Large flowers often contain larger nectar rewards, and receive more pollinator visits, than small flowers. We studied possible behavioral mechanisms underlying the formation of flower size preferences in bumblebees, using a two-phase laboratory experiment. Experimentally naive Bombus terrestris (L.) foraged on artificial flowers that bore either a large (3.8 cm diameter) or a small (2.7 cm diameter) display of a uniform color. Only flowers of one display size contained nectar rewards. We changed the display color and the locations of large and small flowers in the second experimental phase. We recorded the bees' choices in both phases. Almost half of the bees (41%) made their first visit to a small flower. The bees learned to associate display size with food reward, and chose rewarding flowers with >85% accuracy by the end of each experimental phase. Some learning occurred within the bees' first three flower visits. Learning of the size-reward association was equally good for large and small displays in the first experimental phase, but better for small displays in the second phase. Formation of size-reward associations followed a similar course in both phases. This suggests that the bees did not apply their experience from the first learning phase to the new situation of the second phase. Rather, they treated each phase of the experiment as an independent learning task. Our results suggest that associative learning is involved in the formation of preferences for large displays by bees. Moreover, bees that had learned to prefer large displays in one foraging situation may not transfer this preference to a novel situation that is sufficiently different. We propose that this feature of the bees' behavior can select for honest advertising in flowers.


Background and Aim: Many studies investigated the effect of ankle-foot orthosis on reducing the incidence of sprain. In this study the influence of elastic and semirigid stirrup type orthosis on the onset latency of peroneus longus muscle activity as the most important support of anklefoot region in response to sudden perturbation was assessed in healthy group and athletes with functional ankle instability. Materials and Methods: Thirteen healthy female athletes and 10 female athletes with functional ankle instability (17 to 27 years old) were perturbed unexpectedly by a custom made ankle perturbation system in frontal plane under three conditions of without orthotics, using elastic orthosis, and using semirigid stirrup-type orthosis. Simultaneous recording of electrical activity of peronus longus muscle was performed with surface electromyography. Results: The results showed the significant differences between muscular latency of injured and control groups without orthosis (P=0.018). The onset latency reduced using each type of the orthoses in injured group but it was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although the latency time of peroneus longus muscle response delay didn't show significant reduction using orthoses in injured group, it seems that using orthoses leads to proprioception improvement and sensiomotor control increasement by stimulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this report was to evaluate the outcome of autotransplantation or replantation of cryopreserved teeth clinically and radiographically. Donor teeth were slowly frozen in a controlled-rate freezer using 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) as protectants. Seven cryopreserved teeth, with duration of storage ranging from 4 to 36 months, were autotransplanted or replanted at Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital. Endodontic treatment involving root canal debridement followed by interim root canal filling with calcium hydroxide was started 3 weeks after the operation and continued with replacement of the calcium hydroxide filling at 2-week to 3-month intervals. Three transplants showed periodontal regeneration clinically and radiographically, whereas replacement root resorption was observed in the remaining transplants. From the results, it can be concluded that cryopreserved tooth autotransplantation has potential for clinical use; however, the risk of replacement root resorption remains.


Dynamic Bayesian networks are of particular interest to reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks from temporal transcriptional data. However, the problem of learning the structure of these networks is quite challenging. This is mainly due to the high dimensionality of the search space that makes exhaustive methods for structure learning not practical. Consequently, heuristic techniques such as Hill Climbing are used for DBN structure learning. Hill Climbing is not an efficient method for this purpose as it is prone to get trapped in local optima and the learned network is not very accurate.


Our pilot studies (PS) show that high adrenergic neurovascular tone (ANVT) causes chest wall symptoms (CWS). The presence of recurrent palpitations and non-exertional chest pain has been called mitral valve prolapse (MVP) syndrome when a murmur is present and associated with 2D echo findings of MVP. Our PS show that neurovascular CWS are associated with significant (Sig) decreases in systolic time intervals (STI) and are not related to the shape of the mitral valve. Prospective studies (Pros) were done with a random sample of the general population, selecting patients for study with recurrent CWS and a rise in systolic pulse pressure (RPP) > 15 mm Hg during sustained isometric handgrip (5 PSI/3min). This is PS screening criteria to predict high ANVT. STI were used as a measure of ANVT (STI = PEP/LEVET × 100%). Serial measurements were made for 3 years of SBP, RPP, STI, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and symptom levels (scale 1-100 severity by patient) at time (T) 1 baseline low stress, T2 during Sig symptoms with stress, and T3 during treatment (Rx). MVP (by 2D echo) and mitral insufficiency (by Doppler) were assessed by three independent graders. All data were placed into a blind matrix for analysis later. Rx consisted of diltiazem CD 240-360 mg/day, tenormin 12.5-100 mg/day, and amitryptiline 10-50 mg/day. Patients were 3/1 female/male, 18-65 years, all Caucasian. Exclusions: exertional angina, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and on other drugs. Normal controls were age/sex/race matched. Results group (G) means shown. Where *Sig difference from C at p < .01 by t-test. % MVP = % with MVP by 2D. %MMI = % with mild mitral insufficiency by Doppler. The percentage of patients with MVP, by classical definition, was not significantly different from C in the PS and Pros groups. The shape of the mitral valve had no Sig relationship with SL. Mild mitral insufficiency was significantly greater in PS and Pros groups than C groups. Sig increases in SL occurred with Sig decreases in STI. This demonstrates that SL are related to Sig increases in ANVT. Effective Rx causes Sig increases in STI, Sig reduction in SVR, and Sig decreases in SL to C levels. Thus, high ANVT causes chest wall symptoms that can be controlled by treatment.


Vehicle re-identification (re-ID) has the huge potential to contribute to the intelligent video surveillance. However, it suffers from challenges that different vehicle identities with a similar appearance have little inter-instance discrepancy while one vehicle usually has large intra-instance differences under viewpoint and illumination variations. Previous methods address vehicle re-ID by simply using visual features from originally captured views and usually exploit the spatial-temporal information of the vehicles to refine the results. In this paper, we propose a Viewpoint-aware Attentive Multi-view Inference (VAMI) model that only requires visual information to solve the multi-view vehicle reID problem. Given vehicle images of arbitrary viewpoints, the VAMI extracts the single-view feature for each input image and aims to transform the features into a global multiview feature representation so that pairwise distance metric learning can be better optimized in such a viewpointinvariant feature space. The VAMI adopts a viewpoint-aware attention model to select core regions at different viewpoints and implement effective multi-view feature inference by an adversarial training architecture. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of each proposed component and illustrate that our approach achieves consistent improvements over state-of-the-art vehicle re-ID methods on two public datasets: VeRi and VehicleID.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the health service, non-health service and total costs and predictors of costs in individuals with early inflammatory polyarthritis (IP).

METHODS
We conducted a prospective longitudinal study over a 6-month period. The participants were a random sample of 133 individuals who had enrolled with the community-based Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) database between 1994 and 1999. The main outcome measures were the mean (per person) 6-month health service cost, non-health-service cost and total cost associated with IP.

RESULTS
One hundred and fifteen of the 133 individuals who were recruited into the study completed 6 months of follow-up. The mean 6-month total cost was estimated to be 2800 pounds sterling per person, of which 14% was health service costs and the remainder non-health-service costs. Higher total costs were associated with lower health status and rheumatoid factor positivity.

CONCLUSIONS
Early IP has a considerable impact on both the health-care system and, more importantly, society. Non-health-service costs (i.e. costs incurred by the individual with the disease, their family and friends) account for a substantial proportion (86%) of the total costs associated with early IP.


NOVA-ASTRON has delivered a suite of cryogenic astronomical instruments for large ground based telescopes as well as space missions. The instruments include polarimeters, spectrometers, cameras and interferometers, mostly operating at infrared. Several methods have been developed to verify or measure, under cryogenic conditions, the performance of optical components, coatings and complete optical systems. The test and verification setups presented in this paper include wave front error measurements, alignment inspection, spectral measurements, material properties determination and varying gravity orientation capabilities (gravity load vector). The measurement principles are explained, together with the most important error contributions and the achieved accuracies.


Multiple sclerosis patients with refractory urinary symptoms after treatment with behavioral therapy and medications still have treatment options. Prior to starting treatments, baseline symptoms should be assessed and treatment goals thoroughly discussed. Catheterization, botulinum toxin, and reconstructive surgery all can play a role in improving both safety and quality of life for these patients. Newer modalities, such as neuromodulation, may also have an increasing role in the future as more data develop regarding efficacy. Risks need to be weighed against any perceived benefit and disease status before more aggressive therapy is initiated.


The paper gives a brief analysis of the prevalence and trends of childhood morbidity in small towns of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Morbidity in small towns is shown to be greater than the average territorial rate. The increase in overall morbidity in children is affected by the schooling environment where a child stay 6-8 hours daily and that ensures no conditions for keeping and promoting the child's health at school at the present stage. Monitoring of material resources yields a special territorial program whose major task is to increase the sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being at general educational establishments.


