Mobile computing devices with communication capabilities such as PDAs and cell phones are very popular and can be used as an ad-hoc network to interconnect users and services. The visualization of 3D scenes has many interesting applications, for instance, virtual guide, virtual mall, gaming, training, and monitoring. In this paper we focus on how to merge these technologies to stream interactive virtual environments to remote thin clients over ad-hoc networks, while minimizing the overhead. Mobile ad hoc networks poses significant challenges to multimedia streaming, mainly due to the mobility induced changes in bandwidth. We propose a protocol for interactive streaming of image-based rendered scenes which, different from the traditional geometry rendering schemes, is based on images to render photo-realistic views, that proved to be very suitable for such mobile devices. We also propose an image-based representation of 3D scenes and its packetization scheme, and a feedback mechanism to adapt the traffic to the frequent changes in bandwidth, and thus improving the performance of our streaming system. Besides presenting our proposed interactive streaming system, we also discuss the results of the simulation experiments.


Amenthes Rupes is the topographic expression of a main fault belonging to a thrust fault system located parallel to the martian dichotomy boundary. A 3D forward model has been applied to the Amenthes thrust fault system, constraining fault geometries at depth, variations of slip along strike, and structural parameters controlling the formation of fault propagation folds. Our results provide a complex 3D view of the tectonic framework of the area, with implications for tectonic evolution, regional shortening distribution, and the main mechanical discontinuities in the lithosphere. The modeled fault surfaces show planar morphologies combined with listric geometries at depth. The obtained depths of faulting for the major faults of this fault system suggest a depth of the brittle‐ductile transition (at the time of formation) of 20–24 km, somewhat shallower than previous estimates for this area. A possible mechanical discontinuity located at 9.5–13 km deep can be deduced from the faulting depths of the secondary faults. The listric geometries at depth imply that slip is transmitted from the decollement, which, together with the inclusion in the model of secondary and subsidiary faults, allow us to estimate the horizontal shortening recorded in this area ranging from 2–3 km up to ~5.5 km in the southeastern part of the fault system. This range increases the previous shortening estimates in this area between ~60% and ~200%. Consequently, global shortening estimates based on global fault maps are biased by the detail of mapping, and shortening would substantially increase if secondary faults were included.


OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the effects of chronic melatonin treatment on gene expression of α1-, α2-, β1- and β2-adrenoceptors in the hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).

BACKGROUND
Preclinical studies have also shown that melatonin prevented short- and long-term memory impairments and exhibited antidepressant-like actions.

METHODS
For this study, we used 24 animals, which were divided into four groups, and the experiment lasted 4 weeks. We quantified the changes in mRNA and protein levels of α1-, α2-, β1- and β2-adrenoceptors in the hippocampus after melatonin treatment.

RESULTS
Our results demonstrated a decreased gene expression of α1-, α2- and β2-adrenoceptors in the hippocampus of rats subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress, while there was no change in gene expression of β1-adrenoceptors. Melatonin treatment in the CUMS rats prevented the stress-induced decrease in mRNA and protein levels of α1-and β2-adrenoceptors, whereas did not affect either on mRNA or protein level of β1-and α2-adrenoceptors.

CONCLUSION
Our data suggest that melatonin, by increasing reduced levels of α1- and β2-adrenoceptors mRNA and protein in the hippocampus of chronic stressed rats, may be beneficial in conditions such as chronic stress and provides an experimental opportunity to probe into further molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of these receptor subtype (Fig. 2, Ref. 28).


The Crab Nebula is one of the most efficient accelerators in the Galaxy and the only galactic source showing direct evidence of PeV particles. In spite of this, the physical process behind such effective acceleration is still a deep mystery. While particle acceleration, at least at the highest energies, is commonly thought to occur at the pulsar wind termination shock, the properties of the upstream flow are thought to be non-uniform along the shock surface, and important constraints on the mechanism at work come from exact knowledge of where along this surface particles are being accelerated. Here we use axisymmetric relativistic MHD simulations to obtain constraints on the acceleration site(s) of particles of different energies in the Crab Nebula. Various scenarios are considered for the injection of particles responsible for synchrotron radiation in the different frequency bands, radio, optical and X-rays. The resulting emission properties are compared with available data on the multi wavelength time variability of the inner nebula. Our main result is that the X-ray emitting particles are accelerated in the equatorial region of the pulsar wind. Possible implications on the nature of the acceleration mechanism are discussed.


The SPART method presented here was developed for the real time computation of the preferential plane of VCG spatial loops. The space loop transformation is done using the modified Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). The major loop (ML) is the result of such transformation. An algorithm executes morphology analysis and adaptive clustering using Fourier descriptors (FDs) of ML. The respiration signal was derived based on the calculations of spatial electrical axes of ML. The SPART method estimates the spatial beat-to-beat parameters variability and decreases the respiration-induced influence. Preliminary testing confirms the utility of the SPART method to the real-time analysis of the VCG signal during electrophysiological investigations.


The growing need for novel light sources in variety applications increases the demand for laser sources operating in many different range of spectrum. Despite the success in development of mid-infrared (mid-IR) lasers, which are essential in many applications such as: environmental science, bio-science and physics, there are still lack of reliable lasers in this range with existing fibre laser technology compatibility. Meanwhile the nonlinearity in gases has been explored extensively from the very beginning of nonlinear optics, however, new developments in pulsed lasers and fibre design provide opportunities for more applications. The introduction of Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fibres (HC-PCF) has revolutionised the area of nonlinearity in gaseous media by offering a single-mode confined light beam for very long distances. In this thesis, the focus was on mid-IR pulse generation by Raman frequency conversion in a gas-filled HC-PCF. Due to reliable performance and compatibility of fibre lasers with HC-PCFs, and towards fully fiberized source, an erbium-doped fibre laser (1.55 μm) has been selected as the pump for this project. In order to reach as far as possible into the mid-IR region, hydrogen has been selected as the filling gas of fibre, due to its large frequency shift and high Raman gain. The large frequency shift and mid-IR operating range required a new fibre design with a broadband transmission window and relatively low loss in mid-IR. After studying conventional HC-PCF structures, the recently proposed Nested Anti-resonant Nodeless Fibre (NANF) has been selected as the most suitable option for the purpose of this thesis [71]. Two NANFs, made of silica and tellurite, have been designed and optimized through the use of the developed Finite Element Method (FEM) toolbox in this thesis for operating wavelengths at pump (1.55 μm) and 1st Stokes (4.35 μm). A novel design has also been introduced in NANFs which shows polarization maintaining feature as good as the latest state-of-the-art HC-PBGF type [77]. The proposed design also shows polarizing capability in addition to its polarization maintaining by presenting a large loss ratio (~30 dB) between different polarizations of propagating light through it. The pulse propagation throughout the hydrogen-filled NANFs has been investigated by modelling the Raman response of hydrogen and numerically solving the Generalized Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (GNLSE). Simulations show promising results for frequency conversion towards mid-IR and the possibility of Raman lasers in this region by considering different gas and using the readily available air in HC fibres. Furthermore, in this work, the nonlinear dynamics of atmospheric air-filled HC fibres have been studied, ranging from Raman down conversion process to a high spectral power density supercontinuum spanning from 850 to 1600 nm. A semi-quantum model for air has been adopted and integrated into the GNLSE, which surpasses the limitations of simple model. Using the adopted model, the experimental results have been reproduced without any extra computational cost. A rigorous study has been performed on nonlinear dynamics of pulse propagation in air-filled HC fibres and the origin of many nonlinear phenomenon are identified.


We show through numerical simulation that fractal morphology appears at the end of the spontaneous evolution of the interface between a random system and a finite-etching solution. The appearance of this morphology is directly linked to the critical slowing-down of the reaction when the system is going towards a collective equilibrium. The process is explained in terms of gradient percolation theory.


Mitral stenosis still remains a major problem in Southeast Asia including Thailand. It contributes to the morbidity and mortality related to thromboembolism which was associated with the left atrial thrombus. However, the pathogenesis of left atrial thrombus in these patients is not completely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the coagulation and platelet activity including the function of the endocardium in the left atrium and peripheral circulation in patients with mitral stenosis who were free of left atrial thrombus and to compare those hematologic markers activity in the peripheral venous blood between the patients with mitral stenosis and the control. Thirty-six patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis were included in the study. Most of the patients were in functional class II and 50 per cent had atrial fibrillation. Blood was obtained from the femoral vein, femoral artery, pulmonary artery and left atrium of these patients before heparin was administered to determine the value of various hematologic markers. In the control group, blood for determining the hematologic markers was collected only from the antecubital vein. The results of this study demonstrated that the levels of prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) and Beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) in the left atrium of the patients with mitral stenosis were significantly higher than those in the femoral vein and femoral artery, whereas the level of thrombomodulin was significantly lower in the left atrium compared with the femoral artery and vein. When comparing with the control group, the levels of TAT, plasminogen activator inhibitors-1 (PAI-1) from the peripheral vein were significantly higher and the level of thrombomodulin was also significantly lower in the patients with mitral stenosis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated an abnormal hypercoagulable state of the left atrium and systemic circulation related to the abnormalities of coagulation, platelets and the endocardium which may cause the formation of left atrial thrombus in patients with mitral stenosis.


