Powder coating is environmentally friendly and safe in terms of human health and is used especially on home appliances and in the automotive sector. Because of these advantages, recent studies have expanded work on the application of powder coating on non-conductive surfaces. Within the scope of this research, low temperature curing (120 °C to 130 °C) was applied on wood-based composite panels of medium-density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and plywood to facilitate conductivity. Epoxy, polyester, and hybrid (epoxy-polyester) types of powder paint and water-based liquid paint (control group) were applied to the surface of materials. Panels coated with the powder coatings were compared to the panels coated with the water-soluble acrylic resin coating. The prepared samples were analyzed for performance properties. The best results for thickness swelling, water absorption, adhesive strength, abrasion, and scratch resistance were found for the plywood coated with water-based liquid paint, MDF coated with polyester-based powder paint, plywood coated with hybrid powder paint, particleboard coated with hybrid powder paint, and plywood coated with epoxy powder paint, respectively.


Abstract Public-Private Innovation Partnerships (PPIPs) are increasingly used as a tool for addressing 'wicked' public sector challenges. 'Innovation' is, however, frequently treated as a 'magic' concept: used unreflexively, taken to be axiomatically 'good', and left undefined within policy programmes. Using McConnell's framework of policy success and failure and a case study of a multi-level PPIP in the English health service (NHS Test Beds), this paper critically explores the implications of the mobilisation of innovation in PPIP policy and practice. We highlight how the interplay between levels (macro/micro and policy maker/recipient) can shape both emerging policies and their prospects for success or failure. The paper contributes to an understanding of PPIP success and failure by extending McConnell's framework to explore inter-level effects between policy and innovation project, and demonstrating how the success of PPIP policy cannot be understood without recognising the particular political effects of 'innovation' on formulation and implementation.


An important problem in embryology is whether the differentiation of cells depends upon a stable restriction of the genetic information contained in their nuclei. The technique of nuclear transplantation has shown to what extent the nuclei of differentiating cells can promote the formation of different cell types (e.g. King & Briggs, 1956; Gurdon, 1960c). Yet no experiments have so far been published on the transplantation of nuclei from fully differentiated normal cells. This is partly because it is difficult to obtain meaningful results from such experiments. The small amount of cytoplasm in differentiated cells renders their nuclei susceptible to damage through exposure to the saline medium, and this makes it difficult to assess the significance of the abnormalities resulting from their transplantation. It is, however, very desirable to know the developmental capacity of such nuclei, since any nuclear changes which are necessarily involved in cellular differentiation must have already taken place in cells of this kind.


Leevi Madetoja's (1887–1947) first symphony in F major, opus 29 (1916) was not printed during the composer's lifetime. All performances of the work until the 1980s were played from handwritten orchestra parts. The printed score by Fazer from 1984 is riddled with numerous omissions, wrong pitches and mistakes in articulation and dynamics, and it seems to be a hybrid of the composer's two manuscripts from 1916 and 1943 by an unknown editor. By today's standards, the result is questionable, considering that the manuscripts were separated by 27 years. This article takes a look at the manuscript sources of Madetoja's first symphony and is part of a larger project producing critical editions of Madetoja's orchestral works. My research question is, what are the manuscript sources of Madetoja's first symphony, and how are they related? I describe the autographs and handwritten orchestra parts and locate them in the source chain using genealogical reasoning and biographical information. I point out which orchestra materials and autographs are connected and highlight essential differences between the manuscripts from the point of view of the critical edition. Finally, I consider which of the autographs would be best suited as the principal source of the new critical edition.


The purpose of the article is to study trends and changes in the tax policy of the Anglo-Saxon countries. The article covers the analysis of tax regulation, the trends of historical development, and the features of the implementation of tax reforms in certain periods. The key results of the study are the absence of a direct relationship between the tax policy of countries and the development of scientific schools. The reforms contain mixed approaches typical of several academic trends. The key features of tax regulation are the relatively high tax burden on the economy, the predominance of individual income tax in the structure of tax revenues to the budget.


Sixty patients with a chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection were administered one-day therapy with praziquantel in doses 25, 40, or 60-75 mg/kg b. m. The former two doses of the drug did not much improve the levels of the examined immunologic parameters. In patients treated with the highest dose of praziquantel a significant decrease of the total and specific IgE and CIC levels, reaching that in the reference groups, was observed in 6-8 months after the treatment, this indicating a 92% efficacy of the drug in this group of patients.


Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a dose-related risk factor for the development of several cutaneous cancers. This risk is reduced by avoiding exposure to the sun and by the use of sunscreens. The latter products are rated according to their ability to protect skin from developing erythema. Treatment of overexposure is geared to relief of symptoms. Preventive measures, however, should always be encouraged.


An unconditionally stable three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm has been proposed to predict the dynamic interaction between nonlinear magnetic spins and electromagnetic (EM) fields in nonlinear magnetic devices. The proposed modeling solves simultaneously Maxwell's equations and the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation with full nonlinear effects. The accuracy of the modeling has been validated by 1. Small signal simulation of a linear ferrite isolator and 2. Large signal simulation of the dispersive permeability of a continuous ferrite film. The simulations agree with the theoretical and experimental predictions. The fact that the 2-µm-thick film exhibits strong nonlinearity shows the potential of magnetic thin film applied in miniature RF front ends.


Thermal and photochemical reactions of nitroaquacobalt(III) tetraphenylporphyrin, (NO(2))(H(2)O)Co(III)TPP, have been investigated in toluene solutions containing triphenylphosphine, P phi(3). It is found that Pphi(3) thermally abstracts an oxygen atom from the NO(2) moiety of (NO(2))(H(2)O)Co(III)TPP with a rate constant 0.52 M(-1) s(-1), resulting in the formation of nitrosylcobalt porphyrin, (NO)CoTPP. The 355-nm laser photolysis of (NO(2))(H(2)O)Co(III)TPP at low concentrations of P phi(3) (<1.0 x 10(-4) M) gives Co(II)TPP and NO(2) as intermediates. The recombination reaction of Co(II)TPP and NO(2) initially forms the coordinately unsaturated nitritocobalt(III) tetraphenylporphyrin, (ON-O)Co(III)TPP, which reacts with P phi(3) to yield nitro(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(III) tetraphenylporphyrin, (NO(2))(P phi(3))Co(III)TPP. Subsequently, the substitution reaction of the axial P phi(3) with H(2)O leads to the regeneration of (NO(2))(H(2)O)Co(III)TPP. From the kinetic studies, the substitution reaction is concluded to occur via a coordinately unsaturated nitrocobalt(III) porphyrin, (NO(2))Co(III)TPP. At higher concentrations of P phi(3) (>4 x 10(-3) M), (NO(2))(H(2)O)Co(III)TPP reacts with P phi(3) to form (NO(2))(P phi(3))Co(III)TPP: the equilibrium constant is obtained as K = 4.3. The X-ray structure analysis of (NO(2))(P phi(3))Co(III)TPP reveals that the P-Co-NO(2) bond angle is 175.0(2) degrees and the bond length Co-NO(2) is 2.000(7) A. In toluene solutions of (NO(2))(H(2)O)Co(III)TPP containing P phi(3) (>4 x 10(-3) M), the major light-absorbing species is (NO(2))(P phi(3))Co(III)TPP, which yields (NO)CoTPP by continuous photolysis. The laser photolysis of (NO(2))(P phi(3))Co(III)TPP gives Co(II)TPP, NO(2), and P phi(3) as initial products. The NO(2) molecule is suggested to be reduced by P phi(3) to yield NO, and the reaction between NO and Co(II)TPP gives (NO)CoTPP. The quantum yield for the photodecomposition of (NO(2))(P phi(3))Co(III)TPP is determined as 0.56.


Tamil Nadu has rich repository of medicinal plant wealth and equally threatened with several number of factors. There has been enumerated a total of 119 species Red Listed medicinal plants, from which 27 species have assessed global RL status. Fourteen species have been assigned Critically Endangered (CR) status, 27 species are Endangered (EN), 31 species are Vulnerable (VU) and 10 species are Near Threatened (NT). 18 of these Red Listed medicinal plant species have been recorded in high volume trade in the national level trade study. The present paper analysed the diversity status of endemic medicinal plant diversity, assessment methods, policy terms related to medicinal plant conservation and conservational areas in Tamil Nadu.


We consider the general problem of derivation of the Feynman rules for the matrix elements in momentum representation from the given Lagrangian in coordinate space invariant under the transformation of some gauge group. LanHEP package presented in this paper allows to define in a convenient way the gauge model Lagrangian in canonical form and then to generate automatically the Feynman rules that can be used in the following calculation of the physical processes by means of CompHEP package. The detailed description of LanHEP commands is given and several examples of LanHEP applications (QED, QCD, Standard Model in the t'Hooft-Feynman gauge) are presented.


Background The aim was to explore the ways in which patients with IPF obtain information about their condition. Methods Market research was conducted with an independent agency. Patients with IPF were asked to record a personal account of their experience on a hand-held camera. Face to face interviews with patients were conducted in their home. Carers were also interviewed to add an alternative perspective. Results The sample included 13 male and 3 female patients with IPF. Patients with lung function impairment of all severities were included, five patients were treated with oxygen therapy and another had received a lung transplant. Patients reported finding information from a variety of sources, including primary healthcare professionals, patient information leaflets, the internet, district nurses and support groups. Most valued sources of information were IPF physicians, nurse specialists and patient support groups. Gaps identified by patients were the need for high quality information including, 1) accurate and complete information about IPF, 2) clarity on the difficulty of predicting life expectancy, 3) how to access services and benefits, 4) how palliative care can help, 5) why support groups are beneficial, 6) how to modify lifestyle as capabilities change, 7) how to live and travel with oxygen and 8) how to explain oxygen to others. Conclusions Support groups are under-developed, with great potential to help patients and their carers. Support groups are well placed to provide advice for everyday living that the healthcare community may be unable to offer. There is also a need to improve the standard of written information currently available for patients with IPF.