Background and aim Acute circulatory failure (ACF) is associated with high mortality rates in critically ill cirrhotic patients. Only a few accurate scoring models exist specific to critically ill cirrhotic patients with acute circulatory failure (CICCF) for mortality risk assessment. The aim was to develop and evaluate a novel model specific to CICCF. Patients and methods This study collected and analyzed the data on CICCF from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care-III database. The acute circulatory failure–chronic liver failure–sequential organ failure assessment (ACF–CLIF–SOFA) score was derived by Cox's proportional hazards regression. Performance analysis of ACF–CLIF–SOFA against CLIF–SOFA and model for end-stage liver disease systems was completed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results ACF–CLIF–SOFA identified six independent factors: mean arterial pressure [hazard ratio (HR)=0.984, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.978–0.990, P<0.001], vasopressin (HR=1.548, 95% CI: 1.273–1.883, P<0.001), temperature (HR=0.764, 95% CI: 0.694–0.840, P<0.001), bilirubin (HR=1.031, 95% CI: 1.022–1.041, P<0.001), lactate (HR=1.113, 95% CI: 1.084–1.142, P<0.001), and urine output (HR=0.854, 95% CI: 0.767–0.951, P=0.004). ACF–CLIF–SOFA showed a better predictive performance than CLIF–SOFA and model for end-stage liver disease in terms of predicting mortality (0.769 vs. 0.729 vs. 0.713 at 30 days, 0.757 vs. 0.707 vs. 0.698 at 90 days, 0.733 vs. 0.685 vs. 0.691 at 1 year, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusion ACF–CLIF–SOFA, as the first model specific to CICCF, enables a more accurate prediction at 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year follow-up periods than other existing scoring systems.


Introduction: In recent years, health care has faced many changes. Thereupon, it would be beneficial to investigate the quality of midwifery care and its related factors. Many factors contribute to the provision of quality care, and recognizing factors to ensure the quality of midwifery care. This qualitative study was conducted to explain the factors that affect the provision and quality of midwifery care. Methods: This qualitative study with content analysis approach was conducted between June 2017 and February 2018 on 15 midwives working in private and public maternity hospitals in the city of Qom. The participants were selected by purposeful sampling. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were performed with open ended questions to find out how midwives describe high quality midwifery care. Data were analyzed by conventional content analysis method through MAXQDA-11 software. Results: The findings of this study revealed two main themes, including individual factors (personal efficiency, staffs' psychological status, value-centeredness, cultural-educational issues, and professional attachment), and professional-organizational factors (professional characteristics, patient characteristics, personal-professional welfare, professional empowerment system, value-centered culture of organization, and organizational monitoring and evaluation). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that individual and professional factors are associated with the quality of midwifery care. Midwives who participated in this study believed that providing high quality midwifery care requires a broad range of prerequisites. Since high quality midwifery care decreases maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, it is imperative for policymakers to pay attention to all the factors that contribute to the quality of midwifery care.


To determine whether heart rate variability changes due to varying levels of estrogen, we studied nine women during menses, i.e. the lowest level of estrogen, and during the peak estrogen level that occurs during the follicular phase. Welch's method was used to calculate the power spectral density. Low and high frequency power were calculated in the appropriate spectral bands. We found that neither low nor high frequency power changed significantly across the two phases studied. High frequency power as compared to low frequency power was significantly higher during both menses and the follicular phase.


The general objective of this study is to provide an extra input, so that the accuracy of the BPK audit report indisputable future and the results can be trusted by the public, both in terms of standard of examination and in terms of the law. The specific objectives of this study was to straighten out the friction that occurs between the Governor of Jakarta to the BPK, on matters of state losses amounting Rp191.897455.000,00 on purchases of land by the provincial government. DKI-Jakarta from RSU-Sources Sane. The method used in this study is a research method documentation - comparative. The analytical method used to process data analysis is descriptive-explanatory. These results indicate that the BPK-RI opinion can be considered valid for the inspection procedure has been carried out in accordance SPKN. But on the other hand rebuttal Governor of DKI Jakarta, also can not be considered wrong because there is no loss to the state-owned land on RSU The purchase transaction-Sources Sane and the transaction is legitimate, because it was in accordance with contract law as stipulated in the Civil Code.


Abstract In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant, BASF SE, submitted an application to the competent national authority in Greece to modify the existing maximum residue level (MRL) for the active substance mepiquat in cotton seeds. The data submitted in support of the application were found to be sufficient to derive a MRL proposal for cotton seeds and the previously derived MRL proposals for animal commodities were found to be still valid. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of mepiquat chloride in the plant and animal commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of mepiquat chloride according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.


Measures to increase awareness of the village community in COVID-19 preventive still need to be done because the village community still considers the corona virus not as a threat, awareness public too low in implementation health protocols such as the use of masks and social distancing and the lack of personal protective equipment owned by the community. The socialization carried out by the government in implementation the rules for COVID-19 preventive in the community, such as washing hands properly, using proper masks and social distancing through social media, is still being ignored by the community, so it is necessary to do counseling and training on the manufacture and distribution of APD as a implementation COVID-19 preventive in village communities. This community service aims to provide education about the dangers or threats of COVID-19 so that it is hoped that it can raise awareness of the village community and increase understanding of COVID-19 preventive. Community service activities were carried out on 10 August 2020 - 10 September 2020 in Matangaji Village, Sumber District. The methods used were the manufacture and distribution of personal protective equipment such as hand sanitizers, masks and spraying disinfectants as well as socializing the prevention of COVID-19 by placing posters and distributing APD directly to the village community. The results obtained were that 50 liters of handsanitizer were distributed in the Matangaji Village community, spraying assistance was carried out in public places that were visited by many people Matangaji Village and the distribution of 500 masks which were distributed to Matangaji Village residents. After socialization through the distribution of APD and the installation of posters in several public places such as schools, village halls and places that are frequently visited, the people of Matangaji Village understand  how to preventive COVID-19 and the village community is alert to the dangers of COVID-19 so they want to implemented health protocols.


Thecamoebian (testate amoebae) assemblages in samples collected in August 2007 and June 2008 from Suncor Energy Inc. Constructed Wetlands Test Facility, Fort McMurray, Alberta were found to respond to varying levels of oil sands process-affected water/materials (OSPW/OSPM). Oil sands process affected material is characterized by elevated conductivity and naphthenic acid concentrations, and a strong relationship was found between thecamoebian assemblages and both of these impact-indicator constituents (r 2 =0.707 and r 2 =0.743, respectively). Wetlands highly impacted by OSPM contained low-diversity assemblages dominated by centropyxid thecamoebians (Centropyxis aculeataandC. constricta) andArcella vulgaris. Less-impacted sites, in contrast, had higher relative abundance and more-diverse assemblages dominated by difflugiid thecamoebians, primarilyDifflugia oblonga,D. urceolata, andCucurbitella tricuspis. Thecamoebian assemblages responded quickly to a deliberate reduction in the rate of OSPW input to some sample sites between 2007 and 2008, with increases in species diversity and relative abundance of difflugiids. At sites with little annual change in water quality, the thecamoebian assemblages were comparable, indicating reproducibility of thecamoebians as a contamination proxy. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed the strong controls of Na/(Ca+Mg), Na/SO 4 , naphthenic acids, Na, alkalinity, and conductivity on the thecamoebian communities, although many of these are intercorrelated. Rmode cluster analysis emphasized the interannual similarity of the thecamoebian faunas at the same sites and the community changes at sites where the OSPW character changed. Q-mode cluster analysis showed that four main thecamoebian strains and species (Centropyxis constricta ''aerophila'',Centropyxis aculeata''discoides'',Cucurbitella tricuspis, Difflugia oblonga''glans'') significantly influence assemblage composition. The study suggests that thecamoebians are useful environmental proxies capable of gauging the impact of oil sands materials in reclaimed areas and have the potential to monitor the progression of aquatic reclamation initiatives. They also appear to be useful in gauging the success of various reclamation mitigation options, such as fertilization. The addition of nutrients resulted in higher species diversity and greater relative abundance of difflugiid thecamoebians than at a parallel site that had not been fertilized, suggesting a faster improvement in aquatic ecosystem health with nutrient loading. The rapid generation time of these protists, together with their apparent sensitivity to OSPM, make thecamoebians useful biomonitors of the progression of aquatic reclamation in oil sands operations.


Canonical Information Retrieval systems perform a ranked keyword search strategy: Given a user's one-off information need (query), a list of documents, ordered by relevance, is returned. The main limitation of that "one fits all" approach is that long-term user interests are neglected in the search process, implicitly assuming that they are completely independent of the user query. Actually, there are information access scenarios that cannot be solved through a straightforward matching of queries and documents, since other elements influence the relevance of the retrieved results. In these scenarios, a smart search engine could exploit information about topics of interest, stored in the user profile, to automatically tailor ranking functions to a particular user. The main contribution of this paper is an extension of the vector space retrieval model in which user profiles learned by a content-based recommender system are taken into account to modify the ranking of search results. Experimental results in a movie retrieval scenario show how promising is the approach.


The analysis of opinions of district pediatricians about state and perspectives of development of primary medical sanitary care for children in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic permitted to obtain competent assessment of quality of polyclinic medical care. The positive tendencies in activities of children polyclinics were established. However, the problem of achieving higher quality of medical care of children continues to be actual. According to survey results, character and direction of organizational managerial decision making concerning improvement of material and technical equipment of children polyclinics in accordance with modern requirements (37.6%), elimination of defects in organization of free medication support (63.6%), improvement of organization of free nutrition supply of children (50%), etc. Among the priority tasks of pediatric service is the solution of the medical personnel issue and full staffing of pediatric districts with physicians (66.7%), paramedical personnel (29.6%) and medical specialists (61.7%), as well as the need to include in staff of the polyclinic positions of child psychologist (54.0%) and social worker (31.5%). One of the main problems of primary medical sanitary care of modern pediatric service remains high work overload of district pediatricians that which undoubtedly impacts quality of medical and preventive activities. The low readiness of district pediatricians to active acceptance of innovative transformations in functioning of children polyclinic, requiring psychological readjustment of medical personnel is established. This was most strikingly manifested by process of implementing information technologies and the National project "Lean Polyclinic". All issues identified by sociological survey significantly strained during coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The pandemic inputted its own adjustments in medical care support of children in the region. Despite the fact that disease did not affect children to large extent, due to prolonged absence of physicians suffering from coronavirus, quality of dynamic monitoring and treatment of children suffered. Factually, no dispensarization activities were implemented and prevention measures as well. The results of survey contributes to the formation of monitoring of quality of out-patient care of children at the regional level and makes the research data highly relevant.


