BACKGROUND
Phytomedicines have been well-accepted alternative complementary therapies for the treatment of a wide range of acute and chronic skin inflammatory diseases including chronic herpes, prurigo, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (AD). A plethora of in vitro and in vivo studies have evidenced the therapeutic viability of phytomedicines, polyherbal formulations, plant-based materials and their decoctions for the treatment of mild-to-severe AD.

OBJECTIVE
This review was aimed to summarize and critically discuss the convincing evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of phytomedicines for the treatment of AD and explore their anti-AD efficacy.

RESULTS
The critical analysis of a wide algorithm of herbal medicines revealed that their remarkable anti-AD efficacy is attributed to their potential of reducing erythema intensity, oedema, inflammation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and a remarkable suppression of mRNA expression of ADassociated inflammatory biomarkers including histamine, immunoglobulin (Ig)-E, prostaglandins, mast cells infiltration and production of cytokines and chemokines in the serum and skin biopsies.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, herbal medicines hold great promise as complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD when used as monotherapy and for the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD when used in conjunction with other pharmacological agents.


Polarization of radio emission in extragalactic jets at a sub-milliarcsecond angular resolution holds important clues for understanding the structure of the magnetic field in the inner regions of the jets and in close vicinity of the supermassive black holes in the centers of active galaxies. Space VLBI observations provide a unique tool for polarimetric imaging at a sub-milliarcsecond angular resolution and studying the properties of magnetic field in active galactic nuclei on scales of less than 10^4 gravitational radii. A space VLBI observation of high-redshift quasar TXS 0642+449 (OH 471), made at a wavelength of 18 cm (frequency of 1.6 GHz) as part of the Early Science Programme (ESP) of the RadioAstron} mission, is used here to test the polarimetric performance of the orbiting Space Radio Telescope (SRT) employed by the mission, to establish a methodology for making full Stokes polarimetry with space VLBI at 1.6 GHz, and to study the polarized emission in the target object on sub-milliarcsecond scales. Polarization leakage of the SRT at 18 cm is found to be within 9 percents in amplitude, demonstrating the feasibility of high fidelity polarization imaging with RadioAstron at this wavelength. A polarimetric image of 0642+449 with a resolution of 0.8 mas (signifying an ~4 times improvement over ground VLBI observations at the same wavelength) is obtained. The image shows a compact core-jet structure with low (~2%) polarization and predominantly transverse magnetic field in the nuclear region. The VLBI data also uncover a complex structure of the nuclear region, with two prominent features possibly corresponding to the jet base and a strong recollimation shock. The maximum brightness temperature at the jet base can be as high as 4*10^13 K.


Abstract Purpose: To characterize clinical and genetic aspects of a family with a unique combination of two hereditary blinding eye diseases. Methods: Comprehensive eye examination of proband and family members. Molecular analyses of the TYR and PAX6 genes. Results: A young couple, both legally blind, requested genetic counselling regarding their ocular condition. The female was previously diagnosed with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1A) and her spouse was diagnosed with Peters anomaly. A comprehensive clinical examination revealed that the female had OCA1A combined with signs of another ocular disease, showing some similarity to aniridia. A complete ocular examination of her family members revealed that her brother also suffered from the same combined phenotype, her father had typical OCA1A signs, and her mother and sister had aniridia-like phenotype, without clinical diagnosis until the time of presentation. Molecular analysis identified two compound heterozygous TYR mutations known to cause OCAIA and cosegregate with oculocutaneous albinism. In addition, we identified a novel heterozygous PAX6 mutation confirming the atypical aniridia phenotype. Conclusions: We report here a unique and rare clinical phenotype that is explained by the segregation of two severe inherited eye diseases. The clinical and genetic analysis in this family allowed them to receive accurate genetic counseling.


Background Total knee joint replacement (TKR) is a cost-effective procedure with good long-term outcomes. However, at present there is no clear consensus on indications for TKR. Imaging biomarkers capable of predicting TKR therefore are urgently needed and may be helpful in clinical studies and trials which utilize TKR as an outcome. Hoffa-synovitis and effusion-synovitis, which may be assessed on non-contrast enhanced MRI, have been identified as important disease features relevant for clinical disease manifestations such as pain but may also be relevant for structural progression. Furthermore, worsening or improvement in these inflammatory imaging markers is associated with worsening or improvement in pain. For these reasons Hoffa- and effusion-synovitis are promising candidate imaging biomarkers for TKR. Objectives Aim of the study was to assess if presence or worsening of Hoffa- and effusion-synovitis prior to TKR increases risk for TKR and if change in these two measures prior to TKR further affects the risk for TKR. Methods We studied 121 knees from OAI participants (age 45-78 years) that underwent TKR before the 48 month visit using the time point prior to TKR, (e.g. for a TKR reported at the 48 month (M) visit, T0 =36M and T-1 =24M) and 121 control knees that did not undergo TKR that were matched for radiographic disease stage, gender, and age and were assessed at the same T0 and T-1 follow-up visit. Images were acquired at four OAI clinical centers using dedicated 3 T scanners. MRIs were read for Hoffa- and effusion-synovitis using the semiquantitative MOAKS system, which scores both features from 0-3 with 0 being normal and 3 coding severe structural changes. Conditional logistic regression comparing matched knees was applied to assess the risk of TKR at T0. In addition change in Hoffa- and effusion-synovitis from the time point prior (T-1) to T0 was analyzed in regard to risk for TKR following T0. Results Subjects were on average 65.5 years old (SD ± 8.6), predominantly female (58.1%) and overweight (mean BMI 29.5 SD ± 4.88). In the comparison of the T0 time point, the odds for TKR were significantly increased for the group exhibiting any effusion-synovitis at T0 when compared to the knees without effusion-synovitis at T0 as the reference (OR 2.45 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-4.95). No significant associations were found for presence of Hoffa-synovitis at T0 (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.58-2.15). Worsening of either Hoffa- and effusion-synovitis from T-1 to T0 was associated with increased odds for TKR (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.59,30.80 and 2.27, 95% CI 1.11,4.62 respectively). Conclusions Presence of effusion-synovitis at the time point prior to TKR (T0) increases risk of TKR, while presence of Hoffa-synovitis does not. The latter finding is likely explained by the non-specific character of this imaging marker. Worsening of Hoffa- and effusion-synovitis from T-1 to T0 both increase risk for TKR. Presence and change of these imaging markers are important prognostic markers in regard to the structural progression of knee OA using TKR as the outcome measure. Disclosure of Interest A. Guermazi Shareholder of: Boston Imaging Core Lab (BICL),LLC., Consultant for: Facet Solutions, Genzyme, Novartis, Stryker,Merck Serono, F. Roemer Shareholder of: Boston Imaging Core Lab (BICL), LLC., Consultant for: Merck Serono, NIH, M. Hannon: None Declared, R. Boudreau: None Declared, D. Hunter Grant/Research support from: Australia Research Council Future Fellowship, Consultant for: DonJoy, NIH, Stryker, F. Eckstein Shareholder of: Chondrometrics, D. Hayashi: None Declared, Z. Wang: None Declared, C. K. Kwoh Consultant for: Novartis


This study builds on previous research showing that breast cancer survival is poorer for First Nations (FN) women compared to other Ontario women. Few studies have examined breast cancer survival in Indigenous populations compared to general populations; all of these report poorer survival among Indigenous people. Fewer still have examined potential factors related to the poorer survival, but these often suggest poorer prognosis even after adjustment for them. Study objectives were: to compare the distribution of demographic, prognostic and treatment factors between FN and non-FN women; to investigate factors associated with later diagnosis in FN women; to compare stage specific survival for FN and non-FN women controlling for important factors potentially associated with breast cancer survival; and to examine potential determinants of survival for FN women by stage at diagnosis. A case-case design was employed to compare FN women (n=287) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer to a frequency-matched random sample of women (n=671) from the general population diagnosed with breast cancer within the Ontario Cancer Registry. Women were matched (2:1) on period of diagnosis (1995-1999 and 2000-2004), age at diagnosis (<50 vs. 50.), and Regional Cancer Centre (RCC). Stage at diagnosis and data relevant to the determinants of breast cancer survival were collected from medical charts at the RCCs. FN women were diagnosed with breast cancer at later stages compared to non-FN women. Having a non-screened method of detection and increasing BMI were associated with a later breast cancer diagnosis. FN women with comorbidity however were less likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. An unforeseen novel finding was that the survival disadvantage occurred after an early breast cancer diagnosis, whereas the survival experiences for those diagnosed at stages II+ were similar. In a multivariate analysis, elevated risk was observed for FN women in stage I, and significant risk was seen in women with comorbidity. These findings are actionable and can be used to improve the prognosis of FN women with breast cancer. It is likely that the same or similar factors are largely responsible for the survival disadvantage observed among Ontario FN people for most other major cancers.


