the notion that writing is a holistic entity which can't be meaningfully partitioned into components. Our analyses indicated that (1) only one prerequisite relationship (which could have occurred by chance) existed in the data set and that (2) only one latent structure (construct) underlay the data. We conclude by offering citations from other researchers who argue against teaching writing skills in isolation and by offering three approaches to the teaching of writing which acknowledge the interrelation of composition skills. As we indicated in the previous paragraph, there has been a


This article presents the results of a finite-thickness, three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic model for the fault-related deformation above an active diapir. Based on field examples, the models are (1) circular in map view; (2) offset by radially distributed normal faults; (3) faulted or smooth at the top of the salt; (4) relatively unstrained on the flanks; and (5) highly deformed in the central graben, if present. Field examples suggest that active diapirs may initiate with either two or three master faults crossing near the dome crest. Subsequent evolution depends mainly on whether the master faults cut the salt or detach on the salt top. If the top of the salt is faulted, no minor faults are required except in the central graben. If the top of the salt is unfaulted, additional faulting occurs in the flank grabens. In models with three master faults, very different structural patterns appear in cross sections cut parallel and perpendicular to any of the master faults. The domes are asymmetrical in the fault-perpendicular cross sections, but are symmetrical in the fault-parallel cross sections. The initial fault pattern may influence the piercement efficiency. An active dome with faults offsetting the top of the salt grows more rapidly than a dome with a smooth top and may develop into a passive diapir more rapidly. The model map patterns are used to reinterpret the 3-D structure of the Clay Creek dome, Texas, and the Reitbrook dome, Germany. The model predictions are confirmed by the cross sections, and small, but potentially significant, refinements are proposed.


HTGR safety evaluation included studies on fission product release; materials, chemistry, and instrumentation; structural evaluation; and analytical safety evaluation. LMFBR safety evaluation included studies on accident sequences, technical coordination of structural integrity, and SSC code development and validation. LWR safety studies included thermal/hydraulic accident analysis, THOR code development, and stress corrosion cracking of PWR steam generator tubing.


Boycotting involves abstention from buying specific products or brands for political, ethical, or ecological reasons. Boycott is usually framed as an expression of political consumerism and has been on the rise. Companies that suffer a boycott may endure severe consequences including long-term damaged brand image and harmed reputation. However, there is still an incomplete picture of the socio-political and demographic profile of boycotters. Most characterizations of political consumers are based on research that combines boycotters and buycotters under a single construct of political consumers, and yet these consumers are driven by different motivations. The objective of this exploratory study is to provide a general characterization of European political consumers that engage in boycotting. The data used was collected between the 25th of May, 2022 and the18th of September, 2022, and was retrieved from the 10th edition (2022) of the European Social Survey. The study employs binary logistic regression to assess the association between boycotting and various potential factors listed in extant literature. Results indicate that boycotting behaviour is affected by age and other life-cycle variables, gender, education, institutional trust, the degree of satisfaction with the political system and the government, the level of trust in information and communication technology, reported self-happiness and self-general health perceptions. In general, the parameters of the models suggest that European consumers that engage in boycotting behaviour tend to be female, young, well-educated, trust on national political institutions and make intensive use of digital media. The conclusions of the empirical study are discussed and interpreted in light of current theories of consumer behaviour that highlight the post-modern, fragmented and globalized characteristics of current western societies. The results of this study enrich the literature on consumer boycotts and confirm the predicting power of various socio-demographic, psychological and attitudinal variables. Avenues for future research are identified together with consideration of the study limitations.


In Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics, L.W. Sumner defends two significant constraints on one's theory of welfare: formality and generality. An adequate theory of welfare, claims Sumner, must give a constitutive account of the "good-for" relation. This constitutive account must be sufficiently general that any entity whose status as a welfare subject is uncontroversial falls within its scope. This paper will argue that Sumner's proposed constraints are particularly significant to utilitarian arguments for the equal moral considerability of non-human animals. In the absence of these constraints, the inconsistency that is alleged to follow from denying moral considerability to non-human animals, while affirming it for humans, fails to obtain. I will focus on Peter Singer's argument for the equal moral considerability of non-human animals, in order to support the conclusion that questions about the formality and generality of welfare are significant areas of further research for philosophers of animal welfare. Introduction: Welfare and Animal Ethics Welfare is about how well an individual is faring, relative to the circumstances of their life. Well-being and prudential value are both synonymous with welfare, such that talk about an individual's wellbeing, or the prudential value of some aspect of their lives, is taken to be about their welfare. There are many different accounts of what welfare is, but all largely agree that welfare concerns how individuals are faring, and that welfare matters for ethics. Thus, questions about animal welfare are properly questions about how non-human animals are faring, and what sorts of things would make their lives better for them. In Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics, L.W. Sumner proposes two requirements for an adequate theory of welfare. One of these is the requirement of generality. This requirement states that an adequate theory of welfare should accommodate the wide variety of types of welfare subjects to which our welfare vocabulary is applied (Sumner


This retrospective recounts the hunt for the mechanism of mitochondrial ATP synthesis, the early days of research on mitochondrial formation, and some of the colorful personalities dominating these often dramatic and emotional efforts. The narrative is set against the backdrop of postwar Austria and Germany and the stream of young scientists who had to leave their countries to receive postdoctoral training abroad. Many of them--including the author--chose the laboratory of a scientist their country had expelled a few decades before. The article concludes with some thoughts on the uniqueness of U.S. research universities and a brief account of the struggles to revive science in Europe.


The (100) and (111) surfaces of gold reconstruct in such a way as to increase the density of surface atoms, this being thought to result from large tensile stresses in the ideal surfaces. The authors present self-consistent electronic structure calculations of unreconstructed Au(100) using the surface embedded Green function approach. The surface charge density shows increased bond-charge in the first and second layers which, by a Hellmann-Feynman theorem, leads to attractive surface stresses. This enhancement of surface bonds is shown to be a quite general property of s-band metals and is a consequence of surface band narrowing. The same features are included implicitly in the 'glue model' which has proved successful in describing gold reconstructions.


In this work, three powerful semi analytical methods, called Adomian decomposition method (ADM),Homotopy analysis method (HAM) and homotopy-perturbation method (HPM) are presented to obtain the series solutions of theninth-order Korteweg-de Vries(nKdV) equation for certain initial condition. The results obtained by these methods are then compared. The results show that these methods are very efficient and convenient and can be applied to a large class of problems. The numerical solutions are compared with the known analytical solutions.The comparison among these methods shows that although the numerical results of these methods are the same, because of the auxiliary parameter h and auxiliary H ( x , t ) function, HAM provides a better convergence than the other numerical methods.


