The Tousled like kinases 1 and 2 (TLK1/2) control histone deposition through the ASF1 histone chaperones and are regulated by the DNA damage response. Depletion of TLK activity caused replication stress, increased chromosomal instability and cell arrest or death. Here, we show that stalled forks in TLK depleted cells are processed by BLM, SAMHD1 and the MRE11 nuclease to generate ssDNA and activate checkpoint signaling. TLK depletion also impaired heterochromatin maintenance, inducing features of alternative lengthening of telomeres and increasing spurious expression of other repetitive elements, associated with impaired deposition of the histone variant H3.3. TLK depletion culminated in a BLM-dependent, STING-mediated innate immune response. In many human cancers, TLK1/2 expression correlated with signatures of chromosomal instability and anti-correlated with STING and innate and adaptive immune response signatures. Together, our results show that TLK activity protects replication forks from active processing, contributes to chromatin silencing and suppresses innate immune responses, suggesting that TLK amplification may protect chromosomally unstable cancers from immune detection.


Thirteen patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and their relatives were studied with regard to environmental and genetic factors in the development of the disease. Cooking utensils, iron medications or "tonics," and blood transfusions were not contributory causes. There was excess alcohol intake in 54% (seven) of the patients, but the average amount of iron absorbed was approximately 2.61 gm, which is much lower than the 20.41 gm found in the organs in other patients with hemochromatosis. 4 The mean serum iron and plasma transferrin saturations were higher in the male and female relatives than in normal controls and nonblood relatives. Environmental factors were not the cause of this difference. The familial clustering of cases and high serum iron values indicate a genetic etiology, but the pattern of transmission is not clear. Alcohol and other environmental factors were not absolutely necessary for the development of the syndrome.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of preoperative positron emission tomography (PET) with FDG and intraoperative sonography with the standard of histologic examination of resected liver specimens in evaluating patients for curative resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively identified 47 patients with recurrent colorectal cancer who underwent surgical exploration for possible curative resection of hepatic metastases. All patients underwent CT or MR imaging and FDG PET preoperatively and intraoperative sonography. The performance of the imaging techniques was evaluated through review of the radiologic reports and correlation with surgical and histopathologic findings.

RESULTS
Eighty-seven malignant hepatic lesions were identified by histopathologic analysis of liver specimens, and 23 benign hepatic abnormalities were documented histopathologically or by uroradiologic imaging. For hepatic sections characterized as containing metastases by radiologic imaging, the positive predictive value for FDG PET was 93% (54/58); for intraoperative sonography, 87% (52/60); and for conventional imaging, 83% (43/52). For individual lesions characterized as probably malignant, the positive predictive value for FDG PET was 93% (62/68); for intraoperative sonography, 89% (63/71); and for conventional imaging, 78% (46/59). The findings at intraoperative sonography led to a change in the clinical treatment of only one patient (2%).

CONCLUSION
The results indicate that FDG PET effectively screens potential candidates for curative liver resection. Although intraoperative sonography helps to determine the anatomic location of metastases thus facilitating surgical resection, its adjunctive use in patients screened preoperatively by FDG PET has limited impact on treatment selection.


Here we present, for the first time, the elemental concentration, including C, N and O, of single phytoplankton cells collected from the sea. Plankton elemental concentration and stoichiometry are key variables in phytoplankton ecophysiology and ocean biogeochemistry, and are used to link cells and ecosystems. However, most field studies rely on bulk techniques that overestimate carbon and nitrogen because the samples include organic matter other than plankton organisms. Here we used X-ray microanalysis (XRMA), a technique that, unlike bulk analyses, gives simultaneous quotas of C, N, O, Mg, Si, P, and S, in single-cell organisms that can be collected directly from the sea. We analysed the elemental composition of dinoflagellates and diatoms (largely Chaetoceros spp.) collected from different sites of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean Sea). As expected, a lower C content is found in our cells compared to historical values of cultured cells. Our results indicate that, except for Si and O in diatoms, the mass of all elements is not a constant fraction of cell volume but rather decreases with increasing cell volume. Also, diatoms are significantly less dense in all the measured elements, except Si, compared to dinoflagellates. The N:P ratio of both groups is higher than the Redfield ratio, as it is the N:P nutrient ratio in deep NW Mediterranean Sea waters (N:P = 20–23). The results suggest that the P requirement is highest for bacterioplankton, followed by dinoflagellates, and lowest for diatoms, giving them a clear ecological advantage in P-limited environments like the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, the P concentration of cells of the same genera but growing under different nutrient conditions was the same, suggesting that the P quota of these cells is at a critical level. Our results indicate that XRMA is an accurate technique to determine single cell elemental quotas and derived conversion factors used to understand and model ocean biogeochemical cycles.


We investigate a mixed economy of an individual rational expert and several naı̈ve near-sighted agents in the context of security decision making. Agents select between three canonical security actions to navigate the complex security risks of weakest-link, best shot and total effort interdependencies. We further study the impact of two information conditions on agents' choices. We provide a detailed overview of a methodology to effectively determine and compare strategies and payoffs between the different regimes. To analyze the impact of the different information conditions we propose a new formalization. We define the price of uncertainty as the ratio of the expected payoff in the complete information environment over the payoff in the incomplete information environment. ∗This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under ITR award ANI-0331659 (100x100), and the Army Research Office through contract number DAAD19-02-1-0389. Jens Grossklags' work is also funded through a University of California MICRO project grant in collaboration with DoCoMo USA Labs.


ercise as therapy. Part 2 allows the therapist to select specific exercise patterns from schematic drawings to meet the needs of individual patients. This book does not live up to the expectations set forth by the authors and does not serve as a practical investment for the occupational therapist who works in group cardiac rehabilitation programs. It may serve as an interesting resource, however, for the therapist who works with other populations in one-to-one and small-group situations. Mary Campbell-Schmitz, OTR/L


Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is used by scientists to determine the elastic constants of materials. In this paper we extend RUS into the MEMS field, to characterize the micromachined silicon nitride membrane. The central idea of RUS is the comparison of measured and computed natural frequencies of the samples. For measurement, RUS can easily excite the vibration of the micromachined silicon nitride membrane structure and measure a large number of its natural frequencies. For computation, finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the natural frequencies and obtain normal mode shapes of sample. Furthermore, we used FEM to directly set up the linear relationships between the natural frequencies and mechanical properties and dimensions of the micromachined silicon nitride membrane sample, so RUS can be used for fast characterization in industrial application. The accuracy of structural dimensions determined by this technique has been verified within 0.35/spl sim/4.62% and Young's modulus of the LPCVD silicon nitride thin film is 195/spl plusmn/9 GPa verified by the load-deflection measurement.


A network of 9-m-tall surface flux measurement stations were deployed at eight sparsely vegetated sites during the Monsoon '90 experiment to measure net radiation, Q, soil heat flux, G, sensible heat flux, H (using eddy correlation), and latent heat flux, λE (using the energy balance equation). At four of these sites, 2-m-tall eddy correlation systems were used to measure all four fluxes directly. Also a 2-m-tall Bowen ratio system was deployed at one site. Magnitudes of the energy balance closure (Q + G + H + λE) increased as the complexity of terrain increased. The daytime Bowen ratio decreased from about 10 before the monsoon season to about 0.3 during the monsoons. Source areas of the measurements are developed and compared to scales of heterogeneity arising from the sparse vegetation and the topography. There was very good agreement among simultaneous measurements of Q with the same model sensor at different heights (representing different source areas), but poor agreement among different brands of sensors. Comparisons of simultaneous measurements of G suggest that because of the extremely small source area, extreme care in sensor deployment is necessary for accurate measurement in sparse canopies. A recently published model to estimate fetch is used to interpret measurements of H at the 2 m and 9 m heights. Three sites were characterized by undulating topography, with ridgetops separated by about 200–600 m. At these sites, sensors were located on ridgetops, and the 9-m fetch included the adjacent valley, whereas the 2-m fetch was limited to the immediate ridgetop and hillside. Before the monsoons began, vegetation was mostly dormant, the watershed was uniformly hot and dry, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement. After the monsoons began and vegetation fully matured, the 2-m measurements of H were significantly greater than the 9-m measurements, presumably because the vegetation in the valleys was denser and cooler than on the ridgetops and hillsides. At one lowland site with little topographic relief, the vegetation was more uniform, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement during peak vegetation. Values of λE could only be compared at two sites, but the 9-m values were greater than the 2-m values, suggesting λE from the dense vegetation in the valleys was greater than elsewhere.


A series of CoCrFeNiMo_ x ( x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2) high-entropy alloys were designed to develop a eutectic high-entropy alloy system and to acquire a superfine eutectic structure. The results show that for the CoCrFeNiMo_ x alloys, with the increase of Mo content from 0.2 to 1.2, the microstructures shift from a typical dendrite structure to a hypoeutectic microstructure ( x = 0.6), and then to a fully eutectic microstructure ( x = 0.8) with a lamellar spacing only 110 nm, and finally culminate in the hypereutectic structure ( x = 1.0, x = 1.2). The XRD results show that CoCrFeNiMo_ x alloys have a single FCC phase when x is 0.2 or 0.4. When Mo content is over 0.6, it begins to separate Cr_9Mo_21Ni_20 intermetallic compounds. The hardness of the CoCrFeNiMo_ x alloys is increasing significantly from 172.8 to 763.7 HV with the increase of Mo content. Meanwhile, the fracture strength increased but the ductility decreases. Among these alloys, the CoCrFeNiMo_0.6 alloy shows excellent integrated mechanical properties of compressive fracture strength and strain, which are 2051 Mpa and 23%, respectively.