The progress of the cooperative business is influenced by the management pattern, type of the business, capital,  activity of its members, and others. Therefore, a cooperative needs to know whether the cooperative implemented a good management pattern and produces good performance, and meets the expectations of its members.  This Community Service (PkM) activity is a socialization of the results of a survey on the service performance of the Cooperative of Harapan Sejahtera-19 towards the expectations of the residents of RW 19 Graha Harapan Housing, Mustika Jaya Village, East Bekasi. By knowing the opinions of the members and the community involved in the cooperative's activities, then the cooperative can improve its performance to meet the expectations of its customers. The method is to describe service performance and service satisfaction, then analyze them using a Cartesian diagram. Based on the diagram, then produces recommendations for the development of the Cooperative of Harapan Sejahtera-19. Input for cooperative management is about clarity of information related to cooperative performance as well as easier loan procedures and requirements.
Keywords:     Cooperative; service performance; services satisfaction


OBJECTIVE
Epidemiological studies have implicated increased plasminogen-activated inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) as a marker or predictor of accelerated coronary atherosclerotic disease in type 2 diabetes. We sought to determine whether metabolic control, independent of its oral mode of implementation, affects PAI-1 in patients with marked hyperglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 91 subjects were screened, subjected to a 4-week drug washout, and randomized to daily treatment with glipizide GITS (maximum 20 mg, n = 46) or metformin (maximum 2,550 mg, n = 45) as monotherapy. After monotherapy, combination therapy was initiated by adding the second agent to the regimen. Plasma glucose (fasting and postprandial), HbA(1c), fructosamine, and PAI-1 were assayed before and after randomization and sequentially thereafter in all subjects; hepatic glucose output (HGO) and abdominal fat distribution were each measured in a subset of subjects.

RESULTS
Glycemic control was markedly impaired at baseline (mean HbA(1c) 10.4 +/- 0.2% glipizide GITS; 10.0 +/- 0.2% metformin) but improved comparably with each agent as monotherapy and in combination (P < 0.0001 vs. baseline), as assessed with meal tolerance studies, fructosamine values, and HGO. Body weight and abdominal fat distribution did not change significantly in either group. PAI-1 concentrations were extraordinarily high (5- to 10-fold more than normal) at baseline (202 +/- 12 ng/ml glipizide GITS; 201 +/- 13 ng/ml metformin) but declined comparably, and significantly, after treatment with either agent as monotherapy and decreased further with combination therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
When hyperglycemia is profound, increases in PAI-1 are also profound. Control of hyperglycemia with either glipizide GITS, an insulin secretagogue, or metformin as monotherapy comparably ameliorates elevated PAI-1.


This paper tries to explore the fact that transaction constitutes the most important aspect of Islamic jurisprudence, commonly called fiqh. The paper tries to deal with this aspect in terms of the legal thought of Islam and relates it with the modern concept of egalitarianism. It argues that although egalitarianism becomes the most important value in the legal thought of Islam?as it is clear in the concept of transaction?the tension toward establishing this value has not been easy. This paper hence, does not deal merely with the normative aspect of the value, but also the history behind its establishment. In a way, the paper understands that both the concept of transaction in Islamic legal thought and the concept of egalitarianism share common grounds in that both are about equality, justice, right and obligation. Equality is strongly upheld in Islamic legal thoughts so much so that it is considered as the most driving legal concept in Islamic economics. Hence, the paper partly argues that the characteristic of Islamic economics is equality, nothing else.


The implementation of the administration of equipment and supplies is already a routine job and people are faced with less significant difficulties, but to improve the work the experts suggest some guidelines for the implementation of the administration, the principal as an administrator should not be too busy himself directly with the affairs of the administration of equipment and supplies. teaching equipment, carrying out proper recording so that it is easy to do, administration of teaching equipment and equipment must always be reviewed from a service perspective to help facilitate the implementation of teaching programs The above conditions will be met if the administrator includes all teachers in planning the selection, distribution and use and supervision of teaching equipment and supplies.


Myocardium injuries caused by low myocardial oxygenation and perfusion might be induced by anesthetics agents like ketamine. These injuries can be detected by specific biomarkers and, among them, troponin I. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular changes based on troponin I (TnI) values, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography in cats sedated with ketamine and midazolam, supplemented or not with oxygen. Blood samples were collected from 12 intact male healthy cats for troponin I (T0) and they were then submitted to electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation, as well as measurements of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (M0). Subsequently, they were ketamine-midazolam (10mg.kg-1 and 0,5 mg.kg-1 respectively) anesthetized by intramuscular route. After about 10 minutes, the animals were randomly allocated into two groups with or without oxygen supplementation (GCO or GSO, respectively), again being subjected to the tests mentioned. Blood samples for troponin I were collected at 6, 12 and 24 hours after sedation. HR, SBP and ECG did not change among groups. The TnI values rise significantly in T6 comparing to baselines in both groups (0,507±0,335 ng/mL in GSO and 0,777±0,505 ng/mL in GCO). In echocardiography, the cardiac output decreased at M1, in both groups compared to baseline (M0 0,472±0,115 and M1 0,234±0,08 in GSO and M0 0,356±0,095 and 0,222±0,09 in GCO, L/min). We concluded that ketamine and midazolam sedation in healthy cats did not cause changes electrocardiography, increase troponin I values, with an 6 hours peak after administration, reduces cardiac output and oxygen supplementation, via facial mask, did not attenuated these alterations.


Objectives: Based on intelligent manufacturing technology, this paper studies the informatization method of green innovation reform of tobacco manufacturing enterprises in the era of big data. Methods: By combing the literature at home and abroad, this paper expounds the technologies
 of data mining and data visualization based on the idea of lean management. On this basis, the basis of data management in the silk workshop of X tobacco enterprise is investigated and analyzed in detail from the aspects of human resources, equipment and management environment. Taking the
 blade feeder in the silk workshop of X cigarette factory as the research object, this paper establishes the self inspection model of equipment health state by using the weighted sum method of overall linearity and local nonlinearity. Results: The system can self check the health status of
 equipment and visually display the results. This method realizes timely and effective inspection and early warning of equipment health status. At the same time, the visual Kanban of workshop site management can provide production and equipment information to relevant personnel in time. This
 meets its demand for data visualization and changes the current situation of workshop data table display. Conclusion: This method reengineers the information business process of tobacco enterprises and establishes a new performance evaluation system. This effectively improves the existing
 management system of the workshop.


UV-curable nanoimprint resist characteristics and performance are key to controlling resist-related defects formed during template removal due to cohesive failure and strong resist-template adhesion. The debonding process is governed by both the chemical bonds that form between the template and the resist during cure, and by the structure of the resist itself which determines its elastic-plastic response under load. To gain insight to contributions from resist composition to the debonding process we examine the connection between mechanical and chemical properties of a family of methacrylate polyfunctionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (mPSS) containing resists to their adhesion to fluoroalkyl silane release layers. We also survey debonding of one of the mPSS formulations, an acrylate formulation and a vinyl ether formulation from as series of metal oxide and metal nitride release layers. The results show that while intrinsic storage modulus of a cured material is important, interfacial segregation of reactants in fluid resists can influence adhesive properties as well. The metal-containing release layers are shown to have generally much lower adhesion to cured resists than does a fluoroalkyl silane release layer. They present a useful alternative for template release treatments.


Infant mortality in Mexico has been declining since 1950. Between 1950- 60 it declined by more than 30% going from 132 to 90.3/1000 live births; from 1960-70 it declined by 15%; by 1970-1980 by 31% and from 1980-87 by 14% going from 53.1 to 46.6/1000. During 1950-1988 mortality among boys was 12% higher than among girls. The states with the highest infant mortality rates (IMR) in 1988 were: 1) Oaxaca with 73.6/1000; 2) Puebla with 60.1/1000 and 3) Hidalgo with 59.1/1000. Those states with the lowest IMR were Mexico City with 35.7 and Nuevo Leon with 32.3. It was found that IMR were 4 times higher in places with less than 2500 inhabitants as well as in places without water, light or electricity. However, the mother's education is the most important factor determining IMR.


The world has long sought an electro-optic (EO) alternative to mechanically moving lenses and/or mirrors. Unfortunately, despite significant past efforts, for many optical-beam-control needs, opto-mechanics remains the only practical solution. This restriction can impose significant limitations on many important performance criteria including: cost, size, weight, vibration immunity, power consumption, speed, and device lifetime. To help alleviate this we have developed a new EO architecture that provides simple and cost effective electro-optic control over a beams direction, focus, and/or delay. For example, Figure 1 shows an EO laser scanner with a 30 o ×5 o field of view. The output angle may be voltage set to any value within this field of regard with only three control electrodes. These scanners, and others enabled by our new EO architecture, have very low power consumption, are small, fast, rugged, and simple to use.


Current education reforms call for engaging students in learning science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in an integrative way. This critical case study of one fourth grade teacher investigated the use of educational robots (ER) not only for teaching coding, but as an instructional support in teaching mathematical concepts. To support teachers in teaching coding in an integrative and logical manner, our team developed the Collective Argumentation Learning and Coding (CALC) approach. The CALC approach consists of three elements: choice of task, coding content, and teacher support for argumentation. After a cohort of elementary teachers completed a professional development course, we followed them into their classrooms to support and document implementation of the CALC approach. Data for this case consisted of video recordings of two lessons, a Pre-interview, and Post-interview after each lesson. Research questions included: How does an elementary teacher use the CALC approach (integrative STEM approach) to teach mathematics concepts with ER? What are the teacher's perspectives towards teaching mathematics with ER using an integrative STEM approach? Results from this critical case provide evidence that teachers can successfully integrate ER into the mathematics curriculum without losing coherence of mathematics topics and while remaining sensitive to students' needs.


Using economic rates of return from more than 1,200 public and private sector projects implemented in 61 developing countries, the authors analyze determinants of investment productivity. Results from Tobit estimation demonstrate that the degree of countrywide policy distortions - macroeconomic, exchange rate, trade and pricing - critically affects the productivity of investments. Countries with undistorted policies are likely to be unproductive investments. In countries with distorted policies, investments are likely to be unproductive. And within a country, investments become more productive when economic policymaking improves. The productivity of projects in the tradable sectors are also affected (in a nonlinear fashion) by the size of a country's public investment program. The authors discuss possible selection biases in this data set, present tests of robustness, and highlight policy implications. In particular, donor financing for improvements in the policy climate is likely to pay off. A powerful rationale for supporting structual reform is that it raises the productivity of both public and private investments.