Proxy signature is a specific digital signature, which allows an original signer to delegate her signing capability to proxy signer and then, the later can perform message signing on behalf of the former. Authentication is a desired property in cryptographic protocols. The proxy signature provides this property. In this article, we cover the research progress made on proxy signature and investigate its relationships with other existing signature schemes having continuous progress until now. We also provide real-world scenarios, to understand better the situations, where these schemes are applicable for security purposes. We analyze the security properties of existing schemes and make a comparison among them on the basis of different number theoretic problems. Some open problems are also discussed, to the best of our knowledge. In addition, we provide some future directions, which can be used as a hint to work further in the area of proxy signature. We hope that this article will provide a ready reference to work in the related area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Links among compliance, rule of law, and good governance are essential and indivisible, although not sufficient alone to achieve sustainable development. Compliance with environmental and sustainable development requirements can be improved by understand ing and applying the two main theoretical approaches: logic of consequences, and logic of appropriateness. Compliance can be improved more by combining the two approaches. Further work to disaggregate both the State and the firm, and to understand the role of biases, heuristics, and framing in actor's compliance calculations, remains to be done and promises important insights. Environment policy is one of the success stories of the European Union - thanks to European Union legislation we have made significant improvements such as cleaner air and safer drinking water. But we still face some real problems.' Margot Wallstrbm, former EU Commissioner for the Environment


Professor M. W. Travers died on 25 August 1961, at the age of eighty-nine at his home at Stroud, Gloucestershire, where he had lived since leaving Bristol in 1949. Travers was born at Kensington, London, on 24 January 1872, the second son in a family of four sons. His father, William Travers, M.D., F.R.C.S. (1838-1906), qualified at Charing Cross Hospital and was one of the first to take the F.R.C.S. by examination in 1864. He was an early exponent of antiseptic, and later of asceptic methods in surgery. A prize in gynaecology has been founded in his memory in the Charing Cross Medical School. Travers's mother, Anne Pocock (1854-1928), was descended from the second son (Thomas) of the Rev. Thomas Pocock, F.R.S., Chaplain to the Navy, the elder son being Admiral Sir George Pocock, K.B. Because his father was a very busy professional man and his mother much engaged in the social side of his practice Travers as a child was left very much in the charge of nurses. As was then customary amongst the professional classes he was taught by governesses from the age of five until, at seven and a half, he was sent to school at Ramsgate. At the age of eleven he went to a school at Woking, and, a year later, to Blundells School at Tiverton. Blundells was then developing into a public school and as early as 1882 a good chemistry laboratory had been installed. Travers at school showed an early enthusiasm for science and at the end of his third year, having passed to the modern side, won the Fifth Form chemistry prize and the Form prize.


Using amplified cDNA and genomic libraries, we have analyzed the V gene repertoire of pre-B cells and various B cell subsets of conventional mice at the level of V genes belonging to the J558 V gene family. The sequence data were evaluated on the basis of a newly established list of 67 J558 V genes that comprise approximately two-thirds of the J558 V genes of the murine IgHb haplotype . The results of the analysis demonstrate that V gene utilization in pre-B cells, although biased to some extent by B cell autonomous V gene selection, scatters over the whole range of J558 V genes present in the germline . In contrast, in mature, peripheral B cells comprising long-lived A.+Shgh B cells as well as Ly-1 B cells, small overlapping sets of germline V genes are dominantly expressed . The data indicate that the recruitment of newly generated B cells into the long-lived peripheral B cell pool is mediated through positive selection by internal and/or external antigens. Because of the absence of immunoglobulin class switching and somatic hypermutation, this process is different from the selection ofmemory B cells in T cell-dependent immune responses .


Due to the traditional competition between India and Pakistan, their strategic fields developing are interdependent. Nuclear power development programs are concerned as well. Pakistan falls behind India in this branch, however the specifics of the nuclear infrastructure let the potential of the states be relatively balanced. After Nuclear Suppliers Group granted a waiver to India in 2008 and Russia, France and USA, the new participants, broke into the market, India obtained an opportunity to make a breakthrough in the national nuclear program development, thus violating a status quo in fuel cycle technologies. Such chances stimulated China to violate the NSG guidelines and non-proliferations principles to get involved in Pakistani nuclear program development. The nuclear power Indian-Pakistani competition prospects largely depend on the Chinese position. Despite the international community suspects the Pakistani officials in nuclear black market dealing and the NSG guidelines China obviously supports the Pakistani nuclear field. This may result in preventing of escalation of tensions in the region.


BACKGROUND Patients increasingly seek to enhance the appearance of their legs. Elimination of unwanted leg veins, reduction of epidermal photo-aging changes such as solar lentigines and keratoses, tightening of skin laxity and reduction of adipose tissue are among the most commonly requested goals. Many patients require a combination approach to address their concerns. It is important for dermatologists to be aware of the multitude of procedures that can be performed, often in combination, to rejuvenate the leg. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review article was to discuss procedures for improving the appearance of the leg and to share the authors experience, especially in the combination approach to leg rejuvenation. METHODS A literature search was performed to investigate cosmetic procedures being performed on the leg, with an emphasis on controlled or randomized studies. In addition, the authors contributed their personal experience. RESULTS Our discussion of the literature review highlights the treatments for leg veins, unwanted fat, cellulite, and photodamage of the legs that are most supported in peer-reviewed publications. CONCLUSION A synergistic, combination approach to leg rejuvenation works best. This includes the use of injectable agents, energy-based devices, and more invasive surgical procedures.


Targeting tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) with specific Abs is a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment, although the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the Abs' biological activity are not completely known. We targeted the transmembrane RTK for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with a monoclonal Ab (DN30). In vitro, chronic treatment of carcinoma cell lines resulted in impairment of HGF-induced signal transduction, anchorage-independent growth, and invasiveness. In vivo, administration of DN30 inhibited growth and metastatic spread to the lung of neoplastic cells s.c. transplanted into immunodeficient nu/nu mice. This Ab efficiently down-regulates HGF receptor through a molecular mechanism involving a double proteolytic cleavage: (i) cleavage of the extracellular portion, resulting in "shedding" of the ectodomain, and (ii) cleavage of the intracellular domain, which is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Interestingly, the "decoy effect" generated by the shed ectodomain, acting as a dominant negative molecule, enhanced the inhibitory effect of the Ab.


An adaptive system for the automatic processing of the electrocardiogram for the classification of heartbeats into beat classes that learns from selected beats is presented. A first set of beat labels is produced by the system by processing an incoming recording with an unadapted classifier. The beat labels are then ranked by a confidence measure calculated from the posterior probabilities estimates associated with each beat classification. An expert then validates and if necessary corrects a fraction of the least confident beats of the recording. The system adapts by first training a classifier using the newly annotated beats, and then combining the outputs with the unadapted classifier to produce an adapted classification system. The adapted system then updates the remaining beat labels of the recording. Data was obtained from the heartbeats obtained from the 44 non-pacemaker recordings of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database classified into one of eleven classes. With no adaptation a classification accuracy of 63% was achieved. By adapting the classifier, classification accuracy could be increased to over 91%. Our results show that a significant boost in classification performance of the system is achieved even when a small number of selected beats are used for adaptation.