A system of franchising health clinics is bringing health care and medicines to rural Kenya--and helping people to make a living.


In modern drive systems, inverters are a fundamental component. To improve the performance of this component, ensure their operability, and check their reliability, motor-load testbeds are used during the process of development. Unfortunately, there are several drawbacks and disadvantages inherent to conventional motor-load testbeds. In order to avoid these problems, a new concept for a hardware-in-the-loop-based electronic testbed has been developed. A well-defined second inverter in combination with a mathematical model of the machine-load combination is used to replace the conventional test setup. Different machine-load combinations can be easily simulated with one system by simply changing the mathematical models. This paper shows the system topology, analyzes the components of the testbed, and presents the experimental results that verify the feasibility and capability of the method proposed.


This brief addresses criticism that the Affordable Care Act ignores the pressing issue of health care cost containment. The paper argues that there are important cost containment features included in the law. These include the managed competition structure of exchanges, Medicare payment provisions, and the excise tax on high cost health care plans. There are many other provisions that offer promise to make the health care delivery system more efficient: the establishment of medical homes and accountable care organizations, penalties for hospital readmissions, and experiments with bundled payments. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services credit some of these provisions to slowing the growth in health care costs.


The paper argues that institutional accounts are useful but incomplete in providing an understanding the dynamics of the completion of the internal market. This is because they do not leave enough room for ideas and norms, which have been central to the gambling story. The paper argues that prevailing norms about gambling, which have associated it with inter alia charities, criminal activity, public health and public order, have worked to mitigate the desire for a single market and arguments about the efficiency of market liberalization. Gambling is a useful case to illustrate that there is ambivalence about market building that tries to reconcile possible efficiency gains that come with enhanced competition with an aversion to promoting risk.


We solve the mean field equations for a stochastic Hopfield network with temperature (noise) in the presence of strong, i.e., multiply stored, patterns, and use this solution to obtain the storage capacity of such a network. Our result provides for the first time a rigorous solution of the mean filed equations for the standard Hopfield model and is in contrast to the mathematically unjustifiable replica technique that has been used hitherto for this derivation. We show that the critical temperature for stability of a strong pattern is equal to its degree or multiplicity, when the sum of the squares of degrees of the patterns is negligible compared to the network size. In the case of a single strong pattern, when the ratio of the number of all stored pattens and the network size is a positive constant, we obtain the distribution of the overlaps of the patterns with the mean field and deduce that the storage capacity for retrieving a strong pattern exceeds that for retrieving a simple pattern by a multiplicative factor equal to the square of the degree of the strong pattern. This square law property provides justification for using strong patterns to model attachment types and behavioural prototypes in psychology and psychotherapy.


This special issue presents results from comparative research into the principles constraining
 learner varieties (interlanguages) in use. The contributors analyze the oral production of complex
 verbal tasks (descriptions, instructions, narratives, retellings) in L2 Dutch, English, French,
 German, and Italian, concentrating on the way information from different semantic domains is
 organized across utterances (referential movement) and on a major aspect of the interaction
 between utterance-level and discourse-level constraints, namely, scope phenomena. We hope the
 results presented here will provide insights into the structural and communicative factors
 pushing, or hampering, L2 acquisition and will further our understanding of how the organizing
 principles interact at different levels of discourse production, be it in L1 or L2.


"Information" has become a widely used term in psychology, especially within cognitive psychology. However, despite its status as a technical term, the word now rarely receives explicit definition. By contrast, when information entered the vocabulary of psychologists in the late 1940s, it had an explicit mathematical definition largely derived from developments in information theory. This article examines how information entered psychology, how its meaning changed, and how it remained a technical term in the vocabulary of psychologists in the second part of the 20th century. "Information" became a term that was required to speak to ever more diverse theoretical concerns and its earliest definitions in psychology could not sustain such uses. As a consequence, "information" became a term whose technical uses became increasingly difficult to differentiate from its everyday meanings. I argue that this has not necessarily made "information" a worthless term but one whose lack of specificity may now be unsettling to some psychologists.


Information on temporal evolution of whole velocity fields are essential for physical understanding of a complicated turbulent flow. Due to advances of high-speed imaging technique, laser and electronics, high-speed digital cameras and high-repetition pulse lasers are commercially available in nowadays. A dynamic PIV system that can measure consecutive instantaneous velocity field with 1K 1K pixels resolution at 1 fps was developed. It consists of a high-speed CMOS camera and a high-repetition Nd:YLF pulse laser. Theoretically, it can capture velocity fields at 20 fps with a reduced spatial resolution. In order to validate its performance, the dynamic PIV system was applied to a turbulent jet of which Reynolds number is about 3000. The particle images of 1024512 pixels were captured at a sampling rate of 4 KHz. The dynamic PIV system measured successfully the temporal evolution of instantaneous velocity fields of the turbulent jet, from which spectral analysis of turbulent structure was also feasible.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In AD patients, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide-mediated degeneration of the cholinergic system utilizing acetylcholine (ACh) for memory acquisition is observed. Since AD therapy using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are only palliative for memory deficits without reversing disease progress, there is a need for effective therapies, and cell-based therapeutic approaches should fulfil this requirement. We established F3.ChAT human neural stem cells (NSCs) encoding the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, an ACh-synthesizing enzyme, HMO6.NEP human microglial cells encoding the neprilysin (NEP) gene, an Aβ-degrading enzyme, and HMO6.SRA cells encoding the scavenger receptor A (SRA) gene, an Aβ-uptaking receptor. For the efficacy evaluation of the cells, first, we established an appropriate animal model based on Aβ accumulation and cognitive dysfunction. Among various AD models, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ethylcholine mustard azirinium ion (AF64A) induced the most severe Aβ accumulation and memory dysfunction. Established NSCs and HMO6 cells were transplanted ICV to mice showing memory loss induced by AF64A challenge, and brain Aβ accumulation, ACh concentration and cognitive function were analyzed. All the transplanted F3.ChAT, HMO6.NEP and HMO6.SRA cells were found to survive up to 4 weeks in the mouse brain and expressed their functional genes. Combinational treatment with the NSCs (F3.ChAT) and microglial cells encoding each functional gene (HMO6.NEP or HMO6.SRA) synergistically restored the learning and memory function of AF64A-challenged mice by eliminating Aβ deposits and recovering ACh level. The cells also attenuated inflammatory astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein) response by reducing Aβ accumulation. Taken together, it is expected that NSCs and microglial cells over-expressing ChAT, NEP or SRA genes could be strategies for replacement cell therapy of AD.


Accurate simulation of the transport of metals and other inorganic contaminants requires modeling spatial variations in pH and soil chemistry in heterogeneous systems. A semi-empirical model has been developed to simulate metal binding to heterogeneous sorbents. The purpose of this paper it to describe the conceptual basis of the model, its mathematical formulation, and application to environmental settings. Rather than describing the underlying heterogeneity, the Simple Metal Sorption (SiMS) model describes macroscopic sorption characteristics. In the SiMS model, proton and metal binding to heterogeneous surfaces are conceptualized as reactions with a single composite 'site', with empirical correction factors to the equilibrium constants that are represented as power functions of hydrogen ion concentration, metal to ligand ratio, and ionic strength. The SiMS model is applied to five hypothetical heterogeneous site distributions and to proton and Pb binding data to a field soil. The SiMS model also has been linked to an advective-dispersive transport model to predict multicomponent transport of Pb at variable soil pH. Simulations performed of metal leaching from a contaminated site (with subsequent sorption in the down-stream uncontaminated zone) illustrate how contaminant concentration (and hence risk) depend on the soil and flushate characteristics. The simulation results illustrate how heterogeneous sorbent chemistry can be incorporated in a groundwater transport modeling framework and provide insights to issues such as groundwater contaminant transport and risk evaluation.


Objective: The objective of this study was to provide employers interested in lifestyle health initiatives a resource for estimating their members' obesity-related costs stratified by demographics and business sector. Method: Claims-level medical costs attributable to obesity are estimated. Data come from 61 U.S. employers' health plan members' claims experienced between January 2000 and December 2004. Results: Diagnosed, nondrug medical expenses attributable to obesity account for 21.3% of lifestyle and 2.8% of all medical costs for those aged 19 to 64 years. Obesity costs for children under 19 years are negligible. Up to age 64 years, females' obesity costs markedly exceed males'. At particular risk for high obesity costs are women, those aged 55 to 64 years, and healthcare sector members. Conclusions: Obesity is a costly lifestyle health risk and self-insured employers should take action with or without policy aid such as the HeLP Act S2558.


Identification of annual layers in a firn/ice core provides a possibility to reconstruct the mass-balance sequence for glaciers where no direct observations have been carried out. A number of cores is obtained from the boreholes drilled on the Djantugan firn plateau in the crest zone (3620 m a.s.l.) of the Main Caucasus Ridge. A geophysical radar survey shows ice thickness here being equal to 212 m, close to the maximum value within the plateau (235 m). The deepest layer achieved, c.93 m below the surface, is dated back to 1937. Annual layers are identified by visual and textural petrographic analysis in situ. Geochemical and isotope methods are also applied. Ambiguities in discerning annual boundaries due to epigenetic firn/ice homogenization can be eliminated by means of complex methods. Since the probability of complete melting of an annual layer is estimated as negligible, the reconstructed continuous mass-balance time series, after inserting rheological and inclinometrical amendments, describe the character of glacier evolution. It is corroborated with indirect calculation using data from the nearest weather station and with mass-balance series of the neighbouring Djankuat Glacier, one of 10 reference glaciers in the world. Located south of the meganticlinorium axis, the boring site is characterized by glacier budget improvement during the last decades similar to the northern slope - less rapidly until the 1980s and more rapidly since.