Disclosed is an adhesive sheet wherein an adhesive layer is formed on a base film. This adhesive sheet is characterized in that the base film is composed of conductive fibers and a path for electricalconduction is formed between the adhesive layer and the base film. Consequently, an inspection for electrical conduction can be performed even when the adhesive sheet is bonded to a semiconductor waf er or a semiconductor chip obtained by dicing a semiconductor wafer. In addition, this adhesive sheet makes it possible to prevent deformation (warping) or breakage of a semiconductor wafer or generation of cracks or scratches on the back surface of the semiconductor wafer during the inspection.


The stimulus to this contribution to legal psychiatry has to be seen in the present state of the discussion of some of its premises. To be fully aware of the problem it seems necessary to go back to a very elementary point of view. Thus it becomes evident that there is epistemologically a fundamental difference between the so-called gnostic and the agnostic standpoint, between the psychoanalytical and the phenomenological approach. Furthermore a non-contradictory answer to the present questions only appears consistent with the "agnostic" method, whose formal implications are explained very shortly.


To optimize polymer design for tumor directed drug delivery, the fate and the total body distribution of soluble synthetic macromolecules, derived from copolymers of [(N-2-(hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (HPMA) were monitored scintigraphically after radiolabeling with 131I during a seven day time window. Equimolar concentrations of radioiodinated copolymers of HPMA with small amounts of methacryloyltyrosinamide (pHPMA) differing in molecular weight (23.4 kD, 27.3 kD, 30.5 kD, 44 kD, 58.4 kD, 60.1 kD) were injected intravenously into Copenhagen rats bearing Dunning prostate carcinomas (subline R3327-AT1). Scintigraphic data were validated by determining absolute amounts of [131I]pHPMA in both tumor tissue and normal organs after sacrificing the animals. Copolymers were cleared from blood circulation in a molecular-weight dependent manner, either via excretion or by extravasation into normal and neoplastic tissues. While distribution patterns for pHPMAs in normal organs were quite similar, absolute amounts of copolymer uptake differed. The higher the molecular weight, the more radioactivity was taken up by the organs. Highest amounts of radioactivity were seen in the lung, liver, and spleen. In solid tumors, kinetics of pHPMA accumulation was clearly dependent on molecular weight. pHPMAs below the renal threshold peaked at 24 hours p.i. and then remained constant. In contrast, copolymers above the renal clearance threshold displayed a continuous accumulation reaching a significantly higher tumor uptake, presumably due to the very small or non existent polymer release from tumor tissue. Absolute amounts of tumor uptake determined by dissection analysis were 0.5 +/- 0.1% of injected dose/g tissue for the 27.3 kD pHPMA and 1.2 +/- 0.1% for the 60.1 kD pHPMA, respectively. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the influence of the molecular weight of the synthetic polymer pHPMA on plasma circulation time, excretion and organ clearance. While pHPMAs are cleared from all normal tissues except the spleen quite effectively, these polymers accumulate in solid tumors in a size dependent manner, due to the well known "enhanced permeability and retention" (EPR) effect. These data are of fundamental interest for ongoing studies on the pharmacokinetics of synthetic polymers, especially when these molecules are conjugated with targeting moieties and therapeutic or diagnostic agents.


Previous findings indicate that the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) interacts with other brain regions in regulating stress hormone effects on memory functions. Lesions of the BLA or infusions of a β-adrenoceptor antagonist into the BLA block glucocorticoid effects on both memory consolidation and retrieval when administered either systemically or directly into the hippocampus. The present experiments examined BLA and β-adrenoceptor involvement in regulating glucocorticoid effects on spatial working memory, a task that depends on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Male Sprague Dawley rats with bilateral sham- or NMDA-induced lesions of the BLA received either corticosterone (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) systemically or the specific glucocorticoid receptor agonist 11β,17β-dihydroxy-6,21-dimethyl-17α-pregna-4,6-trien-20yn-3-one (RU 28362; 3.0 or 10.0 ng in 0.5 μl) into the mPFC shortly before testing on a delayed alternation task in a T-maze. Both glucocorticoid treatments induced comparable impairments in working memory performance in sham-lesioned controls. Although lesions of the BLA alone did not affect working memory, BLA lesions blocked the impairment induced by either corticosterone or RU 28362. Likewise, systemic injections of the centrally acting β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) given before testing prevented corticosterone-induced working memory impairment. These findings indicate that BLA activity is essential for enabling glucocorticoid effects in the mPFC on working memory and suggest that stress hormone-induced modulation of working memory involves noradrenergic activation.


The TVA has been applauded for its anti-malaria programs in the Southeast during the 1930s and 1940s. However, the TVA developed their anti-malaria programs because they created lakes suitable for mosquito breeding. To estimate the relationship between the TVA and malaria, I construct a county-level panel data from the Southeast United States. I find that the net effect of the TVA was to increase malaria rates following its construction. Using statistical life value estimates, I find that the hidden malaria cost of the TVA offset 24 percent of the fiscal stimulus multiplier generated by the TVA.


On the basis of the generalizations of the Jacobi identity found by the author some identities satisfied by the curvature and torsion of a covariant differentiation are derived. A kind of the generalized covariant differentiation is proposed and a method of finding some of satisfied by them identities is given in the correspondence to the curvatures concerned. Possible applications for some physical problems are pointed out.


Current Topics in Critical Care ~Iedicine is a publication of the Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Critical Care, Rio de Janeiro 1974. Despite the grouping of the 27 individual papers under the four main headings, "Monitoring of the Critically Ill", "Physiology of the Disturbed Circulation ", " Therapy and the Critically III Patient ", and "l\Ietabolic and C.N.S. Aspects of Critical Illness", it has been impossible to achieve an organized theme in each section. The standard and teaching value of the individual papers is variable. The majority of papers contain a useful list of references. The book reveals particular fields of interest and research in a variety of overseas centres and gives further information on many well known topics. For example, the papers by Messmer et al. on Haemodilution are very well presented and will encourage further thought on this important topic. The steroid controversy continues with papers by Shatney, Dietzman and Lillehei on Septic Shock. Although 81 % of their series 01 patients survived the initial septic shock only 37% were ultimately discharged from hospital. The authors acknowledge that the pathophysiology of septic shock is different from that in shock fol.lowing haemorrhage or myocardial infarction. They withdraw their earlier suggestion that cortico-steroids act primarily as vasodilators and through this action increase survival in clinical septic shock. We still await a controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy of glucocorticoids in this condition. The paper entitled" Review of Fat Embolism: Special Reference to Cardiac and Pulmonary Fat Embolectomy" could not be left without comment. It presents neither a rational clinical approach to the diagnosis of this condition nor a rational scheme of basic management. This book would be a useful addition to a Departmental Library. Its value, however, would have been greatly increased had the discussion, which presumably followed the papers, been included. G. M. CLARKE.


This paper proposes a new joint error correction and encryption scheme based on turbo codes, which can be called as turbo-based encryption. The new scheme should have high error-correcting capability as well as security. In order to encrypt information by turbo code, two measures are adopted: 1) The interleaver of turbo code is improved, therefore it can be controlled by a secret key; 2) Another interleaver is added to the first output of turbo encoder, which is also controlled by a secret key. Simulations show that the new scheme has good performances in error-correcting capability and security. At last, this paper gives an application of the turbo-based method in image encryption.


Abstract. During an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) and an isoglycaemic intravenous glucose infusion, blood glucose and the responses of insulin and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were measured in six healthy volunteers. On a subsequent occasion a constant infusion of human synthetic GIP (2 pmol kg‐1 min‐1 for 30 min and 0.5 pmol kg‐1 min‐1 for another 30 min was given to each subject, again with a simultaneous infusion of glucose to maintain isoglycaemia to the oGTT. During the oGTT, plasma GIP concentrations rose from 92pM18 pmol 1‐1 to 257 pM42 pmol 1‐1 60 min after ingestion of glucose (meanpMSEM). When glucose was administered intravenously plasma GIP levels did not rise significantly over basal. The infusion of hGIP mimicked the physiological plasma GIP response after oral glucose during the first 60 min of the study. Plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower between 45 and 60 min than during the oGTT (438 pM 67 vs. 200pM48 pmol l‐1p<0.02; 465pM96 vs. 207pM48 pmol 1‐1;p<0.01). However, the total and incremental integrated insulin responses during the first 60 min of the study were, though lower, not significantly different from the oGTT experiment when glucose and hGIP were infused simultaneously. Thus, in the presence of mild physiological hypergly‐caemia, human GIP is able to enhance the initial insulin response almost equivalently to the stimulus provided by oral glucose. Decreased insulin concentrations during porcine GIP infusions in previous experiments might be due to sequence differences between human and porcine GIP. In humans, GIP must be considered as an important factor in the enteroinsular axis.