Abstract Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) particularly goal number two in developing countries by 2030 is challenging. The State of Food Security and Nutrition (2019) in the World show prevalence of undernourishment which has practically remained unchanged for the last three years. This calls for sustainable synergies between food and nutrition in addressing the challenge. Exploring the potential of underutilized legumes such as Dolichos Lablab (Lablab purpureus) in improving food and nutrition security is of importance. Lablab is known among nutritious underutilized diversified legumes, which is drought tolerant relative to other legumes. However, it is less popular as human food. This review focuses on providing details on the nutritional potential of underutilized Lablab varieties for food availability, accessibility and satisfactorily utilization for improved livelihood. So far research attention has been focusing on good agronomic performance with less information on their nutritional quality and its contribution to the wellbeing of people. Both wild and cultivated Lablab accessions do differ morphologically and across diverse habitat environments. This may make them less known, untapped and underutilized despite its promising potential as a food resource in developing countries where malnutrition still exists. Efforts are needed to popularize high-quality nutritional accessions, enhancing their consumption and commercialization for feeding the ever-increasing population in the future.


We perform full spectrum fitting stellar population analysis and Jeans Anisotropic modelling (JAM) of the stellar kinematics for about 2000 early-type galaxies (ETGs) and spiral galaxies from the MaNGA DR14 sample. Galaxies with different morphologies are found to be located on a remarkably tight mass plane which is close to the prediction of the virial theorem, extending previous results for ETGs. By examining an inclined projection ('the mass-size' plane), we find that spiral and early-type galaxies occupy different regions on the plane, and their stellar population properties (i.e. age, metallicity and stellar mass-to-light ratio) vary systematically along roughly the direction of velocity dispersion, which is a proxy for the bulge fraction. Galaxies with higher velocity dispersions have typically older ages, larger stellar mass-to-light ratios and are more metal rich, which indicates that galaxies increase their bulge fractions as their stellar populations age and become enriched chemically. The age and stellar mass-to-light ratio gradients for low-mass galaxies in our sample tend to be positive ( centre


The forecast of the power generated by a wind power plant is a process that wind farm companies need to do every day. Electrical system manager uses these forecasts to plan the next day's electrical generation. Thus, while generation-consumption balance in the grid is maintained, numbers of reserve power plants are decreased. Wind power has uncertainty as it depends on nature. Therefore, wind speed forecasts and wind direction forecasts of the power plant area are generally used in wind power forecasts. In this study, hourly wind power generation of next day is forecasted by using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) methods. The hour of day, wind speed forecast and wind direction forecast are the inputs of the forecast system. One-year data are selected as training data, six-mount data are forecasted. Five different models are formed by using the system inputs in different configurations and final forecast are found by averaging the model forecasts. The average normalized mean absolute error values are found 10.86% and %10.8 with ANFIS and SVR, respectively.


This study's objectives are to assess the efficacy of detecting apoptotic caspase-3, -8, and -9 in human sperm and plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and to compare these levels between fertile and infertile patient groups of Li nationality in China. This study offers a non-invasive, alternative strategy to analyzing sperm parameters in infertile males. Fifty-six infertile males were investigated; asthenospermia (n = 19), oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (n = 20), azoospermia (n = 17) compared with 20 healthy fertile controls. They were subjected to semen analysis by computer-assisted sperm assay (CASA). We found that caspase-3, -8, -9 existed in all specimens in both sperms and plasma. The level of caspase-3 and caspase-8 in plasma were both significantly higher than in sperm. Levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9 in sperm and plasma were significantly negatively correlated with sperm concentration, motility and A % (motility grade A). The level of caspase-8 in plasma was significantly negatively correlated with sperm concentration. However, only in healthy fertile controls sperm concentration was significantly negatively correlated with caspase-9 in sperm. Compared with the healthy fertile controls, only the OAT group exhibited significantly increased level of caspase-8 in sperm (P < 0.05). It is concluded that caspase-8 and caspase-9 in sperm and plasma are correlated with sperm motility, and can reflect the quality of sperm in vitro.


In 1898 Dall described Lima (Lima) tampaensis from the "Chipolan Oligocene, near Bartow, and on the shores of Hillsborough Bay, near Tampa, Florida" (1898. p. 766, pl. 35, fig. 18). Subsequently in the same work he failed to include the species in his faunal lists from the Tampa region but did, apparently inadvertently, list it (1 903, p. 1578) as an element in the fauna of "The Chipola Beds" with the prefix "C," which was said to include species from the "Chipola River at Ten-Mile Creek, and upper bed at McClellan's farm." Schuchert and Dall (1905, p. 354) give the type locality for the species as being "Hillsborough Bay, near Tampa, Florida." This erroneous record is the only prior indication of the occurrence of any limid species in the Chipola fauna. In fact, Gardner's report of "imperfect and ... immature" individuals from the Oak Grove Sand, which she somewhat uncertainly identified (1926, p. 53) as Lima (Mantellum) carolinensis Dall, constitutes the only prior record of any species of the family Limidae within the fauna of the entire Alum Bluff Group.


Abstract. During 1994 and into 1996, Ulysses was at dis-tances of 5 AU or more from Jupiter and travelling from south to north of the ecliptic plane between jovicentric latitudes -36° to 20°. Observations by the Unified Radio and Plasma Experiment (URAP) on board the Ulysses spacecraft during this period have been searched for jovian hectometric (HOM) radio events. At these distances, the HOM was only received occasionally. The signals were generally weak and much care was needed to find and to identify the events. All of the HOM events were observed when Ulysses was at jovicentric latitudes between -12.2° D Uly 14.7°, relatively close to the plane of the jovicentric equator. Both senses of polarization were observed with left-hand (LH) predominant. The events occurred when the jovimagnetic latitude D f was between -8.5° and 14.2° and suggest that the HOM was only detectable within a beam some 23° wide, centred on about 3° jovimagnetic latitude. This is roughly consistent with previous work by Alexander et al. (1979) and by Ladreiter and Leblanc (1989, 1991), based upon observations made by Voyager and other spacecraft when these were relatively close to Jupiter. The results are consistent with an emission process due to the Cyclotron-Maser instability, as suggested by a number of scientists in the past. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (planetary magnetospheres) – Radio science (radio astronomy)


Fretting fatigue is a possible failure mode of rolling bearings, as well as for other machine elements with contacts. For a rotating bearing it normally can occur in the interfaces between outer ring/housing, and inner ring/shaft. For a non-rotating bearing subjected to small motion due to vibration, it can occur in the concentrated rolling element/ring contacts as well (mainly related to false brinelling). Detailed models for fretting-fatigue have been transferred and adapted to a bearing simulation framework called BEAring Simulation Toolbox (BEAST). It allows the use of the fretting-fatigue model to predict failures and be used by engineers in developing new solutions. Another important usage is to provide a platform for further development of other fretting-fatigue models, fretting-wear and false brinelling models. The results from two different examples are presented; one model with an oscillating body in contact with another, representing a concentrated contact, and one model with a Deep Groove Ball Bearing (DGBB) mounted inside a ring-like housing. Results are presented in terms of contact pressures, shear forces at the surfaces and a parameter representing the fretting risk according to the Dang-Van criterion. The model for the concentrated contact is used to verify the simulations against stand-alone computer code and experiments. The DGBB model shows how the fretting-fatigue related results are influenced by the ball pass frequency and the flexibility of the bearing and the housing.


One of the plots of the portable art forms of Eastern Europe is abstract, geometric, symbolic images that cannot be deciphered directly. Most of the currently known such geometric images from the archaeological sites of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eastern Europe were applied to finished bone products — tools, weapons, household and non-utilitarian items, as well as bones of various animals without traces of processing using various cutting techniques. The bone is well preserved in the cultural layers of the sites of the late Pleistocene — early Holocene of the Russian Plain, which makes objects from this material an important source for the study of geometric images. However, despite the richness of the source base, the problem of classification and systematization of geometric images in the art of small forms remains poorly developed. The purpose of the article is to consider the issues of practical application of three-dimensional 3D modeling in the study of art objects of small forms of the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. The authors describe the practice of photographing such objects and the peculiarities of the lighting schemes and camera positioning, developed taking into account the specifics of the geometry and material of the documented objects. The minimal technical requirements for the resolution of the models have been determined, which provide the possibility of using visualization algorithms to study fine engravings on bone and stone. The practical application of mathematical visualization algorithms both directly on polygonal models and on height maps built on their basis is described. A method for visualizing and systematizing research results and providing remote access to them using modern web technologies is proposed.


In this work, we gained more insight into the functional role of trunk in human locomotion through the exploration of the biomechanical behavior of human walking in the presence of an expected twofold perturbation. First, this work presents the influence of the trunk orientation on leg function with stress on the analogy between locomotion in birds and humans (Chapter 2). By examining the human leg function during walking under changes in the trunk kinematics — up to the maximal sagittal flexion — and comparing it to that of small-bodied birds, we found that mimicking the birds' posture induces a comparable behavior in leg function despite a different body size and morphology of the segmented legs. Furthermore, comparison of two simplified models for the first time, namely spring and damper in series and parallel spring and damper, revealed that the former model predicts the axial leg forces superior than the latter model during stance phase of walking with various degrees of trunk orientation.