An ultramicro adaptation of the glucose oxidase method requiring only five microliters of blood was developed to study glucose tolerance of C57BL/Ks mice from one week of age through full maturity. Serum IRI levels were also determined ½ hour following intraperitoneal administration of glucose (2 mg./gm. body weight) and L-leucine (0.2 mg./gm. body weight). Glucose tolerance tests were performed by obtaining tail blood from fed mice immediately prior to (0 time) and 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 hours following intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg. glucose/gm. body weight. Results indicated that mean baseline (0 time) blood glucose levels were lowest in one-week-old mice (92 mg./100 ml. blood) and reached levels observed in adult animals by five weeks of age (142 mg./100 ml. blood). Despite the low baseline blood glucose at one week of age, these same animals exhibited marked and sustained hyperglycemia following glucose administration with mean levels of 469 mg./100 ml. blood and 401 mg./100 ml. blood at 1/2 and 3 hours, respectively. By two weeks of age glucose tolerance was improved ½ hour = 306 mg./100 ml. blood, 3 hours = 97 mg./100 ml. blood). By three weeks of age glucose tolerance curves appeared similar to those in adult animals. A significant difference between glucose tolerance in male and female mice was noted as early as eleven weeks of age. The marked glucose tolerance in one-week-old mice was explained, at least in part, by failure of these animals to show a significant rise in circulating serum IRI levels following glucose administration despite having the capability to secrete insulin in response to parenteral L-leucine.


This is the eighth case of primary reninism so far reported, but it is unusual in that the patient was very young (10 years of age) and the tumor was very small (0.2×0.15 cm), without delineation, yet cure was effected quickly (in five months). The boy, first admitted with malignant hypertension, was thought to have a juxtaglomerular (JG) cell tumor because of typical findings for it: hypertension, hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism, and unilaterally (right) elevated renal vein plasma renin activity (PRA), with no disparity or abnormality on nephrogram or renal angiogram. Right nephrectomy resulted in a prompt cure and return of PRA to normal levels, but no delineated tumor was found in the excised right kidney. Reexamination showed an extremely small (0.2×0.15 cm) circumscribed nodular lesion in the cortex, which consisted of a group of peculiar cells whose characteristics coincided with neither hemangiopericytoma nor Wilms tumor. Several explanations are possible for the histological findings. (JAMA230:1288-1292, 1974)


This paper deals with the problem of three-dimensional autoregressive (3-D AR) model order estimation. We show that the information for the 3-D AR model order is implicitly contained in an appropriate matrix rank built from the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the underlying 3-D Gaussian process. Exploiting this property, we develop an algorithm to estimate the order (p1,p2,p3) corresponding to the quarter-space (QS) region of support. The proposed method is based upon a rank test procedure (RTP) using singular value decomposition (SVD) and solving nonlinear system equations. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the performances of the proposed algorithm


This article introduces the seven specially commissioned papers in this special issue of Ageing & Society from the projects funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council's Growing Older Programme. The ESRC Programme has been the largest single investment in social sciences research on ageing in the United Kingdom. It comprised 24 projects and, when operating at full capacity, 96 researchers. The article details the background to the Programme, its commissioning process, its eventual structure and how it operated. Then a selection is made of some of the ways in which the Programme has contributed new knowledge to social gerontology. No attempt is made to achieve comprehensive coverage of the Programme's topics but rather a selection is presented of the new insights generated under its six themes: defining and measuring quality of life, inequalities in quality of life, technology and the built environment, healthy and active ageing, family and support networks, and participation and activities in later life. The projects were spread unevenly across these themes but important new knowledge has been produced under each theme. The conclusion emphasises the scientific contribution of the Programme and especially the extent to which older people's own attitudes, aspirations and preferences have been at the forefront, but it questions whether or not policy makers and practitioners will use this major evidence base.


Abstract Although most contest games are modeled in such a way that the outcome depends only on the efforts exerted by the contestants, what is arguably more important is the contestants' effective efforts which may be influenced also by their ability, human capital, strength, etc. In this paper, we investigate an extensive model including such an effectiveness parameter and analyze the optimal investment behavior in a dynamic conflict framework. At each period, two contestants compete for a common prize by choosing contest efforts and investment levels. Each contestant's investment accumulates as his/her human capital which depreciates through time. Who wins the component contest at a particular period is determined by the contestants' effective efforts, defined as increasing functions of their efforts and human capitals. Following the analysis of subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in a two-period model and of open-loop equilibrium in an infinite-horizon model, we provide intuitive comparative static results.


We consider the inverse problem of determining the geometry of penetrable objects from scattering data generated by one incident wave at a fixed frequency. We first study an orthogonality sampling type method which is fast, simple to implement, and robust against noise in the data. This sampling method has a new imaging functional that is applicable to data measured in near field or far field regions. The resolution analysis of the imaging functional is analyzed where the explicit decay rate of the functional is established. A connection with the orthogonality sampling method by Potthast is also studied. The sampling method is then combined with a deep neural network to solve the inverse scattering problem. This combined method can be understood as a network using the image computed by the sampling method for the first layer and followed by the U-net architecture for the rest of the layers. The fast computation and the knowledge from the results of the sampling method help speed up the training of the network. The combination leads to a significant improvement in the reconstruction results initially obtained by the sampling method. The combined method is also able to invert some limited aperture experimental data without any additional transfer training.


The 'self' of the poet comes in many types: the writer ego, the dreamy ego, the desperate ego, and the sympathetic ego. This research deals with the egoistic ego as a model of study and how it is employed in the poetry of our leading poets. The topic is one of the subjects that have not been studied, and if it has been studied, it was in an indirect and inadequate manner, it stems from the dreaming ego of the fusion of the ego with the dream, dream as evidenced by social and psychological studies as having a direct impact on the human psychological state, Feelings and emotions, reflected on his actions and ideas.     The dream may tell its future companion through the accents and symbols that appear in the dream. Here, many of the poets used their poems to express the desires within the human soul trying to express or escape through the dream. To show those expressions through poetic phrases uttered by the tongue of the ego.


Cancer bereavement may be associated with unique challenges involved in the caregiving experience, particularly for spouses, who commonly adopt this role. However, the dominance of quantitative and diagnostically informed research has produced a-contextual theories, which reinforce increasingly medicalised conceptualisations of grief. In contrast, less attention has been given to the subjective experience in this context, particularly from a discursive perspective.
Three focus groups comprising an overall total of six men and 17 women were used to facilitate discussions between spouses who were bereaved by cancer. A Foucauldian-informed discourse analysis was employed to examine how participants constructed grief and loss, and to identify the broader discourses that served to shape these. Additional attention was paid to the rhetorical aspects of these constructions. Three overarching discursive 'sites' were identified: i) medicalisation; ii) individualism and iii) productivity and purpose.
Analysis of the discursive activity illuminated how these discourses co-existed, creating tensions within constructions that highlighted an increasing professionalisation of grief, and also carried expectations for individuals to manage their grieving in private, via practices of self-regulation. These discourses offered subjugated positions and served to reinforce the power differentials that exist between the bereaved and professionals. However, those constructions that resisted positions of powerlessness and being silenced enabled individuals a greater sense of authority within bereavement and led them to feel more open and connected as a result.
The findings draw attention to the expectation for bereaved individuals to protect society from their emotions. This has important implications for how grief may be better supported within clinical psychology settings and points to the need to challenge unhelpful assumptions within society.


A stable amount, approximately 60 micrograms, of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (AG) was detected in the 24-h-urine of normal young rats fed ad libitum. Upon administration of streptozotocin (STZ), this amount was temporarily elevated to as much as 1.1 mg and AG was concomitantly removed from the circulation. The plasma AG level stayed almost null thereafter while the acutely elevated urinary AG excretion declined within 24 h to another stable excretion level that was three times as high as that of the untreated rats. In contrast, glucosuria developed much more slowly in the drug-treated rats. Normal rats and mice retained exogenous [14C]AG to a considerable extent and the radioactivity was distributed all over the body. Only a marginal fraction of the radioactivity was excreted as expired CO2. The radio-activities retained in the body and excreted into the urine were mostly attributed to unmetabolized AG. The observations of AG's metabolic stability and its relatively low level of leakage into urine suggested the concept of effective renal AG reabsorption. On the other hand, the rats with STZ-induced diabetes and NOD-mice with spontaneously developed diabetes retained little of the radioactive AG in their bodies; most of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine within 24 h. This observation was interpreted as due to reduced renal AG reabsorption in these animals. The concept of reduction in renal AG reabsorption in diabetes could account for the reduced plasma AG level generally observed in human diabetic cases.


Forest fire emissions have a great impact on local air quality and the global climate. However, the current and detailed regional forest fire emissions inventories remain poorly studied. Here we used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to estimate monthly emissions from forest fires at a spatial resolution of 500 m × 500 m in southwest China from 2013 to 2017. The spatial and seasonal variations of forest fire emissions were then analyzed at the provincial level. The results showed that the annual average emissions of CO2, CO, CH4, SO2, NH3, NOX, PM, black carbon, organic carbon, and non-methane volatile organic compounds from forest fires were 1423.19 × 103, 91.66 × 103, 4517.08, 881.07, 1545.04, 1268.28, 9838.91, 685.55, 7949.48, and 12,724.04 Mg, respectively. The forest fire emissions characteristics were consistent with the characteristics of forest fires, which show great spatial and temporal diversity. Higher pollutant emissions were concentrated in Yunnan and Tibet, with peak emissions occurring in spring and winter. Our work provides a better understanding of the spatiotemporal representation of regional forest fire emissions and basic data for forest fire management departments and related research on pollution and emissions controls. This method will also provide guidance for other areas to develop high-resolution regional forest fire emissions inventories.