This cross-sectional study of fifty-two prematurely-born children, ages two to five years, evaluated the long-term effects of oral intubation at birth on palatal architecture, crossbite malocclusion, and enamel structure. Seventy percent showed a high palatal vault, with palatal grooving in 25 percent; 36 percent had enamel defects in the maxillary primary incisors; and 17 percent had posterior crossbites. The mean palatal depth was 12.9 mm, as compared to 11.4 mm for a group of 45 nonintubated, normal healthy children (the difference was significant at alpha = 0.05). There are significant iatrogenic defects from prolonged neonatal intubation with this sample of preschoolers.


Essential oils are naturally-occurring chemicals in plants, and many of these molecules have been reported to influence production efficiency of dairy and beef animals. Previously, it was reported that a blend of capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol increases feed efficiency of beef steers. Our objective was to determine if that same additive (EO; XTRACT®-7065, Pancosma) would influence the milk production performance of lactating dairy cows during the summer months in Israel. In two consecutive field trials, Holstein dairy cows were assigned to no additive or supplementation with EO (1 g/d; n = 30 cows/treatment in trial one, 70 cows/treatment in trial two; n = 2 pens/treatment) for 4 mo. The EO was blended with ground corn meal and top-dressed; control cows received corn meal without EO. Dry matter intake (DMI) per pen was calculated daily and individual cow milk production, milk composition, and somatic cell count (SCC) were recorded monthly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance with repeated measures using pen as the experimental unit and trial as a random variable. Cow activity was monitored in the first trial using a pedometer (Afimilk, Isreal), and rumination minutes per day were measured in the second trial (SCR, Israel). Those data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and cow as the experimental unit. Milk production was increased in EO cows (39.4 vs. 42.0 kg/d; P < 0.01) with no effect of EO on DMI (22.6 vs. 22.5 kg/d; P > 0.70). Consequently, there was an improvement in feed efficiency of EO cows (milk/DMI = 1.74 vs. 1.89; P < 0.001). There was no effect of EO on milk composition (P > 0.50), but there was an increase in energy-corrected milk with EO (40.1 vs. 42.2 kg/d; P < 0.01). In addition, there was a decrease in SCC of EO cows (306.1 vs. 242.4 cells*1000/ml; P < 0.05). In trial one, there was a decrease in activity of EO cows (165 vs. 137 steps/d; P < 0.001); however, in trial two, there was no effect of treatment on rumination time (425 vs 436 min/d; P = 0.30). We conclude that a blend of capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol can increase milk production and feed efficiency of lactating dairy cows. Additional experiments are needed to confirm these observations and to understand the mechanism underlying the response of dairy cows to EO.


The purpose of this paper is the improvement of the speed control characteristics of induction machines suited the low resolution incremental-type encoder in a low speed region. In order to improve the control characteristics in a low speed range, we propose that the instantaneous speed control method by the instantaneous speed detection which is implemented by the disturbance torque observer. Also, in case of the speed control by the instantaneous speed detection, the simple estimation method of the mechanical inertia moment is proposed. We will the carry out the mathematical verification of the proposed theory by the theoretic advisement connected with the convergence relationship of the estimated inertia moment to the real mechanical inertia moment. Computer simulations and experiments by the IGBT inverter adopting DSP is performed to verify the proposed method.


Cholinergic agonists and certain peptides of the glucagon-secretin family acutely increase tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the superior cervical ganglion in vitro. The present study was designed to investigate possible interactions between these two classes of agonists in regulating catecholamine biosynthesis. Synergistic effects were found between carbachol and either secretin or vasoactive intestinal peptide in the regulation of DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) synthesis. In addition, synergism was found at the level of the accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, the likely second messenger in the peptidergic regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The synergism seen with carbachol was blocked by a muscarinic, but not by a nicotinic, antagonist. Synergism was also found between bethanechol, a muscarinic agonist, and secretin, but not between secretin and dimethylphenylpiperazinium, a nicotinic agonist. Since previous immunohistochemical results suggest that vasoactive intestinal peptide and acetylcholine are colocalized in some preganglionic sympathetic neurons, the present data raise the possibility that the two might act synergistically in vivo in regulating catecholamine biosynthesis. Synergistic postsynaptic actions may be a common feature at synapses where peptides of the secretin-glucagon and acetylcholine are colocalized.


We examined the clinical presentation and outcome of Brucellar infections of genitalia and the lower urinary tract through a review of the medical records of 10 cases of male patients with brucellar infections of the genitalia and lower urinary tract. The mean age of the patients with brucellosis was 49.2, (median 52, range 15-77 years). Eleven out of 17 patients were rural residents, 15 reported that they might have consumed unpasteurized dairy products, and four reported occupational exposure. Symptoms onset was acute in almost all cases. Scrotal pain, epidedimal swelling and fever were the most common symptoms. The Wright test was positive in 13 patients, while Brucella sp. was isolated from blood cultures in six cases. Only two patients were found with abnormal liver ultrasonography. All patients underwent treatment with doxycycline and aminoglycoside for seven days and doxycycline alone for two months. Most of them responded to antibiotic therapy with rapid regression of symptoms. One patient failed to respond to therapy and presented necrotizing orchitis, as well as abscesses, which required orchectomy. Brucellar infections of the genitalia and lower urinary tract have no specific clinical presentation; the usual laboratory examination is not sufficient to diagnose this kind of infection, therefore it could easily be misdiagnosed. An analytical medical history (including overall dietary habits and recent consumption of non-pasteurized dairy products) could indicate Brucellosis as would the persistence of symptoms despite a one-week antibiotic treatment. In general, patients afflicted by brucellar epididymoorchitis respond to Brucellosis antibiotic therapy, except for some rare cases that present necrotizing orchitis and require surgical treatment.


CONTEXT
Two adipokines highly expressed in fat mass, adiponectin with antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic properties and visfatin with an insulin-mimetic effect, are potential contributors to bone metabolism. In acromegaly, data on adiponectin are contradictory, and there are no data on visfatin.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate adiponectin and visfatin in acromegaly, compared to control subjects, and to analyze their relationship with body composition and bone markers.

METHODS
Bone markers [osteocalcin, total amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (total P1NP), carboxy-terminal telopeptide (beta-Crosslaps)], body composition (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), adiponectin (by ELISA), and visfatin (by immunoanalysis)] were evaluated in 60 acromegalic patients (24 males and 36 females) and in 105 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (33 males and 72 females). Acromegalic patients were classified as controlled, with normal IGF-I and nadir GH no greater than 1 microg/liter (n = 41), or active (n = 19).

RESULTS
Acromegalic patients had lower adiponectin (P < 0.01), more lean body mass (P < 0.01), more total body mass (P < 0.01), higher bone formation markers (osteocalcin and total P1NP, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), but less bone resorption markers (beta-Crosslaps, P < 0.001) than controls. No differences in visfatin and BMD were found between patients and controls. Adiponectin correlated negatively with BMD (r = -0.374; P < 0.05) and lean mass (r = -0.301; P < 0.05) and positively with age (r = 0.341; P < 0.001) in acromegaly. Visfatin correlated negatively with BMD (r = -0.359; P < 0.05). BMD was the predictor for adiponectin and visfatin.

CONCLUSIONS
Acromegalic patients present hypoadiponectinemia and a favorable bone marker profile. Adiponectin and visfatin could be a link between fat mass and bone in acromegaly.


Domperidone at a dose of 4 mg/kg significantly raised circulating prolactin levels in male and female rats although this increase was approximately 4-fold higher in females compared with males. No effect on LH secretion was observed. This LH and prolactin responses to Gn-RH and TRH respectively were investigated with isolated perfused pituitary glands obtained from domperidone-pretreated animals. For females, the basal release of prolactin was raised by domperidone pretreatment and the responsiveness of the pituitary to Gn-RH was markedly attenuated. When domperidone was added to the perfusing media, high concentrations (100 microgram/ml) reduced both the basal and TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion from pituitaries of untreated male and female rats although lower doses (1 microgram/ml and 10 ng/ml) were ineffective in altering prolactin release. The pituitary LH responses to Gn-RH were similarly reduced by the presence of 100 microgram domperidone/ml in the medium.


Purpose of the work is to characterize the geo-ecological condition of the reservoirs in Lviv in order to develop recommendations for the protection, conservation and enhancement of their functional use.

Methods. Field, cartographic, historical, analysis and synthesis.

Results. The geo-ecological state of modern reservoirs of Lviv has been investigated. Water pollution of represented reservoirs has been analyzed according to the fund and statistical materials. In the course of the field researches the physical parameters of the water condition have been analyzed, sources of pollution of reservoirs, clogging and overall assessment of coastal water protection strip shave been identified. Most of the reservoirs of Lviv are characterized by littering of the coastal strip, recreational impact, proximity to roads and residential buildings. The color of the water in the majority of the reservoirs is grayish-yellow, the transparency of the water is low, the smell is marsh or earthy-grassy. Ten of the twenty-three reservoirs under study have strong and over-eutrophication. In summer, some are completely overgrown with algae. The condition of the basin in 70% of Lviv reservoirs is natural. This contributes to the additional intake of pollutants from the catchment area. Ponds where the basin is covered with an artificial surface (mainly concrete) have better water quality. In particular, Levandivskyi has become the only one to have clean water at the beginning of 2019. In recent years, the water reservoirs of the city have been significantly shallow, due to the construction of catchment areas and the discharge of rainwater to the general sewer.

