OBJECTIVES
To determine recognition ability and the levels of esthetic tolerance of deep bite and anterior open bite (AOB) among laypeople and investigate the factors affecting levels of tolerance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using a questionnaire, laypeople (N = 100) were examined, and overbite was measured. They were tested for whether they recognized deep bite and AOB. Esthetic tolerance thresholds for deep bite and AOB were selected by incremental depiction in grayscale images. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to quantify the effect of recognition and other factors (age, sex, education level, occupation, history of orthodontic treatment, interest in orthodontic treatment or retreatment, and overbite presence) affecting the tolerance of overbite problems (α = 0.05).

RESULTS
Of the participants, 55% and 94% recognized deep bite and AOB, respectively. Participants with a deep bite were significantly more likely to esthetically tolerate deep bite compared with those without a deep bite (odds ratio [OR], 3.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-9.89). Participants who recognized a deep bite problem had significantly lower esthetic tolerance to deep bite compared with participants who did not recognize a deep bite (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.45). None of the other eight chosen factors significantly affected the tolerance level of AOB (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS
Participants with a deep bite or those who did not recognize a deep bite had significantly higher esthetic tolerance of deep bite than those without or those who recognized the problem (P < .05).


This paper empirically investigates the effects of changes in the interest rate as well as transitory income uncertainty on households' consumption-savings decision. Applying a structural demand model to German survey data, we estimate the uncompensated interest rate elasticity for savings, in line with the literature, to around zero. Accordingly, any policy-induced variation of net returns to savings is expected to have no significant effects on the level of savings. Moreover, we find significant effects of precautionary savings on the consumption-savings decision. As a result of a doubling of transitory income uncertainty, an average household increases savings by 4:4%. These effects vary by household composition and social status.


The purpose of study was to determine the potential leaf extract Pluchea indica L at broiler in lowering cholesterol, as well as the exact time of administration so that the plant can be used as an alternative to veterinary medicinal plants without any negative effect on productivity. The experimental design used was a complete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with 6 replicates, each occupied by 4 broilers. P1 treatment was leaf extract Pluchea indica L for 3 weeks starting at the age of 1 week, P2 treatment was leaf extract Pluchea indica L for 2 weeks starting at the age of 2 week, P3 treatment was leaf extract Pluchea indica L for 1 weeks starting at the age of 3 week, and P4 treatment without leaf extract Pluchea indica L for maintenance. Examination of the blood cholesterol level was done through a blood sample from the brachial vein any chickens taken at random to represent each repeat unit during 35 day old chicks. Experimental data processed by analysis of variance and if there is a treatment effect followed by Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that there are significant leaf extract Pluchea indica L to total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL blood broiler. P1 treatment is beluntas leaf extract for 3 weeks starting at the age of 1 week produced a total content of cholesterol (156 mg / dl), HDL (44 mg / dl), and LDL (144 mg / dl) of blood lowest broiler. Keywords : Pluchea indica L, blood cholesterol, broiler.


This paper attempts to answer a fundamental question pertinent to fracture characterization of unconventional basement reserves using rock mechanics & petrophysics; are open fractures in basements necessary critically stressed? Evaluation of naturally occurring fractures are critical for production as well as reserves estimation. In this regard, a study well was drilled in the basement section of the Cauvery basin to explore unconventional pay zones & characterize the contributing fractures by integrated Geomechanical & Petrophysical analysis.
 A suite of open hole logs including the basic, acoustic and electrical borehole images were acquired and an integrated approach was taken, including geomechanical analysis to identify the contributing fractures. Standard petrophysical evaluation in basements was inconclusive and porosity quantification from fractures posed a major challenge. Image log analysis involved identification of conductive and resistive fractures in the gauged wellbore and combining Stoneley reflectivity further indicated probable open fractures. Following this, a geomechanical analysis was carried out to determine the current in-situ stress orientation/magnitudes based on observed breakouts. Finally a CSF study was done to check for fracture slip events.
 Based on the integrated study of Petrophysics and Geomechanics, an optimized workflow was developed and the critically stressed fractures were identified. It was found that, while some fractures strike direction was different from the present day maximum horizontal stress direction (SHmax), in general, most fractures were indeed aligned to SHmax. To check the fluid flowing capability of fracture networks, formation tester was deployed in selective zones for testing and sampling. Successful hydrocarbon sampling from selective fractures with orientation not aligned to SHmax led to the validation of the current study. The results proved that while most critically stressed/open fractures did indeed contribute to flow, a smaller fraction of the naturally occurring fractures while contributing to flow, were not necessarily aligned to the in situ orientations.
 The results present a discrepancy between observation and the expectation that open fractures are necessarily oriented parallel or nearly parallel to modern-day SHmax. This works highlights the fact that although paleo-stresses may influence the fracture networks, it is the contemporary in-situ stresses that truly dominate fluid flow and only through a detailed understanding of the critically stressed areas, can we come to a decisive conclusion that further improves overall recovery.


Application of a fluoroiodine analogue of the Togni reagent was studied in fluorocyclization reactions. In the presence of a transition-metal catalyst the applied fluoroiodine reagent can be used for aminofluorination, oxyfluorination, and carbofluorination reactions. The described procedure has a very broad synthetic scope for preparation of functionalized hetero- and isocyclic compounds having a tertiary fluorine substituent.


Objectives. This study evaluates the effect of the modification process on the group composition of bitumen and bitumen binders containing rubber powder and hybrid modifier that is based on styrene–butadiene thermoplastic elastomer and rubber crumb. The aim of the study was to determine the presence or absence of functional groups that reflect the direction of physicochemical processes during the preparation of a hybrid modifier in rotary dispersers and during the modification of bitumen binders. Methods. Rubber powder and hybrid modifier were obtained by high-temperature shear grinding using a rotary disperser. Bitumen and modified bitumen binders were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Using the method of spectral subtraction, it was determined that during the process of manufacturing modified bitumen binders, structural changes occur in both bitumen and modifiers. During this study, the extraction of modifiers (rubber powder and hybrid modifier) in toluene was performed. Results. The quantitative analysis of changes in the group composition of modifiers before and after the modification procedure was carried out. The active polymer and structural indices were determined. The general trend of the change in the active polymer and structural indices was noted for the initial spectra of the rubber powder and hybrid modifier, and their spectra were obtained after the procedure of subtraction from the spectra of bitumen binders. Conclusions. The interdiffusion of aromatic compounds between the bitumen component and modifier particles was confirmed. On the basis of the results of the extraction of modifiers in toluene, and by taking into account the infrared spectroscopy data, it was determined that during the production of hybrid modifier during the simultaneous grinding of rubber crumb and styrene– butadiene thermoplastic elastomer, there was a chemical interaction between them.


Traditional gene therapy (gene replacement) has made a breakthrough in treating inherited diseases. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a highly promising vector with innate ability, boosting the development of gene replacement and gene targeting. With the recent advance of engineered nucleases that work efficiently in human cells, AAV mediated-genome editing with nucleases has raised hopes for in situ gene therapy of inherited and non-inherited diseases. Here, the applications of AAV-mediated genome editing are highlighted, and the prospect of AAV and nucleases that will render extension of such success in clinical gene therapy is discussed.


Acute schistosomiasis is a regularly encountered disease in travelers. Because of the temporal delay, its unspecific presentation and the spontaneous resolution, acute schistosomiasis can easily remain unrecognized by physicians who are not familiar with tropical pathologies. In December 2011, a female traveler was admitted to the hospital with undetermined fever after having returned from Madagascar where she bathed in fresh water. Acute schistosomiasis was diagnosed and infection was suspected among other travelers of her group. Seroconversion was confirmed among 78% of participants. This article intends to clarify the preventive and diagnostic strategies based on the lessons learned from this cluster of 42 travelers exposed to schistosomiasis.


This Article explores the judicial embrace of complexity in the context of Guantanamo-related litigation. First, the Article sets out a conception of war as defined by the three limiting factors of time, space, and means and the conceptual challenge to each that a war against terrorism has posed. Second, the Article examines a number of key judicial decisions implicating post-9/11 detention at Guantanamo to reveal how courts have shied away from delving too deeply into the first two factors while concentrating on the third. Next, the Article suggests institutional reasons for that emphasis: in particular, the avoidance of issues potentially considered political questions, and the evasion of clear and potentially unwinnable conflict with other branches. Fourth, the Article explores the benefits of that choice to a handful of detainees by demonstrating how the choice has allowed the courts to intervene in case-specific ways and, in so doing, to secure the release of a few detainees. Finally, the Article reveals the costs of that choice by showing how uncertainty has repeatedly traveled up and down the judicial hierarchy, delaying resolution of central issues that, indeed, remain unsettled today, all the while potentially endangering the judiciary's institutional standing in war-time. Throughout, the Article argues that courts have refused to define time or space as limiting factors in the war against terrorism, instead focusing on the means employed. Emphasizing that distinctly difficult defining factor has made the courts' task easier, enabling them to issue narrow rulings through reinterpretable opinions. Institutional reasons explain this judicial approach: in particular, the courts have sought to avoid clear intrusion into the sphere of political questions as well as to evade clear and potentially unenforceable conflict with the political branches. While the benefits of this approach have included particularized judicial intervention, the costs have loomed far larger, including persistent uncertainty and potential institutional diminution for the judiciary.