We report on the initial validation of the novel code FENNECS, which simulates the spontaneous formation of trapped electron clouds in coaxial geometries with strong externally applied azimuthal flows and in the presence of a residual neutral gas. For this purpose, a realistic gyrotron electron gun geometry is used in the code, and a self-consistent electron cloud build-up is simulated. The predicted electronic current resulting from these clouds that is collected on the gun electrodes is simulated and successfully compared with the previous experimental results for configurations with different externally applied electric and magnetic fields. These different configurations effectively modify the size and depth of the trapping potential wells responsible for the confinement of the electron clouds. This investigation also provides further insight into the link between potential well depth and resulting electronic current.


A better understanding of the mechanisms of water uptake by plant roots should be vital for improving drought resistance and water use efficiency (WUE). In the present study, we have demonstrated correlations between root system hydraulic conductivity and root characteristics during evolution using six wheat evolution genotypes (solution culture) with different ploidy chromosome sets (Triticum boeoticum Bioss., T. monococcum L.: 2n = 2x = 14; T. dicoccides Koern., T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl.: 2n = 4x = 28;T. vulgare Vill., T. aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan No. 6: 2n = 6x = 42). The experimental results showed that significant correlations were found between root system hydraulic conductivity and root characteristics of the materials with the increase in ploidy chromosomes (2x→6x) during wheat evolution. Hydraulic conductivity of the wheat root system at the whole-plant level was increased with chromosome ploidy during evolution, which was positively correlated with hydraulic conductivity of single roots, whole plant biomass,root average diameter, and root growth (length, area), whereas the root/shoot ratio had an inverse correlation with the hydraulic conductivity of root system with increasing chromosome ploidy during wheat evolution. Therefore, it is concluded that that the water uptake ability of wheat roots was strengthened from wild to modern cultivated species during evolution, which will provide scientific evidence for genetic breeding to improve the WUE of wheat by genetic engineering.


Mycorrhizal fungi have considerable effects on soil carbon (C) storage, as they control the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), by modifying the amount of soil nitrogen (N) available for free-living microbes. Through their access to organic N, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi compete with free-living soil microbes; this competition is thought to slow down SOM decomposition. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi cannot decompose SOM, and therefore must wait for N to first be processed by free-living microbes. It is unclear what form of N the ECM fungi and free-living microbes compete for, or which microbial groups compete for N with ECM fungi. To investigate this, we focused on the N transformation steps (i.e., the degradation of high-molecular-weight organic matter, mineralization, and nitrification) and the microbes driving each step. Simple comparisons between AM forests and ECM forests are not sufficient to assert that mycorrhizal types would determine the N transformation steps in soil, because soil physiochemistry, which strongly affects N transformation steps, differs between the forests. We used an aridity gradient with large differences in soil moisture, pH, and SOM quantity and quality, to distinguish the mycorrhizal and physicochemical effects on N transformation. Soil samples (0-10 cm depth) were collected from AM-symbiotic black locust forests under three aridity levels, and from ECM-symbiotic oak forests under two aridity levels. Soil physicochemical properties, extractable N dynamics and abundance, composition, and function of soil microbial communities were measured. In ECM forests, the ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotic abundance was low, whereas that of ECM fungi was high, resulting in lower nitrate N content than in AM forests. Since ECM forests did not have lower saprotrophic fungal abundance and prokaryotic decompositional activity than the AM forests, the hypothesis that ECM fungi could reduce SOM decay and ammonification by free-living microbes, might not hold in ECM forests. However, the limitation of ECM fungi on nitrate N production would result in a feedback that will accelerate plant dependence on these fungi, thereby raising soil C storage through an increase in the ECM biomass and plant C investment in soils.


It is now taken as given that the European Union will be a much more diversified entity following its planned eastward enlargement. But precisely how much diversity will there be, and what are its implications? These questions are addressed in this article, as well as in the broader collection of essays which it introduces. By introducing a broad range of empirical evidence, we seek to challenge many of the theoretical assumptions about the scope, form and meaning of diversity in the process of European integration, and especially in the context of the forthcoming eastward enlargement. In fact, the map of unity and diversity in the enlarged EU proves to be extremely complex, and does not simply correspond to the old East-West divide. We also suggest that much of this diversity should be seen as welcome rather than as threatening for the Union, and that the enlargement process constitutes an important factor generating adaptation and accommodation.


Metal cutting fluids for improved cooling and lubrication are an environmental risk and a health risk for workers. Minimizing water consumption in industry is also a goal for a more sustainable production. Therefore, metal cutting emulsions that contain hazardous additives and consume considerable amounts of water are being replaced with more sustainable metal cutting fluids and delivery systems, like vegetable oils that are delivered in small aerosol droplets, i.e., via minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Since the volume of the cutting fluid in MQL is small, the cooling capacity of MQL is not optimal. In order to improve the cooling capacity of the MQL, the spray can be subcooled using liquid nitrogen. This paper investigates subcooled MQL with machining simulations and experiments. The simulations provide complementary information to the experiments, which would be otherwise difficult to obtain, e.g., thermal behavior in the tool-chip contact and residual strains on the workpiece surface. The cBN hard turning simulations and experiments are done for powder-based Cr-Mo-V tool steel, Uddeholm Vanadis 8 using MQL subcooled to −10 °C and regular MQL at room temperature. The cutting forces and tool wear are measured from the experiments that are used as the calibration factor for the simulations. After calibration, the simulations are used to evaluate the thermal effects of the subcooled MQL, and the surface residual strains on the workpiece. The simulations are in good agreement with the experiments in terms of chip morphology and cutting forces. The cutting experiments and simulations show that there is only a small difference between the subcooled MQL and regular MQL regarding the wear behavior, cutting forces, or process temperatures. The simulations predict substantial residual plastic strain on the workpiece surface after machining. The surface deformations are shown to have significant effect on the simulated cutting forces after the initial tool pass, an outcome that has major implications for inverse material modeling.


BACKGROUND Gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) precede the development of gastric cancer (GC). They are characterized by gastric mucosal intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia caused by various factors such as inflammation, bacterial infection, and injury. Abnormalities in autophagy and glycolysis affect GPL progression, and their effective regulation can aid in GPL treatment and GC prevention. Xiaojianzhong decoction (XJZ) is a classic compound for the treatment of digestive system diseases in ancient China which can inhibit the progression of GPL. However, its specific mechanism of action is still unclear. AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of XJZ decoction on a rat GPL model and the mechanisms underlying its effects on autophagy and glycolysis regulation in GPLs. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of five rats each and all groups except the control group were subjected to GPL model construction for 18 wk. The rats' body weight was monitored every 2 wk starting from the beginning of modeling. Gastric histopathology was examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff staining. Autophagy was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of autophagy, hypoxia, and glycolysis related proteins in gastric mucosa were detected using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The expressions of the following proteins in gastric tissues: B cell lymphoma/Leukemia-2 and adenovirus E1B19000 interacting protein 3 (Bnip-3), microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC-3), moesin-like BCL2-interacting protein 1 (Beclin-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kimase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p53, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and Unc-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1) were detected using western blot. The relative expressions of autophagy, hypoxia, and glycolysis related mRNA in gastric tissues was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Treatment with XJZ increased the rats' body weight and improved GPL-related histopathological manifestations. It also decreased autophagosome and autolysosome formation in gastric tissues and reduced Bnip-3, Beclin-1, and LC-3II expressions, resulting in inhibition of autophagy. Moreover, XJZ down-regulated glycolysis-related monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1), MCT4, and CD147 expressions. XJZ prevented the increase of autophagy level by decreasing gastric mucosal hypoxia, activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, inhibiting the p53/AMPK pathway activation and ULK1 Ser-317 and Ser-555 phosphorylation. In addition, XJZ improved abnormal gastric mucosal glucose metabolism by ameliorating gastric mucosal hypoxia and inhibiting ULK1 expression. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that XJZ may inhibit autophagy and glycolysis in GPL gastric mucosal cells by improving gastric mucosal hypoxia and regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p53/ AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathways, providing a feasible strategy for the GPL treatment.


Objective: This study evaluated the 6-month outcome of patients referred by their general practitioner (GP) to a consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry service provided to eight group general practices. Method: Over a 12-month period, there were 307 referrals to the C-L psychiatry service of whom 86 consented to take part in an outcome study. Two different control groups were examined comprising patients seen by the same GPs but not referred to the C-L service, who were matched with the C-L referrals on the basis of either demographic characteristics (n = 86) or initial symptomatology (n = 59). Clinical interviews were conducted at recruitment to the outcome study using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), while postal questionnaires were used at both the initial and 6-month assessments. Results: Data reported include DSM-Ill-R clinical audit and ClDl diagnoses, changes in current syrnptomatology (SCL-904) and changes in global ratings of physical health, emotional health, social relationships and ability to perform everyday duties. Consultation-liaison referrals without symptom-matched controls (n = 27), being patients with higher levels of symptoms initially, were more likely to be referred to other psychiatric services for treatment. They also showed more marked improvement over time on the selected outcome measures. However, there were no significant differences in the patterns of change overtime between symptom-matched C-L referrals and their non-referred controls. Conclusions: The findings from the 6-month outcome study raise doubts about the overall benefit of the current C-L service relative to usual GP care. Improving the quality of psychiatric care in general practice is likely to require a range of interrelated strategies, including C-L psychiatry services, GP education and well-functioning links with public mental health services.