The workshop focussed on the mathematical modeling and analysis of the mutual interaction among living cells, their interaction with the environment, and the resulting morphogenetic processes. The interplay of bio-mechanical processes and molecular signaling and their combined effect on the emergence of shape and function in cell clusters, tissues, and organs was addressed. Classical methods of continuum mechanics and necessary extensions were discussed at a formal and a rigorous mathematical level. Several introductory talks were given by experimentalists. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 92C10, 92C15, 74L15 (methods: 35A15, 35B25, 35B27, 35B36, 35B40, 35M30) . Introduction by the Organisers In the last decade there is an emerging experimental evidence that cells do not only communicate on the basis of bio-chemical signals, but also respond to mechanical stimuli, possibly produced by the cells themselves. A large number of morphogens and soluble factors diffuse and are degraded in living matter. Cells determine their migration, proliferation rate and possibly their fate on the basis of such patterns. In the same vein, mechanical solicitations, stress and variation of the physical properties affect and possibly determine developmental processes, physiology and disease states in cells and tissue. Mathematical Biology has intensively dealt with the modeling and analysis of diffusive signaling and its interplay with cell proliferation and motion, e.g. via reaction-drift-diffusion-models and transport-type equations. So far, much less 2 Oberwolfach Report 8/2018 focus has been on the mathematics of models which take into account mechanical forces and more localized signaling processes. Major questions that are currently debated are how chemical signals and molecular information is translated into a controlled mechanical response of cells and tissues and vice versa, i.e. what are the functional mechanism of mechanotransduction. In higher organisms every living cell is embedded into a complex and dynamic environment which consists of molecular bound and soluble factors, of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and other cells. Cell function and morphology are strongly regulated by these factors. The microenvironment of a single cell does trigger responses like cell proliferation, differentiation and migration and thus, on the large scale, drives processes like morphogenesis and development. Mechanical and chemical information from the outside of a cell not only translates into chemical and mechanical information inside the cell, but also vice versa. Active single cell mechanics changes the structure of the cell's surrounding environment, produces contact interactions with neighboring cells and with the ECM. Such signals, the mechanical compliance of the ECM and that of adjacent cells then feed back into single cell tension, adhesion, gene and protein expression, the enzymatic modification of proteins after biosynthesis, cell viability, and cytoskeletal organization one of the main intracellular structural components. How living cells exactly sense their environment and react with defined responses in terms of morphology, migration, proliferation, cell death, or cell differentiation are questions of actual and major importance in cell biology. The mechanobiology of living soft matter is a research field where the formulation and analysis of suitable mathematical models is still in its infancy. Therefore this workshop gathered promising young researchers and senior specialists from biomathematics, biophysics, mathematical modeling, partial differential equations, calculus of variations, mathematical material sciences and engineering. A few central talks were given by biologists at the beginning of the workshop. Their contributions covered experimental results on tissue flows in chicken embryos, self-organization in mouse development, mechanotransduction by ECMs, and adhesion-independent migration of cells. A further interest was, how to best characterize plasma membrane cholesterol. Finally, the particular challenges of mathematical modeling of life science applications were addressed. From the modeling and computational point of view models for organogenesis were introduced, models for cell migration and proliferation with mechanical and biochemical interactions, as well as models for ion transport. On the level of tissues important topics for mathematical modeling and analysis were the peculiarities of the brain in comparison to other tissues, glioma growth, and tumor invasion through the basal membranes. Further, the mathematical description of early stages of atherosclerosis was presented, and models for T-cell signaling. After an overview of forces in biosysems, bio-mechanical models and their analysis was covered by presentations on multiphase models for tissues, tissue self-organization The Mathematics of Mechanobiology and Cell Signaling 3 through mechanical feedback, multiscale modeling of biomechanics and signaling in plants, force generation and contraction in the cellular cytoskeleton, and cell crawling without adhesion. Mathematical methods of importance in these contexts were discussed in talks about indentation of spherical shells, pattern generating mechanisms, and pattern formation through growth, as well as in talks about unbalanced optimal transport and on a Hamilton-Jacobi approach for the evolution of phenotypically structured (cell) types in time-varying environments. The dynamics of fluidic two-phase biomembranes was analyzed and the wrinkling in a bidomain model, which is relevant for the electrical properties of intraand extracellular media, separated by a cellular membrane. The homoenergetic solutions presented for the Boltzmann equation are relevant for the dynamics of open systems, which exchange matter, energy or momentum with an "outside" environment. Two discussion sessions were spontaneously organized. On the second day of the workshop a lively discussion with the experimentalists took place. This allowed for detailed questions, especially of young mathematicians, about important experimental insights which have to be taken into account for reliable mathematical modeling. Later, there was a discussion session about promising recent mathematical techniques, especially from mathematical material sciences. These methods may be relevant for the further development of a sound continuum mechanics for soft tissues. It was a great pleasure for us to organize this workshop, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to the Oberwolfach team for the professional and very kind support before and during our stay at MFO. Acknowledgement: The MFO and the workshop organizers would like to thank the National Science Foundation for supporting the participation of junior researchers in the workshop by the grant DMS-1049268, "US Junior Oberwolfach Fellows". Moreover, the MFO and the workshop organizers would like to thank the Simons Foundation for supporting Thomas Hillen in the "Simons Visiting Professors" program at the MFO. The Mathematics of Mechanobiology and Cell Signaling 5 Workshop: The Mathematics of Mechanobiology and Cell Signaling


and Implication The AromaScan electronic-nose detects volatile chemicals with an array of semi-conducting polymer sensors which enable the user to map aromas in a graphic and digital format. The goal of this research is to explore the use of an electronic nose for rapid detection of food spoilers and pathogens via development of a standard curve of some potential volatile compounds that can be used to develop some specific aroma-labeled substrates similar to the MUG assay for indicator organisms and pathogen detection. The test system was ground pork that was mixed with a diluent, homogenized with a stomacher then incubated at 37C with 30% RH. The stomacher bag was connected to the AromaScan electronic nose via teflon tubing which as held in a column heater (35C), through a teflon syringe filter to prevent contamination of the sensors. The AromaScan incubator was held at 35C and 30% RH. Benzaldehyde was the aroma compound which illustrated the best response as low as 91 ppb. However, to be workable as a rapid method for detection of pathogens this aroma labeled compound must be detectable at part per trillion.


Described as a landmark in the ethnographic study of the Maya, this study of ritual and cosmology among the contemporary Quich Indians of highland Guatemala has now been updated to address changes that have occurred in the last decade. The Classic Mayan obsession with time has never been better known. Here, Barbara Tedlock redirects our attention to the present-day keepers of the ancient calendar. Combining anthropology with formal apprenticeship to a diviner, she refutes long-held ethnographic assumptions and opens a door to the order of the Mayan cosmos and its daily ritual. Unable to visit the region for over ten years, Tedlock returned in 1989 to find that observance of the traditional calendar and religion is stronger than ever, despite a brutal civil war. ." . . a well-written, highly readable, and deeply convincing contribution. . . ." --Michael Coe


The physical fitness of Canadian adults has decreased over the past 30 years, while sedentary time has increased. However, it is unknown if university students studying human movement exhibit similar population declines. Physical fitness (i.e., anthropometrics, musculoskeletal fitness, and aerobic fitness) and habitual activity (e.g., physical activity, stationary time, etc.) was measured in a cohort of kinesiology students (Post30; 2010–2016; n = 129 males, 224 females) using standardized fitness testing and accelerometry, respectively. Physical fitness was compared to data collected on a cohort of students from the same institution and program, 30 years prior (i.e., Pre, 1984–1987, n = 103 males, 73 females). Post30 had greater waist circumference (males: 83.6 ± 9.1 cm vs. 77.8 ± 8.3 cm, females: 77.1 ± 9.7 cm vs. 70.3 ± 5.2 cm, both p < 0.001) and lower estimated maximal aerobic fitness (males: 55 ± 11 vs. 63 ± 7, females: 45 ± 10 vs. 50 ± 7 mLO2/kg/min, both, p < 0.001). Compared to Pre, male Post30 vertical jump (53.6 ± 10.2 vs. 57.0 ± 8.4 cm, p = 0.04) and female Post30 broad jump (178.7 ± 22.1 vs. 186.0 ± 15.5 cm, p < 0.001) were lower. A subsample (n = 65) of Post30 whose habitual activity was assessed, met the aerobic portion of Canadian physical activity guidelines (~400 min/week), but spent excessive amounts of time stationary (10.7 h/day). Current kinesiology students may not be immune to population decreases in physical fitness. Relative to previous group of students interested in movement, fitness was lower in our sample, potentially attributed to excessive stationary time. Regular assessment of physical fitness in kinesiology curriculums may be valuable to understand these declining trends in undergraduate students that mimic population declines in fitness.