Local government reform is occurring in different ways and at different rates throughout Australia. Driven by their own State and the Federal Government is reform agendas local governments are responding in a myriad of ways. These reforms are designed to improve the efficient delivery of local government services and include measures such as boundary restructuring to achieve economies of scale and the contracting out of council works and services. The pace and responsibility for these reforms is also being driven in different ways throughout Australian States. The Victorian State Government is agenda for local government reform is seen as the most proactive having completed boundary reform within a specific timeframe, achieved significant rate cuts and set minimum standards for compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) expenditure (Johnstone & Kiss 1996). While other Australian States have been less directive with the reform of their local governments they appear equally interested in improving this area of public sector management. The managerial and organizational response to these universal, State wide reform strategies reveals much about the assumptions held by those responsible for implementation. The challenge of responding to broad policy instruments varies between local governments reflecting the unique history, present context, values and competence of those responsible for implementing this, change. This paper reports on a study into the managerial and organizational responses to the reform of Victorian local government, highlighting the fact that each local authority is unique and that broad policy instruments designed io reform and improve local government across the State will have mixed success reflecting the attitudes and competencies of those responsible for implementation.


Abstract Background/Aim: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis is a method that evaluates body composition, useful in assessing the nutritional status of cancer patients. The analysis of its indicators may be helpful in predicting clinical course. The aim of the study was to evaluate the following body composition parameters: fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), muscle mass index (MMI), visceral fat (VF) and body mass index (BMI) measured before and after surgery in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and to determine the relationship between body composition and the course of treatment. Patients and Methods: The study included 125 patients, aged 65-68, operated on due to gastric, pancreatic or colorectal cancer. Body composition was assessed with electrical bioimpedance before and on the fifth postoperative day. The severity of complications was assessed with the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: In the whole group of patients, the percentage of FM, VF, and BMI levels measured before surgery were significantly higher in curative surgery patients in comparison to palliative surgery patients, p<0.001. The MMI value was also significantly higher, p=0.045. In patients after curative surgery, the values of BMI and FM significantly decreased (BMI – p<0.001; FM – p=0.003) after the surgery. There was no relation between body composition parameters and severity of postoperative complications. Conclusion: In the investigated group, body composition differed between radical and palliative surgery groups. Surgery with curative intent produced more changes in body composition parameters in the early postoperative period than palliative surgery. These observations may be helpful in prehabilitation planning for such patients.


This study presents a structured literature review of an effective internal control system. The purpose of this study is to explore and review articles in the field of internal control effectiveness using the Guthrie, Ricceri and Dumay (2012)'s framework. The literature indicates that effective internal control can reasonably reduce business risks and prevent occurrence of fraud. This paper reports findings, based on articles on internal control effectiveness published from 2000 to 2018. The review process was conducted in five stages, (1) formulation of research objectives to determine the classifications, boundaries, and definition; (2) the selection of journals; (3) the examination of the title and abstract of selected articles; (4) pilot test and adapted classification and (5) the classification to establish a range of descriptive statistics in order to understand the patterns emerging from the reviewed articles. The finding provide a basis for several aspects of future research of internal control effectiveness in assessing business risks for prevention of fraud.


Taiwan and Estonia are known as digital democracies facing threats from neighbors exploiting the vulnerabilities stemming from their degree of digitalization. Nevertheless, in their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, Taiwan and Estonia have highlighted the strengths of digital democracy in combating a non-traditional security threat without employing the strong-arm tactics of authoritarian states. The goal of the article is to distinguish between vulnerability in cyberspace and digital power and put forward a conception of digital power to explain how Estonia and Taiwan were using their digital prowess to combat COVID-19. We argue that on one hand, their reliance on cybertechnology makes them particularly vulnerable to cyberattacks, but on the other their digital power enhances their global stature and domestic capacity to address threats such as COVID-19. The article starts by engaging with the ongoing academic debate on the concept of digital power and its political core. In the next section we adapt this concept to the policy practices of digital governance in Estonia and Taiwan. Lastly, we look more specifically at how investments in the IT sphere and e-governance were helpful for the two countries during the initial stage of the COVID-19 crisis. In conclusion, we highlight the paradox of two democracies choosing to extend the reach of the state into society through the use of digital tools to combat COVID-19. We further note that the pandemic provides a new biopolitical understanding of vulnerability and power in the digital realm.


We determine the central extensions of a whole family of Lie algebras, obtained by the method of graded contractions from , N arbitrary. All the inhomogeneous orthogonal and pseudo-orthogonal algebras are members of this family, as well as a large number of other non-semisimple algebras, all of which have at least a semidirect structure (in some cases two or more). The dimensions of their second cohomology groups and the explicit expression of their central extensions are given.


According to economic conditions, the central bank in monetary policy decisions considered not only information over the economy but also the situation various economic sectors. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of various economic sectors of a monetary shock on the economy of Iran. Therefore this connection has been reviewed by using the Factor-Augmented VAR (FAVAR) with 215 data variables, during the period 1990:02 to 2017:01. The results suggest that the added value of different sectors show different responses facing a monetary shock. In a way that So that the service group has a higher sensitivity to monetary shocks than the mining and agricultural sector and the oil sector does not show a significant response to monetary shocks. According to the different impact of different economic sectors, central banks and monetary authorities should consider all sectors reaction when the monetary policy actions, in order to be more precise in planning the national economy.


We present a prospective clinical study based on the results of 150 consecutive cases of myopic intrastromal keratomileusis cases using the Exci-Med UV200 193 nm excimer laser 193-nanometer (Summit Technology, Inc, Waltham, Mass) to reduce high myopia. The mean and standard deviation of the follow up considered was 3.13 +/- 1.12. The mean preoperative spheroequivalent was -18.96 +/- 3.70 D and -2.32 +/- 2.36 D postoperatively. One hundred twenty-eight eyes (85.3%) were within +/- 1.00 D from the intended correction. In a majority of cases the best spectacle corrected visual acuity was unchanged or improved. No cases of intraoperative complications were observed; postoperative complications are reported. The Buratto technique to correct or reduce high myopia is efficient and safe, while the predictability is satisfactory.


We consider the calculation of scattering amplitudes in field theories dual to Lifshitz spacetimes. These amplitudes provide an interesting probe of the IR structure of the field theory; our aim is to use them to explore the observable consequences of the singularity in the spacetime. We assume the amplitudes can be related by T-duality to a Wilson loop, as in the AdS case, and determine the bulk minimal surfaces for the simplest cusp Wilson loop. We use this to determine the leading IR singularity in the amplitude. We find there is a stronger IR singularity for z > 1 than for z = 1, with a coefficient which vanishes as z → 1.


Group 2 metal atoms (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) react on ultraviolet photoexcitation with O(2), H(2) mixtures in solid argon at 10 K to produce new absorptions in the O-H and O-M-O stretching regions. The effect of detailed isotopic substitution on these two absorptions identifies the M(OH)(2) molecules. The stepwise decrease in the O-H stretching modes in this chemical family demonstrates an increase in ionic character, which parallels the increase in base strength for the analogous solid compounds.


Background Mental illness affects a significant portion of the worldwide population. Online mental health forums can provide a supportive environment for those afflicted and also generate a large amount of data which can be mined to predict mental health states using machine learning methods. Objective We benchmark multiple methods of text feature representation for social media posts and compare their downstream use with automated machine learning (AutoML) tools to triage content for moderator attention. Methods We used 1588 labeled posts from the CLPsych 2017 shared task collected from the Reachout.com forum (Milne et al., 2019). Posts were represented using lexicon based tools including VADER, Empath, LIWC and also used pre-trained artificial neural network models including DeepMoji, Universal Sentence Encoder, and GPT-1. We used TPOT and auto-sklearn as AutoML tools to generate classifiers to triage the posts. Results The top-performing system used features derived from the GPT-1 model, which was finetuned on over 150,000 unlabeled posts from Reachout.com. Our top system had a macro averaged F1 score of 0.572, providing a new state-of-the-art result on the CLPsych 2017 task. This was achieved without additional information from meta-data or preceding posts. Error analyses revealed that this top system often misses expressions of hopelessness. We additionally present visualizations that aid understanding of the learned classifiers. Conclusions We show that transfer learning is an effective strategy for predicting risk with relatively little labeled data. We note that finetuning of pretrained language models provides further gains when large amounts of unlabeled text is available.


Abstract : In this project we focus on the optical properties of the wing scales of butterflies. The scales of numerous butterflies, specifically several Papilionidae and Lycaenidae, are very likely structured in the form of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals to achieve vivid coloration of the wings. It is not uncommon for the same butterfly to have more than one type of structural color on the same wing. Current interpretations of the optics of butterfly wings are in terms of light reflected from volume diffraction gratings or multiple layers of thin films, but these explanations are far from satisfactory. The modeling of the 3D sub-wavelength structures has been hampered partly due to lack of detailed 3D structure characterization and measurement of the optical properties of the wing scales. We propose to use a combination of SEM and TEM to quantitatively determine the 3D structure of the wing scales. Angle-dependent reflection and transmission microspectrophotometry data obtained from isolated, single scales will be interpreted in terms of the photonic band structure of these complex 3D structures. The main objective is to demonstrate that the band folding and singularities at the intersecting points in k-space give rise to the angle and wavelength dependence of the light scattering from butterfly wing-scales. Most of the 3D structures observed in the scales of the wings of a butterfly appear to be much more complex than the photonic structures presently produced artificially. Since self-assembly methods are currently unable to reproduce these complex natural 3D structures, the butterfly wing-scales are expected to be extremely valuable for analyzing angle and wavelength dependent light scattering.