Ethylene carbonate, a cyclic organic carbonate widely used industrially, is toxic when metabolically converted to ethylene glycol. A rat liver enzyme active in catalyzing the ring opening has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and found to be active in the hydrolysis of ethylene, vinylene, and propylene carbonates to CO2 and the respective glycols. Neither thiocarbonates nor open chain carbonates served as substrate nor did a variety of esters, lactams, lactones, and related heterocycles. The enzyme was active, however, with imides and appears to be identical to rat liver imidase. The identification was confirmed by copurification of enzyme activities, by similarities in the pattern of inhibition, and by the reactivity with a polyclonal antibody directed against the enzyme purified here.


Recent agendas have sought to encourage governments to integrate refugees into national education systems. However, clearer nuances of integration and examples of positive and negative approaches are necessary to help understand the effects of policies on students' learning and well-being. This article explores the perceptions of Syrian refugee students who have been integrated into Jordan's schools through the double-shift system. Drawing on a broader study which explored students' perceptions through semi-structured interviews, this article illustrates how educational settings have shaped students' perceptions of their spaces, learning, and aspirations. It portrays the issues that arise from a system that formally integrates refugee students in formal school while keeping them physically and socially segregated from native students. By shedding light on the ways in which educational spaces enhance or reduce differences between societies, this article argues that harmonized policies, structures, and practices are essential for inclusive and equal learning opportunities.


The surface tension, which is generated in the unsaturated soils, increases the stiffness of the soils. The objective of this study is to estimate the effect of the surface tension, which varies according to the temperature, on the shear wave velocity. Nine specimens, which have the different degree of saturation (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), are prepared by using sand-silt mixtures. Experiments are carried out in a nylon cell designed for the measurement of shear waves. A pair of bender elements, which are used for the generation and detection of shear waves, is installed as a cross-hole type. The shear waves are continuously monitored and measured as the temperature of specimens decreases from to . The results show that shear wave velocities of the fully saturated and fully dried specimens change a little bit as the temperatures of specimens decrease. However, the shear wave velocities of the specimens with the degree of saturations of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% continuously increase as temperature decreases from to . Furthermore, a fully saturated specimen is dried at the temperature of in order to observe the shear waves according to degree of saturation. The shear wave velocities measured at the temperature of are generally lower than those measured at temperature of . This study demonstrates that the dependence of shear wave velocities on the temperature according to the degree of saturation should be taken into account in both laboratory and field tests.


In the research conducted in the fields of Field Crops Department of Faculty of Agriculture of Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey in 1993-94 and 1994-95, the effects of cutting treatments [a. uncut control, b. cutting at Zadoks stage 25 (main stem and 5 tillers), c. cutting at Zadoks stage 30 (at the end of tillering, pseudostem erection), and d. cutting at Zadoks stage 31 (first node detectable) ] on the seed yield and some yield components of two bread wheat cultivars (Cumhuriyet-75 and Menemen-88) were investigated. There weren't significant differences on the spike numbers per square meter, seed numbers per spikelet, aboveground yield and seed yield between the cultivars, whereas there were significant differences on plant height, spikelet numbers per spike, 1000 seed weight and dry matter yield. The seed yields were 375 and 365 kg/da for Cumhuriyet-75 and Menemen-88, respectively. Cutting treatments significantly affected the all characteristics excluding the spikelet numbers per spike and the seed numbers per spikelet. Cutting at Zadoks stage 31 significantly decreased the seed yield. Uncut treatment and cutting at Zadoks stages 25 and 30 gave similar seed yields. These results indicated that the wheat could be cut until end of the tillering so it enables wheat which grows early during the warm winter season, to avoid from the damage of last frost.


The literature concerning measurement of nurses' attitudes toward AIDS was reviewed. A short scale to measure nurses' attitudes toward AIDS was developed and evaluated. The instrument has three subscales on (a) willingness to care for those who are HIV positive, homosexuals, and intravenous drug users as patients, (b) attitudes toward homosexuals and intravenous drug users, and (c) general conservative views on religious, political, and family issues. The three subscales were supported by results of a factor analysis. Coefficient alpha ranged from .69 to .92.


Open transvesical adenomectomy was made in 853 old males with prostatic adenoma in Samara Hospital for Veterans from 1995 to 2010. The age of the patients ranged from 60 to 89 years, of them 389 (45.6%) were from 60 to 75 years of age, 464 (54.4%) - 75 to 89 years. Elective simultaneous operations were conducted in 104 (12.2%) of the above patients. It is shown that early postoperative esophagogastroduodenal hemorrhage after adenomectomy occurs in 7% old patients. Endoscopic parietal pH-metry is "a gold standard" in selective sensitive diagnosis of acid-dependent conditions in presenile and senile patients with prostatic adenoma. The proposed method of prediction of the risk of early postoperative esophagogastroduodenal hemorrhage provides realization of the principle of a differential approach to effective prevention of the hemorrhage in old patients with prostatic adenoma. Complex preoperative preparation using adequate antisecretory therapy in old patients with prostatic adenoma with the risk of early postoperative esophagogastroduodenal hemorrhage decreases hemorrhage rate from 7 to 0.4%. Prevention of early postoperative esophagogastroduodenal hemorrhage in old patients with prostatic adenoma should become as obligatory as prevention of cardiovascular, thromboembolic, pulmonary and pyoseptic complications.


time v. concrete time/ time of events In its function as a general social mediation, socially necessary labour (measured in abstract time) expresses 'a general temporal norm'.16 There are a number of problems with this analogical extension of Marx's terminology, the identification of which throws some light on the dialectical character of Marx's temporal ontology. First, the time of abstract labour was, for Marx, itself 'historical' and hence not 'absolute', however much it might posit itself as such. Rather, 'absolute' is the term Marx reserves for the more radically temporalizing time, not of 'living labour', but of free activity. Second, and consequently, Postone is equivocal (at worst, simply contradictory) about historical time. On the one hand, it is on occasion treated synonymously with concrete time, as the time of events; on the other hand, it is considered the result of the dynamic relationship between abstract time (as the universalizing time of capital) and concrete time. In neither case is it situated in the context of the complex ontology of the human; or theorized in relation to the concept of time itself. This leads to a third problem: an impoverishment of the possibilities of a temporal analysis of abstract labour. For in the theory of value in Capital, abstract labour is not simply concrete labours as 'measured' in time. Abstract labour is not 'concrete labour' + 'abstract time'. For the 'time' of labour-time is not so simply separated from the 'labour' – other than ideologically – as Postpone supposes. And this is not just about competing interpretations of the concrete/ abstract labour distinction. More fundamentally, labourtime is a part of the time of the labourer; that is, it is part of the life-time of the labourer. This is both infinite in its potentialities and finite in its actuality. This is a second point at which Marx's account approaches, or has conceptual affinities with, elements of the early Heidegger (the first one being their use of hierarchically ordered temporal pairs): its implicit dependence on a conception of finitude grounded in mortality. Consider the 'plea of the worker', from the section 'The Limits of the Working Day', in chapter 10 of Capital 1: The capitalist ... takes his stand on the law of commodity-exchange. Like all other buyers, he seeks to extract the maximum possible benefit from the usevalue of his commodity. Suddenly, however, there arises the voice of the worker, which had previously been stifled in the sound and fury [Sturm und Drang] of the production process: 'The commodity I have sold you differs from the ordinary crowd of commodities in that its use creates value, a greater value than it costs. That is why you bought it. What appears on your side as the valorization of capital is on my side an excess expenditure of labour-power. You and I know in the marketplace only one law, that of the exchange of commodities. And the consumption of the commodity belongs not to the seller who parts with it, but to the buyer who acquires it. The use of my daily labour-power therefore belongs to you. But by means of the price you pay for it every day, I must be able to reproduce it every day, thus allowing myself to sell it again. Apart from natural deterioration through age etc, I must be able to work tomorrow with the same normal amount of strength, health and freshness as today. You are constantly preaching to me the gospel of "saving" and "abstinence". Very well! Like a sensible, thrifty owner of property I will husband my sole wealth, my labourpower, and abstain from wasting it foolishly. Every day I will spend, set in motion, transfer into labour only as much of it as is compatible with its normal duration and healthy development. By an unlimited extension of the working day, you may in one day use up a quantity of labour-power greater than I can restore in three. What you gain in labour I lose in the substance of labour. Using my labour and despoiling it are quite different things. ... I demand a normal working day because, like every other seller, I demand the value of my commodity.' ... There is here therefore an antinomy, of right against right, both equally bearing the seal of the law of exchange. Between equal rights, force decides. Hence, in the history of capitalist production, the establishment of a norm for the working day presents itself as a struggle over the limits of that day, a struggle between collective capital, i.e. the class of capitalists, and collective labour, i.e. the working class.17


One the most important challenges in the treatment of cancer is its evolving genomic intratumor heterogeneity. Tumors are composed of assortments of cells with subclonal genomic alterations that evolve following Darwinian selection. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a prototypical heterogeneous tumor and still little is known about how intratumor heterogeneity influences the progression of GBM and, most importantly, determines the response to treatments and tumor relapse. The study of the spatial and temporal genomic architecture of GBM is essential to understand the biology and improve the treatment of this dismal disease. Through the study of primary and relapsed tumors and patient-derived xenograft models (PDX) of GBM, we are studying the genomic subclones emerging after treatment since these subclones might be enriched in genomic alterations that confer a selective advantage and resistance to treatment. Putative genomic alterations involved in tumor resistance to treatment are further studied and validated through PDX models. Citation Format: Joan Seoane. Patient-derived xenograft models in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Patient-Derived Cancer Models: Present and Future Applications from Basic Science to the Clinic; Feb 11-14, 2016; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(16_Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.