Objectives This study is planned to classify correlation between HIVD of L-spine MRI and Digital Infrared Thermal Image (DITI).
Methods We measured the temperature of both leg whose 120 men and 116 women patients with lumbar pain in Bucheon Jaseng Korean Medicine Hospital. And We use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for classifying the patients who has lumbar intervertebral disc or not.
Results 1) There was no statistical relation between difference of both leg`s temperature and gender (p>0.05). 2) There was meaningful statistical relation between difference of both leg`s temperature and age (p<0.05). 3) There was meaningful statistical relation between direction of HIVD of L-spine and direction of temperature reduction. 4) There was meaningful statistical relation between the severity of HIVD of L5/S1 and degree of temperature reduction. But there was no statistical relation between the severity of HIVD of L3/4, L4/5 and degree of temperature reduction.
Conclusions We can use Digital Infrared thermal image (DITI) on low back pain patients for diagnosis. But we should not use DITI alone. DITI has limit in diagnosis. (J Korean Med Rehabil 2017;27(3):107-115)


"As a human female physiologic process labour is both a universal phenomenon and a highly individual experience. It is predictable that it will occur, but unpredictable and idiosyncratic in its actual occurrence. Despite attempts to package labour into discrete phases and stages, it is better understood as a whole, with an ebb and flow and rhythms of its own. It is intensely physical and emotional, consuming all of one's attention and energy, yet life-giving and empowering in that intensity. How then is it possible to manage labour?"(1)


EFSA was asked by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) to re-evaluate the TDI for phenol of 1.5 mg/kg bw/day, since this value is within the same dose range which was reported to be associated with some haematotoxic and immunotoxic effects in an oral study on phenol. The Panel comprehensively reviewed the available toxicological studies, mainly those using an oral route of exposure. The CEF experts did not consider immunotoxicity as a suitable endpoint on which to base a new TDI for phenol, given the study limitations and the lack of confirmation of phenol-induced immunotoxic effects in other studies. The Panel considered a gavage developmental toxicity study and an oral two-generation reproduction toxicity study as the two most robust toxicity studies, and performed a dose-response analysis of these data using the benchmark dose (BMD) approach. The lower 95 % confidence bound (one-sided) of the BMD, denoted BMDL, was then taken as the reference point. The lowest reference point for deriving a health based guidance value was provided by the BMDL10 of 52 mg/kg bw/day for reduced maternal body weight gain from a developmental toxicity study where rats were exposed to phenol by gavage from gestational day 6 to 16. The CEF Panel set a TDI for phenol to 0.5 mg/kg bw/day, by applying a standard uncertainty factor of 100 (for inter- and intra-species differences) to this BMDL10 value. The Panel did not assess the hazards related to the possible oxidation products of phenol, e.g. quinones/hydroquinones. Therefore, the above TDI only covers phenol. Exposure to phenol may occur via sources other than food contact materials, e.g. flavourings, smoke flavourings, traditionally smoked foods, floor waxes, cosmetics, disinfectants, etc. The European Commission may wish to take note of all these sources of exposure if setting a restriction for phenol in food contact materials.


Boolean models, wherein each component is characterized with a binary (ON or OFF) variable, have been widely employed for dynamic modeling of biological regulatory networks. However, the exponential dependencse of the size of the state space of these models on the number of nodes in the network can be a daunting prospect for attractor analysis of large-scale systems. We have previously proposed a network reduction technique for Boolean models and demonstrated its applicability on two biological systems, namely, the abscisic acid signal transduction network as well as the T-LGL leukemia survival signaling network. In this paper, we provide a rigorous mathematical proof that this method not only conserves the fixed points of a Boolean network, but also conserves the complex attractors of general asynchronous Boolean models wherein at each time step a randomly selected node is updated. This method thus allows one to infer the long-term dynamic properties of a large-scale system from those of the corresponding reduced model.


This paper uses two triple-hurdle models to analyse the determinants of Ethiopian rural households decisions in (1) milk production, butter marketing and volume of butter sales; and (2) milk production, purchased input use and intensity of purchased input use. Results are based on data collected from 5000 households and 497 rural communities in the highlands of Ethiopia. Availability of feed stands out as an important factor influencing household decision to engage in milk production, indicating the dire need to develop feed resources to promote dairy production in rural Ethiopia. Milk production in rural Ethiopia seems to have an interesting and complex gender dimension. While female-headed households are less likely to be engaged in milk production, perhaps because of resource limitations, they are more likely to manage their dairy farms intensively. Marketing costs matter in dairy production and marketing in rural Ethiopia, suggesting for the need to develop market infrastructures for both dairy outputs and inputs. Our results further show that participation in butter markets as sellers or the amount of butter sales do not respond to price signals, suggesting the need to understand the behavioural aspect of dairy marketing decision in rural Ethiopia. Acknowledgement :


Cognition can be defined as a process of knowledge acquisition that draws upon environmental information as well as on material registered in our memory. This process, which is not always conscious, involves perception, attention, memory and action. It is therefore not only merely acquisition of knowledge, but also a process of converting all that is apprehended by the learner in accordance with his identity and experiences. This work proposes a theoretical model for cognitive processes related to foreign language production, relying on recent neuroscientific theories about memory, learning and processing of representations of frequent linguistic sequences (chunks), focusing on data concerning German as a foreign language. As a result, theoretical knowledge about a foreign language and the abilities to use it are seen as complementing skills that interact during the learning process, rather than different stages of the same knowledge defined by time of learning and storage in the memory, as suggested by some authors.


We present studies of photoconductivity on picosecond time scales in amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and related materials using time-resolved THz techniques. We find a strongly non-Drude response with a power-law frequency dependence characteristic of disordered systems


General Comments: Overall I think the authors describe a novel and scientifically important instrument. They have performed useful sensitivity studies and characterized the precision and accuracy of the instrument. There are a few points which could be clarified, as described below. The main weaknesses I saw were in outlining motivation for tomographic water measurements in particular and in not explicitly describing how the absorption pathlength is calculated.


We investigate the problem of verifying the absence of zeno executions in a hybrid system. A zeno execution is one in which there are infinitely many discrete transitions in a finite time interval. The presence of zeno executions poses challenges towards implementation and analysis of hybrid control systems. We present a simple transformation of the hybrid system which reduces the non-zenoness verification problem to the termination verification problem, that is, the original system has no zeno executions if and only if the transformed system has no non-terminating executions. This provides both theoretical insights and practical techniques for non-zenoness verification. Further, it also provides techniques for isolating parts of the hybrid system and its initial states which do not exhibit zeno executions. We illustrate the feasibility of our approach by applying it on hybrid system examples.


Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in hypertensive outpatients in China. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study of hypertensive outpatients who were consecutively recruited from 46 hospitals in 22 provinces, autonomous region, and municipalities in China according to unified inclusion criteria from June through December 2009. At least 100 hypertensive outpatients per hospital were collected, resulting in a total number of 4,985 for inclusion. Dyslipidemia is defined as one of the following three types: hypercholesterolemia (high TC), hypertriglyceridemia (high TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (low HDL-C). Results: Overall, 81.2% of the hypertensive outpatients had dyslipidemia, with 67.0% having high TG, 61.0% having high TC, and 41.6% having low HDL-C. The prevalence of high TC was significantly higher in female patients than that in male patients (67.5%vs.54.3%, P < 0.01), while the opposite was true for low HDL-C (32.8% in females vs.50.6% in males, P < 0.01). There were 40.4% of hypertensive outpatients with only one type of dyslipidemia, among which 43.1% had high TC. Patients concomitant with two types of dyslipidemia constituted the most, accounted for 44.3% of the patients, among which the prevalence of mixed hyperlipemia (high TC and high TG combination) was the highest (59.0%). Of all hypertensive outpatients with dyslipidemia, 59.7% were newly detected. Among hypertensive outpatients with a previous history of dyslipidemia, 34.7% were taking lipid-lowering drugs, while only 22.8% controlled their lipids to targets. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high among hypertensive outpatients in China, while the treatment and control rates are relatively low.


A fluorescent antibody study of LRF-producing neurons was made with antisera to synthetic LRF in normal male and female cats and dogs. Specific immunoreactive perikarya have been found in the rostral hypothalamus of both species. In the dog, specific immunoreactive perikarya have also been found in the pars oralis tuberi, the infundibular nucleus, the premammillary region, and even the dorsomedial and ventromedial areas and the rostral mesencephalon.


A method has been developed for the quantitation and documentation of optical changes of the lens that occur with aging and cataract formation. The method is based on quantitative measurements of the back scatter of light from defined regions of the in vivo human lens using a slitlamp camera and microdensitometric analyses of the resulting negatives. Examination of a group of normal patients and patients with nuclear sclerosis and senile cataract indicates the following conclusions: (1) Back scatter of light increases with aging of the in vivo lens. (2) The nuclear region of the young lens has insignificant back scatter of light but such scattering increases with aging. (3) The cortex causes appreciable back scatter in young lenses. There is a slight increase in this back scatter with age which appears to be caused primarily by the growth of the cortical region rather than changes in already existing cortex. (4) The eye appears capable of tolerating considerable back scatter without loss of visual acuity. (5) In nuclear senile cataract large increases in the back scatter of the nuclear region can be observed.


Background & Purpose: Glioblastoma is the most malignant primary brain tumor in humans and has a very low survival rate. The aggressiveness of this cancer can be attributed to the presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which are highly invasive and therapy resistant. Increased aggressiveness of GSCs is attributed to the release of angiogenic factors, which promotes the formation of new blood vessels that enhances tumor cell survival and proliferation. The neovascularization also provides a scaffold for tumor cells to migrate, enabling metastasis. Therefore, identifying the altered expression of angiogenic factors is of clinical importance. In this study, we examined the changes in the expression of pro-angiogenic factors in GSCs as compared to the original tumor from which they were derived. We also determined if differentiation of GSC towards a less invasive phenotype decreased the levels of these pro-angiogenic factors. Methods: GBM tumor cells were grown in complete media containing 10% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) and GSCs were grown in media containing B27, heparin, EGF, and FGF. GSCs were differentiated by growing them in media containing 10% FCS and B27 with vitamin A, for about one week. We examined the expression of a panel of pro-angiogenic factors in GSCs (33-GSC) and in the original tumor cells (33-T) from which GSCs were derived. We then examined if differentiation of 33-GSC decreased the levels of these pro-angiogenic factors. Changes in protein levels were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA levels were quantitated using real time Q-PCR. Results: Immunofluorescence staining showed that the GSCs express higher levels of pro-angiogenic factors examined (11 out of 16). GSCs were successfully differentiated into astrocytes as indicated by morphology and GFAP expression. The differentiation of GSCs into astrocytes was sufficient to cause decreased expression of VEGF and c-MYC. Our data showed 27 fold increase in VEGF mRNA levels, 63 fold increase in MMP2 mRNA levels, 11 fold increase in MMP9 mRNA levels, and 2 fold increase in c-MYC mRNA levels in GSCs compared to the tumor line, indicating the regulation of these pro-angiogenic factors at transcriptional level. Conclusions: Increased expression of pro-angiogenic factors in GSCs may render these cells to be more aggressive and invasive, and suggests that differential expression of angiogenic factors in GSC cells may play an important role in the GBM progression, and therapy resistance. Citation Format: Carolina Larrain, Umadevi V. Wesley, Paul Clark, John S. Kuo, Robert Dempsey. Regulation of angiogenic factors in glioblastoma progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2526.


To address the problem of outlier detection in wireless sensor networks, in this paper we propose a robust principal component analysis based technique to detect anomalous or faulty sensor data in a distributed wireless sensor network with a focus on data integrity and accuracy problem. The main key features are that it considers the correlation existing among the sensor data in order to disclose anomalies that span through a number of neighboring sensors, does not require error free data for PCA model construction and the operation takes place in a distributed fashion. In this paper, a two-step algorithm is proposed. First, the intent was to find an accurate estimate of the correlation of sensor data to build up a robust PCA model that could then be used for fault detection. This locally developed correlation based robust PCA model tends to accentuate the contribution of close observations in comparison with distant observations and does not impose any constraints in model design. Second, we use mahalanobis distance, a multivariate distance metric to determine the similarity between the current sensor readings against the developed sensor data model. Combined with component analysis, mahalanobis distance is extended to examine whether a sensor node is an outlier from a model defined by principal components based on principal component analysis. We examined the algorithm's performance using simulation with synthetic and real sensor data streams. The results clearly show that our approach outperforms existing methods in terms of accuracy even when processing corrupted data.


Author(s): Gand, Elizabeth Margaret | Advisor(s): Wagner, Anne M | Abstract: This dissertation examines the work of the American photographer, Helen Levitt. It focuses in particular on her first phase of production--the years from 1937 to 1943--when she developed an important archive of pictures documenting children's art and play encountered in the city streets. The dissertation is designed to help us understand the reasons why the subject of urban children's art and play proved so productive for Levitt in her first phase of work. Why did she return again and again to the sight of children at play in the city streets? Why did she expend so much effort collecting children's rude and crude drawings found on the pavement and the brownstone walls? What led her to envision the child as her genius loci of the urban streets, and what did she make out of the subject? Chapter one situates Helen Levitt's initial turn to the child in relation to a surge of child imagery that appeared in the visual culture of the 1930s. It maps the widespread cultural interest in urban children stimulated by Sidney Kingsley's play Dead End, and it connects Levitt's interest in children's pavement drawings to the Federal Art Project's promotion of child art making. Chapter two moves the spotlight from Levitt's interest in children's art to her sustained engagement with their play. It demonstrates that street children's play had become a popular photographic trope, and it compares Levitt's vision of children's play to other kinds of images of children circulating in visual culture. In doing so, the chapter shows how Levitt synthesized and transformed standard ideas about the representation of children, as she came to play with photography's kinship to performance, theater, and cinema. The third chapter focuses on the reception of the pictures. It tracks the initial appearance of Levitt's work in the popular picture press of the day and goes on to consider how her work was evaluated in response to her one-person exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 1943. Setting out to complicate the current critical assumption that reads Levitt's work as apolitical, the chapter analyzes the sense of social tension that early critics discerned in the pictures. It also discusses Levitt's move from still photography to film-making in the mid to late 1940s. The fourth and final chapter expands the focus beyond the pictures of children to consider Levitt's street photography as a whole. After narrating the details of her return to still photography in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the chapter considers the question of what makes her overall body of work an important episode in the history of photography. After reviewing some of the main answers that have been offered to that question, I propose that Levitt's photographs are distinctive for their particularly feminist take on the urban streets.