In a randomized prospective clinical study, the authors investigate the results of percutaneous radiotherapy (telecobalt) with two rhythms of fractionation in patients with vesical carcinomas. A one-series irradiation with 1.5 Gy daily (except the weekends) up to a total dose of 60 Gy is compared to a two-series irradiation (in the first series 3 Gy three days per week up to 30 Gy, then irradiation-free interval of four weeks, in the second series 1.5 Gy daily up to a total focal dose of 60 Gy). The five-year survival rates are 52% after one-series irradiation and 39% after two-series irradiation. The surgical treatment consisted in a most radical resection of the vesical tumor by TUTUR, partial resection of the wall, of transvesical tumor resection.


out the possibility of using UV spectroscopy of lipid extracts from intraocular and lacrimal fluids to assess the oxidative modification of the lipids they contain. Methods: Samples of intraocular fluid with a volume of 0.1-0.2 ml were taken by puncturing the cornea before surgery in patients with cataracts. Similar volumes of lacrimal fluid were collected from the lower conjunctival fornix from cataract patients and healthy people. Lipids were extracted from the samples with a mixture of chloroform: methanol (1: 2), the chloroform phase was evaporated; the dry precipitate was dissolved in ethanol, and studied using UV spectroscopy, determining the absorption characteristic for oxidized forms of lipids. This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This human study was approved by Ethics Committee of the Amur State Medical Academy. Results and Conclusions: The amount of lipids in the intraocular and lacrimal fluids is sufficient to detect the products of their oxidation diene conjugates, conjugated trienes and ketodienes using UV spectroscopy of lipid extracts. The proposed method can be used to determine the contribution of oxidative stress to the development of cataracts in COPD patients.


Communication assessment in interpreting has developed into an area with new models and continues to receive growing attention in recent years. The process refers to the assessment of messages composed of both "verbal" and "nonverbal" signals. A few relevant studies revolving around automatic scoring investigated the assessment of fluency based on objective temporal measures, and the correlation between the machine translation metrics and human scores. There is no research exploring machine-learning-based automatic scoring in-depth integrating parameters of delivery and information. What remains fundamentally challenging to demonstrate is which parameters, extracted through an automatic methodology, predict more reliable results. This study presents an original study with the aim to propose and test a machine learning approach to automatically assess communication in English/Chinese interpreting. It proposes to build predictive models using machine learning algorithms, extracting parameters for delivery, and applying a translation quality estimation model for information assessment to describe the final model. It employs the K-nearest neighbour algorithm and support vector machine for further analysis. It is found that the best machine-learning model built with all features by Support Vector Machine shows an accuracy of 62.96%, which is better than the K-nearest neighbour model with an accuracy of 55.56%. The assessment results of the pass level can be accurately predicted, which indicates that the machine learning models are able to screen the interpretations that pass the exam. The study is the first to build supervised machine learning models integrating both delivery and fidelity features to predict quality of interpreting. The machine learning models point to the great potential of automatic scoring with little human evaluation involved in the process. Automatic assessment of communication is expected to complete multi-tasks within a brief period by taking both holistic and analytical approaches to assess accuracy, fidelity and delivery. The proposed automatic scoring system might facilitate human-machine collaboration in the future. It can generate instant feedback for students by evaluating input renditions or abridge the workload for educators in interpreting education by screening performance for subsequent human scoring.


Abstract A major challenge facing the synthetic inorganic chemist is the synthesis of solid materials with specifically designed properties. However, small soluble molecular building blocks with well-defined reaction chemistries which would allow low-temperature assembly into crystalline solid state inorganic materials are not well known. Low temperature strategies which show some promise for the rational design of solids include solvothermal reactions, consensation/hydrolysis, and the introduction of templates or guest molecules for the organization of more complex structures. By exploiting these techniques, the rich structural chemistries of the V/O/PO4 3- and related organically derivatized V/O/RPO3 −2 systems with a variety of organic and inorganic templates have begun to emerge. Several features of this chemistry are outlined.


Oscillating liquid flow in a falling molten salt inertial confinement fusion reactor is predicted to rapidly clear driver beam paths of residual molten salt. Oscillating flow will also provide adequate neutron and x-ray protection for the reactor structure with a short (2-m) fall distance permitting an 8 Hz repetition rate. A reactor chamber configuration is presented with specific features to clear the entire heavy-ion beam path of splashed molten salt. The structural components, including the structure between beam ports, are shielded. 3 refs., 12 figs.


The transformation of the public sector from a moribund to a result-oriented institution has been a subject of academic discourse. This article based on empirical study contributes to this discourse by examining the pockets of effectiveness, the push factors and the challenges to the sustenance of the pockets of productivity using the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority in Ghana as a case study. The article found that decentralization, service diversification, innovation and best practices, and contracting out were the successes attained. Effective leadership, technology, management vision, mission, and a sense of urgency among employees accounted for the excellence. However, the "political chess" during political power transitions and resistance to change were the greatest threats to the maintenance of the islands of excellence. The Ghanaian experience reinvigorates the assertion that in the midst of non-performing state institutions, there exist well-functioning ones known as pockets of effectiveness.


Among the common assumptions made about the U.S. journalistic labor market is that it is hierarchical, with entry-level hiring done almost exclusively by smaller organizations. Individuals are thought to be able to gain employment at larger media organizations only after they have served time in smaller ones. The assumed normal career progression for a newspaper journalist is from a small newspaper, perhaps even a weekly, to a larger one and on up the chain, with employment at larger organizations open only to those who have served their time at the lower levels of the employment chain. It generally is assumed that these patterns of employment have remained relatively stable across time. This article draws on an unusual data source consisting of surveys of daily newspaper editors in 1986 and every 5 years after, with the most recent survey conducted in 2001. Questions on each of the instruments provide basic data on hiring in the newspaper industry the year before. Analysis of these data shows that most entry-level hiring is done by smaller daily newspapers. There are exceptions, however, with some larger organizations also hiring journalists with no prior journalistic experience. The analysis shows that this pattern has not changed markedly over the last 20 years, although the levels have varied based on market forces. It also shows that membership in a newspaper group impacts hiring. The explanation offered is that group newspapers have created an extended internal labor market.


The article analyzes some regulatory mechanisms preventing agricultural abandonment by the introduction of some particular changes in the marginal benefits of farming. Two farming methods are considered: intensive and extensive. When the authors analyze the policy recovering the abandoned land with intensive farms they conclude that there exists a decoupled policy that maintains constant the agricultural revenue without any regulatory cost. When the authors analyze the policy recovering the abandoned land with extensive farms they conclude that recovering the abandoned land necessary requires the implementation of partial decoupled policies. The completely decoupled policies in the model require the substitution of intensive with extensive farms, and so the increase of the regulatory funds.


Background: A peripheral, bronchoscopically invisible pulmonary lesion is a diagnostic challenge. Transthoracic needle aspiration has long been the investigation of choice but runs the risk of pneumothorax (up to 44%). Newer technologies like radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) offer a safer approach. We present our results of R-EBUS in the diagnosis of bronchoscopically invisible lesions. This is the first large case series from India. Aims: (1) To determine the yield of R-EBUS for the diagnosis of bronchoscopically invisible lesions. (2) To compare the yields of forceps versus cryobiopsies in the diagnosis of these lesions. Setting: Tertiary care cancer center. Design: Prospective study. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting between January and October 2015 with bronchoscopically invisible peripheral pulmonary lesions were included. R-EBUS was used to localize and sample the lesion and the yields were analyzed. Yields of cryo and forceps biopsy were compared where both methods had been used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: A definite diagnosis obtained in 67.3% (37/55) patients with no major complications. No significant difference was found in yield between: (1) small (<3 cm) and large (>3 cm) lesions: (46.2% versus 78.6%, P = 0.38). (2) central and adjacent lesions: 61.5% versus 70%. (3) forceps and cryobiopsy (n = 28, 75% versus 67.9% P = 0.562). Conclusions: R-EBUS is a safe procedure in our setting and its yield is comparable to that reported in literature. The yield of central and adjacent lesions and forceps or cryobiopsy appears similar. Further refinements in the technique could improve yield.


Serial ultrasound estimates of backfat thickness and marbling score were obtained on two groups of steers fed high-energy rations for averages of 166 and 148 d. These measurements were used to develop mathematical models that described the changes in those two attributes as functions of days on feed. An exponential model best described the increase in backfat thickness, and the rate coefficients were .0117 and .0096 for the two groups (doubling times = 59 and 72 d, respectively). A modified power function was better than either a linear or exponential model for describing the development of marbling. In this model, marbling increased very slowly, approximately one degree every 100 d, in the interval from low Select to low Choice but then increased at faster rates as initial marbling scores became higher. Ultrasound backfat measures could be used to predict days to reach a target carcass backfat level with an average error of 30 d or less when backfat thickness averaged more than 3 mm at evaluation. Projections from measurements taken when cattle were started on feed were not accurate from one group, which averaged only 1.7 mm backfat at that time. Projections of carcass marbling improved as evaluation date neared slaughter date. Projections from the initial evaluation date allowed tentative categorization of candidates for Choice or not Choice but were only 64% accurate. Projections from evaluations made later in the feeding period exceeded 75% accuracy in distinguishing Choice from Select. Only small relationships (r2 = .07 or .16) existed between carcass backfat thickness and marbling score. Results indicate that ultrasound estimates of backfat and marbling made during the feeding period can be used to predict carcass merit at slaughter.