Hope and Fear are something that lies in the deep of the human mind that affect how people act. This research is conducted to reveal fear and hope in society as part of human psyche that build its very foundation. The topic of this research is hope and fear in Stephen King's The Mist. The research instrument uses observation sheets, while the data collection is based on the library research. This is a descriptive qualitative research that used structuralism theory by Levi-Strauss. By using the structuralism theory, the analysis of the study was conducted through binary opposition found in the novel. This research results in several findings as follows: 1) People lose themselves as human when fear constantly breaks them, while hope is the one that can keep them as human even in the hard times. 2) In religion aspect, fear has changed the way people think about God. The disaster, the death, and the monster are said to be God's will. It shows that the fundamental of belief is changed from blessing life to cursing life. Furthermore, society's moral has degenerated that they justify the wrong thing as right, and otherwise because they only think about their safety.
Keywords: Binary Opposition, Fear, Hope, Society, Structuralism


Objective: To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention therapy in Below-The-Knee (BTK) arterial disease. Methods: Retrospective descriptive series of cases. We had researched from January 2015 to December 2015 at Vascular Surgery department in Cho Ray hospital. Results: The study sample of 09 patients. We had counted 55.6% female rates, average ages 74.56 ± 9.7. Chief complain symptom was a painfully, 66.6% sample. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) performed by 77.8%, PTA and stent replacement combination accounted for 22.2%. BTK intervention simple accounted for 66.7%, other combination was 33.3%. The procedure times had 161 ± 38.7 minutes. The time of hospitalization average was 6 ± 1.85 days. Thrombosis artery complications had got into 11.1%, hematoma had got 11.1% and mortality rate had got 1 case in our research. Technique and short-term results success rates were 88.9% and 88.9%, respectively. Conclusions: The intervention endovascular therapy of chronic arterial occlusion of the lower extremity less invasive method which is safe, effective, shorter hospital stays and faster recovery of patients. Results of short-term achieve a high success rate.


: The current descriptive, analytical-qualitative study aimed at exploring the application of Venuti"s theory of translation, which includes the strategies of domestication and foreignization to examine Hutchins et al. English translation of Naguib Mahfouz"s novel Palace of Desire. The study used Venuti"s theory as a guiding tool of analysis to identify the problems of translating culturally bound concepts and terms and how the translators solved them. Data analysis depended on comparing non-random samples collected from the sourceand target texts.The research findings indicated that by applying the foreignization strategy, the translator could enrich the English literature and culture by conveying the cultural aspects of Mahfouz"s novel. Another finding pointed to the procedures translators used to apply foreignization, including transliteration, literal translation, and borrowing. Therefore, the study concluded that foreignizing strategy has a positive impact on achieving cultural equivalence. The results of the study indicate the importance of employing Venuti"s strategies to examine different literary genres in order to convey cultural diversity to the target readers. The study also recommends enhancing the role of the translator as a cultural transmitter.


In highway transportation infrastructure such as highways and tunnels, the proportion of concrete consumption is the highest, and concrete cracks are common concrete problems. Concrete cracks will greatly affect the bearing capacity and safety of the structure, easily leading to the interruption of transportation lines, causing great economic losses, and endangering personnel safety. Therefore, the effective identification and timely reporting of concrete cracks is of great significance for the maintenance of infrastructure such as roads and tunnels. In this paper, the CaNet, a deep learning network for identifying concrete cracks, is proposed, which takes ResNet50 as the backbone network. In order to capture the area with a small proportion of cracks, we added coordinate attention to the residual unit of ResNet50 to capture the cross-channel information, direction-aware information, and position-sensitive information from many vertical and horizontal directions so that the network can more accurately locate the narrow crack area. In experiments 3.2 and 3.3, the CaNet has an accuracy rate of 89.6%, which is higher than that of the compared network. In addition, the recall, F1 score, and precision of the CaNet network are 86%, 85%, and 87% , respectively. Therefore, the CaNet model is effective for identifying concrete cracks.


The conventional approach to the construction of a program is to view it as a sequence of characters. However, it is now becoming more meaningful to perceive and develop a program in terms of its inherent syntactic structure. This paper introduces the topic of syntax-directed editing in general and then considers some of the problems and design decisions that are encountered when implementing a syntax-directed system. An overview of a range of structure-oriented editors exhibiting varying degrees of syntax direction is also included.


A family of two-mirror correctors has been devised in a more advanced form than that obtained by Paul in 1935. These correctors can be used in combination with any paraboloidal telescope of even the largest size and will yield a greatly enlarged photographic field without the need for refracting elements of any kind. Such correctors will be of particular use in the ultraviolet, and for space-borne telescopes into the far ultraviolet, with performance limited only by diffraction over angular fields appreciably larger than available heretofore.


Mining engineering involves the design, planning and management of operations for the development, production and eventual rehabilitation of resource extraction. These activities draw on a diverse set of skills. University of British Columbia mining engineers have traditionally been highly regarded for their strengths in the technical aspects of mining and mineral process but also for their understanding of the application of principles of sustainability and social responsibility. The current view of the UBC Mining curriculum demands the integration of aspects of environmental and social sciences shaping the future of tertiary engineering education. The solution is developing a curriculum that is focused on key learning objectives that are a reflection of all these external pressures. This paper examines the challenge of curriculum reform and the emergence of learning communities at the Norman B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering at the University of British Columbia, Canada.


Diabetes is a major challenge for the Thai healthcare system and especially for the primary care providers.Therefore,  a  cluster-randomized  controlled  trial  was  conducted  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the Chronic Care Model (CCM) for the patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 on clinical outcomes in Chiangsaen district. One hundred and twenty-three patients with diabetes type 2 from seven primary care units (63 interventions,  60  controls)  were  recruited  in  June  2012.  The  model  mainly  consisting  of  health  personnel and patient education, standardized documentation and agreement on therapeutic goals, was implemented in interventions; while controls received usual care. The primary outcome measure was a change in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) after six  months. The  results  demonstrated  that,  at  6-month  follow  up,  97.5%  of  patients  had  completed  data.  Thereductions  of  HbA1c  in  interventions  was  more  than  in  controls  significantly  (mean  difference  =  2.2%, p < 0.001). The reduction of fasting blood sugar (FBS) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in interventions were  also  greater  than  in  controls  significantly  (mean  difference  =  31.85  mg/dl  for  FBS;  and  17.02  mg/dl for LDL, p  <  0.001).  Blood  pressure was not  significantly  reduced among  the  two study  groups. To conclude, implementing the CCM can attributable to Chiangsaen healthcare system that target HbA1c, FBS  and  LDL  of  the  patients.  However,  larger  and  long-term  trials  are  needed  to  further  determine  the effectiveness of this  intervention  for Thai  diabetes  patients.


Correspondence fields estimation is an important process that lies at the core of many different applications. Is it often seen as an energy minimisation problem, which is usually decomposed into the combined minimisation of two energy terms. The first is the unary energy, or data term, which reflects how well the solution agrees with the data. The second is the pairwise energy, or smoothness term, and ensures that the solution displays a certain level of smoothness, which is crucial for many applications. This thesis explores the possibility of combining two well-established algorithms for correspondence field estimation, PatchMatch and Belief Propagation, in order to benefit from the strengths of both and overcome some of their weaknesses. Belief Propagation is a common algorithm that can be used to optimise energies comprising both unary and pairwise terms. It is however computational expensive and thus not adapted to continuous spaces which are often needed in imaging applications. On the other hand, PatchMatch is a simple, yet very efficient method for optimising the unary energy of such problems on continuous and high dimensional spaces. The algorithm has two main components: the update of the solution space by sampling and the use of the spatial neighbourhood to propagate samples. We show how these components are related to the components of a specific form of Belief Propagation, called Particle Belief Propagation (PBP). PatchMatch however suffers from the lack of an explicit smoothness term. We show that unifying the two approaches yields a new algorithm, PMBP, which has improved performance compared to PatchMatch and is orders of magnitude faster than PBP. We apply our new optimiser to two different applications: stereo matching and optical flow. We validate the benefits of PMBP through series of experiments and show that we consistently obtain lower errors than both PatchMatch and Belief Propagation.


RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to examine the economic advice that Adam Smith provides for individuals and relate that to the judgements that he makes about national economies. It argues that Smith's interest in unintended consequences leads him to consider both levels of economic activity in a particular way. While these aspects of his thought have been discussed in the literature, they have not been analysed together. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: As a book the Wealth of Nations had two interrelated purposes: it was a scientific attempt to understand political economy, and it was also a critical intervention into British policy based upon the evidence of that inquiry. This paper looks at the connection between these two aspects of the book. In particular it examines how Smith moves from an explanation of the evolution and operation of commercial society that depends on unintended consequences (such as the famous 'invisible hand') to a set of suggestions for macro level policy to be undertaken by the government and micro level advice for individuals. The paper proceeds by close textual analysis of key passages from Smith's work. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: the paper traces how Smith's scientific approach generalises from historical evidence to identify and study the core principles of the division of labour and trade. From here he identifies a set of necessary conditions for the successful operation of a commercial society: The rule of law, political stability, and certain public works and regulations. But Smith also offers some observations on successful economic strategies that should be adopted by individuals. RESEARCH RESULTS: The paper shows that Smith communicates his advice to individuals through character sketches of the book's 'hero' the prudent man, and the book's 'villains' the prodigal and the projector. The contrast between these examples serves a didactic purpose for Smith. CONCLUSION, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATION: The paper concludes by taking a look at Smith's advice to individuals for pursuing economic success through character sketches. It contributes to the literature by stressing Smith's interest in the connection between macro-level national economic phenomena and micro-level individual economic strategy, and by showing how his book offers advice to both nations and individuals. This is an underexplored dimension of Smith's account that is examined in detail in a way not present in the scholarly literature.