Like most religious traditions, Judaism is diverse. Perhaps especially in Israel, where I live (although certainly not only there), debates about what Jewish knowledge is important and who has the right to define the parameters of religious education are passionate, sometimes angry, often political, and ongoing. The politicized and highly emotional nature of Israeli debate brings general issues of Jewish education into relief. In Israel it is visceral; outside of Israel it is perhaps more genteel, but the issues are the same. What do young Jews need to know to go out into the world as identified Jews, to stay Jewish, teach their children and contribute to the continuation of their religion?


In this first installment of the Misinformation series, the author tackles complex socio-economic and political topics related to the economy of the United States, such as the federal budget, wasteful spending, the national debt, unemployment and social security. By breaking down each subject into layman's terms, the author clearly and concisely presents, in an unbiased manner, the facts behind the fake news, half-truths and general misinformation from the annoying headlines and memes cluttering social media on these volatile subjects.


The aim of aggressive antitumor chemotherapy is to kill the tumor with the largest possible dose of a cytotoxic drug. The maximum dose tolerated by the patient is limited by the toxicity to normal tissue, hematopoiesis being frequently the most sensitive system. Transfer of drug resistance genes to hematopoietic cells could protect them against chemotherapy-related toxicity and thus could be a way of gene therapy in cancer. Methylating and chloroethylating derivatives of nitrosourea are effective anticancer drugs, however, acute hematopoietic toxicity and late risk of leukemia are serious side effects. The major lesion responsible for toxic and mutagenic effects of alkylnitrosoureas is O6-alkylation of guanine in DNA. This lesion is specifically repaired by O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase and hematopoietic cells can be protected against toxic and mutagenic effect of nitrosoureas by alkyltransferase gene transfer. Endogenous alkyltransferase in tumor tissue could be inactivated by administration of O6-benzylguanine, while hematopoietic cells could still be chemoprotected by inhibitor-resistant alkyltransferase gene transfer. This approach could increase the therapeutic efficacy of nitrosoureas in gene therapy augmented cancer treatment.


Total oxygen consumption rate, averaged over 1957-1982, and its variations with salinity in the deep water of the Baltic proper are calculated by a system of diagnostic advection-diffusion equations in a "natural" coordinate frame of reference. Although the data set used is not ideal for a more thorough investigation of the sensitivity of the model, an oxygen budget is formulated. A gross consumption rate of 3 x 10-9 mol m-3 s-1 is obtained. Further, a total consumption of about 0.14 x 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 is found, which is equivalent to an annual carbon input of 10 g C m-2 yr-1.


Background. Bayesian methods have been proposed as a way of synthesizing all available evidence to inform decision making. However, few practical applications of the use of Bayesian methods for combining patient-level data (i.e., trial) with additional evidence (e.g., literature) exist in the cost-effectiveness literature. The objective of this study was to compare a Bayesian cost-effectiveness analysis using informative priors to a standard non-Bayesian nonparametric method to assess the impact of incorporating additional information into a cost-effectiveness analysis. Methods. Patient-level data from a previously published nonrandomized study were analyzed using traditional nonparametric bootstrap techniques and bivariate normal Bayesian models with vague and informative priors. Two different types of informative priors were considered to reflect different valuations of the additional evidence relative to the patient-level data (i.e., "face value" and "skeptical"). The impact of using different distributions and valuations was assessed in a sensitivity analysis. Models were compared in terms of incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) and cost-effectiveness acceptability frontiers (CEAFs). Results. The bootstrapping and Bayesian analyses using vague priors provided similar results. The most pronounced impact of incorporating the informative priors was the increase in estimated life years in the control arm relative to what was observed in the patient-level data alone. Consequently, the incremental difference in life years originally observed in the patient-level data was reduced, and the INMB and CEAF changed accordingly. Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate the potential impact and importance of incorporating additional information into an analysis of patient-level data, suggesting this could alter decisions as to whether a treatment should be adopted and whether more information should be acquired.


Background:

The usefulness of Yoga on health-related outcomes has been shown numerous times in the past. However, the effectiveness of an Online-Yoga intervention has not. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of a two-week online yoga practice on different health related outcomes by using a correlative cross-sectional as well as a randomized controlled intervention study design.

Method:

The sample of the cross-sectional study at the first time point consisted of 476 participants (399 female, 77 male). The data was collected online at four time points in total: Just before the yoga-course, after one week, after two weeks and four weeks after completion of the intervention.

Findings:

The analysis of the cross-sectional data from the first measurement showed significant correlations between a regular yoga practice and the constructs body-awareness, mindfulness, satisfaction with life, and positive affect. No correlations were found for stress, depression, anxiety, and negative affect.

Within the intervention study 128 randomized participants (103 female, 25 male) were compared: An intervention group, which performed an online yoga course as a daily intervention for two weeks and a control group, which had to watch the daily news. In order to control for the effects of an existing yoga practice this variable was used as
a covariate. However, none of the hypothesized effects emerged.

Discussion:

Correlational analyses of the cross-sectional data partly support the positive effects associated with yoga on health related variables. No evidence for the short term efficacy of a two week online-yoga intervention could be shown, though.


Objective: To define and understand diabetes burnout through thematic analysis of narrative posts, written by adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), published in publicly available blogs. Research Design and Methods: A qualitative thematic analysis of 35 posts published in 21 blogs from the U.S., UK, and Ireland, written by adults with T1D, provided the basis for definition(s) of diabetes burnout. Data management (Nvivo 11 Pro) and analysis included three phases: immersion, reduction, and interpretation (kappa=.91). Results: Findings included five main themes that described diabetes burnout: (1)Burnout is a "detachment" from diabetes care; (2) the "demanding life" of diabetes leads to burnout; (3) struggling with "perfect" numbers adds to burnout; (4) "life events" are catalysts to burnout; (5) and overcoming burnout is like "climbing out of a difficult hole." Conclusions: Analysis of blogs provided unique insights into the concept of diabetes burnout. Five themes were identified that ranged from detachment from diabetes care to difficulties in overcoming diabetes. These data provide a next step into understanding diabetes burnout and factors that may co-occur. Further research needed to advance science of diabetes burnout to improve quality of care and quality of life of individuals with diabetes. Disclosure S. Abdoli: None. A.C. Vora: Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. D.M. Hessler: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. H.L. Stuckey: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Calibra Medical, Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc..


Feeding capacity and fecundity of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis fed on nymphal stages of the two – spotted spider mites were highly affected by the plant texture and rearing substrates. The predatory mite individually attacked more preys on bean leaves. The feeding capacity during 10 days in the oviposition period was declined gradually on apple, fig, cotton and mango with an average of 16.37, 15.92, 10.28, 9.95 and 8.97 prey individuals/day, respectively. The statistical analysis proved that there were no significant differences between the values of prey consumption of P. persimilis on either bean and apple leaves or fig and cotton leaves, in spite of the differences in morphological characters between the aforementioned plants and the others are significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that both bean and apple leaves are more suitable substrates to rear and maintain P. persimilis . Also, egg deposition was significantly decreased when maintained on cucumber and squash leaves. The lowest rates of fecundity were obtained on mango and cotton leaves. Adult female of the predatory mite laid an average of 39.5, 37.3 and 36.1 eggs/10 days with daily rate of 3.95, 3.73 and 3.61 eggs / ♀ / day on bean, apple and fig leaves, respectively, compared to 31.5, 30.5, 25.6 and 25.1 eggs / ♀ on squash, cucumber, mango and cotton leaves, respectively. important role on the number of deposited eggs of predator and its feeding capacity on prey. P. persimilis attacked more prey and laid more eggs on smooth hairy leaves like those of bean and apple while cucumber, squash and cotton leaves are not suitable. Therefore, bean leaves are recommended to maintain P. persimilis cultures for biological control purposes.


Opioid peptides and their receptors are expressed in the mammalian retina; however, little is known about how they might affect visual processing. The melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which mediate important non-image-forming visual processes such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR), express β-endorphin-preferring, µ-opioid receptors (MORs). The objective of the present study was to elucidate if opioids, endogenous or exogenous, modulate pupillary light reflex (PLR) via MORs expressed by ipRGCs. MOR-selective agonist [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO) or antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) was administered via intravitreal injection. PLR was recorded in response to light stimuli of various intensities. DAMGO eliminated PLR evoked by light with intensities below melanopsin activation threshold but not that evoked by bright blue irradiance that activated melanopsin signaling, although in the latter case, DAMGO markedly slowed pupil constriction. CTAP or genetic ablation of MORs in ipRGCs slightly enhanced dim-light-evoked PLR but not that evoked by a bright blue stimulus. Our results suggest that endogenous opioid signaling in the retina contributes to the regulation of PLR. The slowing of bright light-evoked PLR by DAMGO is consistent with the observation that systemically applied opioids accumulate in the vitreous and that patients receiving chronic opioid treatment have slow PLR.


This paper investigates a new isolated single-phase AC-DC converter, which integrates a modified AC-DC buck-boost converter with a DC-DC forward converter. The front semi-stage is operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to achieve an almost unity power factor and a low total harmonic distortion of the input current. The rear semi-stage is used for step-down voltage conversion and electrical isolation. The front semi-stage uses a coupled inductor with the same winding-turn in the primary and secondary sides, which is charged in series during the switch-on period and is discharged in parallel during the switch-off period. The discharging time can be shortened. In other words, the duty ratio can be extended. This semi-stage can be operated in a larger duty-ratio range than the conventional AC-DC buck-boost converter for DCM operation. Therefore, the proposed converter is suitable for universal input voltage (90~264 Vrms) and a wide output-power range. Moreover, the voltage stress on the DC-link capacitor is low. Finally, a prototype circuit is implemented to verify the performance of the proposed converter.