Background: Evidence from the literature suggests that nonpharmacological treatment for COPD patients improve the outcome of this disease. To explore the provision of non invasive ventilation (NIV), early supported discharge programs, and access to pulmonary rehabilitation, data from the European COPD Audit study was evaluated in 258 hospitals from 13 European countries

Study design: In an observational study, all participating hospitals collected data on the organisation of care for COPD admissions. Preliminary results of 258 (132 general/153 teaching/university) hospitals out of 450 participating centres of the ongoing study will be presented.

Results: Although the majority of centers offer noninvasive (ICU and/or HDCU-High dependency care units- available) for decompensated COPD patients, the capacity for eligible patients is only close to 60%. In addition, supported discharge as well as pulmonary rehabilitation programs are provided in less than 50% of cases.

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Conclusion: Contrary to international recommendations, participating European centers in the COPD audit lack sufficient availability for non invasive ventilation; in addition, neither rehabilitation, nor early supported discharge programs are sufficiently available. University hospitals are not superior to general hospitals.


Abstract Consideration of variations in the gross morphology of concept maps can be helpful in the context of lesson planning by promoting the consideration of the multiple perspectives held by students. The three basic concept map structures are described as having particular utility at different stages of the planning process: (a) chain-type maps emphasise a linear sequence of teaching sessions and are useful for organising lesson materials; (b) spoke-type maps can be helpful to the student by highlighting a knowledge structure that provides a fertile foundation for development, i.e. organising novice understanding; (c) net-type maps can demonstrate a deep understanding as held by the subject-specialist teacher and therefore illustrate expert knowledge structures to which students should aspire. Consideration of a teaching topic as depicted by a variety of map structures may help the 'subject-expert novice-teacher' to view the topic through the eyes of the subject-novice (student) and so increase the possibility of developing an effective dialogue between teacher and student. Examples are drawn from experiences with the trainee teachers on the microteaching course within the Department of Technical and Vocational Education at Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (KUiTTHO), Malaysia


Well-known scholars in the study of religions bring up to date and elucidate the discussion on the three most debated approaches in comparative religion, namely, the hermeneutical approach, the explanatory or cognitivist approach, and the critical approach. The approaches and methods of studying religion are disputed in an outspoken and challenging way, critically and radically arguing pros and cons. This work is unique, unrivalled, and full of essential insights into the dialogue of today and of the challenges of tomorrow.


A recent summary of research produced by a task force of psychologists and educational researchers associated with the National Association for Gifted Children and the National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented indicated that high-ability students are generally at least as well adjusted as any other group of youngsters. This research also found, however, that gifted and talented students can face a number of situations that may constitute sources of risk to their social and emotional development. Some of these issues emerge because of a mismatch with educational environments that are not responsive to the pace and level of gifted students' learning and thinking. Others occur because of unsupportive social, school, or home environments. In this article, current research about the social and emotional development of gifted and talented students is summarized and suggestions are made about strategies to enhance these students' school experiences. Suggestions are provided for assessment and educational programming based on students' strengths and interests that may result in helping talented students realize their potential. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 119–130, 2004.


Summary Statement The tensile properties of a number of synthetic fibre constructs and porcine MCLs were experimentally determined and compared to allow the selection of an appropriate synthetic collateral ligament model for use in a kinematic knee simulator.

Introduction As patient expectations regarding functional outcomes of total knee arthroplasty rise the need to assess the kinematics of new implants in vitro has increased. This has traditionally been done using cadaveric models, which can demonstrate high physiological relevance but also substantial inter-specimen variability. More recently there has been a shift towards the use of in silico and non-cadaveric methods. Such methods require significant simplifications of the joint and the modelling of soft tissue structures such as the collateral ligaments. Collateral ligaments are often modelled in in silico studies but have not, in the published literature, been modelled in in vitro knee kinematic simulators. Tensile testing of ligament tissue, to provide reference data, and the subsequent analysis of potential synthetic analogues was carried out. The overall aim of the study was to develop a synthetic ligament analogue for use in kinematic knee simulators.

Methods Porcine MCLs were chosen as these are of a similar size and are a readily available alternative to human ligaments. Six porcine knee specimens were sourced and the MCLs dissected by an orthopaedic registrar. Testing was carried out on an Instron MTS fitted with a 5kN load cell. Each specimen was subjected to 5 pre-conditioning loading cycles before cross-sectional and length measurements were made. Each specimen was then cyclically loaded from 0–200N for 30 cycles before being loaded to failure at a rate of 100mm/min. Ten potential synthetic analogues were also assessed using the same procedure: the Lars 80 (Corin Ltd) synthetic ligament reconstruction system and a selection of readily available synthetic constructs.

Results The porcine specimens demonstrated 6% ± 1% strain (mean ± standard error) after 30 cycles of loading, and a tensile stiffness of 100 N/mm ± 8.9 N/mm. The results of the load to failure tests also indicated a substantial toe region and highlighted the substantial variability associated with cadaveric specimens. The Lars system demonstrated a tensile stiffness of nearly 9 times that of the porcine specimens. However, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U analyses indicated that three of the synthetic samples did not have statistically significantly different tensile stiffness values compared to the porcine specimens (p < 0.05). Of these samples, the polyester braided cord demonstrated the longest and most physiologically relevant toe region. All of the polyester load-displacement traces fell within the range demonstrated by the porcine specimens.

Discussion/Conclusion The tensile properties of the porcine specimens analysed were similar to those reported in in the literature for human ligaments1. Porcine MCLs are thus a fair model of human collateral ligaments and were a suitable reference material for the selection of a synthetic analogue. The tensile testing carried out in the present study indicated that commercially available synthetic ligaments are over engineered in terms of strength and inappropriate for use in kinematic analysis. However, a polyester braided cord did demonstrate appropriate basic mechanical properties and would be appropriate as an analogue model on kinematic knee rigs.


SUMMARY The variation in the development of the reproductive system of female Schistosoma mansoni from single sex infections is described. Vitelline cell development was assessed by staining for phenolic substances and the development of Mehlis' gland and the ovary by electron microscopy. Although there was considerable variation in the development of worms from individual mice harbouring infections of the same age, the mean values indicated that there was a low level of differentiation and turnover of vitelline cells in worms 30–200 days post-infection. The proportion of females which possessed mature vitelline cells showed a general increase with age. The ovary was always in an immature stage but the development of Mehlis' gland showed some variation. The results suggest that the stimulus given by the male to the female is not necessarily to initiate development of the reproductive system but to increase the rate of development of the vitelline gland and to co-ordinate the development of the entire reproductive system.


Background Although case reports have identified the presence of distal ulnar nerve sensory and motor dysfunction in long-distance cyclists, the actual incidence of this condition, referred to as "cyclist's palsy," is unknown. Purpose To determine the incidence of distal ulnar nerve compression in cyclists. Study Design Prospective study. Methods Twenty-five road or mountain bike riders responded to a questionnaire and were then physically examined and interviewed before and after a 600-km bicycle ride. Results Twenty-three of the 25 cyclists experienced either motor or sensory symptoms, or both. Motor symptoms alone occurred in 36% of the hands (11 cyclists) tested; no significant difference in the incidence of motor symptoms was found among cyclists of various experience levels or based on handlebar types (mountain bike versus road bike). Sensory symptoms alone occurred in 10% of hands (four cyclists) tested, with the majority of these being in the ulnar distribution. A significantly higher proportion of mountain bike riders had sensory deficits compared with road bike riders; however, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of sensory deficits based on level of experience. A total of 24% of the hands (eight cyclists) tested experienced a combination of motor and sensory symptoms. These motor and sensory symptoms were equally distributed between road bike riders and mountain bike riders and riders of various experience levels. Conclusions Cyclist's palsy occurs at high rates in both experienced and inexperienced cylists. Steps may be taken to decrease the incidence of cyclist's palsy; these include wearing cycling gloves, ensuring proper bicycle fit, and frequently changing hand position.


This article addresses the issue of Italian postcolonialism and its belated flourishing in comparison to other European countries. In particular, in particular, on the different genesis that this paradigm has undergone in terms of intellectual traditions and cultural output. Different cartographies have led to a specific brand of Italian postcolonialism that has emerged as a useful umbrella term to critically address questions of immigration, multiculturalism and citizenship within the Italian context. The term has now gained momentum bringing Italy into a transnational dialogue that questions the flows and nodes of Italian history, culture and politics creating new archives and cosmopolitan futures.


This paper is based on recent research into the small, highly endangered language Giernesiei 1 (Guernsey, Channel Islands). 2 Language documentation has found unexpectedly rich variation and change in Giernesiei usage, not all of which can be accounted for by regional and age-related factors. At the same time, our research into language ideologies and efforts to maintain and revitalise Giernesiei has revealed deep-seated purist or 'traditionalist' language attitudes that resist and deny language change. This nostalgic view of language and culture can hyper-valorise 'authentic' traditions (arguably reinvented 3 ) and can lead to reluctance to share Giernesiei effectively with younger generations who might 'change the language', despite an overt desire to maintain it. This mismatch between ideologies and practices can be seen at language festivals, in lessons for children, and in the experiences of adult learners who were interviewed as part of a British Academy-funded project. I present a taxonomy of reactions to variation in Giernesiei, which confirms and extends the findings of Jaffe 4 in Corsica. I also discuss recent revitalisation efforts that try to bring together older and 'new' speakers and promote the role of adult learners and 're-activate' semi-speakers. The findings support the view that full evaluation of language vitality should include documenting the processes and ideologies of language revitalisation. 5 , 6


A new approximation of the impulse response to calculate speedily acoustic radiated fields from a rectangular transducer is proposed. The conventional approximation causes considerable error in some cases. The proposed method approximates the time derivative of the response with the inclined straight lines in the interval between its discontinuities. This means the graph of the response itself is approximated with quadratic curves. We call this method the quadratic-curve approximation. Numerical calculation indicates that the quadratic-curve approximation reduces error with little increase in computational load.