The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) at the Deutsches Elektronen Synchtrotron (DESY) in Hamburg will, starting in 2015, open up completely new research opportunities for scientist and industrial users by exploiting ultrashort X-ray laser pulses. Bunches of electrons are accelerated by a radio frequency field inside superconducting cavities up to an energy of 17.5 GeV. A periodic arrangement of magnets forces the accelerated electrons onto a tight slalom path leading to a process in that the electrons emit extremely short and intense X-ray flashes. The generation of equidistant X-ray flashes with a constant intensity requires an extremely high precision field control in combination with beam-based signals. FLASH, which can be seen as a pilot test facility, allows to develop and test controller concepts even before the European XFEL is in operation. In this thesis it is shown that a physical white box model structure, which describes the behavior of each subsystem within the radio frequency field control loop, obeys as first-order approximation the special orthogonal group of dimension two (SO(2)). Presented is a grey box identification approach, which combines the physical model structure with general identification methods. The accelerator modules are operated in a pulsed mode. Thus, the excitation of the system and therefore the identification of the inputoutput behavior is only possible within a short time period. Developed is an adaptive identification approach with a specified SO(2) symmetric model structure. The proposed controller design strategy fulfills the requirements of a high precision field performance. Adapting the feedforward signal by using an iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm reduces remaining repetitive field errors from pulse to pulse. It is shown, that exploiting the SO(2) symmetric structure and using the developed tensor based ILC representation simplifies the feedforward update computation. Magnetic chicanes, so-called bunch compressors, are used for a longitudinal compression of the electron bunches. Depending on the beam energy distribution, the electrons travel on different trajectories through the bunch compressor. This allows to control the mean beam energy and energy distribution to minimize the bunch arrival time and bunch compression error at the expense of a nonconstant beam energy. Besides controlling the latter beam-based signals, a distributed control scheme is presented which minimizes beam energy variations by an information exchange with neighboring controller modules, leading to an improvement of the beam energy performance. The presented results were achieved and measurements were carried out at FLASH. Further important plant upgrades for the XFEL project are a completely new hardware platform, providing a higher sampling rate and measurement precision. The proposed system identification and controller approaches have been validated experimentally and in simulation for both hardware platforms.


Video game worlds are getting increasingly large and complex. This poses challenges to the game AI for both pathfinding and strategic decisions, not least in real-time strategy games. One way to alleviate the problem is to manually pre-label the game maps with information about regions and critical choke points, which the game AI can then take advantage of. We present a method for automatically decomposing game maps into non-uniform sized regions. The method uses a flooding algorithm at its core and has the benefit, in addition to its effectiveness, to be relatively intuitive both conceptually and in implementing. Empirical evaluation on game maps shows that the automatic decomposition results in intuitive regions of a comparable standard to human-made labeling. Furthermore, we show that our automatic decomposition, when used by a pathfinding algorithm capable of taking advantage of pre-labeled regions, significantly improves search effectiveness.


A theory of the decay of a weakly bound negative ion in an external electric field taking into account the long-range polarization interaction between the escaping electron and the atomic residue is developed. The calculations are performed for the Rb- and Ca- ions. It is shown that the asymptotic theory of the negative ion decay which neglects the polarizability of the atomic core will strongly underestimate the decay probability and polarizability of negative ions. The author's results for Ca- are important for the correct interpretation of recent observations of the Ca- decay in an external electric field. It is shown that the experimental results for the decay probability are more consistent with the electron affinity of 21 meV rather than 17.5 meV obtained in the experimental paper. However, the new value of the electron affinity is still much lower than the results of most accurate theoretical calculations.


The Application of the different types of additive materials such as lime, cement bitumen and the combination of them are considered as a main issue by the relating experts. In order to promote the bearing capacity of road, these materials, individually, or with the attendance of other materials add to sub base layers. During the recent years, road builders have been considering the application of the combination of bitumen emulsion and cement due to the emergence of the modern equipments and machineries in transportation engineering which have been led to the rapid construction of roads and a uniform combination with the suitable compactness properties in soil stabilization too. The compressive strength which can be determined by the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test is one of the most important factors to control the quality of the stabilized materials using bitumen emulsion and cement and also in order to design them much efficiently. Besides, it is necessary to use an analytical method because the laboratory tests are very expensive and in some cases are not available especially in the projects constructing in the remote areas and also the strong need for controlling the obtained results from the insitu tests. In this study, the application of the inelegant neural network is investigated to estimate the 28 days compressive strength of the samples built from the stabilized materials by the combination of bitumen emulsion and cement. The obtained results show that; artificial neural network is very capable in predicting the 28 days compressive strength.


The importance of increased carbon dioxide tension for the primary isolation of Neisseria gotorrhoeae is well recognized. Some of the methods advocated for increasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in which the cultures are to be incubated are (1) replacing about 10 per cent of the air in the container with carbon dioxide from a tank, (2) mixing measured amounts of sodium bicarbonate solution and dilute sulfuric acid so as to obtain the desired volume of carbon dioxide, (3) placing a lighted, smokeless candle in the container with the cultures before closing the container, and (4) placing a handful of moistened oats in the container with the cultures before closing the container. To our knowledge and experience, all of these methods are satisfactory for supplying the necessary carbon dioxide in the environment in which the cultures are to be incubated. The first method cited supplies more carbon dioxide than is necessary. The work of Ferguson (1945) supports that conclusion as he found that strains of the gonococcus grew "equally well on 'chocolate' agar in a zone of carbon dioxide enrichment with a lower limit between 2 and 2.3 per cent and an upper limit between 18 and 22 per cent." With the second method cited it likewise is possible to supply any desired volume of carbon dioxide by using the proper amounts of sodium bicarbonate and sulfuric acid, but the use of liquids is not always the most practical method. The placing of a lighted, smokeless candle in the container with the cultures before closing the container is a satisfactory method for supplying the necessary carbon dioxide, but there appears to be a discrepancy in the amount of carbon dioxide which is produced. Nye and Lamb (1936) reported that about 3 per cent is the maximum amount of carbon dioxide produced in a jar by burning a candle. On the other hand, Carpenter (1943) stated, "When the flame is extinguished by the depletion of the oxygen, the concentration of carbon dioxide is approximately 10 per cent." When we were making a series of primary isolations of the gonococcus (Morton and Leberman, 1944), we tested the air within some of the jars after the candle had become extinguished and found that the volume of carbon dioxide ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 per cent. Recently, Ferguson (1945) reported that the jars contained about 2.3 per cent after burning a candle in a closed container. Our results and those of Ferguson and of Nye and Lamb are in agreement. While investigating the amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning a candle, we also tested the amount of carbon dioxide produced in a closed container containing gerninating oats. After 48 hours' incubation at about 36 C


The recent increase in the incidence of infectious diseases or immunological disorders raises a need to find new immunomodulators. Probiotics have been shown to be one of the alternative agents which strengthen the immune response of the body. But recently bacterial DNA is also being explored as an immune enhancer. Present study was conducted to compare the in vivo immunomodulating capacity of three probiotic strains as live bacteria with their genomic DNA. Probiotic bacteria's (109 cells ml-1) were administered orally whereas their extracted DNA's (75 μg mL-1) were injected into the tibialis anterior muscle in 3 doses over a span of 17 days. The animals were sacrificed after the completion of experimental period i.e. 17 days. Immune status of the treated animals was assessed by employing the tests for Humoral Immune Response and Cell Mediated Immune Response as Delayed Type Hypersensitivity, Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction test, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Bactericidal activity was studied in SRBC immunized mice. Levamisole (25mgkg-1) was used as the standard drug. Overall, these results demonstrated that a substantial augmentation in immune efficacy was observed in the animals receiving genomic DNA over the group receiving viable bacteria. It is concluded that genomic DNA of probiotics should be exploited as a potent immune enhancer and as a biotherapeutic agent


Inability to attain Umax after overnight dehydration is the earliest functional abnormality in human and experimental pyelonephritis caused by diverse microorganisms. In order to characterize the defect in Umax in experimental enterococcal pyelonephritis, another index of renal concentrating ability. TcH2O, was determined during saline loading. Normal TcH2O depends on adequate sodium chloride delivery and reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop and water reabsorption from the collecting duct. Rats with early pyelonephritis, 3 days after intravenous injection of enterococci, were compared with normal rats in studies of Umax during hydropenia and TcH2O during 1.2% saline infusion. Mean Umax in infected rats was significantly lower than in uninfected rats (1120 vs. 2767 mOsm/kg H2O) (p less than 0.01), but CIn in infected rats was not significantly different from that in uninfected rats (0.96 vs. 0.89 ml/min per 100 gm) (p less than 0.05). During saline diuresis, maximal Cosm/CIn was more than 35% in both the normal and infected rats. The relationship between TcH2O/CIn and Cosm/CIn was linear in both groups, and the r, slope, any y intercept of the regression equation of TcH2O/CIn vs. Cosm/CIn in infected rats were not significantly different from those in normal rats. During saline diuresis the regression of sodium excretion UNaV/CIn) vs. Cosm in infected rats was not significantly different from that in control rats. The finding of normal TcH2O during saline loading suggests that reabsorption of increasing amounts of sodium chloride from the ascending limb of Henle's loop and reabsorption of water in the collecting duct are normal in early pyelonephritis.