Because of the ever increasing number of Internet users, Internet security is becoming more essential. To identify and detect attackers, many researchers utilized data mining methods. Existing data mining techniques are unable to provide a sufficient degree of detection precision. An intrusion detection system for wireless networks is being developed to ensure data transmission security. The Network Intrusion Detection Algorithm (NIDS) uses a deep classification system to classify network connections as good or harmful. Deep Convolution Neural Network (DCNN), Deep Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN), Deep Long Short-Term Memory (DLSTM), Deep Convolution Neural Network Long Short-Term Memory (DCNN LSTM), and Deep Gated Recurrent Unit (DGRU) methods that use NSLKDD data records to train models are proposed. The experiments were carried out for a total of 1000 epochs. During the experiment, we achieved a model accuracy of more than 98 percent. We also discovered that as the number of layers in a model grows, so does the accuracy.


The article is devoted to exploring the topic of the death of the character as one of the keys in the text markers menology code. The lyrical and religious context are inevitable in the story about the death; the religious context is manifested in the division of bodily and spiritual, in the acceptance of death, humility, and recognition of the equality of people before God when the difference between their way of life.


A corymbose (or corymbiform) arrangement in secondary syphilis (derived from the Greek word korymbos) is characterised by a central large plaque or papule surrounded by smaller satellite lesions akin to an explosion, whereas annular plaques consist of a peripheral ring of erythematous papules with central hyperpigmentation. These are very rare cutaneous manifestations of secondary syphilis. This case report focuses on one such interesting case which presented with the annular and corymbose pattern involving the face and genitalia.


We study the simple substitution property for superintuitionistic propositional calculi, which are axiomatizations of superintuitionistic propositional logic, and obtain an algebraic criteria for the existence of this property. This is used to prove that many logics, including almost all of those generated by formulae in one variable, do not have the simple substitution property. We obtain a series of results that establish a connection between separability and possession of this property by axiomatizations of the logics considered.


Nuclear mass contains a wealth of nuclear structure information, and has been widely employed to extract the nuclear effective interactions. The known nuclear mass is usually extracted from the experimental atomic mass by subtracting the masses of electrons and adding the binding energy of electrons in the atom. However, the binding energies of electrons are sometimes neglected in extracting the known nuclear masses. The influence of binding energies of electrons on nuclear mass predictions are carefully investigated in this work. If the binding energies of electrons are directly subtracted from the theoretical mass predictions, the rms deviations of nuclear mass predictions with respect to the known data are increased by about 200 keV for nuclei with Z, N ⩾ 8. Furthermore, by using the Coulomb energies between protons to absorb the binding energies of electrons, their influence on the rms deviations is significantly reduced to only about 10 keV for nuclei with Z, N ⩾ 8. However, the binding energies of electrons are still important for the heavy nuclei, about 150 keV for nuclei around Z = 100 and up to about 500 keV for nuclei around Z = 120. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the binding energies of electrons to reliably predict the masses of heavy nuclei at an accuracy of hundreds of keV.


The technique of retarding the growth of fatigue cracks by drilling holes on the crack tip is well known. Most of the research works on this subject are limited to fatigue cracks subjected to mode I loading conditions. In the present work the fatigue crack growth retardation by stop-holes of cracks under mode I+II loading is investigated. The proposed approximate solution is based on the implementation of a mixed-mode fatigue crack growth model and a multiaxial high cycle fatigue criterion. Numerical results for mode I+II fatigue crack growth retardation on Al-2024 thin plate are derived and the effect of the crack inclination angle, as well as the diameter of the stop-hole, are discussed and commented.


The role of environmentally induced income variability as a determinant of migration has been studied little to none. We provide a theoretical discussion based on a 'risk aversion channel' and an overview of the empirical literature on this. We also extend a previous empirical study on 39 sub-Saharan African countries with yearly data from 1960 to 2000 by including income variability and its weather determinants. Our findings lead us to acknowledge that, based on our dataset and methodology, income variability is a negligible driver of migration decisions at the macroeconomic level.


A formalism for estimating the crosstalk error among Stokes I,Q,U,V introduced by seeing-induced image motion is presented. This formalism is applied to several modulation schemes for polarization involving rotating waveplates, and it is evaluated using an observed power spectrum of image motion obtained from the Vacuum Tower Telescope at the National Solar Observatory/Sunspot. It is shown that rotating waveplates offer an acceptable alternative for measurements of absorption line polarization of features observed on the solar disk, provided the detection can be carried out at video frame rates or faster.


This paper provides the first quantitative cladistic analysis of linyphiid morphology. Classical and novel homology hypotheses for a variety of character systems (male and female genitalia, somatic morphology, spinneret silk spigot morphology, etc.) are critically examined and studied within a phylogenetic context. Critical characters have been illustrated. A sample of linyphiid taxa (nine genera in four subfamilies), five species of Pimoa (Pimoidae), and two other araneoid families (Tetragnathidae and Araneidae, represented by Tetragnatha and Zygiella, respectively) were used to study the implications of the phylogeny of Pimoidae for the systematics of linyphiids. The phylogenetic relationships of these 16 exemplar taxa, as coded for the 47 characters studied, were analysed using numerical cladistic methods. In the preferred cladogram Pimoidae and Linyphiidae are sister groups, Stemonyphantinae are sister group to the remaining linyphiids, and Mynogleninae are sister group to the clade composed of Erigoninae plus Linyphiinae. These results agree with the relationships recently proposed by Wunderlich, except by finding erigonines as the sister group to linyphiines rather than to mynoglenines.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate accuracy for determining the total and lobar liver volumes using a multidetector CT scanner in potential donors undergoing living adult right lobe liver transplantation.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Fifty-two adult donors underwent CT using a multidetector scanner after IV injection of 180 mL of contrast material. For volumetric determination, portal venous phase images were acquired at 60 sec. Hand-tracing was used to isolate the entire liver, and a curved hepatectomy plane was then identified in a manner simulating the surgical incision. Two observers performed hand-tracing of the entire liver to calculate total liver volume, and of the right lobe to calculate expected graft volume.

RESULTS
The mean volume of the entire liver, right lobe, and left lobe was 1807 mL, 990 mL, and 817 mL, respectively, for observer 1, and 1788 mL, 1007 mL, and 781 mL, respectively, for observer 2. There was significant agreement between the two observers in determining total and lobar liver volumes (r = 0.996, 0.977, and 0.965 for total, right lobe, and left lobe volumes, respectively; p< 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two observers in measuring total or lobar liver volumes (p< 0.0001). There was significant agreement between right lobe volume measured by each observer and graft weight obtained in 14 donors at surgery (r = 0.898 and 0.879, for observers 1 and 2, respectively; p <0.001).

CONCLUSION
Total and lobar volume determinations after virtual right hemihepatectomy provides accurate and reproducible information that is critical in selecting potential living liver donors.


In Graph Theory a number of results were devoted to studying the computational complexity of the number modulo 2 of a graph's edge set decompositions of various kinds, first of all including its Hamiltonian decompositions, as well as the number modulo 2 of, say, Hamiltonian cycles/paths etc. While the problems of finding a Hamiltonian decomposition and Hamiltonian cycle are NP-complete, counting these objects modulo 2 in polynomial time is yet possible for certain types of regular undirected graphs. Some of the most known examples are the theorems about the existence of an even number of Hamiltonian decompositions in a 4-regular graph and an even number of such decompositions where two given edges e and g belong to different cycles (Thomason, 1978), as well as an even number of Hamiltonian cycles passing through any given edge in a regular odd-degreed graph (Smith's theorem). The present article introduces a new algebraic technique which generalizes the notion of counting modulo 2 via applying fields of Characteristic 2 and determinants and, for instance, allows to receive a polynomial-time formula for the number modulo 2 of a 4-regular bipartite graph's Hamiltonian decompositions such that a given edge and a given path of length 2 belong to different Hamiltonian cycles – hence refining/extending (in a computational sense) Thomason's result for bipartite graphs. This technique also provides a polynomial-time calculation of the number modulo 2 of a graph's edge set decompositions into simple cycles each containing at least one element of a given set of its edges what is a similar kind of extension of Thomason's theorem as well. Additionally, it gives a polynomial-time algorithm for the number modulo 2 of a graph's edge set decompositions into simple paths such that each vertex is an end of exactly one path, as well as the number modulo 2 of such decompositions into odd simple paths and into even simple paths.


Glaucoma is a leading cause of acquired blindness which may involve an ischemic-like insult to retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve head. We investigated the effect of a weekly application of brief ischemia pulses (ischemic conditioning) on the rat retinal damage induced by experimental glaucoma. Glaucoma was induced by weekly injections of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in the rat eye anterior chamber. Retinal ischemia was induced by increasing intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 5 min; this maneuver started after 6 weekly injections of vehicle or CS and was weekly repeated in one eye, while the contralateral eye was submitted to a sham procedure. Glaucoma was evaluated in terms of: i) intraocular pressure (IOP), ii) retinal function (electroretinogram (ERG)), iii) visual pathway function (visual evoked potentials, (VEPs)) iv) histology of the retina and optic nerve head. Retinal thiobarbituric acid substances levels were assessed as an index of lipid peroxidation. Ischemic conditioning significantly preserved ERG, VEPs, as well as retinal and optic nerve head structure from glaucomatous damage, without changes in IOP. Moreover, ischemia pulses abrogated the increase in lipid peroxidation induced by experimental glaucoma. These results indicate that induction of ischemic tolerance could constitute a fertile avenue for the development of new therapeutic strategies in glaucoma treatment.