The physical properties of Comet P/Halley are being monitored from the ground using state of the art optical detectors. The long time base (1982-present) of the observations provides a unique record of the development of activity in a single comet. In addition, physical properties of other comets are measured to provide a reference against which Comet Halley may be compared. Results for the past year include: (1) publication of the first results on the surface brightness profiles of dust comets; (2) charge coupled device measurements of Comet Bowell show that the activity of comets can persist at least to heliocentric distances R = 13.6 AU; (3) a study of the back-scattering phase angle dependences of 5 comets (including Halley) shows evidence for small linear phase coefficients in each case; (4) temporal monitoring of P/Halley continues.


Precipitation of gypsum crystals explains the severe swelling occurred in some tunnels crossing sulphate formations. The presence of groundwater and discontinuities, and the proportions of anhydrite and gypsum within the claystone rock mass play an important role for the development of swelling in tunnels. Evaporation of sulphated solutions and dissolution of anhydrite are two different mechanisms leading to supersaturation in gypsum, and therefore to gypsum crystal growth. The second mechanism has a major effect on the development of swelling in the rock. The two mechanisms should be taken into account for the modelling of expansions due to gypsum crystal growth in tunnels. The paper describes the case of Lila tunnel which required a substantial reconstruction after experiencing severe heave problems. Long term records of swelling pressures and stresses in the lining are also given.


Inflammation is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). This review examined the potential role of biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) as repurposed drugs for treating AAA. Published evidence from clinical and preclinical studies was examined. Findings from animal models suggested that a deficiency or inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (standard mean difference (SMD): −8.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): −9.92, −6.82), interleukin (IL)-6 (SMD: −1.44, 95% CI: −2.85, −0.04) and IL-17 (SMD: −3.36, 95% CI: −4.21, −2.50) led to a significantly smaller AAA diameter compared to controls. Human AAA tissue samples had significantly increased TNF-α (SMD: 1.68, 95% CI: 0.87, 2.49), IL-1β (SMD: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.79), IL-6 (SMD: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.79, 3.33) and IL-17 (SMD: 6.28, 95% CI: 3.57, 8.99) levels compared to non-AAA controls. In human serum, TNF-α (SMD: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.97) and IL-6 (SMD: 1.42, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.92) levels were significantly elevated compared to non-AAA controls. These findings implicate TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-6 in AAA pathogenesis. Randomised controlled trials testing the value of bDMARDs in limiting AAA growth may be warranted.


T o the Editor: We read with interest the article by Husain et al (1). The pathogenesis of pediatric pancreatitis is poorly understood and little is known about the role of toxic-metabolic (TM) risk factors. The etiology of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in children is varied and includes gene mutations, anatomic anomalies, metabolic disorders, and others (2,3). The Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, a leading national pancreatic center, admits the majority of Polish children with CP. Our group of children with CP (>290 patients) is one of the largest single-center cohorts in the world. According to article aims, we reviewed our children with CP database with particular attention to TM risk factors. Since 1988 to 2015, we hospitalized 292 children with CP (133 boys and 159 girls, age 0.6–18 years, mean age 10.6 years). TM risk factors were found in 41 patients (14%), with dominance of lipid disturbances. General characteristics of TM risk factors in children with CP are shown in Table 1.


Introduction: Teaching has been listed among the highest stressful jobs. Several occupational stressors were detected in the school environment such as class size, work overload, student bad behavior and a lack of their appreciation Aim of Work: To determine the prevalence of occupational stress and depression symptoms among school teachers and the relation between them, to identify the different occupational stressors in the school environment, to detect the prevalence of physical symptoms and their relationship to occupational stress and depression symptoms. Materials and Methods: Socio-demographic data, occupational and medical histories of many physical symptoms were collected by researchers and self administered Arabic version of Occupational Stress Index (OSI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaires were used to assess the prevalence of occupational stress and depression symptoms respectively. Results: All teachers were complaining of stress; mainly of moderate level (55.7%), while the prevalence of depression symptoms was (19.8%). Role overload, role conflict, unreasonable group and political pressures were the most occupational stressors found among the studied population. As regards private school teachers, responsibility for persons was the most significant stressor while powerlessness, poor peer relationship, intrinsic impoverishment and low status were significant stressors among governmental school teachers. Positive correlations were found between these occupational stressors and depression symptoms. Many physical symptoms were significantly prevalent among teachers with higher scores of OSI and BDI. Conclusion: Teachers had a high prevalence of occupational stress due to exposure to many occupational stressors. Depression and stress related physical symptoms were


We report a 19-year-old right-handed man with a history of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) based on port-wine stain involving the first division of the trigeminal nerve in the right hemiface (Figure 1) and leptomeningeal capillary-venous malformations associated with calcification involving the ipsilateral occipital lobe (Figures 2, E–G) and resultant refractory epilepsy. He was referred to our center for a presurgical epilepsy evaluation. Video-EEG data showed electroclinical and electrographic seizures arising from the right frontotemporal region and right posterior quadrant, respectively. In addition, there were frequent right temporal interictal discharges. He also had evidence of right hippocampal sclerosis (Figures 2, C and D), suspected to be the result of longstanding refractory epilepsy (i.e., dual pathology). SWS is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by ipsilesional facial and leptomeningeal capillary-venous malformations with regional atrophy, gyral calcification, focal leptomeningeal enhancement, and bony changes (Figures 2, A, B, E–H).1,2


This study was done with the aim of assessing the feasibility of mechanically recycled glass fiber particleboards made from (loblolly pine and longleaf pine) wood particles with epoxy as binder. The modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were evaluated as indicators of mechanical performance. The water absorption rate and thickness swelling rate were also analyzed to investigate the physical performance of the board. An increase of over 80% in MOE values was obtained for the boards with 10 wt% glass fiber inclusion. For the MOR values, there was an increase of over 84.4% in both densities and glass fiber inclusions of all the board densities. However, there was a decrease in MOE when 30 wt% glass fibers were incorporated into boards with density of 500 kg/m3 and 700 kg/m3. A r-squared value of 0.869 supported the obtained result that the correlation between water absorption rate and thickness swelling rate was a function of the density of the composites.


Abstract Songbirds have emerged as attractive model systems in many areas of biological research. Notably, songbirds are used in studies of the neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms that shape vocal communication, and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are the most commonly studied species. In these studies, some form of chemical restraint is often needed to facilitate procedures and to minimize the risk of injury during handling. To determine the minimum dose of the benzodiazepine diazepam that is adequate to achieve deep sedation across individual birds, a low dose (5 mg/kg) and a high dose (10 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to 20 zebra finches. Results showed that a 10 mg/kg dose of diazepam resulted in deep sedation, defined by dorsal recumbency, which was achieved in minutes and lasted for several hours. Sedation was induced without complication, because no birds displayed signs of distress during sedation or lethargy after recovery, and was adequate to permit minimally invasive surgical procedures. In addition, the duration of sedation was dose dependent, which provides additional information for researchers who seek to match the depth of sedation to their experimental requirements. Finally, complete recovery from the deeply sedated state was induced by a 0.3 mg/kg dose of the antagonist flumazenil, which enabled birds to more rapidly resume homeostatic behaviors to promote well-being and survival. Together, these results indicate that diazepam is a safe and reliable sedative for use in zebra finches and support specific recommendations to achieve rapid and reliable sedation and recovery.


In the central Cascade Range of Washington, three structural blocks of early Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks help to define the position and history of the southern segment of the Straight Creek fault. East of the fault, in the Teanaway River block, the early Eocene fluviatile feld-spathic sandstone of the Swauk Formation is interbedded with largely dacitic volcanic rocks of the Silver Pass Volcanic Member. Zircon fission-track ages on the Silver Pass are about 52 m.y. Overlying the tightly folded Swauk and Silver Pass is the Teanaway Formation, a gently dipping accumulation of basalt, andesite, rare dacite, and rhyolite that yields middle Eocene (about 47 m.y.) whole-rock K-Ar ages. Conformably overlying the Teanaway is the Roslyn Formation, a coal-bearing fluviatile feld-spathic sandstone of probable middle to late Eocene age. The late Eocene and Oligocene(?) Naches Formation, exposed west of the Straight Creek fault in the Cabin Creek block, is rich in fluviatile feldspathic sandstone and rhyolite flows and tuffs in its lower part but grades upward into a sequence dominated by basalt but with some andesite. The basal Guye Sedimentary Member of the Naches Formation underlies and is interbedded with the Mount Catherine Rhyolite Member in the Snoqualmie Pass area. On the basis of zircon fission-track ages on silicic tuffs and whole-rock K-Ar ages on basalt, the basal part of the Naches is about 40 to 44 m.y. old. The formation is tightly folded and complexly faulted along the Straight Creek fault. The Straight Creek fault intersects the Olympic-Wallowa lineament in the strongly deformed Manastash River block. In this block, fluviatile coal-bearing feldspathic sandstone of the Manastash Formation is overlain by principally dacitic volcanic rocks of the Taneum Formation. Overlying the Taneum is the basalt of Frost Mountain. We correlate this threefold sequence, feldspathic sandstone-dacite-basalt, with the sequence in the Teanaway River block. Small patches of rhyolitic ash-flow tuff, dated at 33 m.y. (late Oligocene) and interbedded feldspathic sandstone overlie the Roslyn and Teanaway Formations in the Teanaway River block and are probably correlative with the late Oligocene Wenatchee Formation exposed in the Chiwaukum graben east of the Teanaway River block as well as with the late Oligocene volcanic rocks (30 m.y.) along the Cascade crest to the southwest. These latter rocks are little deformed and unconformably overlie the Naches Formation. The ages and depositional record in the three blocks indicate a Tertiary history of dominantly vertical movement along the Straight Creek fault and its southeasterly splays that merge with the Olympic-Wallowa lineament. The horst-and-graben structure of the blocks, as well as enechelon fold axes in the Swauk Formation, suggests some post–early Eocene, right-lateral shear along the fault, although there is no direct evidence of lateral offset. Vertical movement, significant since early Eocene Swauk deposition, followed late Eocene Naches deposition but tapered off by late Oligocene time and ceased by Miocene time, when the fault was intruded by the 25-m.y.-old Snoqualmie batholith and other plutons. However, structures with Olympic-Wallowa lineament trends appear to have influenced folding of the Miocene Yakima Basalt Subgroup.