Conclusions. Irrational use of city reservoirs leads to water pollution, siltation and overgrowth of urban reservoirs, rapid eutrophication, clogging, etc. Reservoirs near leased restaurants and recreational facilities are in the best condition. The ponds located in park areas (Stryiskyipark, Pohulianka, Shevchenko-ethnopark, Piskovi Ozera) are in a satisfactory geo-ecological state. The most neglected are the reservoirs of former industrial enterprises, which are under control of district administrations. Taking into consideration the multifunctional importance of reservoirs for the city, recommendations have been developed to improve their geo-ecological state, mainly they are organizational (monitoring the status of reservoirs, introduction of ecological passport of the reservoir, increasing control), technical (separation of rain and municipal sewage, technical care), educational (stands, eco-actions, festivals) measures.


Following the breakthrough of the microarray technology, the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology further advanced approaches in modern biomedical research. The high-throughput NGS technology is now frequently used in profiling tumor and control samples for the study of DNA copy number variants (CNVs). In particular, the ratio of read count of the tumor sample to that of the control sample is popularly used for identifying CNV regions. We illustrate that a change-point (or a breakpoint) detection method, along with a Bayesian approach, is particularly suitable for identifying CNVs in the reads ratio data. We have written our algorithm into a user friendly R-package, SeqBBS (stands for Bayesian breakpoints search for sequencing data) and applied our method to the sequencing data of reads ratio between the breast tumor cell lines HCC1954 and its matched normal cell line BL1954. Breakpoints that separate different CNV regions are successfully identified.


In this article, we are interested in how togetherness in workplace friendships is experienced in the absence of physical co-presence. We explore practices through which we-experiences, that is, shared experiences that produce feelings of togetherness, are realized and maintained across time and space and how different we-experiences constitute different modes of togetherness. Findings from our autoethnographic phenomenological study suggest four modes. Transactive togetherness as vivid and intense we-experiences in the face of tight deadlines but little genuine we-experiences at other times. Retrospective togetherness as re-lived we-experiences when shared memories or stories are retold, recalled, and 'brought back to life'. Associative togetherness as we-experiences that emerge in the light of immediate emotional and personal challenges that are addressed collectively. Projective togetherness as anticipated we-experiences that emerge from a compelling vision of each other in our work and personal life. We add to the current conversations on the continuous entanglement and interlocking nature of we-experiences, the temporality of togetherness at work, and how friendships are actively accomplished through individuals.


This paper presents the development of an innovative wavelet-based diagnostic methodology to perform real-time detection of mechanical chaos occurring in high-speed, high- performance rotor-dynamic systems. The objective is to provide an early warning if macroscopic and/or microscopic faults are detected in time to prevent catastrophic mechanical failures that could compromise safety and cause expensive downtime. In this paper, we make use of the popular discrete wavelet transform (DWT) operating in the time-domain that has demonstrated to be superior to Fourier- based methods and is highly effective in identifying small variations of parameters in rapid transient events. In addition, the DWT and its extension to wavelet packet transform are real-time implementable in many DSP chips. We present a comparison between the wavelet approach and the traditional technique to identify chaotic signals using synthetic and laboratory-generated data.


Digital amputation for infection in the diabetic patient requires accurate assessment of wound healing potential as a function of clinical and noninvasive studies of cutaneous blood flow. The diabetic propensity for staphylococcal infection, microangiopathy, and delayed wound healing may be questionable in light of recent literature. X-rays, xeroradiographs, and bone scans are useful guides to osseous infection involvement. Amputation technical planning is mandatory. Proper assessment results in a dynamic functional amputation stump with little impact on gait.


This study was performed as a part of a longer research programme on urinary tract smooth muscle layer in children. All the children whose samples were investigated underwent surgery for urinary tract malformations. Specimens were taken from different segments of upper urinary tract during surgical intervention. Specimens were investigated by either in vitro motility tests or electron microscopy or both of them. Basic patterns of tissue strips were recorded after incubation of varying duration and then tested by administering neurotransmitter agents like noradrenaline and acetylcholine-bromide. Microstructure of samples were examined electron microscopically. Investigations were performed in order to find correlation between microarchitecture and motility patterns of urinary muscle wall. Factors influencing urinary muscle motility, characteristic features of impaired musculature and its possible regeneration are discussed too. Microhistological deteriorations inhibit spontaneous smooth muscle motility but muscle contractility proved by administering noradrenaline and acetylcholine-bromide remained in some extent. Taking into consideration that smooth muscle is able to regenerate and rebuild close contacts pediatric surgeon and urologist should spare kidney parenchyma as far as it is possible.


We report a divergent and modular protocol for the preparation of acyclic molecular frameworks containing newly created quaternary carbon stereocenters. Central to this approach is a sequence composed of a (1) regioselective and -retentive preparation of allyloxycarbonyl-trapped fully substituted stereodefined amide enolates and of a (2) enantioselective palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylic alkylation reaction using a novel bisphosphine ligand.


This guide will review items covered during your library session to help with your research, finding and evaluating sources. please also refer to https://libguides.ccsu.edu/historystudents for additional information


Abstract Career paths selected by completing nursing students are of significant interest to educators and professional agencies. This paper presents part of a larger study which investigated students' influences and motivations for selecting nursing as a career path. The aim of this study was to identify career goals of completing nursing students, what factors influence these goals, preferred areas in which to work and if aged care is considered a career option.. The study employed a cross sectional approach utilizing Ford's (1986) taxonomy of human goals as a theoretical framework. A questionnaire was administered to 25 students in the final semester of their nursing degree. Preliminary findings showed goals for future practice were limited to midwifery and paediatrics whilst elder care was not perceived as a viable career option. Negative images of nurses continue to prevail and implications for nursing are considered. Despite the small sample, the study provides evidence that to provide suitable care for all members of the community it is essential that all career options within the profession are positively promoted.


This workshop examined some of the new challenges to health-related privacy emerging as a result of the proliferation of electronic communications and data storage, including through social media, electronic health records and ready access to personal information on the internet. The right to privacy is a human right. As such, protecting privacy and enforcing the duty of confidentiality regarding health information are fundamental to treating people with autonomy, dignity and respect. For people living with HIV, unauthorized disclosure of their status can lead to discrimination and breaches of other human rights. While this is not new, in this information age a new breed of privacy violation is emerging and our legal protections are not necessarily keeping pace.


Oak is one of the most valuable noble hardwood species in Europe. The production of high-quality wood is associated with long rotations and high labour costs. The aim of this thesis was to quantify and model the effects of some silvicultural practices, mainly thinning, on crown size, volume growth and stem quality on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), to provide a scientific basis to modify contemporary oak silviculture. The response pattern of specific silvicultural practices was tested in nine long-term thinning experiments and one operational stand located in Northern Europe.

Results showed that pruning led to an overall increase in the total production of new epicormic shoots, which decreased with increasing height along the stem and with decreasing stand density. This suggests that early, heavy thinning combined with high pruning at regular intervals may help shorten the rotation length. A set of models for predicting crown radius was presented, based on different levels of predictor variables that offer flexibility in terms of data availability. The models can be used, for example, to calculate the average area potentially available for final crop trees and therefore the potential number of trees at the end of the rotation. Models for individual tree volume were fitted separately for predicting total and stem volume, whilst accounting for thinning practice. Results showed an increase in prediction accuracy in comparison to similar models available in the literature. Stand volume growth was analysed and modelled in relation to age, thinning practice and site. The highest growth was for unthinned stands, decreasing with increasing thinning grade. Volume growth of 50 potential future crop trees ha-1 increased with increasing thinning grade at all ages, demonstrating a positive effect of thinning on the growth of selected crop trees. The results lend support to the concept of crop tree silviculture based on early initiated, heavy thinning for the 'best' trees at regular intervals.


Purpose The study objective is to investigate the relationship between workplace ostracism, workplace incivility, and knowledge hiding behavior (evasive hiding, playing dumb, rationalized hiding) while considering the mediating role of job anxiety. Methods The study collected data through structured questionnaires from 275 participants (ie, employees) working in the small to medium-sized enterprise of five big cities of Pakistan. The study adopted a structured equation modeling technique for data analysis. Results Significantly, the study results suggest a positive effect of workplace ostracism and workplace incivility on employees' knowledge hiding behavior, and job anxiety significantly mediates the relationship between workplace ostracism, workplace incivility, and knowledge hiding behavior of employees. Conclusion The present study highlights the need to examine the personality disposition for understanding the relationship between the variables (eg, workplace ostracism, workplace incivility, knowledge hiding behavior). Employees' inappropriate behavior had suppressed by initiating a campaign for a realistic job preview, setting an exceptional example. The study significantly contributes to the current literature on knowledge hiding behavior by presenting valuable insight into organizational and individual variables, subsequently influencing the knowledge hiding behavior of individuals. Indeed, this study is the first to investigate the predictive effect of the proposed variables.


Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the concept of employment status. Topics covered include the reasons for distinguishing employees from other types of worker; statutory definitions of employee and worker; and the courts' and tribunals' approach to identifying employees. The tests for employment status are stated, concentrating on mutuality of obligations and personal service. Discussion centres on zero hours contracts, agency workers, and the gig economy.