ABSTRACT The epithelial cell composition was investigated in the follicle-associated intestinal crypt (FAIC) of rat Peyer's patches. The epithelium of the FAIC mainly consisted of columnar epithelial cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells. The characteristics of secretory granules in Paneth cells and goblet cells of both the FAIC and ordinary intestinal crypts (IC) were almost the same in periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction, Alcian blue (AB) staining and the immunohistochemical detection of lysozymes and soluble phospholipase A2. Both goblet cells and Paneth cells were markedly less frequent on the follicular sides than on the anti-follicular sides of the FAIC. Goblet cells were also markedly less frequent in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) than in the ordinary intestinal villi (IV). Indigenous bacteria were more frequently adhered to FAE than to follicle-associated intestinal villi or IV. These findings suggest that the host defense against indigenous bacteria is inhibited on the follicular sides of FAIC, which might contribute to the preferential settlement of indigenous bacteria on the FAE; they also suggest that differentiation into secretory cells is inhibited in the epithelium of the follicular sides of FAIC, so that differentiation into M cells might be admitted in the FAE of rat Peyer's patches. Furthermore, intermediate cells possessing characteristics of both Paneth cells and goblet cells were rarely found in the FAIC, but not in the IC. This finding suggests that the manner of differentiation into Paneth cells in the FAIC differs from that in the IC.


In this research, a bioreactor experimental rig was designed, constructed and finally commissioned in order to measure the kLa and kap of oxygen in Newtonian fluid. Distilled water was used as a sample of Newtonian fluid. The design of the rig was based on the standard geometry of a stirred tank reactor. Standard geometrical ratios of a stirred tank reactor with two Rushton disc turbine (RDT) impellers was used to design a system that can provide good mixing for a gas-liquid system. Two sets of RDT impellers were used to disperse the gas sparged by a ring sparger into the liquid content in the tank. The construction of this rig was done with the help of the Assistant Training Vocational Officer in the engineering workshop. The tank was built using transparent Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) while the two impellers and four equally spaced baffles were constructed using stainless steel. The effect of two variables, namely impeller speed and air flow rate on the volumetric transfer coefficient of oxygen from gas to the bulk liquid, kLa and on the mass transfer coefficient of oxygen from bulk liquid to the oxygen electrode, kap were studied. From the result, the increase in impeller speed and air flow rate will both increase the value of kLa and kap. The values of kLa and kap were predicted by fitting the mass transfer equation of oxygen to the experimental data by using sum of squared error minimization of the difference between the actual and predicted data using MATLAB programming.


In this study, we explore a human benchmark in language recognition, for the purpose of comparing human performance to machine performance in the context of the NIST LRE 2007. Humans are categorised in terms of language proficiency, and performance is presented per proficiency. The main challenge in this work is the design of a test and application of a performance metric which allows a meaningful comparison of humans and machines. The main result of this work is that where subjects have lexical knowledge of a language, even at a low level, they perform as well as the state of the art in language recognition systems in 2007.


A computer-based video microscopy (semi-automated) system (SAS) has been developed for use in characterizing immune responses in mice. The system employs a fluorescent microscope, intensified CCD camera system, autoscanning stage, PC and other PC-based hardware and software for image capture, analysis and processing. In addition, customized algorithms were developed for the sorting and selection of true image information from artifacts, and quantitation. A specially developed immunofluorescent assay is used to label or tag antibodies (immunoglobulins) secreted by murine immune (B) cells with a fluorescent marker. The enumeration (counting) of the number of these fluorescent immune cell footprints or spot forming cells (SFCs) is used by immunologists to evaluate the effectiveness of immune responses and vaccines in providing immunity. Current studies involve comparing the conventional method of SFC eye counts from experienced research personnel with counts generated by the SAS. Results from preliminary studies have indicated that the SAS can perform at least as well as trained research personnel in enumerating the number of immunoglobulin SFCs. Full implementation of such an automated system may be invaluable to researchers in immunology in terms of the time and tedium saved for sample analysis and SFC enumeration.


When a rigorous methodological approach is utilized, a substantial majority of recent studies provide evidence for the familial transmission of schizophrenia. Although the absolute rates of schizophrenia among relatives of schizophrenics tend to be lower than those reported in the earlier studies due to the restrictiveness of contemporary definitions of schizophrenia, the risk to relatives compared to that of controls has remained quite consistent. This observation that relatives of schizophrenics have an elevated risk for schizophrenia compared to controls is consistent with theories of both genetic and environmental transmission. Twin studies of schizophrenia have consistently reported greater concordance rates for monozygotic than dizygotic twins. Although this indicates the importance of genetic factors, the less than 100% concordance for monozygotic twins observed in every study indicates that nongenetic factors also play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Further, adoption studies offer an opportunity to unconfound genes and environment. The findings of adoption studies confirm that there are genetic components for schizophrenia. Even though we have shown that family, twin, and adoption studies have provided strong evidence for the role of genetic factors in schizophrenia, the mode of transmission remains unclear. The results of mathematical modeling studies do not support the single gene model. There is somewhat more support for the multifactorial polygenic model, but the model has also been rejected in several studies. Thus, the pattern of inheritance of schizophrenia has eluded an unambiguous characterization. Genetic linkage analysis promised to clarify the mechanisms of transmission, but early positive reports were subsequently overturned and, to date, there are no consistently replicated positive linkage findings for schizophrenia. There is now a world-wide search for the location of the genes on specific chromosomes which are responsible for schizophrenia. The clinical implications of current work to the future of locating a schizophrenic gene or genes will be discussed.


It is hardly necessary to describe this work which, since its publication in 1943, has been indispensable to all those interested in Zoroastrian matters. Its reappearance is doubly welcome for being so long overdue. The original book, consisting of augmented versions of the six Ratanbai Katrak Lectures delivered at Oxford in 1936, has been reprinted lithographically, with some of the printing errors corrected. To it has now been added an introduction in which, after a brief survey of Iranian studies in the last 30 years, the author offers a new interpretation of Av. fraia-, a word crucial to the understanding of Zoroastrian eschatology. A reconsideration of the Vedic and Iranian evidence, also taking into account the Akkadian rendering of OP fraiSam, has led him to see in it a meaning ' distinguished, conspicuous ' (to a base per' appear, show') with cognates in other IE languages. The introduction continues with a summary of ch. i and ii on Farrah, adducing further material in support of the original interpretation. Though admitted to be unimportant, the etymology of the word differs from that suggested in 1936. The author prefers to analyse it as representing *hu-arnahto a base ar' get', as first proposed by him in TPS, 1956 and 1959. Finally there are 15 pages of notes, adding to or correcting points in the original text. This edition is furnished with two indexes : one for the new introduction, one for the main body of the book. Apart from an unaccountable lacuna between uzairi (n > and vazik on p. 240, they are helpfully complete and greatly enhance the usefulness of a book that remains a model and an inspiration for these studies.


The competitiveness of enterprises oriented to sustainable development in an economic crisis This article presents the issues of sustainable competitiveness of enterprises. Its main goal is trying to prove that the implementation of the sustainable development concept can influence positively on competitiveness of enterprises, especially in time of crisis. This explains the fact of dynamic growth in the number of companies which beyond the economic aspects, they are also concerned with the social and environmental aspects of their business.


PURPOSE
Medical students' personality types and interpersonal needs must be considered. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of personality types and interpersonal needs.

METHODS
A total of 171 students in Konyang University College of Medicine were examined using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B). The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, t-test, and one-sample proportion test.

RESULTS
The proportion of the 4 pairs of MBTI dimensions were Extroversion (E)-Introversion (I) (53.2% vs. 46.8%), Sensing (S)-Intuition (N) (63.2% vs. 36.8%), Thinking (T)-Feeling (F) (59.7% vs. 40.4%), and Judging (J)-Perceiving (P) (56.1% vs. 43.9%). The predominant personality types were ISTJ (16.4%), ESTJ (14.0%), and ESFJ (10.5%). The level of interpersonal needs were medium rage that was inclusion (mean=8.1), control (mean=8.8), affection (mean=8.1), expressed behavior (mean=12.1), wanted behavior (mean=12.9), and overall interpersonal needs (mean=25.0). Of the basic social needs, males and females differed significantly with regard to control needs (p=0.028).

CONCLUSION
Educational programs that take into account personality types and characteristics of interpersonal needs are crucial in providing effective medical education. Our results suggest that the characteristics of personality types and interpersonal needs should be considered in developing an interpersonal relations improvement program for medical students.


Jaundice in a 2-year-old infant in this country, secondary to an obstruction of the common bile duct by Ascaris lumbricoides, is so unusual that the following case is reported. Report of a Case A 2-year-old Negro boy had been in good health until 10 days prior to admission, when he developed severe watery diarrhea, associated with anorexia and weakness. Three days before admission he vomited an adult ascarid, and the very next day the mother observed that the child's urine was very dark and that his eyes had a yellow tint. The day before admission he vomited 20 more worms, but there was no history of his having passed any worms in the stools. In his earlier history, the child had had no severe illnesses other than upper respiratory infections. At the age of 8 months he had been treated for an Ascaris infestation, after which he passed 50 worms;


Viveka Kjellmer »Virtual identities and anti-biography in the works of Tobias Bernstrup« Swedish multimedia artist Tobias Bernstrup (b. 1970) works in a transboundary universe where reality and fi ction merge. I examine how computer games and virtual identities can be understood as artistic tools. I am especially interested in how Bernstrup's use of his own body in his artworks relates to a biographical approach, and how he uses multiple media forms to portray identities. Discussing examples of Bernstrup's art in relation to a biographical interpretation, I show that a traditio- nal biographical perspective is misleading in his case and propose »anti-biography« as a concept better suited to under- standing the biographical as non-personal. The artist's body becomes a tool expressing generic anti-biography. The artist wears fi ctional biographies, all with traits borrowed from Bernstrup, but at the same time demonstrating that identity is created and negotiable. I conclude that Bernstrup's exposure of his own body should be interpreted as referencing not his person but his artistic universe, with his body becoming a metalanguage to express something deeply human rather than personal.