The main goal of this paper is to trace the long record of financial crises and financial market regulation from the perspective of an emerging economy. Two questions are addressed: first, what explains the incidence and severity of financial crises in an emerging market economy? And, second, what is the role of learning: how does the country learn from its past experience in financial crises to improve institutions and develop better techniques so as to successfully manage successive crisis events? To answer the above questions, I first present evidence on financial crises in Greece over a long time span. Greece has been chosen as an appropriate case-study since it is a country with a rich history in financial crises. I try to identify a variety of crisis events, thus providing a chronology. Moreover, I present a number of facts about the incidence, frequency and severity of crises events. Second, I discuss the key determinants of the crises, which are closely related to country-specific factors, such as credit expansion, fiscal imbalances, and the limited reserve coverage of the monetary base. And third, I deal with the evolution of the regulation. I place emphasis on the post-crisis regulatory responses that changed the country's institutional developments.


The study was carried out in June 2016 using a semi-structured questionnaire, interviews and direct observations at the municipal slaughterhouse of Bafoussam in the Western Region of Cameroon (NL 5˚27'58'' and EL 10˚24'32''). The objective was to determine the characteristics of cattle slaughtered and the prevalence of tuberculosis in that region. A total of 773 cattle were observed before slaughter and their carcasses subjected to a veterinary health ante mortem inspection. The animals (48.4 %) are mostly crossbreed, of male sex (61.2%) and aged 5-8 years (50.1%). The overall prevalence of tuberculosis was 6.9%. That prevalence was higher among white Fulani (9.0%), cows (10.3%), and animals older than 8 years (12.8 %). The general average carcass weight was 151.76 ± 23.03 kg. Crossbreeds animals recorded an average carcass weight of 154.43±20.92 kg which is not significantly different from those of other breeds. The bulls have the highest average carcass weight (157.64 ± 22.84 kg), which is significantly different from that of cows. The study therefore confirms that bovine tuberculosis is endemic in the Bafoussam slaughterhouse and suggests that systematic knowledge on epidemiology and control of the disease as well as the interrelationship between animal and human tuberculosis should be updated. Keywords: Bafoussam, Carcasses, Characteristics, Cattle, Prevalence, Slaughterhouse, Tuberculosis


The electron-impact excitation cross sections at low electron energies have been calculated using a fully relativistic R-matrix method for transitions between levels of 4p6 , 4p55s, and 4p55p configurations. To ensure the convergence of results, we have paid special attention to the factors that may affect the convergence of cross sections. For examples, we have included extensive configuration interactions in the wave-function expansion of the target states. A large enough R-matrix boundary has been taken to ensure the convergence of atomic wave functions. Contributions to cross sections from a large number of partial waves up to J=39.5 have been explicitly calculated. The final results are in good agreement with recent experimental data by Jung et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 163202 2005 after shifting the position of electron energy. The relative difference is about 10% for four transitions out of the metastable levels. The results eliminated the significant discrepancies between theory and experimental work on excitation cross sections out of the metastable levels reported in the literature.


Background: In the Indian subcontinent, 118 million people are with hypertension, and this figure is anticipated to double by 2025. Yoga has been widely claimed to play a role in the prevention and management of psychosomatic, stress-induced, and lifestyle disorders such as hypertension.

Aims and Objective: To study the effect of 12 weeks of yoga therapy as a lifestyle intervention on cardiac autonomic functions in patients of essential hypertension.

Materials and Methods: Subjects with hypertension from the Medicine Outpatient Department of the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research were randomized into control and yoga groups. The control group was treated only with the allopathic medicines. The yoga group was given 12 weeks of yoga therapy module designed by JIPMER Institute Advanced Center for Yoga Therapy Education and Research along with the routine medical treatment. The participants' blood pressure and cardiac autonomic function were recorded before and after the 12 weeks of the study period.

Result: No significant change was observed in the body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, and waist–hip ratio (WHR) in both the control and yoga groups at the end of the 12 week-study period. There was a significant decrease in the resting systolic pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP), rate pressure product (RPP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the yoga group. In contrast, there was no significant change in the SP, DP, RPP, and MAP of the control group. High frequency (HF) power, total spectral power, and HF normalized units (nu) showed a significant increase in the yoga group. Low frequency (LF) power, HF power, and LF (nu) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the yoga group at the end of the 12-week yoga therapy.

Conclusion: Twelve weeks of yoga therapy reduced both the SP and DP in the yoga group. Furthermore, yoga therapy increased the heart rate variability and vagal tone and decreased the sympathetic tone in the subjects with hypertension. At the same time, it increased both the parasympathetic and sympathetic reactivity.


Recent literature strongly supports the hypothesis that mobility restriction and social distancing play a crucial role in limiting the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). During the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it was shown that mobility restriction reduced transmission significantly. This study found that, in the period between the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was high positive correlation between trends in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and mobility. These two trends oscillated simultaneously, and increased mobility following the relaxation of lockdown rules was significantly associated with increased transmission. From a public health perspective, these results highlight the importance of tracking changes in mobility when relaxing mitigation measures in order to anticipate future changes in the spread of SARS-CoV-2.


We determined the effects on breathing of transient ventilatory overshoots and concomitant hypocapnia, as produced by pressure support mechanical ventilation (PSV), in intact and carotid body chemoreceptor denervated (CBX) sleeping dogs. In the intact dog, PSV-induced transient increases in tidal volume and hypocapnia caused apnea within 10-11 s, followed by repetitive two-breath clusters separated by apneas, i.e., periodic breathing (PB). After CBX, significant expiratory time prolongation did not occur until after 30 s of PSV-induced hypocapnia, and PB never occurred. Average apneas of 8.4 +/- 1-s duration after a ventilatory overshoot required a decrease below eupnea of end-tidal Pco(2) 5.1 +/- 0.4 Torr below eupnea in the intact animal and 10.1 +/- 2 Torr in the CBX dog, where the former reflected peripheral and the latter central dynamic CO(2) chemoresponsiveness, as tested in the absence of peripheral chemoreceptor input. Hyperoxia when the dogs were intact shortened PSV-induced apneas and reduced PB but did not mimic the effects of CBX. We conclude that, during non-rapid eye movement sleep, carotid chemoreceptors are required to produce apneas that normally occur after a transient ventilatory overshoot and for PB.


Severe COVID-19 is characterized by lung abnormalities, including the presence of syncytial pneumocytes. Syncytia form when SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expressed on the surface of infected cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on neighbouring cells. The syncytia forming potential of spike variant proteins remain poorly characterized. Here, we first assessed Alpha and Beta spread and fusion in cell cultures. Alpha and Beta replicated similarly to D614G reference strain in Vero, Caco-2, Calu-3 and primary airway cells. However, Alpha and Beta formed larger and more numerous syncytia. Alpha, Beta and D614G fusion was similarly inhibited by interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). Individual mutations present in Alpha and Beta spikes differentially modified fusogenicity, binding to ACE2 and recognition by monoclonal antibodies. We further show that Delta spike also triggers faster fusion relative to D614G. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants display enhanced syncytia formation. SynopsisThe Spike protein of the novel SARS-CoV-2 variants are comparative more fusogenic than the earlier strains. The mutations in the variant spike protein differential modulate syncytia formation, ACE2 binding, and antibody escape. O_LIThe spike protein of Alpha, Beta and Delta, in the absence of other viral proteins, induce more syncytia than D614G C_LIO_LIThe ACE2 affinity of the variant spike proteins correlates to their fusogenicity C_LIO_LIVariant associated mutations P681H, D1118H, and D215G augment cell-cell fusion, while antibody escape mutation E484K, K417N and {Delta}242-244 hamper it. C_LIO_LIVariant spike-mediated syncytia formation is effectively restricted by IFITMs C_LI


The oldest rocks in the Penbegˇli-Tut inlier of southeastern Turkey belong to the Meryemuşagˇi Formation (base not seen); they are mostly clastic rocks of ?late Precambrian age, overlain with angular unconformity by unfossiliferous quartzites (270 m est.) of the Zabuk Formation. The latter unit is succeeded conformably by the Koruk Formation (Lower?/Middle Cambrian), comprising almost 200 m of dolomite and grey and red nodular limestone, and the Sosink Formation (Middle Cambrian), about 600 m of silty mudstone and sandstone with a few thin limestone beds, overlain unconformably by Cretaceous carbonates. The closest comparison is with the Derik-Mardin area, 220 km to the east, where the section is more complete. The upper Koruk Formation contains trilobites of the Pardailhania and Solenopleuropsis biozones; trilobites from the Sosink Formation indicate the Solenopleuropsis Biozone, a post-Solenopleuropsis interval, and a level with Holasaphus mesopotamicus, known only from the Derik area. Acritarchs from the highest Koruk Formation and the whole of the Sosink belong to the lower part of microflora A2, described from the Middle Cambrian of eastern Newfoundland.


BACKGROUND
Pertussis is the only vaccine-preventable disease that has re-emerged in Israel. The reported crude incidence of the disease increased 16-fold since 1998.

OBJECTIVES
To describe the epidemiology of pertussis and explain the substantial increase in reported pertussis incidence in Israel in recent years.

METHODS
Crude and specific pertussis incidence by age, patient immunization status, hospitalization rate, and national immunization coverage rate were calculated from information provided by the public health offices of the Ministry of Health.