In this article, we complement recent results on the convergence of the state estimate obtained by applying the discrete-time Kalman filter on a time-sampled continuous-time system. As the temporal discretization is refined, the estimate converges to the continuous-time estimate given by the Kalman–Bucy filter. We shall give bounds for the convergence rates for the variance of the discrepancy between these two estimates. The contribution of this article is to generalize the convergence results to systems with unbounded observation operators under different sets of assumptions, including systems with diagonalizable generators, systems with admissible observation operators, and systems with analytic semigroups. The proofs are based on applying the discrete-time Kalman filter on a dense, numerable subset on the time interval [0, T] and bounding the increments obtained. These bounds are obtained by studying the regularity of the underlying semigroup and the noise-free output.


It is estimated conservatively that more than one third of the world's population has been infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and that there are 350 million people with chronic infection, 75% of whom live in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific regions.1-3 Reactivation of HBV infection is now a well-recognized complication in infected patients who undergo cytotoxic chemotherapy for cancer. The condition ranges from asymptomatic self-limiting anicteric hepatitis to severe, potentially fatal progressive decompensated hepatitis. With the increasing use of potent cytotoxic chemotherapy, reactivation of hepatitis B in endemic regions is becoming a common clinical problem. This adversely affects advances made in various forms of cancer therapy. In this review, we consider the diagnosis, prevention, and management of HBV reactivation in association with chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, particularly in light of the availability of effective prophylactic antiviral therapy. Reactivation of HBV was first described by Wands et al.,4 who in 1975 reported the condition in 20 patients with lymphoand myeloproliferative disorders. Most of the cases reported since were similar in patients with hematological malignancies—in particular, lymphomas.4-16 The skewed observations may be due to the fact that these patients are often subjected to intense myelosuppressive treatment regimens, the malignancies per se are often associated with an immunocompromised state, and the patients have been consistently reported to have a higher rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity than the normal population.9,17-19 Over the past decade, HBV reactivation has been increasingly observed in patients with solid tumors.18-22 In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (85% of whom have chronic HBV infection in Southern China3,23), hepatitis following systemic chemotherapy has been reported in 60%20,24; this is mostly attributed to HBV reactivation, which has a 30% mortality rate.20 In other cancer subpopulations, the incidence of HBV reactivation ranges between 25% and 40%.10,15,18,21,25 In the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for various hematological and oncological conditions, HBV reactivation has been reported in over 50% of patients.26-28 This is related to the intense chemotherapy with or without total body irradiation, and the coexistence of acute graft-versus-host disease.28 Although the frequency of viral reactivation among HBsAg-positive patients with cancer would be expected to be the same irrespective of geographical area, the prevalence of HBV infection varies between different populations from 10% to 25% in endemic areas to less than 1% in others.3,10,29 As a result, there would be proportional difference in the incidence of viral reactivation in a given population.


Purpose: The labeling of red blood cells (C) with 99m Tc is employed in clinical nuclear medicine for a variety of diagnostic procedures. Drugs can alter this labeling method and modify the disposition of the radiopharmaceuticals. In this paper, the influence of glucantime on the labeling of blood constituents with 99m Tc was reported. Methods: Blood was withdrawn from rats and incubated with glucantime. Stannous chloride and 99m Tc were added. After centrifugation, plasma (P) and (C) were isolated. Samples of P and C were precipitated with TCA 5%, centrifuged and insoluble (IF) and soluble fractions (SF) separated. The percentages of total activity injected (%ATI) in C, IF-P and IF-C were calculated (p<0.05). Results: The %ATI on C decreased from control to following concentrations of glucantime (6.25%;12.5%;25%;50%;100%), respectively: 94.06±1.29 (control) to 77.15±2.79; to 76.68±1.88; to 75.15±2.79; to 72.64±4.40 and to 63.05±3.84. On IF-C the %ATI decreased from control to all the concentrations of glucantime (3.125%;6.25%;12.5%;25%;50%; 100%), respectively: 93.34±1.18 (control) to 78.81±2.76; to 74.76±4.82; to 74.02±5.32; to 64.35±4.82; to 62.81±1.97 and to 54.55±3.58. Conclusions: This effect was probably due to products present in this drug that may complex with ions (Sn +2 and 99m TcO 4) or have a direct or indirect effect on intracellular stannous ion concentration.


In the 1980-81 and 1981-82 post-rainy seasons, a study was conducted on a medium deep Alfisol at ICRISAT in central India, to examine the responses of groundnuts cv. Robut 33-1 to 3 levels of soil water deficit during preflowering phase relative to an adequately irrigated control. Moderate water deficits during the preflowering phase increased subsequent crop growth and pod growth rates in 1980-81 but not in 1981-82. Differences in flowering and total pod numbers between treatments were relatively small compared with the subsequent differences in pod setting and maturity. In both seasons, greater synchrony of pod set in the moderately stressed plots resulted in a greater proportion of mature pods at final harvest. The most severely stressed plot had lower yields despite adequate irrigation subsequent to the preflowering water deficits


Newborn dogs, humans, and rats have elevated gastric luminal pH values and significantly elevated serum gastrin levels compared to adults. In the adult, acidification of the antral mucosa to pH 3.0 or lower inhibits gastrin release. Somatostatin is released by acid and may mediate this effect. We examined the effects of gastric acidification and somatostatin injection in rats aged 10 days to adult. Gastric gavage with 0.15 M HCl significantly lowered serum gastrin in animals of all ages. Somatostatin injection (400 micrograms/kg) significantly decreased serum gastrin in rats aged 18 days or older, but not in 10- and 15-day-old animals. These data indicate that 1) the mechanism whereby antral acidification inhibits gastrin release is at least partially developed in unweaned rats, 2) somatostatin is not a necessary mediator of the inhibition of gastrin release, and 3) at least part of the hypergastrinemia found in newborn animals is of antral origin.


Visual working memory(VWM)is a temporary buffer that maintains a limited set of items(i.e., 3-4 objects) in an "online" state. Luck and Vogel(1997) demonstrated that the capacity was limited by the number of the integrated objects, but not by the number of the individual features. However, with the conjunction of homogenous features served as memory materials, follow-up studies showed that the subjects could retain fewer items than single-feature objects. Some researchers considered that the lower accuracy for conjunction of homogenous features may result from the difference of precision requirement, which was manipulated by the similarity between sample and test array. However, some experiment results showed that higher precision could only affect the accuracy of change detection task, but not the capacity.In present study, we carried out two experiments using change detection paradigm to examine the storage mechanism of multi-feature objects in VWM. In experiment 1, multi-feature and single-feature objects were defined by double-color objects and single-color objects, respectively. To manipulate the precision requirement, we further divide double-color objects into two conditions, that is, a single-change condition in which only one of the two colors changed(high-precision), and a double-change condition in which both colors changed(low-precision). In experiment 2, we focused on the single-change condition, and investigated the units of storage in VWM by manipulating weather there was an arrow indicating the changed color in the test phase. The result would further explain whether the storage mechanism of multi-feature objects is in an integrated manner or in an individual features manner. In experiment 1, we first compared the results of double-color objects and single-color objects to assess the influence of the feature number on the allocation of VWM capacity. Behavioral results showed that double-color objects were responded less accurately than single-color objects. The ERPs results showed that the amplitude of CDA for double-color objects was significantly higher than for single-color objects. Second, we compared the double-change condition and single-change condition to explore the effect of precision requirement. Lower accuracy was found for the single-change condition. CDA amplitudes did not differ between the two conditions. Instead, the amplitude of LPC for the single-change condition was more positive than for the double-change condition. In experiment 2, the accuracy was not modulated by weather there was an arrow or not. These results reveal that the number of features, but not the precision requirement, has an effect on the allocation of VWM capacity. And the units that limit our VWM capacity are the integrated objects instead of the individual features.


This document has been prepared following a meeting on 23 June 2010 between Michael Russell, Scottish Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning, and the Association for Learning Technology (ALT), represented by Seb Schmoller, Chief Executive and Dr Linda Creanor, ALT Trustee. The purpose of the document is to highlight areas which are of particular relevance to education in Scotland and to respond to specific questions raised at the meeting in Edinburgh. It has been written by members of the ALT-Scotland group, consisting of institutional ALT representatives from Scottish colleges and universities as well as Scottish-based ALT committee members whose backgrounds encompass all sectors of Scottish education.


