Ecosystem-level study and ecosystem-based fishery management are being increasingly emphasized as important frameworks for understanding and maintaining the use of aquatic resources (Carpenter et al. 1995; Link 2002; Pikitch et al. 2004). The recent acceleration of this movement is due, in part, to a recognition that a more holistic approach to assessment is required because many fish species are being heavily overexploited (Pauly et al. 2000), targeted fishing still affects multiple species (through bycatch, habitat alterations, or restructuring a community), regime shifts are resulting from human-induced ecological change and spread of invasive species (Carpenter 2003; Scheffer and Carpenter 2003), and the effects of a perturbation can be mediated through food-web interactions. In aquatic ecosystems, the drivers of change can arise either rapidly (e.g., invasive species) or through a more incremental change over a longer term (e.g., global warming). In addition to differences in their operative time scales, stressors can induce indirect shifts through multiple interacting components of an ecosystem, thus complicating estimation of their effects. This capacity for cascading effects combined with the limited recovery potential of some low-density populations may prevent a return to prior conditions, even if a stressor is successfully removed (Botsford et al. 1997; Carpenter 2003). Ultimately, understanding how relationships in complex food webs have changed due to previous perturbations can improve assessments by reducing areas of uncertainty, promoting precautionary management, and enhancing the ability to predict and respond to future stressors (e.g., ecosystem forecasting; Botsford et al. 1997; Link 2002). Aquatic ecosystems are often unavailable for controlled manipulation given the broad and diverse resources that they provide. Even so, these resources are both subject to large-scale management actions and sensitive to uncontrolled biological invasions. For example, multimilliondollar nutrient abatement programs, advanced by the 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between Canada and the U.S., have been implemented to achieve increased water clarity and


In mitochondria, compatibility of proteins encoded in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA is essential for the normal functioning of the organelle. Incompatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA can lead to dysfunctional respiration, mitochondrial diseases, and lethal problems, which suggests that the presence of heterologous mitochondria is unfavorable. In a previous study, we established a transplant method for DNA‐lacking mitochondria (mitosomes) in the anaerobic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. In this study, interspecies transplant of mitosomes from E. histolytica into Entamoeba invadens, which is a parasitic protozoon of reptiles, was performed using the microinjection method at various temperatures and injection volumes. When E. invadens was used as recipient, it showed higher tolerance to a lower temperature and larger injection volume, in comparison with E. histolytica. After microinjection, donor mitosomes expressing HA‐tag conjugated protein were observed in recipient cells by immunofluorescent staining. The heterologous mitosomes‐injected cells proliferated and growth rate of the microinjected‐cells was similar to that of intact cells. Therefore, we conclude that interspecies transplant of DNA‐lacking mitochondria does not result in incompatibility.


We study the morphologies of 3,964 galaxies and their progenitors with $M_\star>10^{10} M_\odot$ in the reference EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation from redshifts $z=1$ to $z=0$, concentrating on the redshift evolution of the bar fraction. We apply two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify 35,082 synthetic g-band images across 10 snapshots in redshift. We identify galaxies as either barred or unbarred, while also classifying each sample into one of four morphological types: elliptical (E), lenticular (S0), spiral (Sp), and irregular/miscellaneous (IrrM). We find that the bar fraction is roughly constant between $z = 0.0$ to $z = 0.5$ (32% to 33%), before exhibiting a general decline to 26% out to $z = 1$. The bar fraction is highest in spiral galaxies, from 49% at $z = 0$ to 39% at $z = 1$. The bar fraction in S0s is lower, ranging from 22% to 18%, with similar values for the miscellaneous category. Under 5% of ellipticals were classified as barred. We find that the bar fraction is highest in low mass galaxies ($M_\star \leq 10^{10.5} M_\odot$). Through tracking the evolution of galaxies across each snapshot, we find that some barred galaxies undergo episodes of bar creation, destruction and regeneration, with a mean bar lifetime of 2.24 Gyr. We further find that incidences of bar destruction are more commonly linked to major merging, while minor merging and accretion is linked to both bar creation and destruction.


Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that metabolize the lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) to form phosphatidic acid. In T cells, two isoforms of DGK, DGKα and DGKζ, serve an important role in dampening signal transduction downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR), where they phosphorylate DAG generated by PLCγ1 after activation of proximal signaling molecules. DAG generated downstream of TCR binds to Protein Kinase C θ (PKCθ) and Ras Guanyl Releasing Protein 1 (RasGRP1), facilitating T cell activation. Elimination of either DGK isoform leads to increased generation of DAG and subsequent strengthened signaling downstream of RasGRP1 and PKCθ. Functionally, this results in formation of CD8+ T cells with enhanced cytokine production and proliferation after TCR stimulation. While mice or CD8+ T cells deficient in DGKα or DGKζ are both known to demonstrate enhanced immune responses to tumor, there has not been, to date, a direct comparison of the anti-tumor activity between mice lacking the two isoforms. We sought to determine which isoform of DGK more intensely attenuated anti-tumor immunity in order to identify which would be a better target for immune-based cancer therapies. We inoculated C57BL/6 mice with a variety of syngeneic tumor cell lines - MC38 colon carcinoma, B16F1 melanoma, and C1498 leukemia - and directly compared survival and tumor growth between mice deficient in DGKα or DGKζ in the presence or absence of anti-PD1 treatment. We found that DGKζ-/- mice more efficiently suppressed growth of subcutaneously implanted tumor cells when compared with DGKα-/- mice across the three model systems and further observed that the combination of DGKζ-deficiency and anti-PD1 were additive in tumor control. Additionally, relative to wildtype CD8+ T cells, we found that DGKζ-/- CD8+ T cells demonstrated qualitatively enhanced mRNA changes as assessed by RNA-seq analysis of cells after TCR stimulation. Pathway analyses from RNA-seq similarly indicated enhanced quantitative changes in DGKζ-/- T cells relative to DGKα-/- T cells, findings confirmed with in vitro biochemical and functional assays. Lastly, using CRISPR-based approaches to eliminate DGKα or DGKζ, we observed similar biochemical changes in human T cells when compared with T cells from gene-deficient mice. Our data, employing genetic approaches to modulate DGKα or DGKζ in both human and mouse models, suggests that DGKζ is a dominant regulator of TCR driven T cell activation and is consistent with the observed superior anti-tumor immune response. Citation Format: Susan Wee, Junchen Gu, Cindy Wang, Carolyn Cao, Sandra Holzhauer, Heshani Desilva, Erin Wesley, Susan Tsai, Douglas Evans, Matthew Riese. Regulation of CD8+ T-cell function and antitumor activity by DGKα and DGKζ [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 936.


Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes, type I, type II, and type III, all IFNs share in common the ability to evoke antiviral activities initiated by the interaction with their cognate receptors. The nine-member IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family, first discovered in the context of transcriptional regulation of type I IFN genes following viral infection, are pivotal for the regulation of the IFN responses. In this review, we briefly describe cardinal features of the three types of IFNs and then focus on the role of the IRF family members in the regulation of each IFN system.


United States firms in the early 20th century were subject to public and private regulation. Forms of regulation included rate regulation and stock exchange listing requirements. These regulations created incentives to report income statement information. This study utilizes the 1915 Moody's Analyses of Investments to test whether regulated firms in the United States reported more income statement information than unregulated firms. Rate regulation influenced utilities to report income statements more frequently than industrial companies. Stock market listing requirements also influenced the reporting of income statements. Therefore, the results indicate that both public and private regulations influenced financial reporting in the early 20th century. Another finding of the study is that income statements were more frequently reported than balance sheets for both railroads and utilities.


The challenging topic in image processing is extracting accurate images from the data base according to the user defined query and objects available in database image. Therefore in this paper we described different technique for content based image retrieval and their functioning advantages. In addition of that it includes the investigation about the different recent approaches that are developed recently. We go throughmany technologies and made some comparisons between them. Finally we proposed a methodology that is accurate for image retrieval as well as efficient as possible.


Summary. Hypocotyls of detached stems standing in culture solution produced adventitious roots sooner than did petioles of detached primary leaves. An auxin, probably indol-3-ylacetic acid, appeared in the solutions before the hypocotyls or petioles produced roots. After attaining a maximum, the amounts of auxin in the solutions decreased as fewer roots were formed. Two cytokinins were found in the culture solutions; one had a similar Rf to zeatin, the other ran more slowly on chromatograms. The amounts of cytokinin in the solutions were associated with root formation. Stems soon died unless their hypocotyls formed roots, but the primary leaves survived without roots forming provided a callus formed on the petiole. Hence adventitious roots, or callus tissues, may have produced cytokinins that replaced those produced by the original roots, found in sap exuded from the stem stumps, and were essential for survival of the stems and leaves.


The article has studied the effects of ionic liquids on the induction time of methane hydrate formation under different mass concentrations, temperatures and pressures. The results show: all the tested ionic liquids can postpone the induction time of hydrate forming. Among them, imimidazolium-based ones have the strongest ability; The concentrations of ionic liquids also have strong effects on the induction time, and 0.5% is the most ideal. In addition the inhibiting abilities of ionic liquid on the induction time change with different pressures and temperatures, but not obviously.