RESULTS
The reported crude incidence of pertussis increased from 1-2/100,000 in 1994-98 to 23/100,000 in 2004. The trend was observed in all age groups, being most prominent in infants under age 1 year and in children aged 5-14. The incidence of pertussis was substantially higher in unvaccinated and partly vaccinated compared to fully vaccinated persons. Fifteen percent of notified cases were hospitalized, but in infants under age 1 year the hospitalization rate was 50%. National pertussis immunization coverage by age 2 years was stable during the last 10 years.

CONCLUSIONS
There are several possible explanations for the re-emergence of pertussis in Israel. The most plausible reason seems to be the waning of vaccine-induced immunity in face of infrequent natural exposure to the infectious agent and lack of a pertussis vaccine booster dose after age 1.


Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL

The ability of mild hyperthermia to synergistically enhance the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin has long been recognized, but the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. It is known that hyperthermia sensitizes cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin by increasing drug accumulation and subsequent platinum-DNA adduct formation. Here we investigate the role of the copper transporter Ctr1 in this process. Under normal metabolic conditions, Ctr1 maintains a homeostatic balance between copper levels inside and outside of the cell; however, Ctr1can also function as a cisplatin transporter. We hypothesize that the observed synergistic interaction between heat and cisplatin is partially due to the effect of heat on Ctr1. We used wild type (WT) and Ctr1 knockout (Ctr1-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to test this hypothesis. These cells were treated with or without concurrent hyperthermia (42°C) and 100 µg/mL cisplatin for 1 hour and drug incubation for an additional hour. Cells were then harvested and total intracellular platinum levels were measured via ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) to indicate cisplatin uptake. We observed higher platinum levels in the WT cells compared to the Ctr-/- MEFs with or without hyperthermia. Interestingly, there was a further increase in platinum levels in the WT MEFs after hyperthermia treatment that was not observed in the Ctr1-/- cells. The main mode of action for cisplatin cytotoxicity is the formation of platinum-DNA adducts, so we also examined adduct formation in cells treated with or without concurrent mild hyperthermia (42°C) and 50 µg/mL cisplatin for 1 hour and drug incubation for 3 additional hours. Using immunofluorescence staining, we observed a higher percentage of adduct-positive cells in the WT compared to the Ctr1-/- MEFs. As with our ICP-AES results, we observed an increase in adduct formation after hyperthermia in WT MEFs, however this was not observed in the Ctr1-/- MEFs. Published work has demonstrated that cisplatin exposure results in increased Ctr1 multimerization, suggesting a potential role for the multimerization process in cisplatin uptake. Using HEK293 cells expressing myc-tagged Ctr1, we demonstrated that hyperthermia increased the rate and the level of multimerization in the presence of cisplatin and that hyperthermia alone resulted in Ctr1 multimerization. Our data indicate that the increases in cellular cisplatin accumulation and platinum-DNA adduct formation observed after hyperthermia treatment may in part be due to increased Ctr1 activity. Cisplatin is currently used in the clinic to treat multiple types of cancer. Increasing cisplatin uptake in tumor cells by increasing cell surface Ctr1 levels may be useful in clinical settings for future cancer treatments. This work was supported by a grant from the NIH/NCI CA42745.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5377. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5377


A diode pumped Nd:YAG master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration designed for average power in the kW-regime at high repetition rates has been investigated. The configuration is optimized for high average and high pulse power and good beam quality. In first experiments, with repetition rates up to 2 kHz, average output powers of up to 132 W and 76 mJ per pulse have been achieved with a beam quality of M2 < 1.5. Modeling predicts up to 2 kW average output power at 10 kHz.


This dissertation concentrates on the interplay between politics and financial markets using various empirical tools applied on historical financial statistics.The first essay examines the effect of stock transaction taxation on trading activity and asset prices, specifically focusing on the case of early 20th century Sweden. The main finding is that the tax substantially reduced trading as well as the level of asset prices.In the second essay, modern ex post historical writing is contrasted with the ex ante views of contemporaries which are estimated from historical price data. The specific case study is the events around World War II related to the Nordic countries and Germany. The comparisons point out considerable differences between the assessments of historical events in the ex post and ex ante approaches.The third essay is an empirical study of price controls on asset price movements and how these controls affect asset returns. The study finds that the controls have large significant effects which even may influence estimates of the long-run equity premium. Altogether, this raises concerns about the use of century-long series of asset returns without correcting for the impact of institutional variation and market constraints.Finally, the fourth essay examines the growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration using a large country- industry sample from the 1980s. The main result is that industries highly dependent on external financing do not experience higher value added growth in countries with liberalized financial markets. Liberalization does, however, increase the growth rates of both output and firm creation among externally dependent industries. These results are consistent both with increased competition and increased outsourcing.


The extraction of optic flow fields by visual systems is crucial for course stabilization during locomotion, and relies on feedforward and lateral integration of visual inputs. Here we report a novel form of systemic, motion-sensitive lateral suppression in the dendrites of large, flow-field-selective neurons in the fly's visual lobes. Using in vivo Calcium-imaging and intracellular recordings, we demonstrate that responses in dendrites, but not axon terminals, are end inhibited by flanking gratings both in the vertical and horizontal systems. We show evidence for a mechanism involving wide-field dendritic inhibition that exceeds the retinotopic spatial extent of the dendrites. Using compartmental modeling, we point out a possible function in enhancing selectivity for optic flow fields. Our results suggest that lateral suppression is a common element serving similar functional requirements in different visual systems.


Previous research has found that greater autonomy for incarcerated adolescents is associated with pro-social outcomes. The present paper interprets the pro-social impact of autonomy in terms of three established lines of research in social psychology: leadership style, coercive social control, and reactance. In addition, it attempts to clarify whether autonomy in this setting has a direct influence on residents' values or an indirect influence resulting from an increase in residents' acceptance of the treatment goals. Data were collected by questionnaires administered to 434 residents and 156 staff members at four residential institutions for adjudicated adolescents. The data were analyzed using a structural equation model with unobserved variables (LISREL). A model positing both direct and indirect influences of autonomy fit the data very well. Autonomy contributed to pro-social values both through greater acceptance of the treatment goals as well as through a direct influence on values.


The paper presents the results of the laboratory research on the chemical composition and crystallographic texture in 3% Si steels and their influence on the level of magnetic losses in the final sheet. The magnetic properties have been estimated by means of the core losses observed on samples taken from the three steels after the secondary annealing. It has been noticed that the microalloyed Nb steel showed the highest percentage of Goss texture in the final sheet and the lowest values of the magnetic losses of the three steels under study.


In this paper, for the first time, a theory for evaluating dynamic noise margins of SRAM cells is developed analytically. The results allow predicting the transient error susceptibility of an SRAM cell using a closed-form expression. The key innovation involves using the methods of nonlinear system theory in developing the model. It is shown that when a transient noise of given magnitude affects a sensitive node of a cell, the bi-stable, feedback-driven nature of the cell determines whether the noise will be suppressed or will evolve to eventually flip state. The specific formal and quantitative result is a closed-form expression that can be used to predict whether a cell flip will occur for a noise signal with specific characteristics, and for a given SRAM cell design. Experiments show excellent match between the analytical prediction and the SPICE simulation results


Vehicle lateral dynamics depends heavily on the tire characteristics. Accordingly, a number of tire models were developed to capture the tire behaviors. Among them, the empirical tire models, generally obtained through lab tests, are commonly used in vehicle dynamics and control analyses. However, the empirical models often do not reflect the actual dynamic interactions between tire and vehicle under real operational environments, especially at low vehicle speeds. This paper proposes a dynamic-deflection tire model, which can be incorporated with any conventional vehicle model to accurately predict the resonant mode in the vehicle yaw motion as well as steering lag behavior at low speeds. A snowblower was tested as an example and the data gathered verified the predictions from the improved vehicle lateral model. The simulation results show that these often-ignored characteristics can significantly impact the steering control designs for vehicle lane-keeping maneuvers at low speeds.


Background: Research addressing knowledge on sexual health, particularly of STDs risk and perceived symptoms' prevalence, among university students around the world, and particularly in Portugal, is scarce. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of knowledge about the perceived prevalence of STD's and their occurrence in Portuguese university students. Study Design: An internet based cross sectional and retrospective study was conducted. Methodology: A total 1018 students participated (68.57% women), with a mean age of 23.57 years (SD=5.82). The instruments used were a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the "Sexually Transmitted Disease Knowledge Questionnaire" and "Sexual Risk Behaviours Questionnaire" (male and female versions), which were disseminated on the Internet, on a page specifically created for this research, after pretest was done and the necessary changes implemented. Results: The results indicated that students have inadequate knowledge about the STD's, the lifelong perceived prevalence of a STD was 9.9%, and the actual perceived prevalence of symptoms associated with a STD was 16.8%. Finally, a linear regression was performed, highlighting a significant effect between the degree of knowledge about Original Research Article Pereira and Ana Carmo; ISRR, Article no. ISRR.2014.001 2 STD's and the occurrence of a STD or symptoms, which indicates that the symptoms depend on the knowledge. Conclusion: These results reinforce the need for investment in prevention programs, in order to increase the information and reduce infection by STDs in college students.


This research is to select a path planning algorithm to maximize survivability for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV). An UAV is a powered pilotless aircraft, which is controlled remotely or autonomously. UAVs are currently employed in many military missions(surveillance, reconnaissance, communication relay, targeting, strike etc.) and a number of civilian applications(communication service, broadcast service, traffic control support, monitoring, measurement etc.). In this research, a mathematical programming model is suggested by using MRPP(Most Reliable Path Problem) and verified by using ILOG CPLEX. A path planning algorithm for UAV is selected by comparing of SPP(Shortest Path Problem) algorithms which transfer MRPP into SPP.