Slang language is commonly used in American society in their daily life communication. However, teachers are still hesitant to teach slang in their speaking class, because slang language is assumed as impolite language. Most of the teachers don't realize that even slang language can be used in polite conversation. This paper is intended to show some analysis on some conversations in the movie entitle 'Tuesdays with Morrie' which are assumed as the representation of social language for American. The focus of the analysis is the use of slang in polite conversations. The analysis will be based on the identification of a communicative event along with three dimensions called field, tenor, and mode. The significance of the study is to clarify teachers' understanding toward slang language that can be assumed as a politeness, so the teachers will not hesitate to teach slang language to their students in speaking class. Furthermore, through this analysis, the students will know why, when, where, and how to use slang politely in their daily life conversation.


The simplest model of DNA mechanics describes the double helix as a continuous rod with twist and bend elasticity. Recent work has discussed the relevance of a little-studied coupling G between twisting and bending, known to arise from the groove asymmetry of the DNA double helix. Here, the effect of G on the statistical mechanics of long DNA molecules subject to applied forces and torques is investigated. We present a perturbative calculation of the effective torsional stiffness Ceff for small twist-bend coupling. We find that the "bare" G is "screened" by thermal fluctuations, in the sense that the low-force, long-molecule effective free energy is that of a model with G = 0, but with long-wavelength bending and twisting rigidities that are shifted by G-dependent amounts. Using results for torsional and bending rigidities for freely-fluctuating DNA, we show how our perturbative results can be extended to a nonperturbative regime. These results are in excellent agreement with numerical calculations for Monte Carlo "triad" and molecular dynamics "oxDNA" models, characterized by different degrees of coarse-graining, validating the perturbative and non-perturbative analyses. While our theory is in generally-good quantitative agreement with experiment, the predicted torsional stiffness does systematically deviate from experimental data, suggesting that there are as-yet-uncharacterized aspects of DNA twisting-stretching mechanics relevant to low-force, long-molecule mechanical response, which are not captured by widely-used coarse-grained models.


BACKGROUND
High glucose levels inhibit fetal lung maturation in vitro, consistent with the increased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in diabetic gestation. Lung fibroblast neutral lipid stores may preferentially provide substrate to type II cells for surfactant phospholipid synthesis.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
To analyze the impact of high glucose on fetal lung morphology and on fibroblast neutral lipid stores, 20-day fetal rat right upper lobe lung explants were cultured in F-12 medium with final glucose concentrations of 10 mM or 100 mM and were examined by electron microscopy.

RESULTS
Decreased numbers of type II pneumocytes/alveolar lining cell (0.19 +/- 0.04 versus 0.34 +/- 0.04; p < 0.05) and lamellar bodies/alveolar lining cell (0.48 +/- 0.13 versus 0.97 +/- 0.14; p < 0.05) were noted in the high glucose-treated explants. Lamellar bodies in potential airspaces were also significantly decreased in the high glucose group. Type II cell glycogen stores were increased in the glucose-treated group. The ratio of lamellar bodies in type II cells to lipid inclusions in adjacent fibroblasts was decreased in glucose-treated explants (0.23 +/- 0.09 versus 0.93 +/- 0.33 in controls; p < 0.01) as was the ratio of the total areal density of lamellar bodies to lipid inclusions in adjacent fibroblasts (2.78 +/- 0.24 versus 4.44 +/- 0.58; p < 0.01). Although the number of lipid inclusions/fibroblast and of fibroblasts/alveolar lining cell did not differ between the two groups, the size of fibroblast lipid inclusions was significantly greater in the high glucose-treated lungs (0.79 +/- 0.12 versus 0.45 +/- 0.04 microM 2; p < 0.02), resulting from a subpopulation of large lipid inclusions measuring > 1 microM 2.

CONCLUSIONS
These data confirm our previous biochemical results indicating an adverse effect of high glucose on fetal lung surfactant metabolism in vitro and are suggestive of a block in the trafficking of lipids from fibroblasts to type II cells under these conditions. This block may be involved in the pathogenesis of the delay in fetal lung development observed in the diabetic pregnancy.


Mixing suspensions is a very important hydraulic operation. The pitched six-blade turbine is a widely-used axial-flow impeller. This paper deals with effect relative impeller size and particle content on theefficiency of a pitched six-blade turbine at particle suspension. Two pitched six-blade turbines were used in model measurements of just suspension impeller speed. The ratios of the vessel to agitator diameter D/d were 3 and 4.5. The measurements were carried out in a dish-bottomed vessel 300 mm in diameter. The just suspension impeller speeds were measured using an electrochemical method, and were checked visually. A 2.5 % NaCl water solution was used as the liquid phase, and glass particles with four equivalent diameters between 0.18 and 0.89 mmand volumetric concentration from 2.5 % to 40% were usedasthesolid phase. The criterion values π s =P o √Fr' 3 (d/D) 7 were calculated from the particle suspension and power consumption measurements. The dependencies of π s on particle content c v show that larger agitators are more efficient for higher particle content.


The invention relates to a piteguo tea beverage which is prepared through the following steps: mixing the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 25-35% piteguo juice, 20-30% of green tea juice, 4.5-5.5% of white granulated sugar, 0.05-0.15% of citric acid and the balance of pure water; filtering with a 120-mesh nylon cloth; performing UHT (ultra high temperature) sterilization according to the conventional process; and performing sterile filling. The piteguo tea beverage has the peculiar pure savor and aroma of the piteguo juice, contains abundant nutrients and multiple vitamins, is pure in mouthfeel and satisfies the requirements of different consumer groups.


Smart living environments are beginning to come of age. Smart environments technology may be embedded in the form of sensors to monitor the behavior of the inhabitant and through actuators the environment itself may be adapted to assist. Processing of the information collected within the home provides the ability, for instance, for care of the elderly through remote care assessment and management. As we move to an age of Smart Homes the more reliant an individual, for instance the elderly and ill, become on such environments the more reliable the system must be. They must operate correctly 24/7. The Autonomic Computing paradigm with its vision of creating self-managing (self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing and self-protecting) systems to ensure as components fail the system itself continues to operate, may provide this 24/7 reliability.


We prepared hybrids between layered double hydroxide (LDH) and natural plant extract such as Peaonia suffruticosa Andrews (PS) and Peaonia Japonica (PJ) which was confirmed anti-bacterial activity through paper disc diffusion assay. According to X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, zeta-potential measurement and quantification of extract loading amount in hybrids, we confirmed that similar amount of PS and PJ loaded on interparticle pore of LDH with partial adsorption on surface of LDH through reconstruction process. We also evaluated the bacterial colony forming inhibition of PS extract, PJ extract, PS-LDH and PJ-LDH hybrids against Escherichia coli as gram negative bacterium and Bacillus subtilis as gram positive bacterium, suggesting that both hybrids have enhanced anti-bacterial activity compared with extract itself. Keyword : Layered double hydroxide, reconstruction, hybrid, natural plant extract, anti-bacterial activity


Water mist sprays were used in wide range of application. It depends on the spray
characteristic to suit a particular application. The modern commercial kitchen hood
ventilation system was adopted with the water mist nozzle technology as an
additional tool to increase the filtration efficiency. However, low level of filtration
effectiveness and high water consumption were the major problems among the
Commercial Kitchen Ventilation specialist. Therefore, this study aims to develop a
new mist spray technology and investigate the flow characteristics in commercial
kitchen hood system. At the same time, an appropriate recommended location to
install the nozzle in kitchen hood system was suggested. An extensive simulation and
experimental works were carried out to observe the flow pattern and spray
characteristics, ANSYS (FLUENT) was used for simulation wise. Meanwhile, an
experiment was conducted using Particles Image Velocimetry (PIV) to verify the
spray simulation result. The boundary condition for kitchen hood simulations was set
in the range of 0.235 m/s and 1.078 m/s for plumes and capture jet velocities
respectively. In the case of nozzle studies, five nozzles were tested with various
conditions; 1 bar (case A), 2 bar (case B) and 3 bar (case C).The results of the flow
pattern in commercial kitchen hood system shows that, the highest velocity of
plumes have more tendencies to flow pass through at the lower part of the filter.
However, all the plumes remains covering the entire filter surface. Meanwhile for the
nozzle studies, the novelty were each nozzle was able to produce water droplet size
less than 2.5 micron and penetration length more than 750 mm under low pressure
supply, which is in a range of 1 bar to 3 bar. Moreover, in comparison with
conventional nozzles configuration, this new approach suggested nozzle
configuration was reduce up to 50% of water consumption, which by adopted 3
numbers of nozzles instead of 6 numbers of nozzles in the commercial kitchen hood
system. Therefore, this nozzle will be used in industry for their benefits of water
consumption, filtration efficiency and reduced the safety limitations.