The British government's 10 year plan for reforming the NHS set great store by reforming the way staff worked.1 The public, said the plan, wanted more and better paid staff, using new ways of working. Some of the biggest problems with the old NHS were "old fashioned demarcations between staff and barriers between services and a lack of clear incentives and levers to improve performance." The plan promised in 2000 that for the first time there will be modern contracts for both general practitioners and hospital doctors. There will be a big extension of quality-based contracts for general practitioners. The number of consultants entitled to additional discretionary payments will rise from half to two thirds, but in return they will be expected to increase their productivity while working for the NHS. Three years on, reform of the consultant contract is stalled, the new general practitioner contract is hanging by a thread (p 1105), the government is frustrated, the BMA is deeply embarrassed, and reform of the NHS is threatened. What's gone wrong?

The story of the two contracts is nothing short of Homeric: for three years the adventurers trying to deliver the new contracts have been wandering the high seas, hoping to bring the contracts to a safe port, but neither yet is close. Indeed, the consultant contract seems to be wrecked.2 3 The contract for general practitioners suffered a serious setback last week when a special conference of representatives of local medical committees voted to send the negotiators—who had just survived a vote of no confidence—back for six months' further negotiation. But the very next day—at a meeting of the General Practitioners Committee—the impracticality of this position was understood: legislative windows would be missed, possibly delaying the contract for a year or more. The negotiators are still …


Wilderness fire managers are often confronted with natural fire ignitions that start and/or burn near an adjoining agency's wilderness area boundary. Management strategies for prescribed natural fires (PNF) are often developed using the adjoining agency's wilderness boundary as the maximum allowable perimeter (control line) for the PNF. When this occurs, fire's natural role in the wilderness ecosystem may be restricted. The difficulty of burning near another agency's jurisdictional boundary can be overcome by strong planning, close communications, and timely coordination between the two affected agencies. Communications and coordination can be achieved only through developing and maintaining a strong working relationship with the fire manager of the adjoining agency. Keys to good interagency coordination are (1) investing time, (2) understanding the policies and procedures of the adjoining agency, (3) developing and maintaining open communications, and (4) having a commitment to see it succeed.


This study investigates streamline mixing in constrained laminar and turbulent flows using a mass spectrometer-tracer gas technique. The first section of the study is a review of qualitative and quantitative tracer techniques previously employed for gas flow investigations. This is followed by a discussion of the aims of the research programme which were firstly, the development of a mass spectrometer tracer gas technique tor detailed flow phenomenon investigations and secondly, an investigation into the molecular diffusion and mass eddy diffusivity of a streamline of tracer gas when injected into constrained laminar and turbulent flows. A summary of the uses of mass spectrometers prior to this study is also included for completeness.
The third section deals firstly with the methods of theoretically predicting molecular diffusion coefficients for gas mixtures, using the 'Kinetic Theory of Gases' and secondly, with the development of the basic three dimensional continuity equations in laminar flow which relate the changes of injected tracer concentration with functions of flow velocity and molecular diffusion coefficient. The inclusion of mass eddy diffusivity terms allowed the development of similar equations related to turbulent flow conditions. A method of solving the resulting second order differential equations is discussed.
The construction and necessary calibration of the research rig and its associated instrumentation is dealt with in detail in sections four and five. This includes the calibration and the experimental procedure adopted for use with the quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Finally the experimental results are presented and they confirmed that, streamline mixing in constrained laminar flow occurs through molecular diffusion and that it was possible with the mass spectrometer tracer gas technique to measure mass eddy diffusivity in constrained turbulent flow. The turbulent flow results obtained enabled a function for mass eddy diffusivity in constrained turbulent flow to be postulated, however further work would be required in this area to confirm this postulation.


The Fifth Generation (5G) of wireless networks introduced native support for Machine-Type Communication (MTC), which is a key enabler for the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution. Current 5G standards are not yet capable of fully satisfying the requirements of critical MTC (cMTC) and massive MTC (mMTC) use cases. This is the main reason why industry and academia have already started working on technical solutions for beyond-5G and Sixth Generation (6G) networks. One technological solution that has been extensively studied is the combination of network densification, massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) systems and user-centric design, which is known as distributed mMIMO or Cell-Free (CF) mMIMO. Under this new paradigm, there are no longer cell boundaries: all the Access Points (APs) on the network cooperate to jointly serve all the devices. In this paper, we compare the performance of traditional mMIMO and different distributed mMIMO setups, and quantity the macro diversity and signal spatial diversity performance they provide. Aiming at the uplink in industrial indoor scenarios, we adopt a path loss model based on real measurement campaigns. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the grid deployment of APs provide higher average channel gains, but radio stripes deployments provide lower variability of the received signal strength.


The quantum framework of the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for analyzing nanostructured devices is reviewed, and alternative methods for incorporating induced electromagnetic fields into the theory are discussed. To capture the retardation effects in larger electronic structures, the TDDFT equations can be formulated by applying the Lorenz gauge-fixing condition to the induced scalar and vector potentials (analogous to macroscopic formulations used in antenna theory). Evaluating the retarded potentials via radiation integrals, however, rapidly becomes the computational bottleneck within the TDDFT time-marching framework if done in a brute-force manner. This article demonstrates that 3D space or 4D space-time fast Fourier transform (FFT) schemes can be adopted to accelerate these computations and reduce the costs of evaluating the potentials below the typical computational bottleneck of TDDFT. Thus, FFT-accelerated Lorenz gauge retarded potentials become an attractive candidate for replacing the conventionally used electrostatic-induced scalar potential within TDDFT.


This paper conducts an in-depth research on applications reliability in highway network planning and optimization of construction sequence. It introduces the concept of reliability to the layout of the importance of the road network node and establishes a fairly comprehensive theoretical method of highway network planning based on the reliability from the aspects of the road network layout, evaluation, and construction sequence arrangements. Case study illustrates the proposed layout optimization method has achieved satisfactory results in the road network reliability analysis, displaying strong practical promotional value.


Background: Domestic violence against pregnant women is becoming more frequent and intense. Studies have shown that women who were under more physical and psychological violence experienced a lot of stress and depression and had less ability to communicate with their fetuses. International statistics show a high prevalence of violence against Afghan women and the communities migrated to Afghanistan. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the maternal-fetal attachment and domestic violence between Iranian and Afghan pregnant women.Methods: This study has a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of Iranian and Afghan pregnant women referred to Kerman Health Centers in 2018-2019. One hundred-forty-six Iranian pregnant women and 142 Afghan pregnant women were enrolled in the study by the quota sampling. Data collection tools were demographic and clinical information questionnaire, questionnaires of domestic violence against women, and maternal-fetal attachment scale. Results: The mean score of maternal-fetal attachment in Iranian and Afghan pregnant women was higher than the average. Also, scores of maternal-fetal attachment and its dimensions in Afghan pregnant women were significantly higher than that of Iranian pregnant women (P < 0.001). The mean score of domestic violence was low in Iranian and Afghan pregnant women. There was no significant difference between Iranian and Afghan pregnant women in the total score of domestic violence (P > 0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between maternal-fetal attachment and domestic violence in Iranian pregnant women (P < 0.05). In Afghan pregnant women, there was a positive and significant correlation between maternal-fetal attachment and sexual violence in while there was a significant and reverse relationship between other dimensions of attachment and violence (P < 0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that the rate of violence in the studied populations was low, and maternal-fetal attachment rate is appropriate. The relationship between violence and mother-fetal attachment had a different pattern in Iranian and Afghan women. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the factors affecting maternal-fetal attachment, especially in Afghan women.


H istorically, medicine in the United Kingdom has been a male dominated profession,but female medical graduates now outnumber male graduates ( BMJ 2005;331: 569-72). Many women will go on to have children, and a concern is how this will affect the profession. We are a married couple with two young children and have spent much time considering this issue. The importance of achieving a work-life balance is increasingly recognised in all areas of society. Calls are made for more flexibility in the workforce; and in the Improving Working Lives Standard the government has set an aim of improving flexibility at work in the NHS.

In this debate the role of men has received little attention. In the traditional model of the family in the UK men worked full time and women raised the children full time, but the changing nature of the workforce over the years has meant that women now have much more responsibility to work as well as raise children, while the …


Controllers based on fractional order calculus are gaining more and more interests from the control community. This type of controllers may involve fractional integration, fractional differentiation and/or fractional systems in their structure or implementation. They have been introduced in the control applications in a continuous effort to enhance the system control quality performances and robustness. In this study, a new scheme of fractional order adaptive controller via high-gain output feedback for a class of linear, time-invariant, minimum phase and single input-single output systems of relative degree one is proposed. The basic idea of the new design is a further modification in the adaptive proportional control law by the introduction of a fractional integration besides of the regular one of the squared output of the system in the adaptation gain of the control strategy. An analytical stability proof of the feedback control system is presented. The control quality enhancement of the proposed control scheme compared with the classical one has been presented through the simulation results of an illustrative example.