International traceability to the SI is increasingly demanded for measurements in chemistry. These concern measurements made not only for industrial chemical manufacturing but also for checking the safety of a wide range of food and agricultural products, for environmental protection, for medicine, as well as for a multitude of regulatory purposes. This article outlines the role that the Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere (CCQM) can play in establishing traceability at the highest level for such measurements. A brief account is given of the actions taken so far by the Committee. These include the precise description of primary methods, the meaning of traceability for measurements in chemistry and the organization of some key international comparisons designed to test the procedures drawn up to guide them. Plans for future work are described.


The impact of next-generation access systems on the planning and operations support activities of telephone companies is discussed. Key features of these systems include full access time-slot interchangers, provisionable channel units, remote test access points, ability to collect performance monitoring data, and bandwidth management capabilities such as grooming, shedding, and add and drop. These features will enable telephone companies to perform remote provisioning, remote testing, remote inventory and achieve higher utilization of equipment and facilities. Once operations systems start supporting these features, telephone companies will incur lower operating costs. In addition to supporting existing services, next-generation access systems will also serve as a platform to support new services and architectures, such as integrated services digital network (ISDN) fiber-in-the-loop (FTTL), high-speed extensions, and self-healing rings.<<ETX>>


Management of cataract and its complication after surgery in a child with complex congenital cataract where accompanied by other ocular abnormality can pose a great surgical challenge. This case report described a case of an 18-year-old girl with slowly decreasing vision after undergoing surgery charity on the right eye (RE) around 4 months ago due to cataract which she had since birth. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) preoperatively of the RE and LE was 6/60 and 0,5/60 respectively. Ocular assessment was pseudophakia with Posterior Capsular Opacity (PCO) on the RE and cataract on the left eye (LE) accompanied by microcornea, nystagmus and coloboma of iris and retina on both eyes. Secondary posterior capsulotomy surgery was done on the RE and cataract extraction, Primary Posterior Capsulotomy (PPC) on the LE with Anterior Vitrectomy (AV) on both eyes. Last follow-up postoperatively showed a significant improvement of uncorrected visual acuity on her RE from 0.5/60 preoperatively to 6/30, meanwhile only subjective improvement of VA was found on her LE. This case can achieve visual improvement with promptly surgical treatment without complication and routine monitoring still needs to be done.


Abstract. We examined the effects of soil chemistry on the herbaceous forest wildflower Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple) in an existing large-scale ecosystem level experiment that raised soil pH by two units (from ∼ 4 to ∼ 6) and increased available phosphorus (P) at least sevenfold. Plant leaf tissue was monitored for four years, and we began detailed plant measurements after we observed changes in leaf P content. Plant nutrient content, reproductive allocation, and the extent of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were determined. We found no effect of changing soil chemistry on P. peltatum reproductive allocation. Addition of P resulted in significant increases in leaf P content, but also marginally reduced leaf N and C content. Increases in pH had no effect on leaf N or P, but there was a significant interaction between P addition and pH elevation on leaf C content. Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was significantly affected by soil treatment; our data suggest that pH elevation and P addition may have opposite effects on mycorrhizal colonization in forest herbs, with pH increasing and P addition decreasing root colonization. Our study has important implications for how forest wildflowers may respond to anthropogenic changes in soil nutrient content and chemistry.


The view of the commons as archaic, 'backward' and 'irrational' institutions for the management of resources has now been revised in favour of a more positive one, for both past and present societies. Indeed, it is clear that the commons had multifarious ecological and economic benefits for both medieval and early modern rural societies in Western Europe. That being the case, many scholars have seen the increasing expropriation of the commons in the transition to the early modern period as a sign of increasing inequality characterizing pre-industrial Europe, and many have lamented the loss of communal grazing privileges connected to processes such as land enclosure – pushing poor peasants into the 'abyss' with the removal of their final form of welfare. However, in this paper it is argued that the social distribution of the benefits to the commons were rarely, if ever, entirely equitable. In fact, in many historical contexts the benefits of the commons could also be highly restricted – crystallizing and entrenching stratifications themselves, and even serving as the 'vehicle' of further inequality. The expropriation of the commons did not necessarily make Western European rural societies any more unequal.


Abstract Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is the most controversial category in The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. The intent of this category is to recognize a heterogeneous group of cytologic findings that exceed what is acceptable in a benign aspirate while being insufficient to warrant any of the diagnoses associated with a higher risk of malignancy. An AUS/FLUS diagnosis may be prompted by quantitatively or qualitatively restricted features that raise concern for a follicular neoplasm (including a Hürthle cell neoplasm), papillary carcinoma, or other less common malignancies. These aspirates are often limited by factors such as sparse cellularity or preparation artifact. The AUS/FLUS category is anticipated to have a 5% to 15% risk of malignancy, but in practice has been shown to often pose a greater risk, particularly when the atypia is due to cytologic features that raise concern for papillary carcinoma. Recommended initial management for an AUS/FLUS diagnosis is typically repeat fine-needle aspiration with molecular testing presenting a potentially viable alternative for determining whether surgery is appropriate. The AUS/FLUS rate is recommended to not exceed 7%, but this target has proved difficult to achieve for many practitioners. A concerted effort to use alternative diagnostic categories wherever possible may help minimize overuse of AUS/FLUS.


In this document, we introduce Minas, a memory affinity management framework for cache-coherent NUMA Non-Uniform Memory Access) platforms, which provides either explicit memory affinity management or automatic one with efficiency and architecture abstraction for numerical scientic applications. The explicit tuning is based on an API called MAi (Memory Affinity interface) which provides simple functions to manage allocation and data placement using an extensive set of memory policies. An automatic tuning mechanism is provided by the preprocessor named MApp (Memory Anity preprocessor). MApp analyses both the application source code and the target cache-coherent NUMA platform characteristics in order to automatically apply MAi functions at compile time. Minas efficiency and architecture abstraction have been evaluated on two cache-coherent NUMA platforms using three numerical scientic HPC applications. The results have shown signicant gains when compared to other solutions available on Linux (First-touch, libnuma and numactl).


Based on the concept of linear superposition, the model for combined wave refraction and diffraction developed by Liu et al. is extended to the situation of permeable detached breakwaters in a slowly varying water depth. Two cases are investigated which include a semi-infinite permeable breakwater and a single permeable breakwater. Laboratory results with a particular transmission coefficient in a wave basin are used to compare with the theoretical results. Fair agreements are found.


A biomimetic nanofibrous poly(L-lactide) scaffold strengthened by nanohydroxyapatite particles was fabricated via a thermally induced phase separation technique. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that nanohydroxyapatite particles uniformly dispersed in the nanofibrous poly(L-lactide) scaffold (50–500 nm in fiber diameter) with slight aggregation at a high nHA content, but showed no influence on the interconnected macroporous and nanofibrous structure of the scaffold. The nanofibrous poly(L-lactide) scaffold presented a specific surface area of 34.06 m2 g−1, which was much higher than that of 2.79 m2 g−1 for the poly(L-lactide) scaffold with platelet structure. Moreover, the specific surface area of the nanofibrous scaffold was further enhanced by incorporating nanohydroxyapatite particles. With increasing the nanohydroxyapatite content, the compressive modulus and amount of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on the surface of the nanofibrous composite scaffold were markedly improved, as opposed to the decreased crystallinity. In comparison to poly(L-lactide) scaffold, both the nanofibrous poly(L-lactide) and poly(L-lactide)/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds exhibited a faster degradation rate for their much larger specific surface area. The culture of bone mesenchymal stem cell indicated that the composite nanofibrous poly(L-lactide) scaffold with 50 wt % nanohydroxyapatite showed the highest cells viability among various poly(L-lactide)-based scaffolds. The strengthened biomimetic nanofibrous poly(L-lactide)/nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffold will be a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013


Ink-jet formulations are tailored for specific applications to give high performance in storage, during jetting, as drops impact the substrate and during evaporation; high performance of the final product is also targeted. This thesis explores the ink-jet printing of multi-phase formulations and their potential applications.
 First, phase-separating inks were investigated. Formulations based upon binary mixtures of partially miscible liquids were explored: the minor component in suitable formulations was present initially below its miscibility limit and increased in concentration during evaporation until the mixture passed the binodal. Aqueous solutions of di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate (DPGMEA) phase separated after jetting: the new oil-rich phase formed at the contact line where evaporative flux is greatest. Phase-selective patterning was demonstrated using sodium oxalate and benzoic acid, which partitioned into opposite phases. Decane-in-methanol solutions phase separated throughout the drop but the high volatility of methanol did not allow composition gradients to equilibrate; phase selective patterning is not possible for this mixture. A quantitative criterion for the observation of phase separation during evaporation was developed and may be calculated from reference data.
 Second, the delivery of high-molecular-weight (MW) polymers via emulsions was investigated. The ink-jet printing of high-(MW) polymers in solution is non-trivial: first, concentrated solutions are too viscous for print heads. Second, high strain rates during printing causes chain degradation. Third, high strain rates cause polymers to undergo the coil-stretch transition and introduce non-Newtonian jetting dynamics: long-lived elastic filaments develop that delay drop breakoff and decelerate the main drop. Emulsions shield polymers from high strain rates during printing through the interfacial tension and Gibbs elasticity of the dispersed phase droplets; strain occurs only in the polymer-free continuous phase. The optimised model formulation contained 3.8 %wt polystyrene (Mn = 419 kDa) overall; polystyrene was dissolved in methyl benzoate and dispersed throughout an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulphate. During evaporation on the substrate, the dispersed phase coalesced to give an even polystyrene deposit with the shape of a spherical cap. The emulsion increased the maximum printable concentration of the polymer by a factor of 15 and long-lived elastic filaments were not formed during jetting. A variety of discontinuous phase solvents were trialled: nozzle clogging was more frequent with toluene and anisole, whilst diethyl phthalate did not evaporate on the substrate. A neutrally buoyant discontinuous phase is advantageous.