The computer and information technology industry has received much attention in recent years due to its lack of diversity and the toxic culture in these companies. The United States population is 13% Black, but this representation is not reflected in the technology workforce. In fact, fewer than 5% of tech company employees identify as Black. These factors lead many Black employees to leave, costing companies billions of dollars to fill their positions–not to mention their perspectives and expertise. The lack of diversity can also affect worker wellbeing, productivity, and innovation. To interrogate this issue, our study examines the experiences of Black engineers through their own narratives. We aim to interview 40 engineers within the technology industry to understand their working conditions. The interviews will be held with 10 each of: Black males, Black Females, White males, and White females, in order to attend to the intersectional nature of race and gender. Each participant will provide their own individual experiences, which will allow us as researchers to examine, compare, and contrast across all accounts. Specifically, we will conduct narrative analysis using three different frameworks: Faulkner's in/authenticity, Helms and Piper's pairing of racial identity theory and vocational psychology, and Kendi's history of racist ideas. Our findings will add to the depth of research on diversity by presenting our findings to stakeholders within the industry through different modes including presentations to industry leaders and at professional conferences. The end goal of this project is to create a more welcoming and diverse community within the computer and information technology industry.


Dental anaesthesia is one of the most frequently performed medical procedures. Although the frequency of ocular complications is low, these can be alarming and can potentially give rise to medicolegal issues. Dentists and oral surgeons should be well-informed of these adverse reactions. Ophthalmologists and emergency physicians might be required for appropriate care of these patients. Fortunately, most ocular complications related to dental anesthesia are transient. Differential diagnosis includes stroke and intracranial hemorrhage and so vital signs are to be closely monitored. The planned surgical procedure can be carried out once the patient is fully informed and gave consent. The psychological aspect of such unexpected complication must be managed appropriately. We report a case with diplopia and ophthalmoplegia of a reversible and temporary nature. We also include a literature review of ophthalmologic complications after intraoral local anaesthesia in this paper. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(52): 2212-2216.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to estimate the prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification of traumatic brain lesion localization and levels in patients with a brain injury of various severity in a few days to three weeks after the injury.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The cohort of 278 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of various severity aged 8-74 y.o. (average -31.4±13.8, median - 29 (21.3; 37.0) was included in the analysis. The severity of TBI at admission varied from 3 to 15 Glasgow coma scores (GCS) (average - 8±4, median - 7 (5; 12). The main indications and conditions for MRI were: inconsistency between computed tomography (CT) data and neurological status, the necessity to clarify the location and type of brain damage, the absence of metal implants, the stabilization of the patient's vital functions, etc. MRI was performed during the first three weeks after the injury using T1, T2, T2-FLAIR, DWI, T2*GRE, SWAN sequences. The damage to the brain was classified according to 8 grades depending on the lesion levels (cortical-subcortical level, corpus callosum, basal ganglia and/or thalamus, and/or internal, and/or external capsules, uni- or bilateral brain stem injury at a different level). Outcomes were assessed by the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) 6 months after injury.

RESULTS
The significant correlations were found for the entire cohort between MRI grading and TBI severity (by GCS) and outcome (by GOS) of the injury (R=-0.66; p<0.0001; R=-0.69; p<0.0001, respectively). A high accuracy (77%), sensitivity (77%) and specificity (76%) of the proposed MRI classification in predicting injury outcomes (AUC=0.85) were confirmed using the logistic regression and ROC analysis. The assessment of MRI-classification prognostic value in subgroups of patients examined during the first, second, and third weeks after injury showed significant correlations between the GCS and the GOS as well as between MRI-grading and GCS, and GOS in all three subgroups. In the subgroup of patients examined during the first 14 days after the injury, the correlation coefficients were higher compared with those obtained in a subgroup examined 15-21 days after the injury. The highest correlations between MRI grading, TBI severity, and the outcome were found in the subgroup of patients who underwent MRI in the first three days after the injury (n=58).

CONCLUSION
The proposed MRI classification of traumatic brain lesion levels and localization based on the use of different MR sequences reliably correlated with the clinical estimate of TBI severity by GCS and the outcomes by GOS in patients examined during the first three weeks after injury. The strongest correlation was observed for patients examined during the first three days after the injury.


The period immediately after the end of the Cold War (1991–1999) is  often viewed as post-imperial and marked by Russia's loss of the areas  it once dominated. During Boris Yeltsin's presidency, Moscow's foreign  policy was largely driven by a Euro-Atlanticist concept that put the  post-Soviet countries, including those in Central Asia, on the periphery  of its interests. In contrast, Vladimir Putin after his accession to power  adopted a "multipolar world" concept of foreign policy, envisaging the  Kremlin's dominance in the Eurasian heartland. This article employs empirical  studies of cause-effect relationships that discuss the evolution of  Russia's foreign policy orienteers. In particular, it looks into the question  of what Vladimir Putin aimed to achieve in Central Asia and whether he  managed to accomplish his goals. The article argues that the geopolitical  considerations are the main determinants of Russia's approach to Central  Asia, with other factors like security and policies towards the Russian  community being distinctive to each state separately.


1. The electrical properties (recorded with intracellular microelectrodes) and the mechanical properties of the myocardium of the wood-louse Porcellio dilatatus (Brandt), a terrestrial isopod crustacean, have been investigated. 2. The diastolic membrane potential varied from - 50 to - 70 mV. Several types of spontaneous electrical responses have been recorded. Their amplitude was usually between 30 and 45 mV and their duration varied from 150 to 400 msec. Except for very rare cases, overshoot did not occur. 3. The phase of depolarization began slowly; it became faster but the maximum rate of rise never exceeded 1-2 V/sec. The rising phase, devoid of steps, was followed by a partial repolarization leading to a more or less sustained smooth plateau. Super-imposed changes of potential occurred very rarely. A jagged appearance of the plateau, as seen in numerous neurogenic hearts and interpreted as junction potentials, could not be observed. 4. During spontaneous activity intracellularly applied currents modified the frequency, the time course and the amplitude of the responses. The junctional nature of the rising phase is suggested. 5. At rest the myocardial membrane displayed a 'normal' rectifying property and weak delayed rectification; in addition, some preparations showed an active graded response of the membrane. A complete regenerative activity was never triggered. 6. A tentative explanation of the electrical response is proposed: the rising phase could chiefly correspond to a junctional potential, the plateau might be a response of the membrane to the synaptic depolarization. 7. The value of the membrane space constant (about 1 mm) suggests that the small muscle fibres, as observed under optical microscope, are interconnected electrically. The impulses delivered by the heart ganglion would activate the whole myocardium almost simultaneously, resulting in a high apparent conduction velocity and a good synchronization from one end to the other. 8. The degree of tension or of relaxation of the fibres closely depended on the value of the membrane voltage. The magnitude of the contraction depended on the absolute level of the potential and the length of time during which the depolarization was maintained. The functional importance of the plateau phase is considered. Intracellular depolarizing pulses led to a contraction of the heart; conversely, hyperpolarizing pulses led to its relaxation. 9. GABA (10 -6 g/ml) inhibited the functioning of the heart and reduced the membrane resistance. Picrotoxin (10 -4 g/ml) acted as an antagonist to GABA. L-Glutamic acid (10 -4 g/ml) strongly depolarized the membrane, leading to the cessation of the activity.


Humans constantly have to coordinate their decisions with others even when their interests are conflicting (e.g., when 2 drivers have to decide who yields at an intersection). So far, however, little is known about the development of these abilities. Here, we present dyads of 5-year-olds (N = 40) with a repeated chicken game using a novel methodology: Two children each steered an automated toy train carrying a reward. The trains simultaneously moved toward each other so that in order to avoid a crash—which left both children empty-handed—1 train had to swerve. By swerving, however, the trains lost a portion of the rewards so that it was in each child's interest to go straight. Children coordinated their decisions successfully over multiple rounds, and they mostly did so by taking turns at swerving. In dyads in which turn-taking was rare, dominant children obtained significantly higher payoffs than their partners. Moreover, the coordination process was more efficient in turn-taking dyads as indicated by a significant reduction in conflicts and verbal protest. These findings indicate that already by the late preschool years children can independently coordinate decisions with peers in recurrent conflicts of interest.


Background and objective: Under-diagnosis of COPD is a widespread problem, and early detection of COPD is likely to improve the outcome. The study objective was to evaluate the role of bronchodilator reversibility testing [BD test] in early COPD case finding. Method: A high-risk population was identified as the participating GPs (n=241) recruited subjects≥ 35 yrs, relevant exposure and at least one respiratory symptom. Age, smoking status, BMI, Dyspnoea score (MRC), and spirometry data was obtained. Individuals with airway obstruction (FEV 1 /FVC l 0.70) at screening spirometry underwent a BD test (salbutamol); a positive BD test was defined as ΔFEV 1 g 0.2 L and 12%. Results: A total of 4.049 (49% females) subjects were included; mean age 58 years, BMI 27, and 32 pack-years, of which 23 % (n=937) had airway obstruction at screening spirometry. A positive BD test was found in 143 of the 937 subjects (15.3%); of these subjects, a diagnosis of COPD and asthma was confirmed in 58 and 60 subjects, respectively. In subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD, the mean increase in FEV 1 following BD was 0.113 L (SD 0.100 L), and 70% of the subjects had an increase in FEV 1 l 0.200 L. The subjects with COPD and a positive BD test were characterised by a higher prevalence of dyspnoea (72% vs. 57%, p=0.02), but less cough (55% vs. 75%, p=0.001) compared to COPD subjects without BD reversibility. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed subjects with COPD have a positive BD reversibility test, but systematic testing for BD reversibility in the setting of early COPD case finding seems to be of little diagnostic value.