Lack of understanding of sexual behavior in adolescence is very harmful for young people themselves, including their families, because at this stage. Based on age, adolescents aged 10-19 years as many as 135 846 which partly was in high school. This study was an observational study with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was cluster random sampling. Analysis of the data used is the comparative test using independent t test to determine differences in tilapia averaged between one group against another unrelated. Data processing is done by univariate and multivariate analysis. This study obtained a result that students' knowledge about sex in high school at 83.42 and in the Urban Rural High School at 81.26, so it can be the difference between the two high school knowledge is 2, 16. And when viewed from different test p value between two high school proficiency level shows that the p value of 0.000. Value indicates less than 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a difference between high school students' knowledge of urban and rural high school students in the district of Kudus.


Two recent and promising additions to the internet protocols are TCP-BBR and QUIC. BBR defines a congestion policy that promises a better control in TCP bottlenecks on long haul transfers and can also be used in the QUIC protocol. TCP-BBR is implemented in the Linux kernels above 4.9. It has been shown, however, to demand careful fine tuning in the interaction, for example, with the Linux Fair Queue. QUIC, on the other hand, replaces HTTP and TLS with a protocol on the top of UDP and thin layer to serve HTTP. It has been reported to account today for 7% of Google's traffic. It has not been used in server-to-server transfers even if its creators see that as a real possibility.Our work evaluates the applicability and tuning of TCP-BBR and QUIC for data science transfers. We describe the deployment and performance evaluation of TCP-BBR and comparison with CUBIC and H-TCP in transfers through the TEIN link to Singaren (Singapore). Also described is the deployment and initial evaluation of a QUIC server.We argue that QUIC might be a perfect match in security and connectivity to base services that are today performed by the Xroot redirectors.


Various types of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in diesel exhaust particles are thought to contribute to carcinogenesis in mammals. Although the carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and tumour-initiating activity of these compounds have been evaluated, their tumour-promoting activity is unclear. In the present study, to determine the tumour-inducing activity of PACs, including previously known mutagenic compounds in atmospheric environments, a transformation assay for promoting activity mediated by the release of contact inhibition was conducted for six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and seven nitrated PAHs (nitro-PAHs) using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells transfected with the v-Ha-ras gene (Bhas 42 cells). Of these, two PAHs [benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]FA) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]FA)], one oxy-PAH [6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (BPO)] and two nitro-PAHs (3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one and 6-nitrochrysene) were found to exhibit particularly powerful tumour-promoting activity (≥10 foci following exposure to <100nM). In addition, clear mRNA expression of CYP1A1, which is associated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activation, was observed following the exposure of cells to two PAHs (B[k]FA and B[b]FA) and three oxy-PAHs (1,2-naphthoquinone, 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one and BPO). Further, an HO-1 antioxidant response activation was observed following exposure to B[k]FA, B[b]FA and BPO, suggesting that the induction of tumour-promoting activity in these compounds is correlated with the dysfunction of signal transduction via AhR-mediated responses and/or oxidative stress responses.


The smart meters installed at the customer premises are one of the main apparatuses promoting the modernization of the distribution systems. These devices collect a huge amount of data, demanding the development of analytic techniques to transform these data into useful information. In addition, by proposing new applications to data supplied by smart meters, more value is added to this equipment, allowing higher return on the associated investments. Utilities can have a business case by increasing their operational efficiency if smart meters are used, for instance, to identify non-technical losses, which represent an important cause of revenue losses. This paper presents a new data analytic technique for detection and location of non-technical losses caused by illegal connections of loads to distribution systems in the presence of smart meters. The data analytic technique relies on bad data analysis, similar to the ones used in state estimation methods, developed specifically for this application. A real 34-bus low voltage system is used to illustrate the main concepts of the proposed algorithm. Systematic tests are also conducted on a real 1,682-bus distribution system to evaluate the method performance considering electricity theft caused by medium and low voltage customers.


Abstract Coastal kelp stands are a unique physical environment having high drag distributed throughout the water column. Temperature records from locations at increasing distances into the kelp show a damping of high-frequency variance and a slowing of wave propagation at low frequencies. This behavior at low frequencies is more a diffusion than a wave process. Linearized internal wave models incorporating linear drag successfully explain the frequency response of phase velocity but are less successful with the attenuation coefficient. The attenuation coefficient is well explained by the model of the outer area of the kelp but is overestimated in the kelp stand interior. In the outer area phase velocity is about 0.12 m s−1 at 100 cpd (cycles per day), a third of that at 1 cpd; attenuation coefficient is 7.5 km−1 at 100 cpd, 1.5 km−1 at 1 cpd.


This thesis defines the capacity of single-hop communication links in wireless ad hoc networks as the transferable data rate over that link determined by the Shannon limit and by the fixed modulation scheme and bit error rate. The resulting capacity formulas are derived under the assumption of r-38 path loss and uniform, but random, distribution of users. Rank of the link R is defined and included in the capacity formulas. After defining link capacity, the improvement of capacity is studied when different network components are implemented. These include successive interference cancellation (SIC), and multiple antenna arrays at the transmitting and the receiving end of the link. These strategies are then compared in terms of the dB improvement of capacity that they provide. Network parameter NP is defined in order to characterize spatial reuse in the network, and optimal network parameter is determined for maximizing link capacity in the process of dividing the network single frequency channel into equally sized subchannels. Thesis Supervisor: David Staelin Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering


ABSTRACT Tradition is a habit which is done from generation to generation within a community group, that usually delivered hereditary verbally together with preception to know and preserve a teaching about cultures. As a part of cultures, Chinese Imlek is a tradition which have thousan years aged. Chinese Imlek also understood not as believe, but tradition (culture) which can celebrated by all adherent believes in Indonesia. To furnish a specttacle that is able to cover more in culture and also to provide knowledge with wider broadly, the author choose a documentary program in the making of this workshop with title Arsip Merah Putih Episode Imlek Harapan Baru, because documentary storry telling or narrative, it also has dramatic aspects, just that it is not a fictional, but based on facts. The author focuses on work assignment as director in documetary program. Director�s role is very important in the event of a program, because to generate a good documentary works are needed for research and the creation of a good grooves with vizualize story. This final project report will give a positive value to Indonesian people. Especially the younger generation who started leaving the culture to continue maintain and preserve it. This is because, the culture belongs to all Indonesian soceities.


This study shows a good performance of quasicrystal Al 62,2 Cu 25,3 Fe 12,5 as catalyst in catalytic reactions. This metal catalyst, without being leached with acid or base, with dry stoichiometric composition, Al 62,2 Cu 25,3 Fe 12,5 is revealed among the reactions which occurred to be a partial oxidation; and promoted the formation of products: methanol, methanal + methanoic acid, water and dimethyl ether. For this research were used such experimental techniques as X-ray Diffraction (XRD to follow the evolution of the alloy phase, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) that provides the study of surface microstructure, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (MET). All these techniques study the morphology of the internal phase, and defect a quasicrystalline nucleus. Catalytic tests of methanol conversion and selectivity intermediate products were obtained using this catalyst quasicrystal. The activity and stability of quasicrystal catalyst for reforming of methanol vapor show sufficient growth compared to the other catalysts. Fe and Cu species are highly dispersed in the homogeneous layer of quasicrystal catalyst which increase the catalytic activity and suppress the aggregation of Cu particles. We suppose that the quasicrystal can be a good catalyst used in a catalytic steam reforming, with high catalytic activity and excellent thermal stability.


The fractionation of stable isotopes in precipitation runs through all links of the hydrological cycle. Studying its composition will help to understand the hydrological cycle process and the interaction between land and atmosphere. Based on the data of measured precipitation isotopes and related meteorological elements from 11 sampling points from January 2018 to September 2019, the existence of sub-cloud secondary evaporation is verified. Used the water vapor flux and the improved Lagrangian model, the moisture source affecting precipitation is tracked. On the basis of them, the influence of sub-cloud secondary evaporation and moisture sources on stable isotopes of precipitation is analyzed. The results show that the sub-cloud secondary evaporation exists in the Shiyang River Basin, and it is stronger in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter, which makes the stable isotopes of precipitation higher in summer and lower in winter. Besides, the sub-cloud secondary evaporation is stronger in the midstream and downstream, which results in the heavy isotopes of precipitation are generally more enriched. In the vertical direction, the secondary evaporation between 850 hPa and 700 hPa is the strongest, which makes heavy isotopes enrich and d-excess decreases in this layer. The moisture source of precipitation in the Shiyang River Basin is dominated by westerly air masses, that mid-high latitude continental sources have a large contribution to precipitation but the supply of sea sources is very limited, which makes the d-excess of precipitation is higher and does not show regional consistency and seasonality well.


This essay introduces the rhetorical concept of "morphos", a dimension of ethos, in the context of cyborg self-transformation and cyborg storytelling. Focusing on the cyborg storytelling of Michael Chorost, a cochlear implant user and futurist, this essay applies "morphos" to develop an argument about the changing capabilities and changing stories of living cyborg authors. Using rhetorical concepts to illuminate his self-transformation and narrative constructions, this essay analyzes Chorost's two books: Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human ; and, World Wide Mind: The Coming Integration of Humanity, Machines, and the Internet . Chorost's first book, Rebuilt, is an autobiographical account of his journey from deafness to cochlear implant hearing and his quest for community. He completes his journey of self-transformation using Haraway's  Cyborg Manifesto and Caidin's  Cyborg as narrative tools. Rebuilt can be defined as a cyborg metapathography, identifying rhetorical features of Chorost's cyborg storytelling. Chorost's second book,  World Wide Mind , is both autobiographical and theoretical. This rhetorical shift in the context of his changing physical, perceptual, and cognitive capabilities, and his changing ethos, is significant because it opens the way for a new hybrid language combining the spoken/written and digital code.