This study deals with observed and simulated growth, development and yield of the fresh-market Thomas F1 tomato bush cultivar (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under open field conditions at farm scale in the Elbe lowland. The CROPGRO-Tomato model used in this study is part of the DSSAT V4.5 software. The model has been calibrated with growth analyses data from field experiments, agronomic evidence (GC UPRAVY software) and the most currently available data from the literature sources of cardinal temperatures for tomato phenology, fruit growth and photosynthesis (Tb - base temperature; Topt1 - the lowest temperature at which maximum rate is attained; Topt2 - the upper temperature at which maximum rate is sustained; Tmax - maximum temperature). The sampling plants were collected a once 14 days for analysis of basic physiological parameters: LAI (Leaf area index), LAR (Leaf Area Ratio), C (Crop Growth Rate), RGRw (Relative Growth Rate) and NAR (Net Assimilation Rate). Phenology observation was done weakly. Meteorological, soil and agro-technical parameters across the fields were monitored. The treatments were well-irrigated and well-fertilised, and therefore, no water or N stress was present. Parameters affecting leaf growth, dry biomass productions, and dry biomass of leaves, stem and generative organs from planting to harvest were calibrated against the observed data. Phenological development and growth processes such as leaf expansion and fruit growth depend on cardinal temperatures. Leaf area expansion depends on the new leaf mas produced and specific leaf area, which is influenced by light, temperature, root N uptake, and plant water status. Starting date for the simulation corresponds with transplanting date of the crop in the field, which was set at day 141. The simulation period ended at day 273, a reasonable estimate for the date when plants are stopped in practice. Initial input dry biomass at Mochov farm (Suchdol) was set to 2.25 (2.88), 1.71 (2.5) and 0.01 (0.78) grams for leaves, stem and generative organs, respectively.


A critically ill patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to gram negative septicemia is reported. Low dose (5-10 mu/kg/h) heparin by intravenous infusion promptly inhibited intravascular coagulation, as reflected by laboratory studies. Fibrin monomer (FM) became undetectable, concentration of fibrin degradation products (FDP) fell, fibrinogen rose, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) shortened. Unintentional, temporary interruption of heparin resulted in transient return of abnormal laboratory values. The patient went on to make a complete recovery. Although the therapeutic contribution of heparin could not be proven in this patient, the laboratory data suggested that it was a valuable adjunct and in the dosage given unlikely to potentiate bleeding. The monitoring of heparin therapy in DIC by measurement of FDP, FM, and fibrinogen rather than clotting time is recommended.


Dysregulation of the activity of protein kinases has been associated with numerous diseases such as cancer or chronic inflammatory conditions. Therefore, protein kinases are attractive drug targets that are the most intensively pursued by both industrial and academic laboratories, with great success in the cancer field. Today, more than 40 protein kinase inhibitors have been approved for cancer therapy. This success, coupled with a greater understanding of inflammatory signalling cascades and cell death and regeneration pathways, led to kinase inhibitors taking centre stage in the pursuit for new drugs for the treatment of many unmet diseases. Moreover, considering that multiple sclerosis (MS) is classified as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), protein kinases as key drivers of many inflammatory-mediated diseases represent an important and promising class of emerging therapeutic targets for MS. It is only a matter of time to witness whether the modulation of the protein kinases collected in this chapter may become a valuable option for the future treatment of MS.


SiC trench structures having a width of 0.6 μm and a depth of 2.0 μm are fabricated by reactive ion etching (RIE) using a gas mixture of SF6, Ar, and O2. Further, SiC trench structures are cleaved to expose the sidewall for the channel region of a trench MOSFET. These structures were analyzed by pin-point photoelectron spectroscopy using a 100 nm soft-X-ray beam. It is observed that around 2 nm-thick homogeneous carbon-rich layer containing 1–2% F forms on the SiC sidewalls. This may be caused due to the re-deposition of RIE reaction products, CF4 and SiF4, under appropriate conditions to fabricate the trench walls that are approximately vertical using RIE. Further, a carbon-rich layer having a thickness of about 2.4 nm is also formed on the bottom of the SiC trench, suggesting the possibility of selective etching of Si from the SiC substrates. The position of the dominant peak that is associated with the SiC component remains constant regardless of the trench depth, suggesting homogeneous band bending due to the RIE defects, which may explain the reason for no variation being observed in the gate oxide/SiC interface trap density values. Further, the band bending of 1.50 eV that is observed on the sidewall can be attributed to a positively charged carbon vacancy (V+C). [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2018.257]


Pittsburgh-Most everything in astronomy is big. But the truly outsized features of the universe-vast filaments of galaxies and its great dark voids-were highlighted when 772 researchers gathered here on 11-15 June for the 186th meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Talks included a new explanation for the large-scale "tapestry" of the universe and a new glimpse of what may fill its voids.


This specification defines additional message exchange patterns (MEPs) to be used in WSDL 2.0 and are provided as examples of the extensibility of WSDL 2.0.


Honeycomb sandwich structures, composed of many regularly arranged hexagonal cores and two skins, show excellent impact performance due to strong energy absorption capability under impact loads. In this paper, a numerical study of low velocity impact on honeycomb sandwich panels filled with circular tubes in the in-plane direction was performed. To calibrate the numerical model, simulation results in the out-of-plane direction are compared with the experimental ones. The numerical modelling of the drop weight test was carried out using the nonlinear explicit finite element code Abaqus/Explicit. The impact responses are presented as the contact force between the impactor and the panel versus the time. It was concluded that the filled honeycomb panel absorbs the same amount of impact energy in a shorter time than an empty one. In addition, the deflections of the front and back facesheets are investigated. The panel degradation and the stress distribution during the crushing are also discussed.


An advanced light-induced avenue to monodisperse sequence-defined linear macromolecules via a unique photochemical protocol is presented that does not require any protection-group chemistry. Starting from a symmetrical core unit, precision macromolecules with molecular weights up to 6257.10 g mol-1 are obtained via a two-monomer system: a monomer unit carrying a pyrene functionalized visible light responsive tetrazole and a photo-caged UV responsive diene, enabling an iterative approach for chain growth; and a monomer unit equipped with a carboxylic acid and a fumarate. Both light-induced chain growth reactions are carried out in a λ-orthogonal fashion, exciting the respective photosensitive group selectively and thus avoiding protecting chemistry. Characterization of each sequence-defined chain (size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and NMR spectroscopy), confirms the precision nature of the macromolecules.


Data derived from a large cohort of hemodialysis patients (12,896) undergoing dialysis access maintenance procedures being performed by interventional nephrologists were analyzed to determine the safety of sedation/analgesia (S/A) in a freestanding facility. Data collected included patient demographics, procedures performed, time of procedures, drugs used, doses used, and complications that occurred. Four high‐risk groups were identified based upon age, pulmonary status, and over all physical status. These were compared to the total cohort. Midazolam, fentanyl, or a combination of the two were used. Within the total cohort of patients, midazolam alone was used most commonly (94.7%). The total mean dose of midazolam when used alone was 3.4 mg. The dosages used in the high‐risk groups tended to be only slightly lower (3–3.2 mg). This setting appears to be safe for hemodialysis patients, even those in high‐risk subgroups having these types of procedures. The types of drugs and the dosages that are commonly used do not appear to be associated with an unacceptable risk to the hemodialysis patient. A nephrologist that is not specialty trained in anesthesia is able to provide S/A safely in a freestanding facility.


There are various methods of handling Optimal Binary search trees in order to improve the performance. One of the methods is Dynamic programming which incurs O(n) time complexity to store involved computations in a table. The data mining technique called Data Preprocessing is used to remove noise early in the data and enhance consistency of given data. The data postcomputing (opposite to Data Preprocessing) is applied using dynamic programming principle which starts with only required data and computes only the necessary attributes required to construct Optimal Binary Search Tree with time complexity O(n) if there are n identifiers / integers / any complex objects. This approach avoids computing all table attributes. Hence, the complexity or cost of Data post computing using Dynamic Programming is proved to be less than O(n) or even less than specified in some cases with experimental results.


The thermodynamic studies of desulfurization processes of sulfides of non-ferrous and rare metals were studied. The calculations were performed using the thermodynamic database and NVTANTERMO software. On the basis of these calculations, the experimental investigations of desulfurization of sulfides of copper, lead, zinc, iron, silver, as well as collective polymetallic concentrates of Shahumyan deposit in Armenia were carried out. In the processing of reducing gases (H2 + CO), water vapor and steam-air mixture were used.
The experiments showed that, from an economic point of view, the most efficient processing method is a steam-refining of concentrates. This method significantly reduces the energy expenses, process duration and ensures high degree of extraction (97 - 98%) of the major components. Besides, this method allows obtaining sulfur in elemental form.
All this makes possible to organize an economical waste-free and ecologically clean processing of polymetallic concentrates.


NCEPOD, the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death, is a body that reviews clinical practice, completes confidential surveys covering different aspects of medical care and makes recommendations to clinicians and management.1 Emergency Admissions: A journey in the right direction? is its most recent publication; it analyses the care of adult patients admitted to hospital as emergencies.