The aim of this study was to assess regional haemodynamic changes in conscious Brattleboro rats during chronic ingestion of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Animals were instrumented with renal, mesenteric and hindquarters pulsed Doppler flow probes and an intra-arterial catheter, and haemodynamic measurements were made before, during and after 14 days' exposure to L-NAME (0.01 mg ml-1 in the drinking water). Within 6 h after addition of L-NAME to the drinking water, mean arterial blood pressure was increased (maximum, 33 +/- 6 mm Hg), and remained so until L-NAME was withdrawn, whereupon blood pressure returned to normal levels within 24 h. The hypertension was accompanied by a transient reduction in mesenteric blood flow, and a more persistent reduction in hindquarters blood flow. Mesenteric and, particularly, hindquarters vascular conductance showed a sustained reduction. However, during ingestion of L-NAME, renal blood flow was not diminished and, over the final 4 days of exposure to L-NAME there was no significant renal vasoconstriction. All regional haemodynamic effects of L-NAME were lost within 24 h of its withdrawal. Hence, as with shorter periods of exposure to the less potent NO synthase inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, the hypertension caused by L-NAME is dependent on its continued administration, and is associated with a particularly marked hindquarters vasoconstriction.


We compare the leading and next-to-leading order QCD predictions for the flux of atmospheric muons and neutrinos from decays of charmed particles. We find that the full NLO lepton fluxes can be approximated to within {approx}10% by the Born-level fluxes multiplied by an overall factor of 2.2-2.4, which depends slightly on the PDF. This supports the approach of Thunman, Ingelman and Gondolo. We also find that their very low lepton fluxes are due to the mild slope they used for the gluon distribution function at small momentum fractions, and that substantially larger lepton fluxes result when the slope of the gluon distribution function at small momentum fractions is larger. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.


ABSTRACT This study investigates the comprehension of wh-questions in individuals with aphasia (IWA) speaking Turkish, a non-wh-movement language, and German, a wh-movement language. We examined six German-speaking and 11 Turkish-speaking IWA using picture-pointing tasks. Findings from our experiments show that the Turkish IWA responded more accurately to both object who and object which questions than to subject questions, while the German IWA performed better for subject which questions than in all other conditions. Using random forest models, a machine learning technique used in tree-structured classification, on the individual data revealed that both the Turkish and German IWA's response accuracy is largely predicted by the presence of overt and unambiguous case marking. We discuss our results with regard to different theoretical approaches to the comprehension of wh-questions in aphasia.


An injector well drilled from an artificial island in UAE left a non-magnetic fish during well control operations across lower Cretaceous reservoirs below the 9⅝-in. casing shoe, exposing all upper Jurassic reservoirs flow units. The situation was a serious concern to field developing and reservoir integrity as aquifer, gas and many layers of oil reservoirs were connected through the borehole below the fish. It was decided to sidetrack around the fish to intersect the original 8½-in. open-hole section. The sidetrack was accomplished, but the first attempt to intersect the mother hole was unsuccessful. Therefore, an innovative solution was needed for detecting the mother hole to intersect it.
 A combination of cross-dipole deep shear acoustic, high-resolution induction and orientation wireline measurements were advised. These measurements would be used to update the wellbore survey and to detect acoustic reflections from the mother hole for identifying its relative orientation with respect to the sidetrack hole. Detailed measurement-while-drilling (MWD) wellbore survey analyses were conducted for the original and sidetrack holes beside typical corrections, such as Sag and drillstring interference. The deep shear wave imaging data recorded in the side-track hole was processed at multiple X-dipole polarization directions to detect shear reflection from the mother-hole and back calculate its relative position.
 The high-resolution induction data could not detect the fish from the sidetrack, but few dipole reflections of the mother hole were detected in two locations. The orientation of the reflectors was consistent with the revised wellbore survey analysis, and this information was used to make the directional drilling corrections required to intersect the mother hole. The use of deep shear wave imaging data to identify a nearby open hole was a non-conventional application of this technology, but it definitely facilitated directional drilling operations to successfully intersect a mother hole that cannot be left uncompleted. After the openhole intersection, a good borehole condition was encountered due to the non-damaging fluid system, allowing the well to be completed as per original plan. Achieving this challenging directional drilling objective was critical for the field development plan of these offshore UAE reservoirs.
 This case study represents the first documented field experience of using deep shear wave imaging data in the petroleum industry for assisting directional drillers to intersect an open hole mother wellbore after sidetracking a fish.


Balzac's Lys dans la vallée (1835) and the twenty-sixth novella of Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron (1558) that inspired it explore much of the same archetypal ground as the Pygmalion myth. Central to all three texts is the desire to shape an ideal companion. A side-by-side comparison of Balzac's and Marguerite's texts highlights aspects of Le Lys that are often under-emphasized, particularly Balzac's treatment of female characters. French and Raven's theory on the bases of social power provides an approach to analyzing the means by which the female protagonist attempts to shape her younger male admirer into the ideal love object.


Computer security systems protect computers and networks from unauthorized use by external agents and insiders. The similarities between computer security and the problem of protecting a body against damage from externally and internally generated threats are compelling and were recognized as early as 1972 when the term computer virus was coined. The connection to immunology was made explicit in the mid 1990s, leading to a variety of prototypes, commercial products, attacks, and analyses. The paper reviews one thread of this active research area, focusing on system-call monitoring and its application to anomaly intrusion detection and response. The paper discusses the biological principles illustrated by the method, followed by a brief review of how system call monitoring was used in anomaly intrusion detection and the results that were obtained. Proposed attacks against the method are discussed, along with several important branches of research that have arisen since the original papers were published. These include other data modeling methods, extensions to the original system call method, and rate limiting responses. Finally, the significance of this body of work and areas of possible future investigation are outlined in the conclusion.


A distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR)-type1 dynamic-single-mode (DSM) laser2 has been developed for its mode stability and coherent spectrum under high-frequency operation. Shortening of the active region length makes the properties of the DBR-type DSM laser, such as a larger submode suppression ratio, wider temperature range,3 and larger structural tolerance for phase adjustment,4 excellent.


Peatlands cover many low‐lying areas in the tropics. Tropical peatlands are intriguing systems because of their tight coupling between hydrology and carbon storage: They accumulate carbon over thousands of years because of waterlogging, and they remain waterlogged after growing into domed shapes because peat restricts drainage. This feedback between waterlogging and landscape morphology generates landforms with special hydrologic properties that enable simplifications of standard watershed models. In natural tropical peatlands, the water table is always near the surface and infiltration is almost immediate. In addition, water table fluctuations relative to the peat surface are remarkably uniform across tropical peatlands because these peatlands acquire shapes with a uniform topographic wetness index. In this paper, we show that because of these distinctive properties, simple hydrologic models that represent the hydraulic state of a catchment by a scalar quantity that describes total water storage are useful and physically meaningful in tropical peatlands. We demonstrate how to efficiently derive hillslope‐scale parameterizations of transmissivity and specific yield as functions of water table height for a tropical peatland from water table, rainfall, and topographic data. Our findings suggest that natural tropical peatland subcatchments could be usefully modeled as single hydrologic response units for river flow and flood forecasting.


Summary We describe a new method of transvenous laser or radiofrequency perforation of the pulmonary valve with subsequent balloon pulmonary valvoplasty. The technique obviates the need for arterial catheterisation and considerably shortens the time needed for the procedure. Uncomplicated and successful relief of pulmonary valvar atresia was achieved in both patients attempted, although one ultimately required a Blalock-Taussig shunt because of increasing muscular obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract.


Structural transformation in the economy and institutional innovations bring changes in the socio--economic dynamics in the society. This leads to changes in the pattern of income distribution, poverty and income inequality. Environmental resources such as forest still make significant contribution in rural household economy. The leasehold forestry program for the poor introduced in the last decade of 2000 with the purpose of forest regeneration and raising household income in Nepal has completed more than two decades. Using micro data collected at household level from two districts in Nepal in 2008, this paper examined the contribution of leasehold forest and other sources in household economy. The study finding revealed that all biomass income sources including agriculture and wage work had income inequality reducing effects measured in terms of Gini-coefficient. In contrast, remittance and salary and business income had inequality raising effects. As leasehold forest contributed less than 5 percent of the household income even after 10 years of investment, there is a strong need to improve its performance by integrating it with income generating activities such as livestock and agroforestry. The inequality raising effect ranging from 3 to 6 percent from various biomass sources needs to be better utilized. Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 17 & 18 No. 1-2 (2014) Combined Issue, Page: 29-28


Abstract. With eCognition software, the sample-based object-oriented classification method is used. Remote sensing images in Huairou district of Beijing had been classified using remote sensing images of last ten years. According to the results of image processing, the land use types in Huairou district of Beijing were analyzed in the past ten years, and the changes of land use types in Huairou district were obtained, and the reasons for its occurrence were analyzed.


A low phase-noise microwave oscillator is presented by a substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) loading a complementary split ring resonator(CSRR) in this paper. The unloaded Q-factor of the SIW cavity is increased by loading a complementary split ring resonator(CSRR) and its value exhibits 1960. It is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the proposed circuit generates 11.3 dBm of output power at 9.3 GHz and a phase-noise of —127.9 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset.


Since health needs outweigh the available resources, choices are imperative. It is thus necessary to set limits, criteria, and standards in order to prioritize the supply, the recipients, and the services to be provided. Ethical alternatives are discussed for the prioritization and rationing of health care, focusing on the principles of equity and social utility.


The problem of output feedback H∞ control for a class of constrained linear systems is studied in this paper. A sufficient condition for the existence of the H∞ output feedback controllers is proposed. Furthermore, the solution scheme is formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, an aircraft model and a quarter car active suspension model are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Since 1951, date of the First contact, the Baruya of the Wonenara valley has twice been a pioneering frontline for Protestant missions. First in the 1960s, when several Lutheran and SDA pastors moved in, and the second time at the turn of the 2000s, when three "New Evangelical Churches" settled in the valley.
After presenting the history of the presence of these five Churches, I analyse the pastors' ideas as expressed during services or in informal discussions about the place of women in daily life and in church, and about gender relations more generally. The observation of church services reveals also a possibility of women for speaking in public that was hitherto unknown. Moreover, the pastors' origins (Baruya or non Baruya) seem to play a role in the way they talk about women during their services, whatever their Church may say.