The extent of the urban area, the local emission density, and the temporal pattern in the releases govern the local contribution to air pollution levels in urban environments. However, meteorological conditions also heavily affect the actual pollution levels as they govern the dispersion conditions as well as the transport in and out of the city area. The building obstacles play a crucial role in causing generally high pollutant levels in the urban environment, especially inside street canyons where the canyon vortex flow governs the pollution distribution. Of the pollutants dominating urban air pollution climates, particulate pollution in general together with gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals are those where further field measurements, characterization and laboratory studies are urgently needed in order to fully assess the health impact on the urban population and provide the right basis for future urban air pollution management.


We define the notion of a knot type having Legendrian large cables and show that having this property implies that the knot type is not uniformly thick. Moreover, there are solid tori in this knot type that do not thicken to a solid torus with integer sloped boundary torus, and that exhibit new phenomena; specifically, they have virtually overtwisted contact structures. We then show that there exists an infinite family of ribbon knots that have Legendrian large cables. These knots fail to be uniformly thick in several ways not previously seen. We also give a general construction of ribbon knots, and show when they give similar such examples.


ABSTRACT Studies investigating sleep and personality disorders consistently demonstrate a relation between personality disorders characterized by behavioral disinhibition and/or emotional dysregulation (traditionally termed cluster B personality disorders) and poor sleep. This finding is in line with previous studies associating insomnia with impulsive behavior, since this is a core characteristic of both antisocial and borderline personality disorder. The current study investigates a group (n = 112) of forensic psychiatric inpatients with antisocial or borderline personality disorder or traits thereof. Subjective sleep characteristics and impulsivity were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Sleep Diagnosis List, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, respectively. More than half of the patients (53.6%) report poor sleep quality and 22.3% appears to suffer from severe chronic insomnia. Both poor sleep quality and chronic insomnia are significantly associated with self-reported impulsivity, in particular with attentional impulsiveness. This association was not significantly influenced by comorbid disorders. Actively treating sleep problems in these patients may not only improve sleep quality, mental health, and physical well-being, but may also have impact on impulsivity-related health risks by increasing self-control.


BackgroundIn recent years, significant progress has been made using powerful genetic approaches with newly developed models for understanding on regeneration, however, the molecular and cellular basis of early regeneration remains unclear. Annelids of the genus Ophryotrocha have long been subjects of research use as model species in ecological, toxicological, reproductive, and regenerative investigations. Although, Ophryotrocha spp., are amenable to molecular, cellular, and functional analyses, still in need to explore new model organisms in this genus to understand regeneration mechanisms. Here, we focus on a newly identified Ophryotrocha species for its early regeneration developmental mode.ResultsBased on detailed morphological (K-maxillae, rosette gland, and chromosome number) and molecular analyses, we present, O. xiamen as a new suitable model species to investigate the early regeneration mechanism. The comparative transcriptome analysis showed the gene expression patterns were related to transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism profiles and structure and signal transduction during early stages of regeneration. Data also exhibited that genes such as neurotrypsin, Nos2, DMBT1, SCO spondin, and endotubin associated to regulate inflammation, enterocyte differentiation, apoptosis, and neuroepithelial, were up-regulated during early regeneration stages (wound healing and blastema formation). Additionally, most of the known regeneration-related genes of annelids were also identified in O. xiamen which enabled to explore the precise functions of genes involved in regeneration process.ConclusionsThis study enriches the identification of genus Ophryotrocha in Chinese coastal zones, an area with high abundances of annelids. The comparative transcriptome analysis provided the whole expression changes during early regeneration process. Morphology and molecular shred of evidences in O. xiamen revealed similar features of early regeneration with other invertebrates. Information on potential candidate genes associated with early regeneration in O. xiamen, will be useful for further studies.


Introduction: Despite changes in protocols and introduction of new methods and devices e.g. automated external defibrillators (AED) the survival rate of pts with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains low. It is speculated that poor performance and/or invalid assumptions regarding the efficacy of actual CPR protocols may influence unsatisfactory outcome. We therefore evaluated the efficacy of out-of-hospital basic life support performed by first responder emergency medical technicians (EMT-D) equipped with an AED. Methods: Data from the 2-tiered Berlin EMS were analyzed, the information on rhythm of victims and voices of rescuers being stored in the memory of the AED devices used by the 1st tier EMT-Ds (median alarm-scene interval 6 min, 95% within 11 min). Information on rhythm, CPR skills (protocol according to the 2000 guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council), and interruptions were evaluated. Results: Through 2004, 365 resuscitations were analyzed (age 69±16 years, 60% male), 24% of pts surviving to hospital admission. Bystander CPR was performed in 12% and VF as first rhythm was detected in 26%. The interval of start of EMS CPR to start of CPR the 2 nd tier was 6min (3–10min). The total no-flow-time (NFT: time without chest compressions) was 60% of these 6min. NFT consisted of a median interval of 34sec (9sec-1min) from switch on of the AED to start of chest compression, a total duration of CPR interruptions due to AED rhythm analysis or pulse checks of 98sec (56–152sec) and of 86sec (37–155sec) for bag valve ventilations. Chest compressions (110bpm, 102–122bpm) were only performed for a total time of 160sec (80–280sec) between interruptions, the effective compression frequency thus decreasing to 50bpm (45–59bpm). Conclusion: The 2000 BLS algorithm leads to long periods of NFT of CPR due to unacceptably long periods of interruption of chest compressions which may decrease survival. These findings strongly support recent changes in BLS algorithms with longer periods of chest compression and less interruptions for rhythm diagnosis and ventilation. Our results underline the importance of evaluation of CPR procedures under real life conditions in assessment of quality of care.


Theoretical and experimental investigation of the reflection-type double-pass confocal microscope with a phase-conjugate mirror are presented. The axial and lateral resolution of this microscope is improved compared to the conventional confocal microscope. The observation volume is reduced by about 63 percent. Due to the properties of a phase-conjugate mirror the system is self-aligning.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate bone regeneration in bone cavities filled with particulate autogenous bone either harvest in blocks and subjected to milling procedures or collected during osteotomy with implant burs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In 12 rabbits, 3 noncritical unicortical cavities 7 mm in diameter were prepared with a trephine drill on the right tibia. The cavities were filled respectively with particulate autogenous bone achieved with a manual bone crusher (particulate group), with particulate autogenous bone obtained using bone collector during osteotomy (collected group), and with blood clot (control group). Animals were sacrificed at 7, 15, and 30 days after surgery (4 animals for each time period). The sections were examined by histologic and histomorphometric analysis.

RESULTS
At 7 days, the samples were filled by coagulum, and bone particles were observed only in the collected (24%) and particulate groups (44.75%). At 15 days, there was connective differentiation in all groups, with presence of grafted bone particles and onset of newly formed bone in the collected (38.88%) and particulate groups (46.0%). At 30 days, there was bone fill (immature trabecular bone) of the cavities in the control (50%), collected (64.63%) and particulate groups (66%).

CONCLUSION
No significant difference was demonstrated between noncritical unicortical bone defects in rabbit tibiae filled with particulate bone harvested as a block and subjected to milling and those filled with bone collected during osteotomy with implant drills when the defects were observed up to 30 days following their creation.


Andreas Thomasen,1 Karlo Penc,2 Nic Shannon,1 and Judit Romhányi1, 3 Theory of Quantum Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0395, Japan Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1525 Budapest, P.O.B. 49, Hungary Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Dated: December 23, 2020)


The new learning models, in continuous updating and development, are one of the fundamental coordinates leading to further reflections on the future of teaching. These are new pedagogical approaches of the "active learning" strand that aim at teaching-learning to promote greater effectiveness and efficiency in achieving the expected learning outcomes (i.e.Biggs' Constructive alignment, Kolb's Learning Cycle, Bandura's Social Learning, Bloom's taxonomy ad Dale's cone..),with the maximum involvement of all the actors. The desire to stimulate the implementation of active and participative teaching needs, however, a new reflection on the spatial environment in which it is located and that should support the students, facilitating the process of involvement, participation, comparison enhancing their creativity and encouraging the development of their "soft skills". Environments that can guarantee: motivation, flexibility, personalization, collaboration and good behaviours. The lack of suitable spaces arranged for this ductility automatically disadvantages the correct execution of teaching, always linked to a more traditional and passive conception. Accordingly, colleges and universities around the world are facing the challenges of rethinking higher education facilities to respond to the emerging needs and these significant changes dealing with teaching activities facing future trends. One of the answers is the use of technology that can perform several key functions in the change process, including opening up new opportunities that improve teaching and learning particularly with the affordance of customization of learning to individual learner needs, which is highly supported by the learning sciences [1]. The technology used in educational spaces must, therefore, make a transition from vertical technology (for teacher's needs in a confined setting) to horizontal technology (for meeting students' personal needs across multiple physical contexts) [2]. This paper focuses on the evolving requirements of learning spaces to become spatial supports able to make the lecture a learning experience developed by a network of people, a construction, and sharing of knowledge as a summation of the individuals involved through the use of innovative technology for learning. It will attempt to test within an existing campus: the Politecnico di Milano (Italy). The specific aim of this work is to present the emerging spatial needs due to the changes cited above, in order to support the active learning process, and test them with participatory activities, addressed both to academic staff and students. The expected results aim at a rethinking of the spatial model that allows supporting in the classroom this continuous mechanism of interaction between people and space, molding to the current needs, creating and encouraging the highest possible number of connections between the different actors present in the classroom. The final outputs are Learning space prototypes as a reflection of the university environment as an alive and vibrant organism, composed of constantly moving information flows through the actors, the spaces, and supports for a 360-degree performing use, able to reach a very high educational impact.