The utilization of waste materials in soil improvement is the potential for the reduction of the negative effect on the environment and the construction cost as well. One of the waste materials is rice husk ash (RHA), which is an agricultural-by product and can be utilized for soil improvement. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the numerous investigations on rice husk ash and its utilization in soil improvement. Based on the literature review, there are some findings as follows: (i) burning rice husk ash in incinerator under a controlled temperature of 500÷8000C and time of 1÷4 hours will produce RHA with high pozzolanic activity; (ii) the RHA can be considered as a stabilizer for different types of soil, and it can be used in combination with different chemical binders and waste materials for soil improvement; (iii) from the view of engineering purposes, the RHA from about 3 to 20%, the lime from 2 to 9%, the cement from 2 to 15% were mostly suggested to improve the soil for pavement, road (base and sub-base layers), and building houses in rural areas. However, the research on the utilization of RHA in soft ground improvement by deep mixing method using lime and cement is still limited, and it is therefore recommended for further research. In addition, the experimental field research on the utilization of RHA for soil improvement in engineering practice needs to be conducted.

http://jmes.humg.edu.vn/images/paper/2020/61_3/01. Nguyen Thanh Danh 1-11.pdf


Synopsis: Multilayer insulation (MLI) is essential for the thermal insulation of cryostat because the apparent thermal conductivity is much lower than that of other vacuum insulation such as evacuated fibrous insulation or powdered insulation. Thermal radiation through MLI is effectively suppressed by thin aluminized polyester (PET) films stacked around the cold surface. As gravity causes thermal contact between the adjacent PET films, the insulation performance of MLI is degraded considerably. To avoid this degradation, extremely thin PET films are chosen to achieve a lightweight MLI. It is important to fabricate MLI by placing the aluminized PET films one after another around the cold surface, so as to avoid extra contact pressure between the films. If the MLI is properly fabricated, it can be said it is in a state of self-compression. The most important factor among the test conditions of MLI thermal insulation performance is the interlayer contact pressure. If the experimental conditions of the interlayer contact pressure are not clarified, it is impossible to verify the data. The characteristics of materials for MLI are introduced in this report, and the measurement method and its accuracy for determining the interlayer contact pressure are described.


In an era of climate change and increased environmental variability, breeders are looking for tools to maintain and increase genetic gain and overall efficiency. In recent years the field of high throughput phenotyping (HTP) has received increased attention as an option to meet this need. There are many platform options in HTP, but ground-based handheld and remote aerial systems are two popular options. While many HTP setups have similar specifications, it is not always clear if data from different systems can be treated interchangeably. In this research, we evaluated two handheld radiometer platforms, Cropscan MSR16R and Spectra Vista Corp (SVC) HR-1024i, as well as a UAS-based system with a Sentera Quad Multispectral Sensor. Each handheld radiometer was used for two years simultaneously with the unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) in collecting winter wheat breeding trials between 2018-2021. Spectral reflectance indices (SRI) were calculated for each system. SRI heritability and correlation were analyzed in evaluating the platform and SRI usability for breeding applications. Correlations of SRIs were low against UAS SRI and grain yield while using the Cropscan system in 2018 and 2019. Dissimilarly, the SVC system in 2020 and 2021 produced moderate correlations across UAS SRI and grain yield. UAS SRI were consistently more heritable, with broad-sense heritability ranging from 0.58 to 0.80. Data standardization and collection windows are important to consider in ensuring reliable data. Furthermore, practical aspects and best practices for these HTP platforms, relative to applied breeding applications, are highlighted and discussed. The findings of this study can be a framework to build upon when considering the implementation of HTP technology in an applied breeding program.


The synovial sarcoma (Figure 1) is a soft tissue tumour, first described by Jaffe in 1941 as a tumour that grows from the synovium of joints, bursae or tendon sheaths. It was later reported that it grew from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. It can be localized or diffuse, intra or extra articular, with predominance in lower extremities, with the thigh as the most common location, followed by the popliteal fossa. It is usually diagnosed in adolescents or young adults, and because of its slow growth, it may mimic a benign pathology. Clinical symptoms usually include a palpable mass. Imaging is the examination of choice to lead diagnosis. Plain radiographs are usually the first line examination, either showing no lesion or rarely calcifications. Ultrasonography shows a lobulated well-defined mass, that's hypoechoic, but, because of its non-specificity, MRI is required for better characterization of the lesion. It shows a large lobulated mass (usually >5cm), containing solid tumour, haemorrhage, necrosis and calcifications. Therefore, in T2 weighted sequences, it is heterogeneous, containing areas of intermediate signal, high signal and dark signal. The combination of these 3 shades of signal in the T2 weighted images is called the "triple sign", and leads to diagnosis. Histological confirmation is necessary. And treatment of choice is the surgical excision of the mass [1-3].

Keywords: Tumour; Soft; Tissue; Sarcoma; Imaging

References

[1] Al-Ibraheemi A, Ahrens WA, Fritchie K, Dong J, and Oliveira AM, et al. (2019) Malignant tenosynovial giant cell tumor: The true "synovial sarcoma?" A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular cytogenetic study of 10 cases, supporting origin from synoviocytes. Mod Pathol. 32: 242-251.

[2] Chambers LA, and Lesher JM (2018) Chronic thigh pain in a young adult diagnosed as synovial sarcoma: A case report. PM&R. 10: 969-973. [3] Mirzaian E, Tavangar SM, Montazeri S, and Yeganeh, FE (2019) Biphasic epithelial predominant synovial sarcoma presenting as painful thigh mass. Iran J Pathol. 14: 261-265


1. Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Ecography, volume 33, issue 6, pages 1015-1027, December 2010. Article first published online: 16 NOV 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06338.x Abstract Identifying the geographic distribution of populations is a basic, yet crucial step in many fundamental and applied ecological projects, as it provides key information on which many subsequent analyses depend. However, this task is often costly and time consuming, especially where rare species are concerned and where most sampling designs generally prove inefficient. At the same time, rare species are those for which distribution data are most needed for their conservation to be effective. To enhance fieldwork sampling, model-based sampling (MBS) uses predictions from species distribution models: when looking for the species in areas of high habitat suitability, chances should be higher to find them. We thoroughly tested the efficiency of MBS by conducting an important survey in the Swiss Alps, assessing the detection rate of three rare and five common plant species. For each species, habitat suitability maps were produced following an ensemble modeling framework combining two spatial resolutions and two modeling techniques. We tested the efficiency of MBS and the accuracy of our models by sampling 240 sites in the field (30 sites × 8 species). Across all species, the MBS approach proved to be effective. In particular, the MBS design strictly led to the discovery of six sites of presence of one rare plant, increasing chances to find this species from 0 to 50%. For common species, MBS doubled the new population discovery rates as compared to random sampling. Habitat suitability maps coming from the combination of four individual modeling methods predicted well the species' distribution and more accurately than the individual models. As a conclusion, using MBS for fieldwork could efficiently help in increasing our knowledge of rare species distribution. More generally, we recommend using habitat suitability models to support conservation plans. Key words : Habitat suitability, spatial predictions, species distribution, public database, model-based sampling, field validation, rare plants, ENFA, GAM.


5621 HKH40A (RTA 502) or 2-(3-{4-[3-(8-methoxy-6-oxo-6H-2,10b-diaza-aceanthrylen-5-ylamino)-propyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propyl)-5-nitro-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione is a water soluble newly synthesized tumor growth inhibitor, mol. wt. 673. It potently inhibited the growth (IC50 = 0.5 μM) of rat (JM-1) and human (Hep3B) hepatoma lines in culture. It arrested Hep3B cells preferentially at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. This was likely caused by increased phosphorylation of Chk1 and Chk2 at limited times of exposure to HKH40A, without change in Chk1 or Chk2 amounts. The Chk target Cdc25C also had an increase in its inhibitory serine phosphorylation, without change in Cdc25C protein amounts. A consequence of this was an increase in the inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk1, a Cdc25C protein target, which is important in mediating the G2/M cell cycle transition. Caspase-3 was found to be cleaved, indicating that the cells were undergoing apoptosis, and ERK was found to be strongly phosphorylated. HKH40A also efficiently inhibited the growth of transplantable syngeneic JM-1 hepatoma cells in rat liver at doses of 1 mg/kg IP injection on alternate days for 5 doses. Moreover, the number of GST-pi foci formed in rat livers after a single dose of the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN), was also inhibited by HKH40A. However, normal liver regeneration was not inhibited. There was no apparent toxicity in the animals at the doses used for these in vivo experiments. This new compound thus inhibited cellular Cdc25C activity through its phosphorylation, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and also inhibited hepatoma cell growth in 2 unrelated assays in vivo.


This article examines intercultural contact in Quebec City's ethnic restaurants. The results of this multisited inquiry show that ethnic restaurants have developed rapidly, representing microspaces of intercultural encounter and exchange, places where people can see, touch, and consume the cuisine of the "other." More specifically, this article explores the ways in which eating reduces difference and distance; how it evokes cultural and geographical appropriation. Ethnic restaurants represent deterritorialized "ethnosites" in which the foreign is made familiar and the global miniaturized. They provide the opportunity to "taste" difference and to "eat" exotic cultures from faraway places without leaving home. In the same way that the bourgeois restaurant of the 19th century was a site for the consumption of the nation, through the presentation of regional cuisine, the ethnic restaurant has become in postcolonial societies a place for the consumption of the world.


A relevant category is a symmetric monoidal closed category with a diagonal natural transformation that satisfies some coherence conditions. Every cartesian closed category is a relevant category in this sense. The denomination 'relevant' comes from the connection with relevant logic. It is shown that the category of sets with partial functions, which is isomorphic to the category of pointed sets, is a category that is relevant, but not cartesian closed.