Federated domain adaptation (FDA) aims to collaboratively transfer knowledge from source clients (domains) to the related but different target client, without communicating the local data of any client. Moreover, the source clients have different data distributions, leading to extremely challenging in knowledge transfer. Despite the recent progress in FDA, we empirically find that existing methods can not leverage models of heterogeneous domains and thus they fail to achieve excellent performance. In this paper, we propose a model-based method named FDAC, aiming to address {\bf F}ederated {\bf D}omain {\bf A}daptation based on {\bf C}ontrastive learning and Vision Transformer (ViT). In particular, contrastive learning can leverage the unlabeled data to train excellent models and the ViT architecture performs better than convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in extracting adaptable features. To the best of our knowledge, FDAC is the first attempt to learn transferable representations by manipulating the latent architecture of ViT under the federated setting. Furthermore, FDAC can increase the target data diversity by compensating from each source model with insufficient knowledge of samples and features, based on domain augmentation and semantic matching. Extensive experiments on several real datasets demonstrate that FDAC outperforms all the comparative methods in most conditions. Moreover, FDCA can also improve communication efficiency which is another key factor in the federated setting.


Rona Munro is a contemporary Scottish woman writer (born in 1959 in Aberdeen) interested in the issue of women's place in Scotland in a context of social mayhems in which the notions of feminism and nationalism need to be articulated. Through her work she aims at conveying a national identity for Scotland in which women have a role to play and have stories to tell. Therefore, she finds devices to inscribe her plays among that of playwrights whose objective is to give Scotland a national identity artistically and who stage working-class women (re-) telling their stories and voicing their versions of history.
The study of the stage directions and the peritext of Munro's play "Pandas" under a neo-Brechtian light will enable to show that the play is didactic. The playwright wants to deliver a particular message which has an impact on audiences and readers. Indeed, the latter may be taught about the conditions of women in Scotland through the dialogues of the actors but also through the stage directions and any adjacent textual and visual information (that is Munro's first aim, delivering a political message). In parallel, this analysis will shed light on the way Munro (re) defines the contours of Scottish drama and gives Scotland a national identity thanks to the Brechtian theory of didactic drama (this will be her second aim, an aesthetic one); a national identity that is paradoxically enhanced by the inclusion of Chinese elements, including pandas, the thread with which all those texts were sewn together.


We report the occurrence of a small cell carcinoma of pulmonary type developed within a large borderline mucinous cystic tumor of the ovary, with another focus of microinvasive mucinous adenocarcinoma, in a 32-year-old woman. The small cell carcinoma expresses several neuroendocrine markers, thyroid transcription factor 1 and parathyroid hormone. Carbohydrate antigen 15.3 and carcinoembryonic antigen were focally detected but not cancer antigen 125. Cytokeratin 20 was immunolabeled in several mucinous carcinomatous glands but not in the neuroendocrine cells. The p53 protein was abnormally abundant, including in the borderline tumor. Progesterone receptor was heterogeneously immunodetected, whereas estrogen receptor labeling was weak and limited. This unusual immunohistochemical pattern further enhances the singularity of this quite exceptional tumor association.


The Lodi Winegrape District is one of the largest in California and encompasses a wide diversity of wine-grape varieties, production systems and soils, which complicates grape nutrient management To identify regions within this district that have similar nutrient-management needs, we are developing a soil-landscape model based on soil survey information. Our current model identifies five regions within the Lodi district with presumed relationships between soil properties and potassium-supplying ability. Region 1 has weakly developed, clay-rich soils in basin alluvium; region 2 has weakly developed, coarser-textured soils on recent alluvial fans, flood plains and stream terraces; region 3 has moderately developed soils on low terraces derived from granitic alluvium; region 4 has highly developed soils on high terraces derived from mixed alluvium; and region 5 has weakly developed soils formed on undulating volcanic terrain. Field and lab studies of soils in these regions show that our model is reasonable in concept, but that it must be fine-tuned to account for differing degrees of soil variability within each region in order to make realistic nutrient-management predictions.


Collisionless fragmentation of non-rotating Nin (n = 4–14) clusters is studied using micro-canonical molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. The clusters are modelled by an embedded-atom potential energy surface. The distributions of the channel-specific fragmentation probabilities, and the global and channel-specific fragmentation rate constants are computed and analysed as functions of the internal energy and size of the clusters. The trends derived from the dynamical calculations are compared to the fragmentation energy patterns, those of the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel (RRK) and statistical approaches. The rate constants are an order of magnitude smaller for the RRK model than with both the MD and transition-state theory approaches. The results are also compared with the other multi-channel fragmentation works.


The effects of applying DC high voltage electric fields on two-phase flow regime transitions for flowing refrigerant HFC-134a were visualized using a high speed camera. The viewing test section was made of 10 mm inner diameter quartz tube with a 3.18 mm diameter charged electrode placed along the center of the tube. The quartz tube was coated with an electrically grounded transparent conductive film of Tin Oxide. The experiments were performed for mass flux (55 kg/m2 s < G < 263 kg/m2 s), quality (20% < x < 80%) and applied voltage (0 kV < V < 8 kV). The flow regime transitions depend on the flow regime prior to applying the EHD. For stratified flow, EHD increases the interfacial instabilities and causes liquid extraction to the upper section of the tube. When the flow regime is initially annular flow, EHD increases the uniformity of the annular film by extracting liquid from the thicker liquid regions into the vapor core.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


We treated 5 patients with soft tissue defects involving the skin and tendon with microsurgical transfer of vascularized tendon grafts from the upper lateral arm. All the flaps survived and recovery of motor function has been satisfactory. The advantages of a composite upper lateral arm flap are its versatility, constant anatomy, and skin sensibility.


Most deep learning based image inpainting approaches adopt autoencoder or its variants to fill missing regions in images. Encoders are usually utilized to learn powerful representational spaces, which are important for dealing with sophisticated learning tasks. Specifically, in image inpainting tasks, masks with any shapes can appear anywhere in images (i.e., free-form masks) which form complex patterns. It is difficult for encoders to capture such powerful representations under this complex situation. To tackle this problem, we propose a self-supervised Siamese inference network to improve the robustness and generalization. It can encode contextual semantics from full resolution images and obtain more discriminative representations. we further propose a multi-scale decoder with a novel dual attention fusion module (DAF), which can combine both the restored and known regions in a smooth way. This multi-scale architecture is benefit for decoding discriminative representations learned by encoders into images layer by layer. In this way, unknown regions will be filled naturally from outside to inside. Qualitative and quantitative experiments on multiple datasets, including facial and natural datasets (i.e., Celeb-HQ, Pairs Street View, Places2 and ImageNet), demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in generating high-quality inpainting results.


For organisms with discrete life-histories, any mechanism that enhances growth and/or survival at critical life-history transitions may significantly influence adult population size. On coral reefs, structurally complex microhabitats enhance the early post-settlement growth and/or survival of fishes and corals; however, the importance of such microhabitats to the early life stages of tropical macroalgae is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of crevices on the recruitment, growth and survival of propagules of a common coral reef macroalga, Sargassum swartzii. We settled S. swartzii propagules onto terracotta settlement tiles that had a series of 3 mm deep crevices evenly spaced on their top (exposed) surface. Recruitment of S. swartzii was 21% greater, but propagules were 18% shorter, 18-days post-settlement within crevices than on adjacent exposed surfaces. Exposing tiles to local fish assemblages for five days showed that survival of propagules was 90% greater in crevices than on exposed areas of the tiles on the reef crest, but not on the reef flat. Underwater video footage revealed that few fishes fed from within the crevices (18% of all bites) with the majority of feeding being concentrated on the exposed surface of tiles. Interestingly, small-bodied fishes from the family Blenniidae (predominantly Ecsenius spp.) accounted for the majority of the feeding activity on the tiles, and likely contributed to the mortality of propagules. Structurally complex microhabitats, such as crevices, that shelter vulnerable early post-settlement propagules from herbivory may therefore be important for the persistence of macroalgae on coral reefs.


Moss A, Garry EM, O'Neill F, Dickinson T, Shen S, West K, Harmar AJ, FleetwoodWalker SM (2001). Attenuation of neuropathic pain in VPAC2 Receptor-null mice. Society for Neuroscience. Moss A, Blackburn-Munro G, Garry EM, Blakemore JA, Mitchell R, FleetwoodWalker SM (2001). The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in neuropathic pain. BNA abstracts 54.12: P71.


Abstract Herein, we give a full account of the development of the palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of benzylammonium salts with boronic acids. A range of benzylamine-derived quaternary ammonium salts can be coupled with boronic acids under relatively mild conditions. Our optimization has identified ligands that can be used to chemoselectively cross-couple at the ammonium in the presence of chlorides. We demonstrate that intramolecular palladium-catalysed C–H activation is also a viable pathway for the putative benzyl-Pd(II) intermediate obtained upon oxidative addition and have optimised this to obtain fluorene in good yield.


This case study, which is the case analysis, situational analysis will be done on general external environment and the aviation industry in particular through techniques such as Porter Five Forces Analysis and Competitor Profile Matrix (CPM).


Recent observations of Jupiter and Saturn suggest that heavy elements may be diluted in the gaseous envelope, providing a compositional gradient that could stabilise ordinary convection and produce a stably-stratified layer near the core of these planets. This region could consist of semi-convective layers with a staircase-like density profile, which have multiple convective zones separated by thin stably-stratified interfaces, as a result of double-diffusive convection. These layers could have important effects on wave propagation and tidal dissipation that have not been fully explored. We analyse the effects of these layers on the propagation and transmission of internal waves within giant planets, extending prior work in a local Cartesian model. We adopt a simplified global Boussinesq planetary model in which we explore the internal waves in a non-rotating spherical body. We begin by studying the free modes of a region containing semi-convective layers. We then analyse the transmission of internal waves through such a region. The free modes depend strongly on the staircase properties, and consist of modes with both internal and interfacial gravity wave-like behaviour. We determine the frequency shifts of these waves as a function of the number of steps to explore their potential to probe planetary internal structures. We also find that wave transmission is strongly affected by the presence of a staircase. Very large-wavelength waves are transmitted efficiently, but small-scale waves are only transmitted if they are resonant with one of the free modes. The effective size of the core is therefore larger for non-resonant modes.