In observational astronomy, electromagnetic waves originating from cosmic sources, impinging on the earth, are measured with the help of telescopes. Astronomers study the cosmic objects and phenomena based on these measurements. While optical telescopes can only observe the light emitted from the stars, highly sensitive radio telescopes can look back in time. This is done by observing weak radio emissions originating from the hydrogen line and ionized gases, even before the first stars were created. These observations provide us with valuable evidence to study the creation of the universe and formations of the stars. Figure 1 shows the different views of the Centaurus A galaxy at radio versus optical frequencies. Clearly, radio frequencies provide an entirely independent view of the galaxy. During the last century, radio astronomy has been vastly advancing. Important discoveries on the formation of various celestial objects such as pulsars, neutron stars, black holes, radio galaxies and quasars are the result of radio astronomical observations.


: Objective: NLR has developed widespread freshly consequently that numerous researches were completed to discover extrapolative worth of Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in numerous diverse features of medical exercise. The main purpose of our current retrospective research remained to assess association among blood Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio also anesthetic procedures in respondents experiencing cesarean segment. Methodology: This existing research was conducted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore from September 2018 to May 2018. In our current research, ninety respondents (ASA corporeal position 1 ∼ 2) experiencing elective cesarean segment experiencing backbone (Set-S: 45) otherwise overall anesthesia (Set-G: 45) remained with hindsight examined for neutrophil to lymphocyte proportion. Results: Demographic features of sets, quantity of hemorrhage, beforehand surgery hemoglobin standards, platelet sums, also Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio standards remained comparable in mutually backbone also overall anesthesia sets. Though, substantial variances remained detected through esteem to Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio standards in post-operational phase. Conclusion: Post-operational neutrophil to lymphocyte proportion in cases experiencing cesarean segment underneath vertebral anesthesia remained originate to remain expressively inferior as associated to overall anesthesia.


Background. Awareness of the natural course of cervical cancer, screening and timely intervention can help to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.  Objective. To assess the awareness about cervical cancer and the uptake of screening among adult women in northern Delhi, India.  Methods. A cross-sectional observational study ( N =401) was conducted at a tertiary-care teaching hospital over a period of 3 months. A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and probe participants' awareness of cervical cancer, preventive measures and sources of information. Data were analysed using an independent t -test, with a significance level of p <0.05.  Results. The majority of participants (45%) were between 18 and 25 years old. Approximately a third (34%) were illiterate and 39.4% were educated only up to Grade 10. Almost all participants (99%) were married and 85.3% were unemployed. Only 31.9% of participants knew about cervical cancer, and of these only 26 (20.3%) were aware that cervical cancer is a preventable disease. Only 8.5% of the participants knew about Pap smears and only 1.6% had heard about the human papillomavirus vaccine. Participants indicated that health professionals were the main source of information. Only 2.2% of the entire sample reported having had a Pap smear before.  Conclusion. Low awareness of cervical cancer and its prevention was found among the study population. A national education and communication strategy is recommended to improve awareness.


In the 1990s, Sweden went through a deep economic recession accompanied by a massive increase in unemployment & a rapidly growing budget deficit. The crisis had large repercussions for the welfare of many citizens & it generated cutbacks in virtually all social policy programs. This halted a welfare state expansion that had been going on for decades. It also caused great concern about the state of welfare of the nation. In 1999, the Swedish Government appointed a 'Welfare Commission,' a team of academic researchers who were assigned the task of drawing up a balance sheet for the development of welfare in the 1990s. The Commission delivered its final report in Oct 2001. This article is a condensed account of one of the more central issues for the Commission; namely, how the unemployment crisis affected already socially & economically vulnerable groups. Looking at the development over the entire decade, three groups stand out as particularly disadvantaged in terms of individual welfare resources: young adults, immigrants, & single mothers. The downturn for these groups was especially accentuated in terms of employment & income. Young people & immigrants trying to get into the labor market during the crisis years faced the problems of newcomers to the systems of social protection. The poor economic development for single mothers could essentially be attributed to the shortage of work in general & of full-time work in particular that followed from the unemployment crisis. As a consequence, the importance of selective benefits increased & the relative size of all public transfers -- despite rationing measures -- stayed fairly unchanged. The results highlight the great influence of macroeconomic conditions & policy making for the welfare of vulnerable groups in society. 3 Tables, 6 Figures, 14 References. Adapted from the source document.


Chiral corrections to the delta axial charge are determined using heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. Knowledge of this axial coupling is necessary to assess virtual-delta contributions to nucleon and delta observables. We give isospin relations useful for a lattice determination of the axial coupling. Furthermore, we detail partially quenched chiral corrections, which are relevant to address partial quenching and/or mixed action errors in lattice calculations of the delta axial charge.


1. The larvae of four species of moths, Ephestia kuehniella, E. elutella, E. cautella and Plodia interpunctella , have been grown successfully on artificial diets, consisting of casein, glucose, yeast, cholesterol, a salt mixture, wheat-germ oil and water. 2. The requirements for carbohydrates are high. Growth of Ephestia kuehniella is optimal with 80% glucose in the diet. The other three species also grow fastest with 80% glucose, but survival is usually better with 50% glucose. With smaller quantities of glucose growth becomes slower, and little or no growth takes place with 20% glucose or less. 3. Cholesterol is an essential constituent of the diet for all four species. 4. On diets which contain the known factors of the vitamin B complex in pure substance in place of yeast, all four species grow relatively well, but the growth rate becomes noticeably slower. This indicates the presence of further important growth factors in yeast. 5. Of the known factors of the vitamin B complex, the following are indispensable for E. kuehniella and elutella : thiamin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxin and pantothenic acid. Riboflavin is also indispensable for E. elutella , while in its absence E. kuehniella grows very slowly. Choline chloride greatly improves growth of E. elutella , inositol has some beneficial effect on that of E. kuehniella , and p -amino-benzoic acid does not seem to be necessary for either species. Biotin is an important growth factor for E. kuehniella and Plodia , and to a somewhat lesser degree, also improves growth of Ephestia elutella 6. Diets in which glucose is replaced by starch are excellent for E. kuehniella , but unsuitable for the other three species. 7. These findings are discussed in connexion with the natural occurrence and the type of feeding of the four species on flour, whole grain and other dried foods.


Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are efficient pumps that assist the circulation. They are rapidly evolving and being inserted into an increasing number of patients with advanced heart failure either as a bridge to transplantation or increasingly as destination therapy. The epidemic of heart failure is only likely to worsen as the population ages. Although medical therapy has improved the survival of many, there remain a large group of patients who, despite optimal medical therapy, deteriorate and develop advanced heart failure. Although heart transplantation is highly successful for these patients, unfortunately the number of useable donor hearts is totally inadequate for the population that need them.

Article, see p 963

The number of pumps being implanted has particularly increased since the introduction of the continuous-flow (CF) pumps, which have almost replaced the pulsatile pumps. They have far better survival and longer durability but are associated with significant bleeding complications.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a huge problem after LVAD implantation. Its incidence has been estimated between 15% and 61%,1 and a meta-analysis has shown a pooled prevalence of 23% in LVAD recipients.2 The CF pumps are associated with a much higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding compared with the earlier pulsatile LVADs (where the incidence was ≈10%), and patients are 4.5 to 10× more likely to experience gastrointestinal bleeding depending on the series.2–4 LVAD recipients also have a greater severity of gastrointestinal bleeds than the general population, requiring an average of 2 to 4 U of packed red blood cells per admission and have a high rate of rebleeding of around 35%.4 LVAD-associated LVAD gastrointestinal bleeding is associated with significant morbidity, hospital readmissions, and cost. The increased morbidity …


The nonlinear fixed-effects model has two shortcomings, one practical and one methodological. The practical obstacle relates to the difficulty of computing the MLE of the coefficients of non-linear models with possibly thousands of dummy variable coefficients. In fact, in many models of interest to practitioners, computing the MLE of the parameters of fixed effects model is feasible even in panels with very large numbers of groups. The result, though not new, appears not to be well known. The more difficult, methodological issue is the incidental parameters problem that raises questions about the statistical properties of the ML estimator. There is relatively little empirical evidence on the behaviour of the MLE in the presence of fixed effects, and that which has been obtained has focused almost exclusively on binary choice models. In this paper, we use Monte Carlo methods to examine the small sample bias of the MLE in the tobit, truncated regression and Weibull survival models as well as the binary probit and logit and ordered probit discrete choice models. We find that the estimator in the continuous response models behaves quite differently from the familiar and oft cited results. Among our findings are: first, a widely accepted result that suggests that the probit estimator is actually relatively well behaved appears to be incorrect; second, the estimators of the slopes in the tobit model, unlike the probit and logit models that have been studied previously, appear to be largely unaffected by the incidental parameters problem, but a surprising result related to the disturbance variance estimator arises instead; third, lest one jumps to a conclusion that the finite sample bias is restricted to discrete choice models, we submit evidence on the truncated regression, which is yet unlike the tobit in that regardit appears to be biased towards zero; fourth, we find in the Weibull model that the biases in a vector of coefficients need not be in the same direction; fifth, as apparently unexamined previously, the estimated asymptotic standard errors for the ML estimators appear uniformly to be downward biased when the model contains fixed effects. In sum, the finite sample behaviour of the fixed effects estimator is much more varied than the received literature would suggest.