In a choice bio‐assay adult female deathwatch beetles were offered two dendrochronologically dated wood blocks from oak timber to study oviposition preference behaviour. There was a clear preference for ovipositing on old wood dating from the 13th to 19th centuries rather than new wood from the 20th century. Control, same‐century choice, experiments showed that beetles will oviposit on young wood and that the age of the wood does not alter the overall oviposition potential. Oviposition frequency varied with insect age. Fecundity of insects collected from an infested building was similar to that of insects maintained in culture.


During February-April 1987 an intense bloom of Noctiluca miliaris Suriray was observed in the lower reaches of the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries and the coastal waters of Goa. The bloom also extended from Mangalore to Malvan. During the bloom period chlorophyll a concentration was as high as 16.70 mg m-3 and N. miliaris contributed to 91.3% of the total phytoplankton (51,360 counts 1-1). The bloom imparted green colouration due to the presence of a flagellate Pedinomonas noctilucae (Subr.) Sweeney in large numbers. Midwater trawl catch during the period showed substantial fall in fish catch. The prevailing environmental conditions and possible impact on local fisheries during such blooms are discussed


A b s t r a c t. In connection with the exploration of zones prospective for the occurrence of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits, numerous studies of source rocks have been conducted in Poland. Stratigraphic examinations are among the basic elements. The main group of fossils occurring in shale successions, being a potential source of hydrocarbons, is graptolites. This paper describes the assemblages of graptolites from Ordovician and Silurian deposits and shows their importance for the stratigraphy of shale complexes. Due to their abundance and rapid evolution, graptolites are an excellent tool for biostratigraphic dating, regional correlations and biozonation of rock successions in terms of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. The paper presents the significance of taphonomic research of graptolites to identify zones of increased accumulation of hydrocarbons in rocks. It has been found that graptolites are an equally important instrument, in addition to elevated TOC values or increased gamma ray radiation on well logs, that allows identification of potential source rocks for hydrocarbons, including shale gas.


Slab method of analysis has been used for solving metal forming problems for a long time. However it has been restricted to plane strain and axisymmetric problems due to limitations in its formulations. In this paper a new formulation has been proposed so that it could be applied to three dimensional problems in metal forming. A parametric slab has been considered in this analysis and the force balance on the slab was carried to obtain equilibrium equations in terms of these parameters. The parameters in fact are related to the geometry of the final extruded shape, the die and the material flow regime assumed in the formulation. In this way most of the limitations encountered in previous formulations were surpassed. The effect of reduction of area, frictional conditions and other process parameters on the extrusion pressure was investigated. The theoretical results obtained in this paper were compared with the results of finite element method and a good agreement was observed between them.


An Introduction to Political Communication introduces students to the complex relationship between politics, the media and democracy in the United Kingdom, United States and other contemporary societies. Brian McNair examines how politicians, trade unions, pressure groups, NGOs and terrorist organisations make use of the media. Individual chapters look at political media and their effects, the work of political advertising, marketing and public relations, and the communicative practices of organizations at all levels, from grass-root campaigning through to governments and international bodies. This fifth edition has been revised and updated to include: • the 2008 US presidential election, and the early years of Barack Obama's term • the MPs' expenses scandal in Britain, and the 2010 UK election campaign • the growing role of bloggers and online pundits such as Guido Fawkes in the political agenda setting process • the emergence of social media platforms such as Twitter, YouTube and Facebook, and their destabiising impact on the management of political crises all over the world, including the Iranian pro-reform protests of July 2009 and the Israeli atack on the anti-blockade flotilla of May 2010 • the growing power of Wikileaks and other online information sources to challenge state control of classified information


A rapid PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identification of 10 important emm gene types of Streptococcus pyogenes was developed. The emm genotypes of a coded panel of strains of known M serotype were determined, and in 144 of 149 cases (97%) the results were congruous. Strains of types that were not included in the panel of capture probes were emm genotyped by sequencing.


The size-controlled synthesis of Pd/C catalyst for formic acid electrooxidation is reported in this study. By using alcohol solvents with different chain length in the impregnation method, the sizes of Pd nanoparticles can be facilely tuned; this is attributed to the different viscosities of the solvents. The results show that a desired Pd/C catalyst with an average size of about 3 nm and a narrow size distribution is obtained when the solvent is n-butanol. The catalyst exhibits large electrochemically active surface area and high catalytic activity for formic acid electrooxidation.


Research into the persuasive quality of metaphor has a long standing tradition, with the topic of migration embodying one of its pet discourse genres. Yet, only few studies have recognized the existence of identical metaphors occurring across the ideological divide. The present paper explores the way in which three US-based news outlets with broadly different group alignments and overall attitudes in relation to the issue of migration wield metaphor to frame the Mexican migration debate in the US. The data suggests that, contrary to what one might expect, the mayor point of variation between these news instances does not consist in a predilection for idiosyncratic source domains. Rather, the three news sources appear to diverge most significantly in their situational use of similar metaphors. On a methodological plane, this case study illustrates the necessity of inspecting metaphor frames more closely, attending to their semantic roles and broader context, if we want to make assertions about the ideological implications and potential social impact of metaphor on public opinion formation. On a social and theoretical level, it sheds light on the ways in which these three news outlets employ metaphors to construct the social identity of 'Mexican migrants' living in the US in line with their stance on the matter, and to a possibly persuasive effect.


Tropomyosin (Tm) is an alpha-helical, parallel, two-chain coiled coil which binds along the length of actin filaments in both muscle and non-muscle cells. Smooth and skeletal muscle Tms differ extensively at the C-terminus encoded by exon 9. Replacement of the striated muscle specific exon 9a-encoded C-terminus with that encoded by exon 9d expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells increases the affinity of unacetylated alpha-SkTm for actin [Cho, Y. J., and Hitchcock-Degregori, S. E. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 10153-10157]. Here we show that swapping 10 amino acids at the C-terminus of beta-SkTm with the corresponding 10 amino acids of beta-SmTm had little effect on the regulation of S1 binding to actin, but Tm viscosity, Tm binding to actin, and troponin T1 binding to Tm all become like smooth rather than SkTm. beta-SkTm point mutations show that these properties are largely defined by the amino acids at two positions, 277 and 279. The N279L mutation reduces the viscosity of beta-SkTm to close to beta-SmTm values, while both residues contribute to the binding of TnT1. We also show that removing the first 11 N-terminal amino acids of beta-SmTm to make the mutant DeltaN-betaSmTm results in a 10-fold weakening in actin affinity compared to that of beta-SmTm. CD studies show no difference in thermal unfolding between beta-SmTm and DeltaN-betaSmTm; however, the viscosity of DeltaN-betaSmTm is much lower than that of the control. The results suggest that DeltaN-betaSmTm was unable to form filaments in solution but can form filaments on actin.


Evaluative conditioning (EC) effects on established liked and disliked brands were measured via self report, startle reflex modulation (SRM), heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Baseline measures were compared with measures taken after 1, 6, and 16 conditioning procedures. The aim was to determine how the different measures are differently sensitive to EC effects. Although self-report indicated conditioning effects already after 1 conditioning procedure and in both directions, the authors believe this to be an artifact due to a regression to the mean effect and thus reject this finding. Similarly, HR and SC did not show any sensitivity to conditioning effects. However, SRM and the IAT revealed significant conditioning effects, but more than 1 conditioning procedure were needed to cause changes. Most importantly, SRM, the only implicit measure of raw affective processing (subcortical), did show a significant EC effect after six conditioning procedures, but only in case of disliked brands turning into more liked brands. Because implicit measures are assumed to be more sensitive to deep subcortical affective processing it is concluded that this level of affective processing is more easily influenced by evaluative conditioning than higher order (cortical) processing levels. The findings are discussed in terms of different aspects of brand attitude (affective and cognitive) that seem to be differently affected by EC. Implications for marketers and advertisers are suggested.


For global-market-oriented software applications, their user interfaces need to be translated to local languages to facilitate users from different areas in the world. A long-term practice in software industry is to hire professional translators or translation companies to perform the translation. However, due to the large number of user-interface labels and target languages, this is often too expensive for software providers, especially cost-sensitive providers such as personal developers of Android apps. On the other hand, more and more mature machine translation techniques are providing a cheap though imperfect alternative, and the Google Translation service has been widely used for translating websites and apps. However, the effect of translation quality of GUI labels on user experience has not been well studied yet. In this paper, we present a user study on 6 popular Android apps, to have 24 participants perform tasks on app variants with 4 different translation quality levels and 2 target languages: Spanish and Chinese. From our study, we acquire the following 3 major findings, including (1) although sharing only about 30% of GUI labels with the original localized versions, machine translated versions of GUI have similar user experience on most studied aspects, except a slightly lower task completion rate; (2) manually enhanced but still imperfect machine translated versions are able to achieve exact the same user experience in almost all studied aspects; and (3) users are not satisfied with the GUI of machine translated versions and the two major complaints are misleading labels of input boxes, and unclear translation of items in option lists.