Glucose is a widely used carbon source in laboratory practice to culture Aspergillus fumigatus, however, glucose availability is often low in its "natural habitats", including the human body. We used a physiological–transcriptomical approach to reveal differences between A. fumigatus Af293 cultures incubated on glucose, glucose and peptone, peptone (carbon limitation), or without any carbon source (carbon starvation). Autolytic cell wall degradation was upregulated by both carbon starvation and limitation. The importance of autolytic cell wall degradation in the adaptation to carbon stress was also highlighted by approximately 12.4% of the A. fumigatus genomes harboring duplication of genes involved in N-acetyl glucosamine utilization. Glucose withdrawal increased redox imbalance, altered both the transcription of antioxidative enzyme genes and oxidative stress tolerance, and downregulated iron acquisition, but upregulated heme protein genes. Transcriptional activity of the Gliotoxin cluster was low in all experiments, while the Fumagillin cluster showed substantial activity both on glucose and under carbon starvation, and the Hexadehydro-astechrome cluster only on glucose. We concluded that glucose withdrawal substantially modified the physiology of A. fumigatus, including processes that contribute to virulence. This may explain the challenge of predicting the in vivo behavior of A. fumigatus based on data from glucose rich cultures.


subject's true red cells as well as those derived from grafted bone-marrow (Crookston et al, 1970; Swanson et al, 1971; Wrobel et al, 1974). The red blood cells of our patient were tested with an anti-AlLeb serum kindly provided, through Dr K. L. G. Goldsmith, by Dr Carolyn Giles, who had obtained it from Mrs Marie Crookston. All the red cells were agglutinated by this reagent; this showed that her 0 red cell population was also 'stamped' with her true genetic marker, AlLeb. Tests with a potent anti-A also showed that her 0 cells were coated with A-substance.


Apolipoprotein B is the principal protein associated with cholesterol transport in the blood and has been proposed to play a central role in human atherogenesis. The unique hydrophobic nature of this large (512 kDa), glycosylated apolipoprotein differs from that of the other apolipoproteins. Since another apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I, has been recently shown to have covalently bound fatty acids, potential fatty acid acylation of apolipoprotein B was investigated. The human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2, synthesizes apoB-100 and secretes the apolipoprotein into the culture medium. After a 24-hr incubation with [14C]palmitate and [14C]stearate, the label was incorporated into apoB-100 when assessed by a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, immunoblot analysis, and immunoprecipitation. Hydroxylamine treatment, which hydrolyzes ester and thioester bonds, removed the radiolabel. ApoB-100 isolated from Hep G2 cells by ultracentrifugation and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis was hydrolyzed and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In contrast to circulating apoB in low density lipoproteins, both palmitate and stearate were present in newly synthesized apoB-100. These results establish that newly synthesized apoB-100 undergoes covalent acylation with palmitate and stearate. The acylation of apoB may play an important role in lipoprotein particle secretion. In addition, derangements in apoB fatty acid acylation may lead to dyslipoproteinemia.


The competition that exists today in the labour market has significantly raised the value of knowledge, skills and experience of staff. This particular importance for the modern professional acquire fluency in its modern information technology and the ability to continuously improve the skills. The actual trend is also for university teachers. Getting new knowledge and skills practically useful and applicable in daily teaching activities, in the era of information society significantly expands opportunities for self-realization and contributions to career growth. However, in implementing the model of continuous training of teachers for careers there are some significant obstacles. One of them, given the intense schedule of the educational process in terms of academic mobility is the lack of time. Another the geographical factor. With the location of the university in another city, its visit is inconvenient and expensive. Experience of universities of many countries shows that an effective tool to overcome these obstacles is distance learning, which allows to get all necessary knowledge at any time and in any place. The identity of urgency takes in terms of academic mobility when students andteachers work in another country. The paper proposes a methodological approach that takes into account these features. The paper deals with the structuring of project management programs of academic mobility. The features of these projects show their impact on the progress and results of the implementation. It is shown that traditional approaches to solving the problems of academic mobility management applications to integrate the process of setting objectives and planning projects. But due to the complexity of academic mobility programs to solve these problems effectively without decomposing it into components can be managed quite difficult. Therefore, the main idea of this paper is that an increasing the efficiency of the university on the basis of a possible application of rational structuring of academic mobility programs. The features of these projects shows their impact on the progress and results of their implementation and the ways of construction of project management distance learning systems. The paper presents the analyse of thestructure of scientific and methodological basis of project management systems. In this structure are identified two parts: creation tool to identify knowledge users and how they change, and the creation of information tools effect on these people. The model determines the effect of academic mobility project management tools through knowledge of business administration at the progress of the educational projects.


The computation of transmission spectra is a central ingredient in the study of exoplanetary atmospheres. First, we revisit the theory of transmission spectra, unifying ideas from several workers in the literature. Transmission spectra lack an absolute normalization due to the a priori unknown value of a reference transit radius, which is tied to an unknown reference pressure. We show that there is a degeneracy between the uncertainty in the transit radius, the assumed value of the reference pressure (typically set to 10 bar) and the inferred value of the water abundance when interpreting a WFC3 transmission spectrum. Second, we demonstrate that transmission spectra may be assumed to be isobaric, which simplifies the data analysis. We validate the isothermal, isobaric analytical formula for the transmission spectrum against full numerical calculations and show that the typical errors are $\sim 0.1\%$ ($\sim 10$ ppm) within the WFC3 range of wavelengths. Third, we generalize the previous formula for the transit radius to include a small temperature gradient. Finally, we analyze the measured WFC3 transmission spectrum of WASP-12b and demonstrate that we obtain consistent results with the retrieval approach of Kreidberg et al. (2015) if the reference transit radius and reference pressure are fixed to assumed values. The unknown functional relationship between the reference transit radius and reference pressure implies that it is the product of the water abundance and reference pressure that is being retrieved from the data, and not just the water abundance alone. This degeneracy leads to a fundamental limitation on how accurately we may extract molecular abundances from transmission spectra. We suggest an approximate expression for this relationship.


The biggest cost of computing with large matrices in any modern computer is related to memory latency and bandwidth. The average latency of modern RAM reads is 150 times greater than a clock step of the processor. Throughput is a little better but still 25 times slower than the CPU can consume. The application of bitstring compression allows for larger matrices to be moved entirely to the cache memory of the computer, which has much better latency and bandwidth (average latency of L1 cache is 3 to 4 clock steps). This allows for massive performance gains as well as the ability to simulate much larger models efficiently. In this work, we propose a methodology to compress matrices in such a way that they retain their mathematical properties. Considerable compression of the data is also achieved in the process Thus allowing for the computation of much larger linear problems within the same memory constraints when compared with the traditional representation of matrices.