On June 3, 1987, the Prime Minister of Canada and the ten provincial premiers signed the 1987 Constitutional Accord in which they agreed to amend the Canadian Constitution in order to meet the Quebec government's conditions for adherence to the Constitution Act, 1982. The recognition of Canada's linguistic duality and of Quebec as a distinct society were among the constitutional amendments agreed upon. These clauses continue to spark controversy, with some commentators claiming that the terms used in the Accord are too ambiguous, while others argue that their insertion in the Constitution will give rise to politically undesirable results. The author considers the meaning of these clauses and presents an historical account of the notions of "duality" and "distinct society" by analyzing their essential elements. He argues that if governments have recognized duality in order to protect the official language minorities, the purpose of the clause dealing with the protection and promotion of Quebec's distinct society is to maintain and develop its Francophone character. Where these two objectives conflict, the clause in the Constitutional Accord recognizing Canada's linguistic duality will prevail. The Accord's potential impact on the division of legislative powers and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are also examined. In the author's opinion, the division of powers will not be modified; however, the recognition of duality and of Quebec as a distinct society may limit the potentially centralizing effects of the Charter. On the other hand, by relying on the duality clause, the courts will be able — should they so desire — to give the Charter's language guarantees a broader interpretation than they have until now been accorded. The author concludes by considering the possible interplay between the linguistic duality and the distinct society clauses once they are entrenched, and the multiculturalism clause (section 27 of the Charter,).


Changes during regeneration after sand mining for heavy minerals were studied on an area that previously supported open-forest on the Holocene high dune system in Myall Lakes National Park. Sixteen study areas, on which topsoil was replaced 0.5–10 yr ago, provided information on changes to be expected on any one site over that time period. A number of environmental variables was used in a linear multiple regression analysis to determine which of them is important in accounting for the variance and patterns observed in the biomass of two rodent species colonizing the regenerating areas.

The first small-mammal colonist is the introduced house mouse (Mus musculus), an opportunistic species present on all sites. Its population density increases rapidly to a maximum at 3 yr after which it declines. Three environmental variables: percentage of bare sand, hardness of the soil in the first 30 cm, and a vegetation structure variable, account for 73% of the variance in M. musculus biomass.

The native New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) first appears between 4 yr and 5 yr after topsoil replacement and peaks between 8 yr and 9 yr, after which it also declines. A highly significant multiple regression accounts for 69% of the variance in P. novaehollandiae biomass using five significant variables: the proportion of heath plants present, two vegetation structure variables, the amount of dead plant cover, and the topsoil depth. The species replacement observed confirms the succession indicated by previous work and suggests competitive interaction between these species.

This study confirms the seral positions of rodent species in successions following both mining or fire. There is a stretched time axis for the mining succession following the more complete disruption of the substrate so regeneration more closely approximates primary rather than secondary succession. The non-linearity of the parameters makes it impossible to predict a recovery time and verifies our previous prediction that recovery estimates from heathland should not be extrapolated to forest.


To the Editor:— I read with interest and admiration the article inThe Journal, March 12, by Selesnick concerning alcoholic intoxication and also the article in the same issue by Harger, Lamb and Hulpieu, describing a test for intoxication employing breath. Both articles are scholarly, well prepared and absolutely sound from a scientific standpoint; but, from the point of view of the rural general practitioner an attitude must be taken, less strictly accurate, perhaps, from the laboratory expert's angle, but none the less effective and efficient for the practical purposes of everyday life. In the first place, both articles, in my opinion, paid less attention than they should have done to the fact of the personal equation—of variations in individual susceptibility. No one would deny that a dose of alcohol that might well kill an infant would have a far less deleterious effect on a seasoned drinker, and any practical


The correlations throughout are positive. This holds between groups of tests when they are combined on the basis of content, verbal, numerical, or spatial; or on the basis of form, completion, analogies, or generalization. It is true of the relation between the various types of tests and the Terman Group Test. There is also consistently positive, but smaller, correlation between the results of the single tests studied [p. 62].


One of the potency for development of Sangihe Islands is sea and the availability of fish resources which is relatively high, both in terms of quantity and diversity. One of the fish types with high quantity in this area are pelagic fish group. This research aims to analyze the management of small pelagic fishing in order to maintain its sustainability. The research result indicate that the average sustainable production of the small pelagic for 20 years (1988-2007) observation was 3,128.45 tons/year. Depreciation value has reduced the rents value received by fishermen. With the method of the present value, the revenues from the market at discount rate of 15% should be Rp 274.97 billion. However, due to depreciation, the amount received just Rp 118.59 billion only. For the optimal and sustainable fisheries management, the effort level for small pelagic capture should be 5,342 trips/year at discount rate of 15%. To maintain the sustainability, the level should be lowered down around 46% from the present level in small pelagic management.


Medical concept embedding' aims to provide vector representations of International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes such that the relationship between two vectors mirrors the conceptual relationship between the two diagnoses or clinical interventions. Despite the growing interest in vector representations of clinical information in electronic health records (EHR), the utility of embedding methods has not been examined in the context of predicting individualized survival distributions (ISD). In this study, we apply ISD methods, specifically Cox-Proportional Hazards with Kalbfleisch-Prentice extension (CoxPH-KP) and Multi-task Logistic Regression (MTLR), to the task of predicting probability of Heart Failure (HF) rehospitalization or mortality, in a population-level database of 40,568 HF hospitalizations over the span of 8 years. Further, we compare performance of these ISD models with versus without code embeddings, that were learned in a temporally disjoint dataset of 229,359 all-cause hospitalizations. All our models show good discrimination in the validation dataset of 8,114 HF hospitalizations, with time-based concordance greater than 70% for every monthly intervals upto 8 years. Finally, we demonstrate that medical concept embedding does not always lead to improved model discrimination, but does improve model calibration, particularly over the longer time scales.


We thank Nocturne et al 1 for their interest and comments on our recent paper, which looked at lymphoma risk over the medium term in a cohort of patients receiving tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi).1 Overall we found no statistically significant difference in the risk compared with conventional standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) either for all TNFi exposures combined or when each TNFi was analysed separately in comparison to csDMARDs, using a number of different models to categorise treatment exposure.

We agree that lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of malignancies and that the spectrum of lymphomas seen in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is different from that in the general population, with an over-representation of inflammation-driven diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Therefore, understanding whether TNFi treatment is associated with an increase in the risk …


In the development of radiofrequency fingerprinting (RFF), one of the major challenges is to extract subtle and robust features from transmitted signals of wireless devices to be used in accurate identification of possible threats to the wireless network. To overcome this challenge, the use of the transient region of the transmitted signals could be one of the best options. For an efficient transient-based RFF, it is also necessary to accurately and precisely estimate the transient region of the signal. Here, the most important difficulty can be attributed to the detection of the transient starting point. Thus, several methods have been developed to detect transient start in the literature. Among them, the energy criterion method based on the instantaneous amplitude characteristics (EC-a) was shown to be superior in a recent study. The study reported the performance of the EC-a method for a set of Wi-Fi signals captured from a particular Wi-Fi device brand. However, since the transient pattern varies according to the type of wireless device, the device diversity needs to be increased to achieve more reliable results. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the efficiency of the EC-a method across a large set of Wi-Fi signals captured from various Wi-Fi devices for the first time. To this end, Wi-Fi signals are first captured from smartphones of five brands, for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values defined as low (−3 to 5 dB), medium (5 to 15 dB), and high (15 to 30 dB). Then, the performance of the EC-a method and well-known methods was comparatively assessed, and the efficiency of the EC-a method was verified in terms of detection accuracy.


Autobiographical memory (AM) refers to the retrieval of memories from the personal past. It encompasses multiple processes and neural systems (Conway and Pleydell‐ Pearce, 2000; Rubin, 2006) often difficult to capture in a single study. AM retrieval typically involves complex retrieval processes, semantic content, personal significance, subjective re‐experience, spatiotemporal context, emotion, social interactions, and varying levels of specificity, remoteness, and rehearsal. These qualities make personal memories important and relevant for the future, but also difficult to investigate with traditional laboratory materials (Cabeza and St. Jacques, 2007; St. Jacques and Cabeza, 2012). Neuroimaging studies of AM were much slower to develop compared to similar studies on laboratory memory. For example, an early review of neuroimaging studies of AM reported 11 studies (Maguire, 2001), whereas another review of 275 studies of imaging of cognition included over 50 studies on laboratory memory (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000). One reason for the relatively slower development of neuroimaging studies of AM is that their inherent complexity can be challenging within the controlled and rigorous scanning environment, and such studies were often criticized by other cognitive neuroscientists as a "waste of time" (see Maguire, 2012). Fortunately, the development of novel techniques and methodologies that capture this inherent complexity, along with the increasing viewpoint that such studies can offer valuable insight into memory and other related processes (Cabeza and St. Jacques, 2007; Gilboa, 2004; Maguire, 2001, 2012; McDermott, Szpunar, and Christ, 2009; Spreng, Mar, and Kim, 2009), has led to a rise in the number of functional neuroimaging studies of AM. Such studies are important because they are generally more ecologically valid (Neisser, 1978), they contribute to the understanding of neural correlates of processes that are difficult to study using laboratory memory stimuli (Cabeza and St. Jacques, 2007; Gilboa et al., 2004; St. Jacques and Cabeza, 2012), and they can inform theories of AM (St. Jacques, 2012). In this chapter we review innovative methods and analysis techniques that have allowed neuroscientists to overcome some of the challenges of AM research, as well as


The present investigation was intended to characterize pigments for the first time from Rhodotorula taiwanensis (LC011412) yeast isolated from the ethic fermentation starter culture source meant to evaluate its carotenoid contents for beneficial applications. The pigments were extracted by an optimized solvent system, purified by flash chromatography and were identified by TLC and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The absorbance spectra confirmed the presence of β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, torulene and torularhodin that showed maximum absorbance (λmax) within the ranges. The fractions were further characterized by LC/MS and analyzed through FT‐IR and NMR for structure elucidation. Spectral analyses also confirmed the presence of the compounds mentioned above. These compounds promise great commercial value and could be useful for large scale production anticipated for potential applications in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors. It is pertinent that the characterized carotenoid pigments from the isolate have incredible prospects in industrial applications which require profound attention.