Ganorbifate A featuring an unprecedented 6/6/6/5/5 pentacyclic system, and ganorbifate B with an unusual 6/4/6/5/8/5 ring system were isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma orbiforme. Their structures were established using extensive spectroscopic analysis, including DFT calculations of NMR data and ECD spectra.


In this article, we argue for a multi-dimensional research strategy incorporating material, social and phenomenological analysis in the study of figurines and other human effigies. We call this approach 'following the material'. To illustrate, we examine two case studies: figurines from the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük (Turkey) and human effigies from the Formative region of Moche (Peru). We look first at the material substances from which artifacts are made and the material contexts in which they were produced, circulated and deposited, before turning to analysis of the representation of the body. This enables us to see these objects as themselves bodies – not merely imperfect replicas of actual humans, but material objects made of substances that afford particular kinds of interactions between fleshly and artifactual bodies. This focus on the materiality of artifacts reveals tight connections between objects in human form, material culture, environment, landscape, and political economy.


Detecting disease carrying mutations in families with a history of a particular hereditary genetic disease offers those individuals who test positive the opportunity to take prophylactic measures. In a TechView, Yan, Kinzler and Vogelstein discuss the various methods for detecting disease mutations and their strengths and weaknesses.


DuPont will spend $28 million to build facilities in South Korea for two materials used in electronics production: photoresists for extreme ultraviolet light–based lithography and pads for chemical mechanical planarization. At a signing ceremony, South Korean minister for trade, industry, and energy Sung Yun-mo said the facilities will help the country diversify its supply chain. Last year, Japan put controls on exports to South Korea of photoresists and two other chemicals used in semiconductor manufacturing.


The optimization of contrast is considered for the fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI pulse sequence, specifically the contrast of multiple sclerosis (MS) to white matter (WM). A performance bound is identified at 1.5 Tesla as that provided using an inversion time (TI) of 2900 ms. It is shown that TR/TI times exceeding 11000/2600 ms provide about 90% of the MS‐WM contrast possible theoretically. The commonly reported TR/TI combination of 6000/2000 provides only about 60%. For TR times exceeding 8000 ms, an echo time (TE) of 140 ms is at or near optimum. Use of TR/TI times less than 9000/2400 lacks efficiency in multisection imaging. Predicted relative contrast performance of TR/TI 11000/2600 versus 6000/2000 was evaluated in seven patients with known MS lesions, and measurements closely matched theoretical predictions. It is strongly recommended that for near optimum contrast and high multisection efficiency, FLAIR should be performed with TR/TI times exceeding 10000/2500 ms.


Grooming is a fundamental component of sociality in many gregarious animal species, and elucidating the costs and benefits of this behaviour is crucial for understanding its function. There is evidence that animals giving grooming pay a cost in terms of the time and energy they invest, while recipients benefit not just from the removal of dirt and parasites, but also from the relaxing effects of being groomed. Recently, however, studies of primates have indicated that giving grooming may also provide such hedonic benefits, reducing levels of stress or anxiety in the groomer. In this study of free-ranging adult female Barbary macaques at Trentham Monkey Forest (Stoke-on-Trent, UK), we tested the hypothesis that grooming reduces anxiety in the donor and/or the recipient. During focal follows, we quantified females' rates of self-scratching as a behavioural index of their anxiety levels. Self-scratching rates in the 2-min periods after bouts of grooming (given, received and reciprocated) were compared to overall mean self-scratching rates; we predicted that if grooming reduces anxiety, self-scratching rates would be significantly lower after grooming bouts than mean levels. We first analysed all grooming bouts and then analysed separately grooming bouts with adult males, with all adult females, with subordinate adult females and with dominant adult females. Contrary to our prediction, self-scratching rates were never seen to be lower after grooming than mean levels. In fact, for the majority of grooming partner–direction combinations, we found significantly higher rates of self-scratching after grooming compared to mean levels. The hypothesis that grooming reduces anxiety was therefore not supported. Grooming seems in some cases to increase, not alleviate, anxiety. We explore possible explanations for these unexpected results.


Advances in automotive sensing systems and speech interfaces provide new opportunities for smarter driving assistants or infotainment systems. For both safety and consumer satisfaction reasons, any new system which interacts with drivers must do so at appropriate times. We asked 63 drivers, ''Is now a good time?'' to receive non-driving information during a 50-minute drive. We analyzed 2,734 responses and synchronized automotive and video data, and show that while the chances of choosing a good time can be determined with better success using easily accessible automotive data, certain nuances in the problem require a richer understanding of the driver and environment states in order to achieve higher performance. We illustrate several of these nuances with quantitative and qualitative analyses to contribute to the understanding of how to design a system that might simultaneously minimize the risk of interacting at a bad time while maximizing the window of allowable interruption.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether interactions between intracranial cerebral saccular aneurysms and the perianeurysmal environment (PAE), in the form of contact constraints, influence aneurysm shape and risk of rupture.

METHODS
A total of 190 consecutive aneurysms during a 34-month period were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, 124 were ruptured (group 1) and 66 were unruptured (group 2). Pretreatment high-resolution CT angiography was available for each aneurysm and was the determinant inclusion criterion. Aneurysm size and location, type of hemorrhage, initial Glasgow Coma Scale rating, World Federation of Neurological Societies grade, Fisher grade, and presence of concomitant aneurysms were recorded. Contact constraints between aneurysms and anatomical structures of the PAE were identified for each aneurysm and further subdivided into balanced or unbalanced depending on whether contact constraints occurred symmetrically on the aneurysm wall. Regular or irregular shape was recorded and correlated to contact constraints.

RESULTS
Compared with unruptured aneurysms, ruptured aneurysms were found to be larger and more irregular, to develop more contact constraints with the PAE, and to show higher rates of unbalanced contact constraints. Ruptured aneurysms had a tendency to be found in locations of a constraining PAE. Irregular shape was positively correlated with the presence of an unbalanced contact constraint, even in the absence of obvious contour deformations from an imprint of an adjacent structure.

CONCLUSION
The existence of contact constraints between intracranial saccular aneurysms and the PAE were shown to influence shape and risk of aneurysm rupture. Modifications of wall shear stress by contact constraints are discussed. Analysis of contact constraints between aneurysm and the PAE could be considered additional parameters in the assessment of risk of aneurysm rupture.


Palm oil has been treated by partial lipase hydrolysis and by interesterification with excess glycerol and the effects on the chemical and physical properties have been investigated. Lipase hydrolysis preferentially removes unsaturated acids and the neutral glycerides remaining after removal of the free fatty acids therefore have an increased solids content at 20°C. Both differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and X-ray examination show that the crystalline phases present above 20°C are more heterogeneous after lipase treatment. Interesterification results in a mixture of tri- and diglycerides with an increased solids content at 20°C and a marked tendency to form β phase crystals. Some potential practical applications are discussed.


Purpose
The antique structures are part of the inheritance that our elders left, being important to preserve their memories. It is important to preserve, rehabilitate and restore the historic buildings protecting the cultural patrimony, attending to the actual comfort and habitability requirements. It is necessary to study the behaviour of the various elements that compose antique structures (masonry and wood) in order to develop assessment measures according to the characteristics of the original materials. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
An experimental campaign to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the wood of the roof of the "sequeiro" of "Quinta Lobeira de Cima", a building from the twentieth century located in Minho, was carried out. The tested wood specimens are from two different species: chestnut and oak. Compression, tension and static flexion tests according to parallel to the grain direction were performed. Other parameters, such as density, moisture content and longitudinal modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension, were also obtained. The measurement of displacements was made with Digital Image Correlation (DIC).

Findings
The results of this study show the similarity between experimental and empirical values for the studied woods species.

Originality/value
This original study aimed at characterizing the mechanical properties using DIC of wood of the roof of the "sequeiro" of "Quinta Lobeira de Cima", a building from the twentieth century located in Minho (Portugal). This study is part of master thesis of João Martins, an original research work.


This issue of Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità critically evaluates the progression in the ethical relationship between humans and animals (i.e., between biomedical researchers and laboratory animals). The main goal of this publication is in fact to provide a basis for an in-depth discussion of highly debated topics in the contemporary bioethics of animal experimentation, with particular focus on ethological issues and the question of minimal sample size and its contribution to reducing the number of experimental animals. The ethological issues addressed in this publication cover all behavioural patterns specifically moulded by the phylogenetic and ontogenetical history of a given species, a perspective that is often neglected when discussing the promotion of animal welfare.