Hdf1 is the yeast homologue of the mammalian 70 kDa subunit of Ku-protein, which has DNA end-binding activity and is involved in DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. To examine whether Hdf1 is involved in illegitimate recombination, we have measured the rate of deletion mutation caused by illegitimate recombination on a plasmid in an hdf1 disruptant. The hdf1 mutation reduced the rate of deletion formation by 20-fold, while it did not affect mitotic and meiotic homologous recombinations between two heteroalleles or homologous recombination between direct repeats. Hence Hdf1 participates in illegitimate recombination, but not in homologous recombination, in contrast to Rad52, Rad50, Mre11 and Xrs2, which are involved in both homologous and illegitimate recombination. The illegitimate recombination in the hdf1 disruptant took place between recombination sites that shared short regions of homology (1-4 bp), as was observed in the wild-type. Based on the DNA end-binding activity of Hdf1, we discuss models in which Hdf1 plays an important role in the late step of illegitimate recombination.


The influence of social media on tourism promotion in an area has enormous potential in increasing tourist visits to the area. We can see this from the many people who travel by providing information on the location of the tourist attractions they visit to the wider community in the photos they upload to their social media. In this case the community has a large enough role in promoting tourist attractions. Karo Regency is one of the districts in North Sumatra which has many tourist objects and attractions. Located not far from the city of Medan, Karo Regency becomes a tourist destination. The number of new tourist attractions in Karo Regency has become a destination for people to do tourism. In traveling, many people take photos and convert these photos into their social media accompanied by providing information about these tourist attractions. This community participation is a means of promotion for tourist attractions in Karo Regency. These activities can easily provide awareness and are passed on by social media followers to other social media which have an impact on increasing tourist visits in Karo Regency, North Sumatra.


Resumen Context: Bio-fortified sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck betacarotene rich, has been included in the most vulnerable population's diet with the purpose of reducing health disturbances associated with hipovitaminosis. Aims: To evaluate a physical and chemical analysis of total carotenes and beta-carotene and to determine the antioxidant potential as well as to carry out a sensorial analysis of the bio-fortified Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck (BDB) in nature and processed. Methods: BDB was processed as sweet (in natura, paste and syrup) and physicochemical characteristics were compared, total carotenoids, betacarotene, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and microbiological and sensory analyses were performed. Results: The analysis of total carotenoids, beta-carotene and antioxidant potential showed the following results: BDB in nature – 11.81 mg/100 g/440.5 mg/100 g/26.30%; sweet paste – 0.61 mg/100 g/53.5 mg/100 g/53.40% and savored syrup – 0.85 mg/100 g/46.0 mg/100 g/14.30%. The methods of conservation avoided the coliforms growth at 35 and 45°C, Staphylococcus coagulasa positivo, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella in all elaborated candies. The sensorial analysis didn't detect significant differences among the syrup or paste. Conclusions: The conservation methods have an important function keeping the physical, chemical characteristics and sensorial of BDB, although they can influence in their chemical and nutritional composition, mainly in relation to the quantity of total carotenoids and beta-carotene. Contexto: La batata dulce biofortificada (BDB), Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck rica en beta-caroteno, ha sido incluida en la dieta de las poblaciones mas vulnerables con la finalidad de reducir los problemas asociados con la hipovitaminosis.


In our daily lives, we are showered with a constant stream of information in which good and bad, and truth and lies are dissolved together. How can students be helped to make distinctions without drowning in them? Such is the role of this subject that is still rarely taught in schools.


The background of this research is still low student learning activities in learning where students with high learning activities that is 34%, while students who low learning activies that is 66%. This research was conducted in one elementary school of Bandung with the subject of the study were students as many as 23 students, consisting of 9 male students and 14 female students. PTK is done by applying SAVI learning model consisting of 4 stages, namely: (1) preparation stage, (2) delivery stage, (3) stage of training, (4) stage of delivery of results. Indicators of learning activities measured in this study, namely: (1) Students learn in the form of groups to solve the problem. (2) Every student participates in carrying out their learning tasks in various ways. (3) Students dare to submit an opinion. (4) Students do learning activity analysis, synthesis, assessment and conclusion. (5) Each student has the opportunity to use the various learning resources available. (6) There is an effort from the students to ask the teacher and ask the teacher's opinion in the effort of learning activity. The results of this study found that there is an increase in learning activities by applying SAVI learning model, and showed an increase in student learning activities from cycle I of 72% to 88% in cycle II. This research can reference about the application of SAVI learning model to improve the activity of learning class V SD


A long life, rapid response, calcium-sensitive electrode that nearly follows Nernstian behaviour between 0° and 48° C has been made by incorporating a liquid ion exchanger into a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Selectivities have been obtained by several methods for Zn2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Na+, K+ and H+. The determination of calcium in tap water with the PVC electrode and by a standard EDTA method is discussed.


BACKGROUND
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disorder of increasing prevalence. Many ophthalmologic conditions are associated with AD, including cataract formation. Posterior and anterior subcapsular cataracts have been described in AD. Topical and systemic corticosteroids have been implicated in the development of cataracts. The precise pathogenic mechanisms and risk factors for development of atopic cataract are not clear.

OBSERVATION
We report a case of cataract development in a child with severe AD and performed an extensive review of the dermatologic and ophthalmologic literature pertaining to AD and cataract formation. The incidence, demographics, pathogenesis, and characteristics of atopic cataracts are evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS
Atopic dermatitis alone is a risk factor to develop both posterior and anterior subcapsular cataracts. There is a slightly increased probability of posterior subcapsular cataracts. However, anterior subcapsular cataracts are more specific to AD. A positive correlation was found between atopic cataract development and a decreased inducibility of superoxide dismutase. This suggests that atopic cataract development is correlated with oxidative damage of the lens and related to chronic inflammation.


Rickettsia typhi and Bartonella henselae are the causative agents of murine typhus and cat-scratch disease, respectively. A small-scale survey (N = 202) was conducted in the Attica region, Greece, for determining the prevalence rates of IgG antibodies against B. henselae and R. typhi by indirect fluorescence antibody test. IgG against B. henselae and R. typhi were present in 17.8% (36/202) and 4.5% (9/202) of the participants, respectively; co-occurring IgG against both B. henselae and R. typhi were detected in 3.5% (7/202), whereas only anti-B. henselae IgG in 14.3% (29/202), and only anti-R. typhi IgG in 1.0% (2/202). Titres 1/64, 1/128, 1/256, and 1/512, of anti-B. henselae IgG were identified in 6.4%, 4.5%, 4.5%, and 2.4%, whereas titres 1/40 and 1/80 of anti-R. typhi IgG were detected in 4.0%, and 0.5%, respectively. A positive association of anti-B. henselae IgG prevalence with a coastal area featuring a major seaport (p = 0.009) and with younger age (p = 0.046) was identified. The findings of this survey raise concern for exposure of the population of Attica to B. henselae and R. typhi, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis when compatible symptoms are present. Our results also suggest that seaports may represent high-risk areas for exposure to Bartonella spp.


The Gulf Cooperation Council ('GCC') is a political and economic alliance of six states namely Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman. They share similar political and cultural identities rooted in the creed of Islam (See: http://www.gcc-sg.org/en-us/AboutGCC/Pages/StartingPointsAndGoals. aspx). They are all parties to the New York Convention 1958. This article seeks to examine the concept of capacity under the laws of the GCC states and how it impacts the enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate under the New York Convention when interposed with the Civil Codes of the GCC states.
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Access to education is a matter of individual and communal justice and development. However, simple access to education, and simple inclusion as often noted in DEI, fail to capture the structures of power and inequality that limit the potential of education. It is not enough to be in education, we must aim for an education adult students can belong to. This requires that we re-conceptualize belonging as complex, non-binary, and multifaceted, acknowledging the struggles of our adult students to participate in education. For this re-conceptualization, we call upon theories of liminal belonging, in particular Anzaldúa's idea of mestiza consciousness. We use adult education students in Ecuador as a case study to reflect on the gender and identity struggles to belong and conclude with some recommendations of how pedagogy and institutions can be adapted to foster belonging for adult learners.


Abstract Myriad instances of animist phenomena abound in the Buddhist world, but due to the outdated concepts of thinkers such as Edward Tylor, James George Frazer, and Melford Spiro, commonly scholars perceive this animism merely as the work of local religions, not as deriving from Buddhism itself. However, when one follows a number of contemporary scholars and employs a new, relational concept of animism that is based on respectful recognition of nonhuman personhoods, a different picture emerges. The works of Western Buddhists such as Stephanie Kaza, Philip Kapleau Roshi, and Gary Snyder express powerful senses of relational animism that arise specifically from Buddhist thought and practice. Recognizing the role of relational animism within Buddhism opens a new window on the dynamics of the tradition and this perspective can clarify issues such as the distribution of Buddhist (non)vegetarianism.


Purpose: Fine needle aspiration cytology has a high sensiIMtv bite diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodules. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FHA) and frozen section biopsy (FS) have been used to distinguish benign lesions from malignant ones and for deciding the extent of the operative areas. In this study, we correlated data from fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen section biopsy, used in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules, to determine their electiveness. Methods: During the period from June 1996 to May 2001, the medical records of 104 patients who underwent a thyroidectomy for a thyroid nodule, at the department of surgery Inha university hospital, were reviewed retrospectivety. One hundred and four cases were classified according to whether the FNA cytological diagnosis was inadequate, benign, suspicious, or malignant and the FS diagnosis benign or malignant. Results: Permanent histopathological diagnoeis revealed that 44 cases were benign and 60 cases were malignant. According to the FNA cytologic interpretation, 11 cases were diagnosed as inadequate, 52 cases benign, 20 oases suspicious, and 21 cases malignant. The sensitivity and specificity for FNA alone were 87.8% and 67.3% respectively and for FS 100% and 91.7%. The accuracy of FNA and FS were 76.3% and 96.2% respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, FNA cytology is a useful tool in the initial evaluation of the thyroid nodules and it is as reliable as FS for predicting malignant lesion. In the inadequate, benign and suspicious cases, intraoperative FS is a valuable diagnostic to confirm the cytoIogicaI diagnosis and identify malignancy.