During the last few years, synthetic methods based on phosphine organocatalysis have experienced extremely fast developments. This short overview is intended to demonstrate that these methods can afford suitable tools for the constitution of either focused or diversity‐oriented‐synthesis (DOS) inspired libraries of small molecules for biological screening. It also reports selected examples where these organocatalytic methods have been used conveniently as key steps in the formal or total synthesis of complex natural products. Especially, synthetic applications of the inter‐ and intramolecular cyclizations of unsaturated substrates have been considered in this review.


In several countries, nutritional labelling is one of the tools being considered or already implemented by public authorities to attempt to modify consumer behaviour in the face of the health impacts of imbalanced diets. The results summarised here attempt to identify the interests and limits of these labelling approaches and to assess the existing or potential effects both on the demand side (modification of consumer choices) and on food supply (modification of corporate strategies). Descriptive labelling would seem to have a more modest, diffuse and longer-term impact on consumers who prefer short-term taste properties to nutritional impacts. Prescriptive labelling identifying "nutritionally healthy" products and products "to be limited" could have a more pronounced impact by helping reorientate consumer behaviour. However, its impact on the supply side depends on the practical terms of implementation; there is a risk of seeing the emergence of balances between supply and demand in which the changes in the former are cancelled out by the latter, without any significant nutritional improvement.


Objective The main objective of this paper is to compare the performance
of logistic regression and decision tree classification methods and to
find the significant environment determinants that causes pre-term
birth. Design, setting and population Between 2017 to 2018, 90 pregnant
females underwent birth outcome followed by research staff at our
institutions, out of those 50 are full-term and 40 are preterm births in
this study. Method Before and after feature selection logistic
regression and decision tree classifier model has been compared in this
dataset and to evaluate the model accuracy. Main outcome measures
Preforming the accuracy of machine learning classification model and
important factors on pre-term birth. Results: Using chi-square test and
find the Area of residence and GSH, MDA, α-HCH, total HCH and total DDT
are responsible for the preterm birth. Using the multiple logistic
regression, pre term birth was associated with MDA and α-HCH (95% CI
0.04 to 0.48 and 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97). The logistic and decision tree
model comparison result shows that logistic regression is better in
terms of metrics (precision = 0.92, F1-score = 0.96 and AUROC = 0.97),
while decision tree performs the poor (precision = 0.75, F1-score = 0.86
and AUROC = 0.87). Conclusions The logistic regression is accurate model
to predict the pre-term as compare to decision tree method. The
variables like α-HCH , total HCH and MDA (Malondialdehyde) are the most
influential factors for preterm birth.


For pt.I see ibid., vol.8, no.2, p.253-6 (1991). A family of four superconformal nonLie superalgebras is defined with N=5, 6, 7, 8 supersymmetries, based on a modified matrix multiplication rule. For N=8 and 7, this leads to a connection with the supercosetmanifolds OSp(8 mod 2)/SO(7)(X)Sp(2) and F(4)/G(2)(X)Sp(2).


BACKGROUND
The HER-2/neu gene is amplified in 20-30% of human breast cancers and has been shown to have prognostic and predictive value for treatment with chemotherapy, hormone therapy and antibodies against the HER-2/neu domain (trastuzumab). The aim of our study was to evaluate the reliability of HER-2/neu determination by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from primary breast cancer patients by comparison with the results obtained by FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on the corresponding histological sections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
HER-2/neu amplification was determined by FISH on 66 breast cancer FNAs. Twenty-three and 36 corresponding formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were assayed by FISH and by IHC, respectively, in order to detect HER-2/neu amplification and HER-2/neu protein expression.

RESULTS
Twenty-seven per cent (18/66) of breast cancer FNAs showed amplification of HER-2/neu by FISH. Paired results by FISH cytology and FISH histology were available in 22 cases. Concordance was 91% (20/22). Paired results by FISH cytology and IHC were available in 36 cases. Concordance was 92% (33/36). Eighteen of 66 breast cancer FNAs were also submitted to flow cytometric DNA analysis. None of the diploid cases showed HER-2/neu amplification by FISH. Six out of the eight aneuploid cases were amplified and two were polysomic.

CONCLUSIONS
HER-2/neu gene amplification can be reliably estimated by FISH on breast cancer FNAs and a good correlation has been found between FISH and IHC results from the corresponding histological sections.


With the rapid increase in vehicular traffic in urban areas, optimal use of available resources is necessary to minimize the cost while maintaining the safety, and the quality of service. For this purpose, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are emerging, connecting vehicles with static road side units (RSUs) serving as a backbone. For energy efficiency, vehicles may upload data to the nearest RSU by multi-hop routing via shortest paths. But it drains the energy of the nodes nearer to the RSU faster leading to frequent recharging of batteries. For cost-efficient design and longer battery life, both optimal placement of RSUs and uniform power dissipation of nodes are necessary in VANETs. In this paper, a novel approach of load balanced routing is proposed to improve the network stability and battery lifetime in individual nodes. Assuming variable energy levels of transmission in each vehicle, our analysis establishes some upper bounds on the separation of two consecutive RSUs for nearly load balanced routing. The problem has been defined for linear network with uniform distribution of vehicles over 1-D road. Simulation studies show that the proposed scheme enhances the network performance significantly in terms of energy usage, network load and average packet delay.


Abstract Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic 19 amino acid orexigenic hypothalamic peptide. MCH is located in the lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, as well as in the zona incerta. In mammals MCH increases food intake, contributes to regulation of energy balance, temperature, reproductive function, endocrine homeostasis and biological rhythms. Several studies have proved the significance of MCH in obesity, diabetes and depression. Although the peptide is well-characterized in mouse models, much less is known about its functions in avians. In birds the MCH system especially in the lateral and basal hypothalamus has important connections to the limbic system and it coordinates the vegetative and endocrine functions, as well as the emotional behaviour. Pharmacological modulation of MCH system could contribute to the therapy of eating disorders and improve agricultural efficiency regarding avians. Reviewing the current knowledge on MCH system in human, rodents and avians may stimulate a new wave of studies in the field.


Obesity has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. Obese children tend to become obese adults. The dramatic rise in pediatric obesity closely parallels the rapid increase in the prevalence of adult obesity. As overweight children become adults they face the multitude of health problems associated with obesity at younger ages. The morbidity and mortality associated with obesity continue to increase. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death. Complications of obesity include cardiovascular risks, hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance, acanthosis nigricans, hepatic steatosis, premature puberty, hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep disorder, orthopedic complications, cholelithiasis and pseudotumor cerebri. Genetic and molecular and environmental factors play an important role in the assessment and management of obesity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstact. The paper contains new results of the investigations announced by the authors in 2017, 2019 in the materials of "The 16 th , 18 th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development". The work is devoted to determination of the current condition of one of the most loaded elements of the cylinder-piston group of the vessel diesel engines – the piston ring. A new experimental board with a strengthened construction has been built. The piston ring with a gap is placed in a vertical position, it is fixed at a single point symmetrically to the gap. Its both half-segments form a fork. The board has an increased number of magnetoelectric sensors for a simultaneous registration of oscillations of the both segments along the radial and axial surfaces – X and Y. The oscillations of the ring are investigated in a regime of free and forced oscillations. In the regime of free oscillations, the ring experiences a single impact of a ball with a particular mass, length of its pendant on the angle of the shift. In the regime of forced oscillations, the ring is excited with the undamped oscillations on the frequency of own mechanical resonance and on the even harmonics. The frequency of the oscillations, phase and amplitude depend on the mechanical properties of the ring material and its geometry. The basic frequency of the forced oscillations for the first harmonic is determined experimentally and differs from the theoretical frequency obtained with mathematical modelling for 12-15 %. Mechanical oscillations of the ring have larger difference from the theoretical on the higher harmonics with frequency 2f1, 3f1. At the first stage of the diagnostics the parameters of the left and right segments are compared with each other. A ring without defects has similar parameters of the segments. The second stage of the diagnostics is the comparison of the obtained results with reference values that are average results of measurements of some serviceable rings without defects.


Introduction Only a few studies have been undertaken to analyse the dietary habits of people with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary behaviours of working people after the first acute cardiovascular incident. Methods In the study Functional Activity Questionnaire (FAQ) was used. The study was performed in two groups: the first group were all men hospitalised during one year in two clinics of cardiology, professionally active until the first myocardial infarction (MI). It comprised 243 men, aged 26–70 years. The reference group consisted of 403 men, blue- and white-collar workers aged 35–65 years. Frequency of consumption of each product among patients with acute myocardial infarction and in the reference group was calculated using basic methods of descriptive statistics. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the risk factors for myocardial infarction. All statistical analyses were performed using the STATISTICA version 8MR 3 c software. Results Body mass index of MI patients was significantly higher (p=0.006).The frequency of consumption of particular products in MI group and in the reference group differed significantly for 11 of 21 products. Patients with MI significantly less frequently reported daily consumption of fruits, raw vegetables, cheese, vegetable fats and fish. In this group consumption of salty (p=0.0226) or fatty (p<0.0001) foods were significantly higher. Discussion It has been shown that after adjusting for age, education and type of work, the daily consumption of fish, salads and cooked vegetables, fruits and vegetable oils significantly reduced the risk of myocardial infarction. Increased MI risk was associated with obesity and preference for fatty foods. We found, that the diet significantly modified risk of MI in examined workers. This indicates that an important part of prevention activities among working people should be an education about proper dietary habits.