To the Editor.— The subject of runners and running reminds me of a caption for one of the remarkable photographs on Dr George Sheehan's 1979 Runner's Calendar: He appears to be the least of all men. A lonely figure on a lonely road, he seems to have no past, no future, and to be living in a present which has no rational meaning. He performs with a perverse intensity an activity which has no marketable value. And is completely engaged in what is not only impractical, but even unintelligible to his fellows. Now, I don't pretend to have the whole answer to this puzzle, but even so, I have been running a long time, and one thing is perfectly obvious— all runners are not the same. This is not to say that all runners are different. Certain generalizations are valid and illuminating. For example, for the purpose of thought, runners


Microarthropod community structure reflects soil ecosystem health and is influenced by the soil environment directly and/or indirectly by affecting the soil micro-flora and fauna that they graze. In this study, ecological indices for soil microarthropod community structure in soil contaminated (CS) with heavy metals in Plovdiv region and of a nearby non-contaminated area (NC) were examined during the three seasons from April through November 2011 to reveal influence of heavy metals on the soil microarthropod community structure. The QBS index as a tool has been applied to assess soil biological quality. Comparison of QBS index between CS and NC indicates that it was decreased in CS, indicating that soil health and function were adversely affected. Seasonal changes in the QBS index during the study period showed that the effect of heavy metals on microarthropod community structure is influenced by seasonal changes in environmental conditions.


BACKGROUND
Preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation are at higher risk of low total iron stores (iron deficiency). Serum ferritin is used as a valid total iron stores and iron deficiency biomarker, usually as a combination of ferritin and red blood cell counts.

METHODS
Serum hepcidin and ferritin values and red blood cell counts were obtained from 37 of 40 included premature infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation at risk of iron deficiency. The first sample was obtained in the first week of life, and the second at transfer from the Neonatal intensive care unit to the maternity ward, when serum ferritin level below 25 μg/L has been defined as very low total iron stores (iron deficiency).

RESULTS
Ferritin median levels decreased from a median value of 152 μg/L at the first measurement to 54 μg/L at the second measurement. Hepcidin median levels also decreased from 30.1 μg/L to 2.1 μg/L. We found a positive and statistically significant correlation between levels of ferritin and hepcidin at both measurements (r = 0.57; p < 0.001 and r = 0.72; p < 0.001, respectively). Compared to serum hepcidin, ferritin at the first measurement has not statistically significant higher power in predicting children with iron deficiency before discharge from the hospital.

CONCLUSIONS
We found a correlation between ferritin and hepcidin levels. Nevertheless, hepcidin does not have a worse power in predicting children with iron deficiency compared to ferritin.


Relationships among selected cognitive characteristics (asymmetry in internal dialogue, core assumptions, and valence of self statements) of UNCG counselor trainees and counselor effectiveness were investigated. Research indicates limited support that these selected cognitive characteristics are related to a counselor trainee's ability to demonstrate counselor effectiveness (Fuqua et al., 1986; Morran, 1986). Forty counselor trainees from the UNC-Greensboro counselor education program were participants for the study. Participants completed four measures of cognitive characteristics: (1) Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Kendall, Howard & Hays, 1989), which measures proportion of positive thinking; (2) Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (Beck, 1976), which measures core assumptions; (3) Task Distractive subscale, which measures self-focused self statements of a negative valence (Fuqua et al., 1986; and (4) Task Facilitative subscale (Fuqua et al., 1986), which measures task-focused self statements. Each of the 40 trainees audiotaped session number three with a client. Immediately after the taped session, each client rated the counselor trainee using the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) (Barrett-Lennard, 1986), a measure of a counselor's ability to demonstrate the "core" conditions (level of regard, unconditionality, empathy, and congruence) which are considered to be important in establishing and maintaining an effective counseling relationship. Three trained external observers (UNCG counseling students) also rated each subject's taped counseling session.


Objective: Previous studies demonstrated poorer survival in patients with young-onset breast cancer. Therefore, we investigated the distinguishing molecular characteristics associated with young onset breast cancer. Material and Methods: Between September and February 2013, 506 patients with breast cancer, who underwent surgery at our institution, were retrospectively analyzed tailored by age ≤40 (n = 94; 18.6%) and >40 to determine clinicopathological and biological differences. Therefore, molecular subtypes were determined by immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, Ki67, and HER2-neu. Results: The median age was 50 (27-87). Patients aged ≤40 presented with more advanced disease (stage III/IV; 34% for ≤40 vs 20% for >40, p = 0.003). Among patients, who underwent surgery as initial treatment (n = 411), patients ≤40 were more likely to have or tumors with invasive ductal carcinoma type (p = 0.049), or tumors >20 mm (p = 0.033), or axillary positivity (p = 0.003), or with multifocality/multicentricity (p 40. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses revealed presence of multifocality/multicentricity (OR:2.6; 95% CI: 1.4-4.5; p = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (OR:2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.6; p = 0.008), and molecular subtype other than luminal A (OR:2.4; 95% CI: 1.1-5.1; p Conclusion: Our results suggest that tumors of patients with younger age exhibit a more aggressive biology compared to patients older than 40 as shown by molecular subtype analyses that could result in poor prognosis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-05-22.


The effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and related tumor-promoting phorbol esters on 23 symbiotic cell lines from AKR thymic leukemias were studied. The phorbol derivatives with in vivo cocarcinogenic activity increased the viable yield of leukemia cells of most symbiotic cell lines in the absence of growth-supporting adherent cells. Particularly, in 10 cell lines remarkable growth stimulation was observed with 1 to 10 ng TPA/ml. The effect of TPA was reversible, since the leukemia cells exposed to TPA for 48 hours failed to grow without TPA or adherent cells. The leukemia cells from a symbiotic cell line could be maintained in TPA-containing medium for as long as 8 weeks without losing dependence. The leukemia cells were refractory to growth stimulation by TPA after they acquired the capability to grow independently. Furthermore, by affecting the leukemia cells, TPA and active tumor promoters inhibited pseudoemperipolesis (i.e., localization of leukemia cells under or between adherent cells), which is the basic cell interaction in symbiotic complexes. These effects of tumor-promoting phorbol esters are discussed with a special reference to the multistage hypothesis of leukemogenesis.


We investigate the effectiveness of a simple solution to the common problem of deep learning in medical image analysis with limited quantities of labeled training data. The underlying idea is to assign artificial labels to abundantly available unlabeled medical images and, through a process known as surrogate supervision, pre-train a deep neural network model for the target medical image analysis task lacking sufficient labeled training data. In particular, we employ 3 surrogate supervision schemes, namely rotation, reconstruction, and colorization, in 4 different medical imaging applications representing classification and segmentation for both 2D and 3D medical images. 3 key findings emerge from our research: 1) pre-training with surrogate supervision is effective for small training sets; 2) deep models trained from initial weights pre-trained through surrogate supervision outperform the same models when trained from scratch, suggesting that pre-training with surrogate supervision should be considered prior to training any deep 3D models; 3) pre-training models in the medical domain with surrogate supervision is more effective than transfer learning from an unrelated domain (e.g., natural images), indicating the practical value of abundant unlabeled medical image data.