Osteoporosis is the most common age-related bone disease. It is clinically symptomless until the first fracture happens and once diagnosed it is often found to be associated with low bone mineral density (LBMD) of T-Score ≤ -2.5. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been used successfully as promising biomarkers to diagnose and assess the progression of complex diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. This research aims to identify circulatory miRNAs associated with the progression of osteoporosis in a test group of patients using advanced PCR arrays initially and the identified differentially-expressed miRNAs were validated in individual clinical specimens using RT-qPCR. The potential target genes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Ethical approval was obtained prior to patient recruitment. A total of 161 participants were recruited and assigned to five groups: Non-Osteoporosis control group (T-Score ≥-1), osteopenia (T-Score -2.5 SD), osteopenia with fracture (T-Score -2.5 SD), osteoporosis (T-Score ≤ -2.5 SD) and osteoporosis with fracture (T-Score ≤ -2.5 SD). RNAs were extracted and analyzed from all serum and plasma samples. A panel of 49 differentially expressed miRNAs (up or down by >3 fold) between osteopenia and osteoporosis patient groups was identified using a miRNA PCR Array. Six miRNAs: miR-215-5p, miR-99a-5p, miR-100, miR-373-5p, miR-4516 and miR-122-5P, were significantly differentially-expressed between osteoporosis and osteopenia patients by initial RT-qPCR screening. Further analysis showed that the levels of circulating miRNAs: hsa-miR-373-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-215-5p and plasma hsa-4516 were associated with fragility fracture, and correlated with low bone mineral density. The results suggest that these miRNAs could be potential diagnostic biomarkers for osteoporosis in the future. Potential target genes of these miRNAs were also analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The project demonstrated that circulating miRNAs can be purified from serum and plasma and could be developed as critical diagnostic tools for osteoporosis.


The positive magnetoconductivity Delta sigma (B) of InP near the metal-insulator transition (MIT) was measured as a function of the conduction electron concentration and the compensation ratio. Starting deep within the metallic regime the charge carrier density of the sample was reduced stepwise below the critical value of the MIT by fast neutron irradiation due to the acceptor-like nature of the irradiation defects. Up to being exposed to a fast neutron dose of phi tf=1.4*1016 cm-2 the sample behaved in a metallic fashion, and subsequent to each irradiation step the inelastic scattering time was deduced from the slope of the Delta sigma =f(B2) curves in the temperature range 2 K<T<6 K. The temperature dependence of the inelastic scattering time was found to vary as T-1, in agreement with a theory developed by Isawa. After the radiation-induced crossover into the insulating regime the Delta sigma varies as B2 dependence was still observed. In this case the temperature dependence of the negative magnetoresistance was of the form Delta rho / rho varies as T- alpha with alpha -1.26. The influence of the compensation ratio on the measured properties is discussed.


Signal recognition particle (SRP) is a stable cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complex that serves to translocate secretory proteins across membranes during translation. The SRP Database (SRPDB) provides compilations of SRP components, ordered alphabetically and phylogenetically. Alignments emphasize phylogenetically-supported base pairs in SRP RNA and conserved residues in the proteins. Data are provided in various formats including a column arrangement for improved access and simplified computational usability. Included are motifs for identification of new sequences, SRP RNA secondary structure diagrams, 3-D models and links to high-resolution structures. This release includes 11 new SRP RNA sequences (total of 129), two protein SRP9 sequences (total of seven), two protein SRP14 sequences (total of 10), two protein SRP19 sequences (total of 16), 10 new SRP54 (ffh) sequences (total of 66), two protein SRP68 sequences (total of seven) and two protein SRP72 sequences (total of nine). Seven sequences of the SRP receptor alpha-subunit and its FtsY homolog (total of 51) are new. Also considered are ss-subunit of SRP receptor, Flhf, Hbsu, CaM kinase II and cpSRP43. Access to SRPDB is at http://psyche.uthct. edu/dbs/SRPDB/SRPDB.html and the European mirror http://www.medkem. gu.se/dbs/SRPDB/SRPDB.html


SUMMARY During 2007–2009 a UK-wide, 3-year stratified randomized survey of UK chicken broiler flocks was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter-infected batches of birds at slaughter. Thirty-seven abattoirs, processing 88·3% of the total UK slaughter throughput, were recruited at the beginning of the survey. Of the 1174 slaughter batches sampled, 79·2% were found to be colonized with Campylobacter, the majority of isolates being C. jejuni. Previous partial depopulation of the flock [odds ratio (OR) 5·21], slaughter in the summer months (categorized as June, July and August; OR 14·27) or autumn months (categorized as September, October and November; OR 1·70) increasing bird age (40–41 days, OR 3·18; 42–45 days, OR 3·56; ⩾46 days, OR 13·43) and higher recent mortality level in the flock (1·00–1·49% mortality, OR 1·57; ⩾1·49% mortality, OR 2·74) were all identified as significant risk factors for Campylobacter colonization of the birds at slaughter. Time in transit to the slaughterhouse of more than 2·5 h was identified as a protective factor (OR 0·52).


The purpose of this report is to evaluate the potential for penetration of the Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) waste package outer barrier by localized corrosion due to the deliquescence of soluble constituents in dust present on waste package surfaces. The results support a recommendation to exclude deliquescence-induced localized corrosion (pitting or crevice corrosion) of the outer barrier from the total system performance assessment for the license application (TSPA-LA). Preparation of this report, and supporting laboratory studies and calculations, were performed as part of the planned effort in Work Package AEBM21, as implemented in ''Technical Work Plan for: Screening Evaluation for Dust Deliquescence and Localized Corrosion'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 172804]), by Bechtel SAIC Company, LLC, and staff from three national laboratories: Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The analysis and conclusions presented in this report are quality affecting, as determined in the controlling technical work plan. A summary of background information, based on work that was not performed under a quality assurance program, is provided as Appendix E. In this instance, the use of unqualified information is provided for transparency and corroboration only, and is clearly separated from uses of qualified information. Thus,more » the qualification status of this information does not affect the conclusions of this report. The acceptance criteria addressed in Sections 4.2 and 7.2 were changed from the technical work plan in response to review comments received during preparation of this report.« less


The formation of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed in an aerogel silica matrix was investigated as a function of calcination temperature by X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray absorption near edge structure at both the Fe and Ni K-edges. In particular, nanocomposite aerogels containing a relative NiFe2O4 amount of 10 wt % and calcined at 450, 750 (1 h and 20 h), and 900 °C were studied. A quantitative determination of the relative occupancy of iron and nickel cations in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the spinel structure was obtained. It has been found that nickel ferrite prepared by sol−gel has the classical inverted spinel structure found in bulk materials with nickel(II) cations fully occupying the octahedra sites and iron(III) equally distributed between octahedra and tetrahedra sites.


Marine hatchetfishes, Argyropelecus spp., are one of the 14 genera of mesopelagic teleosts, which possess tubular eyes. The tubular eyes are positioned dorsally on the head and consist of a main retina, which subtends a large dorsal binocular field, and an accessory retina, which subtends the lateral monocular visual field. The topographic distribution of photoreceptors in the retina of Argyropelecus sladeni, A. affinis and A. aculeatus was determined using a random, unbiased and systematic stereological approach, which consistently revealed a region of high density (area centralis) in the central region of the main retina (up to a peak of 96,000 receptors per mm2) and a relatively homogeneous density of photoreceptors in the accessory retina (of approximately 20,000 receptors per mm2). The position of the area centralis in the main retina indicates this retinal region subserves greater spatial resolution in the centre of the dorsal binocular visual field. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy also revealed the presence of multiple photoreceptor types (two rod-like and one cone-like) based on the size and shape of the inner and outer segments and ultrastructural differences in the ellipsoidal region. The presence of multiple photoreceptor types in these tubular-eyed, mesopelagic hatchetfishes may reflect the need for the visual system to function under different lighting conditions during vertical migratory behavior, especially given their unique dorsally-facing eyes.


The so-called reverse anomeric effect is the preference of cationic substituents for the equatorial position on a pyranose ring, but it is not consistent with current theories of molecular structure or with previous studies designed to test it. To probe this further, the N-protonation-induced shifts of the anomeric equilibrium in a series of N-(tetra-O-methylglucopyranosyl)anilines have been measured with high precision through an NMR titration method that compares basicities of alpha and beta anomers in a mixture of the two. For comparison, the N-protonation-induced shifts of the cis/trans equilibrium in N-(4-tert-butylcyclohexyl)anilines have also been measured by this same method. In both series, there is a shift of the equilibrium toward equatorial upon N-protonation, consistent with steric hindrance to ionic solvation. This shift is smaller for the glucosylanilines than for the cyclohexylanilines, consistent with an enhancement of the normal anomeric effect that counters the steric hindrance and reduces the shift toward the equatorial beta anomer. Moreover, the shift toward equatorial increases slightly but detectably with electron-withdrawing substituents on the cyclohexylaniline, which fine-tune the steric hindrance to ionic solvation. In contrast, the shift decreases for the glucosylanilines. This is consistent with an enhancement of the normal anomeric effect due to a more localized positive charge, rather than with a reverse anomeric effect. These results thus define the substituent dependence of the anomeric effect.


Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloys exhibit shape memory behavior within a certain range of composition. They are characterized by a stable high temperature disordered bcc structure named β-phase, followed by a transition to a B2 structure after appropriate cooling and from secondary B2 to DO3 ordering under other cooling procedures. It is also know that martensite stabilization can be reduced by a step-quenched treatment. Shape memory properties are often absolutely interesting and many grades of shape memory alloys are extensively used in the technological world, e. g. in surgery and dentistry. Copper-based shape memory alloys are preferred for their good memory properties and low cost of production. In this work, the main crack initiation and its propagation in an tensile test is analyzed in order to evaluate crack path and its behavior corresponding to low and to high deformation values. Furthermore, results are associated to X-Ray diffraction in order to correlate structural transition involved in an Cu-Zn-Al alloy characterized by a PE behavior.