To increasing the efficiency research a single cylinder linear engine with spring system has been done. Issues raised in the study was the analysis of air flow into the combustion chamber in a single cylinder linear engine, with a spring system for its return cycle. Solidworks has been used to design and simulation as well. This study compared the fluid flow in the combustion chamber between the conventional engine and linear combustion engine. The parameters used are the engine speeds 1000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 4500 rpm. The speeds is chosen because has been predicted that the inlet port on the linear engine can not work properly. Results of analysis that has been done appears average pressure of conventional has a higher value than the linear combustion engine. The same thing happened in velocity, in the average value of the conventional engine is higher than the linear combustion engine.


Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus (DENV1-4) and is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, in 2015, official data from the member countries, WHO reported more than 3.2 million cases, including 10,200 severe dengue cases and 1181 deaths. The protein encoded by the genome of dengue virus. Major structural and non structural proteins making up the genome of dengue. From genomic data several studies found that mechanism of vaccine that can use in dengue virus. Several vaccines was establish in the world for example Live attenuated Vaccine, Chimera Vaccine, Subunit Vaccine, DNA vaccines DENV, Activated DENV Vaccine  - Whole Virus Particles, Activated  DENV Vaccine - Recombinant Subunit DENV, and DENV Vaccine 5.


Many drugs can induce thrombocytopenia mediated by drug-dependent antiplatelet antibodies. Recent studies have documented specific epitopes for drug-dependent antibody binding on glycoprotein Ib-IX, glycoprotein IIb-IIIa, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1. Molecular identification of antibody binding sites may help to identify susceptible individuals. Management of patients with unexpected thrombocytopenia who are taking multiple drugs remains a difficult clinical problem. A recent systematic review of all published case reports of drug-induced thrombocytopenia ranks drugs according to the strength of clinical evidence for a causal relation to thrombocytopenia. This database is available online at http://moon.ouhsc.edu/jgeorge.


The rise of racism in Europe In recent years online racism has seen a quick and serious growth in many European and non-European countries, till to become a worrying global phenomenon. One of the most striking examples of such process is the rise of White Supremacist Movements online. Their strategy mainly consists in disguising their hidden political agenda and attempting to subvert and destroy civil rights by presenting their standpoints through an overturn of the rhetoric of the civil rights movement. Undoubtedly, the increasing racism which is rotten in hidden racist expressions, is exploiting "favorable" conditions as the financial crisis, the increase of social conflicts and the rise of populist issues in politics. In Italy, as an example, UNAR, the Italian national anti-discrimination Office, documented that complaints for online racism weighed for 30.9% of the overall cases involving the media (UNAR, 2013). Similar situations also occurred in other European countries such as Slovenia, Finland, Hungary and United Kingdom, as it emerged by part of the research carried out within the framework of the European project LIGHT ON. Nowadays, racist claims are often hidden under a subtle and sophisticated rethoric. In fact, a huge amount of disguised racist contents is currently published on the Internet in form of occasional bigotry or individuals' outburst, whereas they are, as a matter of fact, intended to foster racist attitudes among people and to support the "normalization" of racism. Some scholars defined as "common sense racism" or "rational racism" talking against immigrants, refugees, minority members (as well as homosexuals and disabled) as undesirable and avoiding to be labeled as "racist".


The oncogenes Cyclin D and cdk4 are overexpressed in breast cancer, but the levels of these proteins are not always accurate indicators of oncogenic activity because p27Kip1 is required to assemble this otherwise unstable dimer. However, p27's association activates or alternatively inhibits cyclin D-cdk4, serving as a bona fide ON/OFF "switch." Tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation of residues Y88/89 in p27 displaces its C-terminus from the cdk4 active site, permitting both ATP binding and CAK phosphorylation of cdk4's T loop. This model leads to the following hypothesis: modulation of p27 pY controls cdk4 activity, which in turn regulates efficient cell cycle passsage, and in breast cancer where cdk4 activity is deregulated, p27 may be constitutively switched ON. Deregulated Src Family Kinase (SFK) signaling in cancer may increase p27 pY, constitutively activating oncogenic cdk4, causing continuous cell cycling. Using our p27 pY phosphospecific antibody, we have shown in primary tumors, that p27 pY is not detected in benign tissue regions, but is detected in grade 1 and progressively higher grade tumors, suggesting that p27 pY may be a marker for increased oncogenic cdk4 activity and cdk4 inhibitor sensitivity. We identified an SH3 recruitment domain within p27 that controls p27 pY, and in turn controls cdk4 activity. Blocking the SH3:p27 interaction with small peptides prevents p27 pY and cdk4 activity in vitro and in vivo. Using a phage-ELISA assay, we identified PTK6/Brk (Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6/Breast Tumor Kinase) that functions as a high-affinity kinase, able to phosphorylate p27 in vitro and associate with phosphorylated p27 in vivo. Overexpression of PTK6 in vivo increases p27 pY and increases resistance to specific cdk4 inhibition by the chemical inhibitor, PD0332991. An ALTernatively spliced form of PTK6 (ALT), which contains the SH3 domain, specifically associates with p27 in cells arrested by contact or serum-starvation, blocking pY and acting as an endogenous inhibitor of cdk4. As PTK6/Brk is overexpressed in more than 60% of human breast carcinomas, our data suggest that PTK6/Brk overexpression facilitates cell cycle progression by increasing cdk4 activity through direct p27 Y phosphorylation. As PD0332991 moves into the clinic, p27 pY could serve as a marker to identify tumors sensitive to cdk4 inhibition, while blocking the PTK6:p27 interaction with small molecules represents a novel therapeutic option to inhibit cdk4 activation. Citation Format: Priyank Patel, Elina Shetyn, Cindy Gomez, Susan RS Gottesman, Angela Tyner, Benedikt Asbach, Ralf Wagner, Stacy W Blain. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p27kip1 regulates the activity of cyclin D-cdk4 complexes in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-01.


Contrary to the epidemiological literature, some studies find that increases in unemployment decrease mortality. Using US state level data on unemployment, mortality and other covariates for 1974 to 2003, this paper revisits this issue by, first, allowing for transitory and permanent effects of unemployment and, second, by allowing for cross-panel correlations. The results show that most mortality measures increase with contemporaneous unemployment and indicate that increases in long-run unemployment increase mortality.


End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has been shown to be correlated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality. Remdesivir is an effective non-EUA U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiviral agent for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients, though a lack of data has prevented its use in patients with severe kidney disease including dialysis patients. Some observational studies report the use of remdesivir in hemodialysis patients, but there are no reports of patients treated with remdesivir on peritoneal dialysis. Dialysis modalities may affect drug pharmacokinetics, and safety and efficiency of remdesivir in peritoneal dialysis is unknown. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of using remdesivir in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis with no significant adverse events. This case illustrates the potential for remdesivir to be considered in peritoneal dialysis patients with severe COVID infection. Proper risk analysis and careful monitoring should be done, given the unpredictable clearance of the drug.


According to hydrodynamic theory, based on CFD software-Fluent, the simulation for Newtonian fluid flow in helical coiled tubing was carried out to reveal the flow characteristics and pressure gradient of the helical section. Laminar and turbulent flow with different inlet velocities are considered. The results are compared with other published correlations. The results show that maximum velocity distributes in the outer side of the coiled tubing. The velocity in turbulent flow is more uniform than in laminar flow. It is shown that the faster the inlet velocity, the greater the pressure gradient increment. CFD simulation is in close agreement with the published correlations.


Gay and lesbian couples differ from heterosexual couples in ways that may have implications for therapy. Until recently, research in homosexuality dealt only with "curing" it. Since the 1980s, however, psychotherapy with gay and lesbian couples has received more attention. The literature in this area is seldom criticized or questioned; thus, much of the most recent research in the area is founded on assumptions about gay and lesbian couples that have never been tested empirically. This article critically reviews the literature concerning differences among gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples and presents the therapeutic implications of these differences.


The capillary breakup of multiple molten oxide jets was investigated. A graphite nozzle head allowed producing an array of laminar slag jets which disintegrate into droplets due to the growth of instabilities. A high temperature furnace with optical access and a pressurized crucible was used to generate the coherent circular jets which were recorded using a high-speed camera. External perturbations by means of a pneumatic vibrator were applied to investigate the impact of the vibration frequency on the length of each jet strand, the drop formation rate, the spacing between consecutive droplets and the drop size distribution. Results show excellent consistency in droplet formation when external vibration is applied and very good agreement with theoretical predictions. The findings may be used to facilitate the design of a droplet heat exchanger in which the latent heat of a molten slag can be transferred to a counter-current gas in a predictable manner.