Emergency admissions account for approximately one-third of all hospital admissions and in 2004–5 (the report examines admissions in February 2005) they increased by 6.5% on the previous year to 4.43 million. NCEPOD assessed systemic and clinical aspects of the immediate and continuing care of these patients in the period immediately after their time spent in an emergency department (ED), primary care or other admission source. Three thousand and forty patients were initially selected, 2219 meeting the inclusion criteria; admission …


There are only few data of gastrointestinal endoscopy in pregnant patients. Only 0.4% of all procedures are carried out during pregnancy. Case reports and some small retrospective studies are available. Because of physiological changes in pregnancy there might be special risks of endoscopy. There might be complaints which can be physiologic during pregnancy, but can be signs of gastrointestinal disorders, too. Therefore, indications for endoscopy are not always clear and easy. Safety of the procedures is also not well studied. Besides the risks of endoscopy, medication given to the mother, electrocoagulation and radiation exposure from fluoroscopy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography might be harmful to the fetus. Endoscopy should only be done when indication is unquestionable and strong. Only FDA "A" and "B" category medication is allowed. Gastroscopy is necessary for bleeding and for patients with pyrosis going together with alarm signs. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and fecal occult blood test positivity are not indications for endoscopy, only for gastroenterogical consultation. Sigmoidoscopy is recommended for indication of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and sigmoid or rectal mass. Only therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be performed. Obstructive jaundice and biliary pancreatitis need immediate endoscopic intervention. The fetus must be shielded from radiation exposure.


Background Vein of Galen malformations (VOGM) are rare, accounting in recent literature for approximately thirty percent of pediatric venous malformations, caused by abnormal venogensis during gestation. VOGM is divided into two categories, mural and choroidal, depending on the respective feeding vessels. At presentation, VOGM is known to cause additional complications in the neonate including hydrocephalus, congestive heart failure, and seizures. Treatment options include coil and microparticle embolization in addition to the recent introduction of the microvascular plug used traditionally for arterial occlusion. In this case presentation, we present the second known case of use of the microvascular plug (MVP) to assist with venous occlusion for a VOGM Method/Case presentation A 39 weeks male was born via an urgent Cesarean section for right atrial dilation, cardiac arrhythmia thought to be premature atrial complexes and a cerebral vascular malformation. His mother had had a recent fetal ultrasound demonstrating intrauterine growth restriction. Head ultrasound performed after birth demonstrated a large vein of Galen malformation. MRI with angiography and venography demonstrated a 4.3×3.6×4.1 centimeter aneurysmal VOGM with primary supply via a dilated right superior cerebellar artery and primary drainage via a dilated median prosencephalic vein. Intervention/Result Postpartum day 7, the patient showed signs and symptoms of worsening heart failure. Treatment was deemed necessary. The left vertebral artery was catheterized and multiple runs performed revealing a mural type vein of Galen malformation with direct AV fistula from the supplying right superior cerebellar artery. The right superior cerebellar artery was measured at approximately 3.8 mm in diameter. A 3–5 mm Microvascular Plug device was chosen for primary embolization. Post MVP deployment angiographic runs showed decreased flow through the fistula. Three coils were then deployed followed by Onyx 34 in order to completely obliterate the fistula. Final angiographic runs revealed fistula obliteration and patent basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, left superior cerebellar artery and left PICA. Follow up cranial US with smaller ventricular size and repeat echocardiography with stable hemodynamics and without evidence of heart failure. Conclusion This is the second case documented in the literature demonstrating the utility of the microvascular plug for assistance in embolization of a VOGM. The utility of this device is limited by vessel diameter and appropriate landing zone requirements. Further investigation is needed to assess feasibility as well as short and long term outcomes and possible related complications from embolization including postoperative development of hydrocephalus which common in both our case and the previously published literature. Disclosures M. Mathkour: None. E. McCormack: None. J. Berry: None. A. Dumont: None. E. Valle-Giler: None.


The design of liquid-crystal diffractive phase plate coronagraphs for ground-based and space-based high-contrast imaging systems is limited by the trade-off between spectral bandwidth and polarization leakage. We demonstrate that by combining phase patterns with a polarization grating (PG) pattern directly followed by one or several separate PGs, we can suppress the polarization leakage terms by additional orders of magnitude by diffracting them out of the beam. Using two PGs composed of a single-layer liquid crystal structure in the lab, we demonstrate a leakage suppression of more than an order of magnitude over a bandwidth of 133 nm centered around 532 nm. At this center wavelength we measure a leakage suppression of three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, simulations indicate that a combination of two multi-layered liquid-crystal PGs can suppress leakage to <10−5 for 1–2.5 μm and <10−10 for 650–800 nm. We introduce multi-grating solutions with three or more gratings that can be designed to have no separation of the two circular polarization states, and offer even deeper suppression of polarization leakage. We present simulations of a triple-grating solution that has <10−10 leakage on the first Airy ring from 450 to 800 nm. We apply the double-grating concept to the Vector-vortex coronagraph of charge 4, and demonstrate in the lab that polarization leakage no longer limits the on-axis suppression for ground-based contrast levels. Lastly, we report on the successful installation and first-light results of a double-grating vector Apodizing Phase Plate pupil-plane coronagraph installed at the Large Binocular Telescope. We discuss the implications of these new coronagraph architectures for high-contrast imaging systems on the ground and in space.


Summary
The multiple congenital ocular anomalies (MCOA) syndrome has been associated with the Silver phenotype only in a few equine breeds. This report describes the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of MCOA in a family of Silver-coated Shetland ponies including a 20-year-old stallion, 17-year-old mare and their 1.5-year-old female offspring. Another 7-year-old Silver female Deutsches Classic Pony descending from the same dam but from a different sire, was also examined. Each pony underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, tonometry, ocular ultrasonography and genotyping for the silver coat colour. The stallion had a thickened iris, temporal retinal atrophy and bilateral iridociliary and peripheral retinal cysts. All females presented more severe anomalies: cornea globosa, iridocorneal adhesions, miosis, hypoplastic granula iridica and poorly responsive pupils to light and to pharmacological mydriasis. Iris hypoplasia, anterior cortical cataracts and temporal retinal atrophy were detected in 2 mares. One female presented bilateral lens subluxation. Supero-temporal cystic structures were confirmed ultrasonographically in all ponies. The stallion was heterozygous for the Silver mutation, whereas all females were homozygous. This is the first report of the MCOA syndrome in a family of Shetland ponies and a Deutsches Classic Pony in association with the Silver phenotype, in Europe.


Summary.

This essay is an attempt to follow, from the beginning of this century, the evolution of various concepts developed in the field of the solar activity-magnetospheric disturbance relationship, but is not merely a chronological description. In most scientific fields, as observed by Thomas S. Kuhn, there is a strong tendency for scientists to have a high degree of agreement on theoretical assumptions establishing a coherent tradition of research, defined as a 'paradigm'. Some paradigms are often initiated by a simple, qualitative intuition. However, once established, they are articulated and elaborated to the point that observational or theoretical anomalies are treated not as refuting the underlying theory, but as solvable puzzles by ad hoc modification to the original theory. Solar-terrestrial physics is no exception in this regard. We examine the evolution of various disciplines in solar-terrestrial physics from this particular point of view in the following disciplines: (1) the solar wind generation, (2) the source regions of the high speed streams, (3) solar flares, (4) the magnetosphere formation, (5) the morphology of magnetospheric disturbances, (6) the solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling, and (7)auroral particle acceleration. It is also pointed out that the tendency toward increasing specialization in various disciplines tends to create a gap among interrelated disciplines. This is particularly serious in solar-terrestrial physics, since a study of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field has fallen into the gap between solar physics and magnetospheric physics.


Abstract. The lychee tree is native to China and produce small fleshy fruit up to 5 cm in diameter. Lychee production in Australia is worth > $20 million annually. Pruning of trees encourages new growth, has a positive effect on fruiting of lychee, makes fruit-picking easier, and may increase yield, as it increases light interception and tree crown surface area. The objective of this research was to assess changes in tree structure, i.e. tree crown circumference, width, height and Plant Projective Cover (PPC) using multi-spectral Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) imagery collected before and after pruning of a lychee plantation. A secondary objective was to assess any variations in the results as a function of various flying heights (30, 50 and 70 m). Pre- and post-pruning results showed significant differences in all measured tree structural parameters, including an average decrease in: tree crown circumference of 1.94 m; tree crown width of 0.57 m; tree crown height of 0.62 m; and PPC of 14.8 %. The different flying heights produced similar measurements of tree crown width and PPC, whereas tree crown circumference and height measurements decreased with increasing flying height. These results show that multi-spectral RPAS imagery can provide a suitable means of assessing pruning efforts undertaken by contractors based on changes in tree structure of lychee plantations and that it is important to collect imagery in a consistent manner, as varying flying heights may cause changes to tree structural measurements.


An innovative use of a fenestrated silicone drainage tube as an endobronchial stent is reported. The patient had respiratory obstruction due to a carinal tumour and laser photoresection had failed to restore airway patency.


Three cases of fracture of the coracoid process associated with acromioclavicular dislocation were reported, furthermore two of them were combined with fracture of the superior border of the scapula. One of them was treated with transfixation of acromioclavicular separation and internal fixation of coracoid process, another one with transfixation of acromiclavicular separation only, and last one with conservative measures.From these results, it was thought that fixation of coracoid process is necessary for the patient to obtain early recovery.