High fuel prices and strong competition have put pressure on airlines to reduce costs and become more efficient. For KLM fuel costs were $3.9bn in 2013: 31% of the total expenses. Therefore, focus has been put on fuel efficiency programmes. The pilot in command, the captain, has the final decision about the fuel quantity taken on board of an aircraft. In flight preparation, this pilot can decide to order extra fuel when he or she thinks certain conditions require more fuel. The factors on which this 'extra fuel decision' is based have not been researched before and are not sufficiently known. Gaining insight in the underlying drivers of fuel decisions can contribute to find a solution in which high standards of safety are maintained, while fuel costs are lowered. The research question was therefore formulated as follows: How can fuel decisions by airline pilots during flight preparation and execution be improved? Data analysis was performed to calculate the costs and benefits of taking extra fuel. Interviews were conducted and questionnaires were filled in by 175 KLM pilots and 16 flight dispatchers to gain more insight in the underlying drivers for fuel decisions. Statistical analysis and literature of the Prospect Theory of Kahneman and Tversky were used to analyse the results and to explain the decision-making of the pilot in command. This information served as a base from which a proposal for improvements was created. [...] Fuel decisions by airline pilots during flight preparation and execution might be improved by offering digital flight specific information. To 'expand' the experiences of pilots, this information should include feedback and experiences from colleagues and statistical information of previous flights. This information should always be used as background information. In addition, a flight specific information-application might help to create more trust in the flight plan. Further studies are recommended to analyse extra fuel decisions on an individual level. It is also recommended to test a flight specific information-application to investigate if it serves its purpose: better supporting pilots in flight preparation and execution, creating more awareness and improving their fuel decisions.


Mosul and Haditha Dams are built on relatively weak foundations. Both of these foundations suffer from extensive karsts which had demanded intensive foundation treatment works among other design pr ...


Aims Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are usually the first choice of treatment. At present, limited information is available regarding the most appropriate dosage regimen of IVIG in GBS. Common options used are 0.4gram/kg/day for 5 days or a single 2gram/kg dose. Our study aims to compare the clinical course and outcome between these two regimens. Methods A retrospective 10 year analysis was performed. 32 children with GBS (median age of 5.7 years) who were admitted to our hospital between 2003 and 2013 were included in the review. Results All children presented with ascending paralysis. The average time to maximum weakness from symptom onset was 6.5 days. 30 patients received IVIG, of which 16 children had 0.4g/kg/day for 5 days and 14 received a single dose of 2g/kg. IVIG was administered at a median time of 2 days from the onset of weakness in both cohorts. The mean disability grade on admission was similar in both groups. Children receiving treatment over 5 days had significantly shorter periods of mechanical ventilation and intensive care stay. Autonomic symptoms of GBS occurred more commonly in children who received a single dose (64%) compared to those who received it over 5 days (25%). 5 children (36%) in the 2g/kg group required a repeat IVIG dose due to deterioration in contrast to 1 child (6%) in the other cohort. The time to recovery from maximum weakness was quicker with the 5 day regimen (median 6 days) compared to the single dose regimen (median 8.5 days). The overall length of hospital stay was also shorter in the 0.4g/kg group. Conclusions In children with GBS requiring IVIG, our study shows that administrating IVIG over 5 days is preferable, leading to faster recovery. It is also associated with a shorter duration spent in intensive care and in hospital on a whole. There were no differences noted in the long-term outcome of our patients from the use of either regimen.


The basis of the study is the compilation and analysis of works by domestic and foreign economists, study of the information from official websites of government bodies, methods of analysis, comparison and generalization, and mathematical modeling. Results and conclusions: in order to develop the effective approaches and directions for the research program for development and transformation of the digital economy in Russia, in addition to global processes and digitalization trends at the regional level, along with politics, economic environment, macro-processes, it is important to take into account the sum of factors of the ecosystem of the digital economy as a new economic order: economic, demographic, scientific and technical, geo-potential, state and legal factor. The scientific novelty of the study is reflected in the proposed understanding of the term "digital ecosystem" for solving the above set problem using interdisciplinary approach.


We report the CH4 emission flux from the city of Indianapolis, IN, the site of the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) project for developing, assessing, and improving top-down and bottom-up approaches for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions. Using an aircraft-based mass balance approach, we find that the average CH4 emission rate from five flight experiments in 2011 is 135 ± 58 (1σ) moles s–1 (7800 ± 3300 kg hr–1). The effective per capita CH4 emission rate for Indianapolis is 77 kg CH4 person–1 yr–1, a figure that is less than the national anthropogenic CH4 emission (∼91 kg CH4 person–1 yr–1) but considerably larger than the global figure (∼48 kg CH4 person–1 yr–1). We consistently observed elevated CH4 concentrations at specific coordinates along our flight transects downwind of the city. Inflight investigations as well as back trajectories using measured wind directions showed that the elevated concentrations originated from the southwest side of the city where a landfill and a natural gas transmission regulating station (TRS) are located. Street level mobile measurements downwind of the landfill and the TRS supported the results of aircraft-based data, and were used to quantify the relative contributions from the two sources. We find that the CH4 emission from the TRS was negligible relative to the landfill, which was responsible for 33 ± 10% of the citywide emission flux. A regression of propane versus methane from aircraft flask samples suggests that the remaining citywide CH4 emissions (∼67%) derive from the natural gas distribution system. We discuss the combination of surface mobile observations and aircraft city-wide flux measurements to determine the total flux and apportionment to important sources.


The human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT), known as the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), is normally expressed in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney proximal tubules. In these tissues MRP2 specifically localizes to the apical membrane. The construction of MRP2 fused to the green fluorescent protein, and subsequent site-directed mutagenesis enabled the identification of a targeting signal in MRP2 that is responsible for its apical localization in polarized cells. The specific apical localization of MRP2 is due to a C-terminal tail that is not present in the basolaterally targeted MRP1. Deletion of three amino acids from the C-terminal of MRP2 (ΔMRP2) causes the protein to be localized predominantly in the basolateral membrane in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Interestingly, MRP2 expressed in a mouse leukemia cell line (L1210 cells) predominantly accumulates intracellularly with minimal cell membrane localization. In contrast, ΔMRP2 was shown to predominantly localize in the cell membrane in L1210 cells. Increased transport of 2,4-dinitrophenyl glutathione from L1210 cells expressing ΔMRP2 showed that the re-targeted protein retains its normal function.


treachery, with kind of lust in their their cruelties upon of their every of savagery of fore ‐ fathers. of triumphal O of culture and sainthood, humane, more chaste, than real world of nature in the remoter areas of the world where, precisely because they were remote, the unusual and the fantastic were thought to be the norm. 11 diseases by the power of entrails and intestines which they hang round their necks, and by the fat of slaughtered beasts, remedies greatly scoffed at by our countrymen. 30 examples of antiquity in its stupid despotism; they pardon the ravens and punish the doves, protect the guilty and oppress the innocent, and give the place of honour to crime. magnique refert rudis hic populus, dulci fortuna ebrius Numinis metu mitigetur, melioreque consuetudine permulceatur. My informants must bear the responsibility for what they say. Many statements have been filtered through the dull ears of four or five interpreters, and then poured forth in a bold, rash, and barbarous style by men who believed they understood what was told them, though they really understood nothing. They interpret badly, but endeavour by their boldness to make themselves believed, and they often contradict themselves. Inevitably they all miss the true sense, and our understanding is darkened and we get false notions of the real facts. I hope, nay, I am confident, that this slight sketch of the province, and description of the country will soon be superseded, for the common good, by another of more powerful eloquence fashioned in every line, truly and brilliantly, by the hand of a Lysippus. 68 Utrosque autem omnes ritus tam sacerdotales quam sacrificales, meram antiquitatem redolentes, ab Israëlitis, tot licet saeculorum intervallo obumbratos, traxisse, quis adeo lusciosus ut non videat? Indeed who is so blind as not to see that it is from the Israelites that both divisions of Hottentots have derived all their sacerdotal and sacrificial rites, which are redolent of the purest antiquity, though admittedly the lapse of so many centuries has obscured the connection. 92 supposed that it is from the Jews that the inhabitants of the remoter parts have learned the practice of circumcision, it is a more serious operation with the Africans, involving the cutting away not only of the prepuce but of the skin right up to the base of the abdomen. From the Jews also the natives near us must have acquired the practice of removing the left testicle, if you will excuse the mention of it. 98 original meaning of "research", or "a report on research", while "moral" is derived from the Latin mos, moris, "custom". 112


The aim of this article is to analyze the views on man's relation to animals in the handbooks of moral theology from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which affected theological and moral reflection until the 1970s. Man's relation to animals is discussed in most of the analyzed studies representing the Alphonsian, Neo-Thomistic and Christocentric currents. The moralists focus primarily on the question of acquiring the ownership right to animals. However, the authors also reflect on animal rights and man's duties towards other living beings. Although these categories are usually unacceptable to them, they clearly encourage their readers to treat animals with sensitivity. Some handbooks actually describe instances of cruelty to animals as morally offensive. The writings analyzed permit the conclusion that the pre-Conciliar moral theology laid foundations for the development of the contemporary concept of man's duties towards animals in the teaching of the Catholic Church and in theological and moral thought.