Two murine monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were used to detect CEA by the immunoperoxidase staining method in mild dysplasia of the uterine cervix in order to evaluate the prognostic significance of the expression of this antigen. The high affinity antibodies (Ha) detected CEA determinants in 53% of the 47 lesions studied while 40% of the epithelial changes were positive with the low affinity antibodies (La). Ha antibodies stained ten out of the 16 progressive lesions (62%), while La antibodies detected CEA determinants in 38% of these. Forty-eight per cent of the 23 regressive lesions were CEA positive with Ha and 39% with La antibodies respectively. The eight persistent lesions expressed CEA equally frequently (50%) with both antibodies. The results indicate that tissue CEA in patients with mild cervical dysplasia does not reflect malignant potential.


This intriguing book examines the greatest Beatles mystery, which has caused endless speculation over the years - why was Pete Best sacked just as the Beatles stood on the threshold of stardom? Everyone has their own theory and Pete Best himself has written his own story more than once. However, this book is the ultimate response to the question which has interested fans for so long. Interest in the Beatles never seems to diminish and Spencer Leigh has written some great books about the band and the Merseybeat era. In this book he looks at why Pete was sacked, which members of the band wanted him out and Ringo in and what part Brian Epstein played in the decision?


The article is about the biometric person identification using Deep Learning methods. The issues related to the preprocessong of the signal, the extracting of biometric features and classification are considered. The implementation of the LSTM Deep Learning model, which is a kind of Recurrent neural network, is discussed. Factors affecting the accuracy of biometric identification are being studied


Fetal rat cortical cells have been shown previously to survive at the periphery of cerebral infarction. The present study was designed to examine the ability of fetal cells to survive at the edge of the central core of ischemia. In three groups of 8 adult Sprague-Dawley rats, fetal cortical cells from ED 16 were stereotactically transplanted at 3 h, 24 h, and 7 days after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. In 6 rats, fetal cells were transplanted by using the same coordinates, without arterial occlusion, for control. In the ischemic groups, overall graft survival was 85%, and in the control group, all grafts survived. Graft survival was determined by light microscopy. No significant difference was found in the survival of grafts transplanted at different intervals after middle cerebral artery occlusion. It is concluded that fetal cortical cells can survive in cerebral tissue undergoing severe ischemic change.


From the Book:
PREFACE: Introduction
In early 1998, I was looking at re-installing Windows 95 for the third time. Granted, I stress computers more than the average user, but this was getting old. I had been playing around with Linux since early 1995 and it looked like a good time to use it as my primary desktop.

I already knew how to install and configure Linux, but I had never used it as a desktop. I found plenty of books on Linux configuration, a few on using it as a server, but nothing on using it as a desktop. Instead I had to scour the Internet for useful information. What I have tried to do for this book is compile what I have learned over the past two years. Hopefully, this will save you the time and frustration of finding it yourselves.

So, how does Linux compare to Windows? As with anything else, each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.

Windows is king of the desktop for good reason. It has a polished interface and more end-user applications than any other operating system. It is also pre-installed on most new PCs, making it an easy, safe choice for most PCs. These factors combine to give Windows about 90% of the desktop market.

Linux is based on UNIX and inherits its security and stability from it. Linux is the most popular choice for public Web servers and it also holds about 25% of the small server market. It is also free (or nearly so) and comes packed with lots of useful tools for programming and server management.

These distinctions aren't permanent, however. Several groups are working on polishing Linux's interface. There is also a rush to develop more end-user applications for Linux. Large PC makers such as Dell, Compaq,andIBM are starting to offer Linux pre-installed on PCs.

While the market for Linux is comparatively small, Linux grew from less than 1% of the desktop market in 1998 to about 4% in 1999. This is amazing considering the Apple Macintosh, which has been around for 15 years, is holding at 5% of the desktop market.

Windows is also working to gain a foothold in the traditional strengths of the UNIX (and Linux) market: security, stability, and scalability. Microsoft put billions of dollars into the recently released Windows 2000 to address these issues. While the jury is still out on whether it succeeded, early reports say that Windows 2000 is much improved over earlier versions of Windows in these areas.

There are also many other reasons for choosing an operating system. They can often draw fanatical devotion (just ask a dedicated MacIntosh user). Despite (or maybe because of) its success, Microsoft has some very dedicated enemies. Just search the Internet for "Satan" or "Antichrist" and you will be surprised how many anti-Microsoft sites you hit. The Microsoft Antitrust case was also pushed forward by some dedicated foes. Some users try Linux as an alternative to Windows. It may not be the best way to choose an operating system, but never discount the power of fanatical devotion.

Such devotion is not necessary. Linux and Windows can peacefully coexist on the same computer. It is even possible to run Linux and Windows at the same time! The whole first section of this book is devoted to making coexistence as easy as possible.

The middle section is dedicated to finding useful applications for your Linux systems. Sometimes the same application is available for both Linux and Windows; in other cases, equivalent applications are available; and in a few cases, the applications are only available for Windows. The good news is that most people can do everything they need to do with either Linux or Windows.

The last section deals with networking. This is a rather advanced topic, but networking is moving from the Fortune 500 into homes and small businesses at a rapid rate. Networking is getting inexpensive enough to offer the same advantages that large businesses have long enjoyed: sharing files, printers, and Internet connections. The increasing use of high-speed Internet connections in the home will continue to drive up demand for home networking.

Fortunately, both Linux and Windows have programs that allow easy connection to each other. Samba allows Linux to act as a Windows file server. Additionally, the NFS and LPD programs allow Windows to use Linux's native protocols.

So which is better, Linux or Windows? That is like asking whether a car or truck is better. They are built for different purposes. Windows plays the traditional role of the car; it is more polished and aimed at the mass market. Linux plays the traditional role of a truck; it is durable and intended to be used as a work vehicle. But like cars and trucks, the roles are starting to overlap. Linux is becoming more polished and easier to use and Windows is concentrating more on security and stability. Windows is still the choice for most users' desktops, but it is no longer the only choice. As you will see in this book, Linux is a solid choice for a server and a viable alternative in the desktop market.


The Sydney Taylor Book Award, sponsored by the Association of Jewish Libraries since 1968, is the only book award for children's literature that represents the Jewish experience. The award's fiftieth anniversary, celebrated in 2018, provided an opportunity to conduct a content analysis study of 102 books and summarize thematic and publishing trends across award categories and time periods. The data points collected were based on bibliographic records and, to smaller extent, on coded Holocaust-related themes. Conclusions refer to Jewish education in the United States and concepts of gender, identity, history, and Holocaust studies that have shaped it through children's literature for over fifty years.


President Hedenquist, distinguished guests, members and friends of the Society, and especially the more than 150 students from around the world who are attending this Conference: It is my pleasure today to present Gerald G. (Gerry) Carlson as the 2010 recipient of the Ralph W. Marsden Award. Ralph Marsden was a premier expert on the geology of iron ores and a distinguished member of the Society. He ably served the Society, the SEG Foundation, and the (former) Economic Geology Publishing Company (PUBCO) as Treasurer from 1976 until his untimely death in late 1986. His outstanding service and contributions to all three organizations were recognized shortly thereafter with the establishment of this award bearing his name.

Gerry Carlson is a native of Ontario, Canada, grew up there, and attended the University of Toronto, where he received a bachelor of arts and sciences degree in geological engineering in 1969. From there, he moved to the Yukon, working first as an exploration geologist for New Imperial Mines and then as a consultant and contract geologists throughout the Yukon and adjacent Alaska and Canada. In 1972, he began graduate study at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan, and received an M.Sc. degree in geology in 1974. His thesis, "Geology of the Bailadores, Venezuela Massive Sulfide Deposit," was published in Economic Geology (1977, v. 72, p. 1131–1141). He continued graduate study at Dartmouth College, receiving a Ph.D. degree, also in geology, in 1978. Immediately thereafter, he joined Anaconda Canada Exploration Limited (a subsidiary of The Anaconda Company), as a project geologist based in Vancouver, BC. In 1980, he was appointed Exploration Manager for Canada, responsible for Canada-wide minerals exploration and with short-term exploration assignments for Anaconda in the U.S., Chile, and Australia.

Following cessation of Anaconda's worldwide exploration activities in 1985, Gerry began another phase …


We have previously demonstrated the presence of topoisomerase I (topo I) activity in purified retroviral particles (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type 1, equine infectious anemia virus-EIAV and moloney murine leukemia virus). In our present work, an attempt was made to determine the nature and origin of the protein that is associated with this activity. For that purpose we have isolated the topo I activity from equine infectious anemia virus cores and showed that a major protein band of an 11 kDa is present in the topo I active fractions. It was able to form a DNA-protein cleavable complex, which is one of the characteristics of topoisomerases. This protein was recognized by anti-EIAV p11 nucleocapsid protein (NC) antibodies that can also specifically remove the topo I activity from the purified topo I active fractions. Therefore, our present findings, which are compatible with our previous data concerning the HIV NC protein, suggest that the 11 kDa protein which is associated with the topo I activity in EIAV is the nucleocapsid protein.