This article discusses the emergence of new actors among graduate students in Mexico, specifically of indigenous graduate women, who are one of the results of an educational model that intends to question the prevailing developmental logic. It describes and analyzes the role of intercultural higher education policies as catalyst for an emerging professional profile that is having important impacts in building new family, community and regional relations. Through the discussion of these policies, their origins, limits and possibilities, this paper focuses on the specific proposal of the Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural (UVI). It also examines the life experiences of five UVI female graduates, and concentrates in one case in which her trajectory is compared to the life experiences of her own mother, grandmother and great-grandmother. Through these cases, the paper seeks to identify the ways in which the UVI contributes to the constitution of these new female actors.


Early years are critical for the development of neural connections that influence lifelong trajectories of health, learning and behaviour. No universal child development indicators to assess young children at household level are available. This paper describes the development and psychometric properties of "Care for Development, Appraisal Tool for Assessing and Monitoring Child Development: First Three years" (CDA tool) that equips frontline health workers with essential skills to adequately assess child development and educate caregivers about early child development. The tool was developed by multidisciplinary research team after extensive literature review and field trails in three steps. First step was conceptualization of theoretical framework followed by consolidation and development of guide. Second step was field testing and norms development on 1000 children. Finally tool was evaluated by external reviewers. CDA tool has sound psychometric ability in terms of its contents and concurrent validity, is culturally appropriate and easy to administer. It can be used by frontline health workers to identify and track high risk children across the globe thereby helping children from low-resource settings to realize their full potentials.


Privacy-related decisions are complex and nuanced, and consume extensive cognitive resources. Yet, people make these kinds of decisions many times a day. This means that they might not be able to invest significant cognitive resources in making each and every decision. We tested the extent to which the statements displayed to the users with the purpose of assuring them that their security and privacy is protected would resonate with people when they were considering whether or not to divulge their personal health information to an online service. We carried out two empirical investigations: (1) we used scenarios of health data being transmitted securely to a health provider, and asked participants to tell us what would convince them to divulge their personal information. (2) We then used these statements in a Q-sort to gauge subjective opinions of the persuasiveness of the statements, and to reveal 'ways of thinking' engaged in by our participants in this respect. We discovered that our participants wanted to see evidence that the organisation was implementing required security measures. Thus, our study suggests, despite a common assumption, that people do care, and that they want reassurance that companies are trustworthy custodians of their health data.


Automatic point cloud classification (PCC) is a challenging task in large-scale urban point clouds due to the heterogeneous density of points, the high number of points and the incomplete set of objects. Although recent PCC studies rely on automatic feature extraction through deep learning (DL), there is still a gap for traditional machine learning (ML) models with hand-crafted features, particularly after emerging gradient boosting machine (GBM) methods. In this study, we are using the traditional ML framework for the problem of PCC in large-scale datasets following the steps of neighborhood definition, multi-scale feature extraction, and classification. Different from others, our framework takes advantage of the fast feature calculation with multi-scale radius neighborhood and a recent state-of-the-art GBM classifier, LightGBM. We tested our framework using three mobile urban datasets, Paris–Rau–Madame, Paris–Rue–Cassette and Toronto3D. According to the results, our framework outperforms traditional machine learning models and competes with DL-based methods.


The Polycomb group (PcG) transcription repressor BMI1 is highly expressed in human cancers and is required for the clonogenic self-renewal and tumorigenesis of human cancer cells including those in hematological cancer and neuroblastoma. PTC596 is efficacious in vivo across a range of xenograft tumor models, including models of glioblastoma, fibrosarcoma and leukemia as well as orthotopic models of GBM. With EC50 values of 30-200 nM in a variety of tumor cell lines, PTC596 selectively reduces the level of functional BMI1 protein resulting in the depletion of the tumor stem cell fraction. PTC596 induces the hyper-phosphorylation of BMI1 leading to its degradation and the reduction of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) activity. Mechanistic studies suggest that PTC596 inhibits APC/CCDC20 activity resulting in the persistent activation of CDK1 and CDK2 which mediate the hyperphosphorylation of BMI1. Studies are ongoing to elucidate the mechanism of PTC596 inhibition of APC/CCDC20 and its preferential depletion of the tumor stem cell fraction. Citation Format: Min Jung Kim, Liangxian Cao, Josephine Sheedy, Nicole Risher, Melissa Dumble, Chang-Sun Lee, Nadiya Sydorenko, Ramil Baiazitov, Wu Du, Young-Choon Moon, Marla L. Weetall, Joseph Colacino, Thomas W. Davis. PTC596-induced Bmi1 hyper-phosphorylation via Cdk1/2 activation resulting in tumor stem cell depletion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5517. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5517


The purpose of the study was to describe the short-term phasing implementation strategy in Diponegoro University Library management during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method was carried out with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques with focus group discussions and interviews with stakeholders. The results of the study revealed that the Undip Library had implemented a priority plan of activities in short-term phases, namely from March until July 2021. The research findings can be explained that integrity is very important in strategic leadership. Especially to create a change leader. So the application of adaptive and agile leadership patterns is very much needed in library management in the medium and long term. This is like daring to take the initiative in activities, being responsible, and daring to take risks. In addition, he also dares to demonstrate the innovations that have been designed in the strategy to improve library management. Its implementation requires the involvement of internal and external stakeholders that support the success of the change strategy that has been carried out. To achieve the goal, a strategy is needed in the form of product output, namely the issuance of the Rector's Regulation. This is to regulate and provide the rule for the implementation of all activities in the management of the Undip Library during the pandemic by the national standards of university libraries © Review of International Geographical Education


BACKGROUND
Patients receiving chemotherapy often develop anemia. Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp(TM)) is an erythropoiesis-stimulating glycoprotein that has been shown, in dose-finding studies, to be safe and clinically active when administered to patients with cancer every 1, 2, or 3 weeks. This phase III study compared the safety and efficacy of darbepoetin alfa with placebo in patients with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy.

METHODS
In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 320 anemic patients (hemoglobin <or=11.0 g/dL) were randomly assigned to receive darbepoetin alfa or placebo injections weekly for 12 weeks. The 297 patients who completed at least the first 28 days of study were assessed for red blood cell transfusions, the primary endpoint. Patients were also assessed for hemoglobin concentration (i.e., hematopoietic response), adverse events, antibody formation to darbepoetin alfa, hospitalizations, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)-Fatigue score, and disease outcome. Efficacy endpoints were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses, Cox proportional hazards analyses, and chi-square tests where appropriate. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS
Patients receiving darbepoetin alfa required fewer transfusions (27% versus 52%; mean difference = 25%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 36%; P<.001), required fewer units of blood (0.67 versus 1.92; mean difference = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.65 to 1.84; P<.001), had more hematopoietic responses (66% versus 24%; mean difference = 42%; 95% CI = 31% to 53%; P<.001), and had better improvement in FACT-Fatigue scores (56% versus 44% overall improvement; 32% versus 19% with >or=25% improvement; mean difference = 13%; 95% CI = 2% to 23%, P =.019) than patients receiving placebo. Patients receiving darbepoetin alfa did not appear to have any untoward effect in disease outcome and did not develop antibodies to the drug. Adverse events were similar between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia can safely and effectively be treated with weekly darbepoetin alfa therapy. Darbepoetin alfa decreased blood transfusion requirements, increased hemoglobin concentration, and decreased fatigue. Although no conclusions can be drawn about survival from this study, the potential salutary effect on disease outcome warrants further investigation in a prospectively designed study.


This article seeks to evaluate the role and contributions of the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) to the task of dispensing justice to those most responsible for the commission of international crimes during the Rwandan and Sierra Leonean conflicts. The authors contrast those two situations to that of Liberia, where a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up in lieu of criminal accountability. The article argues that part of the unfair criticism of international criminal law is driven by the unrealistic expectation that ad hoc criminal courts such as the ICTR and the SCSL should not only dispense credible justice, but also help to restore peace and promote national reconciliation in deeply divided post-conflict societies. The article posits that even in best case scenarios, such courts can only mete out justice to individual perpetrators of horrific crimes in fair trials that comply with their statutes and international human rights law. An argument is therefore made for a return of these courts to their primary intended roles as criminal courts. Towards that end, the work of the ICTR and the SCSL are tested against eight factors relevant to assessing their achievements and limitations as criminal courts. The article shows that those special tribunals made important contributions to the process of justice for victims of atrocity crimes in Rwanda and Sierra Leone.


Self-harm has become one of the leading causes of mortality in developed countries. The overall rate for suicide in Canada is 11.3 per 100,000 according to Statistics Canada in 2015. Between 2000 and 2007 the lowest rates of suicide in Canada were in Ontario, one of the most urbanized regions in Canada. However, the interaction between land use, landscape and self-harm has not been significantly studied for urban cores. It is thus of relevance to understand the impacts of land-use and landscape on suicidal behavior. This paper takes a spatial analytical approach to assess the occurrence of self-harm along one of the densest urban cores in the country: Toronto. Individual self-harm data was gathered by the National Ambulatory Care System (NACRS) and geocoded into census tract divisions. Toronto's urban landscape is quantified at spatial level through the calculation of its land use at different levels: (i) land use type, (ii) sprawl metrics relating to (a) dispersion and (b) sprawl/mix incidence; (iii) fragmentation metrics of (a) urban fragmentation and (b) density and (iv) demographics of (a) income and (b) age. A stepwise regression is built to understand the most influential factors leading to self-harm from this selection generating an explanatory model.