The visualization of diffusion MRI related properties in a comprehensive way is still a challenging problem. We propose a simple visualization technique to give neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons a more direct and personalized view of relevant connectivity patterns estimated from clinically feasible diffusion MRI. The approach, named SPECTRE (Subject sPEcific brain Connectivity display in the Target REgion), is based on tract‐weighted imaging, where diffusion MRI streamlines are used to aggregate information from a different MRI contrast. Instead of using native MRI contrasts, we propose to use continuous template information as the underlying contrast for aggregation. In this respect, the SPECTRE approach is complementary to normative approaches where connectivity information is warped from the group level to subject space by anatomical registration. For the purpose of demonstration, we focus the presentation of the SPECTRE approach on the visualization of connectivity patterns in the midbrain regions at the level of subthalamic nucleus due to its importance for deep brain stimulation. The proposed SPECTRE maps are investigated with respect to plausibility, robustness, and test–retest reproducibility. Clear dependencies of reliability measures with respect to the underlying tracking algorithms are observed.


Plant cultivation systems for Bioregenerative Life-Support Systems in Space developed on Earth need to be tested in space, where reduced gravity alters the liquid and gas behavior both within the plant and between the plant and its surrounding environment, making the distribution of water and nutrients a critical issue. The ESA project "Precursor of Food Production Unit" (PFPU) aims to design a modular cultivation system for edible tuberous plants (such as potato and sweet potato) in microgravity, to be preliminary tested in ground conditions in the view of successive space application. Among the different modules of the PFPU demonstrator, the Root Module (RM) is the component physically hosting the plant and accommodating tubers and roots. This paper describes the step-by-step procedure adopted to realize the RM, including the design, the building, and the ground testing of its prototype. Specifically, the hydrological characterization of possible cultivation substrates, the set-up of the water distribution system, and the validation test of the assembled prototype in a tuber-to-tuber growing cycle of potato plants are described. Among six substrates tested, including three organic materials and three synthetic materials, cellulosic sponge was selected as the best one, based on the hydrological behavior in terms of air and water transport and water retention capacity. The water sensor WaterScout was successfully calibrated to monitor the water status in cellulosic sponge and to drive irrigation and fertigation management. The designed porous tubes-based distribution system, integrated with water sensors, was able to provide water or nutrient solution in a timely and uniform way in cellulosic sponge.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Higher morning serum phosphorus has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with or without CKD. In patients with CKD and a phosphorous level >4.6 mg/dl, the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend dietary phosphorus restriction. However, whether phosphorus restriction influences serum phosphorus concentrations and whether dietary phosphorus is itself associated with CVD or death are uncertain.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Among 880 patients with stable CVD and normal kidney function to moderate CKD, 24-hour urine phosphorus excretion (UPE) and serum phosphorus were measured at baseline. Participants were followed for a median of 7.4 years for CVD events and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS
Mean ± SD age was 67±11 years, estimated GFR (eGFR) was 71±22 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and serum phosphorus was 3.7±0.6 mg/dl. Median UPE was 632 (interquartile range, 439, 853) mg/d. In models adjusted for demographic characteristics and eGFR, UPE was weakly and nonsignificantly associated with serum phosphorus (0.03 mg/dl higher phosphorus per 300 mg higher UPE; P=0.07). When adjusted for demographics, eGFR, and CVD risk factors, each 300-mg higher UPE was associated with 17% lower risk of CVD events. The association of UPE with all-cause mortality was not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.05). Results were similar irrespective of CKD status (P interactions > 0.87).

CONCLUSIONS
Among outpatients with stable CVD, the magnitude of the association of UPE with morning serum phosphorus is modest. Greater UPE is associated with lower risk for CVD events. The association was similar for all-cause mortality but was not statistically significant.


Introduction: The ideal optical properties of the eye requires support of state of the eye-ball which is normally regulated by the intraocular pressure (IOP). There is variation in the measurements of IOP with Goldmann applanation tonometry if the thickness of the central cornea is not uniform, the IOP is high when cornea is thicker and vice versa. Therefore, the central corneal thickness (CCT) is thought to affect the IOP readings, however, as shown, the evidence available remains controversial. The aim of the study was to determine correlation between CCT and IOP. Objectives: To determine the correlation between the Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) and Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP). Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Placeand Duration: Department of Ophthalmology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi from July to December, 2014. Methodology: During the study period of six months total 431 participants were purposively sampled according to the set criteria. Variables included were age, gender, CCT, and IOP. Correlation between IOP and CCT was assessed by using Pearson correlation test, P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 431 participants, 239 (55.5%) males and 192 (44.5%) females. The mean age was 34.9 ranging from 20 to 50 years. The mean central corneal thickness of right eye was 529 μm with SD ± 39.5 and range of 473-591 μm. The mean intraocular pressure of right eye was 14.7 μm, SD ± 3.1 with a range of 9-21 mmHg. The left eye mean central corneal thickness was 533, SD ± 29.6 with range of 481-589 μm. The mean intraocular pressure of left eye was 15.6, SD ± 3.1 with a range of 10-21 mmHg. Strong positive correlation was found (P-value < 0.001) between central corneal thickness andintra ocular pressure for both eyes. Conclusion: There is positive correlation between CCT and IOP. Therefore, along with the routine ophthalmic examination for intraocular pressure measurements pachymetry should also be considered for accurate interpretation of the results.


Coagulopathy is one of the complications of COVID-19 and is associated with a higher risk of mortality. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of anticoagulant therapy in various doses among COVID-19 patients is limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to review and explore the effect of using heparinoids as a systemic anticoagulant at prophylactic doses on mortality in COVID-19 patients. Systematic searches were conducted of various databases (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Scopus, and ProQuest) covering the period 2019-2021. We assessed the quality of the articles using the STROBE checklist. Studies with a high risk of bias were excluded before pooled effect size was synthesized with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. From the 12 identified studies (N=8,968), six observational studies (N=7,176) were involved in the meta-analysis. The studies reviewed in the paper used a retrospective cohort design in various settings. The pooled effect size of mortality comparing prophylactic anticoagulant and no anticoagulant in three studies showed that there was an association between using prophylactic anticoagulant and a lower risk of in-hospital mortality (pooled OR= 0.47; 95% CI 0.19-0.76). A prophylactic dose of heparinoid anticoagulant was also associated with lower mortality (pooled OR= 0.51; 95% CI 0.21-0.82) and with lower bleeding events compared to intermediate-to-therapeutic dose anticoagulants. Administration of heparinoid anticoagulants at prophylactic doses was associated with reduced mortality risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Due to the increased risk of bleeding with therapeutic doses, the use of prophylaxis anticoagulant is suggested in COVID-19 patients who are not critically ill.


Min-max model predictive control (MPC) is one of the few techniques suitable for robust stabilization of uncertain nonlinear systems subject to constraints. Stability issues as well as robustness have been recently studied and some novel contributions on this topic have appeared in the literature. In this survey, we distill from an extensive literature a general framework for synthesizing min-max MPC schemes with ana priori robust stability guarantee. First, we introduce a general predictionmodel that covers a wide class of uncertainties, which includes bounded disturbances as well as state and input dependent disturbances (uncertainties). Second, we extend the notion of regional input-to-state stability (ISS) in order to fit the considered class of uncertainties. Then, we establish that the standard min-max approach can only guarantee practical stability. We concentrate our attention on two different solutions for solving this problem. The first one is based on a particular design of the stage cost of the performance index, which leads to aH∞ strategy, while the second one is based on a dual-mode strategy. Under fairly mild assumptions both controllers guarantee ISS of the resulting closed-loop system.Moreover, it is shown that the nonlinear auxiliary control law introduced in [29] to solve theH∞ problem can be used, for nonlinear systems affine in control, in all the proposed min-max schemes and also in presence of state-independent disturbances. A simulation example illustrates the techniques surveyed in this article.


This study analyzed the training methods and racing techniques of 12 athletes who have completed 100-mile runs. It showed that use of aspirin during the race can be dangerous if the run takes place in hot weather. No other consistent correlation was evident, however, between the variables examined and the finishing times. The findings suggest that an average marathoner can finish the 100-mile run without modifying his training program.


Safety-critical automotive systems must fulfill hard real-time constraints for reliability and safety. This paper presents a case study for the application of an AUTOSAR-based language for timing modeling and analysis. We present and apply the Timing Augmented Description Language (TADL) and demonstrate a methodology for the development of a speed-adaptive steer-by-wire system. We examine the impact of TADL and the methodology on the development process and the suitability and interoperability of the applied tools with respect to the AUTOSAR-based tool chain in the context of our case study.