We describe a scheme for rate-distortion with distributed encoding in which the sources to be compressed contain a common component. We show that this scheme is optimal in some situations and that it strictly improves upon existing schemes, which do not make full use of common components. This resolves in the negative an open question regarding whether independent quantization followed by independent binning is optimal for the two-encoder problem with a distortion constraint on one source. We also show that independent quantization and binning is suboptimal for the three-encoder problem in which the goal is to reproduce one of the sources losslessly. This provides a counterexample that is fundamentally different from one provided earlier by Ko¿rner and Marton. The proofs rely on the binary analogue of the entropy power inequality and the existence of a rate loss for the binary symmetric Wyner-Ziv problem.


We have developed an approach for designing a dichroic coating to optimize performance of current-matched multijunction photovoltaic cells while diverting unused light. By matching the spectral responses of the photovoltaic cells and current matching them, substantial improvement to system efficiencies is shown to be possible. A design for use in a concentrating hybrid solar collector was produced by this approach, and is presented. Materials selection, design methodology, and tilt behavior on a curved substrate are discussed.


The international law of regulatory expropriation has received considerable attention in recent legal writings, case law and State practice. Concerns of indirect expropriation and its regulatory aspects can be articulated in terms of sustainable development, particularly regarding the principles of integrated environmental protection and good governance. This perspective is valuable since much of the thinking behind recent treaty practice and case law on regulatory expropriation appears to be grappling with precisely these issues, balancing the protection of the environment and the preclusion of regulatory chill while fostering an improved regulatory culture. This chapter examines the impact of customary law of expropriation on the interpretative process of investment treaty rules of expropriation. It is argued that State practice emphasising the non-compensable nature of regulation adopted for certain purposes is counter-intuitively negative for the perspective of sustainable development. These developments are superfluous regarding the non-compensable aspects and disrupt the delicate balance classically provided by the purpose-neutral international due process.


【The purpose of this study was to introduce a PTSD patient who experienced significant effects of mindfulness meditation and Ii-Gyeung-Byun-Qi therapy. Our psychotherapy was executed five times a week for the 14-year-old male patient who attended middle school and was diagnosed by DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD, and then the MMPI-A was evaluated to determine the effects after 3 months. The results showed normal profiles of MMPI-A validity scales and Clinical Scales profile after his treatment, positive changes in content scales, and significant decreases of PSYC (psychoticism) and NEGE (negative emotionality) in PSY-5 scales. This study made through a case report on the treated psychotherapy for PTSD by the applications of modern psychological techniques in the Korean psychotherapy. We expected that this case report will have a role in development of standardized psychotherapy programs for PTSD.】


Technology Focus
 Summer jobs working on drilling rigs in western Oklahoma and California in 1980 and '81 were great adventures. High oil and gas demand meant major and independent operators used some of the latest, state-of-the-art rigs to probe deep into high-pressure reservoirs. Planning and executing wells back then was a manual process with experience, horsepower, pencil, and calculator. My adventures continued after I graduated from college in 1982. Ever-evolving drilling, completion, and subsurface technology characterized the years that followed.
 Fast forward to February 2020. "The more things change, the more they stay the same," the old-timers might say. In many field locations today, old-school machinery and processes remain in place. However, we see artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics, machine learning, and related advancements transforming our industry. These developments have been headlines for several years now but will take more time to reach full fruition. Experts agree this is just the beginning. Jensen Huang, chief executive officer and founder of Nvidia, highlighted this during a CNBC interview in November. "We are at the beginning of the AI revolution, one of the most powerful technological forces of all time," he said. "We've created the ability for computers to understand the code of human knowledge. All industries will be transformed." Huang, an AI visionary, showed a 4D simulation of an unmanned Mars landing craft on final approach going from 12,000 mph to zero in 6 minutes. Such visionaries are also working in upstream exploration and production to achieve remarkable advancements.
 A focus on drilling innovation reveals no shortage of SPE papers that exemplify these exciting trends. Without exception, the featured articles reflect increased volumes of surface and downhole data that are being captured and analyzed to enable deep learning, improved efficiency, safety, and value. As noted in paper OTC 29487, oil and gas companies are creating layers of digital knowledge enabling a new generation of AI-driven applications. New insights into mitigation of drillstring vibration, well-control events, and rate-of-penetration optimization follow. Managed-pressure drilling remains a persistent trend that continues to evolve across onshore, offshore, and geographical boundaries, opening new frontiers once seen as out of reach. One need not look to outer space to imagine the extent of breakthroughs to come in the not-too-distant future.
 Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
 SPE/IADC 194535 Nitrogen-Cap Drilling: A Managed-Pressure-Drilling Alternative for Highly Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs by Alexey Podust, Tengizchevroil, et al.
 SPE 196166 Standardization: Successful Implementation of Driving Consistency in Deepwater Operations by Daniel A. Durey, Shell, et al.
 SPE 197942 Innovative Digital Well-Construction-Planning Solution Enhances Coherency and Efficiency of the Drilling-Design Process by Waldemar Szemat-Vielma, Schlumberger, et al.


Atraumatic infections due to Clostridium septicum are known to be associated with immunosuppression or even malignancy. In this case report, we present a patient with severe Clostridium septicum infection related to advanced colon cancer that had not previously been diagnosed. The case demonstrates the strong association between Clostridium septicum infections and malignancy, particularly in the presence of other predisposing diseases such as diabetes mellitus. It strongly suggests excluding malignant neoplasms, especially of the gastrointestinal tract, when severe Clostridium septicum infections occur. Moreover, if patients with known colorectal or other malignancy develop septicaemia or spontaneous gas gangrene, clinicians should be aware of Clostridium septicum as one of the main causative agents, as early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are important to improve prognosis.


Abstract: Nowadays, in power electronic devices the power quality associated problems are more preoccupied. Different methods of power devices are needed for compensating PQ disturbances. For increasing the PQ one of the power electronic devices used is active power filter (APF). The performance of Shunt APF must be improved by reducing the PQ disturbances. For increasing the behavior of SAPF and PQ compensation a hybrid controller is developed in this paper. The combination of GA and RBFNN method is utilized by deduce the source current for compensation of Shunt APF and decreasing PQ issues. By using SAPF the harmonic disturbances are decreased. The developed hybrid controller method is utilized to make constant DC voltage in the DC link capacitor of the developed MLI. Consequently, developed method uses Harmonic analysis for estimating the THD values. The developed technique is executed in matlab Simulink model. The behavior of developed technique is appraised and differentiated with PI and fuzzy logic controllers.


Papain-immunized mice possess serum antibodies which cross-react with cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-H-like endopeptidases isolated from B16 melanoma cells. The growth rate, invasion and metastasis of both the B16 melanoma and the Lewis lung carcinoma were inhibited in mice immunized with papain. These animals presented an increased mean survival time as compared to the tumor-bearing nonimmunized controls. Quantitative microscopy suggested that vasodilation and edema, associated with tumor invasion, are, at least partially, sustained by proteolytic enzymes, being strongly reduced when tumor cells were inoculated in papain-immunized mice.


OFDM/CPM is now a recognized alternative to conventional OFDM for the transmission of signals over nonlinear channel. This paper presents a characterization of nonlinear distortion effects in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing/continuous phase modulation (OFDM/CPM) transmission systems. In a second step, a comparison with simulation results is carried out to show that CM is more suitable to show characterization of nonlinear distortion than PAPR.


School achievement has long-term consequences for occupational success, mental health, and overall psychological adjustment. The present study examined the association between temperament trajectories from late childhood through adolescence and academic outcomes during late adolescence and young adulthood. Data come from the California Families Project, a longitudinal study of 674 Mexican-origin youth assessed 12 times from Age 10 to 23, and from school records. Results from latent growth curve models indicate that higher levels of Effortful Control (EC) at Age 10 were associated with better academic achievement (i.e., higher high school grade point average and test scores, greater likelihood of high school graduation and college attendance) in late adolescence and young adulthood. Higher levels of Negative Emotionality (NEM) at Age 10 were associated with worse academic achievement, but this effect did not hold for all facets of NEM. Neither the levels nor slopes of Positive Emotionality (Surgency, Affiliation) consistently predicted school achievement. There were no main effects of the EC or NEM slopes; however, statistically significant interactions between these slopes and parental monitoring emerged. When parental monitoring was low, youth who experienced greater increases in EC (vs. flat or decreasing slopes) had better academic achievement, and youth who experienced greater increases in NEM had worse academic achievement; in contrast, when parents closely monitored their children, changes in EC and NEM were only weakly associated with achievement. Overall, these findings demonstrate that temperament in late childhood, and changes in temperament across adolescence, have important prospective effects on academic achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) has brought about a revolution in the way the world communicates with each other. With the increasing number of people, interacting through the internet and the rise of new platforms and technologies has brought together the people from different social, cultural and geographical backgrounds to present their thoughts, ideas and opinions on topics of their interest. CMC has, in some cases, gave users more freedom to express themselves as compared to Face-to-face communication. This has also led to rise in the use of hostile and aggressive language and terminologies uninhibitedly. Since such use of language is detrimental to the discussion process and affects the audience and individuals negatively, efforts are being taken to control them. The research sees the need to understand the concept of flaming and hence attempts to classify them in order to give a better understanding of it. The classification is done on the basis of type of flame content being presented and the Style in which they are presented.