Cities are faced with new challenges due to the constant emergence of new technologies for urban lighting and smart cities on the one hand, and limited availability of resources on the other. The City of Eindhoven has chosen to commission a project by the Intelligent Lighting Institute of Eindhoven University of Technology to create a vision and roadmap for urban lighting towards 2030. The resulting roadmap will be used to support short-term investment decisions for urban lighting that will enable further developments in the future. This report describes the results of the research project that was conducted as part of the INTERREG IVC PLUS project. First of all, the current situation and the ambition level of the municipality were analysed. Then, with the help of the Future Telling research method, the main drivers for change with respect to 'livable cities' were identified and translated into a desired scenario for Eindhoven in 2030. To realise this future scenario, a roadmap was made to plot the possible technological developments and required organisational changes together with the corresponding timeline. The insights gained into developments in societal, technological and organisational aspects have led to an innovation plan describing the concrete steps that can be taken in public-private collaboration to achieve the desired future of Eindhoven in 2030.


This article is the result of an investigation made within the ongoing project of Scientific Literacy Promotion (Promoção da Literacia Científica) and focuses on the question of related discourse in texts of scientific dissemination, in the current Portuguese press. If we consider these science dissemination texts as texts that aim to diffuse scientific knowledge, we can see that they are marked, among other aspects, by a language practice centered in operations of reproduction and reformulation of the discourse. Following Authier-Revuz (1982), we consider that science dissemination discourse depends on the reformulation of a departure discourse in a target discourse and, consequently, this target discourse is (at least a part of it) the product of the activity of reformulation of the departure discourse. The modalities of relating the discourse (whether it is close to the departure discourse or very different from it) assume a particular relevance as a mechanism that textually produces the communication-dissemination of the scientific discourse. Thus, based on a corpus of eleven texts, published in the current Portuguese press (Diário de Notícias, Jornal de Notícias, Público, Sol) between 12/05/2016 and 06/06/2016, within the scope of what they call scientific journalism, inscribed within the area of Medicine and the theme of health, we will analyse the functioning of the related discourse in these texts, having in mind the linguistic configuration of the most recurrent ways of relating the discourse, in the communication of science. From the theoretical-methodological point of view, we privilege the perspective of the Socio-Discursive Interactionism (Bronckart 1997), complemented with specific studies within the area of scientific dissemination discourse and related discourse, according to the theories of Authier-Revuz (1982, 1985, 1999, 2001), Zamboni (2001) and Duarte (2003). From the methodological point of view, our approach is predominantly qualitative and interpretative. This analysis will allow us to conclude that the configuration of the related discourse in scientific dissemination texts presents linguistic procedures that are determined by the practice of scientific dissemination, which is a result of the confluence of two distinct social spheres – science and journalism. 231 O DISCURSO RELATADO EM TEXTOS DE DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NA IMPRENSA PORTUGUESA ATUAL


In my PhD 'The other side of silence' I wanted to examine how a writer could write
the kinds of women
's lives which have been omitted, silenced or marginalised in
discourses such as history, biography, auto
-
biography and fiction.
For me, fiction
seemed a logical way to tell such a story, since fiction had the ability to highlight those
lives and experienc
es which have been largely left untold within popular culture, or
deemed historically insignificant.
Yet, in reading fiction which focused on the lives of
women, I noticed that such narratives seemed to suggested that ordinary women's lives
could be told,
only
if they were narrated in a certain way.
I found that fiction which
simply filled in the gaps about historically 'unknowable' lives carried with them the
suggestion that stories about women from the past could be retrieved and narrated.
In
writing a fi
ction about a woman from the past, I began to understand that the problem
lay in a deeper place: a place that was difficult to address within the generic boundaries
imposed by realism, which continues to maintain a tight grip on popular and literary
fictio
n.
To write about the silencing of women's lives, I began to look at the
epistemological reasons for this silencing, and I realised that fiction imposed
conditions of its own.
Imagination was only going to take me so far, and my creative
manuscript began t
o falter under the weight and the limitations of conventional
realism.
Writing my fictional manuscript would have been impossible without engaging with
post
-
structuralist theory.
Literary theory became the spine that supported the shaping
of my creative t
ext.
It enabled me to rethink specific creative writing approaches and
techniques; to question the boundaries imposed by realism's dependence on resolution,
revelation and closure; and to challenge generic conventions, which enable the telling
of some stor
ies, while inhibiting the telling of others.
In this paper, I will describe how
literary theory informed my own creative writing practice, and enabled the writing of
my fiction.
It is my contention that literary theory not only unpicks the seams of
fiction
, but, in doing so, presents writers with new ways to stitch those worlds together
again, subsequently enlarging our ideas about what is permissible and possible in
fiction.


Twenty strains of the ESFY phytoplasma, which on the basis of graft-inoculation experiments greatly differ in aggressiveness, were examined by sequence analyses of several PCR-amplified non-ribosomal genes in order to identify molecular markers linked to virulence. These strains, which were maintained in P. insititia rootstock St. Julien GF 655/2 were indistinguishable with techniques for routine phytoplasma differentiation and characterization such as sequence and RFLP analyses of PCR-amplified rDNA. Also, the virulent ESFY strains maintained in periwinkle, namely GSFY1, GSFY2 and ESFY1, as well as an avirulent strain of the same phytoplasma, maintained in apricot, which was identified in recovered apricot trees in France and used there as a cross protecting agent, were included in the work for comparison. For PCR amplification, primers were designed from a number of genes distributed over the chromosome of the closely related apple proliferation phytoplasma strain AT. Visible PCR products were only obtained with primer pairs derived from the tuf gene which encodes the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), rpsC (rps3) gene encoding the ribosomal protein S3, tlyC gene which encodes a hemolysin known as a membrane-damaging agent and important virulence factor of many bacteria, the imp and fol genes encoding an immunodominant membrane protein and an enzyme involved in the folate biosynthesis, respectively. Nucleotide sequence comparisons revealed that the highest genomic variability occurred within the imp gene sequence with dissimilarity values ranging from 0.2 to 4.6%. For the remaining genes, the strains examined proved to be identical or nearly identical. Within the tuf gene, an extra TaqI site known to occur in strain GSFY1 was not identified in other strains. The genetic differences observed among the strains examined are neither suitable markers for strain differentiation nor linked to pathological traits.


The limits of areal storage density that is achievable with heat-assisted magnetic recording are unknown. We addressed this central question and investigated the areal density of bit-patterned media. We analyzed the detailed switching behavior of a recording bit under various external conditions, allowing us to compute the bit error rate of a write process (shingled and conventional) for various grain spacings, write head positions, and write temperatures. Hence, we were able to optimize the areal density yielding values beyond 10 Tb/in2. Our model is based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation and uses hard magnetic recording grains with a 5-nm diameter and 10-nm height. It assumes a realistic distribution of the Curie temperature of the underlying material, grain size, as well as grain and head position.


Parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer science, mainly in the form of multi core processors. One software approach for parallel programming, is writing programs in streaming model. A stream program is type of computer program such that the input data is stream of data. In this paper we have used stream programming model, and developed the parallel version of bubble sort algorithm. Our source codes are simple java code and used JStream java library. Our algorithm doesn't have any loop statement, witch is increases the time complexity of algorithms. We have chosen bubble sort, because it is the oldest and slowest sorting algorithm with time complexity level of O(n2). In this paper we have shown that our algorithm has lower time complexity. Also our code shows that writing parallel programs in streaming model would be very simple.


We have examined the level of cyclin E, a G1 cyclin, and p27kip, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Cell populations stimulated to undergo cell cycle traverse displayed little change in the level of cyclin E, while p27kip was found to be reduced 50-80% in proliferating cells. Analysis of mitotic cells, however, revealed that cyclin E is virtually absent and begins to reaccumulate soon after mitosis is complete, as does p27kip. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that p27kip is associated with cyclin E in quiescent but not proliferating cells, indicating that it may function to prevent development of cyclin E activity in the absence of growth factors. Based on our characterization of cyclin E and p27kip in BALB/c 3T3 cells during progression of the cell cycle, we propose a model of growth regulation controlling the G1 phase of growing and quiescent cells involving mitotic degradation of cyclin E and recovery of p27kip inhibitory activity in a late or postmitotic interval.


In this paper we present a new approach to solve the satisfiability problem (SAT), based on boolean networks (BN). We define a mapping between a SAT instance and a BN, and we solve SAT problem by simulating the BN dynamics. We prove that BN fixed points correspond to the SAT solutions. The mapping presented allows to develop a new class of algorithms to solve SAT. Moreover, this new approach suggests new ways to combine symbolic and connectionist computation and provides a general framework for local search algorithms.


Air pollution due to wood burning produces severe health and environmental problems. Clustering methods are needed to estimate PM2.5 exposures, and identify locations with high PM2.5 concentrations. This study performed a spatial and aspatial clustering analysis of PM2.5 pollutant collected in a mobile campaign in the conurbation of Temuco and Padre Las Casas, Chile. The Getis Ord Gi statistic was employed to obtain spatial variability of PM2.5 concentrations, and a K-Means clustering method was used to group PM2.5 concentrations with a aspatial perspective. In addition, an integrated spatial and aspatial clustering approach was implemented with the PM2.5 concentration and measurement spatial location. The comparison results suggest that integrating the spatial and aspatial clustering methods yield high quality partitions when considering spatial information.


Mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences were used to investigate the status of several populations of hydromedusae belonging to the genus Turritopsis (family Oceaniidae). Several nominal species have been described for this genus, but most of them had been synonymized and attributed to one cosmopolitan species, Turritopsis nutricula. A recent revision based on morphological and reproductive characters, however, has shown that many different populations can be distinguished and that several of the nominal Turritopsis species are likely valid biological species. Our investigation using molecular sequence data of 16S mitochondrial gene confirms these results. The Mediterranean Turritopsis must be attributed to Turritopsis dohrnii and the Turritopsis of New Zealand must be referred to Turritopsis rubra. The situation of the Japanese Turritopsis is more complex, though all sampled populations are clearly distinct from T. nutricula, a species likely confined to the Western Atlantic. The Japanese Turritopsis fall into three widely separated lineages. One of them, corresponding likely to Turritopsis pacifica, is closely related to T. rubra. A second clade, which potentially represents an as yet undescribed species, produces smaller medusae than T. pacifica and is morphologically distinguishable from it. Finally, a third group was distinguished by a single haplotype sequence that is identical with a Mediterranean sample of T. dohrnii. It is postulated that the last group of Japanese Turritopsis is likely a recent introduction, most probably by human activity. A survey of all known and potentially valid Turritopsis species is given in table format to facilitate identifications and future revisory work.


Consumption of bottled water is increasing rapidly in developing countries especially among the middle and high income earners as it is generally perceived to be pure, clean and of good quality. This has led to the sale of different brands of bottled water on the Ghanaian market. Although disease outbreaks due to contaminated bottled water are rare, any contamination may pose a unique hazard because of the widespread distribution. Bacteriological contamination of bottled water can occur through the bottling process or as a result of storage for long periods at room temperatures or higher. Since bottled water may be consumed by a wide range of people including the elderly, children and pregnant women, its safety must always be assured. The bacteriological quality of the current 7 brands of bottled water on the Ghanaian market was tested over a period of 10 weeks. Ten different batches of each brand was randomly selected and purchased from the market making a total of 70 samples. Sampling was done weekly in July-September 2007 and bacteriological examination conducted by multiple tube fermentation method to detect the presence of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. Results obtained were analyzed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards and guidelines for drinking water. Using the Most Probable Number (MPN) Index for various combination of positive and negative results, an MPN value of less than two ( The results showed that the bacteriological quality of the seven brands of bottled water samples analyzed was within the acceptable limits set by WHO guidelines and therefore safe for human consumption. However, more extensive surveillance of the bottled water industries and stringent regulations should be developed and enforced to ensure that the standards recorded in this study are maintained.


Abstract Chronic cough lasting 8 weeks or more often seems to be an intractable problem in childhood. Toxocara infection is associated with an increased prevalence of airway symptoms and may be the possible aetiological agent of chronic cough. Of 425 children aged 2–17 years with chronic cough who were investigated for toxocariasis and the distribution of bronchial asthma (BA), cough variant asthma (CVA) and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), 136 (32%) were seropositive for Toxocara canis antigens. Ninety-three of the 136 were adequately assessed, diagnosed and followed up during 1 year. BA was diagnosed in 40%, CVA in 27% and NAEB in 33% of the children. The eosinophil cell count, serum T. canis IgG levels and symptoms are predictors of the improvement or the decline of the condition. Presuming the aetiopathogenetic role of T. canis in the inflammatory process of chronic cough, we treated the children not only with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), but also with a 1-week course of anthelminthics. We could significantly decrease the dose of ICS in 23 (62%) of the 37 with BA. The administration of anthelminthics and the avoidance of sensitizers were sufficient for those with NAEB; none needed ICS. ICS therapy could be stopped 2–3 months later in 17 (68%) of the 25 with CVA. We found that 8 of the 25 with CVA (32%) presented asthmatic symptoms at the end of the 1-year period. In Hungary, T. canis may be a potential sensitizer for chronic cough in seropositive children. Deworming therapy will then alleviate the airway symptoms without exacerbation in patients with BA, and have a positive effect on those with NAEB and the majority of those with CVA.


Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) is a powerful and flexible routing protocol often considered now as a prospective one for moderate and large IP networks. I S I S Deployment in IP Networks provides a comprehensive set of concepts related to the design and operation of this modern protocol in the 1P environment. Written with an overall intention to demystify the protocol for the networking engineers, the book begins with an introductory historical perspective to allow a reader to understand the very specific features of the protocol, and its foundations and terminology. The book is organized in six chapters. As already stated, Chapter 1 provides IS-IS fundamentals. Chapter 2 focuses on esscntials of IS-IS operation. Chapter 3 deals with dividing the routing domain. Chapter 4 is devoted to deployment considerations. Traffic engineering issues are subject of Chapter 5 , and Chapter 6 reports on numerous IS-IS enhancements that have recently been added or are being considered for inclusion in the protocol. The introductory chapters present essential mechanisms, including neighbor discovery, neighbor adjacency maintenance, and flooding, and delve into the operation of the protocol on point-topoint links and broadcast networks. Advanced topics that follow in subsequent chapters include domain partitioning, deployment considerations, and a case study. Next, intenvorking with multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), including general tunneling issues, setup of virtual private networks, and constrained SPF techniques aimed to help to engineer traffic flows are discussed. IS-IS enhancements are covered in detail in a separate chapter. Among the few things that could enrich.the'book would be always welcome case study sections on approaching and resolving problems related to managing IS-IS networks, as well as information on intenvorking with other legacy routing protocols. Nevertheless, the book is a valuable source of information, able to give a comprehensive understanding of the protocol. I t can satisfy a range of users,!ncluding routing beginners and experienced networking engineers. A demanding reader may benefit from sections on intenvorking of IS-IS with MPLS and protocol enhancements where new features such as IP over redundant packet rings, nonstop forwarding, fast rerouting, multitopology routing, and incremental SPF are iutroduccd. Review questions augment individual chapters and make the hook a good choice for both personal use and in courses on the topic.


Experiments indicate that hydrodynamic drag may be reduced by using ultrahydrophobic substrates to induce slip at the solid-liquid interface. The connection between drag-reduction and slip is explored, and these previously isolated fields are joined into a single, more comprehensive area of research.
 We present data from two experimental techniques indicating the role of hydrophobicity and size scale in drag-reduction. In one series of studies, water was directed through a channel containing two rectangular plates of smooth silicon. Flow rates for smooth non-hydrophobic plates and smooth hydrophobic plates were identical.
 In another series of studies, a rheometer was used to measure the relative drag experienced by a polypropylene-coated disk as it was rotated in water. The polypropylene (PP) was ultrahydrophobized (water contact angles were θa/θr = 167°/166°) by argon plasma etching in the presence of poly(tetrafluoroethylene). Drag was reduced by over 20% by using the roughened PP instead of the virgin PP.
 Contact angle hysteresis is isolated as a critical factor in the drag-reduction mechanism proposed.


After a brief review of several information-based and prediction-based model selection criteria, we extend Rissanen's accumulated prediction error crite- rion and Wei's Fisher information criterion (FIC) from linear to general stochastic regression models, which include ARMA models and nonlinear ARX models in time series analysis as special cases. Strong consistency of these model selection criteria is established under certain conditions and the FIC is also shown to be an asymp- totic approximation to some Bayes procedure. The special case of ARMA models is then studied in detail, and theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the FIC compares favorably with other procedures in the literature.


Malignant gliomas are the most frequent type of primitive brain tumors. Their outcome did not improve despite new therapeutics, resulting mainly from their genetic heterogeneity and complexity. By using genome-wide explorations we have recently identified, for the first time, that chr.19 amplification correlates with a grim therapeutic outcome. The aim of our current study is to investigate the significance of the chromosome 19 genetic signature. To narrow the search for specific genes or pathways that may be responsible for this adverse outcome, we selected genes located on chromosome 19 and focused on those that were statistically significantly deregulated between tumors and non tumor tissues. We identified 41 genes which mapped to chromosome 19. The most significant genes are NOTCH3 and HIF3α. These genes belong to NOTCH and VEGF pathways and play important roles in angiogenesis. Using quantitative real time PCR, RT-PCR and immunobloting, we further analyzed the level of gene expression of critical elements of these pathways and confirmed that NOTCH3 was amplified in primary glioma cell lines that harbor gains of chr.19. This increase has been shown at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, NOTCH ligand, and other constituents of the pathways (DLL3, SHC3, NOTCH4) were also activated in these particular cell lines. Further, HIF3α was also activated in our conditions whereas HIF1α, the other player of HIF transcriptional pathway, was down regulated. These over-expressions were accompanied by a parallel VEGF activation in these cell lines. This novel genetic signature may lead to critical insights into diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and prediction in improving therapeutic strategies and outcome based on the genetic makeup of the tumor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1283.


Community participation is regarded by many as the key to the primary health care (PHC) approach; that is the most essential factor in determining the success of failure of a PHC programme. In September 1983, UNICEF and Save the Children Fund (SCF) signed an agreement for a pilot PHC project in Badaber refugee camp, Pakistan, as the first phase in development of PHC in areas settled by Afghan refugees, under the supervision of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) ant the government of Pakistan. This paper reviews the factors enhancing and inhibiting the formation of a community, describes how community participation was achieved in Badaber and discusses the prospects for replication of the model in the 86 camps in North West Frontier Province which are funded by UNHCR.