It is arguable that nutrition and metabolism in pregnancy cause more people to talk more nonsense more vehemently than any other aspect of obstetrics. As the author states, he 'firmly believes that well-designed nutrition programs could greatly benefit mothers and their unborn infants throughout the world' but 'I am also equally convinced that conclusive scientific evidence supporting my belief is lacking' and that 'the cause of maternal nutrition will be better served by those who prefer to be scientifically rigorous than militant'. Amen to that. Everyday practice is littered with dogma, either not supported or refuted by the evidence in the literature. Dr Rosso admirably reviews the many papers showing that prepregnancy maternal weight for height (the body mass or Quetelet index) is much more important than weight gain in pregnancy, and that for the bulk of the pregnant population who are of normal or above normal weight for height, weight gain is of little significance. And yet almost no-one in clinical practice routinely calculates the body mass index at booking (although it is the single most important predictor of low birth weight we know of). While in the UK each year, assuming that weighing and recording each pregnant woman's weight takes only two minutes at each of the average 12 antenatal clinic visits, a total of more than 36 years of client/staff time are wasted in fruitless communion with weighing scales! Add to this the many women who have labour induced unnecessarily for physiological weight loss at term, and the consequences of misinformation are staggering. Dr Rosso reviews the huge literature in masterly fashion. He gives a precis of the most important papers, and his comments and analysis are objective and helpful. He covers the physiological changes of pregnancy, emphasising the central role of plasma volume expansion (and laying the myth that pregnant women commonly suffer from 'anaemia' rather than haemodilution). The section on maternal metabolism of vitamins and minerals documents that for most women in the developed world a normal diet is more than adequate for pregnancy needs, and the many claims for dramatic results from supplementation both in pregnancy and the neonatal period should be treated with deep suspicion. The section on fetal growth clearly indicates the difficulties of defining 'intrauterine growth retardation', with its many causes (infective, chromosomal, metabolic, as well as nutritional). The concept of 'normal weight growth retardation' (a good sized baby who has failed to reach its genetic growth potential) is well explained and explored. Recommendations emphasise the importance of a long term population strategy for nutrition, and the relative futility of short term intervention in pregnancy in women with a background of chronic dietary insufficiency over many generations. This is an important book which will act as a valuable resource for workers in the area of nutrition, as well as providing a manageable introduction for those who wish to enter it. It is very readable, as well as being scholarly. The only improvement I can think of would have been a summary of conclusions, which could then have been photocopied onto brightly coloured paper and force read to all those conducting antenatal care!


The fertilizer centrifugal spreaders not provide uniformity of application of the process material. The high cost of fertilizers and crop losses provoke to address the problem of uneven application of fertilizers. This problem is important not only for Ukraine but also for the whole world. It is the fact that the technologically to do exactly same granules is expensive. Therefore, manufacturers admit a range of 1-5mm diameter. More than 5 mm granules are fragile and the dose of mineral substances will be excessively large at its falling. Granules of less than 1 mm are greatly different in aerodynamic properties. Global manufacturers are constantly stay in search of promising solutions by centrifugal spreaders, because of the disc spreaders are most beneficial in terms of performance and quality indicators. The program and methodology are developed and results of experimental research of the centrifugal working body for application of mineral fertilizers are obtained. The rotary working body is proposed. The design features of this organ can improve the uniformity of dispersion of mineral fertilizers. The original methods of determining the critical impact velocity of the metal surface with the moisture granules and influence the action of wind on the final distribution are developed. Techniques of airflow rate influence research to determine the effect, both in laminar and turbulent conditions that are not provided by known techniques. The work will identify the optimal design parameters of centrifugal disc of fertilizer spreader.


Chapter One gives an introduction to the biological importance of HDACs and in particular of HDAC8. It discusses the structural features of the HDAC proteins, the different structural classes of inhibitors that have been reported and the isoform selectivity profiles of different inhibitors. The evaluation of a fluorogenic N -Bocprotected acetyl-lysine substrate in comparison to a commercially available acetyllysine containing tetrapeptide is also discussed and its suitability for inhibition assays is demonstrated. The synthesis and evaluation of eight 1st generation α-amino amide HDAC8 inhibitors is described in Chapter Two. These inhibitiors were inspired by a literature compound utilizing a novel zinc-binding α-amino amide group. The deversity in the inhibitors was envisaged to explore the chemical space around this novel zincbinding group into two of the major structural features of HDAC8, the substrate tunnel and the acetate release pocket. Nineteen 2nd generation α-amino amide HDAC8 inhibitors were designed as a result of the HDAC8 inhibition assays of the 1st generation compounds. Chapter Three discusses the design, synthesis and biological activity of these compounds. The results of HDAC8 inhibition assays are rationalised using manual docking of the inhibitors into an HDAC8 crystal structure. Through calculation of binding energies investigation is carried out into the contribution of each feature of the compound to the overall potency of the molecule. A potential beneficial HDAC8-inhibitor contact is revealed, though no 2nd generation inhibitors show potencies that are similar to that of the lead compound. Following the hypothesised interactions observed in manual docking of the most potent inhibitors from the 2nd generation of compounds, a 3rd and final round of α-amino amide inhibitors was designed and synthesised. These compounds extend the isoindoline scaffold of the lead compound in an attempt to form extra contacts with a specific and conserved asartate residue in a flexible loop at the mouth of substrate tunnel of the enzyme. In Chapter Four, two routes to obtain a substituted isoindoline ring system are evaluated and the synthesis of six substituted isoindolines is described, these isoindolines were coupled to generate α-amino amide HDAC8 inhibitors which were of comparable potency to the lead compound. Two of these novel compounds show improved potency compared to the lead compound, demonstrating the importance of the key hydrogen bonding interaction and validating the hypothesis that introduction of a hydrogen bond acceptor results in improved potency. An exploratory nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy inhibitor binding experiment is also described which demonstrates the potential for investigations using this technique in the future. Chapter Five describes all the experimental procedures which were followed in the biological evaluation of inhibitors and synthesis of inhibitors including physical and spectroscopic characterisation of all the synthesised compounds and intermediates.


Recently, in industries of Jenang Apel, there were so many factory was using manual energy, so it was caused the production fee of Jenang Apel being increasing and the job safety was not to be guaranteed.
The main purpose from this machine is to produce Jenang Apel which has the same capacity with the conventional machine by using less manual energy and of course, the job safety is guaranteed. The working principal from this machine is by putting the Jenang Apel's materials or substances to producing 20 kg with one hour timing.
From the result of calculation and planning, we can conclude that the cooking machine construction of Jenang Apel with 20 kg capacity/hour and use ¼ kW power in 600 rpm circle, it's expected for the home and small-scale industry can produce their own product that they want, so if this design is used, it can produce Jenang Apel which has the best quality and can curtail encrustations inside of Jenang because inside of Jenang Apel is still needing more energy. In making process, the mixing process have to be exact and homogeny because in using Jenang Apel have to use the constantly circle.


(1) We prepared a questionnaire modified from that of Edwards, G. et al, to investigate the factors influencing drinking behaviors. Responses of the questionnaire were filled out by the alcoholics, their families, and health care professionals in four psychiatric hospitals having intensive alcoholic rehabilitation programmes. Clinical course of them were traced back for at least two years. (2) We examined the relationship between the course of alcoholism and the differences in perceptions among alcoholics, their families, and health care professionals. (3) We obtained sufficient responses from 76 alcoholics. Those were divided into two groups; one is a group of alcoholics with a history of continuous abstinence of over one year (50 cases), and the other is the group of less than one year of recent abstinence period (26 cases). (4) As the overall results from the participants, items on "self-help group" were favorably responded for the improvement of drinking behavior. Families tend to perceive more sensitively into the internal psychological changes of the alcoholics than the health care professionals, whereas the health care professionals tend to make general and common responses regardless of any alcoholics. We, health care professionals should be aware of such a limit to promote more efficient collaborative works with alcoholics and their families. (5) We compared these two groups ("over one year group" vs. "less than one year group") with regard to their demographic and family backgrounds, clinical features, treatment, self-help group attendance, employment, etc. (6) A significant accordance of responses among three groups (alcoholics, family, health care professionals) was found in the "over one year group" than in the "less than one year group". Such a high level of accordance is considered to reflect a favorable family adaptation along with the recovery from alcoholism, deep understanding on the part of health care professionals, progress in the treatment and in the relationship in a self-help group. (7) As regards the "less than one year" group, it includes more single individuals and less frequent attendances to self-help groups. For this group of alcoholics, group therapy in a smaller group, individualistically oriented approaches for their needs including various supportive resources in the society should be addressed.


CASE REPORT
This report describes a rare case of a 19-month-old girl with pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption in the lower left first primary molar which had erupted a few weeks earlier and had deep caries. The treatment is described.

CONCLUSION
Dentists who treat children must take into consideration the possibility of pre-eruptive lesions in the primary dentition that may cause involvement of the pulp, either before or shortly post-eruption.


Potential improvements in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system performance are investigated through the application of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) robust controllers. This approach differs dramatically from today's prevalent method of building HVAC controllers using multiple single-input-single-output control loops. A simulation model of an experimental HVAC system is used in the design and simulation testing of controllers. While simulation can be insightful, the only way to truly verify the performance provided by different HVAC controller designs is by actually using them to control an HVAC system. Thus, an experimental HVAC system was built for testing a wide range of advanced HVAC controllers. The design and testing of MIMO robust controllers provides valuable insight into potential improvements in performance, as well as constraints, associated with applying this control methodology to HVAC systems. Test results on the physical system demonstrate achievable performance gains (reductions in discharge air temperature settle time) in excess of 300%. Furthermore, these performance gains may be achieved without significant impact to current HVAC system architecture (interconnection).


The existing building stock is central to the mitigation of global CO2 emissions. The energy used in UK buildings includes avoidable waste of between 25% – 50% of the minimum required for user comfort and equipment. There are more refurbishment, conversion and renovation than new built projects at any time in the UK construction industry. These present rich opportunities for installing energy saving innovations. This paper assesses the energy saving potential of a 'Control System for Energy Reduction in Vacant Environments' (ConSERVE) in buildings with hot water heating radiators. The results show that the
widespread application of ConSERVE can significantly reduce the UK's national energy use. The value of such a control system is therefore undoubtedly great in the context of UK's target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050.
Keywords: Energy saving, heating control, building occupancy patterns