The hybrid English-Tahitian community which lived on Pitcairn Island between 1790 and 1856 exhibited a high population growth (3% overall). Unlike some other isolated groups, they did not live long lives (expectation of life at birth was 50.4 years overall for both sexes combined), but infant mortality, at 5.5% of births is lower than might have been expected. The level of marital fertility on Pitcairn was extremely high, higher even than for the Hutterites. Although births outside marriage were uncommon, brides were frequently pregnant at marriage. Age at first marriage changed markedly in response to changes in the community. There is some evidence that premarital sex became more frequent, possibly as an adjustment to Tahitian behavioural norms within the community's English religious ethic.


The power of one-to-one tuition in Higher Music Education is evidenced by its continuing place at the heart of conservatoire education. The need to examine this student–teacher relationship more closely has been emphasised in the last decades by increasing understanding of processes of student learning in Higher Education as a whole, and in particular the impact which student–teacher relations have on learning. Literature on PhD supervision, for example, has highlighted the depth of applied craft skills made possible in one-to-one interaction, and has also drawn attention to a range of potential difficulties encountered in the supervisory relationship. This paper draws on findings from a study at a conservatoire in the UK, which explored student and teacher perceptions of one-to-one tuition. It analyses student and teacher perspectives on the relationship and considers the match between their perceptions within student–teacher pairs. Findings demonstrate diverse characterisation of the relationship, and varied approaches to extending a social relationship beyond the confines of the lesson. Comparison of student–teacher pairs indicates that the students tended to mirror their teachers' opinions about appropriate social interaction. This was one example of the dynamics of power operating within the one-to-one relationship, although these were rarely discussed explicitly. Such dynamics of power made it difficult in some instances for students to articulate difficulties with learning and to change teacher. There was also evidence of a possible connection between dynamics of power in the relationship and students' reluctance to develop artistic and professional self-direction. The implications of these findings are considered in terms of conceptualising one-to-one tuition, and the need to review the professional framework of its delivery in Higher Music Education.


The MORET code is a three dimensional Monte Carlo criticality code. It is designed to calculate the effective multiplication factor (keff) of any geome trical configuration as well as the reaction rates in the various volumes and the neutron leakage out of the system. A recent development for the MORET code consists of the implementation of an alternate neutron tracking met hod, known as the pseudo-scattering tracking method. This method has been successfully implemented in the MORET code and its performances have been tested by mean of an extensive parametric study on very simple geo metrical configurations. In this context, the goal of the present work is to validate the pseudo-scattering method against real istic configurations. In this perspective, pebble-bed cor es are particularly well-adapted cases to model, as they exhibit large amount of volumes stochastically arranged on two different levels (the pebbles in the core and t he TRISO particles inside each pebble). This paper will introduce the techniques and method s used to model pebble-bed cores in a realistic way . The results of the criticality calculations, as wel l as the pseudo-scattering tracking method performa nce in terms of computation time, will also be presented.


Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between instant noodle intake and metabolic factors in Korean adults. Methods: Study subjects were 5,894 (male 2,293, female 3,601) aged 19~64 years who participated in the 2013~2014 KNHANES. Information on frequency and consumption of instant noodles was obtained by the food frequency questionnaires method in KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), and subjects were classified according to age, sex, and instant noodle consumption (INC). Results: The frequency and consumption of instant noodles was 1.2 times/week and 1.2 servings in subjects. High INC group (≥ 1 serving/week) was significantly younger in age compared with the low INC group (< 1 serving/week). However, the high INC group had significantly higher waist circumference, metabolic factors (triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol), and dietary intake (energy intake, fat, and sodium density) compared with the low INC group. Hyperglycemia showed association with higher risk of highest quartile of INC after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, gender, household income, education, smoking, and alcohol compared with the lowest quartile (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8). In female, abdominal obesity showed association with higher risk of highest quartile of INC after adjustments for multiple confounding factors compared with the lowest quartile (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.2). Conclusion: Consumption of instant noodles was associated with increased prevalence of abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia in women. These findings suggest an association of instant noodle consumption status with metabolic risk.


Heliostat field is the most important subsystem in the tower type solar thermal power plant since its optical performance affects the total system efficiency most significantly while the construction cost of it is the major part of total construction cost in such a power plant. Thus a well designed heliostat field to maximize the optical efficiency as well as to minimize the land usage is very important. This work presents methodology, procedures and result of heliostat filed design for 200kW solar thermal power plant built recently in Daegu, Korea. A 2x2(m) rectangular shaped receiver located at 43(m) high and tilted ° toward heliostat field, 450 of heliostats of which the reflective surface is formed by 4 of 1x1(m) flat plate mirror facet, and the land area having about 140x120(m) size are used to form the heliostat field. A procedure to deploy 450 heliostats in radial staggered nonblocking formation is developed. Also the procedures to compute the cosine effect, intercept ratio, blocking and shading ratio in the field are developed. Finally the heliostat filed is designed by finding the optimal radial distance and azimuthal spacing in radial staggered nonblocking formation such that the designed heliostat field optical efficiency could be maximized. The designed heliostat field has 77.1% of annual average optical efficiency, which is obtained by annually averaging the optical efficiencies computed between the time of where sun elevation angle becomes 10° after sunrise and the time of where sun elevation angle becomes 10° before sunset in each day.


Copper, lead, and iron have frequently been detected throughout Indiana freshwaters. Since microbial activity is a holistic measure of ecosystem function, changes in microbial activity in response to metal concentrations may indicate potential areas of concern. Metal concentrations in seven streams of the Upper White River watershed of central Indiana were measured during spring (May) and summer (August) in conjunction with measurement of sediment nitrification rates using the nitrapyrin-inhibition technique. Additionally, the influence of copper, lead, and iron on microbial nitrification was measured using in vitro mesocosms inoculated with stream sediment. Sediment metal concentrations ranged from 654–1,985 mg Fe/kg and 1.00–2.91 mg Cu/kg sediment. Dissolved metal concentrations ranged from below detection to 0.10 mg Fe /L and 0.01–0.02 mg Cu/L. Stream sediment nitrification rates were positively correlated to sediment copper concentrations. Metal concentrations of 127 mg/L may reduce stream sediment nitrification although stream physiochemical characteristics and history of metal exposure also influence microbial response. Further, stream sediment metal concentrations may affect nitrifying microbes more than dissolved metal concentrations.


Abstract. Baseflow to rivers comprises regional groundwater and lower salinity intermediate water stores such as interflow, soil water, and bank return flows. Chemical mass balance (CMB) calculations based on the specific conductivity (SC) of rivers potentially estimates the groundwater contribution to baseflow. This study discusses the application of the CMB approach in rivers from southeast Australia and assesses the feasibility of calibrating recursive digital filters (RDF) and sliding minima (SM) techniques based on streamflow data to estimate groundwater inflows. The common strategy of assigning the SC of groundwater inflows based on the highest annual river SC may not always be valid due to the long-term presence of lower salinity intermediate waters. Rather, using the river SC from low flow periods during drought years may be more realistic. If that is the case, the estimated groundwater inflows may be lower than expected, which has implications for assessing contaminant transport and the impacts of near-river groundwater extraction. Probably due to long-term variations in the proportion of groundwater in baseflow, the RDF and SM techniques cannot generally be calibrated using the CMB results to estimate annual baseflow proportions. Thus, it is not possible to extend the estimates of groundwater inflows using those methods, although in some catchments reasonable estimates of groundwater inflows can be made from annual streamflows. Short-term variations in the composition of baseflow also leads to baseflow estimates made using the CMB method being far more irregular than expected. This study illustrates that estimating baseflow, especially groundwater inflows, is not straightforward.